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 THE (0007! GS fey. 
 
 ORNITHOLOG 
 
 FRANCIS WILLUGMBT 
 OF 
 Middleton in the County, of Warwick EfQ;| 
 
 Fellow of the Royarz Sociery. 
 
 Fu Thee Books, 
 
 ce 
 
 Wherein All de 
 
 B ih 2s 
 
 HITHERTO KNOWN, 
 Being redtaced into a M’er Hop futable to their Natures, 
 
 “are accurately decribed. 
 
 The Defcriptions illuftrated by moft Elegant Figures nearly telembling 
 
 the live Bi R D $, Engraven in ¥XXVYIME Copper Plates. * 
 
 Tranflated into Englifh, arid enlarged with many Additions 
 
 ‘throughout the whole Work. 
 
 To which are added, 
 
 Three Confiderable DISCOURSES, 
 
 1. Of the Art of Fowrino: With a Defcription 
 of feveral N & r s intwo large Copper Plates. 
 
 ‘IL. Of the Ordering of Stncine Brros. 
 LOE Faveoway. | 
 
 , BY 
 7 ODL RAs Fellow of the Rorvant Socrery: 
 
 { 
 
 Pfalm 104. 24. 
 How manifold are thy works, O. Lord: @ In wifdom = thou wade them all : The Earth is 
 full of thy riches. 
 | LONDON: 
 
 Printed by AC. for John Martyn, Printer to che Royal Society, at the Bell in 
 St. Pauls Church-Yard, J VIL. 
 
 
 
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 PREFACE 
 
 : Ye WZ Ho the Author of this Hiftory of Birds was, and why 
 = Kasia after fomany Books of this Subject already publifhed 
 LOS wens we fhould attempt to fet it forth, the Reader may 
 : “ide perchance defire {ome information and account; which 
 2. we fhall endeavour briefly:to give him. As for the 
 g Author the Title-page prefents him with his Name and 
 Country.: “He «was the only: Som of Sic. Francis 
 Willughby Knight, defcended of two:-very ancient Families, both Willegh- 
 byes, the one Honourable, ‘viz: thatiof Eresbyin Lincolnfhire, by the Fathers 
 fide. the other Worfhipful, viz, that of Wallughby on the Woulds. in 
 Notinghamfhire, by the Mothers. .:. His Mother was the Lady (affandra, 
 Daughter to the Right Honourable the Earl of London-Derry. Hei was 
 moreover endowed with excellent gifts and abilities both of body and 
 mind, and bleffed with a fair-Eftate.. Howbeit, as he did duly prize 
 thefe advantavesiof Birth, Eftate, and Parts, fo did he not content himfelf 
 therewith, or value himfelf thereby, but laboured» after what. might 
 render him more defervedly honourable, and more truly be called his 
 own, as being obtained by’ the ‘concurrence at leaft of his endeavours. 
 Firft then, as God had given hima quick: Apprehenfion, piercing Wit, 
 and found Judgment, {fo by his great induftry: and conftant ufe of:thefe 
 gifts he did highly improve and advance ‘them. He was from his Child- 
 hood addicted to ftudy, ‘and ever fince he came to the ufe of Reafon fo 
 great a husband of his time, asmot willingly to lofe or let flip unoccupied 
 the leaft fragment of ‘it, detefting no Vice more than Idlenefs, which he 
 look’d upon as the Parent and Nurfe of almoft all others. Nay, fo ex- 
 ceflive was he in the profecution of his ftudies and other employments 
 without any intermiflion. or diverfion, that moft of his Friends were of 
 opinion he did much weaker his body andimpair his health by his un- 
 ceflant labours and perpetual intention of mind upon bufinels. However 
 that be,hence it came to pafs that he attained very good skill in all parts of 
 learning, and particularly goca deep infight into thofe Sciences which are 
 moft ab{trufe and impervious to Vulgar Capacities, [ mean the moft 
 fubril parts of the Mathematicks. Of his:skill in Natural Philofophy, 
 chicfly the Hiftory of Animals, [/ Birds, Bealts, Fifhes, and Infect, J} 
 fhall fay no more at prefent, bucthat tt hathnot yet been my hap to meet 
 with any man either in England or beyond Seas of fo general and com- 
 preheniive knowledge therein. ~ ERE 
 ~ But fecondly, what rendred him moft commendable was hts eminence 
 Vertue and Goodnefs. Icannot fay that ever I obferved fuch a confluence 
 of excellent qualitiesin one Perfon. For 1 Notwithftanding the fore-. 
 mentioned advantages, which are wont to puff up mens minds with 
 pride, he was fo truly humble, that Ihave not known any man of the 
 
 meaneft fortune of birth exceed him 19 that verte. He defpifed no = 
 : 2 or 
 
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 The PREFACE. 
 
 ee ncamk 
 y or mean Paren Si er 
 meaneft entage ; hono ——— 
 ge gi —— himfelt before ee tee was affable to the 
 ee dee egrec. 2+ He was fo refolutel Ob ut condefcending to 
 tempt him Des oreunity of company )oF cal er and temperate, that 
 life @n ope et Of 8 ales “haftity ’ ome could ever 
 are = A atenels and corrupt praét nd purity, that bis 
 2. , the offabill a P practices of h 
 tion  powubilic of the prefent A 
 eee oa peer ofall Sipe ger Rotten thofe aa 
 = deal ee inant jut and Seba or ee apelin 
 thata O any." $s 7s eC ad. rathe 
 word beito might {ately Sota kin edi his word and isin, 
 6 chfal eS is {aid tobe ss . upon it: His 
 profpero tto his Friend a9 all paaemees Bond. 6. 
 rane seer sa al ah 
 eferti 2 er diftrefs oncal ULM, (Aaa LO” ent of hi 
 accuk foe ve man only becanife en might befall. one : He ae 
 ec euins atewont to do.! .7 ~~ d upon him, as the a 
 of all perf arity, that he could h ee ewaslof fo diffufe and — 
 3 a Goriss:\Good eartily afed-and nd com: 
 ftructive bf nei ? ooamen, I fay hore | n embrace good 
 To al{ct I ~~ s with true aierts * fuch sd iniens as oe 
 which did emi gar his Patience. ed ; 
 ao ea rp eer ee in ‘the 2 en. to the Divine Will 
 QO, thou ] to leave rl ers 1c nels, whe ? 
 purfisit oa a of his — - z poe God : —_ 
 | . iesand di ngth, gare ipa : it 
 Fe affairs andic . = ing idaiunitancs, the hor 
 cae <ohim,. and’: d, as. xendred if » as tovhis 
 Vig omearg nd me en 
 sboeis th. 3 : ‘ontent at h of ordi 
 {enfe: £ ; laftly his d C efentenc inar 
 his sm eee and elvan f nd reverence of yee expeftat 
 eae owardhim, and great cesar — fnviese Piety deep 
 _Fhus much, th cy of whatever tend in all 
 Work, Ith 1, though lefs: pertine nded to his 
 sight by ee firto premife conc — the Argument ati; 
 ii His 
 provoke ates : m - honour fact, ee partly om — 
 ous ane te eee this Nati ismemory : Ar o him 
 Se chon own Rank, tie ei the mropotal of fe lah to 
 iene ‘ alpire to true hono | cute the ftud ocean rl- 
 | - with is pcushiee it Be sae ag sco Ve ae 
 ; erving j Re ot his atte et OK, .a d . rtue. 
 oper. . this bufie and induiftivetAc and what eedtets ba the Rea- 
 Det aad Sanh meafure seats ae oxblihcy of a in it, 
 worthy of ee ees that I know of h y Englifh men: ( fe als alone 
 plying hi | endation ) he mad ath performed or that {ince 
 oe with all Siig toca: ftudy thereof coe thing therein 
 heca <cttit - might the more effedh e cultivating and 7 Province, ap- 
 he could cad y others, but.did ee do, he es oe ultrating of it. 
 Votage.n orprocure either i elfaccurately defcri y read what had 
 ae forei x in England efcribe all the Ani : 
 VICW. and d : fy Countrie hi 5 Or beyond h ¢ nimal 
 efcribe the f Ss chleny for th the Seas, maki . 
 | everal Specie at pur ok Jeena 
 pecies of pole, ro f 
 Natu ? earc 
 re. Andthough h out, 
 2 he was not 
 
 
 
 
 long 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 og abroad ye all Ie ons ge pat of ns, Ss 
 LY y ow Countries, In; all which places he was. fo inquift- 
 tive and fuccefstul, that not; many, forts of Animals deferibed b an i 
 efcaped his diligence... | For my part know no man who hath pes ru 
 Species,. been more exact in noting their differerces, and inyentin ‘Cha 
 racteriftic Marks whereby they may, be certainly diftinguifhed ened 
 curious in diffecting them, and oblerving the make and. conftitution. of 
 their paris as well internal as extetnal. “HowbetI do not deny but fome 
 have been more accurate in anatomizing one ‘ot two particular Animals. 
 The reafon of this his diligence was, becaufe. he obferved: that fome of 
 the defcriptions of former Writers of this kind, ‘either by reafon of thet 
 brevity, or becaufe they contained only general: notes, were very. ob- 
 {cure, and gave occafion: to many errours, and niftakes, but chiefly un- 
 neceflary multiplications of Species 3 the Readers often miftaking feveral 
 defcriptions of the fame Animal, which they. meet with in divers Au. 
 thors, by reafon of their generality and obfcurity, for fo many defcripti- 
 ons of feveral Animals... Now that he might clear up all thefe obfcuri- 
 ties, and render the knowledge and diftinétio of Species facile to all 
 that fhould come after, he bene his endeayoursmainly to find out (asi 
 
 before intimated ) certain Charaéteriftic notes of each kind. But if in 
 
 any kind no fingular mark, occurred whereby x might be certainly, di- 
 ftinguifhed from all others, he did minutely: and exactly defcribe all its 
 parts, that at leaft a Collection of many accicents, which all together 
 could not be found in any Species elfe of the fame kind, might ferve fora 
 Characteriftic :. That the Reader fhould not by.a general and ambigu- 
 ons defcription be left in fulpenfe, or incur tke danger of error. “But 
 becaufe a prolix and operofe defcription is tedicus to moft Readers, and 
 to the unattentive feems rather to obfcure then illuftrate the thing de. 
 
 {cribed, to relieve and gratifie fuch, befides thedefcription, he often adds 
 
 {ome fhort notes, vy which the Animal defcribed may be diftinguifhed | 
 
 from others of the famekind liketo it, and wherewith itis in danger to 
 be confounded. Now though I cannot but commend his diligence, yet 
 1 mutt confe& that in defcribing the colours of each fingle feather he 
 fometimes feems to me to be too fcrupulous and particular, partly, be. 
 catfe Nature doth not in all Individuals, (perhaps not in any two ) ob- 
 ferve exactly the fame {pots or ftrokes, partly becaufe it is very difficule 
 fo to word defcriptions of this fort as to render tkem intelligible: Yet da- 
 
 red [ not to omit or alter any thing. 
 
 ‘But to proceed, our Author having made fo good progrefs in. this 
 Work, that few of our European Animals defcribed by others had efcaped 
 hisview; that he might ( as far as in him lay ) perfect the Fiiftory of Ani- 
 mals, hedefigned a Voyage into the New World, but lived not to under- 
 take it. For about the beginning of June, in the yeat 1672, being ferzed 
 with a Pleurifie, which terminated in that kind of Fever Phyficians call 
 Catarrbalis within lefS than a month after he took. his bed, on the third of 
 July in the thirty feventh year of his Age he departed this life - Pa im- 
 menfe grief of his Friends and all good men thatknew him, and the great 
 lofs of the Common-wealth in general. 
 
 Viewing his Manu(cripts after his Death, J found the feveral Animalsin 
 
 every kind both Birds, Beafts, Fifhes, and Infects digefted into a 
 
 method. 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 “The PREFACE. 
 
 —— 
 
 
 
 spb eM et a 
 
 — 
 
 pa ee 
 
 Methdd _—— 
 7 of his ——_—__— 
 ries fo full ede “panivitie, but few 
 ra that oe Poa as nee but few of heir Defer 7 
 ure they fh | asked him uy ended them WwW efcriptions And Hit 
 thought basa publifhe on His death-bed hich he was rs RE 
 purpofe f 0 confider bi he anfwered qivethes {tv : ae 
 feft there a the very ane + to aéfery cha thedid sail tel his p lea- 
 But aie ere in them (03 sido not Ww eit, Of (i defire it not 
 : | : vell aiaeubiar: tO 2 
 Ae ena Je seblicat ain Aspe Seta ay se to that 
 and admire bi ration of ade ofGt of ata ofervations ai he cori- 
 Creation of is infinite pow s glory, by ex “might conduc out Infects, 
 eafe {o man jas and wi XCIting me ce’ fomewn 
 pe of thofe y Species” fs iidom d (ol. nto tak vhat 
 cai part areot fs hail ae i Mat re aCe ie of 
 making it apy ilofophy ;” elves’ t6' thi i: To tl es in the 
 i eae by ae ( at 2,2 b or 3: Alfo oe ptf a 3 
 rit t 3s > en real , o11o0u ? no 
 Breet ote) whedge is ne Micioa i 
 comprile sty eon of this undertaki oe fh them, and 
 true, falfe atever had be to write Pand ing, it was nel 
 by G Or dubio etl betor ; ects “oft . ° neither | ‘ 
 1 efner and Ald us, that havi e written oft Birds Gs the Au- 
 on ky Volumes apd (G2 Wee already AIG by an fhould 
 | as to tak fee fh contract a abund s, wheth 
 ho emir gy Spake pose performed 
 rovi C its Le ail r lare 
 roving: andl wih weald sto eget a 
 qa aa ; made6y ipoe ould betMaeh m reading of a fo 
 many parti irds, which i gil. But Se athe ranoere Ge Pitivfaktory Au- 
 kind icularscon S (as we ; mait dea a2 uch E ; ry and 
 kind and ober eta ae Bk figh was Epicomes be 
 er ml h nS their C crue b a Animals i illuftrat ? 
 with our p t be fure of haracterift y fo accur als In gene aor 
 Or no. defcriptio of our mea be ay and cone de{cribi ral) in 
 be Mae 2 will it eae of difcer bie se Eamns ta ee ah 
 ayy of ch oi poe cute to find ning whethe ae paring a a the 
 ot id € genus’s f- ing it with outany 1 r it be he ny Bird 
 by soinadlat loweft dal the higheft armed ae aksown Bie sae 
 rin? J as [ {t . h aac {h 
 ound. is it al{o wi among z dow the Ch all 
 did not This then ome the car Species anoles will ae an 
 rare ing baie = = defion dlripron ra t being om guide 
 view eee is have de , that we mi e Bird ee 
 faved rifpedtion of felves ede Saiyan furely oe on'he 
 many 4ift or withou it lying ator Page ea othe ect it, we 
 ‘and Aldr ailties: sAnade Ge aes TI i EIR fea, 
 roy ; and re . a | : jat : oa Bird C- 
 “fake > andus. If ; étified aoc in that this dilige from th 
 ‘Species si pag a asked, ss miftakes a ie Toca, was we 
 ‘in. feve et diffe tt and gene at caufed the Writing y clea 
 “ally ier aere my defcri es gent Aut of alte 
 one. Thi multiply nd in B ent th ; of Birds of th tom 
 ‘deferi his is e plying of S ooks. H em by thei s of th . 
 saci tions “5 to Aleve in re ‘and Bc ce their a Corton 
 ‘ te and ff ch Bird "a read akin bi ake ents 
 fall: 4 sas th ing of thei g two oF S are efpe 
 , but’ thofe bibs es eagie Works. oe Ysiee cl+ 
 municated Poa for th or their ah 
 y others he moft & 
 are of 2 di very 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ftamp, 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 ee w- 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 Th PREEAOS. ° 
 
 {tamp, as being compofed by men not well verled in defcribing of - 
 Animals, containing only a few general and ambiguous notes, fo "ie 
 one defcription will fit divers Species, or two or three defcriptions fute 
 One and the fame , which muft needs occafion fich miftakesas we men- 
 tioned of repeating the fame Bird two or three times for different kinds 
 under divers Tiles. Many fuch errors occur in Aldrovand. which the 
 Reader fhall find noted in this Work, and fome alfo in Cohiba nc 
 with{tanding his great skill and circumf{pe@tion. Yet do wenot pretend 
 to have difcovered and rectified all the miftakes and errors jn thefe Au- 
 thors: There remain yet fundry defcriptions of this nature, which we 
 are doubrful of whether they be of Birds {pecifically diftinét orno: Nor 
 do we fee any means left to refolve our felves, unle(s perchance by travel- 
 ling to thofe places whence fuch def{criptions andtitles were fent, where 
 we might probably learn what Birds the Inhabitants underftand by thofe 
 names. | 
 
 Having acquainted the Reader with our principal aim in this Work, 
 which was to give certain Charaéteriftic notes of the feveral kinds, 
 accurately to defcribe each Species, and to reduce all to their proper 
 Claffes or Genera: We fhall further add, that we have wholly omitted 
 What we find in other Authors concerning Homonymous and Synonymous 
 words, or the divers names of Birds, Hieroglyphics, Emblems, Morals, 
 Fables, Prefages,.ot ought. elfe appertaining to Divinity, Ethics, Gram- 
 mar, or any fort of Humane Learning: And prefent him only with what 
 properly relates to their Natural Hiftory. Neither have we {craped to. 
 
 ether whatever of this nature is any where extant, but have ufed choice, 
 and inferted only fuch particulars as our felves can warrant upon our 
 own knowledge and experience, or whereof we have aflurance by the 
 teftimony of good Authors, or fufficient Witnefles. And, becaufe what 
 is {treight doth both manifeft it felf, and alfo difcover what is croo- 
 ked, we contented our felves to put down only what Wwe approve, 
 not thinking it neceflary to {pend time in confuting the contrary 
 error: | 
 
 Concétning the names of Birds we did not much trouble our felves, 
 there having been difputing enough about them long ago; but have for 
 the moft part followed Gefner and Aldrevandus, being unwilling to di- 
 fturb what is fetled, or diipoflefs Names, that may for their ule now 
 plead prefcription. For to what purpofe is it eternally to ae 
 about things, which certainly to determine is either abfolutely im- 
 
 offible, or next door toit? Efpecially feeing if by immenfe labour it 
 might at laft be found out, by what Names every Species was known 
 to the Ancients, the advantage that would thence accrue would not 
 countervail the pains. About the Phrafe and Style we Were not e 
 folicitous, taking greater care torender the Senile perfpicuous than the 
 Language ornate. ae . 
 
 But becaufe Mr. Willughby (though {paring neither pains oO) 
 could not procure, and confequently did not defcribe all forts o ’ 2 - 
 perfect the Work, I have added the Defcriptions and =. of thole 
 chat were Wanting, Out of Gefner, Aldrovandus, — st 2 
 Clufins, Hernandez, Bontius, Wormins, and Pifo; dilpoling each kin N - 
 near as 1 could, in its proper place. = 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 The PREFACE. 
 
 Now becaufe elegant and accurate Figures do much ituftrate and 
 facilitate the underftanding of Defcriptions, 1n order to the Engraving 
 fuch Figures for this Work, Mr. Willughby made a Colleétion of as marty 
 Piaures drawn in colours by the life as he could procure. © Jase ae 
 purchafed of one Leonard Baltner, a Fifherman of Strasburch, A aera 
 containing the Pictures of all the Water-fowl frequenung ind ‘K cm 
 near that City, as alfo all the Fifh and Water-Infects found there, draw 
 with great curioficy and exactnels by an excellent hand. “Fhe which 
 Fowl, Fifhes, and Infects the faid Baltner had himfelf taken, delcribed, 
 and at his own proper colts and charges caufed to be drawn. = Waich 
 curiofity is much to be admired and commended in a Perfon of his 
 Condition and Education. For my part, } muft needs acknowleage 
 that Ihave received much light and information from the Work of this 
 poor man, and have been thereby inabled to clear many difficulties, and 
 reétifiefome miftakes in Gefner. Secondly, At Nurenberg in Germany he 
 bought large Volume of Pictures of Birds drawn incolours. | hird- 
 ly, Hecaufed divers Species, as well feen in England as beyond the Seas, 
 to be drawn by good Artifts. Befides what he left, the defervedly fa- 
 mous Sir Thomas Brown, Profeflor of Phyfick in the City of Norwich, 
 frankly communicated the Draughts of feveral rare Birds, with fome 
 brief notes and defcriptions of them. Out of thefe, and the Printed 
 Figures of Aldrovandus, and Pet. Olina, an Italian Author, we,culled-out 
 thofe we thought moft natural, and refembling the life, for the Gravers 
 to imitate, adding alfo all bur one or two of Marggravius’s, and fome 
 out of Clufius his Exotics, Pifo his Natural Hiltory of the Weft Indies; and 
 Bontius his of the Ea , aa | 
 
 The Grawerswe employed, though they were very good Workmen, 
 yet in many Sculpsthey have not fatisfied me. For I being at a great di- 
 {tance from London, and all advices and directions neceflarily paffing by 
 Letter, fometimes through hafte miftook in my directions, fometimes 
 through wearinefs and impatience of long Writing fent not fo clear and 
 full inftruétions as was requifite; and they as often neglected their 
 inftructions, or miftook my meaning. - Notwithftanding ‘the Figures 
 fuch as they are,take them all together,they are the beft and trueft, that 4 
 moft like the live Birds, of any hitherto engraven in Brafs. : i 
 
 It is requifite now that we inform the Reader what compendions ways 
 we fought to avoid unneceflary expences in graving of Figures. 1. Of 
 the fame Species of Bird when more Figures than one Secured isk in 
 divers Authors, or our own Papers, or both, we caufed only one, which 
 we judged to be the beft to be engraven. 2. We have for the moft art 
 contented our felves with the figure of one Sex only, and that the Male 
 3. We have omitted all fuch dubious Icons as we knew not Sehither the : 
 were of true birds or not, or could not certainly determine of what 
 Species they were. 4. Of fuch as differ only in bignefs, or if otherwif 
 in fuch accidents as cannot be exprefled in Sculpture elise ‘¥en I 
 the Figure of the greater. Of this kind are the sreater and lelfer (7 A 
 the common Snipe, and Fack-Snipe, or Fudcock. . And yet fome Bi - ew, 
 have cauledto be graven twice when the firft time the Gravers wifi 
 aim, and fhot too wide of their mark: Such are the red-leg = 
 
 ‘d Partridge, 
 the 
 
 
 

 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 
 Plate 71. is the fame with it! The Sheldrake was tht 
 
 
 
 rs 
 
 _——_-— --. ee ee eee 
 
 Th PREF AGRA ee 
 
 non Sialiu «hn Lae 
 ph i eae a Swift, the common Blackbird, the FHonfe-Dove, the 
 Roy/ton (row, the Wit wall, and the Dottrel. mught add hereto the Canadq Goofe 
 
 in the leventi ab pe Str 2 J 
 V eth Plate, for I now periuade my felt thatthe Bird Praven in 
 
 110 it 9 bee area 
 figured in Plates 70. and 71. fo was the 4uk or G dor bill gas ss 
 65. The figures of the Rock Ouzel, Bittern, and Stone-Curlow fir ft ai 
 though they were paflable enough, yet having afterwards gotten very eat 
 Figures of thofe Birds, we caufed them alfo to be Engraven y “ 
 
 The whole Work we have divided into threé Books. In the firft we treat 
 of Birds in general; inthe fecond of Land-fowl ; m thé third of Water-Fop/, 
 The fecond Book we have divided into two patts: The fir whereof 
 contains Birds of crooked Beak and Talons . The fecond, fitch whofe Bills and 
 Claws are more fireight. The third Book is tripartite : The firft part takes 
 in all Birds that wade in the waters, or frequent watery places, but fwim not. 
 The fecond, fuch as are of a middle nature between fwimmers and waders, or 
 rather that partake of both kinds, fome whereof are cloven-footed, and yet 
 {wim ; others whole-footed, but yet very long-leg’d likethe waders: The 
 third is of whole-footed, or fin-toed Birds, that /wim in the water. 
 
 As for fabulous Birds, ' {uch as are confefledly fo, viz, Phenixes, Griffins, 
 arpyes, Ruk, and the like, I have omitted them, as being no part of our {ub- 
 ject, and™althac. can be {aid of them having been more than once written 
 already. [have alfo"omitted fome that I only fufpetted for ftitious, as the 
 Sothian Bird,the Aquila Ficteropus,8cc. Yet becanfe fwould not rely too much 
 upon my own judgment, I have putin the Appendix the defcriptions of fome 
 of that nattite out of Hernandez , which I refer to the Readers cenfuire. 
 
 It remains that I make a grateful mention of {uch of our learned and wor- 
 thy Friends, as have givenus any confiderable information or affiftance 3 as 
 well to do them right, as to acquaint the Reader whom we mean by fome 
 names recorded in this Work. “Thofe were Sir Thomas Brown ot Norwich be- 
 fore remembred : Francis FefJop E{q, of Broom-hall in Sheffield Parith Yorkshire, 
 who fencus the Defcriptions and Cafes of many rare Birds, and difcovered 
 and gavé us notice of many Species thereabout, which we knew not before 
 to be native of England: Sir Philip Skippon of Wrentham near Biiborough in the 
 County of Suffolk, Knight, who communicated the Pictures of feveral Birds 
 we wanted: And Mr. Ralph Fobn/on of Brignal near Greta Bridge in Yorkshire, 
 a Perfon of fingular skill in Zoology, etpecially the Hijftory of Birds, who be- 
 fides the Defcriptions and Pictures of divers uncommon, and fome unde- 
 {eribed both Land and Water-fowl, communicated tous his Method of Birds, 
 whereby we were infome particulars informed, in many others confirmed, 
 his judgment concurring with ours in the divifions and Characteriltic notes 
 of the Genera. eer 
 
 Thus miuch may faffice to have fpoken by way of Preface.of the Work in 
 ceneral. 7 | | ae 
 5 It may now be expected that I give fome account of the Engli[h Tranflati- 
 on. But [have not much to fay concerning it ; I {hall only acquaint the Rea- 
 der what have therein'aménded, and what I have thereto added. 
 
 - Firft, The errors and miftakes which fince this Work was publifhed I have 
 difcovered;-and in the Tranflation noted or corrected thele. 3 The firft 
 miftake is inthe placing of the Toucan, falfly called the Brafilian Pie, among 
 che Birds of the Pie-kind: It properly belonging to the Woodpecker Tribe, ds 
 
 = (A= having 
 
 tT aspen —_ 
 
 
 
ee ee ee 
 
 nee 
 
 The PREFACE. 
 
 = —e 
 
 
 
 . ———* ~  oreee ee we ee wow 
 
 Al int % 
 
 = | . Sar 
 
 having a like difpofition of Toes, two ftanding formate tw oe ae 
 and in like manner hewing aholein a ‘Tree to build its Neti Ms aoe 
 before fufpect, but am now aflured of by an exact defcription ‘ CR ie 
 met with in 7o. Faber his Explications of {ome American a Sah Days be 
 2. In making Bellonins his greater red-leg’d Partridge ot Greek Part) meio 
 a different kind from the common red-leg’d Partridge, which upon diligent 
 comparing the De({criptions and Hiftories, I find to be $i pe iti 
 3. In putting down the Fringilla fpuria cum calcart: Alanac, | ‘9; 188. 
 for a diftingt Species from the precedent Bird, entitled pati! ing fi ae 
 jor, or the great Brambling. “Unis miftake was committec y aces ack 
 dent, and forgetfulnefs. 4. In the conjecture that the Larus J legates e- 
 {cribed pag. 261. was the Skua of Flowerus, whereas I find that our ae actes, 
 defcribed pag.265. is his Skua, the defcriptions exactly agreeing. i: 5. In put- 
 ting down the Bird entitled, Anas fera capite Jubruffo minor tor 2 di inct Species, 
 whereas I am now aflured by our Fowlers, that 1c isthe Hen Golden-eye. I do 
 alfo fufpeét the Anas fera capite fubruffo major, defcribed fora diftin@ kindia 
 pag. 282.to have been no other than a Young Cock-Golden-eye, that had not 
 moulted his Chicken-feathers. 6. In placing the Anas fera fufca or Pochard. 
 And 7. the Havelda of Wormius among the River or Plafh-Ducks,whereas they 
 belong to the Sea-kind. 8. In making the Bird defcribed, pag.239. under the 
 title of Pha/cas fortaffe Gefnero, to be a diftinct Species, which I find by compa- 
 ring the Birds themfelves to be a Hen-Wigeon. Befides rr I find remain- 
 ing ftilltebe corrected, 1. Amiftake about the fimsation o the blimd-guts in 
 Birds : For they do not defcend from the ftomath downwards, but alcend 
 from the nte/tinum rectum upWaldseaeaesierere TWO branches of the inte- 
 ftinum reé&um, and foasetttat relpet differ not from the Blind-guts of Quadru- 
 peds,asisiaffitmed pag.7. 2. Among the Birds that want the back-toe,enume- 
 rated, pag. 3. the Dottrel iS omitted. 3. 1 am now perfuaded thar the Stell 
 Avis of *Aldrovandusis a diflerent kind from the Bu/fard, and that the Bird we 
 faw in theMarket at Modena was this Stella,for to my beft remembrance it was 
 much lefs than a Bu/tard, and therefore I revoke what was {aid in contradi. 
 tion to Aldrovandus his afhrmation,that the Bu/fard is a ftranger to Italy: But it 
 is very likely that this Stella Avis is the fame with the Anas Campeftris of Bellonius. 
 Befides thefe the Reader fhall find corrected thofe overfights and errors noted 
 in the Maereduaaw in the Latine, and others which I cannot now call to mind. 
 
 Secondly, For additions there are fo many throughout the whole Work 
 that it would be too tedious to enumerate them, I fhall only mention the 
 three principal and moft confiderable, which might pafs for juft Tractates 
 on thofe Subjects. | 
 
 1. An Epitome of the Art of Fewling, collected partly out of Olina’s Uccelle- 
 ria, written in Italian, but chiefly out of Gervafe Markham’s Book, entitled 
 Flungers prevention, Ot the Art of Fowling ; fomething alfo being added. out ae 
 alate Englifh Book, entituled, An Epitome of the Art of Husbandry, the Author 
 whereot was pleafedto conceal his name. 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 a 
 
 Ait 
 
 2. AnIdea of Falconry, being an abridgement of the Authors long {ince e 
 Englifhed and put together by Lurbervile ; and of our own late and beft ap- . 
 proved Writer Latham, with fomething out of Aldrovandus. F 
 
 3. Directions for the ordering of singing Birds contracted. out of the : 
 forementioned Epitome of the Art of Husbandry, Olina’s Uccelleria and Aldro. : 
 vandus. In all which Difcourfes I have correéted fome miftakes in my ‘ 
 
 Authors 3 
 : 
 
 x ' 
 M ay alba os mt 
 OA Lali. 
 
 ane aa % than 
 BS NT VLD LAL SS re 
 
 Ti 
 
 
 
LLL CCN Oe lacy tm A age EE ee : 
 et ee ee 
 
 ta, 
 
 ee I TT I A 
 
 aE se = 
 ny ta 
 
 Authors, illuftrated whatiwas obfcure, and intermingled fome obfetvations 
 of my own. Here by the by.Lcannot but ref 
 
 | 3 ect uponithe Author'of fate 
 Englifh Book, entivuled, The Gentlemans Recr 
 
 2 Cation. For having had OCC2.- 
 fion'to examine.and compare Books upon thefe Subjects, «I find ‘that all thar 
 1e hath confiderable concerning Fowlg is taken out of the foreméehtioned 
 Book of Markham, and yet-hath he-notito my Temembrance made atty men- 
 tion of his Author: What-he hath of Flawking is likewile an Epitome of 
 Lurberviles Collections, withfome additionout of Lathams Falconry, xwathour 
 acknowledgment that all was borrowed. Idoubt not buf could hawe eaced 
 him in his other Difcourfes of Fiuntmg and Kifhng, had had leifuyeor will 
 to compare his Book with Turberviles, Waltons, andother Treatifes of that 
 Subjects. I donot blame him for Epitomizing, but for fuppreffine his Au- 
 thors names, and publifhing their Works as his own,  informch'tharior only 
 the Vulgar, but even Learned men have been deceived by him, fothatthey 
 have looked upon him as a confiderable Writer, of extraordinary skill in 
 fuch Arts.and Exercifes, and onethat had advanced and improved them. By 
 the way therefore it may not be amifs to caution Learned men that they be 
 not too hafty nor lavifh in their public commendations of new Books before 
 they have taken the pains to compare them with former Treatifés on thole 
 Subjects, left they render themfelves ridiculous by publifhing thofe for ad- 
 vancets-of-knowledge, who are indeed meer Plagiaries and Compilers of 
 other mens Works ": 
 
 I might have added a cenfuure of the fleth of Birdsin reference to wholfom. 
 nefsin Diet, but that is done in the particular Species, and by many Authors 
 in the Dietical partof their Inftitutions of Phyfic . only in general we have 
 taken notice, 1. In Land-fowl, that the flefh-of no Carnivorous Bird is sood 
 meat, neither of the Rapacious kind that touch no Vegetables; nor yet of the 
 Crow-kind,which feed promifcuoufly upon Flefh, and Fruits, or Seeds. 2. That 
 the flefh of fuch birds as feed only upon Infeéts is not approved good mear, 
 for example, Woodpeckers and Swallows. As for {mall Birds of {lender Bills 
 that are reputed good, they feed as well upon Fruits and Berries as upon In- 
 fects, though ic may be chielly upon Infects : but they are beft when they 
 feed upon Fruits; as the Beccafigo in Fig-time, 3. The Birds that eee 
 Grain and Seeds only, (if any fuch) or upon Fruits, or Seeds, and- fects, 
 asthe Poultry-kind, are the beft of all. 4. Of Warer-fowl, facha 
 or.chiefly upon Fifh are not good meat; Yet the Young of fome of at 
 approved as adelicacy, though I tcateethink very wholfom: Such are young 
 Soland-Geefe, Puffins, Pewets, and Herons.  Befides thefe, all Water-fowl, 
 though feeding only upon Infects, are efteemed good to eat, and admired 
 to our Tables: The moft delicate. of thefe are thofe we have termed Mud- 
 fuckers, that with their long Nebs thruft into the Earth fuck out of the Mud or 
 Ouze a fatty juyce,; by which they are nourifhed. agiae 
 
 ‘Two or three Obferyations. communicated by Mr. Martin Lifter of York, 
 my honoured Friend, being through forgetfulne{s omitced in chert proper 
 places in the Book, Efhalkchraft into this Preface. 1. The es or aS 
 Sparrow lays Sea-green or pale-blue Eggs, which neatly emptied and wire 
 Thave feen fair Ladies wear at their Ears for Pendants. 2. One and the 
 fame Swallow Lhave known by the fubtracting daily of her Eggs to have laid 
 nineteen fugceflively, and then to have given over. 3« The Bunting breaks 
 not Oats, but hulls chem moftdexteroutly, asf wt having of = 
 
 : | ‘ a4 2 
 
 
 
 WILE. 
 
 
 
eee 
 ee 
 
 The PREF AC! 
 
 me at this prefentin Cages. 4. The Robin-red-breaf? ill not touch a hairy 
 Caterpillar, but will gladly eat any fmooth one that ! have given him ; and 
 "there is no better way {peedily totame and make wild biras fing than to giv : 
 
 them a pleafing Infect or two daily. 5. Neither ilenoer nor thick-bill 
 
 Birds but will gladly eat Spiders, as I have experienced in tome. a 
 I have no more to add, but only to advertife the Reader, that byt 1¢ 
 breadth of a Bird we underftand the diftance between the tips of the Wings 
 extended; by the flag-feathers, ot beam-feathers, or quil-feathers, or prime fea- 
 thers, or fails of the Wing, we mean thofe of the firft row. That when 
 we fay from Bill to Tail, we mean froma Bill-point to Tail-end: That for 
 brevities fake, and want of Englifh words, lwas in this Tranflation often 
 forced to ule Latine, as for the circle about the Pupil of the Eye, Ir#, and in 
 the Plural, Jrides ; for the liminary ftomach defcribed page 8. Echinus, and 
 
 fome others : And fol bid him 
 
 A A OO 
 
 —_—— —— _— 
 
 Farewell. 
 
 TT 
 
 —— IEE FEET Tees ee 
 eer eee I —= 
 
 ee LE LL Ln 
 
 
 
 Errata. 
 
 Ppt 13./ine 19. for or read as. 22.61. Witwall. 33.14. GlafseuifS. 50. for the read to. 55. 6.after cal- 
 led add by the. 64.18. Oripelargus. 65. 4, Cloak..66.39- after {evexaladd lorts. 94.59. Pauwius. 
 109.32.unufual. 129.27. after head puts “ 197-26. down. 143. 43. for of read to. 
 153. 32. wallowith. 159. RET, 9. Linc. 203.Birds. 233.22. dele thereft their lower. 252. 36. 
 shir feith add. bei Bo Aeven OF eight. 256.17. cincreous, 257. I 6. after lower add joynt, 260. 17, 
 fix oxfevére 270. 11.tooth. 294.17. ¢ightor nine. 308.8. Eggs. 31 1.38. Aberdovey. 332.27. for {mall 
 read broad. 337-45- for yard read foot. 359,18, Schellent. 27%,22.Anas. 379.2.Ipecati apoa. 385. 
 41. for White read Yolk. ; ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fill up the blank page 40, line 12 with thefe words, ( Tab.2. Fig.7.) That, page 46.line 45 
 with thefe (9. Tab.2.) Page 369. line 25. blot out thefewords, Inthe lefler rows of covert- 
 feathers isalfo a great {pot of white. Page 374. this Figure is omit- 
 ted: The Birds marked with an Afterifc are fuch as we our felves 
 
 - {aw not, nor defcribed, but borrowed their defcriptions of others. 
 
 rg But others there are befides which ought to’ have been marked, 
 , viz. Bontiws his Indian Raven, page 126. Toucan 128, Jaguacati 
 guacu 147. The Dodo 153. Mitu 158. Pauxi 160. Mituporang Ibid. 
 m0 Jacupema 165. Jambu 167. Damafcus Partridge fbzd. Indian Quail 
 e 171. Canne-peticre 179, Attinga guacu mucu 198. Calandra 208 
 Giarola 209. AlltheBirds defcribed page 210, 211. Humming birds 230. though we 
 have often feen. many forts of thefe. Wood Titmoufe 2>>. ‘Aldrovands. firtt Y ellow- 
 hammer 269. Cariama 276. Anhima Ibid. Aldrovands third afh-coloured Heron 278 
 Squaiotta 281. The other green-footed Water-hen 313. Another green-footed Wate - 
 hen of Belonius 314. Allthe Water-hens defcribed pag. 317, 318. The Penguin - 
 
 Greater crefted Doucker of Aldrovand 339. Water-hare or crefted Denisa neal 
 
 Ibid. The fharp tail'd [//and-Duck of Wormius 364. Ipeca guacu 383. 2 
 _ Some other literal faults or omiffions, and errours in pointing there are, which becaufe 
 
 they are obvious and eafi¢e to be corrected, and cannot likely occafion any doubt o 7 
 
 | ee ae not gt put down, ee I fhould feem ‘too much to diftruft either the Rea. 
 
 ders judgment, or hisingenuity. For my part, I can eafily p: 
 
 Printers as [have obferved in this Work, efpecially being eee ; Nica ee a 
 nowing by experience how difficult a thing itis for the moft quick-fighted eect ; a ; 
 nd diligent Corrector that is, to efpy all the faults that the Compofitors will satis | 
 
 en in one fheet of Paper, at once or twice reading over. eo 
 
 0 4A* Th 
 
 
 
 THE 
 
 
 
reer eet 
 
 
 
 
 
 FHE 
 
 FIRST BOOK 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY 
 
 FRANCIS WILLUGHBY Ef; 
 
 
 
 
 
 Of Birds in general. 
 
 
 
 Cuapr. I. 
 Of the external parts of Birds. 
 
 
 
 
 
 qe. E do not intend to treat of all the parts of Birds, but of thofe 
 YA WZ “only which are either proper to this kind, or if common to 
 mw Sid 4 se other Animals, have in Birds fomething peculiar in their fhape, 
 8 mm fize, temper, ufe, or fome other remarkable accident. 
 “ fy hs 1. All birds in general, without exception of any, want The pill and 
 hy, NH &, Teeth, in ftead whereof they are furnifhed with a Bill of a its ules. 
 aN Mw Liha horny fubftance. By Teeth we under{tand Teeth properly fo 
 B2-PAGUs ote called; viz. fuch as are diftiné and feparable from the Mandi- 
 bles. For in fome Birds, as for example Divers, the Bills them- 
 felves are toothed or indented after the manner of aSaw. The Bill in Birds hathtwo 
 principal ufes; the one as an inftrument to gather and receive their food 5 the other 
 as a weapon to fight with, either by affaulting others, or defending and revenging 
 themfelves. -Thefe, [fay, are the principal ufes, befides which it {erves them alfo for 
 other purpofes, to wit, building their Nefts, feeding their Young, preening their 
 Feathers, and fome forclimbing; asthe Parrot and Shel-apple. 
 2. Inall Birds, except-Nocturnal ones, the head is fmaller and bears lefs proporti- The Head; 
 on to the body than in Quadrupeds, that it may more readily divide the Air in lisino, 
 and making way for the body render its paflage more eafie. 
 3. In Birds and Fifhes the eyes are more flat and depreffed than in Quadrupeds. The Eyes, 
 A circle: of fmall plates of bone placed {calewife under the outward coat [ tunica 
 fclerodes | where the proceffws ciliares are, encompafies the pupil of each eyein Birds, 
 to {trengthen the eyes, and defend. them from injuries. Moreover molt, if not all 
 Birds, have a Membrane for NiGation, called in Latine Periophthalmiun:, where- Membrane for 
 withal they can at their pleafure cover their Eyes, though their eye-lids be open, mitetion. 
 This hath its rife from the greater or more obtufe corner of the Eye, and ferves to 
 wipe, cleanfe, and perchance moiften the Superficzes of 1t. This. Membrane is not 
 proper to Birds only, but common with them to many Quadrupeds. .™ Dr. Harvey, + of the Genes 
 treating of the Eyes of Birds haththis obfervation : The Eyes of Birds ( faith he ) we- ie 
 ver contrad themfelves tothat proportion whichis between the eye and head of a viviparous fied 
 Animal. For if in Hens or other Birds you take off the skin covering the eyes, you Shall 
 find that either of themwill at leaft equal the whole bulk of the brain: But in a Woodcock, 
 and the like, either eye is greater than all the reft of the head, fetting afide the Bill. In 
 gencral the orbit or cavity containing the eye in all Birds exceeds the brain tt elf, as may be 
 feen in their shull, Their eyes indeed outwardly appear but faall, becaufe excepting the 
 pupils they are wholly covered with skin and feathers. Inour obfervation the cavity con- 
 oe the brain is greater than the orbit of either eye m many, Not to fay all, 
 irds, 
 
 
 
 B A. Ail 
 
 
 

 
 eer iret GY. Boox l. 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox |] 
 ae eS exten . | though there 
 he Ear. 4. All Birds want the external ear, ftanding out from the head. a cage 
 ss afortof Owl called in Latine No@ua aurita, ot the eared os L, cee . fy las 
 properly {0 called, but only feathers ticking out on cach lide 1 fuppofe the 
 refembling Farsor Hors, afid is:thefefore called allo the Horn-Ow'. | Be Far 
 feathers encompafling the Ear-holes in Birds fupply the defect of a < nt Gude 
 In moft forts the Ear-holes are opefrand uncovered; but am alinocturnal, 20 
 diurnal rapacious Birds provided with covers. a \Afandibles at each 
 TheBridle of 5, The Bridle of the mouth, or the Membrane connecting ees —o 
 : . aa - co ras L. ry? a es a4 
 | the mouth. "her. either falls award when the mouth is fhut, as in molt bir 2 2h cate be 
 12 in Larks. By thefoftnefs, colour, and thicknefs of this part young DU 
 2 diftinguified from old ones. EI Ae ee 
 TheEpigic- 6, All Birds want the* Epiglotiss 5 ox wet is en that p heads tale 
 tis. x el. 1c ' the voice; iecing many DirGs u 
 * 7. ec: The co- celiary to the modulation Or articulation = d {i i ae ft a articulatelv. not- 
 verofthe and modulate their voice moft melodioufly, ana lome alto Ip Ce aie 3. 
 er 3 . ' - Rasltt Yilivi i 
 Windpipe. svith{tandine they want it. The cranny m the top of thet Laryzx, througn , 
 
 
 
 ne- 
 
 
 
 he head ; ce o a Ee. ee . cleft of the 
 
 | o the Wind Air pafies to and fro in refpiration, lies directl} under the fiffure or cic t 
 rt Pipe. Palate, or the hole which leads to the Noithrus. soe egherwile they 
 The Neck. 7. Such Birds as have long Legs, have alio a long Neck ; for that otherwii J 
 
 could not commodioufly gather up their food, either on Land, or in the water. But 
 on the other fide. thofe which have long Necks have not always long Legs, asappears 
 in Swans, Gee(e, and other Water-fow] : whole Necks ferve them to reach to the bot- 
 toms of Rivers. Lakes. and Pools of-water, to fetch up thence, Snails, Whilks, Intects, 
 Seeds. and Herbs. while their bodies fwim on the Surface of the water. 
 8. All Birds, inftead of Channel-bones £ Clavicule | wherewith many uadru- 
 TheMery- peds are furnifhed, have a bone which we in Englifh commonly call the Merry- 
 = thoucht [ furcula. 2 5 
 >. All Birds whatfoever have Wings, or rudiments of Wings 3 which anfwer to 
 The Wings, the fore-legs in Quadrupeds. Among Land-fowl the Ojtrighs Caffowary, and Dodo; 
 among Water-fowl the Penguin have wingsaltogethet ufelé{fsand unt for flight. Thofe 
 efpecially «of the Cafowaryare fo very littlcandmext to none, that I.cannot imagine 
 what ufe they fhould beof to he 
 BH tated afinft her in pgp 
 | fo bay | | : 
 fiaceous, the latter Cutaneous : Only Birds have Wings made up of Feathers. All 
 Birds toward the extremity of their Wings havea certainfinger-like Appexdix, which 
 
 T 7 it oe & aA - 
 —_~—~——9 eet ~e mre 
 
 ~~ Se 
 
 = le RPE rey 
 
 
 
 
 
 SEP He eee 
 
 : . _ ‘Weare wontto call the Secundary or Baftard Wing : It is made up of four or five fmall 
 ead feathers. Befides this under the wing, oron theinfide of the Wing, fomeBirds,efpe- 
 | Wing. cially Water-fowl, havea row of feathers growing, which wecall the Interiour ba- 
 
 The imeriour ffard wing 3 which inmoft Birdsis white of ‘colour. 
 
 Baitard wing.” 56, All Birds are two-leg‘d, which is common tothem with:man; whos there- 
 The Legs and fore defined by Plato, Avismal zmplume bipes, a two-leggd Animal without feathers, to 
 — diftinguifh him from Birds. Burcthis definition being rendred ridiculous by Diocenes, 
 turning loofe aCock with his feathers plucked off, and crying Eece hominem Plato- 
 , nicum, See Plato'sman: Tomend:the matter and fecurethe definition fiom cavil and 
 derifion, they added to it MAanerusG., withbroad nails, thinking that thereby they 
 had perfe@ly excluded all Birds ; whereas had .Dioegemes:been well skilled in the Hi- 
 {tory of Birds, he might have foon fitted :himfelf with a Birdto pluck,that fhould have 
 antwered their reformed definition, as wellas'a Cock did their original, wiz.a Didap- 
 per or Loon,and alio.a Stork, that having broad nailsas'well as man.But to leave that, 
 Footie. and return to the matter in hand; fome Swallows indeed arecalled * Apedes,not becaufe 
 hey doaltogether want feet and legs,but becauiethey have very fhort, little, and in- 
 hrm ones. Thefe by reafon of the length of their wings and fhortnefs of their legs, if 
 nidcefps. wey happen to fallon theground, can hardly raife themfelves again. But that the 
 madife Birds of Paradifé, focalled, fhould want feet, as was not long fince generally be- 
 lieved, not only by the Vulgar, but alfo by the greateft Naturalifts themfelves, 
 ) even fuch as were moft converfant in the Fisftery of Animals, becaufe thofe brought. 
 p out of the Indies were wont to be mutilated and bereaved of their feet, isnow fuih- 
 r en convinced to be falfeby the teftimony of eye-witnefles, and bythe Birds 
 themielves brought overintire, fo that no mamin his right witscan any longer doubt of 
 
 that matter. 5 
 = ; ae me poe four Toes in each foot, three ftanding forwards, and one 
 } ew have only three, all ftanding forwards, for thefe want the 
 
 back- 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 3 
 : 
 
 The Toes: 
 
 
 
 ” 
 
 | 
 | 
 
SS ee aaa eeeeeniemiepeatindaiedi es 
 B 
 
 back-toe. Such are 
 : among the Birds hi s 
 2. The B d: S irds hitherto kn = 
 ain fli tho 53) The Stone Curlew or Oudicnauiap 1. The Caffowary or Enien's What 8i 
 ofrisof ; ent, the Bird called Sted ws Of Bélloniys = 4. If j a. Birds 
 peftris of Bellonius; 6. Th tella by Aldrovand 54. IF it be dia amt the 
 pee BE Phieys, “9 . i € Sea-Pie or Hematopus of oe ws 5. The Anis Cams back-toe. 
 vandus 5 ¥ 6. ‘The S ¢ Green Plover 5 9. The Sea-L elonius 5 7. The Hiwiar 
 Cuba? anderling. And of whole-footed ark, called Charadrigs b Aldre. 
 14 TheGuilln e or Mullet, 1. &. Anas Ardica cr Fowl, 11. The Penenin " “sa 
 : e uf. 
 from the Auk sco 5 15. The Mergws >} re The Auk, or Réxor-bill 
 wh , which we doubt of; And laft eLonins, if it be a diffe oo 
 y ath but two Toes: Y ly, The Greenl erent Bird 
 i iecitioin tdelie sad me et Maregravius gives three to th “ Dove. The Offrich on- 
 hath betwedoniads oot £ whatever the Ancients betiatt f raltan Oftrich. More 
 Toes GEciolk: wie tected Bird, unlefs you take the $ of the Porphyrio) Nature 
 - one backward 5 tine ee cae the moft have hantsn 4 ec pe 
 orts of * P wo forward, and oa ee forward. The firuat 
 SecebApeeran Wetton ec Sons increo stad eae a 
 the bald Buzzard, and perc o far as to make a right Angle wi 5 OMe backward, and * Parrors 
 fome have all four fa perchance fome other Birds of gle with the middle Toe, as "st of the 
 nding forward rds of prey, and allOw/ 9 25 third fort,th 
 never fit upon Trees Th ee the Swift. Thofe whi s. AG lattly, can mote 6 . 
 lenoth. I . e middle-toe and Leg-b ich want the back-toe To athe 
 ee ao som re Sep Birds the a ot teach moft Birds are of eeyual nasa 
 moft. g the length of it, of a good eden Morea ee a 
 12.In all Bi 2 never the out- 
 the sienna eidiaed at have four Toes, excepting only the b/ 
 three, and the inmoft foi bone, the outmoft of the fore-toes = Martin or Swift, The bones of 
 novlesyaiheenniken fora Which order, fo conftantly obfer we the middlemoft the Toes. 
 (as I faid ) that weeha tice of by any Naturalift, that J aes by Nature, hath 
 cepted, whofe feet ar ave as yet taken notice of, the By v. Of all the Birds 
 Se te Sa are Of afingular make, and ee Martin is only to beex- 
 s sdariaabehe teed — Hiftory. "The shinder-toe, in-shof Sa thofe of other Birds 
 Claw or Talon of hetnd foot, Tapplying the place oa ule of inl a 
 Seckeahire Birdethacha ner at leaft in Land-fowl, 1s the gre aie umb. The 
 face from the bottomi ave but one back-toe, the outmoft of h and ftrongeft of 
 {c S joyned to the middle toe, that: : the fiore-toes for fome 
 o — as a outward, L in moft Birds,not 1n all. + Phiarn. not fall backward, “nor 
 I yall Bi on or mediate by an intervening Membrane conjunction 1s either imme- 
 a Keath Ur as Re ave yot Rice ene even fuch : 
 focpcens A e Rump grow two Glandules defigned as want a Tail, have The Rum 
 fA eae cartiala’ unctuous humour, and furnifhed Sith 7 the preparation and 2"¢4 * Glan: 
 ters Pencil aainiakeell = of {mall feathers or hairs ceaenian i trey Ver. 
 — refore t epartsof the feath ? at like toa Pain- 
 cae tshhet at the Bird, turning her head cadiecid onertal ruflied, or afty” 
 ok a O a forenamed tuft, and preffing the Glandules rump, with her Bul 
 es aes all anointing the disjoyned parts of th f  Soneaanreeeyy 
 Sere cenit i se cena Seca aa 
 Rum axe on But here we are to take notice wi th Re ee 
 a pare leffer inthofe Birds that want Tails, as Col ee of the 
 a ah Gott , as Colymbi, and the like, than in thofe 
 44. The Orifices of Exere : 
 th gents anda that 0 the 
 ae - Fowlto what they have m jahals ibusiend a ae ies 2 contrary itein all fea- Harv of Ge 
 Giifieat deavas under the Tail, and beneath it that of the Wy that of the Excrements is “°° Exer. 64 
 Rump pentada fituate lowermoft, the aperture of the Womb bn shih 
 of parts : aaa thinks theconvenience of coition is ‘ct between that and the 
 the F emale *bes aith he )-in thefe Animals engendring the Male ae of this pofition » ornishets 
 aa 9 Fi nftruments 0 generation ought tobe ont 7 a upon or treading \ib.14.c.1- 
 e rd rea ily couple together. Which reafon is not to cecal , that they May more 
 peds which mingle allo by foperaneion oF leap a en thats 
 as s {o fituate, experience from thence no dificul ough they have not their 
 — | | FUREY: -Ok gnconvenience in their 
 15. It is common to all Birds to have thei | en 
 of it, covered with feathers pow oe pee mre or at Jeaft the greateft part all pirds fe4- 
 fomealle only the Trunk of the body For in incitt ee deer =e Sf 
 Sn Nasr! il Seber ha 
 B2 though 
 
 
 

 
 ee ——“ORNAITHOLOAGR Bon I. 
 
 though the legsand) feet ( as | faid-), in, moft Birds, and’ infome.alfo, the heads are nar 
 ked, as forexample.in the Turkey, the Grane, the Emen, &o; yet. befides the Offrich 
 ‘we know'no Bird-that hath. any. other. part of its, body. bare:,of. feathers. . What 1s 
 reported of a kind of Hens, that bear wool inftead.of feathers we take to be falle 
 
 How Pema andfabulous. Now though the words Penna and Plums, which we may Englith Belt 
 ota and Feather, or hard and foft feather,be fometimes promifcuoutly ufed,at lealt Penna 
 in good Authors contains under it Pluwa, yet we in this. work for greater perfpicuity 
 diftinguifh thefe names, with our excellent Harvey,-inthis manner: Penne differ from 
 
 Plume in their fhape, ufe, place, and order of growth. Chickens are faft plumigerows before 
 pennigerowse | Herein [mutt crave leave to diflent from him, unlefs he comprehends 
 
 the firft Lanugo or Down upon Chickens under the name of Pluma, for 1 thinkthe 
 
 Quils begin to {pring as {oon as the.reft of the Haatyeer For. the Penne or Quils are 
 
 fouud only in the Wings and-Rump, and {pring deeper from the lower part of the:skin, or the 
 
 *Theskin “‘yery* Periofteum, and ferve for. motion and flights. the Plume or feathers {pring from the 
 —— oe upper part of the shin, and. are found, every where in-the body. for defence and ornament. 
 The Down, wherewith Birds newly tatch’d.arecovered, fticks, forthe moft; part, to 
 
 the tips ofthe primigenial feathers. In very many Birds the middle parts of the feathers 
 
 are black. ; 
 The Tailand 16, The Lailsof Birdsare made'upof feathers. Mott. Birds have this,part, fome 
 oe few want it, as the Doucker or Loon, and. a fort of Hem The Tail ferves, them, for 
 
 {teering their courfe, and turning in the Air, as it werea Rudder, Thisis chiefly 
 feenin Kites, of which Pliny faith thus, This kind feems to have taught men the Artof. 
 governing a. Ship by the flexures of: their Tails, Nature fhewing inthe Air what was needful 
 to be done in the deep. Hence thofe Birds that have but a fhort Tail.and long legs, firetch 
 out. their Legs backward.in flying, to fupply the defect of the Tail whereas other 
 Birds, which have long or indifferent Tailsfly moft. with their Legs drawn up to then 
 body, fome few with them hanging dows, as Water-Hens. Befides, the Laikdoth not 
 only ferve for directing and, governing the flight, but likewilefor fupporting. and 
 + Douckers keeping even the body. Henee the F Colymbi, which hayeme Tails, fly, very incon- 
 orlooms.  yemtently, as it were erect intheAir, with the headsfttaight upward, and; their Tail 
 almoft perpendicularly downward, In.many Ries LUG.0 tmolteteathers, of the Tail 
 are whiter. than the middle ones" two middie feathers, are notfituateinthe fame 
 right lines, withpthe“telt on each fide, but .a little higher or, more forward. The 
 number of Tail-feathers in no fort of Bird isodd. Wehavenotas yet obferved in the 
 Tail of any Bird fewer than. ten: feathers5, though: Mergeraviws mentions fome Bra- 
 filian Birds that have but eight feathers, their Tails ; And it-hath been,told us, that 
 | the. Tropic-bird-hath only two, but thofe very, longones. 
 The Flag-fet- 17. The tips of the Flag-feathers of the Wings.run out intoa point on that-ide the 
 Wingt fhaft in fuch as are gradually longer, which refpects the feathers | thatare longer, or 
 that run out further 5, fo.1n the ten outmoft feathers. the. exterior Vanes run-out iis 
 pots, hecaufe the exterior of, thofe feathers are longer than the interior,-or, ableatt 
 y reafonof their fituation in the Wing complicated; run-out. further. | Inthe reft of 
 the Flags towardsthe body, the interior Vanes runout into points, becaufe from th , 
 tenth inwards theinterior feathers run out further. than the eactHeibs by reafon, lik : 
 wife of their fite in the Wing clofed, In divers.Birds the tips of the middle F ; s 
 feathers.are as it. were indented, the Vane on each-fide, the: thaft running out . 7 “y 
 beyond the thaft. This happens when the feathers are of equal length, the hate : 
 acu being neither longer nor fhoster, nor any way, more.produce than the jo 
 i Nee ae inner. Vanes of the Flag-feathers of the, Wings.arein moft Birds broader 
 
 eying eee 18.-All Birds, as far.as we yet: know, moult:all, the. quil 
 verti ae whole bodies yearly. The bottoms of all the feathers, C = ae ee 
 appear not to fight,).in Birds of all forts. are af.ane audkhetand colour ee a 
 toed oe Rare cee erg une to view, Jame colour, | or. the 
 ae g.. The Pectoral Mutcles, and fuch as ferye to move the Wi eee 
 Muleles. the thickeft and moft flefhy. For fince the flight,of Bids : = ae * . — 
 {trong motion, and. vehement agitation-of, the Wings, to Sees wn 
 
 was requifite the Organs defigned for that exercife fhould be the ftron i sad a 
 
 able, On the contrary, 10 man.the Muicles which ferve to movethe gan sn malt) 
 
 and{tronger than, thofe whichbelong to theArm: Becaufe theinaction ° a heh 
 
 up the; whole body, and transfer it.ftom, place to place, requireth sauaiialsiliey = 
 
 vigour. Whence, if it -be poflible for Man toifly, sit is thought, by. them -who have: 
 
 curioufly 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
. eh ie 
 
 
 
 Book ORNITHOLOGY. =a 
 
 . 
 
 curioufly weighed. and: confidered|that matter 5. that he that would att fi 
 thing with hope: of fuccefs, muft:fo.contrive and adapt his wings, shat ca ne 
 ufe of his legs and: not hisarms in the managing of them, 
 
 
 
 CuHaAarp. Il. 
 
 Of the inward parts of Birds. 
 
 doth: largely treat of the Brains of Birds, where he accurately defcribes their 
 Feguments, Parts, andVentricles, in.thefe words: ‘The upper part of the 
 
 * Skull; covering the Brain. being. taken up, the thicker Membrane or Tegument 
 ‘ called, Dura Mexyux, {traitly embraces.the whole bulk, within contained. In the 
 ‘ middleof this Membrane, where the Brain is divided into two Hemifpheres, there 
 “ is a Sévws.[.a hollow: Cavity. or Veflel ]. extended long-ways;. which (ne Sithe-like 
 “ procefs, being. there let down between, the Hemifpheres, as in, Men and: Quadru- 
 “ peds,) is:net very: deeply inferted into. the Brain: In. that part of this Membrane 
 © which interpofing: it, felf divides, between. the Brain and the Cerebel/um,. there are 
 “ formed twolateral)Sizufes,, There is. moreover in Birds the fourth Sizws, but fituate 
 ‘ fomething more: backward than in. Man. or Quadrupeds. _ For.a little below the 
 “. Conarion .or Pine-like Glandule a-round hollow procefs is let down from the * Dura * The exteris 
 “Mater, upon, the: legs. of the. {pinal. marrow, [ pith of the back-bone]_ produced, a ome 
 “ whereitis, ftraightway,divided.into two branches, of which it fendeth on each fide x Tomine 
 “ one upwards. into the Cavity, fituate;in. the hinder, part of the Brain. between the of the Brain. 
 “ ftriate Membraneandthe Hemifphere of. the Brain. ee 
 
 * This uppermoft Membrane, called Dara Mexyxx, being cut, offroundabout, and 
 * laid, alide, the very. thm Membrane immediately invefting the Brain, called Pia 
 © Mater,comes,in;view,:, Which is notadorned with fuch a thick contexture of V effels 
 ‘ as; in Manandrother perfe& Animals; but confifting of avery fubtil web of Fibres, 
 ¢ doth only wholly, inveft,and,clofely embrace the plain and even Surface of the Brain, 
 ‘ devoid of all windings-or plaits [-Gyris, & aufradibus. | 
 
 ‘The Fabric, of. thebrain in Birds;.is unliketo that of Menand Quadrupeds: For 
 © befides: that, it, hath ne, windings.[; per) or Inequalities in its, exterior. part, 
 © inwardly alfo the callous body, the fornzx. or arched R.oofand alfo the ftriate bo- 
 ¢ dies, fuch,as we have. before defcribed;. moreover, the whole frame of the Brain is 
 ‘ otherwife,contrived. and . figured. That thefe things may be the more clearly per- 
 ‘ ceived, take for diflection the Brain of a Goofe or Turkey, and having,cut open the 
 ‘ Teguments,; prefling gently where.the fiffure of the: Brain 1s, feparate by degrees 
 ¢ the one, half from the, other, till you, come to.thewvery bottom, in which aretwo 
 ¢ pithy, bodies, .which. being ftretched out tranfverfly like Nerves, connect the He- 
 ¢ mifpheres of the Braintogether., Both fides of the Interftice are invelted witha 
 ¢ whitifh Membrane, marked, with) f{trakes as it were.rays, drawn_from the. whole 
 ‘ compafs,on Circumference thereof.toward the inferior. Anges Which ftrakesare 
 ¢ concentred about the. infertions, of the; medullary bodies. This Membrane_being 
 “ cut. there will appear. underneath it in each Hemifphere of the Brain a Cayity ex- 
 “ tending it felf over the whole {pace on that fide the Inter{tice, andalfo covering the 
 ‘-hinderRegionof, the Brain, the.Roof: whereofis thefaid Membrane. Both Cavi- - 
 “ ties about.the bottom open into an.intermediate:common paflage or channel going: 
 “ outinto, the. * infuxdibalum, and. from both fides .of that meta | {tretched forth:* The funriel 
 
 Sie learned Doctor. Wil in his. Book of the: Azatomy of the Brain, Chap.s. 
 
 Dura mater: 
 
 ¢ the legs. of the produced {pinal, marrow. [, Medulle oblongata] on which the-He~;,, IS 8 
 ‘ mifpheres of the Brain on each fide are hung by the twomedullary bodiess to wit, euaria Gla 
 ¢ from the: main bulk.of the Brainlying under the Ventricle: the one half of the fpinal 4#- 
 
 © marrow. proceeds, and from, the {triate) Membrane, covering the Ventricle the.other: 
 
 ‘ half. From both thefe placed. in. both fides certain medullary bodies, already men- 
 “tioned, fhooting forth tranfverfly. like Nerves,do.connect the two ener of 
 ‘ the Brains. Moreover,.thefe tworuniting and. growing together. onboth fides, do 
 “ fatten both Hemifpheres.of the Brain. to the legs of the, {pinal pith produced, { Me-> 
 © dulla.oblangate.)..° ©. rn | Se ) 
 o*So arene fig the Brain in Birds, compared with the Brains of Men and> 
 
 | | ; it were inverted, For asin thefe 
 © the: more. perfect Quadrupeds, feems to;be, as it-wer ne 
 
 
 
-* 
 i 
 
 =: eee - SA ne 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NITHOLOGY: _boox I. 
 
 6 tne en Sch Antes tee 
 ee ies O 
 
 ) ry foread under it 5 
 theo i ling OF ot a and more bulky body, anwers £0 
 ¢4n Birasthe lowe 9 . ‘ons Membranecovering the Ven- 
 ¢ or isin ftead of the bark; the external and fuperiour M ev eonieiey wae 
 ¢ tri veany patt the moft pith-like. Furthermore, the V¢ 
 c ae ica vod Cynaitipeds are fituate ae mt wee at eee 
 
 pet Bi és e 
 cae b a es sae o efett Brain, fuch as are thofe of Men and Qua- 
 < apes Aa Animal Spirits have om Bet on _ eS. aol ; ene eel 
 ‘ rated in the cortical part, and inthe Me ullary (iprea 
 ¢ Sal circulated and tictontiy expanded for the actions of the feveral Bae 
 ¢ But in the Brain of Birds there is indeed {pace {ufficient for the aad <i P te 
 ¢ but {carce any room afforded for their circulation. For the Brains of birds os as 
 ‘to be much employed inthe functions of Fancy or Memory. ia mor fel ike 
 «be thought, that the Spirits produced in the Brain are exercile or es vn g pas 
 © animal function chiefly in the fpizal pith produced, [_ medulla ct a2 ae TY « 
 © cornus calle © We fhall fhew anon ) the Medullary fubitance, which is in ftead ort e a ae 2° 
 fim ‘is placed: Andto the + ftriate bodzes in others, an{wer the firiate Mexsbranes oe Les 
 + Copora —_¢ hy which the Spirits procreated inthe brain, without any marfhalling or orcerils 
 firiata. y re ed 3 dvith. But becaufe the Spirits genera- 
 ‘there, are forthwith carried into the prolonged pith. bu pirits ¢ > 
 ¢ted inthe Brain muft fomewhere depofe their ferous Excrements, ce ae 
 ¢ the complicature of the firzate Membranes over the hind-part of the ce a the 
 <Jeos of the prolonged pith, do refult Ventricles fit enough for that purpote. . 
 “The vanleed ¢ beitin the brains of Birds, the * Forn7x being wholly one there are only the 
 Syaet ‘two anteriour Ventricles; within which the Plexus Choroiaes 1s {pread out 5 the 
 ‘ Venofe portion whereof (as was juft now faid ) hath its rife alittle lower from the 
 ¢ fourth Sizws, but the Arteries come from both fides the prolonged pin | 
 ‘Neither doth the Heterogeneity, or conformation different coo ele 
 ¢ arid Quadrupeds, appear more 1n the Brain of Birds than inthe Spéwal pith proancea > 
 * Branching “for in the fft *'Seion thereof, whence the Optic Nerves arifé, two eminent pro- 
 or divifion. << tyberances or bunches grow to each fide. ‘Thefearein proportion much greater 
 ‘than the Orbicular Prominencies immese=P* ectiorail , fothat they feem to bea 
 ‘ fecundary or fuboxdime <—pYain : both are of a whitifh colour, and urély Medulla- 
 ‘ry, with-asaniten 1 Cavity: So that in this fort of Animals are: ound two Ven- 
 etelesin the Brain, andas many in the prolonged pith. And whereas in thefe, as in all 
 < other Animals,there isalfo a Cavity under the Cerebel/um, the Ventricles in the whole 
 | ¢ Brain differ as wellin Number as in Figure and Pofition. 
 % The body of “In the middle of the * Medullary Trunk, to wit, where thofe prominencies 
 ae Pie whe © ZrOW to its fides, ig a cranny or incifure leading to the funnel [iafundibulum | into 
 ae Phone. © which both Ventricles have their outlets or apertures 5 {o that thereis no doubt, but 
 +watryEx- * thet Serofities there collected are that way avoided. Mereover, it is very likely, 
 crements. ¢ ¢hat thee hollowed and medullary prominencies in Birds do fupply the place and ufe 
 ‘of the Callous body 5 the Animal Spirits being in them cireulated for the exercife of 
 é their Faculties. For the room in the Brain is but ftrait, fo that within its limits the. 
 < Spirits'cannot be’ both produced and circulated. Furthermore, whereas in Birds 
 <there is more ufe of Animal Spirits for the actions of the loco-motive faculty, than 
 ‘thofe of the Fancy or Memory, confequently their chief place or rendezvouz, where 
 ‘they both conveneand are exetcifed,ought to be fituate in the prolonged pith,rather 
 “than in the Brain. “loess! 
 » atwie ca ~ ©Thé* Carotide Arteries, which bring bloud to the Brains of greater Birds, are fo 
 votidés. final] that they bear no proportion to the fame in Manand Quadrupeds. Their 
 +Textures “trunks being entred, the Skull ‘without any divarication into the Net-like + plexws 
 a crvdine “after the fame manner asin other Animals, afcend by the Pituitary Glandule, and 
 . ¢ proceed ftrait to the Brain, and fo diftribute certain {lender twigs both to its exteri- 
 “our circuit, and throughits interiour receffes. For indeed the Brains of Birds are 
 ‘irrigated with a very fmall portionof bloud in refpett of other Animals; becaufe 
 
 “notmuch bloud isrequired to the refection of the Animal Spirits, where thefancy 
 sie : and imagination are not much exercifed. 
 aan tie = Birds ( contrary to what fome aflert *) have both the * Mammillary proceffes, and the 
 Pap like. + Sieve-hke bone: for the anteriour productions of the Brain-very much extenuated 
 i Gs cvibro- and involved in the harder Tegument or Membrane, [| Dura Menynx | running for- 
 : ward almoft to the middle part of the Bill, are inferted intoa Triangular bone, 
 wherein isa double Siaws or Cavity, divided. by a thin partition { Septo..] Thefe | 
 
 * procefles 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Boox. | 0 ——— 
 aot sao ae 
 _ bone, end in Pliiders Pan brought Series, ater we Ge 
 millary proceffes ina Calf. of alimpid water hi nus or Cavities of th 
 c ibd or fifth pair of Nee with the like far do plainly Seesble a 
 UI itofthe eve, e es a remarkabl r water, Mo ; e Mam- 
 pettawed phn bs the Cavern of the Nofthail in each fide ilce {ceing that 
 * trunks being eerie et Noth ake ee. 
 again feparatin bout by the Crib ; inthemean time b its trunk is 
 Bal are diftr g or receding from rofe. bone, meet e both the great 
 . ibuted th each other 4 d : together Q d er 
 Quadrupeds ar 1rough the pal , and being brough , and by. andb 
 © efurithed with s ate, After thi ght to theend of y 
 millary procefs ed with a peculiar O is manner Birds as y eAchof the 
 “the fifth pai , and have moreover wi r Organ of {mellin as well as men and 
 ‘ pair 5 by whofe atti r within their Nofthri g, viz. a doubl 
 parts, there is note action, and th NOL hrils acceffz e mam- 
 felling and geen fh See Santee € somacaunicarionio€ shir ary. Nervor a 
 sloubduageds "We lave ik pairs of Ne affinity between the fentes of 
 « june) and th . We have likewife ob anv o8 agree moft-what wi the fenfes of 
 feieenbvivand tha se A cher, a be ide a Coe 
 Wwhicular Prominenci e other Animals w ith, there i erebel- 
 © hs have be sno great dif 
 Ati Weer wineeeyet before the Cerebell € efore confidered : § erence 
 all needful, and thofe, are both wantin g oe thofe other annular : Ravetnas $e 
 : have thewn - be ar former, hake ae Indeed, thefe be underit, 
 ie eat in birds, fupply their ro wt ase prominencies Maho at 
 h Hs S, an mak ? Hn we 
 as he baihdchiveced : All which things we have b eamends for their ab- 
 e . f . 
 my may experience ise Sif perchancethe onde: ch experience found to be jut { 
 ted by figure difficulty in underftandi at is not well skilled 1 ee 
 The lia fancy. r{tanding them, efpecially not bei set 
 ever, ftick fo faft irds that we have diff | ing illuftra- 
 ee ia a ay the fides, ribs, and b eed sod without doubt inall oth 
 hitherto obferved by i SA h yet,faith * Dr. i. Oey Td be but very ne pel —_———_ 
 for ated into #he cavi ast.) pe ends of th ns lo not remensb ate 
 autty of the bell e branches of the wi : er to have been * 1; 
 certain mensbranes fir tch ely, “nd Ad Comper aE : wind-pipe ave se th Lib.de Ge- 
 Taos bet cog nad St ie eel aera ae drawn in b 1 Pet ia 
 De ck ieee ie Naticine ered iting no 
 eee and per fy La oe the affiftance of the Mufele thereof. But aOR te: tga 
 objcure or hardly difcer office of the Midriff. Thi Rippet sof te Dely..).f 
 b J i[cer nable, but ; es his per orati J Jerve for 
 cen de aaa “ es = at ee : = ee nase Lg 
 , 2 Dunghil-cock etips of my fi re 
 pipe, you may find s,,and almoff all Bird y fingers, InaTurkey, and 
 their Lun open paffages out of the Lungs 7 rds, thrufting a Probe int re 
 en Pike oly el erie No = 
 Dis tnd ae zis a mufculous one as Se Now Birds have ocame 
 of 6 Mgt. es, fupplying (as we faid )the delet sok eat eds; the fore- 
 No Bird ’ performing th 
 sebich for <a more ftomachs than one, unlefs you wi grheniere 
 before the breaft bth. hangs without the trunk é th fe take the Craw fora {tomach: Theé 
 BeBe ana iy Hf ry t i bone called the Merry-thou na a6» at the lower part of the week. aid i ae, 
 Jome Birds (faith eD . re and aes the ae we eres feems to be to | 
 young, and feed th . Harvey ) do caft up the meat fi t for the ftomach. Heze 
 path aes en therewith, 0 macerated. into th e 
 rere beh d be seen in the f Ais 3 fame peACONET as ee. of t heir * De Generat 
 mach,in fuch bird geon-kind, ava i Rook. nourifp theirs Aniwat,Ex- 
 and contain fo much f os havea mufculous one,isnot f. Perchance alieduacaiiee 
 nights or long fafti RON 2S eg fuffice for the he e. capacity enough to receive 
 ly neceflitatedt ReRWS for wantof food b ar the-body 5 either in Winter- 
 tone up cee er o, the Crawisgiven any. various accidents Birds are not rare- 
 deliver over to the fiate Fe it is afforded vwbich —- Satchel waetein to 
 A Giszard MLOMIACH. Vatds iC may little by littl 
 but not ae a furnithed with thick and ft | y e 
 5 neRbE all forts of them, for Rapaciou: rong mufcles is proper to Bird 
 anous.one. The uf 9 FOF TNAPARIONS and {ome pitci ; S, The Stomac! 
 meat, for exampl e ufe of the Gizzard { me pifcivorous Birds have or Gizzard~ 
 birds re yh Pp ec, Wheat, Barle Dos eems to be forthe grindin of and its tae 
 Ww 9, Pease h 
 allow whole; and fo 3 , Peafe, and other forts of C ° ard 
 hole; and fo in granivorous birds Sach] “ and Pulfe, which | 
 Sd o fupply the defe& of teeth. 
 
 th 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Beal TiC) 
 % | 
 “MITHOLOG?. Boor! 
 
 {wall n ft S , 
 ow ftone — mies ( no fach thing m 
 whereo Fe as ean time bel . : 
 ies ear ies Mutcles, as it were two iene in their crops ) by the hel 
 + pe Genevat, aigettio £ grin and levigate the grofle ones, bound faft together by th i 
 Animal.EX- P {tion of it. That this is fo (faith * grofier and harder meat, and { y their 
 evcit.7. whofe Gizzards, if the freall ft ith *Dr. Harvey ) appears man open 
 continual attrition they become ion or other bard and rough things y forts of birds : in 
 ar eal of their meat ee worn ana | fmooth, that they eh Aderrce long, by their 
 as. ; a they chufe out ones aby tee caft out of the nics i ef I fe Sear 
 ‘0 be ro ’ em wi ufe 
 Caffows oc rejett them. So have Tfownd oe their tongues, and if the fod gon. 
 eo re Iron, Silver, and ftones ; in the ftomach of an Oftri ee nd them not 
 a reported and believed ae ih ihe te almoft confumed . byt allo of 
 ay your ear clofe ; h o' a ey CoOnCO Tror. a d f. V herenpon it 
 their fontac ras o the bodies of Falcons. Ea ns nd are nourifhed therewi 
 d ; . 5 . . th. If 
 ering ont enipty yom may P able Biss f S, and other Birds of 
 ¢ one again{t another. For net nifelt noife of the ft prey, while 
 faenoke emconiof Fal For neither do Hawk p feones thereinto frall 
 hs oe ae coners ) wallow s for cooline thei ; alow~ 
 = of their fo = ace ( Harialy Oo i dy a Y the ‘iaadia ites ete 
 ~~ eC f Cc ; 
 speek meee ) do for the fame purpofe ator aia oa a Ee is. 
 hav ‘meng in tetrettril Birdsof prey, and 1 » Gravel, or fome fuch like thing, as 
 ranou ° ls nN “fe 2 
 ee which eafily melts and diflolves i pifcivorous fowl, becaut 
 Cahite dee grinding) at leaft is Pea {tomach ( being fofter a feed upon 
 < 1 C " “4 , : 
 their bes Se aa than rbulous ee 4 by its acid ‘cone a 
 , Yi i{pofes 1 oe r Bir , the fto- 
 recom etanne cho pey gt ey te tee wi 
 ‘w their meat much of their prey fr nvorous Quad 
 Animals. It fufh , as do tame _beatts prey from the bones 3 nei ed 
 : ; ; . 5 < d oth . eS 5 neither d 
 {trongly to p! ces them to tear it to fi oe er herbivoro a they 
 ERSR pinch, cruth bruife i mall pieces and b us and granivo 
 er Sfiis or eetiaicatices- amore quick and pocily ca Gn e difpofes Ti 
 br Ante: 4 nN me : ? 1X it <> 
 or Apte:tIO~ bag, as a Birds the Gullet immediatel were ground imal} 
 Soe - cwete oa canateatneh th theftomach is dilated 
 s inwar erficies , which they c 11 Echi ilated 1 
 Guts a cies rough with y call Ech? G INtO ac 
 (ia ese asjaice’ ee Bes ape reais erceteences nthe in fome et 3 
 e is eafil tag y papillar rs itis only thi 
 {tomach.and y prefled : Thi . y glandule ae thick 
 ) there m . Ss juice being by s, out of whi ; 
 ig pe ae it into ara with the feakiervestot ee iaa to ore ae 
 ces OF blind 0 irds have t ee jtrunm to mac dyes the 
 guts. ive buon: 2 wo blind guts or A erate,diffolv 
 nd the Wood ppendices, as th “> 
 rous fowl, nid all oodpecker-kind , as they call th 
 % th - Ina None. A em: t 
 footed Water-fowl at we call fall birds, ha mong fuch as have tw he Heron-kind 
 Poultry-ki , of a mean | » have very {mall 0, all carni 
 blind ae longeft of all oat emitter: Wate a fhort ones 5 do Ney 
 4 . ; ; ~ ven- 
 The Colic but the tte uadrupeds. For e Appendices in Bird t-fowl, long ones; 
 | aah wat the gut ae Teves: bat i om sede gut {eems to be keete oe 
 ACih ownwardst 5 but in Bird ament upw : Ing elfe 
 Reél oward irds the eh ae ard, m 
 conf if Waseethe ale‘of aah aie aki cai defend from i Re 
 The-fngle: J efs my felf not clear] ppendices or blind te Angles withth the fto- 
 blind gut, cal n moft Birds we h va aes to underftand guts in Birds and Heaths gut called 
 HOLT Lil- x « : ? ; . ° 
 teflinalys. valde _ gut, likea ae middle of the guts bfe wi oN ‘ 
 bi ane yy which the Yolk i orm, which 1s nothi obferved a certain ff 
 rds this is ver olk is conveyed int ng elfe but th Amal! Appen- 
 othersit 1s y confpicuous, bei o the guts of é remaind P 
 diappe: is eo fhorter and finaller” of half an Fiche "et To Sicko th: ie 
 pears. he ufe of thi er, andin {c » oralmoft an] - In fome 
 publith to the of this paflage Mr. Nz ome again it 1 nInches length ; In 
 faw his Bo world the inventi t. Nicolas Steno di s wholly obli shen 
 | ale 1 think ion of. It is Steno did firlt find iterated and 
 the lor . nk we had the fi ; true indeed 1 nda out, o n 
 : | yof the Invention i e firft notice of 3 ed it was known : r at leaft firft 
 oe vo World. “Arif ention is of right d of it from Dr. W. own to usbef 
 how convey- a great otle, Fabricius ab A g t due to him woh . alter Needham ore we 
 guts, ot know that} olk to remain in the Chi r.Harvey, and municated it 
 thought ikem was by this patia 1 the Chickens bell » and others, hav tore 
 . Beieadintion ge as it were bya fi y after exchafi e obferved 
 pee liquelied, mediation of capi ya funnel ulion, yet di 
 , and received i apillary veins di conveyed into id the 
 immediately 1 : difperfed th nto the guts y 
 y into the bloud. rough it, it was by a 
 
 
 
 
 The 
 
 
 
 
 
_ fhe outiet f | 5 
 or SSPSinei i a channel from the Gaul to ¢! ? 
 5 aare'Paid omach : becaufe (fay fom the guts tn moft Birds i a ee 
 Co atten their E make water y paliage 
 uate and make fluid xcrements. For the Vater, and{o there of the Ga 
 quits, and provoke E ul the Excrements. part] or the ufeof theCaul j CF€ to the ae 
 of Gaul. Bird e xcretion. But une ian paruly by its: acrimon . 1S partly The ufe of the 
 Sai eae o ; ate being now se - oe there thould Re hare th Gaul. 
 : arder Excrements ; . n to have large rej er be lefs need 
 vorous kind, bei = their Exctr ge reins, and to avoid Uri 
 them, celica te: G very fluid, confides dicta excepting choles af ohe a 
 aA Ey ee aul-channel may enter th quantity of Urine mingl arni- 
 Bir ae allege fi — than left the Gaul fit gut at fuch diftance font ns — 
 romtne Gaul-b] d regurgitate . ; ne rro- 
 common channel, but adder and the * P yitate into it. In very m 
 athe, , penetrate the gut feverall orws bilarius do not concur ; any 
 Ped y ata good difta ncur in ohe *, The pipe 
 All uitance the : 
 tint oe il they want a bladder for Ul 3 one trom the he Gat Coa 
 which Rae paaiag Urine 1s carried away Birds ( ie ve they largereins and u the ae ” 
 | ungs, make but li aith * Dr. Hi re- 
 that by fipping 5 and fome ke i ut little ftore of water, bec t Harvey ) and Serpents, Birdstav 
 of a bladder : of then, as Eagl pater, becaufe they drink but li  aocs Bite 
 4 all fi er 5 but their ‘Orine d ifti Is ae ze 5g at all: and therefore they h Hil, and ation = 
 4tjo for receiving the FE 7nto the common fe : ave. noneed * of ae 
 catkout t | sxcrements of the bel 2 fewer or fink [, Cloacs pens the Gene- 
 = in Se Orine of Birds dif opal oe being therewith atid: } be ste eager. 
 7s called the (edioent( h one more ferows and liquid he woes Animals : for whereas fie 
 cool. Birds Sie alae | and — ie fett 78 oe ag ee ~ crofs, which Two parts in 
 part, which is diftingui iparous Animal v2, when the Urine i in 
 pt mb ioe mh alr by oh wf ano ae 
 but in the whole —. a it abounds ) and danbs or ives fe REY colour, and found not only 
 ain iy: thie sh) e€ of eT Sietens which Se ower the exrements of the b 
 {cen mA By a se ene{s. Nezther is this ch may be diftinguifhed from the coat oY 
 . iv oy : ro , S Of tii 
 oo Figg as patie ee df om sets, ee i “T the reins 5 i. 
 erous and thi pete A lade They have al eres efpecially thoje 
 Ving Sronf tte Oreirsisrcembier POMS tere shicherine and dae the mere 
 Yr; : refemples wilh ‘c , rine and dune: 
 fib conn flee. Se more ofthis mater Har cod bine 
 aflioned this ocak ae ee taking it for Soest Baars De Generat: 
 feathers. , Lhat all the fuperfiuows moifture was pent er no Urine, 
 1 ; in nouri{hi 
 a as thatl have hitherto diflected havea d oes 
 a A in Quadrupeds. ea double Pancreas, which fome call the The Pan 
 P creas. 
 ing ee cy waite are deeply withdrawn within th ; = 
 of Sperm thev fi il juit beneath the Liver. In theS oe of the body, be- The Tefticles? 
 In fome iebole tite Saad ‘silled. the bigneisthey Ee a he We ae Ee | 
 of Vet ed broad-billed birds and Di SESE See 
 i ‘roo ot nee a Scarce hone ea 2 — be oa 
 The bones giv arife the two branches going g in divers birds of a ,;, ee 
 give the figure and confift inches going to each fide of th pipe,or La. 
 and the annulary Carti onfiftency to this Veflel ide of the Lungs. byriuch. 
 y Cartilages to the Windpi , as do the Ribs to the B 
 wholly of bone, asi S 1e Windpipe. In { bi to the Breatt 
 | n wild Ducks, wi 1 fome birds this Veliel i Asin 
 with membranes Thi Jucks, without any void {pace is made up 
 is Veltel from the wind paces to be filled and clofed 
 tocalla Labyrinth. Wh m the windings of its internal Cavi xenee A 
 Valles deel aceece at the ufe thereof is, wheth emai Cavity we are wont 
 9 receptacle to contain Aj .? er to increafe the force of 
 enable them to conti ain Air, which may f , rce of the 
 nue longer und y ferve them while they di 
 neither of them. wed ger under water, or to perform both y dive, to 
 the V . 9 e donot as yet certainl k " ot thefe offices, or for 
 fhrill nd yeaa .. hered — that Go ae ike tian ne 
 , oice. d that 3 at want it; hav 
 red fromthat the Douck nd that it doth not conduce to divi tit, have a 
 longeft under wate aes € Colymbi ) which of all birds di iving, may be infer- 
 % ingenious obferv r, Wantit. Sincethe writing of this we ae molt, and continue 
 d ae er of what we did ind et ave been aflured by an 
 oe ee That thefe Veflels are a = oe but were not very nae * Mr. Den? 
 miftak ind 5 but in the Divers [| Mergi] com y to the Cocks in the broad-billed or Apothecary itt 
 aken in our opinion of the di mon to both fexes, at leaft if w Caminsage. 
 e difference of fex inthofe Birds; what wetak : = Gee 
 | ? eto differ 
 
 only infex, differing {pecifically. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 
 
= er 7 te 
 
 —™ 
 
 eee ee a Maas a Sas ; é a 
 7 ' ‘ ls 
 2 e ~~ ; 
 
 Star err 
 
 ae 
 
 a \- ene 
 
 1 nse 
 
 < vier" 
 
 f 
 
 ( 
 
 ‘ 
 ! 
 1a 
 
 
 
 
 
 ee 
 
 ———e 
 
 
 
 
 
 a OTD GH . Book. 
 : ORNITHOLOGY. Bo” 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of the Generation of Birds. 
 
 - wet in Birds the figure 
 j es. and infects; yet in Bir are 
 ee choughitt be common to Serpents Flite era, and the diftinétion of White 
 f the Eggs, and the brittiens’s © ‘ar. The Eggs of all Birds, if the 
 : 55” bation are peculiar. The Eggs ? 
 and Yolk, and the manner of ~ = 
 a . y . W i : - * ; ° = 
 exteriour bark be pilled off,are birds have within them from their firft formation all 
 ien-bi it is moft probable, that caus ir le lifes time ; fo that when 
 Hen-birds t 1S 1 P 9 dla throughout thei whole life 5 40 
 have from the Eggs, they {hall afterward lay hev ceafe breeding, and become effete : as A”- 
 all he Eas their clufter of Eggs ts ey ae re! For we out felves have found in Birds that 
 a 1¢ & c , . 
 aie ee celus Abbatius hath obferved of Vipers. -ear, a lump of feed-eggs ( as I may call 
 wardslay. reed only once, or at moft but twice ina year, 
 
 : ‘ons. Seeing then it 1s certain 
 them )enough to ferve them for — peep ee x ges have at all times 
 {Patlbeaing that fome birds do become 7 US within their bodies, think we do not with- 
 of the year a confiderablemafs of Lggs nev {hall ever lay are connate with them. 
 out reafon thence infer, that all the ree a that though a Hen hath no feed-eggs 
 + pe Genevat.. Tam notignorantthat” Dr. ae es . Me % aa ei Bex I think that Great eect 
 Sea es within her, yet after colton {he wil a ce ‘his as a ee he doth only 
 Cit29. ralit did not fuffictently confider or = aa sth Fabricive doth confefs that 
 _— ant ~ or eg etbatibchet oviparous Animals an innume- 
 to0.clufters there are Int e+ Uvariae0 € ) ne viantity to the 
 ons of rable multitude of Eggs of divers growths from an ee ne aaa tock oF 
 mee confummate magnitude. Now why fhould ete ) if the had given to 
 Yolks (which as we faid would —. Calin (3 i trueonly of Birds, but alfo of 
 SE a ans v ones. 
 females a faculty of generating ne\ § pert is ak Rey have in ses (cee aha 
 all female Quadrupeds,yea,and of women them € oe Cali afterwards bring forth 
 beginning the Eggs or feeds of allthec OOo Fe ites that até wont to be called 
 eo ee 
 Ovavia i" tat alee aX pains to difle& them, made up of very many Bes O . — 2% 
 Cites ae - ae either brought forth, or by any means marrec and corrupted,that 
 knots of Eggs. tude,all which being eee ? seine further hope of generation 
 female ceafesto bear,neither doth there remain to her any tur a Pp =e . - =f 
 The partsof anEggare, 1. The Shell; which hardens 1n t e very wom ‘ fore 
 one e. the Egg be laid 5 contrary to what Ariftotle, Pliny, and Pabricius ab Aquapendente 
 1.The Shell. following them, have delivered. And thisany one ote with ae fingers ee yD 
 a Hen withegg ready to lay 5 or if he dare not truft his rs “4 ge seen je 
 Hens belly,and his eyes will convince him of the truth oO _ . . e 2 oa a etic 
 wantseither opportunity or will to make trial, let him contu S t 7 a oo : ba- 
 tion of Dr. Harveys Book of the Generation of Animals, and he wi there . oe ear 
 >, Four Mem- ly demonftrated. “2. Four membranes, two exteriour, which begirt and embrace. 
 DEEnees “ the outer White, one interiour which contains the Yolk, and a fourth middlemoft, 
 A double. “ which encompafies the inner White. 3. A twofold White, which Dr.Harvey firft ob- 
 White. «“ feryed ina Hens Egg, both involved in their proper membranes, the one thinner 
 “and more liquid, the other thicker and more clammy, and a little more inclining to 
 “« whiteneS 5 in ftaler Eggsafter fome daysincubation growing ycllowith. As this 
 “ {eeond White covers the Yolk round, fo that exteriour liquor encompailes it. That 
 both thefe Whites are diftin& is even from hence manifett : The outward bark or 
  fhell being taken away, if you pierce both the fubjacent membranes you fhall fee 
 “ the exteriour liquid White forthwith flow out. Then turning back the faid mem- 
 “« branes this way and that way into the Platter ( in which the Egg is fuppofed tolie ) 
 “6 theinteriour and thicker White will (till retain its place and globofe figure, vz. be- 
 “ing terminated by its proper membrane, which is fo thin that it is altogether invi- 
 “fibleto the eye. This if you cut, the fecond White will {traitway run out, and 
 “ diffufe it felf this way and that way, and lofe its round figure, jult as any liquor 
 “ rans outof a bladder containing it, when it iscut. Then the proper membrane of 
 “ the Yolk broken, the Safiren-coloured liquor flows out, and the former globofity 
 gthe Yolk. “ fubfides [ or finks.] 4. The Yolk, of which fee Dr. Harveys Book of the Ge- 
 «Two Tred. Meration of Animals, Exercit. 12. 5. Two Treddles, one in the acute, the other in 
 dles. “ theobtufe Angle. The greater part of themis within the White, yet do they ftick 
 
 “¢ faft 
 
 ‘ve Young. This 
 The Eggs of A 1.L Birds are oviparous, that is bring forth Eggs, and not |i g 
 Ne & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ye 
 . 
 7 LULU 
 
 se 
 
 
 
 
 
ES — ee ing 
 Boox I, OR MIT HOLOGY, tt 
 
 SS 
 
 
 
 2 faftto the Yolk, being hung upon its membrane. They are‘oblong bo aad tae 
 concrete'than the White, and alfo whiter, knotty, and not without GwmebiGo 
 “ nefs, wherein they refemble Hail, whence they took their name [ Chalaze ae 
 of each Treddle confifts as it were of many ‘hail-ftones joyneéd Se ochar's he 
 . White: | The one’ of thefe’ 1s greater, and ftretched out further from the Yolk to- 
 B watds the obtufe end of the Egg: The other 15 lefs, extended from the Yolk down- 
 wards toward the acute part. The greateris made up of two or three Knots,’ as it 
 « were hailftones, ‘{tanding at amoderate diftance one from. the other, thé leffer mn 
 << order fucceeding the greater. ‘Thefe Treddles are foundin all the Eggs ofall birds 
 “ag well * fubventaneous as fecund. «Whence appears the common miftake of hi * wind-egen 
 “‘ Houfewives, who think that the Treddles Niadpnes ae are the Cocks Sperm, and 
 “‘ that’ the Chicken is formed of them.’ [ This is a miftake not of old Women: 6# 
 common People only, ‘but alfo of great Phyficians and Naturalifts, as Hieronyinws 
 Fabricius ab Aquapendente, inhis book of the Formation of the Eee and Chicker, and 
 foannes' Faber in his excellent Expofitions of fome Pictures of Mexican Animals of 
 Recchs. His words arethefe: Which Tloug ago moft diligently obferved before t heard 
 of Aquapendentes work,, to wit, that the Chicken hath its firft rife or original from the 
 Treddle, which the Italians call La Galladuras the Germans moft fitly Den vogel that is, 
 the bird, becaufé the bird is bred or formed of it. This part is [inate between the Yolk and 
 the White in the likene{sof a hailftone or pretty great oblong Pearl, and is of a fubfiance 
 fomewhat different fromthe White, viz. more hard and tough, which therefore our Cooks 
 and Houfewives, whenthey mingle Regs with Broths, Cawdles, or any other liquid meat, 
 are mont to {eparate' andl take carefully away, as which with much beating can hardly be 
 difolued, unlefs you put Salt, or Sugar, or Vinegar to it.| “ The ufe of thefe 15. to The ufe ofthe 
 «be ag itswere the Poles of this * Microcofm, andthe connexions of all the mem- £ Ta, on14 
 << branes twilted and knittogether; by which the liquors are not only conferved each SEs Sea 
 “in its place, but do “al{- retain their due pofition one to another. 6. Avery fuall 6.The Cicatri- 
 “ white circle, growing orftieking to the coat of the Yolk, ‘as it were a Uitle ‘{car : ee ee ot 
 «¢ which therefore Fabricius named ‘Cicatricula. Thisfpeck is very little, {carce fo big he ak 
 < asa Lentil, refemblingthe pupil of a fmall bird, white, plain, and circular : and “* 
 “.¢ which is efpecially to be noted ) is inall Eggs from their firft original inthe * V7= * The clufter 
 <« tellariunt. Thisis the principal part of the whole Egg, for the fake whereof all the % Yo 
 “reft ‘are formed, and out of which the Chicken hath its firft original. Thus far 
 Harvey. | 
 
 The ftalks of Eggs, whereby they grow to the Ovarinm, are not folid after the man- The ftalk of 
 ner of the footftalks of fruits, but hollow and fittulous. the Egg. 
 
 Egos, if you prefs them between your hands longways, are very hardly and not 
 without much foree broken. | : 
 
 Eggs violently fhaken, till the Yolk and White be mingled, the containing mem- gg¢s how to 
 branes being broken, may be fet upright upon the blunt end, which otherwife the ft on end. 
 Yolk and White remaining entire can very hardly be foerected. For the Yolk be- 
 ing fafpended between the Treddles, hangs quavering, and by the leaft motion of 
 snclination vibrates to and fro within the Egg,, and changing the center of gravity, 
 hinders its erection. Sein = 
 
 Eggs being macerated in Vinegar their Shels will be diflolved, fo that they may be Eee: thel dif 
 thruft into a narrow-mouthed Vellel, or drawnthrough a Rung. : vicar. 
 
 Whereas there is in Eggs a double liquor, Tolk and White; the Chicken is formed the Chicken 
 out of, and nourifhed by the White alone, till it be grown great. The Yolk ferves ¥ dobined of 
 for the Chickens nourifhment after it is well grown, and partly alfo after it 15 the Egg. 
 hatched. Fora good part of the Yolk remains after exclufion, being received into 
 the Chickens belly 3 and being there referved as in a {tore-houte, is by the formerly 
 mentioned channel, as it were by a funnel, conveyed into the guts, and ferves in- 
 ftead of milk. For whereas viviparous Animals are furnifhed with milk, wherewith +), Yolk 
 eo nourith their tender young, till by degrees they are accuftomed to and grow able fapplies ete 
 tobear firmer and harder meat 5 in birds, which want Paps and milk, Nature, Gods '°° 
 handmaid, hath provided and laid up in the middle of the Egg the Yolk forthe nou- 
 rifhment of. theirnewly hatched young. Dr. Harvey confirms this in Exercrtat. 53. 
 of his book of the Generation of Animals. The White (faith he) # firfr [pent, the 
 Yolk comes not for food till late, and # to Chickens newly hatcit ee milk is to wivipa- 
 vous Animals newly brought forth : that what kind of spe eS | ia ds by the 
 Paps in viviparous Animals, the like in oviparous fhe may confer by tre Lo k; Whence i 
 
 comes to pafs, that all the White being confumed, the Yolk remains almoft entire in the Egg, 
 = ee when 
 
 
 
ae - 
 > 
 
 ie - 
 oan oan 
 
 - ; ene "SS - ee — 
 - - a3 Cat ee . ea r Be Pid by; 
 = —_—, ol 
 
 br 
 Hy 
 { 
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 rh 
 
 
 
 ee id 
 
 
 
 eee CSC Kc 
 12 ORNITHOLOGY. Book I. 
 
 —_-_-—-—— 
 
 
 
 when. theChickenis now perfed and con{ummate, and part of it a long time after its. excli- 
 
 fion fe even after fix weeks we have feen fomewhat of i remaining in the belly of the Chicken, 
 Licking to the guts. BE eee d t mean any 
 sieyome terns we id the feta is formed of theIVhite by Wi we din the 
 rriculabefore partof the White differently, but the purer and more lucid part, containes” ily 
 incubation. fittle bubble or bladder, called the Cicatricula, in which the Chick 1s origimaly 
 formed. Yea, the defervedly famous, and moft fagacious fearcher out of the fecrets 
 * qyattatude of Nature, * Marcellws Malpighiws, hath obferved the firtt ftrokes or rude draught of 
 ag the Ewbryon in the Cicatricula, even before incubation, asthe young plant in the Seed, 
 which is the Egg of the Plant.. And whichis yet more, he hath obferved even in 
 fubventaneous Eggs fomething in the Cicatricula like to a Mola or falfe Conception. 
 Dr. Harvey feems not to be con{tant inhis opinion about the formation and nutrition 
 of the Chicken in the Egg. Forin fome places he ailerts, that it 1s both originally 
 formed of, and alfo nourtfhed by both liquors, I mean, the Yolk and White; as for 
 example,inthe 36. Exercitation, where he hath thefe words : Indeed frou: the courfe of- 
 the umbilical veins, and the diftribution of their branches, which without doubt ferve for 
 drawing in nourifhment, it doth manifefily appear, that the con{titutive matter and n0u- 
 rifhment of the Enbryon-chicken is fupplied as well from the Yolk, as jrom the White, and 
 that liquor called by us the Colliquamentum feems to be made up no lef? of the Yolk than 
 the White - for fomething of beth humours doth melt or diffolve ito that liquor. More- 
 over, the [peckout of which dilated the Colliquamentum % firfi made, and which is called 
 by ws the eye of the Egg, ws jnapreffed on, or fticks to the Tunicle of the 1 olk, Elfewhere 
 be affirms that the Chicken is firft nourifhed by the liquor of the Colliquamentuns, than 
 by that of the thinner White, afterward that of the thicker, and laft of all of the 
 Yolk. Exercit.21. After the tenth day the greateft part of the White is {pent upon the 
 ea Colliquamentum, and thence upou the * foetus, to wit, the whole thir White, and the 
 tryon bits creater part of the thicker. But the Yolk, appears larger than it was ab jirft. Whence it is 
 evident, that the Yolk doth not as yet ferve for nutrition, but is afterwaras deputed to that 
 office. And as far as I could gather fion the progrefs [.ductu | and diftribution of the 
 veins, the toctus from the very beginning is nourifped by the Colliquamentum, for that the 
 veins are at firft diffeminated in ihat only, themafpread santoothe membrane of the thinner — 
 a White, and afterward into thethe White and the Yolk, 
 nee tea AY Animals comeof-EZes, 2° well thofe called viviparous as oviparows: For the fe- 
 of Eggs. males of the viviparous have Eggs withinthem, though they do not bring them forth. 
 The fuppofed LO wit, thofe two bodies, commonly called female tefticles, are nothing elfe (as we 
 eee faid before) but knots or mafles of very fmall Eggs, as will manifeftly appear to 
 Females are any one that fhall diflect them; fo that we cannot but wonder that a thing fo plain 
 Egos. and evident fhould fo long efcape the obfervation of the curious and inquilitive eyes 
 of ancient and modern Anatomifts. This difference there is betweenthe Egos of ovi- 
 ‘parous and viviparous Animals ( underftand 1t of terreftrial }) that thefe feem to con- 
 fift of one liquor, viz. the White only, whereas thofe contain two or three feveral 
 ones. Yea, if we confider the matter more exactly, we fhall I think find, that the 
 Seeds or Eggs of viviparous Creatures do indeed anfwer to the Cicatricule of Eggs 
 in which from the beginning the young [_ fetus | is included. For the Yolk (as we 
 faid ) is given to birds inftead of milk: and the Egg of a viviparous Creature im- 
 bibes out of the womb a liquor Analogous to the White of Eggs. For the Egg after 
 coitionbeing made fecund, falls down into the womb, in like manneras the ripe fruit 
 or Seed falls from the tree or herb upon the earth, and there femblably imbibes the 
 humour, wherewith the enclofed fetws is nourifhed. Then after acertain {pace of 
 time it faftens it {elf to the womb, and after the manner of Seed fallen upon the 
 one ran as it _ {trike root into it. 
 The * Incubation of oviparous Creatures is equivalent to the + geftatzon of vii 
 ra sith for in both the Eggs are alike kept warm,in this wnanille in the a fees nae 
 ig ly under the wings, to the time of birth or exclufion ; when the young being now 
 Inqanin —- grown great, and defiring the free air, breaks the involving Teguments, and comes 
 Geftation. pee the light. — an Egg isnotunfitly called an expofed womb, for that it doth 
 er the | ‘ : 
 | ee Bet vivir a nourifhment to the fet#s in oviparous Animals, as 
 ere = As other Creatures, {0 it is not to be doubted but Birds alfoof divers kinds d 
 anomalous fometimes couple together, and minglethewr Seed, from whence proceed sacar 
 mixturess {purtous produ : a: : proceeds thitd and 
 puns Procergon, which partakes of both kinds; which yet I fuppofe doth not 
 generate Its like : For otherwife the number of Species in Birds would have been sad 
 
 
 
 * Sitting upon 
 
 NOW 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
a 
 OK I 
 : : 0 
 rea almoft infinitely i K NC ] THO lL , 
 — by the re es So alth 0 G ‘¢ | 
 like to — Couniade = an Afs Seeeiad in the Gey ° | 
 Birds of other, as bei rodigy. Thi are; yet ws of Quad I 
 pre ein san yet fo ru - 
 mre i h different $p of the fame Pabee! woke = bring f a Mule be 
 Te a ecau ec7zes : 1De, efbe’ is exercl orth 
 lay Ge wonderful ed are all i. rtly becaufe eee aun betes Bok 
 wes ty: way peal being wolduistaicine in Fa; are very like a 
 che and Cegu exp a. Sap are the n by the Cock CMS, Vik. that th ne to 
 Ci % ated therew! at 1S, fuby y infcecund y which E cy will b 
 ally fuch asare G : by the wind entaneous or ees by ee the ae and fe 
 € : alaci : . . wind- ‘ reed a 
 gently troked onthe bak, othe biaiehéedastancatiys te reeks, Srlaues ad ee 
 ock,. Th e ack Oo Spring tim ns only b e Hen seh, and being a 
 ly touch thei ey are ( fal , or their Geni e when , but other Bi a trodd 
 — Womb Sage with “ome - Harvey 5 aloes haisdled. are full bf aa re aie the Cock 
 | coleiiiie ach if you lids and, they ometimes fo Suan la Fe if they e. 
 epee of their wings ly ftroke with prefently lie d idinows. tha ay Eggs witl e 
 » the your fi own, and » that if youd — 
 have sid aes Hen-bi J expres the pnger b ae denud 0 but lic] 
 ~ perzenced . irds will th e7r gratefis 7 an incondai e the Orz - Git= 
 r in € ul ite mm fice o 
 t ae - ont Soa «Blackbird. ‘and Fair we of the plea five the and Berens 
 3 light . Parrot that aa by my ‘ab ‘I ana other Sard Arittotle offi a rane nberi 
 = whither fo bird Was fo a = peck “ My Wife “a ‘ a @ nae ih fin olf 
 Le RE ever ads e and familia very prettil or a lone ti vile [tnce at 
 6 GontGe 1ad fou 5 It wou r, that it y> wheret g time ke 
 “ie joy When fe kd earch ou isis Whe nee 
 “6 | G : e call . voice s when fh nthe h 
 top of her (houlipanees eid: Hemetichbiielvnartaa: a Sear shit ind 
 “ it felf u oulder, and its beak and fi an{wer her as it were falut ut, aad 
 “ dark - on her hand thence defo eet altern , and fly to h e her, and 
 “ wouldobey. Bidd cending d ately, it w er, and taki 
 to her! obey. ento {pe own h t would cli sae 
 “— re = fhe ate a oy = Pe = = fing, thiol hoa 5 - would oe the 
 wre it took 1 y taking it ue pleafe d portingly and y night : ettie 
 “¢ from its k in thofe carefi S wings, and 1 tohave its h wanton! » or in the 
 “< : wonted fi a elles and t » and its flatter ead rubb’ ——s in- 
 & eect t and fnging, Th and eee *s incerprcted a can ae its bark 
 = ens id — much: Soe to bea Cox els: for b all thefe thing reat plea~ 
 : d k y reafon of 25 to pro 
 oo a aE shia: ut we lndieobh ck. Foramong bi the exc ceed 
 tens, andallure th eir voice and erved, th g birds fe ellency of 
 Not lon them to fubmi and harmoniow at generally emales fel 
 cc : . afte ubmit t larMOnIOUsS a ly the C dom uf 
 cc a lived ee khauily grateful Se embraces. eS makes ¢ zs do by a — 
 - ap of its Miftrefs y ) fell fick, an —— he P o delight the fing and wet 
 Se ight {earch out in which it had f after many co arrot ( which fo 
 & = but for ee co of iu death {ported eden at laft aii oe years 
 ges, whi a Cock Eas utting up i ed in th 
 trod ich want , corru ound g up its C: e 
 t hen b mpa , as ith ge almoft ( that 
 ad aw do fo aa — rs eet _ Cock. appens often to Guall bi se — the 
 rg jeden aiick he Whglit be ve they are sthiut up 
 | oe teresa Saeed his ate ane pated h the more frui 
 Gack: eee it may feem into grievous difeaf ence either part a’ or {ome ot uitful be 
 sciahieer Whicha Flen tall la le wonderful ee then fcr 
 proceed ims, asheisci n fhall lay fo erful, chite: 5 
 Ege meee a Sige ete 
 without aCock, da appears fi avertne 5 which rend hit 8 de nich vendict wammone coda 
 little tine ? do for ee cou the ordina ich renders ; #8 ntoft true. th prol- ofice ddan 
 yne of COM aay or t ee pradi prolific not » that there wall. lay. ;pe0= 
 i eat cite htt el ga eign vote 
 onutet hin aith D e Be ours C ’ ng a [1¢72 * De Se 
 the Sprin § certain Cone . r. Harve ES of that wh acks e F or fio el : 
 ing time hee erning the ti -y ) (that I mi ole year fue i wt that al. Exe. 6 
 yuean time I P two Hex : ite and ne might de ond a mug will b 
 ae laid no Benth Begs, = ined sie oy ee aif See 1 nd find 
 eCun ° Soth : be tenth day a : ol c than a e ock, each 0 ‘ ; 1a oncéin 
 many as (hall “of it fecras one ifter fhe mas fh ny others : And of which did inth 
 pref x e laid or two Coit utup, and again anoth ene 
 rom experien " What follow 2s of Fees, a oth 
 ce, viz. That tho a. fuppote he i t leaft as 
 3 veh a Hen hath x rote upon 
 HO Seed-eggs 
 
 prepared 
 
 
 
if 
 Ett 
 and 
 E ; 
 
 ; 
 
 - = a= 
 — ee ee EEE — : 
 
 es 
 
 ~ —_—— 
 
 —— ee 
 
 ~ Se 
 
 7" . '- 
 * oF a + a 1 ’ “* ‘+ = rrr 
 . > ? ea 2 a ™ - 
 Ped Te > ll Ore R mabe / ‘oa - 
 \ 
 
 
 
 — ee — eee 
 
 i ce et ree 7 
 Book |. 
 
 é ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 . we . ; ; breed 
 ae of prepared in the * Vitellarium, yet bei ng after sae oo ‘yaa J eer Oe wna 
 olks. and lay. new ones, and thofe alfo frnitful. For not onlyt ofe LES Z Ovarium but thofé 
 Knot or gant Whites, or whofe faalleft feeds and rudiments are already in thet : as fi satel 
 clufter of E885 71/9 which arc not yet beguw but fhall be conceived a long time after, are y t > ae ” 
 made fecund. The fame fenfe he repeats in other words re the end o : ram sad al 
 If fr om under a Hen once rendred P rolific and {iting Kah Fase ( = vd anew breed 
 her Eggs, mone remaining inthe Ov arium ) you des apo aaa tre s miftaken in 
 and lay more, and thofe alfo prolific. I{uppote this,'great Natural aken 
 that he affirms, that a Hen after fhe hath Jaid all her Pgs, 3g ea Id tekanh 
 ing in the Ovarium, will breed new, ones. For I do not fee how he a ma a 
 experiment hereof: Seeing that if he had opened a fitting Hen, and ao found no 
 Eggs within her, how could he certainly know that fhe would have bred: new ones 
 had fhe lived? If he thought that all Clock-hens dolay all their Eggs, and quite em- 
 pty the Vitellarinn, before they begin to clock and: betake themfelves to fitting > he 
 was therein furely miftaken. For I fee no reafon why that fhould be true in Hens, 
 whichI have by experience found falfe in other birds 5 efpecially feeing himfelf con- 
 fefles, that there are in Hens as wellas other Birds an almoft infinite number of Yolks 
 inthe Ovarinm of divers growths, from an almoft invifible quantity to the confum- 
 mate magnitude. | 3 
 Timid and To thee we fhall.add that obfervation of. Dr. Harvey in Exercit.59. de generat. 
 pete ita Animal, Nature hathfor the moft part given numerous young To thofe Animals, 
 numerows Which being of little ftrength or-courage, can hardly defend themfelves from the in- 
 ee juries of others, and fo compentates the brevity of their lives with a plentiful off- 
 both, Eprie. Natyre ( faith Pliny ) hath given this to the Bird-kind, that thofe of then fhould 
 be mojt fruitful, which are moft cowardly or fugaciows. For whereas.generation in all 
 Creatures is inftituted by Nature for perpetuities fake, it is more frequent inthofe 
 that are of fhorter life and obnoxious to external injuries, left the Speezes fhould fail. 
 And therefore Birds that excel inftrength and live by ravine, and fo enjoy a longer 
 and more fecure life do {eldom lay more than two Eggsaponce. It is true indeed that 
 Pigeons, Turtles, and Ring-doves do, fit only upon two Eggs at once: but then they 
 compenfate the defect of number by equer ~of laying; they breeding ten 
 times a year. Thereforeith reed much, though not many at a time. 
 
 
 
 
 
 | CH AP. IV. 
 Of the Age of Birds. 
 Birds are lon- C) all fanguineous and hot Animals Birds are the longeft lived, for the proporti- 
 
 ger-lived than on of their bodies much more vivacious than Quadrupeds. Swans are faid 
 Reece to attain to the age even of three hundred years. We have been affured by 
 
 aoe sie friend of outs, a perfon of very good credit, that his Father kept a Goofe known to 
 years old. 
 
 . 
 
 be fourfcore years of age, and as yet found and lufty, and like enough to have lived 
 | many years longer, had he not been forced to kill her for her mifchievoufnefs, wor- 
 A Pelican of pying and deftroying the young Geefe and Goflings. Moreover, the Pelican that 
 
 _ the fame ages was kept at Mechlzx in Brabant, m the Emperour. Maximilians time, was certainl 
 
 believed to be fourfcore years old. _What 1s reported of the age of Eagles and Re 
 vens, although it exceeds all belief, yet doth it evince that thofe birds are very long- 
 4 osvithol... lived, | Our people ( faith Albertus as he. is quoted by * Aldrovandus \ have found 
 romap-370\ by experience, that a Pigeon lives twenty years. And as for tame Pigeons (faith 
 Aldrovandws ). a certain Perjon, morthy to be believed, and not unskilful in Natural Ex 
 flory, related to me, that he had beentold by his Father, who was ntuch delighted in keep- 
 
 ing and objerving Pigeons and other birds: That he had kept ¢ Pigeon two and PAS 
 years, and that itbred all the while, except the laft fix months, in which leaving its Mec 
 it made choice of a fingle life. ° 
 | But to let pals great birds, even the very {malleft birdslive a great while. We our 
 — of felvesknew a Linuet kept at leaft fourteen years in aCage, which as yet fhewed no 
 a of decay or old age. Gefner tells us, that a certain Kinfman of his wroteto 
 a Goldfinch tsa. concerning a Goldfinch to this purpofe: The Goldfinch lives above twenty years. 
 
 of 23 years, Forat Mentz when Imas.a child, I faw one more than. twenty three years old, whofe Bill 
 9 
 
 and Claws were cut every Week, that fo it might take its meat and drink, a ; 
 | ; 4 , 5 na 
 its place. » And thereis no doubt but birds that enjoy their liberty, living at a in 
 
 the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Book I. ORNITHOLOGY. 15 
 the openair, and ufing their natural and 
 alfo exercife their bodies, live much lon 
 
 and Cages. 
 
 What Pliny obferves of Animals, to wit, that thofe that live longeft are born How far it 
 longeft in the womb, is to be underftood of Animals of the fame kind. F or if Ani- holds rae 
 mals of different kinds be compared together, as for example Birds with Beafts, thofe oa ae 
 will fometimes be found to be moft vivacious which are born the leaft while in the which are 
 womb. If it be objected, that Birds and Beafts cannot in this re{fpect be compared Dngelt in the 
 together, becaufe Birds arenot atall born in the womb. We anfwer. that aleaieon et 
 in Birdsis equivalent to geftation in Quadrupeds: For in both the Eggs are cherifhed 
 alike, in this inwardly inthe Womb, in that outwardly under the Wings as we have 
 formerly fhewn. a 
 
 proper food, in gathering of which they 
 ger than thofe that are imprifoned in houfes 
 
 
 
 Grin 
 
 Of fome Proprieties and Accidents of Birds, viz. Shape, Bigne/s, Colour, natural 
 Inftinéts, Manners cc. 
 
 HE trunk of the body is fhorter, broader, and thicker in Birds than in Qua- The figure of 
 drupeds: the head for the proportion of the body much lefs. For whereas ms _— 
 Birds pafs through the air, almoft after the fame manner that Ships {wim up- Es 
 on the water, the Trunk of their body anfwers to the Hull of the Ship, their head 
 to the Prow, ( which alfo for its fimilitudeis called in Latine Reffrum, |. the beak | 
 of a Ship ):their tail to.the Rudder, their breaft tothe Keel, their wings to the Sails 
 and eT : whence the Poet elegantly hath it, Remiginm alarum, [, the rowing ofthe 
 wings. / | 
 A\l winged Fow] in general are leffler than Quadrupeds, that is the greateft in that Beafts in their 
 kind than the greateft.an this... Whence Tefteem what is reported of the bird. called kind greacer 
 Ruk,, and alfo of the Cuxtur to be falfe, viz. “ That its Wings {pread reach fifteen or peiioden 
 “ fixteen feet; that its Billisfo hard and {trong, that it will pierce an Oxes Hide. { It of the Bird 
 “is faid to be covered with black and white feathers mixt, to have an even Comb, ‘””" 
 “ or creft like aRafor, not ferrate like a Cocks. Twoof thefe birds ( they fay) are 
 “ able to kill and eat up a Cow, neither dothey abftainfrommen. There are but 
 “ few of them; were there many, they would deftroy all the Cattel in Peru. They 
 “ report that there are four diftin& kinds hereof found in the Iland Marigxan, De 
 Laet. Hift. Ind. Occident. lib.16, cap.13. and Lerius in Ait. Brafil. | as 
 Birds of one and thefame kind kept tame, by reafon of the diverfity of the Cli- Tame Bis 
 mate or Country in which they live, the food which they ufe, and other accidents, sicher 
 vary much in their colours, magnitude, tafte of their flefh, and perchance alfofigure different oe 
 of their bodies. Wild fowl for the moft part are much what of the fame magnitude, ee 
 and conftant totheir colours. For the moft part, I fay, this holds true in wild Birds, the fame. 
 yet fome few there be of thefe that vary much in their colours, as for example, 
 Ruffes, of which. it is reported there cannot: be found two alike, and the Scaup- 
 duck. . 
 The nails, or claws,bair,borns,and the like({aith Ariftotleyin Beafis fpring out of the skin, 
 whence it comes to pafs that they change colour together with the skin, being white, or black, 
 or party-coloured,&c.according to the colour of the skin out of which they grow. But the nzat- 
 ter is far otherwife in Birds of all forts: for of what colour foever the feathers are, the skin 
 underneath out of which they grow is but of one colour. Moreover, one aud the fame feather 
 is fometimes ftained with divers colours, and in a wonderful order. Dr. Harvey. a 
 Of Birds fome are gregarious, that is, live and fly together in companies ot flocks, —— 
 as for example, Pigeows, Rooks, Stares, XC. Others in coupling and — RY fome fly by 
 by pairs, the Male and his Female : After they have hatcht they company on a pairs, oc. 
 brood, till their young be grown up and can fhift for themfelves, ana then they 
 - beat them away. es Satie 35 
 Some Birds live a Conjugal life, one Cock and one Hen pairing together, and ae 
 both concurring and aflifting each other in fitting and feeding their young. Of this ating a Com 
 fortare Partridges, and other Birds of the Poultry kind. Pigeons, of which the Cock jugal life. 
 takes his turn of fitting, building the neft, and feeding the young. In thofe that Pe 
 there are always more Males than Females bred; but in fuch whereof, one Male 
 
 {ufices for many Females, more Females than Males. Moft 
 
 ~ 
 
 > 
 errr 
 
 a 
 
 
 
- 5 - aS att Se 7 
 yore = . ale 
 wer po -—_ 
 > pe a I EL ALA EE - " *s 
 
 ee ee nay owt ~ 
 PRE PL — ee er ES 
 
 a — 
 
 —_—_——— — + 
 
 
 
 ne 
 
 : 
 <—s ~ 5 oe ee 
 na ey ~— 7 Oe RY SE retin EI 
 
 _~ 
 —_— = —— aie a ee 
 
 
 
 16 ORNITHOLOGY. _Booxl. 
 
 Birds fleep Moft Birds while they f{leep turn their head backward, and put it under their aan 
 with their and alfo ftand upon one foot, the other being drawn up, to keep it warm, as I lup- 
 
 head under g 
 their wing, pofe, among the feathers, or by the heat of the body. 
 
 and ftanding That there arein Animals thofe they call natural inftinéts; the manner of building 
 
 reel te their Neftsin Birds isalonefufficient to evince. For whereas thofe of the fame Species 
 
 fin&sin jn Countries moft remote and diftant from each other do make their Nefts always of 
 
 ake the fame materials, andconftantly obferve the fame fhape or form of them, as if they 
 made them by the fame pattern, they muft neceflarily either learn fo to do by intti- 
 tution, or imitation of their Parents, or elfe have the knowledge or ability fo to do by 
 natural inftin&t ; but neither by inftitution, for who ever faw the old or the young 
 teaching or learning of one another? Nor by imitation, for the young forfake the 
 Nefis fo foon as theyare fledg’d 5 when asthey are very fimple and witlefs, and neither 
 regard nor heed almoft any thing but their food: and themfelves next Spring building 
 they could neither fee their Parents making their Nefts, nor any other birds of 
 their kind, whom they might imitate. It remains therefore that they act by in- 
 {tinct. 
 
 Admirablein- Ane here we cannot but admire, with Harvey, fome-of thefe natural inftints in Birds, 
 
 ay of Wiz. that alntoft all Hen-birds fhould with fuch diligence and patience fit upon their Nefts 
 
 night and day for along time together, macerating and almoft flarving themfelves to death; 
 that they fhould expofe themfelves to fuch dangers in defence of their Eggs: and if, being 
 conftrained they fometimes leave thene a little while, with fuch earneftnefs haften back again 
 be ede sa. to then and cover them? Ducks and Geefe while they are abfent for a little while diligently 
 their Egos cover up their Eges with ftram. With what courage and magnanimity do even the moft co- 
 and Young. yardly birds defend their Eggs, which fometimes are fubventaneoys and addle, or not their 
 own, or even artificial ones? Stupendiows in truth is the love of birds to a dull and live- 
 le{s Ege, and which is not likely with the leaft profit or pleafure to recompenfe fo great pains 
 and care. Who can but admire that palfionate affedion or rather fury of a clocking Hen, 
 which caunot be extinguifhed unlefs fhe be drencht in cold water ¢ During this impetus o 
 mind, fhe neglects all things, and as if fhewere in a frenzy,letsdown her Wings, and briftles 
 - up her Feathers, and walks up and down reftle(s andquerulous, puts other Hens off their 
 Nefis, fearching every where for Eggs to fit pentherdoth fhe give over till fhe hath 
 either found Eges to fity orCbi 0 bring up: which fhe doth with wonderful zeal 
 and palfion, calltogether, cherifh, feed, and defend. What a pretty ridiculows fhectacle is 
 it, to feea Hen following a baftard brood of young Ducklings ( which fhe hath hatched for 
 her own ) fwimming inthe water ? How fhe often compaffes the place, fometimes ventuyin 
 in, not without danger, as far as fhe can wade, and calls upon them, ufing all her art sid 
 induftryto allure them to her. ; 
 All Birds in coupling and breeding time are moft loquacious and canorous. 
 
 The affe&ion 
 
 
 
 
 Birds come Birds grow much fafter, and fooner attain their juft magnitude than Quadrupeds 
 
 to their ; ; ; : . 
 
 sHoeth fooner Thofe that are fed by the old ones with meat put into their mouths, in a month or 
 
 than Quadru- fix weeks{pace almoft all of them, and fome in muchlefS time become fit to fly, and 
 
 peds. attain to very near the meafure of bignefs due to their kind. All of them in fix tadnths 
 come to their full growth and perfection. Neither yet is this in them, as in Quadru- 
 peds, a fign of fhort life. 
 
 Sede ver Many Birdsare very ingenious and docile, as may appear from t 
 
 Seaiiisds. yAER m _ are fo eafi- 
 
 ly taught to imitate mans voice, and {peak articulatel 
 ought I have heardor read }) could ever be brought t 
 _be much fitter for that purpofe, as being much more 
 
 y : which no Quadruped ( for 
 0; though their Organs feem to 
 conformable to mans, . 
 
 CHA P. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
17 
 
 se 
 Book = ORNITHOLOGY. 
 Se 
 
 Cuap. VI. 
 Containing fome particulars which Mr. W illughby propounded to himfelf to 
 
 enquire out, obferve, and experiment in Birds. 
 
 I. WW ‘coves Rapacious diurnal Birds only have the upper Chap of their Bills 
 
 re as the nofthrils with a naked skin, which our Falconers 
 
 2. Whether the Parrot only moves the upperChap ? as Aldrovandys aff 
 whether theCro/s-bi/, which doth in like man ' 3 ; ae 
 and fome other vd “ao not fo too? ee a 
 
 3. Whether any Birds change their Bills and Claws, as isreported of t 2 
 
 Anfw. What isreported of the Eagle in this kind I doubt os but it is eae 
 do I think that any bird catts its Bill by age. Wherefore that Tranflation of the fifth 
 verfeof Pfalw 103. which inthe common Enxglifh metre runs thus, Like as the Eagle 
 cafts her bill, whereby her age reneweth, ought to be mended. For many of the ne 
 ignorant fort have hereby been impofed upon, believing thefe to be the words or 
 fenfe of the Scripture in this place; whereas there is no fuch thing in the Text men- 
 tioned as the Bagles cafting her Bill; the words being only thefe, Thy youth foalt- be 
 renewed like the Eagles. But that the hook of the Bill may, and fometimes doth, in 
 Faglesand other birds by extreme old age grow fo immoderately, as to hinder their 
 ae Idenynot. For the Geldfizch, we mentioned before, is hereof a fufficient 
 initance, 
 
 4. How many Birds have an angular Appendix, as it were a Tooth, on each fide the 
 upper Chap of their Bills, as the Kefrel, the Hobby, the Butcher-bird, &c? 
 
 5- Uhe Commiilure of the legs or tines of the lower Mandible, in what birds it is 
 round, in what angular ? 
 
 = aes the Eyes of all Birds of the fame Species are always of the fame 
 colour : 
 
 Anfw. The Irides of the Eyes in young and old birds do often differ; and fome- 
 times alfo in the Cocks and Hens. But whether inold birds of the {ame Sex they dif- 
 
 _ fer or not remains to be enquired : | fuppofe they do not. 
 
 7- Whether inBirds that want the Crop,that defect be always fupplied by the large- 
 nefs of the Gullet ?- Which (as we faid ) in many birds of this kind immediately above 
 the ftomach is dilated into akind of bag or axte-ftomach. 
 
 8. Whereas the fingle blind gut, fituate about the middle of the guts, is nothing 
 elfe but the paflage deriving the Yolk into the guts contracted 5 it were worthy en- 
 guiry, whether there be not fome external paflage terminated in the blind guts com- 
 monly know and fo called,as well in Beafts as in Birds; And {eeing that in many birds 
 the* Appendices are very {mall, and feem to be of no ufe to the birds when grown 
 up, let 1¢ be enquired whether they are greater in Ewbryon-birds, and what ule they 
 may beof to them ? | 
 
 9. Whether the fingle blind gut forementioned be always reflected toward the 
 tail > In what birds the ends of the * Appendices are reflected ? in what birds the * Ap- 
 pendices are {triate > Whether below the * Appendices the gut be proportionably larger 
 than above, according to the bignefs of the * Appendices ¢ Whether of the “ Appen- 
 dicesthe one is ufually fhorter than the other? And if fo, whether the right or the 
 left > | 
 10. Whether fome Birds have a double clutter of Eggs, as viviparous Animals have 
 two Ovaria, ufually called and miftaken for Tefticles ? or whether all have only 
 a fingle one ? . sus ek i 
 
 11. Whether Birds whenready to lay can detain their Eggs, if their nefts happen 
 not to be ready, or be by any accident deftroyed ? Or whether they fometimes fal] 
 from them againtt their wills ? 
 
 12. Whereas fome Birds, for example Pigeons, lay only two Eggs ata time,whether 
 of the one of thofeis always breda Cock, of the other a Hen-bir ? . 
 
 Anjw. Xt doth mott commonly fo fall out, yet fometimes two Males, fometimes two 
 Females are excluded together. 
 
 13. To make trial whether Eggs in England may be hatched by an artificial 
 heat: nat se 5 a 
 
 * j..The 
 blind guts 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "ae 
 + +e 
 
 + 
 age ee ae 
 re : - 
 > he TRS ae * oo 
 s 
 a - . 
 js 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Baffe, 
 
 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 ee ha 7 : C . e e 
 14. To obferve what colours are moft frequent in Birds, and in what parts 5 as 
 for example, the rumps of many birds are of the fame colour, v7z. Larks, Thrufhess 
 - 9 
 Sparrows, &c. | | | s 
 ! 15 What Birds wag their tails oft, as Water-wagtails, Blackbirds, Moreheus, Trix 
 athers of the tail when it is clofed covers the other, 
 
 One of thetwo middle f ! 3 . 
 iirc sebietial the right or left feather lies oftneft uppermoft, op either of them 1m- 
 
 differently,as it happens. 
 
 +6. In what kind of Birds there are m 
 
 in Poultry ¢ 
 aa ee build upon the ground, as all of the Poultry kind, Lapwings, and 
 in general all fuch as run and feed themfelves fo foon as they are hatcht, being:covered 
 withathick down? What build on trees and in hedges, as the greateft part: of Birds ¢ 
 What in the water, as Morebens ¢ What Birds fit always on the ground, méver light- 
 ing upon trees? What perch upon trees? 
 
 “3. What Birds hide themfelves or change place 
 
 er? > Sy 
 z 19. What would become of Nightingales, Cuckows,&c. in Winter 5 and of field- 
 fares, &c. in Summer, if they were kept in Cages, and carefully tended, fed and che- 
 rifhed ? 
 
 20. How cometh it to pats 
 have but food enough, doth not co 
 birds? | 
 21. Whether the age of Pheafants, Hawks, &c. may be known by the crofs bars in 
 their tails 
 
 22. How many Birds have whitete 
 under their chin, atthecorners of their mouths, or 
 
 22. What Birds, either terreftrial, or aquatic, 
 Wings? 
 
 24. How many Birds have the exterior V 
 the interiour ? aie 
 
 
 
 ore Cocks ufually bred; asin Rufs san what 
 
 s, whether in Winter or in Sum- 
 
 that the moft vehement cold in Winter-time, if. they 
 ngeal or mortifie the tender bodies of {mall 
 
 athers under their tails ? How many have briftles 
 about their nofthrils 2 
 have two erofs lines in their 
 
 anes of their flag-feathers broader than 
 
 ert a ” - 
 
 
 
 
 Stee | CiAxP. VII. 
 Of fome remarkable Ifles, Cliffs, and Rocks about England, where Sea-fowl do 
 
 yearly build and breed m great numbers. 
 
 Any Water but efpecially Sea-fowl do yearly breed and bring forth young in 
 great companies, either in high Rocks, or Defart, and _lefs inhabited Iflands 
 
 in the Sea, or on high and fteep Cliffs by the Sea-fide.. The more noted and 
 famous places of this kind about England are, 
 
 1. The Bafe Wland in the great Bay called Edinburgh-Frith or Forth, not far from 
 the fhore: which Dr. Harvey doth not lefs truly than elegantly defcribe in thefe 
 words: There # a litile Iffand, the Scots call it Balle, ftanding very high, environed 
 with flecp and craggy Cliffs ( one might moretruly and properly call it 4 huge Rock than an 
 [land ) not much more than a milein compass. Inthe months of May and June the fur- 
 face of this Ifland is almoft wholly covered with Nefis, Eggs, and young Birds; fo that for 
 the multitude of theme one can fearce any where freely fet ones foot: and fuch a number of 
 Birds there is flying over ones head, that like Clouds they cover the Skie, and take away the 
 fight of the Sun: making [uch a noifeand din with their cries that people talking together 
 near hand can {carcehear one another. If from thence as fron a lofty Lower on high Pye- 
 cipice you look down upon the Seaunderneath, you {hall fee it every may coueresl with an infi- 
 nite number of Birds of divers forts {rimming up and down, intent upon their prey: In 
 bike manner as Pools of water in fome places in the Spring time are feen, over-{pread with 
 
 Frogs + or the open hills and fieep mountains are beheld at a diftanee, thick fet, and asi 
 : , 9 9 as it 
 were cloathed with flocks of Sheepand Goats. If you lift to faal.aboutthe Ifland, and from 
 below look up ihe Cliffs as 1t were over-hanging your head, you might fee on all the fhelves 
 and ledyes of the Rocks and craggy Cliffs innumerable rows of birds of all forts and magni- 
 
 tudes, morein number than the Stars that appear ina clear and Mooule/s wight. If you 
 : . $2 c 
 
 look at then that are coming t0 the Ifland, or flying away at a diftance, you would_take 
 
 them to be huge {warms of Bees. Thus far Dr. Harvey. But I fuppofe he was miftaken 
 
 3 in 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 
 
 
7 ————— 
 
 
 
 Book ORNITHOLOGY. 
 in that he writes that the Lord of the Ifland makes fomepr fit ly of Ij 
 nf the Nefts ufeful forfewel. Forthefe kinds: of Birds do ae ie theis Nene 
 
 {traws, fticks, or fuch like combuftible matter, good for fewels but either lay 
 
 their Eggs on the naked rocks} orf{pread underthem vety fe e 
 like inconfiderable {tuff. : yw ee 
 
 
 
 The Birds that chiefly frequent this Ifland that they may breed there are 1. Soland Soland Geete 
 
 Geefe, which are proper to the Baff, not breeding elfewhere about Britziz, that we 
 know of.When we were there near Mid-Axgu/t,all the other Birds were departed,only 
 the Soland Geefe remained upon the Hand) théit young being not yet fully grown 
 and fledg’d. The manner of getting themisby letting downa man ina basket bya 
 rope from the top of the Cliff, who gathers the young off the ledges of the Rocks 
 
 as they let him down or draw himup. 2. The Turtle-Dove, or Sea-Turtle, {o ealied 
 here ( as { fuppofe ) trom fome fimilitude it hath to the Twrtle-dove: It is a whole-foor- 
 ed bird, and, I fufpect, the fame that we have deferibed under the title-of the Greey2 
 land-dove. This alfo is a bird peculiar to this Ifland: 3. The Scont, which is'either the 
 Lommia, or the Alka of Hoierus : though we believe that both thefe Species breed 
 here. Thefe are found alfoin many other places about England. 4. The Scarf; which 
 from the agreement of the name with the Dutch Scharpff; 1 take to be the Cor- 
 — 5. The Cattiwick, a fort of {mall Sea-gull, befides many other Species of 
 
 ulls. 
 
 2. The Farxz Iffands near a Villagein the Coaft of Northumberland called Babergh; 
 famous for an ancient Caftle built on a Rock, now almoft ruined. The Birds which 
 chiefly frequent and build upon thefe Iflands in Summer time are 1.S.Cutherts Duck, 
 called by Wormius, as I fuppofe, Ezder. This is never feen but in breeding time, and 
 as {oon as her young ones are hatcht takes them to Sea, and never looks at land till 
 breeding time next.”"Itis proper to thefe Iflands, and breeds no where elfe about 
 England, that we know of. 2. Guillemots or Sea-hens, i: e. Lomwie Hoieri.- 3.The 
 Shout, 1.¢. Alka ejufdem. 4. Counter-nebs or Coulter-nebs, hic dif2, i.e. Anates Arica 
 Cluf. 5. np 1. €. Cormorants, or perhaps Shags:' 6. Puffinets, which the name ar- 
 gues to be uffins : but the defcription here given us of them ( for We faw not the 
 bird }) agrees rather to the Baffe-Turtle. 7. Several forts of Gulls, va. 1. Mire-crows, 
 all white-bodied, only having black heads, and fomewhat bigger than Pigeonss by 
 which defcription we conclude them to be Pewits. 2. Annets, {ma\l whiteGulls, ha- 
 ving only the tips of their Wings black; and the Bill yellow, perhaps the black-footed 
 Gull, 3. Pickmires, or Sea-Swallows. 5. Terns, the leaft fort of Gull, having a forked 
 tail. 8.Sea-Piots,i. €. Sea-pies, Hematopus Belloniz. 
 
 3. The Sea-cliffsabout Scarborongh, ‘from which were fent us, the Azates Ardice of 
 Clufius, called here Mullets, 2. The Alke of Hoierws, known here by the fame name 
 of Auks. 3. The Lomwie of the fime Hoierus, named Skouts. Befides doubtlefs there 
 breed many Gulls among thefe fowl. | . 
 
 4. A noted Iland not far from Lancafter, called the Pile of F ondres : which great 
 flocks of divers forts of Sea-fowl do yearly frequent, and breed there. 
 
 s. The Ife of Man witha little adjacent Iflet, called the Calfof Man, in which 
 befides Mulets, Razor-bills,and Guilliams, Englifh Puffins build in great numbers, and 
 no where elfe about Exgland ( that I know of ) but in the Silly Yflands. 
 
 6. Prefiholm,a {mall uninhabited Ifland near Beaumarés inthe Tile of Axgleféy,belong- 
 
 ing to my Lord Bulkley. Onthis [land build the Avzates Aréice of Clufiws ( here called _ 
 
 Puffins ) Razor-bills, Guilliams, Cormorants, and divers forts of Gulls. its 
 fi Bovdly Ifland, fituate at theutmoft Angle or Promontory of Carnarvanfhire in 
 
 Wales. ©. ~ } 
 8. Lundy Iflandin the Severn-Sea. 
 . The Cliffs by the Sea-fide near Tenby in Wales, ae 
 10. Godreve, an Ifland or rather a Rock, on far a Ives in Cormw ’ where 
 ‘llims, here called Murres and Kidaaws, breed. 
 — rhe Sib) Tel in the main Sea, about thirty miles diftant from the Lands end 
 
 in Cornwall to the Welt. 
 . a . Caldey land near Tenby in Pembroke 
 
 fhire, 1 One part whereofwe {aw Gulls 
 Nelts lying fo thick, that we could fcarce take a{ftep without fet 
 
 ting our feet upon 
 
 e. 7 
 “ 3. Thelfle of Erm near Guernfey. 
 
 D 2 CHa P. 
 
 
 

 
 20 
 
 Land fowl. 
 “Water fowl, 
 
 Hook-bill’d 
 birds. 
 Streight- 
 bill’d birds. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OT 
 
 Coe yl 
 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox tl 
 
 
 
 Cuap. VII. 
 Of the Divifion of Birds. 
 
 may be divided into Terreftrial and Aquatic, ot Land and Wee 
 
 Irds in general 
 B ter-fowl. 
 Terreftrial are fach as feldom frequent waters, but for the molt part feek 
 their food on dry land. 
 
 Aquatic are fuch as are much converfant in or about waters, and for the moft part 
 
 ek their food in watery places 5 of which we willtreat Boog Il. 
 ’ Terreftrial Birds are ft fach as have crooked Beak and Talons, called by the Gre- 
 cians Tap ovuggs, or fuch as have more fireight Bills and Claws. | | 
 Thofe that have crooked Bills and Claws, called Tappwruggs, are either Rapaczows 
 and carnivorous, fuch aswe call Birds of prey, or mote gentle and frugivorous, as 
 
 Parrots. | 
 Rapaciows and. carnivorous are either Diurnal, fachas prey by day-light, or Nodur- 
 
 nal, fuch as prey by night. | . . 
 Rapacious diurnal Birds are ufually divided according to their magnitude into the 
 
 greater and lefer kind. 
 
 The greater kind are either the more generous, which have their Beaks hooked al- 
 moft from the root, and are called Eagles, or the puggz/h and Jef gexerows, having 
 their Beaks ftreight for a good {pace from the root, and hooked only toward the 
 point, called Vultures. 
 
 The leffer kind, called in Latine Acczpitres, may be again fubdivided. into the aore 
 generous, which are ufually reclaimed and trained up for fowling, properly called 
 Hawks; andthe more cowardly or lefs generous, fuch as are neglected by Falconers, as 
 being of no ufe for fowling ; and therefore permitted to live at large, which may be 
 called wild Hawks. ee ds eases. 
 
 ewe properly fo called aneucors into. lowg-winged. and fhort- 
 winged, le 
 
 : c ug-winged Hawks are fuch the tipsof whofe wings when clofed reach almoft to 
 the end of the train: Short-winged ave fuch the tips of whofe wings when thut or 
 withdrawn fall much {hort of the end of the train. 
 
 Birds that have more fireight bills and claws arecither the greater or the lefer,which 
 we call mall birds. Under the title of greater we comprehend all that do exceed or 
 equal the common Thrufh. or Mavis inbignefs. Yet to fome kinds of bigger Birds ( as 
 for example Woodpeckers ) by reafonof the agreement of the characteriftic notes we 
 are forced to add one or two Birds lefler than Thrufhes. . The greater are either fuch as 
 have large, ftrong, firezght, and. long Bills, ox leffer and fhorter ones, The firtt are. ei- 
 ther fuch as feed promifcuoufly upon Flefh, Infects and fruit ¢ or grain) or at leaft 
 Infe&tsand fruit or fuch as feed upon Infecs only... Thofe in refpect of colour may 
 
 
 
 
 be divided into two kinds, vix. 1. The Crow-kind, whole body. 1s for the moft part of 
 
 one colour andblack: 2. The Pie-kind, whofe body. is. covered with party- 
 
 feathers. Of thefe, [ that feed only on Infeds ] al is but.one Bs = Weed 
 peckers. Such as havelefer and fhorter bills may be diftinguifhed, by the colour of their 
 flefh, into fuch as have white fief, and fuch as have black, flefh. Thofe that have white 
 flefh axe the Poultry kind, Hews, Peacocks, Turkeys, &c. Thofe that have black fle ih 
 are either the greater, that lay but two Eggs ata time, as Pigeows; or the leffer Sick 
 lay more than two Eggsat once, as The Thrujh, kind. The leffer fort of Birds wc 
 
 - fireighter bills, fachas we ufually calh fwall-birds, may. be divided according to their 
 
 Bills, into fuchas have flender bills, and fuch. as have thick aud port. bills.. @F both 
 
 kinds ther Sl 
 po are be many fubalternate {pecies ; of which when we come.to treat of fall 
 
 er ta ieabgedd aidesemas Cite seo 1G 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 ip Ris EES pari T 
 
 Se ee : 
 I 
 
 a inertia anlitadie sett 
 CuHap,; IX, 
 A Catalogue of Englifh Birds, as well of fuch as abide bere all the year, and 
 
 never cha ' 
 nge place, as of fuch, which at fet times come and 20, which we call 
 ? 
 
 Birds of paflage, 
 RAPACIOUS DrurRNAL BIRD<s 
 
 He E A G L E, which doth not 
 a | ar hi 
 ; ny times builds and breeds eukis visi G Soe oe nis tee 
 Szowdon in Carnarvanfhire. In th c y fay ) upon the high rocks of 
 lands, near the River Derwent inthe P sf De ar eee Lord 1668. in the Wood- 
 
 , made of great {ticks, refting one end <a edged ‘ ee 
 Bre — — ie a layer of Ruthes iad ovae tai ica Mcoks oe 
 on the Heath KR in: a ath, afid-up- 
 bythem a Lamb 2 4 Soe 5 upon whieh lay one young one and an addle Egg, aad 
 
 are, and three Heath-poults. The Neft was abo 
 os = Gap no hollow init. The young Eagle was as black asa oe a 
 ape of a Gofbawk, of almoft the weight of a G ass 
 dovwn sis the Bre. kopinae wba ght of a Goof, rough-footed, or feathered 
 : » Having < about the tail. Ifuppofe this + 
 kind with thofe kept in + Towed of L Se 
 : d 
 tile o Tie Eslibe Haak wake iobite den ie — we have defcribed under the 
 —1leSEA-EAGLEorO F 
 our Ruvers. ‘There is anaery Ct Cheeni Whi fel Ofefrasts eee often upon 
 fully by the Countef® of Penbroke « but the al ; of merland, preferved care- 
 $s fabulous. Mr. fobsO™ : report of their having one web‘d foot 
 The FALCON, Falco, is found ild 1 
 = » falco, to build in Scotland. We have been told 
 — sen er of, Lae ee Eth sor: Ifle “ Ang io in Wales. ) 
 , Buteo five Triorches. This Bird isa great deft f 
 Exvien g eftroyer o 
 The HONE Y-BUZZARD, Buteo apivorus five wefpiv is is li 
 = fbivorus, Th lik 
 ee differsin that it hathgn afh-coloured ring or broad bar crofs she trai rnd 
 
 TheBALD BuzzARD, Balbufardus Angl Lali 15 j 
 ny Gonecadlibdse Sceslingla, aber se be ans orum, Halieetus Aldrov. This is 
  TheMoo 8-Buzz4 kD, Milvws Hiruginofus, Aldrov. This 1s known by be- 
 ing all over of a dark fulvous or Chefnut colour,except the crown of the head, which 
 is of a pale clay colour. ) 
 
 The Kk LTE oF Glead, Milous. The Charaéeriftic note whereof is its forked 
 tail, wherein it differs from all other rapacious Birdsthat we have feen. 
 
 TheRrnco-I AIL, Pygargus Accapiter, Subbuteo Turneri, the Male whereof is 
 called the Hen harrier, from preying upon Hens. He doth ( faith Tuer ) ona fudden 
 {trike at Birds in the fields, or Pullen im Towns, and miffing of his prey departs flily 
 and filently, never making a fecond attempt 5 of all Birds of prey flying neareft the 
 ground. Gefner fufpects this F owl to be the Crcws of the Ancients. 
 
 Fhe Sp ARROW HA Ww K, Accipiter Frincillavins. Reventiorux» Nifus co Spar- 
 wverins. The Male or Tarcel of this is:called a Musket after the Frenthname. This isa 
 great deftroyer of Pigeons, too frequent with us. . oD pike 
 
 The H 0 BBY, Subbuteo Belloni & Aldrov. “This from perfecuting of Larks 
 ( which are its chiefand particular game ) is not unfitly by Mr. fohnfor entituled “Acc7- 
 piter Alaudariws. | PSs ol Eo? 
 
 The KES TREL, Stannel, ot Stonegal, and in fome places the Windhover, be- 
 caufeit doth asit weredamthe wind by the motion of its wings} hovering m the fame 
 place: Hence the Germans alfo callit Wannenwacher, that is, the Wand-fanner. Linnun- 
 culus fenCeuchris. | Log AE | Me oH 
 
 The greater Bi TC HE R-BER D OF Mattageffe, and in the #% of Darbyfhire 
 after the: Germanname Weerangel, or Werangel, Laniws cinerews major. This our Fal- 
 
 coners fometimes: reclaim, and train up for fmall Birds. She fits upon a high bough, 
 
 making an’uncouth noife ; the Birds thereby allured become her prey. 
 The We Ds@ wm alt, Lantus minor cneveo-ruffm Ze 
 The lefer reddifh Bu tT CHE R-BIR D, Lanius minor rubefcens, This Bird 
 . having 
 
 
 
 - 8S. SSS SSS SS SSS EE ee — 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 eh ee 
 22 ORNITHOLOGY. Book I. 
 
 weknow of, we have impofed this upon it. 
 and in Englifh by Dr. Turner, 
 black briftles about their 
 
 having no particular Englifh name, that | 
 Thefe Birds are called alfo in Latine Colluriones, 
 Shrikes. tis common to all thefe Butcher-Birds to have 
 The C uc xK ow, Cuculus. Who becaufe he preys only upon the Eggs of Birds, 
 (and is therefore purfued, not attended, as is faid, by the: Moor-titling ) or their 
 es in the Neft, hath fmall and weaker Beak and Talons, and. therefore dil- 
 appears in Winter, when fuch food is not to be had. I have known one kept with all 
 imaginable care, but ( whether through alteration of food, or fome other caute) 
 before Winter, fhe grew torpid, broke out in fcabs, and died. The young one is 
 curioufly fpoetted. I have feen one in Harveft partly fpotted, partly cinereous. 
 
 Mr. Fohnfon. 
 
 RAPAcIous NOCTURNAL BIRDS. 
 
 young on 
 
 The Ho x N-O wL, Otw five Nona aurita, called alfo by the Latines Afo ac- 
 cording to Pliny. 
 
 The Common W HITE Ow L, or Bara-Owls this Mr. Fohnjox calls the Church- 
 Owl, by whichname the Low Dutch alfo calla fort of Onl. 
 
 TheB Ro wN orlv ¥-O w L,and from its {chreeking noife the SC R EE C H- 
 O w L. Strix Aldrov. 
 
 TheGreEyY Owl, asbig asthe former. Dr. Charleton in his Onomafticon Zoicon 
 attributes the Englifh name G7J-hooter to this Bird, which is, I fuppofe, a general name 
 of all Owls. 
 
 TheFERN Ow tL, orCharn-Owl, or Goat-fucker. Caprinulgws. In the moun- 
 tainous woods in the Peak, of Derbyfhire, the Weft Riding of York fhire, inShropfiire, 
 
 and many other places, all over Exgland. 
 
 THE Crow. KPWD. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The R.A v EN, Corvus [ia ys young Lambs,firft picking out thei 
 eyes. is of iv t, and by fome trained upas.a Hawk for fowling pert 
 ~The Common or Carrion Cx. 0 w. This isnot myc more than half fo big as the 
 former, otherwife very like it. It feedsupon flefh and dead carcafles, in want where- 
 of it will eat corn. 
 TheRo o k, Cornix frugilega. It is diftinguifhed from the Crow, to which other- 
 * Inthe Chap- Wife it is very like, by its white beak and being gregarious, befides other notes * af- 
 rer or the _ terwards to be mentioned. 
 The RoysSTON CRO w, Cornix cinerea frugilega. Common in Cambridce- 
 Shire, about Newmarket and Royfton. Mr. Jobnfon calls it the Sea-Crow and {aith it 
 i frequentabout Stockton in the Bifhoprick of Durefm, near the mouth of the River 
 ees. 
 The JAcK-Daw, Monedula five Lupus Aldrov. This alfo feeds promit 
 bend Bee eet meee: In the {tomach of a young one taken x of aeeniad 
 vy eT faa of infects, we found among divers other feeds many grains of 
 -TheCornisH CuHoucH, Coracias, called alfo Pyrrhocorax, thoush Al 
 dws would have thefe to be diftin& Birds. It 1s found not only in Cotesiad: a aes ‘all 
 along the Weft coaft of Wales. on y noth d dugiana wna Soottin 2p Spas Sle ee 
 i 1s E, Maspi, % Piannet, Pica varia feu candata, called alfo fimply Pica, 
 e Jay, Pica glandaria. This Bird is very. greedy of Cherri 
 Matt, asthe Latine name imports. se storia ction 
 
 THE WoOoODPECKER-KIND. 
 
 The GREEN WoopPECKER, or Woodfpite, Picus viridi is Bird 
 ‘ eve ? dis. ’ ‘ 
 {ome called a Heyboe,, which name 3s, I fuppofe, ain ait Fewhen ae by 
 iL ae . ne pallet in Englifh ie histime, and Mr. Fobxfonnow. By others it is called 
 if ain-fowl, Decaufe it ; 
 Proswolti ee 4 s cry when more frequent and fhrill than ordinary is thought a 
 | 
 
 The GREATER § 
 POTTED. Woo ; 
 Aj Or. | DPECKER, or Whitwall, Picus varius 
 
 The 
 
Boo. J, 
 
 — — —— 
 
 ER OOP eae 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 The LESSER SPOTTED Woo CE Vitwall Ts or 
 je eh gee DPECKER,.or Witwall, or Hickwall. Picys va- 
 rius minor. VCappole Witwal/isa namecommon to both Species. 
 The WRYNECK, Fynx five Torquilla. This agrees with the forementioned Wood- 
 peckers inthe difpofition of the toes and fabric of its tongue; It differs from the 
 1. Inhaving a flenderer and weaker bill: So that it hews not for it felfahole in the 
 
 {olid Wood; but builds in rotte v tree ea 
 “ws ; rotten and hollow trees. 2. In having its tail not fo 
 
 The NUTHATCH, or Nut-jobber. Picws cinereus. She hat | 
 the other, becaufe. fhe feeds not on Coffz as they do, but on easel Des 5 
 ally on Nut-kernels. It 1s a pretty fight to fee her fetch a Nut out of her hoaiie ioe it 
 ina chink,and then (tand_overit with her head downward, {trike it with all eran ht 
 and breaking the {hell catch up the Kernel. The feathers of her taibare not thiffrarid 
 pouited, becaufe her motion is rather down. tham up trees : nor hath {he two hind- 
 toes : but the inner toe is feparated a little from the middle, and falls fomewhat acrofs 
 (as iui the Owl-kind), whereby fhe can fupport het felf inany motion. Her voice is ve- 
 ry fhrill. Mr. Fohnfon. 
 
 The CREEPER, or Ox-eye-Creeper,: Certhia. Tt hath a'long {lender - Bill 
 bending like a Bow, more commodioufly to reach into the chinks of the bark of 
 trees. : 
 
 TheHoop, ot Hoopoc, Upupa, Epops. Why we fubjoyn this Bird to the Wood- 
 peckers fhall be faid when we come particularly to treat of It. This is fuffictently 
 differenced from all other Birds by its creft all along the head 3 it 1s more rare with 
 us. | 
 
 THe PouttTRY KIND. 
 
 The Houst Coek, Rooft-Cock, or Common Dunhill Cock, and Hen, Gallus Gal- 
 linaceus & Gallina domefticass OF thele there are feveral fpecies or varieties, which 
 we {hall enumerate afterwards. es 
 
 The PEACOCK; P2vo;both the common, and the white. 
 
 ~TheTur KEY, Gallopavo Jeu Avis Numidica c» Meleacris. Neither Turkeys nor 
 Peacocks ave native of England, but becaufe they are tame fowl, and eafily bear our 
 Winters, and it isnow a long time that they have been brought over, we may very 
 well reckon them among Exglijh birds. 
 
 The Cock of theWoon or Mownntain, Orogallus feu Tetrao major. Aldrov. This 
 isnot found in Exglaad,. but in Ireland therebe of them. 
 
 The BLACK Cock, his Hen the Grey hex; his Brood the. Grey Game. This 
 Bird iscalled alfo the Heath-Cock ,.and Grous, Tetrao, five Urogallus minor. in great — 
 Heaths in many places of England. 
 
 The RED GAaME,Lagopus aliera Plinii, an Aitagen Aldrov. In the North of Exg- 
 land it is called, The Gor-Cock and Moor-Cock,, the Hen the More-hen, the Brood Gor- 
 fowl. Heath-Cock, 18 alfo a name Common to this with the precedent. Turners More- 
 hen is the Female of the precedent or Black, Cock, Gor in the North of England figni- 
 fies red, fo the Gor-Cock is the red Cock, éc. For the underftanding and exa& diltin- 
 Gion of thefe names we arebeholdento Mr. Jobnfon of Brignal in Lorkeflire. 
 
 The PHEASANT; Phaflanus: a bitd well known,and for the beauty of its colours 
 comparable to the Peacock; 
 
 The Common PARTRIDGE, Perdix cinerea. We have been informed that the 
 Red-lee’d Partridge, Perdix ruffais found in the Iles of Ferfey and Guern{ey- 
 
 The QUALL,Coturnix. — 1398s 
 
 The RAIL or Daker-hen, Ortygometra, Aldrov. few Rallus terveftris. This 1s very 
 common in Ireland, but more rare with us. Turner faith he never faw not heard of it 
 but in Northumberland. 
 
 THE PIGEON KIN D. 
 
 The Common Ni Lp PrcEON, or Hownfe-Dove, or Culver; Columba domeftica fen 
 vulearis. 
 
 The ROCK-PIGEON, Columba rupicola 5 afh-coloured, with red legs,of {mall fize, 
 obferved by Mr. Fobuon. 
 
 The RIN oie = or Queeft, in the North of England Cufhat, Palumbus tor- 
 
 GuatHs. The 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EE SS een ie 
 . ox I, 
 2A. ORNCITHOLOGY. Bo 
 a a 
 The Stock-DoveE, or Wood-Pigeon, Ocnas fiveVinago. 
 The TuRTLE-DOVE, Turtur, found in the Southern part of England, Kent, | 
 Suffex, Ke. 
 
 THE TuorusH KIND. 
 
 The M1ssEL-BIRD, or Shrite, and in the North the Thrufh fimply without ad- 
 iti urdws vilcivorws major. 
 one Ts ROS : LE, Mai, or Song-Thrufh, Turdus fimpliciter didus feu vifcivorus 
 ?. 
 "The REDWING, Swine-pipe, or Wind-Thrufh, Turdus Iliacus, Was feu Tylas. te 
 fhould rather be written and pronounced, The Wine-thru/)). . 
 The FIELDFARE or Feldefare, Turdus pilaris. Thefe two laft arebirds of paf- 
 fage, never build here, but come over in Winter time. 
 The Common BLACK BIRD or Oxzel, Merula vulgaris. This word Oxzel is un- 
 doubtedly of the fame original with the Italian Uccello, and the French Oifeau, 
  fignitying in generala Bird; howeverit be with us appropriated to this kind. 
 The RinG-OQuzeEL, Merula torgquata. 
 The WATER-OuUZEL, orW. ater-crake, Merula aquatica. 
 The Sta RE or Starling which faith Mr. Johujon,| never faw eat Berries, whereas all 
 the reft of this tribe, except perhaps the Water-Onzel, are baccivorous. 
 
 SMALE BirnDs WITH SLENDER BILLS. 
 
 The Common Field Vulgaris. 
 
 The Wooa- Arborea. 
 The Tit- LARK. Alanda Bethe 
 
 The Leffer crefted Criftata winor. 
 
 ‘ ad laft we have not yet feen. Mr. Fohxfon found anddeferibed it in the North of 
 neland., | 
 The common houfe Swallom 
 
 € Domeftica. 
 The Martin 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 aries farsi Bo Jen ruftica,Plin. 
 ~~ CThe black Martin or Swift. Apus. 
 , The great Titmoufe or Oxe-eye (Major feu Fringillazo, 
 The black-headed Titmouse ies: bei ae 
 TITMISE, <The Marjh Titmoufe Parusd Paluftris. 
 The blew Titmoufe or Nun Caruleus. 
 (The long-tail'd T7 tmtoufe { Candatus. 
 
 The White, MotaciVa alba. This comes every feed-time. 
 
 and follows the Plowman, and is therefore by h; : 
 WA TER WAGTAILS, led the Seed Bird. Mr. Fobnfon. ot pmees 
 
 The Common Yellow. Mot. flava. 
 
 3 The other Yellow, Mot. flava altera, Thi : 
 the North by Mr. Fohufon, and the defcription ie Ef atin s was obferved in 
 
 nicated to us. 
 The NIGHTINGAL E, Lufcinia feu Philomela. ee 
 Lu ~ DSTART, Ruticilla, Phoenicuros, | 
 CROBBIN-REDBREAST, or Ruddock, Rubecula twe Erith 
 ha = ACK CHAT, or Beccafigo, Atricapilla. eset 
 COTONE-SMICH, or Stone-chatter, Mufticapg tertia, Ald 1S j 
 fuppofe )the Rubetra of Bellonius, and the Mor-Totine of Torkens a 
 
 -— — IN-CHAT, Ocnanthe noftra fecunda, fen Rubicola. 
 
 *NEVCOLDFINCH of theGermans : This notwithf{tanding t i j 
 akin to the Finches. It was found in the Mountains of the Peak in Doe ee 
 6) TheWuHite-THRroa T, Spipola prima, Aldrov. forte. : ok 
 re : 3 The HEDGE-Sparro Ww, Curruca Eliote. 
 eae i PETTICHAPS, Ficedula Jeptima, Aldrov. 
 
 A Bird liketotheStop ako LA of Aldrov, which 
 cherolle of Belloniys. We have not hea 
 
 TheGoLDEN-crown’p WR 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wwe once took to be the Moz- 
 td of any Englifp name of this. : 
 EN, Regulus criftatus. ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The 
 
 
 
Boox I, ORNITHOLOGY, — 2s 
 TheBird called by Aldrovand. Regulus non criftatus. An ' 
 
 re ce notany ie name of this. It fings ia * Grallgeee Luteola, Turneri, 
 
 pg WREN, Pafer troglodites. This bird) was formerly miftaken for the Re. 
 
 a To thefe may be added the King-fifher, Ifpida, which is of eins 
 
 felf, being a-pifcivorous Land-bird, See: alte : ‘ 2 pecultam ksind:by him- 
 
 Bille of yin ae , allo. among cloven-footed Waterfowl with 
 
 SMALL BIRDS WITH’ THICK AND SHORT BILL§ 
 
 The GRosBEAXK, or Hawfinch, Coccothranfles 2-103 ; 
 eubdgechbyen cticiiets ton “fn “ iftes + 10 ts but feldom {een inExgland, 
 Aine REEN-FINCH,called in the Northern parts of Exgland the Green Linnet 
 
 Oris. 
 
 The BuLx-F1INCH, Alp,or Nope, Rubicilla feu Pyrrbula. 
 
 The SHELE-APPLE, or Crofs-bill, -Loxia. This comes over fometimes in the Au- 
 tumn, but feldom abides the whole year with us. 
 
 The Hous &-SPAR ROW, Puffer Domeftiens. 
 
 The CHAFFE-FINCH, Fringila. 
 
 TheBR AMBLE, or Brambling, Montifringilla.. OF this Mr. Fobufon hath lately 
 obferved two new {pecies or varigties, the one about the fize of the common fort, 
 the other fomewhat bigger than a» Lark.’ Both have Chefiiut heads, and white 
 wings. | 
 
 The GOLDFINCH;Carduelis, Acanthis. 
 
 The ComMoON | | Vulearis. 
 The GREATER REB-HEADEDP>LINNET, Linaria<Rubra major. 
 The LessER RED-HEADED Rubra winor. 
 
 The StSKIN, Spinus oe Ligurinus. 
 The BUNTING, Emberiza alba, Gefn. 
 The YELLOW-HAMMER,Emberiza flava. 
 
 WATER FOWL 
 AND FIRST, 
 CLovEN-FoorTen, fuch a live about waters, and frequent watery places. 
 THE GREATER KEND. 
 
 1. The CRANE, common im the Fens of Lixcolufhire, and in Cambridge/tare, 
 Gras. , 
 
 2. The COMMON HERON, or Heron-fhaw, Ardea cinerea major. It builds upon - 
 trees, and is agreat deftroyer of fith. : 
 
 3, TheWHITE HERON, Ardewalba. 
 
 4. The BrtTtour, or Bittern, called in the North of Exgland the Mire-drum, 
 whofe drumming note ¢ faith Mr: Fohjor_) 1 have in anEvening heard a mile off. _ Ar- 
 dea flellaris, fiwe Taurws. This, I fuppofe, isthe Bird which the Vulgar call the Night- 
 Raven, and have'agreat dread of: It builds upon ‘the ground, and lays four os five 
 
 Eggs. 
 aes | 
 THE MIDDLE AND LESSER KINDS: 
 
 t. With very long Bills. 
 
 1. The CuRLEW, Arquata five Numenius. 
 2. The WHIMBRELL,Or {wall Curlew. Arquata minor. 
 2. TheWooDcock, Seolopax. Avbird of paflage 5 yet 
 breed here. 
 4. The SNIPE, Gallinago minor. . - 
 5. The Gib, or Fack-Sxipe, in the North, nr uminitta. v= 
 
 fomeftraglers abideand 
 
 
 
 
 
- eR PR NRE ee 
 ——e a of a 
 _~——e ot ie 
 
 Tee a 
 a toa ~ORS iat” 
 “r= [_—e- 
 . Scere 
 -- . ; y= - 
 ne 
 
 4 ‘i 
 me) ) at 
 i B 
 : } 
 po i 
 as Yet: 
 ee Ya : 
 * - 
 isp + ; 
 neue 
 be. tt 
 elf ie 
 ke ' 
 Ne tie 
 ie Hl 
 b, I 
 Ay PY ' 
 Peep 
 
 tet i 
 1 ie i 
 EAH 
 
 a 
 
 ——— rrr" 
 
 
 
 6. °TheGo D wi Tyin the Ifle of Ely and elfewhere the Yurwip or I 
 
 
 
 Al wi - G 
 fe 
 
 ——— 
 
 NT 
 
 Carwbelp. Fe- 
 
 eu 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Book I. 
 
 doa, Geta. Barge forte Belonit.hesaes/ Aad! ; 
 
 7. Pork iL Aldrev. Uhave not as yet heard of any Exnglifh name of this : I 
 fuppofe our Countrymen confound thefe Species, calling both by the {amename, tor 
 theif great likenels. roan 
 
 9 TheSTONE-PLOVER, Pedoa noftra tertia. This Bird we faw 1n Cornwall. 
 
 9. The SEA-PIE, Hematopus, Bellonii. Pica marina, Gein. 
 
 2. With middle-fized Bills. 
 
 1. The RuF FE, Avis pugnax; The female of this “is called the Reeve. Thefe 
 Birds differ wonderfully in colours, fo that {carce can there be found any two 
 alike. 
 >, The REDSHANK, or Pool-Suipe, Totanus, Gefn. ¢& Gallinula Erythropus ma- 
 
 jor ejufdem. = | i 
 2, The KNOT, that isKing Kont or Kuuite{ Canutus | his bird. Cinclus Bellonii, an 
 
 Callidrys cinerea ¢ , 
 
 4. [The SANDERLING, or Curwillet, Arenaria noftra. \t 1s of the bignefsof the 
 lefler Tringa, and wants the back-toe. This Sir T.B. calls the Sea-Dottrel, 
 
 5. The GREATER TRINGA. 
 
 6. The SANDPIPER, Tringa minor, the Oxe-eye in Suffex. 
 
 7. TheStiNnT, Alanda marina, about Chefter called a Purre. 
 
 8. Tothefe may be added ( though it hath fhort legs, and wades not in water ) the 
 KINGFISHER, Ifpida. 
 
 » 
 
 9. With fhort Bills. 
 
 1. TheLAP wINc,called infome places the Baftard-Plover, in the North, inimi- 
 tation of its note orvoice,the Tewit. Capella five Vanuchws. 
 
 >. The GREEN PLOVER, Pluvialis viridisyealled alfo Pardalus, becautle fpot- 
 ted almoft like a Leopard. bh ads | 
 
 2. TheGREY PLOY 7 | 
 
 4. The, Sz RLEW, Ocdicnemus, Bellonii. 
 
 5. The DoTTREL, Morinellys. , 
 
 6. TheSEA-LARK, Charadrius five Hiaticula. Thefe three laft named Birds do all 
 want the back-toe. 
 
 5. The TURNSTONE, Cinclus, Turneri forte. This Bird we found on the Sea- 
 coaft of Cornwall, It is bigger than a Blackbird, and leiler than a Plover. 
 
 hese ASN! 
 
 
 
 
 WATER FOWL. THAT,.SWIM. 
 
 .o1. CLOVEN-FoOoTED, fome of which may be calledFIN-ToOED, becaufe they have 
 
 lateral appendant membranes on each fide their toes. 
 
 1. The CRESTED DIVER, Colymbus criftatus. 
 
 2. The ASH-COLOURED DIVER, Colymbus cinereus major. 
 
 a. The D1DAPPER, Dobchick, or Doucker,Colymbus minor. 
 
 4. TheGREATEST DIVER, or Loon, Colymbus maximums. This Bird is whole- 
 a but ae oe ce TE with the reft of the Colywbi wehave fubjoyned 
 it to them. thefe Birds are alfo called L 
 theie lean sole behiad. ed Loons and Arsfeet, from the fituation of 
 
 5. The Common WATER-HEN, or Morehen. Galli 
 following Bird run {wiftly. eee cere Thin sae 
 
 6. The WATER-RAIL, Rallus aquaticus. 
 
 7. The Coot, or Bell-Coot, Fulica. 
 
 i. WHOLEFOOTED BIRDS, and. fir, 
 1. Such as have but three toes. — | 
 
 1. The CouLTER-NEB, Pope, Mullet in. fon 
 64 Cluf. Fratercula quorundam. ee ‘one Races the Puffin Ana ArGi- 
 
 2. The 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Boox I, ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 (2. The RAZOR-BILL, Awk or Murre. Alca Hoieri. 
 3. The GUILLIAM, or Guillemot, Sea-hen,or Kiddaw, Lonnvia Hoieri. 
 Pe aa fl = se RTLE, Turtur marinus Baffanus: We fuppofe this Turtle Dove 
 of the Baffe land wants the back toe, .but are not the 
 fe : reof very con 
 never {een It. ’ ee having 
 
 2. Such as have four toes al webd together. 
 
 1. TheSoLAND-GoosE, Axfer Baffanus. 
 2. The CoR MORANT, Coruws aquaticus five Carbo. 
 3. ; oe SHA > = in the — Country the Crane, Graculus palmipes. 
 efe have all their toes web'd together for more {wift and {peedy {wimmi 
 claw of their middle toe ferrate, for to hold fith. a 
 
 9. Such as have four toes, but the hind one feparate; And firtt, 
 1. Such w have narrow and fharp-pointed Bills. 
 
 1. The great BLACK AND WuHitE Gui, Larus maximus ex albo & nigro 
 varius. This is almoft as big as a Goof. Ifaw and defcribed it at Chefter. 
 
 2. The HERRING-GULL, or greateft afh-coloured Gull; called corruptly, the 
 White Gull; Larus cinereus maximus. It 1sas bigas a Duck, with an afh-coloured 
 back. ¢ 
 3. The CommonSEA-MALL; Larus cinereus minor 5 as big as a Pigeon, with an 
 afh-coloured back. 
 
 4. The GR EY GULL, perchance the Cornith Wagel, Larus grifeus : called in Hol- 
 land the Burgomatter of Groewland. . 
 
 5. TheCornifh TAR ROCK, Larus cinereus Bellonii. It wants the back toe, inftead 
 thereofhaving only a {mall protuberancy. 
 
 6. ThePewtT, or Black-cap, Cepphus, Turneri & Gein. 
 
 7° The WINTER ME Ww, OF Coddy-Moddy, Larus fufcus frve hybernws. 
 
 S TheSEA-SWALLOW, Hirundo marina. , 
 
 9. The LessER SEA-SWAL Low,Larw pifcator,Geln. & Aldrov. ; 
 
 10. The SCARE-Crow, Lara niger, Gein. 
 
 iL TheBLACK CLOVEN-FooTED GuLtL, Larus niger fidipes nofter. 
 
 12.The BROWN TERN, Larus Sterna futca didius. 
 
 Befides thefe Mr. Fohxfow fhew’d me another {mall bird of this-kind, which he 
 called Larus fidipes alter : which Ithen took to belong to the Water-hen-kind, but by 
 his defcription of it fince fent me, I now rather incline to his opinion, that it isa La- 
 rus, or {iall Gul. 
 
 The GANNET, Catarraies nofter, the Skua of Hozerus, A Cornifh bird. 
 
 To thefe may be added the PUFFIN, or Curviere, Puffinus Anglorum. On the Calf 
 
 of Man, andthe S1Lvy Iflands. 
 
 2. Such a have narrow, ferrate, or toothed Bills. 
 
 1. The GosSsANDER, or Bergander, Merganfer, Aldrov. The female of this 
 ( miftaken for a diftinét fort }) 1s called the Dux Diver, or Sparling-fowl. 
 
 2. The Lefer TooTH-BILL'D DIVER, Mergus cinereus fufcus. 
 
 2. TheWuHiTE Nun, Albellus alter, Aldrov. The Female of this is alfo. mi- 
 (taken for a different kind, and called Mergus Glacialis, which Mr. fohnfon Englithes 
 the Loxeh Diver. The Male and Female in this and the precedent differ fo much in 
 colour that they have been even by the beft Naturalifts defcribed and figured for 
 diverfe Species. Thad the Female of this latter lately fent me from Cambridge, by the 
 title of a Swe. I fuppofe the name is originally High Dutch; for I find in Baltner our 
 
 common Wiceon intitled Bin Schmey. 
 i 
 
 As HAVE BROAD BILLS, and firit, 
 
 1. The Goofe-kind. 
 
 4.S5UCH 
 
 1. The Sw AN, Cygnus, Olor. eo = 5. The 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ee eg ee 
 Boox | 
 Oe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cD 
 
 9 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 >. TheELK, Hooper, or Wild Swan. Cygnus ferus. 
 . The TAME Goo es 8 
 4) The Witp Goose, Aafer ferm. 
 - The SwAN-GOOSE, Ao ue : notable for her lifted neck, girdled 
 breaft, crefted head, and knobbed forehead. This was brought over from abroad, 
 butis now grown common enough with us;asthe Turkey and Peacock allo were, which 
 we reckon among our Domeltics. 
 6. The BERNACLE, or Clakis, Bernicla five Bernacla. 
 ' The BRENT-GoosE, Brenta five Bernicla altera. 
 9 The RAT-GoosE, or Road-Goofe, Brenthus, Ariftotelis forte. 
 
 2. The Duck-kind. 
 
 1. TheSHELDRAKE, or Borough-Duck: Tadorna Belloni. It is called Sheldrake 
 from its being particoloured, Sheld fignitying dappled or {potted with white; and 
 Burrow-duck trom building in Coney-burrows. 
 
 >. St. CUTBERTS Duck, Anas Farnenfis, building with us only on the Farz 
 Iflands. Itakeit to be the fame with the Eider of Wormius. 
 
 3.. TheScaurp-Duck, Fuligula forte Gefneris It is called Scaup-duck, from its 
 feeding upon Scanp, 2. e. broken Shelfifh: varies infinitely in colour, efpecially in 
 head and neck, fo thatamong a pack of forty or fifty you fhall not find two exactly 
 alike. Mr. Fobzfon. 
 
 4. The BLACK Duck, Avzas niger, Aldrov. Seen with Mr. Fohxzjox. 
 
 s, TheScoTER, orlefer black Diver, Anas niger nanor. 
 
 6. The TuF TED Duck, Amnas cirratus. Querquedula criftata five Colymbis Bellonit. 
 
 7. TheGoLDEN-EYE, Clangula,Gefn. This was {ent us from Cambridge by the 
 title of Shelden, I fuppofe {o denominated from its being particoloured of black and 
 white, that is Sheld,fo other pied birdsare called Sheld-fowl. 
 
 8. 7 : HOVELER,Azas Platjrrhynchos altera five clypeata Germanica,Aldrov. 
 
 9. The LESSER RED-HEADED DUCK, Amasferajujeajen ca ste ruffo minor. 
 
 10. Lhe POCHARKD, orgre headed Duc : ieliga Salone cas 7S Anas fera 
 fufca, Rothalf, Ghose : 
 “ay. The Common W1LD-Duc kK ,and. Mallard, Bofchas major. 
 
 12. Big - A-PH a. SANT, Anam caudacuta. 
 
 13. The Common WiGEON, or Whewer. Penelope, Aldrov. I am informed b 
 Mr. Dent Apothecary inCambridge, that the Males or C ae 
 and the F otal Wi erieos. : ee 
 
 14. The GADWa4LL,or Grey. Anas Platyrrhynchos ro ero 
 
 15. The Common TEAL, actinides aos Pre ie eee, Aldiow, 
 
 16. TheSuMMER TEAL, Anas Circia, Gein. 
 
 17. The TAME Duck, Anas domeftica. 
 
 i8. The Muscovy Duck, Azas mofchata. 
 
 19. The HOoOK-BILD DuCk, Axa roftro adunco. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Among the whole-footed Water-fowl we omitted the Recurvirofira or Avofetta 
 Ttalorum, which inWinter-time often frequents our coafts, the Shear-water of Sir Th 
 mas: Brown,and the Mergulus melanoleucosroftre acute brevi of the fame. Bien 
 
 Among the cloven-footed Water-fow] the Stork, whichis fometimes feenupo 
 Coafts, perhaps driven over by ftorm, or other Accident. 2c 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 The Explication of the Letters added to the Figure of the 
 Da-Nets. 
 
 A A Shewsthe bodies of the main Néts, and how they ought to be laid. 
 B B The tail-lines or hinder-lines ftak’d to the earth. 
 CC The fore-lines likewife ftak’d to the earth. 
 D_ The Knitting-needle. 
 E The Bird-ftale. 
 F The Looking-glafs-ftale. 
 G ‘The Linethat draws the Bird-ftale. 
 H_ The Line which draws the Glafs-ftale, 
 II Thedrawing double Lines of the Nets, which pull them over, twelve fathom 
 long at leaft, but not double above two fathom. 
 K KK K The ftakes which ftake down the four nether pointsof the Nets, and the 
 -two Tail Lines. 
 L L The ftakes which ftake down the fore-lines. 
 ~M The fingle Line with the wooden Button to pull the Net over with. 
 © TheMallet of wood, 
 P The Hatchet, 
 Q QThe Giggs. 
 
 Place this before Page 29. 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 ADDITION 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY 
 
 FRANCIS WILLUGHBY Fife 
 BEING 
 
 An Berrome of the Art of FOW LING, 
 Collected out of Markham, Olina, and others. 
 
 
 
 Segi\ delivering the Art of Fowling, or taking of Birds, there are 
 gy two methods that might be objerved. 
 
 The firft proceedin according to the Engines and devices 
 that are made ufe of for taking them. 
 mate {econd according to the feveral forts of Birds to be 
 
 a 
 
 In the firft method might be firft an enumeration made of 
 the {everal Enginesand Inftruments, as Nets, Springes, and 
 Snares, Traps and Pit-falls, Guns and Crofs-bows, Bird- 
 lime, Baits, and Animals, wz. Hawks, and Dogs. Then, going particularly over 
 each In{trument or Engine, mightbe fhewed, 1. Thefeveral forts and fathions of each. 
 2. The various ways of ufing each fort. 2. What kind of birds are to be taken each 
 way. | 
 But I fhall chufe rather to ufe the fecond method, following therein Markham in 
 his Treatife on this Subject, intitaled Hangers prevention, or the Art of Fowling, to 
 whom I muft profefs my felf beholden for the greater part of this Difcourfe, which 
 I fhall divide intotwo SeGtions; in the firft treating concerning the taking of Water- 
 fowl, inthefecond eoncerning the taking of Laxd-fowl : To which laft I fhall annex 
 three Chapters: The firft, concerning the making of Birdlime; The fecond, con- — 
 cerning the election and training up'of a Setting-Dog ; Thethird; ‘containing an 
 Abridgment of fome Statutes relating to the prefervation of Fowl. 
 
 tee SECTION 1], 
 a Of the taking of WV ater-Fowl. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fae Cuap. I. 
 
 How to take Water-Fowl with Nets. 
 
 e+ | 
 How to take Cloven-footed Water-Fow! with Nets. 
 
 mafhes, at leat two Inches from knot to‘knot: For thebiggerthe mafh, fo 
 the birds cannot creep through, the better. The Net muft not beabove two 
 
 fathoms deep, and fix long atthe moft: A Net of that fize being as great as a Pes 
 
 M = your Net of the ee and beft-twined Pack-thread, with large 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ~ 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. _Boox 
 
 ; : h fide, and 
 ty throw over. It muft be verged witha {trong cord on each Hde, 
 raeniel tiff upona long Pole at each end: Then having obferved ee Ss 
 Evening-feeding of the Fow] ( which is feldom 1n one and the fame P ee ) eget 
 come two hours before thofe feeding times ( which are twilight int _ Ae ne 
 after Sun-fet at Night) and upon thefe haunts {pread your Nets fmoot a ed 
 king downthe two lower ends firm onthe ground, fo that they may = 5 CO ie 
 o. and nomore. The upper verge of the Net mutt ftand extended ont : long — 
 the further end whereof mutt be ftaked down to the earth, two ort ee s ae 
 from the Net, ( the Stake ftanding ina right line with the lower edge of the o a 
 Fowler holding in his hand the other end ( which fhouldbe at leaft ten ot ‘ 7 
 thom long ) at its diftance : where he fhall make fome artificial fhelter of gra * : s; 
 earth. or fuch like matter, where he may lie out of fight of the Fowl. ! : te 
 that the Net lie {0 tickle, that upon the leaft twitch it will rife from the si th, and 
 fly over. Strow over the Net {hort dead fog and other grafsto hide itas muchas an 
 be from the view of the Fowl. It would be of advantage, clofe to your Net to . c 
 downa live Heron, or other Fowl you {pread for,formerly taken, for a {tale, ma ae 
 her now and then flutter her wings. When you fee a competent number of Fow!with- 
 in the danger of your Net, draw your Cord fuddenly aud cover them. This you may 
 do till the Sun be almoft half an hour high, but no longer, for after that time no more 
 Fowl will come to feed ; and at Evening from Sun-fet till the Stars begin to appear. 
 Thus you may take not only the greater Water-fowl, but Plover and others. 
 
 §. IL 
 How to take whole-footed Water-fowl with Nets. 
 
 Ake your Nets of the {malleft and {trongeft Pack-thread$: the Mathes of lefs 
 M compa{s than the forementioned let them be 2 > Of 3 foot deep; for length 
 according to the Rivers and Waters they are to be pitched over. Let them belined on 
 both fides with falfe Nets of ftrong Packthread, every, Math being 1 = foot {quare, 
 that as the Fow] {triketh cith gia cougt Ts them, the fmaller Net may pafs 
 t t Matr y, anc o entangie them. 
 eg aero tal pitch for fer Evening fight of Fowl before Sun-fet, and 
 {take them faft down oneach fide the River, the lower fide of the Nets about halfa 
 foot within the water, the upper fide fhoaling flantwife again(t the water, yet not 
 touching it by a foot and half at leaft. The ftringsthat fupport this upper fide muft be 
 faftined to fmall yielding fticks prickt in the bark, which asthe Fowl {triketh may give 
 liberty to the Net to runand entangle them: Yet one end ever made {fo faft that the 
 Net may by no means be carried away. You may thus place divers of thefe Nets over 
 the River about twelve {core one fromanother. 
 
 If there be any Fens, Plafhes, or Pits at a good. diftance from the River, go to 
 them, and fhooting off a piece twice or thrice, raife’ the Fowl from thence, which 
 will prefently pack to the River, then plant your Nets of the middle fize upon the 
 {all Plafhes and Pits, and the longeft of all upon the Fens: In like manner if there 
 a any covert of Sedge, Reeds, Rubhes, cc. in the water, pitch Nets about them 
 MiGs cain 
 
 In the Morning go firft to the River about an.hour or two before day, and fee 
 what your Nets et taken, and unlade them: Then if you find there be many 
 Fowls upon the River, {hoot off your Gun in one or two places, and that will quick- 
 ly fend them to the Fens, Plafhes, and blank waters, whither you may repair about 
 Sun-rifing, and fee what your Nets have taken there. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuar. Ie: h 
 How to take Water-Fowl with limed ftrings. 
 
 Fter you have found and obferved the haunts of the Fowl, provide a long 
 line made of {mall cord, knotted here and there, and well limed over; and 
 
 a burthen of little fticks, fharp at the nether end, and with a littlefork at 
 theupper. If itbe forthe Evening-flight, cometo the place an hour before Sun-fers 
 
 if 
 
 - aaa 
 * 
 a - Sat | 
 
 
 
 
 
ae ee an aan arene eet ieee ea basiinimernsidian TS Oe oa eee 
 Boox J, ORNITHOLOGY, — 
 
 if for the Morning, at leaft two hours before day [i obferve t i 
 459 : e the fam 
 
 to prick down Lime-rods, ] and prick them tow, little (lantieigs fi ane 
 within a foot and half of the ground at the uttermoft 
 place of eee one fom diftant from ariother 4 yard ort 
 next in the lame row four or five yards... Thenlay the limed ftyj 
 rows higher than others, like waves. Faften ae: ends with 2 ippilll en 
 upon any violent {train the limed {tring may loofen and lap about any thin that 
 toucheth it. And fo you fhall take a great number of: Plover’or other Fowl Kock 
 “4 : broad fquadron, and {woop clofe by the ground a good diftance before ey 
 ight. | 
 
 In like manner you may take whole-footed Watér-fow], liming your {tr 
 {trong and water-tried Lime, placing the f{trings ‘over the Water o aa did aca ve 
 Land, only making»your. forked {ticks fo ‘much the longer; obferving never to Jay 
 
 in going 
 as they may be 
 in ever rows all over the 
 wo, and-one ftick fiom the 
 
 — 
 
 them,,in the Moon-fhine, ‘but either in dark nights, ‘or fhady places. They may be 
 placed either fo near the water as almoft to touch its or higher, not exceeding a foot 
 and half. Thefe birds, though many times they fly in fingle files, -yet when they come 
 down, {pread themfelves fo, as to alight all as it were together upon the water:: And 
 fo by this Artifice they may be taken many together. 
 
 §.. I. 
 
 & 
 
 How to take Water-fowl with Lime-twigs: 
 
 Y Oumutt provide good {tore of rods; the beftare {mall, long, ftreight twigs of 
 Willow, cutof even length, lefs for fimall fowl], and greater forgreater, yet 
 all fo light and flender, as to be apt to play and wind about any thing.. The length 
 muft be fuited to the place where they are tobe ufed. Smear above half their upper 
 ends with Birdlime, and holding them to the fire make the Bird-lime melt and run up- 
 on them, thatthe Rod may notbe difcerned from the Lime. | 
 
 Then at the times before:directed go"to thé haunts: And firft ia the very middle 
 of the place pin down fora ftale a live-fowl of the fame kind youlay for, yet fo that 
 fhe may have liberty of wing to flutter up and down at pleafurée.’ Round the Stale 
 every way, all the place over, prick down your Lime-rods in rows, at about a foot 
 diftance from each other, aflope; with their points bending to the wind, or cro({s- 
 wife, one to the wind, and one againft it alternately, their tops being a foot ftom 
 the ground or better. This done, place a Stale or two more aloof from the Lime- 
 rods ; and having found a fit place for your felf to lie conceal'din 5 witha fmall, long 
 {tring faftned to each Stale, and running along the ground to you, when vou fee or 
 hear any Fowl coming, {tir the Stales, and make them flutter: and upon fight of | 
 them the Fow1 will prefently {trike and {woop in among them, and fo be entangled by 
 the Rods. 
 
 You mutt have a well-taught Water-Spaniel to find and fetch fuch as fluttet away 
 and hide themfelves. 
  Whole-footed Water-fowl may in like manfier be taken with rods {meared over 
 with {trong Water-lime, which nomoifture or froft can injure. Prick thefe Rods in 
 the water, the limed part being above water, [and among{t them {take down here 
 and there a Stale,] all over any Fen or wadeable Raver, and alfo upon the dry banks 
 and borders furrounding fuch Waters, fo thick that a Fowl may not creep between 
 them, fixing alfo aStale or two there. | 
 
 You need not wait continually on your Rods; only come firft early in the Morn- 
 ing, fecondly at Noon, thirdly, late at Night, alway attended with your Spaniel, 
 and take what you find: If any of your Rods be mifling, employ your Spaniel for 
 finding out the Fowl that carried them away, whether fluttered into the Peiver, or 
 crept into any holes.of the Bank, Rufhes, Sedge, or other Covert. gs 4] 
 
 When your {port begins to decay, and the Game leaves the haunt, immediately 
 find out a new haunt that is untroubled, and do as before directed 5 and after abouta 
 monthsreft the firft haunt will become as good as before. : | 
 
 For Wild-goofe or Bernacle fet of your greateft Rods upon green Winter cotn; 
 either Wheat or Rie, but efpecially Wheat, on which this fort of Fowl feed moft 
 earneftly. [The browneft Rods, and neareft thecolour of the earth are belt | Set 
 ag Rods efpecially about and in the middle of the water-furtows. Thefe are very 
 
 ie Fow), and therefore you muft {tand at a good diftance upon fome knob or er 
 ground 3 
 
 
 

 
 i 
 
 3% 
 
 * Out of the 
 Epit.of Hut- 
 bandry. 
 
 $$$ nai — —EE EE —EEE 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. _ Booxl. 
 
 f the reft 
 round : andwhen by fluttering of the Fowl] touch’d, and fudden rifing of the’ re 
 a perceive any are taken, make in and takethem up; and if any half limed be flit- 
 ting away, let your Dog fetch them. ~ 
 
 Te will not be amifs, ifwhen you have placed your Rods, you beat the Fowlo 
 fom all other haunts, which will make them come the fooner to that where your Rods 
 
 are placed. 
 
 * How to take Snipes with Water-Bird-lime. 
 
 Take two or three hundred Birch-twigs, and lime forty or fifty of them together 
 very well: Then finding out the haunt of Sxipes, which you fhall perceive by their 
 Dung, andin very hard weather where the water lies open they will lie very thick. 
 Then obferving the place where they moft feed, fet two or three hundred of your 
 twigs at a yard diftance, and floping fome one way, {ome another. Retire two or 
 three hundred paces from the place, and you fhall find, that there fhall not one Snipe 
 inten mifs yourtwigs, by reafon they {pread their wings, and fetch a round. clofe to 
 the ground before they-alight. When you fee any taken, {tir notat firft, for he wilt 
 feed with the twigs under his wings, and as others come over the place he will bea 
 eaufe to entice them. But when youfec the coatt clear, and but few that be not taken, 
 go and take up your Birds, and faften one or two, that the other flying over may come 
 to the fame place. If there be any other open places there by, put them off thofe 
 haunts. They will lie where itis open and a Spring very much; for they can feed in 
 no hard place by reafon of their Bills. Ina Snow you fhall have them extraordinary 
 thick upon fuch a place. 
 
 
 
 C pA. 2. +i. 
 
 How to take Water-fow! with Springes and Snares. 
 
 
 
 
 ving found the hauptsawker€ thele fowl] do ufually feed, and noted well the 
 He: } fer-tracks where they commonly ftalk and paddle to find 
 4 worms, flote-grafs, roots and other fuch like things onwhich they feed, you 
 fhall mark where many furrows meet in one, and break out as it were in one narrow 
 {tream or paflage, and fo defcending afterwards divide into other parts and branches 
 this middle part or core being the deepeft, and as it were feeding the reft; then no- 
 ting how every furrow breaketh and cometh in this Center or little Pit, you fhall 
 mark which is. moft padled with the Fowl: which found out and noted; you {hall 
 acrofs all the other paflages make as it were a Fence of {mall fhort {ticks prickt down 
 into the ground, at half an Inch diftance, ftanding about an handful or fomewhat 
 more above water. The Fowl ( fuch is their nature ) will not prefsover thefe Fences 
 but {tray about till they find the open way, wherein they will run up {wiftly pad- 
 ling up and. down for their victuals. This done, take a good {tiff ftick, cut flat on one 
 fide, and prick both ends down into the water or earth on one fide the track, the 
 bow running parallel to, andnot crofling the track. Then you fhall make a bow of 
 {mall Hazle or Willow in the fafhionof.a Pear; { rather narrower ] the one end run- 
 ning out as it were ina foot-{talk, longer or fhorter, greater or {maller, accordin 
 to the bignefs of the Fowl you fet for, This is to anfwer the bridge in a Moute-tra : 
 and therefore we will call itthe Bridge. Thentakea good ftiff young Plant of bn 
 zel orElm, rufhy grown, and clean without knot, all having made the bottom a 
 fharp, at the top you fhall faftena very {trong Loop or Swickel of horfe-hair.. [ This 
 Loop is alfo to be made greater or lefler, of more or fewer horfe-hairs accordin 
 to the bignefs of the birds you fet for } tied very faft together with {tron Pack: 
 thread, and madefo {moothand yare that it will flip and run at pleafure Hard by 
 = a or Swickel fhall there alfo be faftned, within an Inch and half of the nck 
 = oa z Plant a little broad thin Tricker, fuch as they ufe to fet up Moufe-traps 
 _ Thefe things thus prepared, take your Loop of Hazel or With | 
 and lay ing it crofsthe track, hang the bowed eae of it ona little Resagtiocitdaee: 
 down into the ground onone fide the track, the other end or ftalkof it muft be a 
 underneath the bout of the firft-mentioned bowed ftick, and near the end of at: 
 
 {talk 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
————— 
 
 ee eee 
 
 Book I, ORNITHOLOGY: 33 
 {talk of it muft bea nick cutin. Then having thruft down the fharpned e 
 Hazel-plant faft into the ground on-the oe or fide of the vein ies tae Gun 
 ler end with the Loopand Tricker to the Bridge: ‘Then put one erid of the Tricker 
 under the bout of the firft mentioned ftick, and.the other end in the nick made in 
 the {talk or end of the Bridge; this will keep the Hazel-plant bent down. Then lay 
 the Loop of horfe-hair upon the Bridge fo conveniently wide, as that the Bird may 
 tread in the middle of it upon the Bridge, which the thall no fooner do, but up will 
 fly the end of the Hazel-plant, and thebirds foot be caught in the noofe or flipping 
 Loop of horfe-hair. This is fomewhat dificult fo clearly to exprefs in words.as that 
 any man may readily underftand and conceive ite: Markham's defcription is fo imper- 
 fect and ob{cure, that I could make nothing of it. 
 
 How to catch Weodcocks im Snares. 
 
 This Bird being wont to walk ftreight forwardsin any furrows or'tracks, the Fow- 
 fers make little pads or walks for them in the places where they haunt, of a Palm 
 broad, {treight and equal, and inthem fet many Snaresmade of horfe-hair fuch asare 
 defigned Figure 2. This bird being fufficiently fimple, once got'into one of thefe pads 
 runs ftreight on from end to end without any heed-taking,and fois caught by the neck 
 mfome of thefe fnarés. | 
 
 We in Exgland are wont to make-great Glades through thick Woods, and hang 
 Nets acrofs them: And fo the Woodcocks fhooting through thefe Glades, as their na- 
 ture is, {trike again{t the Nets, and are entangled in them. 
 
 —— 
 
 
 
 Crap. TV. 
 An approved way to take a Heron ; out of the Epitome ofthe Art of Husbandry, 
 
 much as the Otter, and fhall deftroy a Pond more in one Week than an Ofter 
 
 {hall do in three Months: For I have feen a Heron that hath been thot ata 
 Pond to have feventeen Carps at once in his belly, which he will digeft in fix or feven 
 hours, and to fifhing again. I have feen a Carp taken out of a Herons belly nine 
 Inches and an half long: Several Gentlemen that have kept them tame, have put fifth 
 in a Tub,and tried the Heron how many fimall Roches and Dace he would eat ina day, 
 and they havefound him to eat above fifty a day,one day with another. One Heron 
 that haunts a Pond in a year fhall deftroy one thoufand ftore-carps; nay, one thou- 
 {and five hundredin half a year. Now the belt way to take this great enemy of Fith 
 is this: Having found hishaunt, get’'three or four {mall Roches or Daces and havin 
 a {trong Hook witha Wire toit, draw the Wire jutt withinfide the skin of the fith, 
 beginning without fide of the Gills, and running it to the tail, and then the fith will 
 lic five or fix days alive: For if the fifh be dead, the Heron will not touch him. Let 
 not your Hook be toorank. Then having a {trong Line madeof Silk and Wire,about 
 two yards and half long ( if you twift not Wire with your Silk his fharp Bill will 
 bite it in two immediately ) and tie a round {tone of about a pound weight to the 
 Line, and lay three or four Hooks, and in two or three nights you {hall not fail to 
 have him if he comes to your Ponds. Lay not your Hooks inthe deep water, where 
 the Heroncannot wade to them; for if you do, they may lie long enough before you 
 fee any effect of your pains. Colour your Line of a dark green, fora Heron isa very 
 
 fubtle bird. 
 
 : Heron being as great a devourer of Fifh as any is, I will affirm ten times as 
 
 
 
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 ORNITHOLOGY. Book}. 
 NAT ORR 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuap. V. 
 Of the Fowling-piece, and Stalking-horfe. 
 of an indifferent bore [ fomewhat under Harguebufe ] for they hold the belt 
 
 charges, and carry the furtheft levels and fuch ashavek ire-locks. 
 The charge muft be round hail-thot, of bignefS according to the Game you fhoot 
 
 T He beft Fowling-pieces are the long-batrelled [of five anda half orfix foot | 
 
 at : 
 Asnear as you can fhoot with the wind, and fideways of, or behind the Fowl: 
 And if poflible under the thelter of fome. hedge, \bank,..or, tree, xe. fometimes Cif 
 need be ) creeping on your hands and knees. Chufe rather to fhoot at a rank or 
 file than a fingle Revel’ and then fend your Dog for what you have ftrucken.. You 
 muft have your Dog in fuch true obedience asnot to {tir from your heels till you bid 
 him go. Bs | 
 Where you haveno fhelter ufe.a Stalking-horfe, which 1s any old Jade trained up 
 for that purpofe; which being fkript naked, and having nothing but a ftring about 
 the nether Chap, of two or three yards long, will gently, and as you haveocca- 
 fion to urge him, walk on the banks of Brooks ahd Rivers, or Meadows and. Moors, 
 or up and down in the water, which way you pleafe, flodding, and eating on the 
 grafs and weeds that grow therein; and fo hardy as not to take any affright at the 
 report of your Piece. You fhall thelter your felf and your Piece behind his fore- 
 fhoulder, bending your body down low by his fide, and keeping his body {til full 
 between youand the Fowl. Then, having chofen your mark, take your level from 
 before the forepart of the Horfe, ‘fhooting as it were between the horfes neck and 
 the water, which is more fafe than taking the level under the horfes belly, and much 
 te{S to be perceived; the fhoulder of the horfe covering the body of the man, and 
 his legs alfo the mans legs. Whiles you ate {talking you may leave your Dog with 
 your Bags, @c. where he gnaydte'c Sfe, and never ftir till you have fhot,,and then 
 saft.calkétstit not before) come to you, and fetch forth what you have 
 
 
 
 
 - For want of a live-horfe you may make an artificial ftalking-horfe of Canvas, ei- 
 ther ftuft, or hollow, and ftretcht upon fplints of wood or ftrong Wires, with his 
 head bending down, as if he grazed, of due fhape, {tature, and bignefs, painted of 
 the colour of a horfe [ the darker the lefs apt to be difcovered.} Let it be fixt 
 inthe middle to a ftaff with a pick of Iron, to ftick it in the ground while you 
 fhoot. 
 
 In{tead of a horfe you may make and ufe the fhape of an Oxe, Stag, or any other 
 horned beaft, painted of the ufual colour of beafts in that Country, and having the 
 natural horn or head. Beets) 
 
 N.Thefe Engines’ are to be employed in thofe places where the birds are ufedto {ee 
 and be acquainted with the beafts they reprefent. 
 
 N.2. Thefe Engines are fitter for Water than Land, the water hiding their im- 
 
 perfections. 
 _ When you have fo much beaten the fow] with the Stalking horfe that they begin to 
 find your deceit, and will not fit: Then you may: otherwhiles ufe your Oxe-engine 
 till the Horfe be forgotten, and fo by change of your Engines make your Gobi latt, 
 The fhape of a Stag may be ufeful in fuch places where Stags commonly feed,and are 
 familiar with the Fow], but they are fubject to quicker difcovery. ae 
 
 Some {talk with dead Engines, as an artificial Tree, Shrub, or Buth, ora dead 
 Hedge. But thefe arenot fo ufeful for the ftalk as the ftand: It being unnatural for 
 dead thingsto move, and the Fowl. will not only apprehend, but efchew it. There- 
 fore if you ufe them, you mutt either not movethem at all, or fo flowly as thet their 
 
 ‘motion fhall not be perceived. 
 
 SECTION 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Book, OR ACITHOLOGY, 3 
 
 
 
 SECTION 1. 
 Of the taking of Land-Fowl, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuap. I. 
 Several ways of taking them by night. 
 
 Sige! 
 Of taking Birds with the Low-bell. 
 
 His is of ufe chiefly in Champain Countries, and that fromthe end of O&o- 
 ber till the end of March following. 
 
 About eight of the clock atnight, the Air being mild, and the Moonnot 
 fhining, take your Low-bell, of {uch fizeasaman may well carry 1t in one hand, 
 having a deep, hollow, and fad found; and with it a Net of {mall Math, at leaft 
 twenty yards deep, and fo broad as to cover five or fix ordinary Lands, or more, 
 according as you have company to carry it: and go into a Stubble-field [ a 
 Wheat ftubbleis the beft.] He that carriesthe Bell muft go foremoft, and toll it as he 
 goch along as folemnly asmay be, letting it but now and then knock on both fides. 
 Then fhall follow the Net born up at each corner, and on each fide. Another muft 
 carry a pan of livecoals, but not blazing. Atthefe, having pitcht your Nets where 
 you think any Game is, you muft light bundles of Hay, Straw, or Stubble, or elfe 
 Links and Torches, and with noifes and poles beat up all the Birds under the Net, 
 tha: they may rife, and entangle themfelves in it, and you take themat pleafure. 
 Which done -extinguifh your Lights, and proceeding to another place, do as 
 before. , 
 
 N. The found of the Low-bel/ aftonies the Birds, and makes them hte clofe; and 
 theblaze of light dazling their eyes affrights them, and caufes them to rife and make 
 to ff. 
 
 __N.2. In this paftime all mu(t' be done with great filence, no noife being heard but 
 the Low-bell only, tillthe Nets be placed, and the Lights blazing, andthen you may 
 ufe your pleafure : Which once extinguifhed, a general filence. mutt be again 
 
 made. 
 
 §. Il. 
 Of taking Birds with the Trammel. 
 
 He Trammel is much like the Lowbelling Net, only it may be made fomewhat 
 longer, but not much broader. This Net, when you come toa fit place, fpread 
 onthe ground, and let the hinder end thereof, being plummed with lead lie loofe on 
 the ground, but the foremott end at the two corners be born up by the {trength of 
 mean, a full yard or more from the ground, nd {o. trail the Net along the ground. On 
 each fide the Net fome mutt carry great blazing Lights of fire, and by the Lights ee 
 muft march with long Poles, to beat up the Birds as you go, andas they rife - take 
 them. In this fort you may go over a whole field, or any other cham pain ground, 
 
 §. 1. 
 
 How they take Birds in Italy. hy wight with a Light and a Net called Lanctotota. 
 
 Net 1s of the Math of anor- 
 of pliant wood, twice fo 
 
 — His (port is moft ufed im the Champain of Rome. The 
 jyards long. Thele fticks * Abou 
 
 dinary Lark-net. It is es to ~ ee 
 
 reateft finger, and *two or three oman feet 
 
 ee » Satine” to the end of a fquarebafton of two yards and half long in two holes, e we alt Enge 
 a little diftant the one from the other, and covered with the fame Net. [ This Bafton iim. 
 
 d may be as well round as 
 ferves for a handle to carry and mannage the we ms May rauiire, 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boon). 
 ON MON Ty Ee tl 
 
 {quare, and then the whole Inftrument will fomewhat refemble a Racket, fuch as they 
 play at Tennis with. | Thefe two fticks ferve toextend the Net at top to about four 
 yards breadth. This Net the Fowler carrieson his fhoulder, holding the handle orit 
 inoneband, anda Lanthorncalled Frugzuole, with a Lamp burning in it in the otncr5 
 and when by the light he difcovers any Bird within his reach, he claps his Net upon 
 jt, and covers it. Befides the Lanthorn the Fowler carries a Bell either at his Girdle, 
 orhis Knee, (like our Low-bell}) the better to fecure the birds tohimfelf- This ex- 
 ercife cannot be ufed at all times, butonly in Autumn.or Winter, not beginning before 
 one hour of the night. Whether the weather be cloudy or clear it is all one, {o the 
 Moon fhine not. 
 
 The Frugnuolo isa fort of Lanthorn made of Latten ( commonly, but falfly, called 
 Tin ) all clofe but the fore-fide. Its Bafe about a Roman Palm and half long, and at 
 the aperture about a Palm broad,ora little more 3 likewife a Palm high: The Cover 
 ( which goes fhelving } two Palms long: Inthe mid{ft thereof above is a handle, and 
 within fidea thin plate of Iron three fingersdiftant fromthe beginning of the Cover, 
 to preferve the Tin from being burntand marred by the flame of the Lamp. Below 1s 
 another empty handle to put in a ftick to hold it up on high. Within, ina Circle 
 made on purpofeinthe bottom, is put aneaithen Lamp with a great Week, and Oy]. 
 With thiskind of Lamp they alfo fearch buthes, hedges, and low trees, where they 
 think Thruthes and other Birds pearch, and having difcovered them, {trike them down 
 with an Inftrument called Ramata, made like aRacket with a long handle, or if they 
 be out of reach of that, fhoot them with a Crofs-bow. 
 
 §. IV. 
 Of Bat-fovling. 
 At-fowling is a taking by night of great and {mall Birds, that reft not on the 
 ground, but pearch on fhrubs, buthes, trees, @esand 1s proper to woody and 
 
 rough Countries. 
 Firft, one mutt carry a Veflel wt 
 
 
 
 ant ow-belling >) then others mutt have 
 Poles bound with dry W ay, Straw, pieces of Links, pitcht Hurds, or any 
 other combufti atter that will make a blaze. Others muft bear long Poles with 
 rough and bufhy tops. Whenyou are cometo the Birds haunts, kindle fome of your 
 
 
 
 
 
 fires, and with your Poles beat the bufhesand trees: Which done the Birds ( if any 
 
 be ) willrife, and fly to, and play about the Lights: It being their nature not to de- 
 part from them, but almoft {corchtheir Wingsin the fame, fo that they who have the 
 bufhy Poles may at their pleafure {trike them down and take them. 
 
 Others carry with thema great Lime-bufh made of the head of a Birch or Willow 
 Tree, and pitching it down maketheir blazes clofe by it; and the birds will comeand 
 ue aoe it, and fo be entangled. | 
 
 n this Sport you mutt obferve the directions given in Low-belli 
 of the night, nd efpecially keeping filence, pe - Soetie = 
 
 
 
 Cu apr. Il 
 Of taking Land-frwl with Nets. 
 
 I 
 _A general way of taking many forts of Eaud-fowl by the Crow-ner. 
 .. E Crow-netis the fame inall refpects with that defcribed Chap. I. This Net 
 
 may be placed néar any Barn-door where Corn is winnow 
 ore {ftubble, or omthe Greenfword inthe Morning and cvenae fea 
 sirds Where they gather Worms. Where-ever placed it muftbe carefully hid 4 
 concealed, as much asmay be, fromthe view of the Birds, as if near a Rareic ‘b 
 —_ Chaffupon it, @c. Obferve alfo, fir to: have fome Covert to hide ae “8 
 = ery ate iss may fee, and not be feen. Secondly, not to be too hafty in Biking 
 fe Guickly, ave a full number under the reach of your Net, and then pull free~ 
 
 §. II. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 ee 
 37 
 
 §. IL. 
 Of taking Birds with Day-nets. 
 
 HE time of the Year fi | 
 r thefe Nets 1 : 
 a little before Sun-rife a ets is from Avguft till N 
 ia. readinbfiet, bebo ns ne - es Nets may be tid batoat? ao : Of the Day 
 —. and brighter the Morning the fete . aa The milder the “Ais tie he 
 place is in Champain Countri ) ter isthe feafon for this Air, and the 
 courfe of people, on tho sie remote fiom any Town, Villa exercife. Thebeft 
 if the place be rit natur * arley {tubbles, {mooth gr L Bl i ee 
 ly even and pla; green Layes, or level Mead 
 make it fo: That both 1 y d plain where you pitch you Meadows 5 
 Nets, y 
 that the fhorteft grafs or (tub and falling over they ma old Bh 
 ‘ Lik ¢ y couch fo clof 
 andamperceive d by ae on, oe through them, they may ie ein an 
 tp ar , that being covered they may not cree ie i os 
 Let your Nets be made of very fine Packth P icker 
 nchfquare. Let them be abou : thread, knit fure, the Math not 
 on each fide with ftrong fmall C t ae eet long, and not above oned above an 
 as the Netis broad, cc. i ords, the ends extended u cep, verged 
 > Oe. imall t] | upon two {mall Pol 
 be but one fingle Net,but here voll aia a Net defcribed §.I. fave ae idea 
 and placed at that diftance, that when nes twoexattly of the fame fize and fafhion 
 touch one another. Your Nets being taker oe drawn the fides may juft meet and 
 any nimble twitch you may caft them to and fi own with ftrong ftakes, fo that with : 
 paces from the Nets place your Gi poe pene a ee 
 {0 as the r plat y gs onthe tops of long Pol a y 
 Seine’ y may playand make a noife therein. T ng Poles, turned into the wind 
 eathers inthe manner of Shuttle-cocks nd -hefe Giggs are made of long Gooke- 
 broad and flat Swan-quills, made roun date a little turnels of wood running in 
 faftned tothe Pole, will with any {mall ena ae hoop, and fo with longer ftrings 
 wanton manner that the Birds will come i ee ee 
 the fame. Afterthe placing of your Gives, ti flocks to wonder and play about 
 a {mall ftake of wood to prick down fatt in her oo Sere your Stale, which is 
 which a long {lender piece of wood, of about ak ato a ae 
 up and down at pleafure, and to this longer {tick ad cance cheat 3 may aS 
 running through a hole inthe {take aforefaid, and f Senn ace cok 
 you fit, you may by drawing the Line up ETA eee saciid oles 
 — ) raife and mount the longer ftick from the Sand’ eee ( Les ae right 
 ai10n. ? as you a nd OC- 
 Now to this longer {tick you fhall faf 
 fure ever to preferve fome alive for shat purpole oF oF Dente cas 
 Bird, which the Line making to flicker up and down Fo ae uch, any other {mall 
 Larksto play aboutit, and {woop fo near the ground abe Ee ae 
 may cover them with your Nets at leaf ground, that drawing yout hand, you 
 other Birds of prey to ftoop and ‘fhkeat the ans ? Ee ee 
 ada : ame, fo.as you may with eafe take 
 There is alfc ther St et 
 Fascinated ts oN ead ou yoraay 
 thruftand fa(ten it into the earth at our pleaf ahi acs dea ede | 
 6 ? . . This Stake 1 de ver 
 in the upper part, above five fin sh de : rahe ft s i ce is made very hollow 
 three-fquare piece of wood bau weber i c leaft § into this hollowne(s is place® @ 
 a ? I h , ) 
 broad, lying upon the top of the stapes ‘ga ae fh . dot are es. 
 which f ‘ ? going with a foot into the hollownels, 
 ch foot muft have a great knob atthe top, and another at the bottom, with 
 _ deep flendernefs between them, to which flendernets mutt be faitned a ff nal P ke 
 thread, which running through a hole in the fide of the Stak a {mall Pack- 
 ( , Ge e Stake, muft come up to the 
 eat where you lit. Now the three-fquare piece of wood, which lies on the top of 
 ae mu{t be made of fuch a true poife and evenneds, and the foot ao 
 oR “4 oaeead and {mooth, that upon the leaft touch it will twirl and turn round 
 peril, winding the Packthread fo many times about it, which being fud- 
 denly drawn, and as fuddenly let go a ain, willk ine 1 7 
 tion, like ee ny: gain, will keep the Engine ina perpetual round 
 pe . on Childs Mill, made of a Nut, a ftick, and an pple. This done, you 
 all with Glue or other {trong Cement faften upon the uppermoft {quares of the 
 
 three-fquare piece about twenty {mall pieces of Looking-gla{s, and paint all the fpare- 
 wood 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 “hy » "i re 
 po ie : coe 
 > ps ” “ fy 
 ; c= ses anes . ate n eae es 
 - Ts = afyeaa ginal a - _ =k . 
 - = < 5 . = 
 - - ++ é . . Ps a ~~ 
 
 = i = Boe ; a 7 = + = 
 
 EEE Se ee a = 5 
 
 eg nr ee re cme + o y 
 
 A ON rege ee a: | 
 Book I. 
 
 39 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 wood between them of avery bright red colour, which in the continual motion and 
 turning about will give fuch a glorious reflection, that the wanton Birds cannot for- 
 bear, but will playabout it with admiration till they be taken. 
 
 Now both thefe Stalesare to be placed in the very mid{t between thetwo Nets, and 
 about two or three foot diftant one from another, fothat inthe falling of the Nets,the 
 Cords may by no means touch or annoy them. Neithermuft they ftand one before or 
 after another, but ina dire@& Line one over again{t another, the glafs being kept con- 
 tinually moving,and the Bird very oft flickering. When you have thus placed your nets, 
 Giggs, and Stales, you fhall then go to the further end of your long drawing Lines, 
 and Stale-lines, and having a little Haflock made of Sedge, about a foot or better 
 high, you fhall place it withina yard or little more of the end of the fame: And then 
 fitting down upon the Haflock lay the main drawing Line ( with a {trong button of 
 wood made faft in the fame ) upon your thigh, and with your right hand continually 
 draw the grafs-Line, and with your left the Stale-line, and when you fhallperceive 
 the Larks or other birds to play near and about your Nets and Stales, {wooping near 
 and tothe ground, you fhall then with both hands pull the Net over, and cover and 
 take your prey. If the weather be good benot too halty to pluck at a fingle bird, but 
 {tay till you fee many playing about your Nets. 
 
 Behind the Seat you fitonlay your {pare Inftruments and Implements which you 
 are to ufe about the whole Work, asSpare-ftakes, Poles, Lines, Packthread, Knit- 
 ting-pin and Needle, your bag with Stales, a Mallet to knock in your Stakes with, 
 anda nimble little Hatchet to make new Stakes with, orfharpen them, 
 
 “ There may be other devices to move the Stales, befides thefe here defcribed by 
 “ Muarkhaw, but thefe being as commodious as any, I fhall forbear to trouble the 
 « Reader with the mention of more. Thefe Nets may be made ufe of as well upon 
 “ Hills and rifing grounds as upon Plains, provided the Areaon which they lie be le- 
 ‘ veland even: near waters alfo, and in high waysand walks of Gardens,cc. 
 
 Olina deferibes the manner how thefe Nets are to be employed for taking of Star- 
 lings. Having obferved (faith he ) where thofe birds haunt moft, provide your Nets 
 fix paces long, and eight Roman Palms deep, of afinall.. Math, having their drawing 
 Line of fifteen paces, Moreover, yous get a Cage of five Palms high, witha 
 middle floor; in the upper whereof you fhal! put about one hundred live Stares 
 and in thelower6thers which are toferve for Stales. Thofe inthe upper room are 6 
 call the wild Stares ; and they muft have their meat put all in one Veflel, and their 
 water in one Cup, and that fo ftrait, that they candrink but one at a time ; likewife 
 the day before they are to be ufed they thould have no meat of two hours before 
 night, that fo being hungry, and {triving to get to the meat and drink they ma 
 make the greater {creaming noife and cry. The live Stales ( four in number ) mutt 
 be tied by the tails, each with a ftring, and by that {tring faftned oneby one toa 
 couple of fticks joyned together acrofs between the Nets, to which crofs a Cord 
 is fa{tned that reaches to the Fowler, by the plucking whereof he may at pleafure 
 move the Stales. Inthis manner of fowling arealfo to be ufedabout twenty o twen- 
 ty five Jackdaws, or fuch like birds-cafes {tuft, and fet out like live birds, and thet 
 placed in order between the Nets for dead-ftales, the four live-ftales bein ‘ next o 
 Fowlers Cabbin. Let the dead ftales be placed with their heads to the on th “en 
 do pet ruffle and difcompofe their feathers. tere 
 
 e fame Author gives us alfo an account of 
 with the Day-nets. , re muauinet RoW suey take Lapwings 
 
 The Nets for this ufe are to be of ten paces length 
 drawing Line fifteen paces long. Between thie Rice ee soe fen » having a 
 ty dead Stales, that is Lapwings dried, or the Cafes of Lapwings ftuft en of twen- 
 as if they were alive : And befides thofe two live-ftales, which muft be ut 4 ey 
 the Starling-{tales, and have meat given them to eat. Obferve in lik oe 
 the heads of your dead Stales again{ft the wind.. To entice the Birds ibe Sa 
 terfeit their note orcry by a Lapwing-call. youmutt coun- 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Book. ORAM ITHOLOGY. et. 
 S TE x3 
 
 How totake Larks with Nets, called by the Italians baa 
 
 TT Hefe Nets are about four [ Roman]] yardsdeep, or a little more, of the fame 
 i Math with the ordinary Day-nets, ftrung on the upper fide on a Cnet on 
 which they run with a row of little Rings, whereby they may be drawn out or Aa 
 up together as one pleafes. Thefe Nets are fupported by two or three Stakes, or 
 more, according to the widenefs of the place where they are fet. They are to be put 
 in order two hours before Sun-fet, for the Evening-driving; and for the Morning- 
 driving, before break of day ; in {tubble-fields. About Musket-fhot from the Nets 
 two men on foot holdinga rope of twenty or twenty five yards long, one at one end 
 the other at the other, muft begin and walk towards the Nets, .drawing»the Rope 
 over the ftubble, and fo raifing the Larks that lie {tattered up, and down the field: 
 the which will not take wing, but run forward before the rope, till at-laft theycome 
 withinthe Nets, which being not {tretcht out {treight,but,eafily running up, the more 
 they ftruggle and fly about, themorethey are entangled, 
 
 d. IV. 
 How the Italians take fmall Birds mith a Net called Raagna. 
 
 ae place for ufing thefe Nets is a Grove, ( called from.the Nets Raguaia ) 
 which ought to be remote from high ways, and defended from the North- 
 wind; which is verydifagreeable and diftafteful to the Birds, efpecially Thrujhes and 
 Beccafigos, befides the danger of the Woods being wholly or in part blalted by it, 
 Whereforeit fhould be fituate infome Valley, or on thefide of a little Hill expofed to 
 the South. Through it, or befide it fhould run fome River, Brook, or other ftream 
 of water ee froma quick Spring, that fails notin Summer. If itbe fo fituate as to 
 be encompafied onall fides with cultivated fields, in which grow fome {cattering Fig- 
 trees, it willbethe better. ThisGroveis wont to bemade fix, eight, ten, or twelve 
 times fo long asit is broad, according as the place will permit: In it long-ways mult 
 be drawn three, five, or {even walks, asitisbroader or narrower. In cafe it hath not 
 a natural fence or hedge you muft make an artificial one, which muft be tall and thick 
 to keep beafts out; and birds in, and even on the top. 
 
 The Grove within muft be planted with Juniper, Bays, Maftic-tree; Lime-trees, 
 Oaks, Elms, and many other trees, but efpecially. Fig-trees. At the roots of fuch 
 trees as caft their leaves plant Vines. Many other inftructtons and directions he hath 
 about the Plantation, which who fo pleafes may fee in him. | | 
 
 The Nets are exactly like thofedefcribed,Section I. Chap. I. Q. II. only the Mafh 
 fomewhat lefs, they being for {mall birds. The two out-fide Nets or falfe Nets along 
 their upper edge muft have Iron or Horn-rings, and by them be put upona {trong 
 Cord. The middle or true Net muft alfo be verged with a Cord. Thefe Nets, one, 
 two, ormore of them, mutt be placed in themiddle of the Grove, and crofling tt 5 
 faftnedby the top-cords to two great Poles or Pillars, made with winding fteps round 
 to. mount up them; and on their tops having little rundles to draw the Lines nimbly, 
 and ftretch out the Nets. The bottom of the Nets, or that fide next the ground muft 
 have many ftrings hanging down fromit, two or three Palms diftant one fromanother, 
 which are to be tied down to certain Pegs faftned in the earth. The middle Net, 
 which muft be the deeper, will fall down fufficiently ma lump or furl between the 
 two fide-ones, therefore with a Cane youmuft draw it gently through the Mathes 
 of the falfe Nets, efpecially about the middle of the Nets, making in each ay 
 kind of purfe or pouch, that when any Bird {trikes again{t it, it may more Tcadt- 
 ly run through the Mafhes of the fale net, and fo catch the Bird as 1t were ina 
 Bag. 3g 
 The time for catching is either in the Morning early, before the Birds are goneout | 
 to feed, or at Even when they come to rooft. At each end of the Grove in every 
 walk one perfon muft march forward toward the Net, making 4 noife ashe goes with. 
 a Cane or Saff, and throwing {tones or clods of earth, if it be for Beccafigos : But : 
 it be for Thrufhes, at ft he muft walk quiethy and leifurely, without making muc 
 
 noife; and as he comes nearer the Nets,fo make greater haft and more noife, nee 
 
 . 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~~ eNITHOLOGY, Booxl. 
 
 _ 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. 
 st is wont to be faid: For Thrufhes a wife man, and for Beccafigos, afoot or mad 
 
 es hinder the Birds from mounting and flying away, fome are wont to turn off a 
 Sparhawk, or other little Hawk with Bells at her heelsto foar aloft and hover over 
 the Grove. Othersare wont to do the fame only with a pair of wings, and a Bell on 
 the top of a Pole. When you fee no more birds {tirring, loofening the top-cords let 
 down and furl up your Nets, with the birds in them ; and either carry them home 
 
 in the Net,or take them out at pleafure. 
 
 §. V. 
 Of the Sparrow-nct. 
 
 He Sparrow-net is made up of two crofs-ftaves, a Purfe-net, and two ftrings. 
 The form of this Net you may fee expreffed | ; 
 
 inwhich AFB reprefents the longer crofs-ftaff, whofe dire&t piece muft be of the 
 bignefs of a handfom Hawks Pole; its tranfverfe piece AB like the head of an ordi- 
 nary hay-rake, but bigger and longer: CE D the fhorter crofs-{taff, joyned to the 
 longer atE,{0 !oofely as to fall to and fro at pleafure, of fuch due height and length, 
 that when the crofs pieces meet they may joynevenand jult. CAE 3 Disa Purfe- 
 net, faftned to both crofs-{taves all along, and having that liberty at top, that the 
 crofs-{taves may falland part one from another at a pretty diftance 5 its bottom being 
 faftned to the longer ftaffat E. CAE, DBE are two {mall cords faftned to the two 
 erids of the fhorter crofs-ftaff, and pafling through two holes in the ends of the lon- 
 ger crofs-ftaff, tied together at E, at fuch diftance that the fhorter ftaf? may fall from 
 the longer as far as you fee meet, or the widenefs of the Net will give leave. To 
 the knot of the two Cords muftbe made faft a fingle Cord E G, whichyou mutt carry 
 in your right hand,that you may at pleafure draw the crofs-ftaves clofe together, and 
 
 ' Jet them open as need fhall require. 
 
 This Net is tobe ufed late in the Evening, oreatly in the Morning, by {cttingit 
 againt{t the Eves of thatcht 1.0) eee’ Hovels, Barns, Stables, evens. i 
 and being fo fet knocking anc thrufting the crofs-ftaves clofe again{t the fame, making 
 fuch anoife as may imforcethe Birds to fly out of their holes: or haunt: into the Net ; 
 and then prefently drawing the Line E G, and{fo fhutting up the croft-{taves enclofe 
 them, and letting down your Net, open it, and take them out. 
 
 The chief benefit of taking Birds in this manner is for the mewing of Hawks, or 
 getting into luft and ftrength fick and weak Hawks: Becaufe with this Engine you 
 may take Evening and Morning fo many birds as you plea{e, and give them warm to 
 your Hawk, which isthe greateft nourifhment that can be, raifing a Hawk foon, and 
 making her mew fait. F 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — — 
 SL 
 
 CHAP. IIL. 
 How to take feveral forts of {mall Birds and other Land-fowl with Bird-lime. 
 
 . 1. 
 Of taking fiall Birds with the Lime-bufh,and Lime-twigs. 
 
 Y Our Lime-bufh muft be a main bough of any buthy tree, as Birch or Willow 
 
 or for want of them, Sallow, Poplar, or Afpen; whofe tw; 
 
 {mooth, and ftreight, without pricks, ities, 6 any other aeaphnes 
 crookednefs; having picktand trim’d it ( yet not taking away any of the little bud- 
 knots ) lime every twig and branch from the top down within four fingers or th 
 about of the bottom. The body and main branches muft not be touched with ay 
 Limeat all. Dabble not on your Lime toothick, nor yet let any partbe left b See 
 heme eae that ought tobe limed. oe 
 
 our bulh thus prepared, carry it forth into the fields where t 
 fall birds are, and place it as near as you can to any of thefe mangle be. balige 
 
 OL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Book, ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 or tree clofe to them, ¢*c. provided that where-ever you pitch it 
 
 very near it have fome clofe Covert to lie concealed in na there shire Tk ‘aioe 
 row, or call witha note like the Linnet or Bull-finch [ as the Cocks ufe to do en 
 they mifs the Hens, or the Hens the Cocks |] alteririg your note according to your 
 fancy, but continually calling in one note orother. This Art and Ability is gotten by 
 diligent obferving the Birds notes abroad, and by practice. But if you cannot frame 
 your mouth to thefe founds, get you a Bird-call; and having learnt how to ufe it Ar- 
 tificially, you fhall fit in your Covert, and call the Birds to you: And when ‘you fee 
 any of them lightupon your Bufhlet themalone, and move not till you {ee them fafe- 
 ly entangled, which their own skipping up and down, and ftrugling when they find 
 themfelves {narec, will do better than any affright from you whatfoever: Neither 
 {hall you ftir fora fingle Bird or two, but {tay till many be entangled: For the firft 
 that are taken will with their ftriving and fluttering in the bufh be as good as Stales 
 and make a world of othersrepair tothem, which you may then take: And this ex 
 ercife you may continue from before Sun-rife till ten of of the Clock in the Fore- 
 noon, and from one in the Afternoon till almoft Sun-fet in the Evening. 
 
 If you want a Call you may make ufe of a Stale; as of a Bat or two, placed next 
 ‘toyour Lime-bufiin fuch apparent manner that no bird thereabouts but may behold 
 them; which willno fooner be perceived, but every bird will come to gaze and won- 
 deratthem: Then having no other convenient lighting place but the Lime-bufb, they 
 will flock as thick into the fame as may be, andfo you may take themat pleafure. So 
 the Ow] may in like manner be employed; which by reafon fhe is more melancholy 
 and lefs ftirring than the Bat, and alfo of greater bulk, and fooner perceived, isa 
 better Stale’ than the Bat. For want of a live Owl or Bat the skin of either ftuft, or 
 an artificial Owl made of wood and painted may ferve the turn. 
 
 Others take thefe {mall birds with Lime-twigsonly, by rifing early in the Morning 
 before break of day, and going tothe haunts, and there watching when the Birds go 
 forth to feek their food ( whichis everat the {pring of the day ) and then finding that 
 they have forfaken the hedges, they place their Lime-twigs all along thofe hedges, 
 fome upright, fome flope-wife, and fomeacrofs 5 and withal fo thick, that the Birds 
 can comeno way into the hedge, but of force they muft be entangled. This done 
 they go into the Corn-fields, Meadows, or Grounds adjoyning, where the birds 
 feed, and there beating them up and fearing them, make them retire to the hedges in 
 great flocks, where they are prefently entangled among the Lime-twigs, and ta- 
 ken in abundance. But this manner. of taking is only for the Spring and Fall of 
 the Leaf; and only for one certain time of the day, wz. an hour before and after 
 
 Sun-rife. 
 §. II. 
 An excellent way of taking fuall Birds with Birdlime 5 out of the Epitome of Husbandry. 
 
 wee ‘sbeft done ina Snow: When you fee the Birds flock together about your 
 houfe or fields; chufe out one hundred large Wheat-ears 5 cut the {traw about 
 a foot long, befides the ears; From the bottom of the Ears to the middle lime the 
 ftraw for about fx or feven Inches; let your Lime be warm, that fo 1t may run thin 
 upon the ftraw, and be lefs difcernable to the Birds: Gothen to the place, and 
 carry a little bag of Chaff and threfhed Ears, and fcat*er thefe fourteen or fifteen 
 yards wide. Then take the limed Ears, and ftick them up and downin the Snow, 
 withthe Ears leaning, or with the end touching the ground. Then retire from the 
 place, anddrive the Birds from anyother haunt, and you will fee prefently great 
 flocks repair thither, and begin to peck the Ears of Corn, and fly away with oe 
 which as foon asany of them fhall do, the ftraw that is. limed laps under his Wing, - 
 down he falls, not perceiving himfelf to be entangled: For I have feen many = their 
 Ears when they have been fatt limed under the Wings {n the field you will take se 
 Larks. For Sparrows ftick your Ears upon the houfe-tops, though you never ae 4 e 
 Birds. Every dozen of Sparrows you take in Winter fhall fave youa quarter of Wheat 
 eft. Sti: 
 Take mite all your limed Ears, and1in the Afternoon bait the place w > a ee 
 two more of Ears:and Chaff, and let them reft till Morning, that the birds ay, ec 
 boldly, and not be affrighted 5 then take fome freth Ears, and ftick themup as you ai 
 
 before. ). Hl 
 
 G 
 
 4. I 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AE era ee 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I. 
 NN eee 
 
 
 
 §. Ill. 
 How to take Fieldfares with Birdlime : out of the fante. 
 
 Hen time is, that 1s about or after Michaelmas, Thoot a Fieldfare or twO, and 
 fet them in fuch order that they may feem to fit alive ona tree. Then HAG 
 repared the Lime-twigs about two or three hundred, take a Birchen bough, eo 
 
 cut off all the fall twigs, make little holes and clefts all about the bough, and t oP 
 place your Lime-rods: Then fet the Fieldfare upon the top bough, making him fait, 
 that hemay feem alive. Let this bough be fet near where they come in a morning to 
 feed, ( for they keep a conttant place till their food 1s gone ) that fo flying ne _ 
 may efpy the top-bird : which as foonasthey do, they will fall down in whole tHocks 
 
 to him. 
 §. IV. 
 How to take Pigeons with Line-twigs : out of the fame: 
 
 Eta couple of Pigeons dead or alive 5 if dead, yet order them fo as to ftand ftifi 
 (; as if they were living and feeding. Then at Sun-rifing take your twigs, what 
 quantity you pelafe-: Let them be very {mall [ Wheat-{traws are as good or better | 
 and place them on the ground which the Pigeons frequent, where your two Pigeons 
 are {ets and you fhall find you will quickly be rid of them. Two or three dozen 1s 
 nothing to take ina Morning if there come good flights. 
 
 G5:20Vi 
 How to take Crows, Pies,Gleads, &c. with Lime-bwigs: out of the fame. 
 
 = up Lime-twigs on the Carcafs of adead. Horfe newly {tript, or any other 
 ..) Carrion, fofoomas thefe, bindshavefound it. Let them be very fmall, and not too 
 
 thick fet; left they.percéive them, and take diftafte. 
 So tise eis §. VI. 
 
 How to take Crows and Rooks whew they pull up Corn by the roots : out of the fame. 
 
 Ake fome thick brown Paper, and divide a fheet into eight parts, and make 
 them up like Sugar-loaves : Then lime the infide of the Paper a very little 
 [ Let them be limed three or four daysbefore you fet them. ] Then put fome Corn in 
 them, and lay fifty or fixty of them up and downthe ground, as muchas you can un- 
 der fome clod of earth, and early in the Morning before they come to feed. Then 
 {tand ata good diftance, and you will fee excellent {port. For as foon as Rook, Crow 
 or Pigeon comesto pick out any of the Corn, it will hang upon his head, and hewill 
 immediately fly bolt upright fo high that he fhall feem like a {mall bird, and when he 
 is{pent, cometumbling down, as if he werefhotin the Air. 
 
 d. VII. 
 How to take Stares with a limed firing : ont of Olina’sUccelliera. 
 
 at sn a {mall {tring of a yard or thereabout long, bind it faft to the Tailof a 
 _ Stare,having firft carefully limed it all over, excepting one Palm next the bird 
 Having found a flock of Starlings, come as near to them as poflible, holding your Stare 
 by the wings as near as you can, and let her goto her fellows, which as foon as you fhew 
 ‘yourfelf tothem, will prefently take wing : Your tail-tied Stare endeavouring to {e- 
 cure her felf of her liberty, thrufting her felf into the middle of her fellows, will en- 
 tangle many of them, and fo not being able to fly, they willafford a pleafant {pedtacle 
 
 in tumbling down to th d: wh ; 
 ftrike earn ene: o the ground: where you muftbeready witha Brufh or Befom to 
 
 Many 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 Boor. ORNITHOLOGY, 
 
 | Many other devices there are to take feveral forts of birds with L 
 which I think needlefs to fet down ; it being notdifficult for an ingenious Fowler to 
 
 ee as good or better, when he fhall have opportunity of taking thofe kinds of 
 Irds. | ps , 
 
 
 
 
 
 CH AP. AV: 
 Of taking Birds with Baits. 
 
 His way isnot for taking birds to eat, but for deftroying noifo 
 j Fowl, as-‘Crows; aoa Kites, Buzzards, Ge... ide astern ae 
 For the effe@ing whereof}:-1. Obferve their haunts,::/2. Remember the 
 hours or times of day ‘when they ate moft fharp-fet and greedy, ds early in the 
 Morning, {o foon as they unpearch:themfelves 5 ‘and againat Even/a little before Sun- 
 fet, efpecially at that time of the year when they have young ones; for then they 
 will with preedinefs feize any bait, asfaftas you caft irout. 3. ‘Take a pretty quan- 
 tity of Nux Vomica, and diffolve it in Wine Vinegar; or Wine-Lees, [ thofe of {weet 
 Wine are the beft.)] Then take the garbage of any Fowl], and all-befmear them over 
 with your Solution of ‘Nux Vomicapand caft them forth where fuch noifom. birds 
 haunt: and watching the birds in ‘a convenient place, you fhall {ee that after {wal- 
 lowing a bit or two, any fuch Fowl! will prefently grow dizzy, reeling and tumbling 
 up and down, till at laft it fall into a dead fwoon, 
 
 Others take pretty big gobbets of raw Jean flefh, as Beef, Mutton, @c. and ma- 
 king therein fecret little holes, put in them {mall pieces of Nux Vomica, and clofe them 
 up again. | 
 
 You may alfo inftead of either make ufe of Carrion, and either fmear it with your 
 Confection, or {top into the flefhy partofit {mall pieces of Nuk Vomica. 
 
 It . beit to let thefe baits lie loofé; and not faften them to the ground, as fome 
 
 racife. Cail, | | | 
 ‘ To take granivorous birds of the greater kind, as Doves, Rooks, gc. boil good 
 ftore of Nux Vomica together with Wheat, Barley, Peafe, or any other Pulfe very 
 well'in ordinary running water, till the Graia be ready to burft, then take it 
 from the fire, and:cover it till it be throughly cold. The Grain thus boiled and 
 fteept featter thick where thefe Fowl] frequent, and it willhave the like effect upon 
 them, as the Garbage or Carrion had upon the carnivorous. | 
 
 For {mall birds boil your Nwx Vomica with fuch feeds asthey moft delight in, 
 viz. Hemp-feed, Rape-feed, Lin-feed, and above all Muftard-feed,; and they willbe 
 in like manner entoxicated. . 
 
 Sonie inftead of Nux Vomica take only the Lees of Wine ( which the fharper they 
 are, the better ) and in them boil and iteep, or only {teep ( which is as availeable if 
 continued a fufficient while) their Grain or Seeds, and fcatter them as above di- 
 
 Tonhert take the juyce of Hemlock, and fteep in it their Grain or Seeds, mixing 
 therewith a pretty {prinkling of Henbane and Poppy feeds, letting all {tand in fteep 
 twoor threedays at leaf{t, and then drain it, anid {eatter it, @-c. which will have the 
 like effect withthe Nux Vomica. ' : 
 
 Torecover any Fow! of thefe baits, takea little quantity of Sallet-oy! ( according 
 to the ftrengthand bignefs of the Fowl ) and drop it down its throat ; then chafe the 
 head well with Vinegar, and the Fowl will prefently recover again,and be as healthful 
 and able aseverit was. ~ 
 
 
 
 
 ime-rods, Gc, 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4A. 
 
 ee 
 NITHOLOG?. Book I. 
 
 RAG 3 
 
 I sensation 
 
 CHhap. V: 
 
 Several ways of taking Partridges. 
 
 ; §. 4. 
 How totake Partridges and other Birds with a Setting-dog. 
 
 Setting-dog fhould be a lufty Land-Spaniel, that will range well, and yet at 
 A fuch abfolute command, that when heis inhis full career one hem of his Ma 
 fter {hall make him ftand fill, gaze about him, and look in: his Matters face, as 
 
 it were expecting directions from him, whether to proceed, ftand (till, or retire: but 
 the main thing he isto be taught 1s, when he feesandis near his Prey of a fudden to 
 frand f{till, or fall down flat on his belly, without ‘making any noife or motion till his 
 
 Matter come to him. 
 
 Fortaking Partridge with him 5 when you come into the fields where Partridges 
 frequent, caft off your Dog, and let him range or hunt, taking care that he range not 
 too far from you, but beat his ground juftly and even, without cafting about and 
 flying now here and now there, and skipping many places ( which the mettle of ma- 
 ny even good dogs will make them apt todo.) If he do fo, call him in with a hem, 
 and threaten him with a {tern countenance 5 and when he doth well encourage him. 
 When you fee him make a fadden ftop or ftand ftill, be fure he hath fet the Fowl! ; 
 therefore prefently make in to him,and bid him gonearer 5 if he refufes,but either lies 
 fill or ftands fhaking of his tail, and withal now and then looks back upon you, he is 
 near enough: Then begin your range or circumference about both the Dog and Par- 
 tridge, not ceafing, but walking about with a good round pace, looking {till before 
 the Dogs nofe, to fee how the Covey lies, whether clofe together ina heap, or {cat- 
 tering. Then charging the Dog to lie ftill, draw forth your Net, and opening of 
 it, take you oneend of the top-cord, and your Companion the other, and holding it 
 ftretcht, run withthe Net again{t the Dog, and clapit down over the Birds, cover- 
 ing Dog and all with it ; thenmake-a@'noifeto pring the Partridge,that they may rife, 
 and be entangled.inehe Net - Some obferve to run with their Net again{t the wind,to 
 tended. One man may make a fhift to do all: But then he mutt 
 
 keep it fully ex . 
 peg down one end of his Net tothe ground, and taking the other end {pread it over 
 
 the Birds. 
 The Italians ( as Olina tells us) are wont to purge their Dog before they go a Set- 
 
 ting with him : giving him a morfel made up of half anounce of Agarick, and two 
 drachms of Sal cemma, mingled with honey of Rofes, covered over with Butter, or 
 {ome other un@uous matter, that he may the more readily {wallow it: And theda 
 following a broth made of a Weathers head, boild fo, as with the flefh of it oe. 
 anda little Brimfton pounded, to makea fup. He bids you alfo obferve, 1. Notto 
 hunt your Dog ( efpecially after he hath been new purged ) till the Sun hath dried u 
 the dew 5 becaute elfehe will be apt to lofe the fent, and alfo hurt hisfeet. 2. To 
 begin to feton your Dog under the wind, that he may take thefent the better. The 
 Net ( he faith ) ought to be a little longer than it is broad or deep; viz. between 
 feven and eight yards over, and between eight and ninedeep. | 
 
 In this mannermay be taken, not only Partridges, but Pheafants, Moor-pouts and 
 
 Quails. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q.- 1. 
 Of the haunts of Partridges, and how to find Partridges. 
 
 He haunts wherein Partridges moft delight, and moft cont 
 a Corn-fields, efpecially during the easier Corn is ftanding meee on 
 whereof they meet and breed. After the Corn is cut down they {till remain in th 
 Stubbles, efpecially Wheat-Stubbles, both becaufe they love to feed on that sata 
 before all others, and alfofor the heightof the Stubble, which affords them Gale =. 
 vert. Whenthe Wheat-ftubble is either too fcanty, or too much foyled and eadde 
 with Men and Cattel, they leave it and go to the Barley-ftubbles, which though in: 
 feriour in both refpetts, yet beingfrefh, and not fo ufually trodden and beaten "aly 
 ? 
 take 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Boox I. OR NMITHOLOGY. | oe 45 : 
 
 hills, and under banks, or at the roots of trees. Yo ; 
 tridges in{mall Coppices or Underwoods. in Bufhy Se mae 
 oe aE = Ae » Or where there grows 
 : s, Furze, or Ling, or any other Covert: Provided always, thatth 
 be fome Corn-fields adjoyning, elfe they will rather avoid {uch pl: a 
 time when they can have ing I pe nr pit 
 when they can no quiet lodging in the Corn-fields you may find the h 
 ray Sane, in the A aan acjoyning, where they will lie lurking a thegr = a 
 and weeds; and only early in the Morning, a te: ir f 
 nee oa ashe g, and late at Evening fetch their food from 
 
 Now for finding them, fome will doit by thee e, like hare-fi ; 
 their ranges over the ftubble fields, or Bier rs cafting ao 
 they will efpy them out though never fo clofe couched s. which abilit art! 
 
 5 y partly depends 
 upon the goodnefs of the eye,partly is acquired by practice and exercife, by diligent] 
 ob{erving the true colour of the Partridge, | how it-differeth from the ground on 
 alfo the manner of theirlying. Thisisthe eafier done, becaufe when you have once 
 (as you. think ) apprehended them with your eye, you may walk nearer and nearer 
 ull you are abfolutely fure you fee them, provided you be ever moving, and ftand 
 not {til or gaze at them-( for that they will not abide ) elfe they are foflothful and 
 now ee to take wing, that till you be ready to.fet your foot upon them, they will 
 
 Others find them by the haunts and places where they la{t coucht: which they 
 know partly by their dung there left, which if new will be foft, and the white part of 
 it colour their fingers 5. and partly by their padlings or treadings, which if new will 
 be foft and dirty, and the earth new brokenof a darker colour than the mould about 
 it; and being very new indeed, the place where they fate will be warm, and the 
 ground {mooth and flat with fome fimall feathers or down fcattered upon it. If you 
 find fuch a haunt, you may beconfident the birds are not faroff. . Therefore look 
 carefully about you, efpecially down the Lands, walking leifurely ; and ina fhort 
 time you will efpy them : whichasfoonas you do, you hall prefently wind off from 
 them, and by no meanslook towards them, and fo fetch a large circumference round 
 about them, keeping an ordinary round march, making yourcompafs lef and lefs, till 
 you have difcovered the whole Covey. 
 
 Others, find them, by going early in the Morning, or at the clofe of the Even, 
 ( which are called Fuking times ) into their haunts, and there liftning for the calling 
 of the Cock-Partridge, which will be very loud. and earneft, to which after fome 
 few calls the Hen will make anfwer 5 which as foonas they hear they liften till they 
 meet, which they fhall very well perceive by their chattering and rejoycing one with 
 another. Thenthey take theirrangeabout them, drawing nearer and nearer as. before, 
 till they difcover the whole Covey. 
 
 But the beft, fafeft, eafieft, and moft pleafant way of finding them is by the Par- 
 tridge-call. Having learntthe true and:natural notes of the Partridge, and being able 
 to tune every notein its proper key, and knowing the duetimes and feafons for every 
 note, fo as fitly to accommodate them, go forth either Morning or Evening to their 
 haunts, and having conveyed your ei into fome clofe place, foasto fee and not be 
 _ feen, liften.a while if you can hear the Partridge call. If you do, anfwer themagain 
 in the fame note, and ever as they change, or double, or treble their note, {0 fhall 
 you likewife, plying {till your Call till you find them draw near toyou. For this cal- 
 ling is fonatural and delightful tothem that they will purfueit as far asthey can hear 
 it. Having drawnthem within your view, caft your felf flat upon your back,and lie 
 without moving asif you were dead,and you fhall then fee them runnin and ——s 
 about you without any fear, fo as you may take afull view of them, andif you pleale 
 count theirnumber..,_. 
 
 §. IL 
 How to take Partridge with Nets. 
 | i ea Nets may be made in all points like the * Phefarit-nets, only the Math * See chap. 6. 
 
 fomewhat fmaller ; but they would be much better were they fomething longer $. es 
 
 andbroader. Having found the Covey, draw forth your Nets, and taking é — 
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 et ‘ . Paya <—— —_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RNITHOLOGT. Book I. 
 
 O 
 
 : = P walk a good round pace with.a carelefs eye, rather from 
 
 Cixcumference about them, W ‘rath 
 shati toward the Partridge, till you have fitted your Nets, and then draw in your 
 
 ; nd le, till youcome within the length of your Net, where, as 
 ai ocean no ftop di {tay mult be made ) prick down a {tick of about 
 three foot long, and to it faftenone end of the Line of your Net: Then letting the 
 Net flip out of your hand, {pread it as you go, and fo carry itand lay itall over the 
 Parttidges. If they lie ftragling, that one Net will not cover them, draw out ano- 
 ther, and do in like manner 5 atid alike with a third, if needs be. Then rufh ‘in up- 
 onthem, and with an affrighting voice force them to {pring up, aad prefently they will 
 
 be entangled in the Nets. 
 §. Il. 
 
 3. How to take Partridges with Lime. 
 
 ~g— Ake of the largeft and ftrongeft Wheat-{traws, or for want thereof’ Rie-{traws, 
 and cutting them off between knot and knot, [{, the loweft joynts are the 
 frongeft and beft | Lime them wellover, and coming to the Partridge-haunts, after 
 have called -a little, and find that you are anfwered, prick down your {traws round 
 about you in rows, as above dire@ted for Lime-twigs, not only crofs the Land, but 
 the Furrows allo, taking in at leaft two or three Lands; and that'not very near,but at 
 a pretty diftance from you, yet {o asto difcern when any thing toucheth them. Then 
 lie clofe, and call again, not ceafing till you have drawn them towards you, whither 
 they cannot come but they mutt pafs through’ the limed ftraws, which they fhall no 
 fooner touch but they will be entangled and by reafon they come flocking together 
 like fo many Chickens, they will be fobefmearand dawb one another, thatif there be 
 twenty, hardly one will efcape. 
 
 This way of taking Partridge can only be ufed in Stubble-fields, and that from An- 
 gift to Chrifimas : If you would take them in Woods, Paftures, or Meadows with 
 Lime, you muft ufe the ordinary Lime-rods before defcribed, and prick them down, 
 and order them in all points like ds is direttedifor-your Litne-ftraws. | 
 
 GW 
 
 
 
 a go Set 2355 
 
 <9 How to drive Partridees and Quails, aud take them in tunnelling Nets. 
 
 “Irft provide you aftalking Horfe, or an Engine made like a Horfé or Oxe, fiich as 
 bE wehave deftribed Sed#. 1. Chap.4. Then go with your Nets tothe Partridges 
 haunts; and having found the Covey, pitch your Net in the fecreteft and likelieft 
 place, fo asto drive them down the wind. - Lay not your Net flat onthe ground, but 
 fet it flopewife, and fo over-(hadow it with boughs, fhrubs,’ weeds, or fome other 
 thing that groweth naturally on the grounditftandeth on, thatnothing may perceive 
 it, till it be entangled. Then having covered your face with fome hood of green or 
 dark blew ttuff, ftalk with your Horfe or Engine toward the Birds by gentle and {flow 
 fteps, and fo raifethem, and drive them before you( for it is their nature to run be- 
 foréa Horfe or Beaft out of fear left it tread on them.) If they chance to runany by- 
 way, or contrary to what you would have them, then prefently crofs them with your 
 {talking Horfe, and they will {oon recoil, and run into any track that you would have 
 them, and at laftinto your Net. 
 
 The Net they ufe in Jralyfor this purpofeis called Butrio or Caculo, and made with 
 two wings and a tunnel ftretcht with hoops, See Figure The Fowler ftalks 
 with a Bellin his harid, which he now and then rings. 
 
 . Withthe fame Net they alfo take Quails, pitching juft before the tunnel of the Net 
 two Poles, with five Cages hanging upon each, having hive Quails inthem, which 
 f{ervetocall and entice the wild ones. Before the Nets they caft Millet or Panic feed 
 to invite themin. The drive them forwardaman walks on each fide the Net witha 
 jingling Inftrument {_ Sovagliera | in his hand firft one, then the other foundin 
 
 from handto hand. The Net is to be pitcht three or four hours before day, and the 
 shetdglie early inthe Morning : If the Moon fhines you may drive at any time of 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 
 
 
 
Be ee a 
 Book L ORNITHOLOGY. | 4 
 
 
 
 Cuap. VI. 
 Several ways of taking Pheafants, as 
 
 ec ck 
 With Nets. 
 
 Heafants deli nn thi 
 quented an gat moft in thick, young, well-grown Coppice Woods. unfre- 
 ree from the footfteps and tracings of M , a 
 = high unceadestiéGasdanse rues! g en and Cattel : not in tall 
 aving found their h: 
 ie ne re Ries redeecke ae uae a may find their Eye or brood 
 Secondly, By coming early in the Morning s ‘inti mr = haunts, and buthes, ce. 
 old Cock and Hens calling. a hs eEvening, and obferving the 
 guiding your felf, till anal nd the young birds an{wering them, and by that Gund 
 Fakta aati "fe _ " a can to the place where they meet, lying 
 on they sons a Semele whee and — ae ae 
 ‘diy, Which is the moft fure and eafie way, b & ec. 
 call: wherewith you mutt learn to imitat nek y an exact and natural Pheafant- 
 Sey he Pheafants fevera]l d 
 applying each to the right time and pur oe ice a ee a ee 
 . be tocluck the young ones bopethes : brood so sa ait eas x or 
 hath found it, to chide them for {tragling, tocall them together to Me . te pe ce 
 ton about her, for all which fhe hath a feveral note he rn rejoyce and wan- 
 theufe of the Call are before or about Sun-rifin ae mo Ree hours for 
 os nee om Eas abroad to feek their Faod, eeittgurutaedn kets: il 
 inem to their food, or give them liberty to range. But if i] — 
 Sun-rife or before Sune your notes melt b ie l x edo ae 
 as alfo to chide them for {tragling, and put aan a fear of di en 
 Bares : ~) aie ak se anger. The notes-of 
 7 ee or playing are rather for finding the old Couples when they are 
 Being cometo the haunts you fhall lodge your felf in t ikely 
 purpofe, asclofe as sinlllika:: aad then basins call, firft a ae rad a 
 Pheafants be lodg'd near you, and then a fudden loud note may affright the \ “ a 
 nothing reply, raife your note by degrees to the highett pitch, yet aera ae = 
 {training it, or making it {peak untunably 5 and if there bea Pheafant in the Wood 
 within hearing of it fhe will prefently anfwer, and that.in your own note ; d a 
 If this call back be but from one fingle bird, and come from far, then you (hall @ 
 cretly as you can creep nearer toit, {till plying your call; and you {hall find th * h : 
 Pheafant that anfwereth will alfo come nearer toyou. The nearer you a the 
 lower obferve to make your Call {peak, as the Pheafant her felf will do, and he “s 
 all points you muft imitate as near as you can 5 and in the end you will etal * of 
 her, either on the ground, or onthe boughs of fome low tree, as it ‘adie of An a 
 find you: Then ceafing your Call a while, {pread your Net as fecretly said 6 Jeedil 
 as may be, in the convenientett place between you and the Pheafant, upon he lowal 
 fhrubs and bufhes, making one end faft to the ground, and holding the other end b 
 a long Lineinyour hand, by whichwhen any thing {traineth it you may draw the Net 
 clofe together, or at leaft into a hollow compafs.. Which done, yourthall call again ; 
 and then as {oon as you fhal] perceive the Pheafant to come jutt under your Net poll 
 fhall rife and thew your felf, that by giving him an affright, he may offer to abu 
 and {0 be entangled in your Net. ; 
 If many anfwer your Call from feveral quarters of the Wood, ftir not atall, but 
 ply your Call, and as they come nearer to you, {pread your Nets in the molt conve- 
 nient places round about yous and whenthey.arecome under the Nets,boldly difco- 
 ver your felf, to give theaffright, and makethem mount. | 
 
 6. TE. 
 
 
 

 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Book I. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 §. II. 
 Of the driving of Pheafants. 
 
 T isonly Pheafant-Pouts that can be thus taken. Having found the eye of Phea- 
 | fants by any the forementioned means, you mutt then ( taking the wind with you, 
 for they will naturally run down the wind.) In the little pads and ways, which you 
 fee they have made, (for they will make little tracks almott like fheeps tracks ) 
 and as near as youcan to fome {pecial haunt of theirs, ( which you fhall know by the 
 barrennefs of the ground, mutings, and loofé feathers you fhall find there place 
 your Nets hollow, loofe and circular wife, their nether part being faftned to the 
 ground, and upper lying hollow, loofe, and bending, fo that when any thing rufheth 
 to it, it may fall and entangle tt. Which done, you muftgo where before you found 
 the haunt; and there with your Call, if the Eye be fcattered, call them together 5 
 then taking your Inftrument called a Driver, made of good {trong white Wands or 
 Offers, fet faft in a handle, and in two or three places bound with crofs Wands 5 
 of the fhape of thofe Wand-dreffers ( which Cloth-workers ufe in drefling of Cloth } 
 therewith make a gentle noife upon the boughsand bufhes, which the Pouts hearing 
 
 will prefently run on a heap together from it a little way, and then ftand {till and 
 liften. Givethenanother rack ortwo, at which they will run again as before, and 
 thus by racking and ftriking you may drive them like fo many fheep which way you 
 pleafe, ( crofling them, an racking as it were in their faces, if they chance to goa 
 wrong way )till you have brought them all into your Nets. 
 
 In this driving be fure, 1. To conceal your felf from the fight of the Pheafants , 
 Forif they perceive you, they will inftantly fcatter and run one from another, and 
 hide themfelves in holes, and bottoms of bufhes, and not {tir from thence upon any 
 occafion as long asany day endureth. And therefore it were not amifs to wear over 
 your facea green hood, and a Wreath of green leaves about your head, and trim your 
 Garments with branches and leaves of trees. 2. To take time and leifure, and not 
 do any thing rafhly. For any thing done faddenly. or rafhly to thefe fearful Crea- 
 tures breeds offence and amazement And a {care being taken, though but by one 
 bird, their fear will not fuffer them to argue or difpute the object, or ftay till every 
 one have beheld the thing fuddenly affrighting them; but away they all fly at the 
 very firft apprehenfion, in aninftant. And therefore if you findany ftaggering or dif- 
 may among them, prefently ceafe and lic {till as though you were dead, till the fear 
 be over, and they gaze no moreabout them, but gathering themfelves together dobe- 
 gin to peep and cluck one to another, and rejoyce among themfelves, and then you 
 may fall to your work again. | 
 
 §. Il. 
 Of taking Pheafants with the Lime-bufh, or Lime-rods, 
 
 Y Our Rods muft be twelve, or at leaft ten Inches long, well limed downto the 
 middle, and no further. Your Lime-bufh muft contain not above eight twigs 
 at moft, being the top-branch of fome young Willow, with a handle abouta thaft. 
 ment long, fharpned {o as either you may ftick it gently into the ground, or prickit 
 into any fhrub or bufh, where-through the Peafants ufually trace, or on any finall tr 
 where they ufe to pearch, [ Place two or three of thefe bufhes there.] Then make fe 
 of your Call, and you will quickly have allthe Pheafants within hearing about yo ; 
 and it is a chance but fome of them will be toucht, and if but one be limed fhe “ih 
 go near to lime all her fellows; for what by her ftrugling among{t them,and the an 
 ing to gaze, fome will be fmeared by her, and fome will light on other balls And 
 if fome one or two efcape by mounting, and get te the Pearch, and there ( as is the 
 natural quality of them ) fit prying to fee what becomes of their fellows, it is tent 
 one but they will be taken by the Lime-bufhes placed on the Pearch. Old Pheat : 
 when you call, oftentimes will not come on the ground, efpecially in Winter ‘bu 
 mount and come flying from Pearch to Pearch, till they come to that nee eGn. 
 
 ve and peeping to find him out that calleth, where they will probably be 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Boox I, ORNITHOLOGY, 49 
 It very requifite to keep an exact account of all your Lime-buthes and | 
 
 you have gathered up your Pheafants, fee what buthes or rodsyou or hine a 
 
 if youmits but one of them, you may be affured that there are fome limed whiek on 
 
 have not found : And therefore never be without a Spaniel that will lie clofeat ik 
 
 foot, and that will fetch andcarry, and neither break norbruife flefh nor Beatties to 
 
 hunt out and bring you all the birds that fhall {0 lie hid. : 
 
 The Lime-rods may be placed not only upon buthes and (hrubs by Pheafantsttacks 
 but alfo upon the ground in open places between thicks in fach order as is directed 
 above, neither too thick and apparent fo as to breed afiright,. nor fo thin asto let 
 any e{cape , leaving about the length of a Rod or lefs between Lime-rod and 
 Lime- rod. 
 
 The Seafon for ufing of Lime is from the beginning of November till the begin- 
 ning of May, for during that time the twigs of trees ( on which Birds pearch ) are 
 void of leaves, and liketo Lime-twigs. The time for the ufe of Nets is from the be- 
 ginning of May till the latter end of Oober : during which time the trees are covered 
 with leaves. | ! 
 
 The Pheafant-net would bemade of the beft twined double Houfewives thread, 
 died green or blue, the Mafh almoft an Inch between knot and knot: It would be in 
 Jength at leaft three fathoms, in breadth feven foot or better, verged on each fide, 
 with a {trong {mall Cord, and as it were furfled thereon; the Net being placed not 
 ftreight, butthickand large, that at any time when it is extended it may lie compats- 
 wifeand hollow: The two erdslikewile fhould be verged with {mall-Cord, yet that 
 more for{trength than any particular ufe. Thegreat Nets ( which fomeufe }) arecum- 
 berfom and hardly manageable, and therefore if occafion be, it is better take and ufe 
 a couple of ordinary fize. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CuHaAp.VII. §. 1 
 How to make the beft Birdlime according to G. Markham. 
 
 Veffel, and boil it in mmnning water till the grey and white bark rife from the 
 green; which will take up.a whole day orbetter, Then takeit fromthe 
 fire, and after the water is very well drained, feparate from it the barks: Take all 
 the green,and lay iton the ground ina clofe place,and ona moift floor, as in fome low 
 Vault or Cellar, and cover it allover a good thicknefs with Docks, Hemlock, Thiftles, 
 and the like green weeds, [ or elfemakeit up ina heap with Fern SSS, that is, firtt a 
 layer or bed of Fern, then a layer of Bark, then a layer of Fern again, and fo on in- 
 terchangeably ] and fo let it le for the fpace of ten or twelve days; in which timeit 
 will rot, and turn to a flimy matter : Then pound it ina large Morter, till it come to 
 be one uniform fubftance or pafte, that may be wrought with the hand like dough, 
 without difcerningany part of the Bark or other fubftance. Which done, take it out 
 of the Morter, and carry it toa {wift running {tream, and there wath it exceedingly, 
 not leaving any mote or filth init, Then put it up inaclofe earthen pot, and let it 
 ftandand purge for divers daystogether, ( three or four at leaft ) not omitting to skum 
 itas any foulnefsarifes, and wien no more will rife, putit into aclean Veflel, and co- 
 it c) d keep it for ufe. . a | 
 Soraben you cg occafion to ufeit, take thereof what quantity you fhall think 
 fit, and. putting it, into an earthen Pipkin with,a third part-of Hogs greale,. - 
 ( which isbetter ) Capons greafe, or Goofe greafe, fet 1t on a very gentle fire, -¢ 
 there letthem melt together, and {tir them continually till they be both pel a 
 together, and become one entire fubftance : Then take it from the fire and cool 1t,1ttr- 
 ring it tillit be cold... 
 When it is well cooled, take your R 
 
 ‘| at Midfummer of the Bark of Holly fo much as to filla reafonable big 
 
 ods, and warming them a ig a of 
 ind: t the tops of them fomeof, it fo: prepared, then draw the foas one trom 
 = ins era again, do this feveral times, continually plying and working 
 them together, till by.{mearing one upon another, you have. beltowed upon every 
 Roda like quantity of Lime, keeping the full breadth of your hand at leat free and 
 without any Limeatall, ever ad an pn arg Rodsbefore the fire, to make a3 
 Lime{pread on them the bette1, andto makeit ie Smoother and plainer, that the Fow 
 may not perceive it, and take affright at it. 6 is 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 50 
 
 ae 
 ORNITHOLOGY. _Boox I. 
 bak Mo; ora 
 
 As for the liming of ftraws, it mutt be done when the Limeis very hot, and in fuch 
 manner as the Rods are done, before the fire, only you mult not do afew, but 4 
 great heap together, as big as you can well gripe in your hands, for fo they are the 
 {tronger, and not fo apt te bruife or break in pieces, and therefore in this opening 
 and working of them, you fhall not doit with a few together, but as many as you can 
 well gripe, tofling, and turning, and working them before the fire, till they ve all 
 befmeared equally. | : 
 
 Now to preferve your Lime from freezing even in the fharpeft weather, takea 
 quarter fo much of the Oy] called Petrolenm as you do of Capons greafe, and mixing 
 them together well, work it upon the Rods, and it will ever keep your Lime gentle, 
 
 fupple, and tough, fo that no froft,how violent foever, can hurt tt. 
 gia. 
 
 How to make Birdlime according to Olina, which was the way of the Ancients. 
 
 Ake of the Berries of Miflelto, as great a quantity as you can get the more 
 
 the better : Putthem ina moift place to putrefie or macerate, and when they 
 are wellmacerated, take the ftuff and beat it foundly with a round Cudgel [, Bafton | 
 till it fhews clear, without any filth, for thatis a fign that it is done enough. Put it 
 
 up ina Pot, and keepitin a moift place well covered with Parchment. 
 When you would make ufe of it, put it ina Pan, and toevery pound of Lime add 
 ell at the fire, and 
 
 an ounce of Oyl Olive, mingling and incorporating of them w 
 when you fee that they are well mixt and united, and become like an Ointment, take 
 it fromthe fire, and put thereto half an ounce of Turpentine, and incorporate them 
 
 well together : and fo you may employ it to take what youpleafe. It ferves alfo for 
 the water. The fame Author mentions other forts of Birdlime brought out of Forein 
 Ina cold and frofty 
 
 Countries, with which I think it needlefs to trouble the Reader. 
 feafon he advifes inftead of common Oy] to. mingle and incorporate your Birdlime 
 
 with Oyl of Nuts, which refilts the cold better than common Oy}. 
 
 i 5 eile Ses TE: 
 | How to make the beft water-Birdlime, ont of a late Englifh Writer. 
 
 Uy a pound of the ftrongeft Birdlime, and having wafhed it nine times in clear 
 Spring-water, till youfind it very pliable, and the hardnefs quite gone, beat out 
 the waterthroughly till you cannot perceive a dropto appear: Then having dried it 
 well, put it into an earthen Pot, and add thereto, 1. As much of the beit Capons 
 greafe, without Salt, as will make it run. 2. Two fpoonfuls of {trong Vinegar. 3. A 
 fpoonful of Sallet-oyl. 4. A {mall quantity of Vezice Turpentine, and boil them all 
 gently upon a foft fire, continually ftirringit : And then take it from the fire, and let 
 it cool; whenyou ufeit, warm it, andfo anoint your twigs or ftraws. | 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 CuHap. - VII. 
 
 Of the eleétion and traming up of a Setting Dog. 
 
 cher, or fall baftard Maftiff may be brought to Set 5 yet none of them 1s 
 } comparable to the true-bred Land-Spaniel, being of a fize rather {mall than 
 grofs, a {trong and nimble ranger, of a couragious fiery mettle, a quick fent, delight- 
 ing in toil,and indefatigable, yet fearful of, and leving to his Mafter. Of what colour 
 he be it matters not much. ) 
 
 Having gotten you aWhelp of fuch a Breed, begin to h dle and 1 thi 
 four % fix months oldeat'ttte furthieft : ec ctsene 
 _ 1. Youmuft make him very loving to, and familiar with you, and fond of 
 as to follow you up and down without taking notice of san di elfe, by faffering = 
 man to feed or chetith him but yourfelf? You muftalfo make him ftand in aw of, and 
 
 | pics i as well as love you, and that rather by a ftern countenance and fharp words 
 than blows. , 
 
 : Lthough the Water-Spantel, Mungrel, fhallow-flew'd Hound, Tumbler, Lur- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.Then » 
 
Boox I. a Se 
 3. Then Rai (nin, 
 2. then you muit te h hj ° 
 laying him d ach him to couch 5 
 him eink a vh fa athe ground; aud ea a down clofe to the >! 
 rifhing him a sini _— he doth in aha Lie clofe, or os, egg firft by 
 tinual ufe and practifi ig him, food when he doth g again{ft your comma d terrifying 
 prefentl MINS the fame thing, 3 Oth as» yOu bid him. nd, and che- 
 pefey oe ac on the ground, whenever you hal hal ling hn end 3 
 3. Next you fhall all but fay, Couch, d adily and 
 atid belly cl teach him, being c | *y Game we clofe, 
 ing, Cane eden et ape lo Ganeeaee ete creeping to you with hi 
 : piece of bread ot eeaete i F : {t, till he ate you'fhall think good yf 5 
 eeither raife fromth other food to entice hi your meaning by fh he hin 
 then ‘you thal in m the ground his fore or hi im: Andif whenh ewing him 
 baal wich or hinder parts; or f e offers to co 
 would have him k ty with ‘your hand thruft>d 5 Ol o much as lift up hi me 
 Seni ¥eiir eep it, but alfochid own his body in fi p hishead, 
 pleafure: And if ide and rate him fo y in fuchfort-as yo 
 your wie add atharp if that will not quicken hi as.to-make him f{trive to. u 
 either fi a 'p jerk or two wi n him fufficientl a Oper 
 ss mba = in part according to i poe Sets lath. W i a tertour of 
 caeracnts a a. to feed him: aarp nese) Stancil . yee will 
 Bae bri ror) ateds seat waft teak Se ae again till a es = 
 4. Theny p and paufe when y e 
 out Cetin oy aon peeee him tolead ina ftring, and f Paes: 
 ly with him r, which you may eafily io by eathice oe rh your heels with- 
 _5- When hei | , not ftriving t 7 
 him to range aid — taught, you may out into th —— 
 of your voice he {to > yet at fuch command, th the field: with him, and {uff 
 with either seen a — upon you, eee ra hemor ceniitics : 
 you. If in rangi esi unt further, , . on. the fecond, that h 
 char peeyall oot ete ee ota fal fi ee vowale 
 Whip-cord lath, till you eteatt Ue Ee or sr inte duacake aes 
 without once aden have made him fo ftauncl 's, or lath him with a thar 
 binds before bis SS ioctl, oF ps clofe and watily 
 F u f ‘ 
 sivdeg a anpdeet he is come upon the haunt of any Partri eee 
 ino prearly defirenuee ; inhunting, and by a kind of shi. artridge, (which you fhall 
 heed by faying, be wi open, but for fear not darin impering and whining, as be 
 {pring them oe Neon orthe like. But if een indi {hall then warn him to take 
 sf on eect him { a or ufe any means by which she ing he either rufhinand { 
 Covey lies, and a ly, and caft him off again in sal Partridge efcapeth, you fhall 
 ftandeth ftill and v nas before give him warning. And if r place where you are fure a 
 faatel aceite vaveth. his tail, looking Basie! if you fee that through fear h } 
 siscak hewn a Be Cee = : Then make him lic = — fomewhat be 
 {fet them $6 bsiof artridge, When you coat e, and ta ing a large oe 
 saieh of ; you fhall make him c lave ound them, if youfeeh 8 
 ne ig oh, rig yor Nek te Pere chim eo 
 ee ter ott Pao: heen 
 them again, you fhall ance by any rudenefs or w Eunry eae biead 
 hearst eit 1 all correct him as before, and ‘want of taking heed to {pri 
 take Be see tent iving him nothing but a bit iter id o in your {tring, uke 
 doubilseetie iia oas before, but with fomewhat ad and water, and thenext day 
 means forget to enon . oie to your will: Which if * de th plan see 
 teiva fail weno pon him all the cherifhings of voice, h oth, you muft by no 
 he {ets ictif. d gto {tand upri ht as it wer | O1ce, and, and foot. 
 bina lie ere nd therefore you rut chide him for ae o pte Partridge when 
 : Itis alfoa fault for him when ’ giving Over till you make 
 into yo hen you go in t 
 = ie en aol aa aay on Sette a Ing fa oa ridge 
 : r felf proceedi re you, 10r W ich y 
 proceeding leifurely the next ‘time, ever as vet ‘a 
 
 fpeak to the Dog'to lie clofe. 
 
 
 

 
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 Hi 
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 52 
 
 
 
 26 H.8.C.11- 
 
 confirmed 
 
 3&4 Ed.6. * 
 
 C.7e 
 
 34 Ed.3.22. 
 
 37 Ed, 3.19. 
 
 ti HH. 7.17. 
 
 9H. 3° 13. 
 
 23 Eliz. 106 
 
 x Fats 29s 
 
 — al 
 ee 
 
 IP Book, J. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 ——— 
 
 ~~ 
 
 CHap, IX, 
 
 An Abridement of fome Statutes relating to the prefervation of Fowl. 
 
 Ow left any one, either not legally qualified or licenfed, or by taking Fowl] 
 
 N at prohibited: times, or by prohibited Engines, or by deftroying of their 
 
 Eggs, fhould through ignorance incur the danger of the Law, I have 
 
 thought fit to fubjoynan Abridgementt of fuch Statutes as relate to the prefervation 
 of Fowl; collected and fent me by my worthy Friend Mr.Walter Afhmore. 
 
 None to deftroy or take away the Eggs of any Wild Fowl on pain of one years 
 imprifonment ; and to forfeit for every Egg of a Crane or Buftard fo taken and de- 
 ftroyed 20d. Of a Bittern, Heron, or Shoveler 8d. Ofa Mallard, Teal; or other 
 Wild-fowl 1 d, to bedivided between the King and the Profecutor. And herein Ju- 
 ftices of peace have power to hear, enquire, and determine offences of this kind, as 
 they ufe todo incafes of trefpafs. . Yet this at not to extend to fuchas kill Crows, 
 Choughs, Ravens, and Buzzards. . 
 
 A Hawk taken up thall be delivered to the Sheriff, who after Proclamation made 
 infeveral Towns, ( if challenged) thall deliver her to the right Owner. And if the 
 Hawk were taken up bya mean man, and be not challenged in four months, the She- 
 riff to. have her, fatisfying the Party for taking her: But if by a man of eftate, who 
 may conveniently keep a Hawk, the Sheriff fhall reftore her to him again, he paying 
 for thecharge of keeping. 
 
 Ifany take away orconceal a Hawk he fhall anfwer the value thereof to the Owner, 
 and fufier two yearsimprifonment, and in cafehe be not able toanfwer the value, he 
 {hall remain in prifona longer time. 
 
 He that fteals and carries away a Hawk, not obferving the Ordinance of 34 Ed.3.22. 
 fhall be deemed a Felon. | 
 
 None fhall take Pheafants or Party with Engines in anothers ground without 
 licence, in pain.of tenpound-to be divided between the Owner of the ground and 
 the Profecutor. = Phe 
 
 None fhall'take out of the Neft any Eggs of Falcon, Gofhawk, Lanner, or Swan, 
 in pain of a year and adays imprifonment, and to incur a Fine at the Kings pleafure, 
 to be divided between the King andthe Owner of the ground where the Eggs fhall 
 be fo taken. | 
 
 None fhall-bear any Hawk of Englith breed called a Nyefle, (.Gofhawk, Tarcel, 
 Lanner, Lanneret, or Falcon ) in pain toforfeit the {ame tothe King. 
 
 He that brings a Nyefle Hawk from beyond the Seas fhall have a Certificate under 
 the Cuftomers Seal where he lands, or if outof Scotland, then under.the Seal of the 
 Lord Warden or hisLieutenant, teftifying fhe is a Forein Hawk, uponthelike pain of 
 
 a 
 
 _ forfeiting the Hawk.. 
 
 None fhall take, kill, or fearaway any of the faid Hawks from their Coverts where 
 they ufe to breed, in pain of ten pounds, 
 
 Every Freeman may have Eyries of Hawks within their own Woods which be 
 within.a Foreft. 
 
 None ‘hall kill or take-Pheafants or Partridges by night, in pain. of 20 s.a Phea- 
 fant, and 10 s.a Partridge, or one months imprifonment, and bond with Sureties not 
 to offend again inthe like kind. 
 
 Directions to recover the Forfeitures, wd. Statute. 
 
 None to hawk orhunt with Spaniels in ftanding!Grain in pain of 40s. 
 
 No perfon fhall kill or take any Pheafant, Partridge, Pigeon, Duck, Heron, Hare 
 or other Game, or take or deftroy the Eggs of Pheafants, Partridges, or Swans, in 
 pain of 20 s. or imprifonment for every Fow],Hare, or Egg,and to find Suretiesin 20 /, 
 not to offend in the likekind. 
 
 No perfon {hall keep Dog or Net to take or kill any of the Jaftmentioned.Game 
 unlefs‘qualified asin the Ad, in pain of Zo. et 
 
 No Perfon to buy or fell any Partridge or Pheafant upon painte forfeit 20 +, for 
 every Pheafant, and 1o s. for every Partridge, 
 
 No Perfonto betwice punifhed for one offence. 
 
 Perfonsare to be licenfed in Seffions to kill Hawks meat, and to become bound in 
 20/. not to kill any of the faid Games, nor to fhoot within 600 paces of a Heronry, 
 
 within 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Book ORNITHOLOGY. 53 
 
 within 100 paces of 'a Pigeon Houfe, or in a Park, Foreft, or Chafe, whereofhis Ma- 
 {ter is not Owner or Keeper. 
 
 Every perfon having hawked at, or deftroyed any Pheafant or Partrid 
 the firlt of Fuly and laft of Auguft {hall forfeit 40 s. for every 
 20 s. for every Pheafant or Partrid ge fo deftroyed or taken. 
 
 This offence to be profecuted within fix months after it is committed. 
 
 Lords of Mannors and their Servants may take Pheafants or Partridges in theirown 
 grounds or Precin&s in the day time between Michaela and Chrifimas. 
 
 Every perfon of a mean condition having killed or taken any Pheafant or Partridge 
 fhall forfeit 20 s. for each onefo killed, and fhall become bound in 20 |. not to offend 
 {o again. 
 
 Conttables and Headboroughs upon warrant to fearch houfes, and feize Dogs or 
 Nets, and deftroy them at pleafure. 
 
 Lords of Mannors to appoint Game-keepers, who by a Warrant from a Juftice 2223 car.2. 
 may in the day-time take and feize allGuns, Bows, Grey-hounds, Setting-dogs, Lur- ¢25 
 chers, or other Dogs to kill Hares or Conies, Ferrets, Trammels, Low-bells, Hays, 
 or other Nets, Hare-pipes, Snares, and other Engines for the taking and killing of 
 Conies, Hares, Pheafants, Partridges, and other Game within the Precinés of fuch 
 Mannor, as fhall be ufed by any Perfon prohibited by that Act to keep or ule the 
 fame. 
 
 Perfons under the value of 100 1. per anznums or for term of life, or not having 
 Leafes for ninety nine years, or for a longer term of the value of 1 50 /. other than 
 
 
 
 ge between 7 fa: 1x 
 time fo Hawking, and 
 
 _ the Son and Heir apparent of an Efquire or other perfon of higher degree, and the 
 
 Owners and Keepers of Forefts, Parks, Chafes, or Warrens, are not to have or keep 
 for themfelves or others any Guns, Bows, Greyhounds, Setting-dogs, Lurchers, Hays, 
 Nets, Lowbells, Hare-pipes, Snares, or other Engine. 
 
 THE 
 
 
 

 

 
 2A Table of Land-Foyl. Page 55. 
 
 te _ generous, called EAGLES, The Golden 
 {TheGreater, agie, the Sea-Eagle, the black Eagle, &c, 
 ! and thefes Part 1.Seé.1. Chap.3. 
 
 either Fhe wore cowardly and Sluggifh, called Vut- 
  TURES,Part 1. Sect. 1.Chap. 4. 
 
 ( Long-wing'd, whofe wings 
 reach almoft as far as the 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (The more aresd:| end of their Train, asthe 
 foto that are wont Falcon, Lanner, &c.Part 1. 
 ee 3 to be reclaimed} Set. 1. Chap. a 
 in the; a eo 
 1 dey tine and manned. for 
 | y | fowling, called + Short-wing'd, whofe Wings 
 if | Hawks, which, when clofed fall much 
 | ourFalconersdi-| fhort of the end of their 
 | {tinguifh into Trains, as the Gofhawk and 
 | The Lefer, | Sparrow-hawk, Part 1. 
 called in 3 _ Sect. 1. Chap.to. 
 . ; | Latine Ac- | | 
 ‘{Carniwor ows 1 cipitres, ‘The Greater; The common 
 and rapaci- | : | The more cowardly Buzzard,bald Buzzard, &c. 
 ows, called ;. and fluggifo, or| Part 1.Seét.1. Chap.8. 
 (fg | BiRDsoF} | elfe indocile, and | 
 | 2 PRE y,and | therefore byour: f European 3 BuTC HER- 
 +e | thefeeither |: Falconers negle-! .«| BirDs or Shrikes. 
 | os Ged and permit-|‘S! Part 1.Seét.1.Cha.rr. 
 SG | ted to live at! 
 |? | f ‘t_ large, 4 | Exotics; Brnps of PA- 
 Ie | | | RADISE, Part f. 
 zy | _ Sect.1. Chap.12. 
 = | ( Horned or eared, as the Eagle-Owl, Horn-Owl, &c. Part 1. 
 i No&urnal, that.\ . Se&.2. Chap 1. 
 iy | fly and prey 
 gO t by night Without Horns, as the brown Owl, grey Owl, &c. Part. 1. 
 3 Sect. 2. Chap.2. 
 S 
 
 
 
 Frugivorous, called by a ge-( Greatef? kind ; called MACC AWS, Part 1. Sect.3. Chap.2. 
 neral name Parrots, di- )Middle-fized and moft common ; ¢a.led PARROTS and 
 {tinguifhed by their big-) PoPpmrnjayeEs,Part 1. Sect.3. Chap.3. 
 
 L nefs into the ,( Leaft kind; called Pan RAKEETS, Part I. Sect,3. Chap. 4. 
 ( 
 
 
 
 Greateft kind 5 which by reafon of the bulk of their bodies and f{malnefs of their Wings 
 
 cannot fly at all, Exotic Birds of a fingular nature; The Oftrich, the Cafforary and the 
 Dodo. Part 2. Sect.1. Chap.8. ’ 
 
 
 
 ars 
 
 Wholly black; The CROWw- 
 ( Promifcuonfly upon Flefh, SF Ba tha &. 
 Infects,and Fruits, di- seg Gabe ns 
 
 f Large,thick ,{trong, {tinguifhable by their Particoloured; The Pre- 
 
 
 
 LAND-Fow Lt are either fuch as have 
 eens eueeeenreanns temecmmeneenn eepmecen sees LN OID rn 
 
 More ftreight Bill and Claws, diftinguifhable into the 
 
 ' 
 co OE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t. ; 
 Leaft kind ;( Soft-beak'd, which hated flender, ftreight, and the moft pretty-long Bills, 
 called fmall ) which kind feeds chiefly upon Infects, Part 2.Se@.2. Memb: I. 
 Birds which Hard-beak'd, which have thick and fhort Bills, and feed moft upon Seeds. 
 are either Part 2.Sect.2, Memb. 2. 
 
 | and long ones,4 colour into } hind, Part 2.Se.1.Cha.2. 
 Middle-fized ; feeding either { Upon Fifh; asthe KINGFISHER, @. Part 2.Sect. 1. 
 | which may Chap.7. 
 ; be divided | Upon Ines only; The WCODPECKE R-kind, 
 + by their _ Part 2. Sect.1.Chap. 5. a 
 Bills into | (Whites The PouLtTR y-hind, Part 2. Sect. 1. Chap. 
 fuch as 10, If, 12. 
 have ' Swaller,and foorters 2 (Greater; the PrcEON-kind, Part 2. Sed. 1. 
 | whofe flefh is¢ 6 Chap.15. 
 L__ either | Ss Lefer; the THRUSH-kind, Part 2, Sedt, t. 
 | Chap.17, 18. 
 L 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 THE 
 
 SECOND BOOK 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY 
 
 FRANCIS WILLUGHBY Ef; 
 
 en Se ee oe es + eee 
 
 
 
 Of Land-Fowl. 
 
 
 
 THe First. Parr. 
 
 Of [uch as bave hooked Beaks and T alons. 
 
 THe First SECTION. 
 
 Of Rapacious. Diurnal Birds, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuap. I. 
 Of Birds of prey in general, efpecially Diurnal ones. 
 
 wyr,HE Charatteriftic notes of Rapacious Birds in general are 
 Sang thefe: To have a great heads a fhort neck 5 hooked, firong and 
 Zeer) fharp-pointed Beak and Talons, fitted for ravine and tearing of 
 
 mm fleth: Strong and brawny thighs, for ftriking down their prey : 
 abroad, thick, flefhy tongue, like amans 5 twtlve feathers intheir 
 train: four and twenty flag feathers { remiges penne | 7” each 
 wing | The number of thefe feathers can hardly be counted 
 exactly, and doth ( I believe }) vary in thefe Birds, the greater 
 kinds having more, the lefier fewer. '] The two Appendices or 
 blind guts very fhort, fo that they feem to be of no ufe to them, at leaft when grown 
 up: A membranous omach,not a mufculous one,or Gizzard,\ike granivorous Birds: Toa be 
 very foarp-fighted, tor fpying out their prey at adiltance; to be folitary, not gregarious, 
 by a fingular providence of nature: For fhould they, coming in flocks, joyntly fet 
 upon Cattel, the flocks and herds of fheep and beafts would: fearce be fecure from 
 their violence and injuries. This note is not common to all 'Rapacious birds in ge- 
 neral, though Ariffotle hath delivered for an univerfal obfervation , FapLwrigay dev 
 aoircior, 1.€. No Birds of prey are gregarious. For Vultures, (as Bellonius hath obfer- 
 ved ) fly in company fifty or fixty together: To be deep-feathered. The feathers in- 
 velting their bodies if they be not thicker fet, are atleatt taller or longer thar in other 
 birds, fo that their bodies feem to be much greater than indeed they are. This note 
 is common to all Rapacious birds, but not proper to them alone: — Zo be long-lived, 
 and as is commonly thought, more than other birds, whereof beimg not yct fully la- 
 tisfied, I will not rafhly affirm any thing, but leave the mattet to be determined by 
 experience and diligent obfervation. But certam it Is; ( as we have before demon- 
 {trated ) that all Birdsin general, account being had of their bignefs, are very long- 
 lived. “Fo endure hunger ( or absdewithout food ) a long tine, which confidering their 
 food and manner of living is almolt neceflary 5 feeing thetr prey 1 not always ready 
 for them. The Females are of gréater fime, more beautifiel and lovely for fhape and 
 
 
 
 colours, 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ne 
 eee enna om 
 en ae : 
 
 OR NIT HO LOGY. ~~ Book I. 
 
 
 
 For this caufe fome will have 
 
 colours. (tronger, more fierce and generous than the Males. : 
 oe, called a that he Thirds, becaufe they are lefler by one third part than 
 the Females. The reafon of this inequality and excefs of magnitude in the E emales 
 fome do affign, becaufeat lies upon the Females to prey sot only, fot thenifclyes, but 
 fortheir Young, therefore itis requifite they be more {trong and generous. More- 
 over (that we-may notethat by the by.) among the Females themfelves the tokens of 
 oodnefs are taken from their greatnets 5 for by how much a Hawk 1s bigger and 
 more weighty, fo much better is it accounted, ) So that ( as Tardivws witnefleth ) in 
 Syria Birds employed for Fowling are all bought by weight 5 and fo much the dearer 
 by how much they weigh more. Howbeit the Affures | Gofhawks.] ( if we may be- 
 lieve the Italian Proverb ) [ Ajfore piccolo Terzuolo grande’| by how much the lefs 
 they are, by fo muchthe more are they efteemed. Here again Vultures are to be ex- 
 cepted, of which the Males are faid to equal or exceed the Females in bignefs, The 
 Bafis of the Beak is covered with a naked skin or membrane, which our Falconers call 
 the Sear. This note is proper to Rapacious Birds that prey by day; for the night-birds 
 have nofuch Membrane. ‘The outmoft toe is connedted with the middlemoft by ax inter- 
 vening Membrane, as far as the firftjoynt. This note 1s common to all Rapaciows Diurnal 
 Birds, but not proper tothem alone, agreeing to many other birds befides. The breaft 
 in moft Rapaciows birds is party-coloured or fpotted : In moft I fay, not in all; for, the 
 Vultur Beticus, Milows Abruginofws, and fome few others are to. be excepted. Some 
 others alfo of the forementioned notes are not proper and peculiar to this kind, as 
 for example, To have twelve feathersin the tail, and to have very fhort Appendices or blind 
 ents, which are common alfo to the Crow-kind, and moft-mall birds. 
 
 Add to thefe, that inBirds of prey'the Hook of the upper chap is produced by Age 
 to that length fometimes, that it hinders their feeding: That the Claw of the outmott 
 Toc is the leaft: That the fleth of carnivorous birds doth fooner corrupt and putrefie 
 than of any other: That the interior fides of their Claws are fharp-edged : That 
 their Excrements are for the moft part fluid like milk :, Phat the interior Vanes of 
 the prime feathers of their Wings and Tails have white or pale-coloured crofs bars : 
 That thé colour of the back and upper partis for themoft part brown. 
 
 fe Ee 
 
 
 
 — 
 oe 
 
 gee <A AP... Ie. 
 Of the. Eagle. in general. 
 
 g“\He Eagle in general may bethus defined, A diurnal Rapacious Bird of the bigge/t 
 fort, the moft generous of all, having ats Beak hooked almoft from the very nda. 
 a. By its bignefs it is diltinguifhed trom the Hawk by ats.courage and {pirit and 
 by the kookednefsof its Bill from the Vulture... ie 
 There are many things delivered by the Ancients and Moderns concerning the na- 
 ture and conditions of the Eagle ingeneral ; which are partly falfé oruncertain partly 
 common to other Birdsof prey. a 
 Of the firft fort Itake the following to be. 
 1. That its Pes = not equal, but the right bigger than the left. 
 2. That its feathers being mixt with the feathers of other birds. efpec; See le 
 Pigeons, do watte and ceghahe them. 104 ae eon 
 3. That whereas fhe excels in quick-fightedne(s, in trying her Young whether they: 
 be genuine or {purious, ‘fhe makes ufe.of an argument taken fromthe fight. For han : 
 ing them up by the Claw, fhe expofes them to the Sun-beams, and thofe that the fees 
 look ftedfattly onthe Sun, fhe keeps and brings up.as. right-bred, and her genuine Of- 
 {fpring, but fuch as turn away their eyes, asnot being able to behold it, thec 
 as degenerous. . 
 ' 4. That the Eagle as long as fhe lives changes not her N 
 yearly to the fame. : : Nei on Haut eamevesiate 
 gees eet Noon fhe fliesabroad and preys, but all the Forenoon before dinner 
 6. That fhe touchesnot Carrion or dead Carcafies : 
 {uch —_ as {he kills her felf. cimatu 
 7- hat whereas for the moft part fhe hatches two young ones, fhe bri 
 one, calting out the other, to eafe her felf of the toil of arg and fading ogee 
 
 alts away 
 
 8. That 
 
 
 
 
 
Book ll, ORNITHOLOGY. 57 
 
 8. That fhe would notat all hat 
 [ Aétites”Jinto her Neft,which is ee ee ae not bring the Eagles flone 
 
 g. That when the Young are fick; and cannot ne ke 
 of the weakne(s of their ftomachs poe ae eee more folid food, by reafon 
 feed them therewith. nes luck the bloud out of their prey, and 
 
 10. That in'extreme old age, when their Beaks b 
 
 cowed ae eee aks Dy reafon of their dri ‘ 
 — : crooked that they cannot feed, they fuftain themfélves for fome i be 
 
 11. IThatthe old ones when they fee their y e 
 ry them up a height, and then let them g0, ee Betis 
 peril to make ufe of their Wings, and by flyin Serna ieth were by theirown 
 from falling. If after they have let them go they fal eae to ‘t ose Hive themfelves 
 
 — _ on repeating this kind of exercife. oe they take 
 12. [hat fhe hath an extraordinary care of her Tz 
 fhould be blunted. Hereupon in vealkine fhe dine pin a3 af en 
 inwards, refufes to walkin {tony places, left perchance fhe hould S ie cae vn 
 And if fhe happens to fit or walk upon Rocks, fhe fpreads ander eet 2 eaeeel 
 {uch Animals as fhe hath kill'd, le sue Yaris Ue SKINSOF 
 ld, left her Talons fhould be hurt. Yea fo careful is 
 them, that where ever fhe fits, unlefs the eyes the Sun or her pre fhe js ci 3 ras = 
 _ at — —— left they fhould grow too crooked. And if by Saaee ay be 
 oe “ ; ng — them with her Bill, or eae them upon ftones, to render them 
 13. That when the 1s enfeebled with oldage, fhe flies as hi r 
 the. Clouds, till the dimnefs of her ariant be oe fe Ste 
 then prefently defcending with allherforce, while fhe is yet inthe extremity of ian 
 fhe drenches her felf three times in: the coldeft water fhe can find, and rifin : el 
 {treightway betakes her felf to her Neft, where among her youn now ft ts : a ; 
 ing, falling into a kind of Fever, with a {weat fhe cafts her eaiiee ; and is by ies 
 carefully nurfed up and fed,till {he recover her plumage again * aoe 
 
 14. Whereasthe greateft part of Birds eqhee Scor x der 
 Owl, fhe not thinking fuch carriage to become a King! bird: is fothiae mf oy a 
 that {pectacle. ct ae 
 
 Of the latter kind are thefe. 
 
 r. That the doth fo excel in quick-fightednefs, that foaring fo high in the air 
 fhe can very hardly be difeerned by a all thatlight, yet he aan perk 
 underabuth, or alittle Fifh {wimming in the water. Though I grant that both the Ea i 
 and other Rapacious birds are very foarp-lighted, yet do I not think that, their eyes wa 
 reach objects at fuch diftances. : i 
 
 2. That the isindocile and uncapable of Difcipline, and notto be tamed by any hu- 
 mane endeavour : But is only carried on headlong by her natural inclination and zmpe- 
 tus. This is not univerfally true. For we bave heard of Bagles that have been reclaimed and 
 trained up for fowling. Though it be rarely done. 
 
 3. That her breath fmells very ill, fo that by reafon of the peftiferous ftench 
 thereof, the bodies that are blownupon by her do eafily putrefie and corrupt. 
 
 4. That the is very greedy and-almoft unfatiable: and therefore if at any time fhe 
 endures hunger, (of , which fhe is moft patient ) fhe recompentes her long fafting by — 
 abundant eating and gorging her felf. And if her prey be fo great and copious that 
 any thing remains when fhe 1s fatiated, fhe leaves that to the other birds, which ufe to 
 follow her in expectation thereof. 
 
 5. That almoft all Birds of prey live without ever drinking; yet is their bellyal- 
 ways loofe, and their Excrements fluid. For the bloud of the Animals they kill 
 affords them liquor enough for the concoction and digettion of their meat. 
 
 6. That it is very, venereous. For the Female being trodden thirteen times a day, 
 yet if the Male doth but call, runs to him again. Now. whereas all falacious crea- 
 tures are thought to be fhort-lived, one may juftly wonder, that the Eagle fhould be 
 the moft lufttul, and yet withal themoft vivacious of Birds. 
 
 7; When their young onesare grown up, and come to that age and ftrength, that 
 that they can without the help of their Parents get. themfelves meat, they drivethem 
 far away from their Nefts; nay, they will not (ufker them to abide fo much as inthe 
 
 {ame Country. Ee | 
 8. Nature hath given the Eagle very thick, hard, and almoft folidbones, and in 
 
 which there is but very little marrow. 
 | I All 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 i mn 
 — Boox Il. 
 
 Irs Weight. 
 
 Irs Length. 
 Breadth, 
 
 The Beak. 
 
 The Mouth. 
 
 The Tongte: Vans, broad, round, and bluntatthe 11 
 
 The Palate. 
 
 The Sear. 
 
 The neck- 
 feathers. 
 * Of a rujly 
 
 colo’. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 NTE es >” a aii . “ ‘e 
 ‘All thefe thingswe have tranfcribed out of Aldrovandus his greet P: ae eet 
 cur mere fuch like, which are common to other Kapacious Birds. For . i A ae 
 nent Magnitude we do not acknowledge any Characterittic note — Yn % aes 
 be diftinguithed from ey; How they are differenced from Vultures ina 
 
 vhen we come to treat of Vultures. ; 
 
 oe for the names of the Eales, it is called Grecians ’"Aems and *Aseqs _ oo 
 Verb ’Afoms, fignifying to ruth on or be carried forwards violently with ee a 
 and {wiftnels, becaufe of the {wiftnefs of itsflight : by the Latines it is name ? - . 
 either ab acunrine vifus trom the fharpnefs of its hight, or from the colour called |Aqu 
 lvs| thatis, blackith or dusky, fo denominated from water [_ Aqua. | 
 
 —_— 
 
 ae 
 
 et 
 nhl ILO Se en nel 
 
 CHap. III. 
 Of the feveral kinds of Eagles. 
 d. I. 
 
 *TuoEe GoLDEN. EAGLE; CHYSAETOS Aldrovandi Ornithologia,\ib.2. cap.2. 
 Aquila fulva feu aurea. 
 
 cit of Beak to tip of ail it was full three feet and nine Inches long. The 
 
 hingdd from the Bill to the Talons was four {pans and anhalf. The breadth 
 
 from tip to tip of the Wings extended eight {pans. The Beak was one Palm {_ hand- 
 breadth] and one inch long. For the hooked part alone hung down beyond the 
 lower Chap a full Inch. The breadth of the Bul, efpecially about the middle was 
 more than two Inches. The hooked part or point was blackers the reft of the Bill of 
 a horn-colour, inclining to a pale blue, and {potted with dusky. The widenefs of 
 the Mouth gaping [ riéfws | was one Palm and an Inch. The Tongue was like a 
 tip, toward the root on both fides armed with 
 
 two hooked, horny Appemdices, tied down in the middle to the lower mandible by 
 a thin Membrane. “The Palate perforate in the middle. The lower Chap of the 
 Bill channelled,the edges whereof {tanding up on both fides are received in the upper. 
 The Membrane which arifing from the Forehead is extended beyond the Nofthrils, 
 and likewife the borders of the bridleor corners of the mouth are yellow. The fea- 
 thers of the neck are rigid and *ferrugineous, A certain thick Tunicle ftretched 
 forth from below upwards covered the eye in nictation. This Membrane ts called in 
 
 Be put in the balance [_féatera | we found it to weigh twelve pounds. From 
 
 The Eye-lids. Latine Periophthalminm. Two Eye-lids, one above, the other beneath, covered the 
 
 The Eye- 
 brows. 
 
 The Eyes. 
 
 The Wings. 
 The Train. 
 
 Eye, although the lower alone extended upward was fafficient to cover the whole 
 Eye. The region of the Eye-brows was very eminent, like that ee part of 
 the roofs of houfes called the Eaves; under which the Eyes lay hid, as 1t were funk 
 in a deep cavity. The Eyes were of the colour called Charopws, of a fiery {plendor, 
 fhining forth in a pale blew. The Pupil was ofa deep black. It is very admirable 
 to obferve what care Nature hath taken, and what provifion fhe hath made for the 
 confervation of the Eyes, than which there is no part in this Animal more excellent. 
 For not being content with one Tegument, as is ufual in other Animals, the feemeth 
 to have framed four {everal lids or covers for them. The Periophthalminm, or Mem- 
 biane for Nictation, is the fame thing, and affords the fame ufe to them that the Eye- 
 lidsdotoa man. Befides which Nature hath fuperadded two other Eye-lids, and of 
 thefe the lower fo large, that they alone fuffice to cover and preferve the Eyes. ‘The 
 colour of the Wings and Tail is dusky, and fo much the darker by how muchthe fea- 
 
 Thecolour of thers arebigger. Thecolour of thereft of the {mall feathers of the whole body. is a 
 
 the whole 
 body. 
 
 The Flag- 
 Feathers. 
 
 The Legs. 
 
 dark ferrugineous of Chefnut, fprinkled with white {pots, fewer on the back, more 
 onthe belly, the bottoms of all being white. Six of the prime feathers on each fide 
 were twenty two Inches long apiece, having very firm and hard quills, but fhorter 
 than thofe of Gee/e, and very good to make Writing Pens. The Legs were feathered 
 downto the feet, of a ferrugineous colour. Hence it may evidently appear to any 
 
 * Lib.r.cap 4. ‘Tan, how much * Petras BeVoniws is miftaken in that he writes, that Eagles are di- 
 
 ae Avibtts. 
 
 The Feet. 
 The Talons, 
 
 {tinguifhable from Vuliures by one only fign, viz. havingtheir Legs naked or deftitute of 
 feathers, Contrary to what we {ee in Vultures. The feet were yellowifh: The back- 
 claw of the left foot fix Inches in circumference’sthat of the right foot but four 5 
 
 fo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ls 
 
 h 
 
 a5 
 if 
 f 
 
 
 
 Boox II, ORNITHOLOGY. 59 
 
 {0 great was the difference betweenthem: whi 
 but induced by force, for this feemed tobe! mind Sena ye 
 the fore-toes of the left foot was five Inches in length, that of the middle shad id 
 an half; the leaft two. The Talons of the fore toes of the right foot were 5 
 proportion to the back-claw, than thofe of the left. . Four Semicircular Ss ation 
 = tanh my a Berets som the greateft of the fore toes, which had 
 nly three* avznuli, The reft of the feet ¢ 7 : ¢ * Ri 
 - mile seal; diaedisehan lot was covered with Scales about the bignefs conte eediidd 
 If any one defires an Anatomy and defcription of the inward 
 eae ss ss poe . See alfo oz shencaigieaes whereby he — aM bird by 
 im deicribed to be the Chry/aétos of the Ancients : -eby he dif; 
 vvitbed i Gamh tebtolier te yf Ancients 3 and the notes whereby he diftin- 
 I fufpec this to be the fame bird with that hereafter deferibed by us under the title 
 of Pygargus. Thechief difference is, that half the Tail.in that.is white, whéreas in 
 this the whole is of one [dusky colour. 
 This with great fiercenefs flew upon any thing that came initsway: and would The ferce- 
 with its Beak and Talons aflault and {trike at Dogs, Cats, dc. and even man him(elf. "8 ofthe 
 if they did, before they were aware, approach too near the Cage in which it > eel 
 was fhut up. So far Aldrovandus : to whom this Bird. was fent by the Great Duke of 
 
 Lufcany. 
 The Golden Eagle with a white ring about its tail. 
 
 We {aw three Birds of this fort inthe Royal Theriotrophium near theTewer of Lon- 
 don, and afourth in St. Fames Park near Weftminfter.. For bignefs they approached The Bigtes. 
 to Turkens, The Beak near the head was {treight, toward the end hooked, of a*horn= The Beak. 
 colour; the Sear or skin covering the Bafis of the beak of an ath-colour or blewith 
 white; the {pace from the Nofthrils to. the eyes bare of feathers: The mouth very 
 wide when gaping: The Tail of a mean length, with a tranfverfe bar or ring of The Tail. 
 white. The upper Chap of the Beak had on each fide a {mall obtufe Angle or Tooth, 
 ag that of the Keffre! and other Hawks. The infide of the mouth was of a fleth-co- 
 lour. The Feathers covering the head and neck not finooth and even, but rigid, nar- The feathers 
 row, and lying at a diftance one from another: The Talons black; the Legs fea- 
 thered down below the knees. Our Country-niencall this bird fimply and abfolutely 
 the Eagle, without any Epithet of diftinction, as if indeed this were ygz' e£onlu', the 
 
 - Eagle of Eagles. I takeit to be {pecifically the fame with the precedent. 
 
 §. Il. 
 * The SEA-EAGLE or OSPREY; Haliectus feu Aquila marina; NifwsVeterum. 
 
 :  drovandus confelles that himfelf never faw this Bird: But the defcription he The bald 
 oe of it, fentby a certain eminent Phyfician,agrees exactly to the ENGLISH ene om 
 BAtp BuzzAkD. Moreover Leonard Baltner, a ¥ifherman of Strasburgh, who Sea-Eaglé: 
 him(elf defcribed and caufed to be painted by thelifeall Water-fow! that frequent the 
 River Rhine thereabouts, fetsforth the Buld Buzzard under the title of Fifch- Adler; 
 j, e. the Fifh-Eagle. But feeing thatour Bald Buzzard ts a lefler Bird than that it may 
 merit the name of an Eagle, and is alfo very like to, and not much bigger than the 
 Common Buzzard, we will treat thereof in a more commodious place, among (Its fel- 
 lows, viz. the leflerfort of wild birds of prey. And in this place for the Halicctus | 
 or Sea-Eagle we will prefent the Reader with the Offifrage of Aldrovandys, ene ie hes oft 
 that for its bignefs may juftly challenge a place among Eagles and isalfo a fierce = fan pain 2 
 enerous Bird, preying upon Fifh, and frequenting not only Pools and Rivers, , Ut the Sea-Eagle, 
 “if theSea. Iam not ignorant that Aldrovandus will by no means admit eC to | 
 be the Sea-Eagle: 1. Becaufe it aniwers not to the defcription of the SeeneHs e leit ms 
 by the Ancients, which makes it to be not much bigger than the ae % ag this 
 Bird for bigne(s falls not much fhort of theChryfactos it {elf 2. Becaule . t i notes 
 of the Of/zfrage agree to it, v7%. A whitifh afh-colour, clouded Eyes; 4 bear under 
 he chin, and finally Aquilive magnitude. But yet thefe. Arguments are not of fo 
 : o- force with me to evince this Bird to be the Ojjifrage, as the manner of living 
 “tone to be the Sea-Bag/le: unlefs perchance the Sea-Eagle and Offifrage be Synonymous 
 
 | See h matter the defcriptions of 
 tvords and names of one and the fackire a doI much matter the defcrip sa - 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — ORNATHOLOGY. 
 
 
 
 Book 1: 
 
 otes of ‘Animals are wont to be lefs curious and 
 
 exaGt. But whateverthe Ancients called the Sea-Eagle, certain 1t 1s that! the title 0 
 Sea-Bagle may be very fitly attributed tothis Bird. For if we admit the Bala —_ a 
 for the Sea-Eagle, (which, to {peak the'truth, agrees better to the defcriptions ~ e 
 Ancients ) we take away all note of diftindion between Eaglesand Hawks, whic (as 
 we faid before } confifts aa in difference of magnitude. | 
 the detripi- ‘TheOffefrage then or Sea-Eagle is thus defcribed: by Aldrovandus. From the point 
 onof the of the Beak to the end of the train or Talons, ( for the ends of both when extended 
 off feo were coincident ) it was three feet and four Inches long: From tip to.tip of the 
 Breadth W ings ftretched out nine {pans broad. It weighed eleven pound. The Bill was 
 Weight. very hooked, fo that the hooked part alone was am Inch long 3 the whole two Inches 
 = broad. andan hand-breadth long 5 of a blackifh or dusky horncolour, fomewhat ap- 
 Tongue. ptoaching to a dark blue. The Tongue was very like to a mans,witha broad top, and 
 hooked, hard, and horny Appendices on both fides, tied down to the lower mandible 
 by a thin Membrane, where it regards the chin a horny Membrane compafies the end 
 or tip of it. ~The lower maridible was hollowed like a channel, { 1 fuppofe he means 
 the fides of it ] the edges or borders of which channel enter the Palate on both fides, 
 The Palate. and are enclofed within its edges. Inthe middle of the Palatevis a chink by whicha 
 The head and pituitous humour diftils from the head. The head and. all theneck are cloathed with 
 oe long, narrow, and rigid feathers. From the Chin hang down {mall feathers like. hatrs 
 imitating a beard ; whence perchance by Pliny and alfo Belouius it 1s denominated 
 The Beard. the bearded Eagle : And I from that note chiefly fuppofe it to be‘called Harpe by Op- 
 he colour of piav, The feathers of the whole body fingly are particoloured, and that with three 
 the Feathers. colours, ‘whitifh, duskifh, and ferrugineous. The flag-feathers of the Wings are al- 
 i Rags moft wholly black, fomething tending to Chefnut. The twelve feathers of the Train 
 ) have little or nothing of red, but are only {potted with black and white, vz whitifh 
 
 onthe outfide, dusky on the inner. The two middlemoft, being befprinkled pro- 
 
 mifcuoufly with white {pots, are for the moft part dusky. The ends or tips of all are 
 diately cover thefe, are almoft 
 
 » °° black. ‘The feathers growing on the rump, whichammeatat 7 
 Theteg. Wholly white,fprinkled with a little black,fave that their tps are black. Their Legs 
 are almoft wholly covered with: dusk >feathe 8 omewhat inclining to fulvous ; {o 
 + that thereis only twounehes to the feet remaining bare. Befides the feathers the 
 ames oo whole body underhieath is covered with a white and foft down, asit were a delicate 
 town, fleece, after the fame manner as the skin of a Swan. The lower part of the Legs, 
 which as we faid for the {pace of two Inches is deftitute of feathers, and the feet are 
 The Toes. ofa deep yellow. Thetoes extended are a full {pan 5 the length of the middlemoft 
 The Talon. isequal toa Palm. The Talons were very black in fo much that they fhone again 5 
 and fo hooked that they did exadly reprefent a Semicircle. They obferved this pro- 
 portion one to another; the hindmoft being the biggeft was two Inches long; the firft 
 of the fore ones leflerthan it, but bigger than the middlemoft, and the laft theleaft 
 of all. The fubftance of the Talons was inwardly white and bony, covered over out- 
 wardly witha dusky bark. Theleg and foot were for the moft part covered with 
 ais e0i round feales of unequal bignefs; butthe fore-part of the Leg, and upper part of the 
 
 nena LIES had Semicircular Tables like the * Chry/actos. 
 Clufius otis Clufiws tent to Aldrovandws the Picture of this Bird drawn in-colours to the life, by 
 chisfor the thetitle of the Sea-Eagle, writing thereof in this manner, This Haliaetus, which our 
 Sea-Eagi — ©ountrymen living in the Sea-coaftcall Zee Aren, that is, Sea-Eagle, was fhot the laft 
 Winter, cc. That this Eagle feeds only on Fifh I my felf can witnefs, for in the f{to- 
 mach thereof diflected we foundnothing but Fifh, fome remaining yet entire, fome 
 
 a half confumed, ec. 
 
 Eeauiean | That this Bird is the fame which our Seamen and Fowlers call the Ofprey, and affirm 
 ngliilt Ofprey shave one flat or webbed foot to fwim withal, after the manner of a Gooje or 
 222s. other Water-fowl, the other being divided after the manner of other Birds of prey, 
 rhatit hath Fdo notat all doubt: But what is reported concerning the feet is moft certainly falfe 
 ee se and: fabulous: although by fome affirming it with great confidence, even the beit Na- 
 other cloven, turalifts have been deceived 5 among thereft Aldrovandus himfelf, not daring rafhly 
 to contradict, Albertws Magnus Englifh men and Burgundians eye-witnelles. For (faith 
 he ) the ‘Natives of each Country aré moft likely beft to know what things are pecu- 
 liar to theirown Country either by Land orSea, Well, I my felf aman Exglifh man, 
 vet have Tneéver yetmet with any credible perfon who would affirm himfelf to be an 
 Eye-witnefs of this matter, although the Vulgar’ be fo confidently perfuaded of it, 
 that {carceany bodydoubts its truth, What gavethe firlt occafion and rife to this 
 > Error 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 ~ the Ancients, who in delivering the n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Boox- II, ORNITHOLOGY 
 
 Error was ( L{uppofe:)-a prelumptionof thé neceffity of af of 
 for whereas the.Mariners and Fifhermen did fee sid ohare thie cepa S 
 quent the Sea and great Lakes. ef water, and:to prey upon Fifh; »yea Geenisiniccri 
 fly forth ) very fat from Land, fo that it hath been often fenout at Sea a “ote 
 Leagues, diltant from hore, flying up and down-over the Watery and: intent 24 on 
 filhing 5 they imagined it altogether necefiary that it thould be furnithed with one ‘fat 
 foot for {wimming, and another cloven for ftriking, catching, and carrying’ dwa af 
 Fifth. Jt being, one would think, impoflible, thatia bird thould-abide upon the Wine 
 fo long without teit, But that even {mall birds; fhort«winged) ‘and lef fit by’ far for 
 flight than Eagles will-venture to fly over wide Seas. is evident in thofe we call birdsiof 
 pailage. And who knows but where thofe Fowl are ufually: feen; there may be fone 
 Rocks in the Sea not far off, on which they may reft themflves; But for the fame te3- 
 {on-this conceit was firft {tarted, it was readily entertained, dnd: without examination 
 greedily, believed, Hots 
 
 Not lefs fabulous is that which is reported of the oylor: fat which this bird hath in The Oyl of 
 her rump, and which hanging inthe air, fhe lets fall drop by drop inté the water: by prey. 
 the force whereof the Fifhes being ftupefied, andasit were Planet-ftrucken, 'bécome 
 deftitute ofall motion, and fo fufier themflves without difficulty to betaken; though 
 fome are fo vain as to put Oy! of Ofprey into their receipts or prefcriptions for.taking 
 Fithes, ‘by: the. fniell whereof the Fithes being allured, rather :than ftupefied. by its 
 farcotic vertue, yield: themfelves tobe handled:and taken out-of the water by: fuch 
 as have their handsanointed withit. Doubtlef} hethat can get the Oyl of {uch an 
 Ofprey asthey talk of may work wonders with it, | 
 
 
 
 §. TH. 
 
 Of the BLACK EaGt E; called Melanaétus, oP Aquila Valeria,» 
 
 Wt faw a Bird of this kind kept fhut up ima Cage in the * Stadt-houfe- of Mid: * The Town 
 dleburghin Zealand. It was double the bignefs of a Ruven, but leffer. than ee of 
 
 the Pyare. The Jaws and Eye-lidswwere bate of feathers, and fomewhat reddith - Coubes. 
 
 The head, neck, and breft black. In the middle of the back between the fhoulders 
 
 was a large triangular white {pot dafhed with red. The rump red. The leflér orders 
 
 or rows. of feathers inthe Wings were of a Buzzard colour ; then followed a black 
 
 _ {troak or bar crofs the:prime feathers, after that a white one, the remaining part of 
 
 the feathersto thetips being of adarkath-colour. 
 
 The Beak was lefs than thatofithe Pygarc, black at the end; then yellow as fat as The Beak, 
 the Sear or skin covering its Bafe,; whichwasred. The Eyes [| underftand the Irides } Eyes, 
 were of ahazel colour. The Legs were feathered down but a little below the knees; Legs. 
 the naked part beingred. The Talons-very long. | | 
 
 ThofeBirds which Aldrovandys hath fet forth for Melanatti or Black Eagles 5 al- The Black 
 
 : though they differ infome marks ftom this here defcribed, as for example, in the ee 
 blewith horny colour of the Beak 3 in the dark fetrugineous colout of the crown: of watan. 
 the head and neck, and that their Legs are almoft wholly covered with feathers, 
 _ {carce an inch remaining bare, and that yellow, yet I doubt not but theyareof the 
 fame {pecies; there being in the Rapacious kind a great difference for the mott part 
 between Cock and Hen in point ofmagnitude and colour the colours alfo in the 
 fame Sex varying very much by age and other accidents. 
 
 Of ‘the place of this Bird, its food and manner of ‘living, building its Neft, Eggs, - 
 conditions, gc. we have nothing certain, SS 
 
 It ts called in Greek Meaayaier@s, fromits black colour: Aaywpev@s, or Leporaria, 
 from killing of Hares: Andin Latine Aguila Valeria, from its itrength and valour. 
 
 og. IV. 
 
 Of the PYG ARG oF white-tail’d Eagle, called Pygargus, and Albicilla, 
 ana by fowe Hinnularia. 
 
 Tis called Pygargus from the whitenefs of its rump or train, which word Gawa tts Nanie, 
 
 I rendred in Latine Albiezl/a. | eS e 
 The Male. ( which we defcribed ) was for bignef$ not much inferiour to a Turkey. oe 
 
 ‘It weighed eight pounds and an half, [it is/like, the Female in this, as in other gon Weight, 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ceca 
 Boor Il 
 
 62 ORNITHOLOGY. ook il. 
 
 from the tip of the Beak tothe 
 
 “Length, prey, may be bigger and more weighty. ] Its length 
 : 2 end of the Talons two feet and 
 
 end of the train was two feet and nine Inches, to, the 
 
 preadth. five inches. The diftance from tip to tip of the Wings ftretcht out feven feet wanting 
 but one incb,or two. yards and eleven Inches: From the tip of the Beak to the Nofe- 
 thrils was near two inches, to the corners of the mouth three, to the Eyes almoft fo 
 much. ‘The breadth of the Beak an inch and a quarter 5 the hooked part of the 
 The Nares. upper Mandible over-hanging the lower three quarters of an Inch. The Nofthrils 
 oblique and half an Inch long. The fecond or middle bone of the Leg was fix inches 
 
 Sg of the and anhalf long, the third or lowermoft nomore than three and an half. The colour 
 of the Beak was yellow, and alfo of the Sear or skin covering its Bafis as far as the 
 
 ee es Nofthrils. Inthe Palate it had a Cavity equal to the Tongue. The Tongue broad, 
 Eyes. flefhy, black at the tip. The fides. or edges of the Beak fharp. The Eyes great 
 withdrawn or funk in the head, overhung and defended by Eye-brows, prominent 
 
 like the Eves of ahoule: The Irides of a pale Hazel colour [ in one Bird which we 
 
 The Feet,  fawof this fort they were red; inanother yellow. | The feet were yellow, in the 
 foles were callous rough knobs, or flefhy protuberances, as in others of this kind: 
 
 Talons. ‘The Talons large, fharp, and crooked, that of the back-toe (as generally in moft 
 
 Birds ) being greateft: That of the middle toe an inch Jong, the toe it {elf being two 
 
 The Beak. 
 
 Inches. 
 ae the ; The Head was pale or whitifh, the feathers being fharp-pointed, and their fhafts 
 Neck, lack. The neck covered with narrow feathers; the upper part thereof fomething 
 ae reds, the Rump blackifh; elfe the whole body round of a dark ferrugineous colour. 
 - The number of prime feathers in each Wing was about twenty fix or twenty feven, 
 
 The prime | 
 wing-feathers, Whereof the third and fourth were the longeft; the fecond fhorter by half an inch 
 
 The Wings, than the third, and the firft by three inches and an half than thefecond. The Wings 
 when clofed reached not to the end of the train. Of the Pinion feathers and ie 
 reft of the flags they make Quils for Virginals, and very good Writing Pens. All the 
 prime feathers of the Wings were black; the leffer rows of the Wing-feathers had 
 The Train. their edges of an afhecolour. The tail was eleveninehes and an half long, made u 
 = eT the upper or extreme part for abors half way being white ie 
 ower black. The extreme or outmofbfeathers were fhortelt, the : 
 to the middlemoft. =. we ee Sep eee konger 
 The Entrails, It-had a large Gall,lo 19 Tefticles, {mall Guts, having many rev ; : 
 and Gus. by meafure one hundred thirty two Inches, or eleven Rot thy z Siptaaed ra: 
 whichthe Gullet was dilated into a kind of bag, granulated on the infide Sith 3 We 
 — fmall protuberancies, which I take to beglandules, and which being {queezed aad 
 yiclded a kind of papior flime, ferving, it 1s like, asa menftrunut to hel wr a little, 
 meat in the ftomach. It hada vaft Craw; {mall fhort Appexazces or blind desea 
 set aoe - one quarters of aninch long. oe ae 
 is Bird, fhot dead by a certainFowler, webou ht and San Te, 
 year 1664. and from the white ring about the tail aie oo oi if _ 
 from that we haveentituled the Golden Eagle with awhite ring ent fais ] ee : 
 the colour of the Head and Beak’: So that I fufpe@ it may be the fa at telly in 
 the Golden’ Eagle of Aldrovandus, notwithttanding the white eeidae: of tae ce 
 which perchance may alter with age, [- yet it differs alfo from it in other ide an 
 for res in = ote colour of the Beak. ] If thefe three birds be mE oe as 
 et are they very like and near of kin : Ae Fame, 
 The P “may bein A ge a Sex. to one another: Perchance the only difference 
 ePygarg of . "The Pygargus of * Aldrovan a ; 
 Alar a Ror ae - Aldrovandus feems to be adifferent kind, which he deferibes in 
 Orasthel. It is of a mean magnitude asbig asa lar ]- 
 iss bignels hooked, and benditi by little anid inte flown the sos - ne Billall over yellow, 
 point of the hook, fomewhat longer than in other Baoles in a othe utmoft tip ee 
 = Pepi nefs of the Bird. The Pupil of the eye very black the [ris ell portion to the big- 
 Sea anit head and aj] the neck of a pale Chefnut, inclining to an At. oa The ae of the 
 Neck feathers being more black. .The back and upper part of the ae our, the tips of the 
 Belly dark ferrugineous and blackifh feathers, as alfo are the Bell hit covered with 
 The Train, part. The Tail from the Rump to the end is wholl whee io ighs for the moft 
 bicilla was not undefervedly by Gaza impofed sins ‘« H, xe ence the name of Al- 
 Hie Gace feathers [ Ifuppofe he means the two middlemoft eal owbeit two of the fmaller 
 alee , other greater and princi lo h . J which lie upon and cover the 
 ifcipal ones have black tips., The Legs are almoft r the 
 feathers, and both Legs and Feet intenfely yellow both bein se wholly bare of 
 {quare Table-like Scales. The Talonsvery fharp. g all over covered S 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 Boox II. ORNITHOLOGY. 6 
 
 The former Pygargus of Belloni eer = 
 Ringiail called in Englith the Henbarrier,  * POthing elf bur the male of the 
 
 
 
 §. V. 
 * Of the Eagle called Morphnos or Clanga avd Anataria, 
 
 Hat Bird which by Gefner, and out ofhim b Aldr ovandys is fj 
 4° beruntes an title,being again nothing elie but our Bald Bes Cas Tes 
 himfelf acknowledges, who fent the defcription to Gefzer under the title of Morph- 
 wos ) I {hall omit It here, referring it to its proper place among the wild foo : 
 4 — ( as I faid before) of a leffer fize than to deferve to be ranked with 
 agles. 
 
 In ftead of the true Morphuos, which Aldrovandws profeffes him{elf not t . 
 : fhall here give you the defcription of that Bird hich he calls Meshes sox 
 gener. 
 
 It is (faith he) of about the height and bi nefs of a large Duxghil-Cock : Its Bigne 
 the tip of the Beak to the end of the Train ares {pans and an half ine Then and ene 
 was pretty long, hooked, and tending almoft dire&ly downward, joyned to the a 
 head by a yellow Membrane [ I fuppofe he means the Sear. ] Thecolourof almoft colour. 
 the whole Plumage was ferrugineous, faving that at the ends of the Wings towards 
 the belly it was beautified with many Oval {pots, {cattered up and down, and more- 
 over, that the utmoft tips of the beam-feathers were white, as alfo the beginning of 
 the Tail, and the extremities of all its feathers, and the lower part of the Rump, 
 
 The Legs were all over feathered down to the beginning of the toes, and bef; prinkled The Legs. 
 alfo with whitifh Afh-coloured {pots. TheFeet were yellow 5 the Toes above to- Feet, 
 ward the Leg covered with Scales, toward the Talons with annulary Tables, The Toes. 
 bottoms of all the feathers white. The Pupil of the Eye black, encompafied witha 
 cinereous circle : It would very greedily devour flaid Mice. Its Food. 
 
 Bellonius for the Morphuos of the Ancients gives us the Fer-falcox ; whofe opinion 
 Aldrovandus difallows. 
 
 This Bird took the name Morphnos from the {pots of the feathers whence alfo it The Etymo- 
 may in Latine not unfitly be called Nevia. Others will havethis name to be derived (08y of the 
 from péygppa, the Preterperfect Tenfe of ugpm,c being changed into o fhort and the 
 letter » interpoted, and {0 to fignifie rapacious, _Itis called Clanga both by the Greeks 
 and Latines dima the found of its voice. 
 
 §. VI. 
 * The crefted Eagle of Brafil : Urutaurana Brafilienfium, Margerav. 
 
 His Bird is of the bignefs of an Ezg/e: Tt hath a black Bill (the upper Chap _ ts Biif, 
 
 } whereof is hooked ) yellow near its rife or Bafe: The Eyes of a lovely Gold- Eyes, 
 colour,with black Pupils, which it can cover with an afh-coloured skin [| Pertophthal- 
 minw | though it fhut not the Eye-lids, It hathan Eagle-like head, but comprefied or The head. 
 plain above [_flat-crowned ] in the top whereof ithathtwo black feathers abouttwo  Creft. 
 inches long, with two {mall ones on each fide : Thefe it can when it lifts fetup an end, . 
 and again letdown flat. The Wings reach but little beyond the bottom or rife of The Wings; 
 the Tail. It hatha broad Tail like an Kagle. The Head above is covered with duf- Tail. 
 ky feathers having yellowifh edges: The upper part and fides of the. neck with Colour. 
 brown ones [ rather cinereous or terreous | like a Partridges. The whole throat 
 and lower part of the neck is white, yet fothat the white is variegated at the fides 
 with black feathers. The whole breaft and lower belly, the upper and lower legs 
 down to the very feet are covered with white feathers, wherewith black ones are 
 mingled fealewile. The Wings and Tail are of a dusky colour, fhaded, having the 
 utmoft borders or edges white. The fect have four Toes,yellow of colour,with dusky The Feet. 
 crooked Talons. Itscry 1s Geb, Geb, like to that of a Chicken which hath loft its Dam, Its Voice; 
 [. weexprefs that voice by Yelp, yelp} If you caft a bird to it, whether alive or dead. Food, 
 it catches it in its Talons, and with its Bill handfomly plumes it, and then tearing it 
 in pieces {wallows down both flefh and bones. I ‘Kept one of thefe alive a long time 
 inthe Fort Manritiws by the River of St. Franecer. 
 
 §. VIE. 
 
 
 

 
 aa ree 
 
 64, 
 
 Its bigne fs. 
 Beak, 
 
 Mouth, 
 
 Eyes, 
 
 Head. ~ 
 The Neck 
 bare of fea- 
 
 thers. 
 Staring hair- 
 
 like feathers. 
 
 The back. 
 
 =r 
 
 
 
 eee EA a, 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Book Il. 
 
 Q. VII. , 
 *« The Bra(iliaw Urubitinga of Marggrave, very like our Pygarg or White-tail'd Eagle. 
 
 His Bird is like an Eagle, of the bignefs of a Goofe of fix months old. It hath 
 athick hooked black Beak; a yellowith skin about. the Nofthrils : ‘Great 
 fparkling Aquiline Eyes: A great Head : Yellow Legsand Feet: Four Toes in each 
 foot, difpofed after the uftial manner 5 crooked, long, black ‘Talons : Large Wings: 
 A broad Tail. It is all over covered with dusky and blackifh feathers; yet the 
 Wings are waved with afh-colour. The Tail is nine Inches long, white for fix, the 
 end for three Inches being black ; howbeit in the very tip there 1s againa little white. 
 This isa ftately Bird of tall ftature [ Egregze ftatura. | It doth in many things approach 
 to that defcribed by ws under the title of Pygargus, ave that the upper part of the tail- 
 feathers in that of ours was white, the lower black, whereas wn this, on the contrary the 
 upper is black, ind the lower white. Mr. Willughby entzons another variety or diffe- 
 rence of the Pygargus, 2” which the Tazl-feathers frou the middle downwards were white, 
 the upper half being black, which feems to be altogether the fame with that here defcribed by 
 Marggrave. 
 
 Q. VIII. 
 
 * Of the Vulturine Eagle of Aldrovandus, called Percnopteros, Gy pactos, 
 and alfo Ovipelargus. . | 
 
 ay eee Aldrovandus makes this Bird a fort of Eagle, entitling it Perkyopteros 5 
 &  yethe confefles it to have nothing Aquiline belide the name, being ignoble, 
 fluggifh, and deformed, and therefore deferving to be fet behind not only Eagles, but 
 alfo Vultures: We take it tobelong to the family of Vultures, as will appear from its 
 defcription com pared with the general notes of Vultures. 
 
 OF this fort of Birds Aldrovandus gives us three figures, and three defcriptions, 
 befides that of Bel/oniws, which, whatever it be, feems to bea Bird of another kind. 
 The firft, was of a Vulturine Eagle brought out of Spain, in thefe words : 
 
 It was of eminent Magnitude, yea, not much lefs than the Chry/aétos, but of 
 an unufual and ridiculous fhape; the Beak, not as in other Eagles, bending from 
 the root to the tip by a continual declivity, but {treight almoft to the middle, 
 toward the point bowed into a remarkable hook, after the fame manner as 
 in Vultures, white toward the Head, the reft of it being blacks; the lower 
 Chap wholly white. The mouth within-fide [ Oris ridus | of a Chefnut-colour. 
 The Irides of the Eyes not, as in other Eagles, of a fiery colour, but whitifh; the 
 Pupil black. ‘Fhe whole Head: whitifh, inclining to dusky [ fufcum."| Theupper 
 partof the Neck, about half way down, almoftbald, befet with very few, and thofe 
 {mall feathers, of awhite colour. Atthe end of this bald part, almoft in the middle 
 of the Neck, grew {mall feathers like certainrough curled hairs, {tanding up above 
 the reft of the Plumage, as it were very fine flender, long briftles 5 the like whereto it 
 had inthe beginning of the back and breaft, in places juft. oppofite to one another 
 and alfo on the Kump below. On-the Back was asit werea kindof hood, reaching +i 
 
 colour of the the middle thereof, ending in a fharp peak, and refembling a Triangle. Thecolour 
 
 body, Fail, 
 Feet. 
 
 Irs length. 
 The Bull. 
 
 The Head. 
 
 The Colour. 
 
 of the whole body was.a dark Chefnut inclining to black... The Tail : the Fe 
 and Legs pm ; the Claws dusky. : Ong the. Rome 
 The fecond was of one taken by Country men on the A/pz/h M 
 
 Town Giulia, as follows. From the tip of 1 Bill to the a ee the Tail it ne 
 meafure three {pans long. The Bill waslong, but for the moft-part covered siciea 
 skin or membrane,fo that about an inch only of the tip remained bare; the hooked end 
 fmalland flender. The Head was bald or deftitute of feathers to the hind-part, {fo 
 that the feathers ftanding up behind the crown, refembled a Monks hood, a back 
 
 and leaning on his neck, when he goes with his head uncovered. The colour of al- 
 
 moft all the feathers of the whole body was dusky, inclining to ad = 
 Only interrupted by a continued Series of whitifh Stele bathe eam of the 
 neck, making anacute Angle, the point running downthe middle of the back, which 
 was as it were the acuminated part of the Monks hood, hanging from the fhoulders 
 
 down 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Book IL ORNITHOLO GY. nas = 
 
 down the middle of the back. ~* ae , 
 lower part of the back toward the complications of an the back, covered all the sa ae 
 aClock. The Tail was broad, and of a mean fize. Th ee cee ling, Asshon 
 covered with Scales. The Beak and Talons were of : > cet dusky, and all over Meaning in 
 lour. The feathers onthe thighs reached not lowe ae an ee fame dusky horn-co- The Tal, 
 out difficulty fuffer it {elf to be touched or handled he e knees. It would with- Feet, 
 rae rer cowardife. Being angred it cried like a Kite ence you may note its (lug- Talons, 
 e thirdis Gefvers. Thi 1 
 with, if it be her e Quanto C as — whole figure we here prefent you 
 i alee, lie 5 te ulturine Eagle, or Oripelargus, i. e.the Monn- 
 , yet feems to bebredat leaft of one Parent of this k 
 refembles q V; | ‘ ‘ ; this Ind. For in Beak it Its Beak 
 ulture, in colour a Stork, being ignoble and fluggith. I Colour 
 to ourFowlers, being never, that I know of, taken with us 88 : bys unknown Colour. 
 Lord, 1551.0n Septemb.29. there falling an extraordinary Snow a Bi 2 F th oe 
 her Wings being wet and heavy, fell down into anarrow lace in th alee sind, 
 joyning toone of our Citizenshoufes. It did for fhape sa ail b, Fee: iaakade 
 a Stork, Itwas Carnivorous, yet would not touch ie ifh; im eb fe a . 
 body intenfely hot, fo that the cold hands of them that acne it se *f f ame Eons 
 warmed thereby. It would fit ftark ftillin the fame place for four or five he : ae meena 
 fometimes look upon the Sun when itfhoneout. Hess and other bird = oats 60eee ee 
 {pifed, and neglected it as harmlefs and innoxious. I kept it at a ona. ee a 
 — and gave it meat with my — the {maller gobbets whecor it in fwal. 
 , the greater pieces it tore alu ith 3 
 
 te Beak P ss ie siti cee ce nder with its Claws. Though it drank not, yet from 
 
 Inthe Year 1664. we faw at Venice int 
 {tanding upon the Grad Channel, a bird “ this Ried 3 Se ee fs 
 
 For bignefs it equalled or exceeded any Eagle we have feen., The Head and Neck Its bignet, 
 were deftitute of feathers, only covered with a whitedown. From the Bill to the Hc’ 
 Eyes the skin was bare, and of a blue colour. Almoft all the feathers of : b - caus 
 were of apale ferrugineous colour. On the lower part of the Neck below the D ee 
 there was as it werea kind of Collar or Ruffof long white feathers. The prim fea- es 
 thers of the Wings and Tail were black. The Bill was large, more like a Gulls tha a 
 Eagles, thetip of it white. The Nofthrils were covered with a black ene ; ; Bs 
 The Irides of the Eyes of a reddifh hazel colour. The Nofthrils turned diredtly Eyes, 
 downward, and from them conftantly dropped a liquid humour or water. It eee i oe 
 feathered down a little below the knee. The Feet were of a Lead colour the Claws a 
 black, leffer, and not fo crooked as an Eagles. The middle Toe much Jon er ioe eee a: 
 the reft:: The outmoft joyned to the middle by a membrane as far asthe firft tS nt, or : 
 further : The infideof the Legs white. The Craw hung down from the body Before 
 om a It oie always with the Wings ftretcht out like the figure of the ee 
 
 ultur Leporariws ot Gejner. ned 
 
 Thefe three “eleripticonet falpedt to be of one and the fame Bird, differing only in —s 
 Ageor Sex. Forthe firft of Aldrovandws in moft notes agrees with ours; excepting 
 the Triangular {pot in the back, which either was notin ours, or not obferved by us 
 ( which yet! {carcely believe) and that he makes no mention of any humour dropping 
 from the nofe of his, perchance becaufe it was feen and defcribed after it was dead. 
 Aldrovandus confelleshis fecond to bein many things not unlike to Ge/zers : But that 
 Gefuers and ours are the fame Bird, that one note of the water diftilling from the 
 Noflthrils isfufficient to evince, notwith{tanding the difference of colour. I judge the 
 firtt of Aldrovandus and oursdefcribed at Venice, to be of the fame Sex ; likewile the 
 fecond of Aldrovandus, and that feen and defcribed by Gejuer to be of the fame 
 Sex, but different from that of the other two. But herein I darenot be very pofitive 
 
 and confident. 
 
 
 
 K CHAP; 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -s ORNITHOLOGY 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boox Il. 
 
 -_—— 
 
 
 
 —— 
 
 Crap. IV. 
 
 Of Vurtures m general. 
 
 or exceed Eagles. 2. That their Beaks are not prefently from their firlt rife 
 f-om the Forehead crooked and bending, but after about two Inches con- 
 tinued ftreightnefs 3 which Gejzer faith, he himfelf hath obferved in, many forts of 
 Vultures. 3. That they have an excellent fagacity of {melling above all other Birds, 
 {o that they can perceive the favour of dead Carcafles from far, {, many miles off they 
 fay.) 4. The Ancients have delivered, that they are contentonly with dead Car- 
 caflés, abftaining from the ravine and flaughter-of living Animals. But Bellonius, 
 Gefner, and others of the Moderns affirm, that they purfue live Birds, and prey up- 
 on living Fawns, Hares, Kids, Lambs, @c. 5. That they have theneck for the moft 
 part bare of feathers. 6. Bellonius aflerts, that among all Rapacious and hook-bill'd 
 birds Vultures only aflemble and fly together in flocks; and that himfelf, faw great 
 flights of them, of not fewer than fifty in each, when he travelled from Cairo to 
 Mount Sinai. Hence that obfervation of Ariftotle, Tap Lwvigwy sdey agsraiop, 1S 
 proved not to hold generally true in all Rapacious Birds. 7. That their Legsare 
 feathered downto the Feet: By which note Beloniws thinks they are ‘to be diltin- 
 uifhed from other Birdsof prey.’ But neither 1s this note common to all Vultures, 
 Bellonius himfelf reprefenting fome with naked legs 5 nor proper to the Vulturine kind; 
 but alfo:common to fome Eagles, as appears by their figures anddefcriptions, 8. That 
 under their throats they have a {pace of about an hand-breadth, clothed, rather) with 
 hairs, liketo thofe of aCalf, than with feathers. Which note we found.to be.true 
 in the Vulture kept in the Royal Aviary im St. James's Park London. 9. That the 
 Craw hangs down likea bag before the {tomach or breaft, which weobferved in the 
 Venetian Valtwre or Gypaétos, defcribed in the precedent,Chapter.  10- That the Fe- 
 male, contrary to the manner of otherBi s of prey, doth not exceed the Male in 
 bignefs. 11. “That: allethe “infide of the Wings 1s covered with a foft fleece. of 
 Down ; which is peculiar to the Vulture alone among Rapacious Birds. What is deli- 
 vered of the generation of Vultures, viz. That there are no Males found among them : 
 That the Females are impregnated by the Wind 5, that they bring not forth Eggs, but 
 live Young, @c. is altogether falfe and frivolous, {carce worth the mentioning, much 
 lefs the refuting. Among the marks hitherto reckoned up, the moft proper Chara- 
 Geriftic of a Vulture feems to me to be that of having its neck bare-or deftitute of fea- 
 thers, and only covered with a Down. Thofe two, Iam fure, which alone we 
 : have hapnedto fee, had not only theirnecks, but their heads:alfo bare, covered.only 
 goss» witha fhort white Down. ) | 
 
 T° Charatteriftic notes of Vultures are, 1. That for bignefs they are equal to, 
 
 
 
 
 
 ————e 
 
 
 
 CuHap.Vv. §. 1. 
 | + Of feveralof VurruR eB $, | 
 | Ldrovandus out of Bellonius and Gefuer fets forth fix: feveral forts of Val- 
 The cinercous A | 
 
 tures 3 
 | 1. The ¢inereows or afh-coloured Vulture. 
 bE gen a. The black Vulture Of whichhe faith, he wonders, why BeZouiws ( who; boalts 
 
 Vulture,  thathehad fo great opportunity and facility of feeing and getting divers forts, Should 
 give no perfect defcription, neither of the one, nor the other, but only fet,fonth a 
 gure: which yet doth not agree to what he writes of Vultures in general, vz. That 
 they all have rough legs, wholly feathered down to the foot, and do by this mark differ from 
 
 Eagles, it being reprefented with naked legs. 
 rie Beric or _ 3. The Chefnut-coloured Vulture | Beticus|| which Bellonins thus defcribes : It is 
 ee fomewhat lefs thanan Eagle, hath the feathers of its Neck, Back, Belly, and whole 
 ture defer. body of a Chefnut-colour, wherein it differs from the black Vulture. The greater 
 bed feathers of the Wings and. Train are of the fame colour with thofe of the Black. Both 
 [ this and the black 7] have fhort tails inrefpe& of their very long Wings. Thefedo 
 not, as in other Rapacious Fowl, /follow the nature and conttitution of the Wings, 
 
 but 
 
 
 
Boon ORNITHOLOGY «7 
 
 ee 
 
 
 
 but rather, asin Woodpeckers, are found for the moft part with their points broken 
 and fhattered: Which is a fign they wear and break them by rubbing againft the 
 Rocks, where they harbour and build their Nefts. The Chefiut or white Vultures are 
 more rare to be feen than the black; and have this peculiar to them, that the feathers 
 of the Crowns of their heads are very fhort if compared to Eagles: Which isthe 
 reafon why fome have thought them bald. They have fhort legs, covered all over 
 with feathers diown to the beginning of the toes. Which note 1s peculiar to. them, 
 not agreeing to any other Rapacious hook-bill’d Bird, befides the Nocturnal ones. 
 The feathers of the Neck in thefe Betic Vultures are very narrow and long (like 
 thofe that hang down about the necks of Dunghil-Cocks and Stares ) if compared with 
 the reit, which cover the back, wings, and fides, which are {mall and broad like 
 Scales. But thofe which cover the back, ftomach, belly, and bottom of the rump in 
 the Batic Vultare are red, mthe black one black, but in both pretty broad. 
 
 4. The Hare-Vulture, { Leporarium’] fo called from preying upon Hares; of which ‘The Hare- 
 Ge/ner writes after thismanner. It hath. not fo * fulvousa breaft as our Golden Vul- Vulture. 
 ture, andis inferiour to it in magnitude. George Fabriciws, the ornament of Germany, donor ton 
 fent me its figure, with this defcription added. The Vulture, which the Germans cal] colour. 
 Bin Hafengyr, hath a hooked, black Bill; foul Eyes; a firm, great Body; broad 
 Wings; along, ftreight Train 5 a dark red Colour 5 and yellow Feet. Standing or 
 fitting it rears up a Creft upon its head, as if it were horned, which appears not in 
 flying. The Wings extended exceeded the meafure of a fathom [ Orgyie.] In walk- 
 ing it {teps or paces two Palms [ hand-breadths.] It purfues allforts of Birds; of 
 Beatts it catches and preys upon Hares, Contes, Foxes, Fawns 5 it alfo hes in wait 
 for Fifhes, It willnotbe madetame. It purfues its prey not only by flying, but al- 
 fo by running. It flies with a great force and noife. It builds in thick and defart © 
 Woods upon the higheft trees, . It feeds upon the flefh and entrails of Animals, not 
 ab{taining from dead Carcafles.. It.can endure hunger, or abide without meat four- 
 teen days, although it be moft voracious. 
 
 5. The Golden Vulture, of which Gefuer thus: Viewing the skin of the Golden The Golden 
 Vulture, fent me once out of the Alpize Country of the Grifons, [Rhetia, | the beak {ume de 
 and legs yet fticking to it, I thus defcribed it. This Vulture hath many things com- 
 mon with that kind of Alpine Eagle, ( whofe figure and defcription we placed firft in 
 the Hiftory of the Eagle) but is every way, or in all parts greater. From the Bill to 
 the end of the Tailit was fomewhat more than four feetand anhalf long, to the end 
 of the Clawsthree feet and nine Inches, or fomewhatlefs. The Jength of the upper 
 Chap of the Bill, as far as the opening of the mouth, was almoft {even Inches. The 
 length of the Tail was about two feet and threeinches. All the lower part, that is 
 to fay; the lower part of the neck, the breaft, the belly and the feet were of a red 
 colour, more dilute towards the tail, more intenfe towards the head. The Toes of 
 a dusky or horncolour. The longeft feather of the Wings was almoft a yard long: 
 
 They are all blackith or dusky, of near one and the fame colour: Yet the {mall fea- 
 thers, that are highefttoward the ridge of the wing are blacker, and fome of them 
 marked withtran{verfe reddith {pots crofsthe middle, others with whitifh ones about 
 the bottom. So much theblacker are they by how much nearer to the back, where 
 they fhine again for blacknefs. The feathers on the middle of the back are black 
 and fhining, their fhafts in the middle are white, efpecially of thofe which are about 
 the middle of the back, and in half the neck; for the remaining part of the neck hath 
 pale red [ ruffus ex albido | feathers... The tail feathers are of the fame colour with 
 thofe of the wings, viz. dusky. ; “of The white 
 6. The white Vulture, which he makes the fame with the cinereous Vulture o i ig 
 
 Belloniws. , | | oa 
 7. That Vulture which we faw inthe Royal Aviary in St. James's Park, did in many Our fulvous 
 
 things agree with the third fort or Chefnut [ Betiews | Vulture of Bellowiws. Its back Meee ori 
 
 and wings were fulvous: Its tail {hort in refpect of the wings: The Beak black,hooked Chefsut one. 
 
 attheend. Thehead’and neck as far as the breaft, and the middle part ot the breaft 
 
 void of feathers, covered over with a fhort, foft, thick white Down. The Eyes 
 
 were fierce-looked, with Saffron-coloured, or deep-yellow Irides. In the lower part 
 
 of the neck was as it werea Ruffof.thick-fet, narrow feathers much longer than the 
 
 reft, as in the Perezopteros of Aldrovandus. 
 
 K 2 Q. Il. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + Ravi. 
 
 * | fuppofe he 
 means one 
 common hole 
 for both 
 Nofthrils : or 
 a hole through 
 the Bill from 
 fide to fide, 
 
 ~ ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. 
 — meme 
 
 I 
 
 §. IL. 
 
 <The Brafil Vulture called Urubu, by the Dutch Een Menfcheneter. Marggrav. By the 
 “Mexicans Tzopilotl. F. Ximen. By Nieremberg and others Aura. 
 
 T isa rapacious Bird of the bignefs of a Kite according to Marggraviws 5 of amid- 
 dle-fized Ezgle or Raven according to Ximenes : Having whitith feet like a Hens, 
 a long tail, and wings longer than it. The feathers of the whole body are black, 
 with a little * tauny colour here and there mingled. It hatha {mall head, almoft of 
 the fhape of a Turkeys, covered with a fomewhat rugged or wrinkled skin. Inthetop 
 of the head the skin is as it were divided long-ways, and on the left fide of the head 
 beneath the Eye is of a Safiron colour, above the Eye of a blew, alfo in the top; 
 elfewhere of 2 reddifh brown. In the right fide of the head about the Eye above 
 and beneath it is of a Saffron colour, asalfo in the top: Elfewhere of a delayed yel- 
 low, or whitifh. It hath a pretty long Bill, hooked at the end, fharp, and covered 
 over from the head half way with a skin from Saffron-colour tending to blue. In the 
 middle of the Bill above is *one hole of the Nofthrils,large,and fituate tranfverily. The 
 end of the Bill, that is bare and wantsthe skin, is white. It hath elegant Eyes almoft 
 of the colour of a Ruby, with a round black Pupil: The Eye-lids of a Saffron-colour. 
 The Tongue carinated, and indented round with fharp teeth. Its flefh ftinks like 
 Carrion. Forthey feed wpon dead Carcafles; and in the Capitania[ Chieftainfhip jot 
 Sirieippo, and River of St. Francis, when any one kills a beaft, they come flying pre- 
 fently in great numbers. It is an ill-looked bird, always lean, and never fatisfied, 
 Ximenes makes it to bea kind of Ravew, but the Sear or skin covering the Bafis of the 
 Bill, argues it to belong to the Rapacious kind, the bare head, and tipof the Bill on- 
 ly hooked, determine it to the family of Vultures. It feeds ( faith Ximenes) upon 
 dead flefh and mans dung. They pearch at night on Trees and Rocks, in the Morn- 
 ing they refortto the Cities, fit viewing and watching the {treets on high places, and 
 when they {py any filth, garbidge, or dead thing, they ‘catch it up, and devour it. 
 Where they build or hatchtheir Young is hitherto unknown 5 although they be moft 
 frequent in almoft every*corner of New Spain. Yet Acofta faith, that their young 
 ones are white, and that growing up they change and come to be as black as Ravens. 
 They fly always very high, and caft a horrible {tink from them like Ravens. They fly 
 conftantly in flocks, and fit upon trees, and feed joyntly in company upon dead Car- 
 cafles without any firife, or quarrelling, and when the reft fee any one notableto 
 move or help her felf, they help her as muchas they can, and bring her tothe water : 
 For being wafhed they recover ftrength to fly. If any one purfues them they empty 
 themfelves prefently, that they may be the more light to fly away 5 with like hafte 
 cafting up what ever they had fwallowed. The afhes of their feathers burnt take 
 away hairs, fo that they come not again; which faculty is alfo attributed to the dung 
 of Pifmires, andthe bloud of Bats.. Their skin half-burnt heals wounds if it be 
 applied, and the flefh withal eaten; which 1s wont alfo to help thofe that are fick of 
 the French Pox. The heart dried in the Sun fmells like Musks The Dung dried 
 and taken in any convenient Vehicle to the weight of a Drachm 1s profitable to me- 
 lancholy perfons. The Barbarous people fay, that where they lay their Eggs, they 
 compa{stheir Nefts with certain Pebble-{tones,which promote tran{piration : But the 
 more probable opinion is, that they exclude their Young under ground, and take 
 them out when they feed'them, and again cover themin the earth. 
 
 ee 
 
 
 
 Cuapr. VI. 
 Of the leffer fort of Rapacious Birds that prey by day, called Hawks. 
 
 : T followsnow that we treat of the leffer fort of Rapacious Birds th 
 t at pr 
 | day, called Hawks. Thefe we have before diftingnithed into the zzore ae 
 which are wont to be reclaimed and trained up for Hawking , And the wore 
 
 fluggifh and cowardly, which becaufe th 
 are negietet Ge ee aule they are either indocile, or unfit for Hawking, 
 
 The 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Book Il. ORNITHOLOGY 
 
 stl 
 
 The former called Hawks ate wont to be divided by Falco 
 and Short-winged. Thofe they call Long-winged whofe Wi 
 moft to the end of the tail: Thofe they call Short-winged whofe Wings when clo- 
 fed fall much fhort of the end of the tails of which fort we have feen two greater 
 = the Gofhawk and Sparrowhawk ; and three lefler, viz. the three forts of Bcober. 
 
 irds. 
 
 But becaufe that diftin@ion of Hawks into tame and wild js arbitrarious and de- 
 pends upon inftitutions but the other into Lone-wineed and Short-winged hath its 
 foundation in nature, and may be accommodated to all Hawks in general 5 we will 
 prefer it before that, firft treating of the Long-winged Hawks. 
 
 Hawks in refpec. of their age are divided by Falconers into ¢. Nyas or Eiaffe- 
 Hawks, which being taken out of the Neft, or brought away in the Neft before 
 they can fly, are brought up byhand. a. Reatage-Hovohs or Branchets, which are 
 taken when they are fledg’d and got out of the Neft, but depart not far from it, fly- 
 ing only from bough to bough, and following their Dams, not being able yet to prey 
 for themfclves : from Ramus fignifying abough. However they be taken, after they 
 have preyed for themfélves the firtt year, while they retain their Chicken-feathers, 
 they are called Sore-hawks, from the French word Soret, fignifying a dusky colour, 
 The fecond year, whén they have changed their feathers, they are called Extermewers, 
 from the word wuto to change. The third year they are called White Hawks, for 
 what reafon I know not. The fourth year, when they are come to their full growth 
 and perfection, they are called Hawks of the firft coat; the fifth year, Hawks of the 
 fecond coats the fixth year, Hawks of the third coat 3 and fo on as long as they live. 
 Some of them, if they be well tended and favoured while they are young, will hold 
 out twenty years. The feathers of 4] by age gradually grow whiter, as mens hairs 
 grow grey, fo that by how much the older they are, by fo much thé whiter are they. 
 The outmoft feather of the Wing is by our Falconers called the Sarcel, by the number 
 of the dents whereof they pretend to know the age of the Hawk, as by the number 
 of crofs bars inthe tail, the age of a Pheafaant. 
 
 But of the manner of feeding, training up, reclaiming, and curing the difeafes of 
 Hawks, thofethat have written of F alconry are to be confulted. 
 
 ners into Long-winged 
 ngs when clofed reach al- 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHAP. VIL. 
 Of Long-winged Hawks. 
 
 Ong-winged Hawks may be divided into the more Slug gifh and indocile, which 
 
 | we call mald- Hawks, and the more generows, fach as ule to be trained up for 
 
 Fowling. Thofe we call wild Hawks are the Bald Buzzard, the Common Bute 
 
 zard, the Honey-Buzxard, the Ring-tail, the Kite or Glead, and the Moor-Brezard. OF 
 which inorder. 
 
 
 
 oe (Ou a: Ps! VIE | 
 | Of the feveral forts of wild long-winged Hawks, and firft, 
 . 1. a 
 Of the Bald Buzzard: 
 Te bird 1s by: Aldrovandws twice put among Eagles. 1. Under the title of 
 
 Halicetws, Lib. 2. Cap. 3. 2. Under the title of Morphnos}in the feventh 
 Chapterof the fare book. 
 
 
 
 Phe Bird we defcribec weighed fifty. fix ounce’ and atvhalfi [If herein Mr, W3]- ts Weight; 
 
 lughby be not. miftaken, I feenot but.this Bird might well-enough pafs for an Eagle + 
 Butl {ufpect an error in the weight.) Its breadth, or the diftance between the ex- 
 tremities of thewings'exterided was{ixty Inches: The’ Beak from the point to the 
 Angles of the mouth»an inch and half long, black; hooked, covered from the Bafe 
 
 as far as the Nofthrils' with a blevrifh’ skim or Sear; bunching out between the 
 4 Noftthrils 
 
 Breadth, 
 Beak; 
 
 
 
=—_ =e, 
 e 
 
 * os ] 
 . 7 7 7+ 
 a f = s 
 
 mane 
 
 oy en,” 
 
 Pa 
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 ORNITHOLOGY. BooxIl. 
 
 
 
 CO  elng ard lit 
 obligue: 
 
 Nares, 
 
 Eyes. 
 
 Colour of the 
 upper fide, 
 
 Lower fide. 
 
 The Flag- 
 Feathers. 
 
 The covert 
 fearhers. 
 
 The Train. 
 
 The Feet, 
 Toes, and 
 Talons. 
 
 Site of the 
 ourmoft fore- 
 toc. 
 
 The entrails 
 and bowels, 
 
 Irs Food. 
 
 Its Neft, 
 
 How it differs 
 fromthe com- 
 mon Buzzard. 
 
 Irs Bignefs, 
 weight and 
 meatfures. 
 Its Head, 
 
 Beak, 
 
 Sear, 
 Nares, 
 
 Tongue, 
 
 Palate, 
 
 a and the hooked part. The Nolthrils themfelves. are oblong and 
 The Mode of the ower Hap [ i.e. which the legs thereof make Jround. . The 
 Tongue broad, foft, and like a mans. The Irides of the Eyes yellow; the Pupils 
 creat. It hath both an upper and lower Eye-lid, but the lowermuch greater. The 
 Eyes are not {0 funk in the head, or withdrawn under prominent brows, as in the 
 Common Buzzard, but more extant. 
 ” ‘The Bird it felffeems to be much {tronger and more valiant than the Buzzard, with 
 which it agrees in the colour of the upper part being black and ferrugineous. The 
 feathers on the crown of the head are white, whence it tookthe nameof Bald Buz- 
 vard: The throat, breaft and belly white, butabove the Crop the feathers are ferru- 
 gineous. The Legs are cloathed with white and {oft feathers. The prime or flag- 
 feathers in each Wing are about twenty eight; from the feventeenth they endin 
 fharper points: T he greater are theblacker. The four outmolt have the lower half 
 of their interiour Vanes twice as broad asthe upper: The interiour Vanes of all are 
 variegated with white and black alternately, indented like theteeth of aSaw. lhe 
 feathers under the fhoulders are white, marked withblack {pots toward the tips. The 
 third and fourth row of thofe that cover the roots of the flag-feathers underneath 
 are clegantly marked toward the tips with dusky fpots,having their edges ferrugineous. 
 The lefler feathers above thefe are white, the greater beneath. them dusky or brown. 
 The Train is made up of twelve feathers of equal length, having their borders party- 
 coloured of white and ferrugineous, indented as in the Wings. 
 
 The Legs arelong: The Feet thick and ftrong, ofa paleblue or Verdigreafe co- 
 lour, The middle Toe the biggefts, the outermott fomewhat bigger than the inner; 
 the back-toe, as in all, the leaft; all armed with great, femicircular, black, round 
 Talons. The feet {caly and uneven. The fole of the foot rough, that it may more 
 eafily holdits prey, when it hath once caught it.. The Toes are fo difpofed, that the 
 outmoft of the fore-toes may bend or turn backwards, as in Owls, Parrots, &c. 
 
 The Liver, Heart, and Gall are large: The Spleen round, and of a black or for- 
 did colour. In the Stomach and Craw opened we found many fifh-bones.and {cales. 
 The Surface of the Echizus or ante-ftomach wasfull of many carneous Globules. The 
 Guts were long, flender, .or fmalls hav ig many revolutions. iStte: 
 
 It haunts Rivers, Lakes, and great Pools of water, as alfothe Sea-fhores. At Pen- 
 fans i Gormval we faw one that was fhot, having a Mu/et in its Claw: For it preys 
 upon fifh ; which feemsvery ftrange and wonderful, fith it is neither whole-footed, 
 nor provided with long legs or neck. : 
 
 It builds upon the ground among Reéds,and lays three or four large white Eggs, of 
 a figure exactly Elliptical :lefler yet than Hens Eggs. 
 
 - Te caftsan ill {trong fent, and is much infefted with Lice. ., , 
 
 It differsfrom the Sea-Ezgle of Ariftotle, in that, theneck is not thick and big, but 
 for the bulk of the body flender and fmall. | | : 
 
 What Aldrovandws hath delivered of Eagles, viz. that the right foot is bigger than 
 the left, doth notagree to this, for its feet are equal. 
 
 Se: is diftinguifhed from the common Buzzard. 1.*By its weight and bignefs, wherein 
 itexceeds that. 2. [hat its Wings are longer. 3. By this moft fure mark, that the 
 outmoft of the fore-toes in this may be turned backward, but not in the common 
 Buzzard. 4. By the angular procefles of the upper Chap of the Beak. 5. By the blue 
 colour of the legs and feet. 
 
 a 
 Of the common Buzzard or Puttock, calledin Latine Buteo. 
 
 T is about the bignefs of a Pheafant or young Pullet. Its weight was thirty two 
 ounces. Its length from the tip of the Beak to the end of the tail twenty one 
 inches: Itsbreadth, the Wings being ftretched: out, fifty two inches. The Head 
 great : The Crown broad and flat : The Beak fhort, hooked, and of a dark blue. A 
 yellow skin covets the upper Chap from the root beyond the Nofthrils. The Bridle 
 of the mouth, or the skinof thecorners, isalfo yellow. The Noithrils are round 
 [ yet in one Bird of this kind we obferved them long and bending. } It gaped wide. 
 its Tongue wasthick, flefhy, blunt, asin thereft of thiskind. Being angry it opened 
 itsmouth, and held its Tongue {tretched out as faras the end of its Bill. The roof of 
 the mouth hathin, it a hollow equal to the Tongue. The Angle of the lower Chap is 
 
 circular. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$e ee 
 
 ne El RO A 
 Boox If. ORNITHOLOGY 
 
 
 
 circular. The Eyes are great, the trides, or circles ¢ 
 
 with a dafhfometimes of yellow, fometimes'of red: 
 
 colour without mixture of any Other. The low 
 
 for Nictation blue. 
 
 ios chin fom: Base se ceasing ol fee ca 
 2 & ec hel | y white {pots in.theco- We "PPE 
 
 vert feathers of the Wings; which in the W ings {pread made a kind of white line: 
 
 ncompatiing the Pupil, white, Eyes, 
 fometimes they are of a whitith 
 cr Eye-lid downy. The Membrane 
 
 The like white fpots it had in the long feathers fpringing fiom the fhoulders, which 
 
 cover the whole back. . The edges of thefe feathers were of a dirty ve 
 lower fide of the body wasof a diluteyellow, or yellowith white ; ihekrett Aaa Colour of the 
 with oblong ferrugineous fpots, not tranfverfely placed, but tending downwards, in We #* 
 each feather drawn according to the length of the fhaft. The Chin is of a ferrugi- 
 neous colour, the fhafts of the feathers being black. Between the Eyes and Nofthris 
 grow long black briftles. Onthe middle of the back grow no feathers, but only down: 
 or the {capular feathers cover the whole back. 
 The flag-feathers in each Wing are about twenty four in number: The outmott The Flag- 
 of which is fhorteft,; the third and fourth C counting’ from it) longeft.. The tips of Feathers of 
 the four outmoft are. blacker and narrower than thofe of the re{t: For the tips of the a 
 reft are white. The-interiour webs of ‘all are variegated with broad, tranfverfe 
 dusky, and whitifh {trakes.or bars, after the manner of thofe of a Woodpecker or 
 Woodcock, . The under-fide of the Wings, excepting the tips of all the flags, and the 
 third part of the five outmoft feathers, is white varied with tranfverte parallel lines. 
 The Wings.clofed reach almoft to the end of the Train... The Train is nine or ten 
 inches long, made up of twelve feathers, not forked, but when fpread term inating The Tail. 
 in acircular circumference. The utmoft tips of its feathers are of an a{h-colour; then 
 follows a tranfverfe black Jine of an inch breadth, the remaining part being varie 
 gated with black and cinereous tranfverfe {paces or bars, only the bottoms of the 
 feathers white. .. . | | | | | 
 The Thighs are long, ftrong, and flelhy: The Legs fhort, thick, and {trong, fea- The Legs, 
 thered down alittle below the Knees. The Legs and Feet yellow, and covered with Fe 
 Scales. Theoutmofttoe joyned below to the middlemoft by a membrane. forfome Toes, and 
 {pace. The Talons ftrong, long, and black; that of the outmoft fore-toe the leaft, Claws. 
 
 _that of the back-toe the biggett. 
 
 The Liver is divided into two lobes, having a large Gall : TheSpleen of an Oval The entrails, 
 figure. It hath but two Tefticles. The ftomach, is large, not mufculous but mem- 
 branous, that isnotflefhy, like the Gizzard of a Hex or Turkey, &c. but skinny like 
 thofe of beatts. | | } 
 
 It feeds not only upon Mice.and Moles,but alfo.upon Birds: For,out ofthe ftomach _ tts Food. 
 of one that'we opened we took a {mall Bird entire;.and out of the ftomach of ano- 
 ther evena Thrash, It,is.a great deftroyer of Conies: Yet for want of better. food it 
 will feed upon Beetles, -Earth-worms,, and other Infects. 
 
 The heads of thefe Birds arefaid to grow “cinereous with age, andthe feathers of a 
 theirbacks white. ..But whether it. come to pals by reafon of Sex, or Age, or other the aig. 
 accident, certain it.is they differ.very: much,one from another in this re{pe@ :.For rence in cos 
 
 whereas fome have no white feathers neither in head,, back, nor, wings; others. have 
 
 very many. ; ~ | . | g 3 
 
 Buzzards Eggs are white, ftained.with afew great-reddith fpots, ‘yet fometimes al] Their Eggs. 
 over white without {pots. 3 | . 
 
 That fort of Hawk (as Pliny witneficth ) which the Romans named Buteo was by So 
 the Grecians called Triorches, from.the number. of its ftones. Aldrovandws alo faith ogg e 
 that ina Buzzard difleted he had obferved three ftones, The third {tone appeared ches, 
 not to us, though we diligently fought tt. Aldrovandus alfo himfelf faith, that he 
 would not very. much. contend with him.that sfhajl obftinately deny that third glan- 
 dulous body ( which befides the two {tones he had noted, adjoyning to them) to be 
 
 a true Tefticle. 
 
 ~ 
 
 §, Il. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ited = — z = 2 P= a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 catalidal a ae = —— ——— re etna 
 72 ORNITHOLOG?, Boox Il. 
 
 §. Tl. 
 
 The Honey-Buzzard. 
 
 The bigness, Or bignefsit equals or exceeds the common Buzzard, 1s alfo like it in figure or 
 3 it be fomewhat longer. It weighed thirty one 
 
 Weight, fhape of body, unlefs perchance 1t | 
 Dimenfions- Gynces. The length from Bill-point to Tail-end was twenty three Inches, to the points 
 of the Talonsnot more than nineteen, Its breadth or the diftance between the ends 
 
 thepeat. of the Wings fpread fifty two Inches, Its beak from the tip to the Angles of the 
 mouth was an inch and half long, black, and very hooked, bunching out between 
 thenofthrils and the head: The Bafis of the upper Chap covered witha thick, rug- 
 ged, black skin beyond the Nofthrils, which are not exactly round, but Jong and 
 The Mouth. bending. The mouth, when gaping, very wide and yellow. ‘The Angle of the lower 
 he Byes Chap, as in other Hawks, femicircular. The Irides of the Eyes of a lovely bright 
 yellow or Saffron colour. 
 The Head. The head 1s afh-coloured : The Crown flat, broad, narrow toward the Beak. The 
 Colon. bottoms of the Plumagein the head and back white, which is worthy the noting, be- 
 caufe it ig common with this to many other Hawks. The back is of a ferrugineous co- 
 The Remges Jourf or rather a Moufe-dun. | The tips of the flag-feathers, as alfo thofe of the fe- 
 cond and third rows in the wings white. The Wings when clofed reach not to the end 
 The Tail. of thetail. The number of fags in each Wing twenty four. The Tail confifts of 
 twelve feathers, near a foot long, variegated with tranfverfe ob{cure and lucid, or 
 blackifh and whitifh {paces, rings, or bars. The very: tips of the feathers are white, 
 below the white is a crofs black line ; under that a broad dunor afh-coloured {pace or 
 bed ( the like wheretoalfo crofles the wings, which differ not much from the tail in 
 
 colour. 
 The colou- As for the lower fide of the body, the feathers under the chin and tailare white; 
 i ea lowet_ the breaft and belly alfo white, {potted with black fpots, drawn downward from the 
 head toward the tail. 
 
 TheFeetand The Legs arefeathered down fomewhat below the knee, fhort, ftrong, yellow, as 
 sa ne are alfo the feet. The Talons, long, {trong, fharp, and black. 
 the Guts and ‘The Guts fhorter than in the former : The * Appendices thick and fhort. In the fto- 
 sores Guts, Mach and guts of that we diflected we found a huge number of green Caterpillars 
 * of that fort called Geometre, many alfo of the common green Caterpillars and 
 others. 
 The Nef. It builds its Neft of {mall twigs, laying upon them wool, and upon the wool its 
 Foos. We faw onethat made ufe of an old Rites Neft to breed in, and that fed its 
 * wafp-Mag- Young with the * Nymphe of Wafps: For in the Neft we found the Combs of Wafps 
 oe eggs Nefts, and in the ftomachs of the Young the limbs and fragments of Wafp-Maggots. 
 The Young. There were in the Neft only two young ones, covered witha white Down, {potted 
 with black. Their Féet were ofa pale yellow, their Bills between the Nofthrils and 
 the head white. Their Craws large, in which were Lizards, Frogs,&c. Inthe Crop 
 of one of them we found two Lizards entire, with their heads lying towards the 
 birdsmouth, as if they fought tocreep out. 
 This Bird runs very fwiftly like a Hen. The Female as in the re{t of the Rapaci- 
 ous kind is in all dimenfions greater than the Male. 
 Hof it aiffers It differs from the common Buzzard, 1: Inhavingalongertail. 2. An afh-coloured 
 Boag. head. 3.°The Irides of the Eyes yellow. 4. Thicker and fhorter feet. 5. In the 
 broad tranfverfe dun beds or ftroaks in the wings and tail; which are about three 
 inches broad. » — 
 The Eggs of this Fowl are cinere€ous.matked with darker {pots. | 
 It hath not as yet (that we know of +) been defcribed by any Writer, though it be 
 frequent enough withus. 1 
 
 Food. 
 
 g. IV. 
 Of the Ring-tail, the Male whereof is called the Henharrier. 
 
 its Weight, He Female, though lean, weighed fixteen ounces. From the point of the Beak 
 Length, to the end of the tail, it was by meafure twenty incheslong : From tip to ti 
 Beak. of the wings extended wasforty fiveinches. The Bill from the tip to the corners tf 
 
 the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Se 
 GT. — 
 
 the Mouth an inchand half 
 n inchand hal 
 rt alf lon: 
 ’ Saree reflected Roi the Nolthrils and 
 feathers {tan iia eee of the Head sede ath at the cornersof the Jaw 
 encompafies the h a aving their middle d e Ears to the Chi 
 cover Cad as it were usky; and: the} In a ring or | 
 overing the ears. Th a Crown. F nd: their ed § or wreath of AC 
 feathers reddifh * é back is of 1a dark rom this wreatl ges of a reddifh whi awe 
 : fh: Inth ark ferr 1 hangs d ite, 
 or ind-part of the se ciadha of the head fred colour, the od . a skin 
 re{tof a dilute reddi white. Under ed. The bott ges of theneck 
 dusky f C reddith colour ei the Eyes is a Ottoms of the f ous Colour of the’ 
 throat of a dusk g downward alon ith a Tincture pot. The bell ; 
 - * he fhaft eof red 7 mark ly and 
 The Rum S y or dark ferru 5 : art of the fe J marked W t! | 
 phath fome whi gineous: colour, th eather. The middle of the 
 vr a ae. ite feathers, marked in the tadie the Geachens Se . 
 num - e red. 
 whereof ee eee jenite len along their thifte with 
 tranfverfe black and efame colour with th ba was twenty four, th 
 omg the whine Moar, mnlaks Sue a the interiour aot va teriour webs The Reniges 
 silat inl ow had ath oaks are bigger and itudte:t <i? the: exter riegated with or prime 9 
 and darker, till re the whole web i broader 5 in the eriour and greater Wing-tems 
 ee 3 at laft it iS dusky the : interiour and lei [ thers. 
 riour fe a comes to be > white b leffe 
 ing of ‘het rsin the fecond row anne ae brown ov dusk degrees. growing sides 
 Tne rs ae colour with the neck ite, of the interiour ne po tipsof the éxte- 
 reddifh Se ee made up okie 5 the reft of them be- 
 ae the tometer in oo fucceed sehen ae : The tips whereof ar 
 “A elke Aesuzaee black. o middle feathers the inka bars, the black b the Train. 
 the Nofthrils: Titeeen. the upper Cha , | together difappear, i 
 ftreight. The we the Bill is black, b Rs from the root 
 Tongue. The ae wide when: sin ats and prominent. T Sap the Bill beyond The Sea- 
 — The Angle go flcfhy a oc see is a eee ete ae The Beak. 
 O ee : | O 
 = en ee oc 
 eee the Talons bic — > round. The Fadia ongue, 
 Toe dobact seine to the middlemott b he outmolt Toe for fome 
 long. , the inmoft fhorteft, but the Clay af the” nembrine* e alle Toes snd 
 It hath a great C aw. of the outmott leatt 1¢ middle Toes and 
 | raw: Small ea(ft. The Le Talons, 
 weo ma, rou : 
 weet Pet s Oe and Bae of Sa 7 oid Guts: A large Gorge, 1 : 
 underneath i, eared over with red, the ee cuttin Se te om The entrails 
 re an . 2 S 
 iaseeisintcsbie Tarcel of this kind difers thete appeatingfrom =" 
 head, neck od ned colour. Itis called in Bool _ from the defcribed ; 
 feathers srowing pe “th so Afh-colour a ere or Evobarriee. eo senor 
 inthe Female. Th e fhoulders are (omeweh d at of a Ring-dove. T ee y oe 
 dle feathers nf he Breaft white, with at dusky. The KR - The long x one = 
 > the Tail ci 5 wit fome tranft ump not {o whi nbarvitr. 
 Linea ne Tailcinereous, from the mi verfe dusky fpots. Th ite as | 
 blackith ilute,inclining to white 5 al middle to the outmoft Se: etwo mid- 
 Paka Teco ante of he Wig cocked ae 
 inner limbs or bord e bottoms white. The outlid ings are black, the t BSE 
 Fite elree ation tips bein 
 cies sabes ets white. Thecovert feath eo re{t is cinereous, onl 8 
 GC ft pelieatcan enether fide white 3 the fh athers of the upper fi , only their 
 fog athe. Leet pper fide of the Wi 
 The Legs ios tea Rathiers of thatatie of sh the interiour. bei a 
 : | F che tNG eing black. Th 
 other points 1 ong and very flender, b ; ing have tranfv x 
 the x as re Sell eke mott part rae s =e ortiou of =~ oe 
 in Ageor Sext wivs. 1 falpect that Al male. Wefuppofe thisBird m: = 
 alls’ Palioub wo or three Species. Th aretew makes of this H i may be 
 Fifth ate : Sie exactly to this: Sone of that cmivcnsal oid he 
 heraiare sit have ar hapter of his Orxzth e defcription alfo of Lanariws 3 ¢ 
 e have takenthe figure th ithology, anfwers in act enavivs 10 the 
 ereof for it, particulars: And 
 
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 ee 
 SEs ORNITHOLOGY. Boox II. 
 
 
 
 §. V. 
 The Kite or Glead : Milvus cauda forcipata. 
 
 eigh . ted forty four ounces. Itslength from the point of the Beak to the end of 
 
 and metures Put at was mae eight inches. The Wings extended were equal in breadth to 
 
 fixty four Inches. . The Beak from the tip to the corners of the mouth wastwo inches 
 long. The upper Chap hung down half an Inch. | ) 
 
 Thecolour of The Head and Chin are of a pale afh-colour, varied with black lines along the 
 
 theupper afte of the feathers. The Neck red, the middle part of the feathers being black. 
 
 “i The Back dusky or brown like a Buzzards. The feathersnext the Tail ‘of the fame 
 colour with it, having their middle parts or fhafts black. ‘The lefler rows of Wing- 
 feathers are party-coloured of red, black and white; the middle part of each feather 
 along the fhaft being black. The long Scapular feathers covering the Back have 
 tylack lines like theflags. ‘The feathers covering the infide of the Wing are red, with 
 
 The colour of black {pots in their middles. The Plumage of the lower fide hath the edges afh-colou- 
 
 the nether ped then follows red, the middle part being black : The black part 1s vy degrees lefs 
 
 fide, ef from the Chin to the Tail ; fo that under the Tail only the fhafts of the fea- 
 thers are black : The red colour is alfo more dilute towardthe Tail. _ 
 
 Thefirftrow The flag-feathers of the Wings are in number twenty four, of which the five out- 
 
 of Wing-fea- oft are black, the next fix are of a dark cinereous colour 5 all the reft to the laft are 
 
 oe again black; the laft are particoloured of red, white, and brown. All but the five 
 or Gx exteriour feathers have intheir outward webs black tranfverfe lines, the {paces 
 between the lines being whitifh, efpecially from the fixth to the eleventh. Thefore-_ 
 mott of the fecond row of Wing-feathers are black ; as alfo the baftard Wing. The 
 Wings clofed are longer than the middle feathers of the Tail fhorter than the out- 
 moft. 
 
 The Tail, The Tail is forked, the middle feathers being eleven Inches long, the outmoft four- 
 teen. Thecolourred [ ruffw.] The extreme feathers Dlackith : All but the two 
 middlemoft have black, crof lines, the middle fpaces or diltances being whitifh. The 
 tipsof all are white. ) at | 
 
 The Beak, The Bill is black, having {careeany tooth-like Appendices: The Tongue broad and 
 
 Tongue. thick, as in other carnivorous Birds. In the Palate there is a Cavity equal to the 
 
 Sear. Tongue. The Sear or skin about the Nofthrilsisyellow. Inthe roof of the mouth 
 Eyes, is adouble cranny or hole. The Eyes are great: The Irides of a pale, but lovely 
 rellow. 
 
 The Fett ) The Legs and Feet yellow : The outmoft foretoe joyned to the middle one by a 
 
 ie pe Membrane, reaching almoft halt way. The Talons black; that of the back-toe be- 
 ing the greateft. The Talonof the middletoe hath a {harp edgeon the infide. 
 
 The Entrails. It hatha great Gall; alarge Craw. The {treight gut below the Appendices ismuch 
 dilated,as in other of this kind. 
 
 Manner of Spreading its Wings it fo ballances it felf in the Air, that it can reft as 1t were im- 
 
 ning movable a long time in the fame place; yea, without at all, or but rarely moving its 
 Wings, it glides through the Air from place to place ; whence perchance it took its 
 Englifh name Glead. ae a ee : 
 - Bythe figure of its Tail alone it 1s fufficiently diftinguifhed from all other Birds of 
 prey we have hitherto feen. 
 
 Her Tail This fort of Birds ( faith Pliny ) feemsto have taught men the Art of fteering a Ship by 
 
 SR the turning of their Tails, Nature fhewing in the Air what was needful to be done in the 
 
 direther Deep. For hence( as Aldrovandws goes on ) it 1s probable that men learned to ap- 
 
 Hight. ply aRudder; viz. Whenthey faw the Kite, by turning her Tail fometimes this way, 
 {ometimes that way, to direét or vary her courfe, and turn about her body at plea- 
 fure; they alfo attempting fomewhat like, added the Helm totheShip, by winding 
 and turning whereof to and fro they could direct and impel it whither they pleafed, 
 = otherwife would be driven uncertainly and at random by the Winds and 
 
 ides. 
 
 ere Kites they fay are Birds of paflage, fhifting places rs to the feafons of the 
 
 alae: year. WhenI was once ( faith Bellonius ) on the fhoreof the Ewxine Sea, on Thrace- 
 fide, about the latter end of April, on a certain very high Hill, near to that Pillar 
 which isat the mouth of the Bofpborws, where a Fowler had fpread Nets for catch- 
 ing of Sparrow-Hawks, which came flying from the right fide of the Sea; we ob- 
 
 ferved 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mat) ae ee ce | 
 Boox II. ORNITHOLOGY. "5 . 
 
 terved Kites coming thither in flocks and that info 
 . OCKS, reat numbers, that it y 
 
 to us. For being ast were aftonifhed at the ftrangereh of the {pectacle sbetoiiid = 
 conceive wherefucha multitude of Kites could get themfelves food. For fhould the 
 for but fifteen days {pace fly continually that way in fuch numerous {quadrons Rahee 
 oe a a — exceed the number of men living upon the Earth 
 
 owbeit, witht , : rear, neither do ) 
 oe ith us in Lxeland they are feen all the year; neither do they fear or fly our 
 
 _ Pliny writes,that Kites feed upon no other méat but flech : But Belloni ‘ms, T 7 
 in Cajro a City of Eeypt he hath feén them light upon Palm-trees, and cutie dd preying 
 But no queftion they do fo only being compelled. by hunger, and for want of their | 
 natural and familiar food. They are very noifom to tame birds, efpecially Chickens 
 Ducklings, and Goflings 5 among which efpying one far from fhelter, or that is care. 
 
 letly feparated a good diftance from the reft; or by any other means lies fit and expo- 
 
 fed to rapine, they fingleit out, and fly round, round for a while, marking it; then 
 
 of a fudden dart downas {wift as Lightning, and catch it up before it isaware. the 
 
 Dam in vain crying out, and men with hooting and ftones {eating them away. Yea 
 
 fo bold are they, that they affect to prey in Cities and places frequented by men 5 {6 
 
 that the very Gardens, and Courts, or Yards of houfes aré fot fecure fromtheir ra- 
 
 vine. For which caufe our good Houfewives are very angry withthem, and of all 
 
 birds hate and curfe them motft. 
 
 The Grecians call it, lxtiv@. , and” Ixav@., but more commonly "Ixks. 
 §. VI. 
 The More-Buzzard: Milvus Exiginofus Aldrov. an Circus Belowii 2 
 
 }* is lefler than the Buzzard, of about the bignels of a Crom. The Head is not {0 ;,, Bignes 
 great, nor the Crown fo flat and broad asina Buzzard. Its length fromthe point and meatures, 
 of the Billto the end of the Tailis morethan twenty Inches... The diftance between 
 
 the tips of the Wings fpread fifty Inches. The Beak about an Inchand half long; Bear, 
 hooked, covered at bottom with a yellowith green skin or Sear; elfeblack.. The 
 Nofthrils not round butlong, of the figure of aGuiny Bean or Kidney. The Mouth  Nares. 
 withinfide partly black, partly blewith. The Tongue broad, flethy; foft, asin other Toca 
 birds of prey. The hole or cleftin the Palate wide andopen. The Eyesof amean Eyes, 
 fize, having yellow Irides [in the bird that I defcribed at Rome: But Mr.Willughby 
 
 writes, that they are between an A fh and Hazel colout. 
 
 The Crown of the headis of a kind of clay colour, [ofa pale fulvous, or between Its colour. 
 yellow and * ruffws] variegated with black lines, viz. the fhaft of each feather being * a s.ndy 
 black. The colour of the whole body, as well lower as upper fide is a dark ferru- ‘4: 
 gineous, only at the middle joynt of both Wings there is afpot of the fame reddith 
 clay-colour [ ex fulvo albicans |withthe head, and the feathers at the root or rife of thé 
 - tail are fulvous. , 3 
 
 The Wings clofed reach almoft to the end of the Tail. The number of flag-fea- The wing's 
 thers in each Wing is twenty four. Thefe are blacker than the reft of the feathers: hare ; 
 The outmoft isabove a hand-breadth fhorter than that nextto it. The covertfeathers thers. 
 of the underfide of the Wing are particoloured, brown and fulvous. The Tail is The Train: 
 about nine Incheslong, made up of twelve feathers of equal length when it is {pread, 
 terminated in a circular Circumference, being particoloured of a dark and light ful- | 
 vous orbay. The Legs are aboutan hand-breadth long, feathered down alittle be+ The Legs, 
 low the knee, longer and {lenderer for the bignefs of the bird than in others of this 
 kind. The Legs and Feet yellow; the Talons black. The outer Toe in joyned to as 
 the middle by an intermediate Membrane, reaching from the divarication up almoft 
 half way. TheTalon of the middle Toe is thinned on the inner fide into an edge. | 
 The Gall is large: The blind Guts fhort and {mall: The Stomach membranous 5 1 The entrails. 
 that we diflected full of the limbs of Birds and other flefh. 
 
 The Bird here defcribed we fuppofe to be that called in Exgland the More-buzzard, Medica 3 
 common to be feen in Heaths and Watts; fitting upon {mall trees and fhrubs: With 21777 
 long flender yellow Legs: The whole Body of a dark colour, the interiour Remiges 
 being paler or whitith ; and which is faid tobuildmFenny places. 3 
 
 Itake this Bird to be the fame withthat Beoniws defcribesunder the title of Circws, 
 as will appear to any onethat fhallcompare the defcriptions 5 although Aldrovandus 
 
 mak@ithem to be difting Species, treaty of them m = Chapters. wa 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Sparrow- 
 hawk. 
 
 * Family or 
 kind. 
 
 Its Name, 
 
 Tts Shoulders, 
 _ Witgs, 
 Train, 
 
 The Feet, 
 
 Toes, 
 Talons, 
 
 
 
 Thighs, 
 Beak, 
 Nares, 
 Eyes. 
 Head. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e Its Neck, 
 t Breatt, 
 
 Brows, 
 | Eyes.- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Head, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Back, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ¥ T isakind of * Nifws of the bignefs ofa Kite; hatha Tail ninel 
 
 § length of the \ 
 Tail. The colour 0 
 Tail is particoloured of white and brown. 
 
 moderate bignefs, 
 long, fharp, black Talons. Itis very noifom to Hens. 
 
 fave that the breaft and belly were w 
 about them yellow. The Legs yellow. 
 
 Kites notwithftanding Marggraviws 
 
 
 
 na 
 
 
 
 _— —— 
 
 ip ne, tee 
 ORNAITHOLOGY: Boon i. 
 
 di by its uniform brown-bay or ferrugineous co- 
 
 
 
 This Bird is fufhciently characterize 
 
 lour all the body over. i 
 
 Q: VIL. 
 
 * The Bralilian Kite called Caracara, and by the. Portuguefe Gaviaon- Margegray. 
 
 nches long. The 
 
 Nings is fourteen Inches ; which yet do not reach to theend of the 
 €the whole Plumage is tawny with white and yellow fpecks.. The 
 It hatha Hawks Head, a hooked Bill ofa 
 
 and black colour. It hath yellow Legs; Hawks Feet; femicircular, 
 
 I had (faith he ) another of the fame magnitude and colour with the precedent, 
 hite. The Eyes of a gold colour, and the skin 
 
 For thebignefs, colour, and preying upon Poultry, we have fubjoyned this to the 
 maketh it a kind of Nifw or Sparrowhawk, 
 
 eee — 
 
 —— an 
 
 CHAp.. IX. 
 
 Of long-winged Hawks, ujed to be reclaimed for fowling. 
 
 d. I. 
 * Of the Peregrine Falcon. 
 
 R. Willughby having left no defcription of a Falcon, and it having not been 
 
 our hap fincehis deceafe to fee any Hawk of that kind, left the Orzithology 
 
 we {et out fhould bedefectiveandimperfe&hin this particular, we have bor- 
 
 rowed of Aldrovandwus the déferiptions of the feveral forts of Falcons without omit- 
 
 ting any... We are not.aditele'troubled that we cannot give any light to this * Gezus : 
 For we vehemently fufpett, that Species are here moult plied without necefiity. 
 
 Aldrovandus afaens the firlt place to the Peregrine Falcon for its courage and gene- 
 rofity. It took its name either from pafling out of one Country into another, or be- 
 caufe itis not known where it builds, its Neft having not been any where found. Of 
 this kind Beli/arivs makes two Species, Carcanus four, the difference being taken from 
 the colour. 
 
 A Peregrine Falcon every way compleat muft have thefe marks, Broad and thick 
 fhoulders; long Wings reaching to the end of the Train 5 the Traia long, narrower 
 by little and little, and fharper toward the end, like a Sparrow-hawks, made up of 
 large, thick, round feathers, the tip not altogether white; the fhafts running along 
 the middle of the feathers of a lovely red; the Feet of the fame colour with thofe 
 of a Bittour, viz. Of a pale green, or between a yellow and lead-colour ; the Toes 
 (lender; the Talonslarge, black, and very fharp; the colour of the Feet and Beak 
 thefame; the Thighs long, but the Legs fhort; the Beak thick; the Mouth wide: 
 the Nares large and open 5 the Eye-brows high and great ; the Eyes great, and deep 
 funk; the Head arched, the Crown being gently elevated and round. As foon as 
 it can fly it fhould fhew certain little briftly feathers, ftanding out asit were a beard 
 Let the Neck be long, the Breaft broad, and about the Sboulder-blades where +s 
 joyns to the Neck fomewhat round. Sitting upon the ruc it muft bend its body a 
 little backward, being brisk, mordaciousand greedy. Let its Eye-browsand Checks 
 be white with a little mixture or dafh of red: The Eyes black, encompafied with a 
 Circle or Iris that is fometimes blues the Head afh-coloured, like that of a Sacre - 
 The Back of foméwhat 2 livid colour, almoft like that of a Goofe 5 covered ich 
 round and broad feathers. ‘Themarks of the Wings agree to the fecond Peregrine 
 Faleow of Belifarivs, which he makes to be of a Copper [ Aizeo ] colour For th 
 firft kind, which he faithis blacker, ‘hath neither an afh-coloured Crown ‘or a el. 
 = and hath its throat {potted with long, dire, black lines ; and its Thighs | 
 — with tranfverfe ones: pie alio are of a Safiron colour, but more 
 
 
 
 Aldrovandus 
 
 
 
 
 
Bowl, OR ACITHODBGs, 25 
 
 Aldrovandws defcribes a Bird of this kind, taken in the Mountains of the Tei Theva. 
 tory of Bowonia, inthefe words. From the top of the Head to the end of the Taj] Peetin Falcon 
 it wasfeventeen Inches long. The Crown of the head flat and comprefled : The is Lagi 
 Beak an Inchthick, of a lovely sky-colour, bending downward With a fharp hook Head, 
 fhort, ftrong, joyned to the head witha yellow Membrane of a deep colour, which **** 
 compafies the Nofthrils ; the Eye blue, ‘the edgesof the Eye-lidsround yellow. The Eyes 
 Head, Neck, Back, Wings: of a dark brown, almoft black, fprinkled with black Colour, 
 {potsin almoft every feather, thegreat feathers being crofied with tranfverfte ones. 
 
 The Throat was of a-yellowith white,’ the ‘lower part thereof being {tained with 
 black {pots, as it were drops drawn out in length from the corners of the Mouthon 
 each fide a black lime was drawn downwards almott to the middle of the Throat or 
 Gullet. The Breaft,Belly,and Thighs white,croffed with broad, tranfverfe.black lines. 
 The tips of the Wings,when cloféd,reached almott to the end of the Train. The Train © Wings. 
 lefs. dusky, marked alfo with black crof bars. The Legs and ‘Feet yellow ; the hs 
 
 The Throat, 
 
 Uhighslong, the Shanks thort; the Toes lender, Jong,covered with fcales, as arealfo Feet, a 
 the Legs ; the Talons black, and very fharp. Talons, 
 
 Aldrovandus thinketh this black Peregrine Falcon not to differ at all from the black 
 Falcon {imply fo called, or the Falconarius of the Germans, but to be the very fame 
 with it. 
 
 What Aldrovandws hath concerning the place, flight, conditions, mannet ‘of catch- 
 ing this Hawk,&c. See in his * Ornithology. It flies and preys upon Geese, Ducks, and 
 other Water-fowl. 
 
 §. Ih 
 * The Sacre, Falco Sa¢er. 
 
 A Ldrovandys brings feveral defcriptions of the Sacre out of Albertvs Manus, Be- a ame ay, 
 ‘lari : devick C. id Belloniws. TheEmperour Frede- E’é'ieks 4 
 lifarius, the Emperour Frederick Carcanus an mpe | rorianal 
 ricks defcription ( which to me feems better than that of Albertus +) isas follows. the Sacre 
 Sacres for bignefsof body approach to Fer-Falcons 5 being greater than other Fal- 
 cons, but leffer than Fer-Falcons. Theyhave a great round head : A fhorter Beak, a 
 flenderer and longer body in proportion, longer Wings, and alfo alonger Train, a 
 Breatt lef ficfhy and full in refpect of their body than ‘fer- Falcons: Andalfo thorter 
 tite thus briefly defcribes it. The Sacre bath fouler feathers to look upon than dceciicion 
 any other Bird of prey. For they are of a colourbetween red and * fuliginous, very » sooty. 
 
 : Cites. It hath fhort Legs and blue Toes. va tes 
 ee the Vicentine gives a. fuller defcription of it inthefe words. The Falcons Carcanus his 
 
 = ; defcription, 
 ce an even the larger Peregrives. Theit head is very grey § Their bignets, 
 St alee a) that ofa fork: tail'd Kite. Their Eyes black and great : ae 
 Their Beak blue ; their Nares for the moft part {mall: The figure of the body ob- oak. 
 long : ‘The {pots of the Breaft brown,as is alfo theback and upper fide of the Wings: a 
 The infide of the Thighs white; the Train’ long and varied with ae ot cular 
 refembling the figure of Guing erage eee - sot enotoietwey ne: Bie 
 >ef- at ue: Compared with the re nb 
 iets as me of ae eae ecrinionty called Gos differ a little from thofe that How the Saad 
 ee sree For thefe have the {pots of their Breafts a little blacker differ from 
 have mewed their feathers. For th P bite and infome {potted tole thar _ 
 and rounder than the Sores. ‘Their Feetalfo are fomewhat white, an Ai . Pa cies te meweds 
 ‘itha little yellow. Almoft all of them have their Backs reddifh, inclining to : 
 coal as 1n Tarihi Yet in ee va a a — thofe that have mewe 
 a ver fide of the Wingsisblack. ere 
 er NchCa eee aes beft to the Sacre let therm judge who have op- 
 sortunity of feeing this Bird , and will, and leifure to compare them — eports) 
 So great isthe ftrength, force, and courage of this Hawk, that( as-A/ oe Zi ea reli 
 there is ho Bird fo great which fhe = not ree See aaa: y She 
 san in her way. e catc argh 
 is fappomedeo he called SuErep “eieher raat her bignefs, or becaufe’ all other birds fear 
 
 her, and fly from her. 
 
 §. IE. 
 
 
 
= 
 
 -. 
 es 3 = - . ~ - 
 — Sadia te —— ——- 9 = 
 = ————- = Fe - r aa - —- 
 >> te a em <= 
 4 ‘ a . a v q 
 oe ? po - — ~ 
 _7 5 
 — == — er —- — 
 ~ ee ~ —_ --—/ 
 
 
 
 iti 
 Boox I. 
 
 79 
 
 The name, 
 Its Bignefs,' 
 
 Crown, 
 Beak. 
 
 Eyes, 
 
 Colour of the 
 feathers, 
 
 The Wings. 
 Colour of the 
 Breaft . 
 
 The Train. 
 
 Legs and 
 Feet. 
 
 The fhape of 
 a good Jer- 
 falcon. 
 
 Tts Head, 
 Forehead, 
 Eyes, 
 Nares, 
 Beak, 
 Neck, 
 Body, 
 Wings. 
 
 W ing-fea- 
 therss 
 
 Train fea- 
 thers. 
 
 Craw. 
 
 Breaft. 
 
 Legs, Feet, 
 Tal otis. 
 
 Its Nature 
 and Game. 
 
 Its figure, 
 
 Head, 
 
 Beak, 
 Nares, 
 
 “VES, 
 
 — ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 §. Til. 
 « The Fer-Falcon, whofe Male or Tarcel is called the Fer ken. 
 
 1 {eem to take its name from the High Dutch word Gyrfalc, 7.e. a ravenous Falcon, 
 | or Vulturine Falcon : for Gyr in High Dutch fignifies a Vulture. 
 
 This, however Aldrovandwys contradicts it, exceeds all other Falcons, even that 
 called the Sacre in magnitude. Of that which Aldrovandws defcribed this was the 
 fhape: The Crown was plainand depreffed, of an afh-colour. The Beak thick, {trong, 
 fhort, blue; bowed downward with a mean-fized hook, but very fharp, ftrong, 
 and blewifh. The Pupil of the Eyes very black, the Ir# or Circle encompafling the 
 Pupil blue. The Back, Wings, Belly, and Train were white : But the feathers of 
 the Back and Wings were almoft every one marked with a black{pot, imitating infome 
 meafurethe figure of a heart, like the Eyes in a Peacocks tail. The flag-feathers of . 
 the Wings near their tips beautified with a bigger and longer black mark, which is 
 yet enclofed with a white margin or border. The Wings very long, fo that they 
 ‘vanted but little of reaching to the end of the Tail. The Throat, Breaft, and Bel- 
 ly purely white, without any fpotsatall. The Tail not very long, yea, in refpect of 
 its body and thofe of other Falcons rather fhort, marked with tran{verfe black bars, 
 The Legs and Feet of a delayed blue. The Legs thick and ftrong. The Toes long, 
 {trong, broad-{pread, covered all over with a continued Series of board-like 
 Scales. 
 
 Of Gyrfalcons, according to Carcanys, thete be divers kinds, diftinguifhed by the 
 colours of their feathers. 
 
 Frederick the Emperour doth thus defcribe the fhape of a good ‘fer-Falcon. The 
 upper partof the Head muft not be raifed upward into a bunch, but every where 
 equal: The forepart of the Head large and broad; that part alfo above the Eyes 
 large: The Eye-brows high or ftanding out [ eminentia. | The Eyes hollow: The 
 Nofthrils great and open: The Beak thick, crooked, and hard: The Neck toward 
 the Head {lender, toward the fhoulders thick. The Body muft grow uniformly nar- 
 rower and fharp all along to the very Tail, obferving that form which Geometricians 
 call Pyramidal. It mutt have-Wings elevated toward the back, not hanging down, 
 but when gathered up, near the Tail fo lying one upon the other, that they interfect 
 one another in formof a Crofs. The beam-feathers of the Wings, as well thofe that 
 cover, asthofe that are covered, that 1s, as well the upper as the under ones muft be 
 broad and hard. The covering feathers by how much the more they cover the others 
 by fo much the more commendable are they. The Tail-feathers when it doth not fly 
 are gathered up ina lump under the two uppermoft [ that is, the middlemoft ] which 
 arecalledthe coverers. The Gullet [ Gala, Ifuppofe he means the Craw ] muft be 
 large and deep, and after much meattakenin, fwell a little, and be round when full 
 of meat: The Breaft prominent outward, flefhy, and thick. The Thighs great : The 
 Legs fhort and thick : Thefoles of the Feet alfo thick and large ; the Toes long, lean 
 rough, f{ealy, and well fpread : The Talons flender, crooked, and fharp. ag se 
 
 Itis a couragious, fierce, and very bold Bird, catching all forts of Fowl how great 
 es and is terrible to other Falcons and Gofhawks. It chief Game are Cranes and 
 
 crons. 
 
 §. IV. 
 * The Mountain Falcon: 
 
 He greateft part of thefe Falcons are of amean ftature: Few f ig: 
 > Many of afmall body, and that in fome round, in fome long. Oa 
 butesto a Mountain Falcon almoft the fame bignefs as to a Gofhawk | Afturi} o i 
 makes it fhorter bodied: Gives it a round Breaft, and when it ftands on its fel 
 Pyramidal figure, refembling a Pyramid fomewhat comprefled on that fide the Gace 
 makes. Almoftall of them have a round Head, a taper L faftigiatum | Crown, and 
 black, encompafied with a kind of afh-coloured Coronet : In the Forehead noe e 
 from the Beak, ftand up certain very fineand {lender feathers, asit were hairs. amo 
 the black or brown ones, which yet are but few, and in fome Birds none at all They 
 havea thick, fhort, black Bill; narrow Nofthrilss {mall Eyes and’ Eye-lids The 
 
 Throat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Book IT, ORNITHOLOGY. sd 
 re Tha che et ne a lw pl gx Fn 
 git tine re once et age oi 
 vicar gins ise op ax to el cu 
 
 Pe ich below the middle of the 
 
 of the colour of that fort of }V7 ; ae | > 
 
 Wings not longlike a Secaes Te difothore chip ‘ae 
 
 ter part variegated like that of'a Keftrel. There are Sosietede 9 for the grea- Tail 
 
 a but they are veryrare. They have for the moft part ‘their Le a a — | 
 
 ‘ oe pees 5 ms om me : {traw colour; and covered: with uty chile fet Seale ' ct rc 
 é cr than the Leregrines : Their Toes greattund ff Their. 
 
 blac : . great d efh ‘ Ther Tal 
 
 — i aa poe them after they are mewed. Their Head 1s’ black likes SEROUS 
 
 pafled with a Circle of like colon’ "ny i Neck and anata ae peso encome 
 
 é é © colour: Lheir Neck and Shoulders black : the] , 
 
 of the Back toward the Rump blue. The Throat asf h ae 
 
 in fome it fhews an obfcure red; in others it is black Sk gob ees ex bat 
 
 ae . The a — — ee: The feathers nein ieee ee “The 
 
 3S ltrong. It 1s to beobferved; that by how 
 
 their feathers, by fo much is their Throat r Gale a stds pray. a ie ot 
 
 A ae covering their Back and Loinsof a deeper blue ieatee 
 
 _ 4ardivys writes, thatit preys only upon great bir -electir 
 
 it 1S very ravenous, GobdeFione sak of an aillotile mae ee init i ng 
 
 a bird of this fort that was brought to him, in thefe words. It was eighteen loclsth dldrovind 
 
 long : The Head great; the Crown gently towring up round ; The Beak thick:thort, 2%. 4°" 
 
 black, {trone; of an: Inch thickne(s, the point of the hooked part not very fharp, w peak, 
 
 butit {trong ; fo that I doubt whether any other Falcon hath a ftronger, thicker aad 
 
 more f{trongly made and compaéted Beak than'this. The Nuares are compafled witha Nive: 
 
 yellow membrane, The Iris of the Eye of a deep black. The edges of the Eye- = cs. 
 
 lids encircling the Eyes yellow. Thewhole body in general is of one colour a. a Colour 
 
 cinereous tending to blue, lighteror darker, according tothe different expofine of the 
 
 parts tothelight. The Neck, Breaft, Belly, and Back, and confequentl ae whole Figure of the 
 
 body is very grofs, thick, round, and plump. The Breaft very ean reat: body. 
 
 The beginning of the Wings above broad, and lefsfharp than in other Falcons tai 
 
 tips reaching to about the middle of their Trains, or a little farther. The Train of 
 
 a middle fize, between long and fhort. Their Legs and Feet in re{pect of their bo- 
 
 dies not very large or thick, covered with Saftron-coloured board-like Scales, Théir 
 
 Talons deep-black. 
 
 §. ¥V. 
 * The Falcon Gentle. 
 
 Hereas I find that fome doubt, whether the * Gentile Falcon be a diftin® # or rales 
 Y — kind from the Peregrine or no: And whereas the Emperour: Frederick di- &™* 
 {tinguifhes Gentile Falcons into thofe abfolutely and fimply'fo called, and Peregrines ; 
 omitting that prolix defcription of a Gentile Falcon, which Aldrovandws brings out 
 - Frederick; Lthall only propound the marks whereby this is faid to differ fromthe 
 ercerine. | : 
 Gentile Falcons ave lefs than Peregrimes, have a roundet and lefier Head ; a fhorter How the Fal- 
 Beak 5 and Feet alfo for the proportion of the body finaller. Befides,the colour islefs tadaon 
 bright, lively, and fair in thefe than in thofe. When they have mewed their firft the Peregrine: 
 ag ae they become very like the Peregrines, but more {potted in their Trains and 
 Backs. 
 Belifarivs makes the only difference between the Gentile and Peregrine Falcon to 
 bein their manner or gefture in flying: For the frequent agitation of the Wings in 
 flying fhews the Hawk to be a Gentile Falcon: The motion of the Peregrines Wings 
 being likethatof the Oars of Gallies. Moreover, they differfrom Peregrives in this, 
 that they are not fof{wift. | The defcripti- 
 Aldrovandus thitks, thattheFaleon which Carcanmsealls the Dutch or German Fal- ioe we 7 
 con is the fame withthis : The which he thusdeferibes: Phe Dutch Falcons are — com, “a 
 a 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rege « ORNITHOLOGY. Boon Il. 
 
 died.. The greater partof them of an oblong figure, and fome mode- 
 d: Very like to the Peregrine for Shape, Head, Beak, and Feet. The 
 Thighs on the infide covered with white feathers. The Wings great: The Train long. 
 Almoft all the feathers are of abrowncolour. For the greateft part of their bodies 
 they are like a brown Peregrine, excepting the Headand Shoulder-blades, which 11 
 the Dutch area little blacker. A white Coronet encompaties their Head near the 
 Neck. The {pots of the breaft in moft are brown and great, in fome ferrugineous 
 and oblong. But in fuch as are mewed, that is, have caft their firft feathers, the Head, 
 Neck and Shoulders are brown 5 the Back of an Azure-colour, diftinguifhed with 
 trantverfe brown marks: The Throat white, {potted with great lines. The Breatt 
 The German darker than in the Peregrine : But the Feet like that of the Peregrine. The Males or 
 Falcon differs Tarcels of thefe. Dutch Falcons can by no means be diftinguifhed from the Males of 
 little of Or the Percgrines, they are inal] things fo like the one to the other: | Befides, they do fo 
 
 thing from . ; . ; ; 
 the Peregtine. refemble the Peregrines, not only in the external fhape of their bodies, but alfo in 
 their nature and conditions; that none but avery quick-fighted, cunning, and well 
 
 practifed Falconer is able to diftinguifh them. 
 §. VI. 
 
 all great-bo 
 rately roun 
 
 * The Haggard Falcon; Falco gibbotus. 
 
 T is fo called becaufe by reafon of the fhortnefs of the Neck, the Head fcarce ap- 
 pears abovethe pointsof the fhoulders, or Wings withdrawn and clapped to the 
 Gdesof the Back; fo that it feems to havea bunch on its back. The Germans call it 
 Ein Hagerfalck, or. rather Hogerfalck, whence the Lative name Gibbofus: For the 
 Germans callabunch Hoger. Our Exglifh Writers of Falconry, as faras | underftand 
 them, call the Peregrine Falcon the Haggard Falcon,uling thofe names promifcuoutly : 
 Wherefore we fhall not enlarge further concerning this Hawk 5 elpecially feeing what 
 Aldrovandus hath of it, is all taken out of Albertus Magums 5 on whofe credit we do 
 
 not much rely.. 
 g. VEG ni" 4 
 “* The white Falcon. Falco Albus. 
 
 Mitting again what Aldrovandus hath borrowed out of Albertus concerning the 
 | White Falcon: we will only tran{cribe out of him, the defcription of the Fal- 
 ccn fent him by his Nephew Fulsanus Griffonius, which he received from Axgelus Gal- 
 lus of Urbin, a Knight of Malta. 
 
 Its Colour, Its whole bodv was milk-white, only {potted with yellow fpots, the whi . 
 Wings, felves alfo apetietd white, unlefsone heed fully and paaidy beheld it. "The wa, 
 were like thofe of other the moft beautiful Hawks, but purely white, and Wilson 
 Train,  fpots. The Tail had twelve feathers alike white, and {potted with yellow; the fight 
 whereof the uppermoft feather ( which ‘was wholly white, and covered the ret 
 Beak, hiding them as it were inafheath ) tookaway. The Beak alfo was rather white than 
 seers blue. The Feet, after the manner of other Hawks, yellow. - The Eyes yellow and 
 i black : And that yellow nothing deeper thanin a Hawk not yet mew’d, which we 
 commonly calla Sere; although 1 cannot believe that this was a Sore. For it mi ht 
 
 {fo come to pafs, that it might retain. that yellownefs from a certain temper of bod 
 peculiar tothis kind: Otherwife it would, after it was mewed, neceflarily incline é 
 whitenefs. It was of a tall ftature, a great and ftately bird: It eat not but with . 
 Eyes ufually fhut, and that with great greedinefs. It killed Pulets. Be 
 
 é.. VIII. 
 * The Stone~Falcon; and Tree-Falcon. Falco Lapidarius & Arborarius. 
 
 ()* the figure of the Stone-Palcon thefe few thin 
 1 ' gs occur in Albertus Ma 
 ; ; ‘onus. It 
 Heed te omnes quantity and {trength between the Peregrine and Gibbofé or 
 Avfull defeription of the Tree-Falcom we have in Gefner, whi 
 a » which ; 
 thinks) agrees welltothe Hobby. The Tree-Falcon:( rae he ) Ss Sean occ . 
 
 rous 
 
 
 
 
 
Book, ORNITHOLOGY 7 
 
 rous bitd, not unlike toa Sparrow-Hawk. From the Bill to the endof the Tail it was 
 
 four’ Palms, or fixteen Inches long. ©The Feet were of -a pale colour, mixt'as it were Iss Lengetis’ 
 of yellowifh and green.’ The Back black: But the tips of the fedthers of ithe Head toe 
 and Back ( efpecially the: lower part of it ) were comipafled with 'reddifh Sémicircles : on 
 Phe feathers of the Wings were blacker: And the infide of the: Wines [that which is 
 
 toward the body ] {potted with great pale-red{pots.. -The Breaft- varied with whitith 
 
 and brown fpots. Certain yellowith white feathers made up {pots behind the Ears 
 
 and in the Neck. The Eyes were black; the-colour of the Bill blue. The Tailefea- The Eyes and 
 thers, all but the two middlemoft, marked with {pots. Bill, 
 
 Geo DE 
 * The Tunis or Barbary Falcon. 
 
 His Bellonivs deferibes thus : This Barbar). Falcon is large; approaching to the 
 _ fhapeand likenefs of a: Lauer. For it hath like feathers, and not unlike Feet : 
 but itis leffer-bodied. Befides it flies more, and keeps longer on the Wing; It hath 4 
 thick and round Head. It is good for Brook-hawking, and ftoutly foars on high in 
 the Air: But for the Field it isnot fo fit as the Lanwer. 
 The Falcon which our Falconers call the Barbary is leffer than the reftof. this kind 
 Vid. ae Peregrine, Mountain and Gentile : If thofe do {pecifically differ, which we do 
 not think. 
 
 iii in 
 * The Red Falcon. 
 
 I is called red, not becaufe it is all over red, but becaufe thofe {pots ¢ which iti 
 | the reft are white ) in this kind are redand black, but not fo difpoted asin others; 
 neither ithe Back, nor in the outward part of the Wing... But it doth not appear to 
 be red,but only when it {tretches out its Wings: For thenthe dark red fhews itfelfin 
 them. Itis faid tobelefier thana Peregrize Falcon. But this; and whatever elfe A/- 
 bertus and others have delivered concerning the red Falcon,are of that nature; that 
 they leave us altogether uncertain; whether there be any fuch Falcox or no, {pecifical- 
 
 ly diftinét from the reft of this kind. 
 = §. OXI. 
 * The red Indian Falcons of Aldrovandus. 
 
 He firft of thefe ( which we fuppofe to be the Female ) hath a a head than tts Head, 
 the latter, a broad and almoft flat Crown, without any rifing in the hinder | 
 part of the head, asisfeeninfome. » The head is. of anafh-colour tending to brown, 
 
 as 1s alfo the Neck, the whole Back, and the outfideof the Wings. The Beak very  geag. 
 
 thick ; next the Head both above and below all yellow 5 having a moderate afli-co- 
 
 loured hook ; of which colour is alfo. all that tfore-part. which is bare, beyond the 
 
 Sear or invefting Membrane. “The Pupil of the Eye: 1s:of-a! deep black s:thelris  Fyed 
 
 brown,:or of a dark Chefnut-colour.. The edges.of the Eye-lids round about yel- 
 
 low... From the exteriour and lefler corner of the Eyes on both fides is drawn a long 
 
 {troak ofthe fame colour with the Breaft... The wholeBreaft,andalfo the upper pare — Breaft. 
 
 of the infide of the Wings, the Belly moreover:and the Rump; the Hipsand Thighs 
 
 areall fulvous of réd; of a pale Vermilion colour. >» But the Chin.in this red colour chim. 
 
 is marked with a long ‘cinereous {pot; produced downwards. |The Breaft alfo be- 
 
 fore is befprinkled with {mall {cattering fpecks of the fame colour.) The fides, that 
 
 are covered with the middle part of the Wings.clofed;. are tinctured with the fame 7 
 dark cinereous colour. . The Wings are vety long,;| their tipsreaching much further Wings: 
 than the middle of the Tails crofling one another about the lower end of the Back. . 
 The Train is long; each feather whereof is varied, with alternate {paces of black Train. 
 (which aré the narrower, of a Serhicircular figure), and of afh-colour, which are s 
 the broader. The Legs and Feetiare yellow, ptetty. thick and {trong: The Talons The oe 
 black and very fharp. Heel | | 
 
 M The 
 
 
 
7 
 ¥ = - 
 J 
 — TT <a i: 
 —— 
 
 t 
 : 
 { 
 
 
 
 Ba 
 
 Falcon. de- 
 {cribed. 
 Its Colour. 
 
 Its proper 
 
 marks. 
 Beak, 
 Chin, 
 
 we Wings . 
 Train. 
 
 Féet. 
 
 Its bignefs, 
 Head. 
 Creit. 
 Neck. 
 
 Breatt. 
 Beak. 
 
 Legs and 
 Feet. 
 Wings. 
 Train. 
 
 The defcri- 
 ption of the 
 French Lan- 
 ner. 
 
 the Beak, and 
 Feet, 
 Breaft, 
 Back, 
 Wings, 
 Train. 
 
 The Male, 
 
 LO 
 
 i ed —— 
 Book -H. 
 
 a 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 SE 
 
 "ae 2 eer Re Ge 
 Theother red . The other( which webelieve to be the Male ) 1s lefs by near a third part 5 for va- 
 
 ours almoft the fame with the former; and thofe in the fame parts, lave 
 ae C pire hinted alfo before ) the red colour in this is deeper and more wena 
 Likewife the fame coloured Membrane as in the former [ I fuppofe he means that a ou 
 theEyes..] Thofe parts alfo which in the former are coloured with a dark er 
 ous, in thisare altogether black 5 v7. the upper fide of the Wings, the Head, = ‘; 
 and Tail. Yétmay wetakenotice of fome marks peculiar tothis, wherem 1t difiers 
 fom the other. For the Bill in this is wholly blue, excepting a firall yellow mem- 
 brane covering the Nofthrils, having uneven borders, as it were ferrate.— The Chin 
 or beginning of the Throat in this is of a little paler red, fomething inclining to cine” 
 reous, but notmarked with any {pot as inthe former. The interiour flag-feathers of 
 the Wings are white, only crofled atdueintervals with many tranfverfe brown marks: 
 The reft of the upper fide of the Wings is of a very deep fulvous colour, like red 
 Oker. The upperfide of the Tailis alfo adorned with a double variety of tranfverlc 
 fpots, towit, white and 4fh-coloured inclining to blue, alternately difpofed. The 
 Feet and Legs are ofa more dilute yellow, or Wax colour. 
 
 Both came out of the Eaft-Indies. 
 
 What is delivered by Albertus and others concerning, the blue-footed Falcon and ba- 
 
 ard Falcon\ omit, as being only general and uncertain 5 referring the curious, and 
 
 thofe that defire to know fuch things, to the Authors themfelves, or to Aldrovandus, 
 for fatisfaction. 
 
 We have a fortof baftard Hawk common enough among us, called the Boceare!, 
 and its Tarcel the Beccaret. 
 
 §. XII. 
 The Crefted Indian Falcon. 
 
 TS Bird brought out of the Eaft-Indies we faw 1m the Royal Aviary in St. James 
 Park near Weftminfter, and thus deferibed it. For bi nefs it Was not much 
 infetiour to a Gofhawk: The Head flat, black, copped, the Creft hanging down back- 
 ward from the hind part of the head, like a Lapwings, but forked. The Neck red. 
 The Breaft-and Belly were parti-coloured of black and white, the alternate crofs 
 lines being very bright and fair. The Irides of the Eyes yellows The Beak of a 
 deep or dark blue, almoft black, efpecially towards the point; for the Bafe was co- 
 vered with a vellow Membrane. The Legs feathered downto the Feet: The Feet 
 yellow ; the Talonsof a dark black. The lefler rows of Wing-feathers had whitifh 
 edges. The Train was varied with tranfverfe {paces or beds of black and cinereous 
 alternately. The ret of the feathers were black. 
 
 §. XII. 
 * The Lanner,whofé Tarcel zs called the Lanneret. 
 
 Belonius his defcription of it. 
 He Lanner is lefsthan the Gentile Falcon, adorned with fair feathers, and in that 
 refpe& more beautiful than the Sacre. The moft fure and undoubted notes 
 whereby one may diftinguifha Lanner from other Hawks are thefe; That it have blue 
 
 The colour. of Beak, Legs, and Feet : The anteriour or Breaft-feathers parti-coloured of black and 
 
 white, the black marks [ or lines}; not crofling the feathers, but drawn long-ways 
 down themiddleof' them, contrary to what they are in Falcous. The feathersofthe 
 back are ot much variegated, as neither thofe of the Wings or Tail, in the'upperor 
 external part. And if perchance there be any fpots feen in thefe, they, are’ {imall 
 
 round, and whitifh. © But to one that fhall view the lower or under fide of the Wings 
 extended there will appear marks of a different figure from thofe of other Rapacious 
 Birds: For they are round, and like little pieces of money, difperfed through the 
 Superficies: Although, as we faid, thefeathers of the Breaft, and forepartof thebo- 
 dy arevaried with {pots drawn downwards in length, and fituate on their edges. It 
 hathathick and fhort Neck, andalike Bill. The Maleor Lanmeret is of a lefler bo- 
 dy, but almoft the fame colour of the feathers: Both Male and Female have fhorter 
 Legs than the reft of the Falcons. 
 
 Carcanus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
=? —_—-- 
 
 “~ 
 
 
 
 Book. ORNITHOLOGY, 83 
 
 Carcanws his defcription differs. in fome thin s from thi : 
 — therefore fubjoyn. The Head of al] Soe is eat Sich - ae 
 -rown. The Eyesblack and great: The Nofthrils for the amatk pare. ( 1] aa Crome 
 Beak fhort and thick, lefler than that of a Peregrine Falcon, and s5 th: +e Se yen: 
 Mountain 5 of ablue colour; The Breatt yellow, {potted with a few thin i a ofa ce 
 gineous {pots: The Back likea Peregrine Falcons : The ends of the Wine ‘ i 
 asit were with round white Eyes. The Wings and Train long: The Le {ME P oes oa 
 Feet much leffer than a Peregrines, and blue of colour. In thofe that os , cal he ces and 
 whole head is tinctured with yellow as far as the fhoulders, but inclinin - a : d ie telerini 
 varied with certain {lender lines... The Back is blue, crofled with blek fe . ats h - oe ” 
 fome golden: The Breaft of a deep yellow and without any {pots. But the feathe Se 
 of - aes are saner with a fewcrofs lines. The feet in thefe, which cre Eee a 
 are changed 1 : ce toe | Ea ge ve 5 
 —— i ae a The Sores of this kind are very hardly diftinguifhed from 
 
 It feems to becalled Danarius 2 laniando, i.e. from tearing. It is Why calle 
 of a docile and tractable difpofition (as Belonins wr tie; ere i Lena 
 Game, as. well Waterfowl, as Land: . For it catches not only Pies; Quails Partridge -nd Geeta 
 Crows, Pheafants, &e. but alfo Ducks, yea, and Cranes too, being trained up thereto 
 by humane induftry. Allthis isto be underftood of the French Lanner, for the Italian 
 defcribed by Carcanusisof no worth orufe. Carcanus writes, that he could never {6 
 train them up, as to make them good for ought. 
 
 The Lanzer abides all the year in France, being feen there as well in Winter as in Its place. 
 Summer, contrary to the manner of other Rapacious Birds. 
 
 §: XIV. 
 The Hobby, Subbuteo, Aldrov. 
 
 He Bird we,defcribed was a-Female, and weighed nine ounces. The length tes weight 
 from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail was thirteen Inches. The Length, 
 breadth or diftance between the tips of the Wings extended two feet and eight Breadth; 
 Inches. From the tip of the Beak to the Nofthrils was fomething more than half an 
 Inch. The, Beak like that of a Kefirel: The upper Mandible prominent, hooked, 3% 
 femicircular; the Bafe covered with a yellow skin or Sear, the part next the skin 
 white ; the re{t of adark blue. It hath alfo atoothor Angle on each fide at the begin- 
 ning of the hooked part, which, is received in a hollow dentor nick in thelower 
 Chap. The Tongue broad and.a little cleft or divided. The Palate withinfide The Tongue: 
 black, and having a Cavity imprefled to receive the Tongue. The Nofthrils round :  Nofthrils, 
 The rides of the Eyes of a Hazelcolour: TheEye-lids yellow. Bye 
 As for the colour of the Plumages above each Eye pafied a line of a clay-colour, The colour of 
 [ ex raffo albicans. | The feathers,on,the top of the head had. their fhafts or middle the fathers. 
 part black, their borders of a deep Chefnut : Thofe on the middle of the Neck again 
 were of a-clay-colour, the back, and Wings of a dark brown, or cinereous black 5 
 thofe on.the Rump and the leffer Pinion feathers being lighter, the greater Pinion 
 feathers,.and thofe on the middle of the back darker... The Chin and upper: part of 3 
 the Throat were white, with a dath of yellow... * To this white.were drawn from * This white 
 
 the head on each fidetwolines 3 one: from the aperture of the mouth; the other from a ure aoe 
 
 the hinder part or noddle. } | : Charaderi-. 
 
 The lower part of the Belly was,reddifh, the reft. of the Belly and Breaft clothed ae : 
 with feathers, {potted:with blackinthe middle, and having their edges white. _ The 
 Thighsred, {potted with black, but the {pots Jefs than thofe on. the Breaft, [he num The prime 
 ber of prime feathers in each Wing twenty four, whereof the fecond the longett. vou 
 The extreme or outmott had their tips black ; all of themtheir interiour webs varied — —~ 
 with tranfverfe clay-coloured {pots... The covert-feathers of the underfide of the 
 
 Wings were black,. curioutly painted with round fpots of white. diluted with 
 
 red. ‘ hed of metas io th ers, the middlemoft The Train. 
 
 The Tail, as if all of this: kind, .confi : | 
 whereof werethe longeft, and the reft in order fhorterto the two outermoft, which 
 were the fhorteft. The length of the middlemoft wasabout five Inches and an half, 
 
 thef were.on both fides their fhafts of one and. the fame colour; the reft had 
 hele interiour Vanes marked with tranfverfe reddifh fpots ; the utmoft. tips being 
 
 ea M 3 The 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 84. ORNATHOLOG Y) Boon Il. 
 
 The Feet The Legs and Feet were * ydlow® The ‘middle and outmott Toes connected as 10 
 
 and Talons. 6theys of this kind to the firft joynt’s The Talonsas black as Jet. aoe} 
 The Entrails. © Jt hada great Gall: The fewth of the Guts was two foot lacking an — The 
 | Appendices or blind Guts fhort; befides which it had another fingle Appen “8 v3 
 
 procefs, which was (we fuppofe ) the remainder of the Duétws inteftinalis tnrun 
 
 its principal The Hobbyis a bird of paflage, yet breeds with us in England, Its Game is chiefly 
 
 be Larks, forthe catching of which Birds our Fowlers make ufe of it thus. The Spa- 
 niels rangéthe field, ‘to find the birds: The Hobby they let off, and accuftom to foat 
 alof in the Air over them. . Tle Larks efpying their capital enemy, dare byno means 
 make ufe of their Wings, but lie as clofe and flat upon the ground as they can 5 and fo 
 
 Daring of are eafily taken in the Nets they draw overthem: “ This kind of {port is called, Da- 
 
 ee ving of Larks. | 
 
 To catch To catch thefe Hawks, the Fowlerstake a Lark, and having blinded her, and faft- 
 
 Hobbies: ned Lime-twigs to her Legs, ether fly where they fee the Hobby is, which ftriking at 
 the Lark isentangled with the Lime-twigs. : 7 
 
 an account of — The Bird is called in Greek “Coresopqns, that is, the lefler Tezopams or Bateo 5 
 
 the names. which Pliny renders in Lating Subbuteo. It is called in Englith, Hobby, after the 
 
 French name. 
 | i, 
 The Keftrel, Stannel, ov Stonegall, in Latine Tinnunculus or Cenchris. 
 Its bignefs, He Female is about the bignefs. of a Pigeon. That we defcribed weighed nine 
 ee an ounces. Its length from the point of the Beak tothe end of the Train was 
 
 Breadth, fourteen inches and a quarter: Itsbreadth, or the diftance between the tips of the 
 
 ’ peak, Wings extended two foot anc an half. The Beak thort, prominent, hooked, and 
 fhatp-pointed: The Bafe of tke upper Chap covered’with a skin or membrane, in 
 
 } which are the Nofthrils. The triddle part of the Beak mextthe Sear 1s white, the reft 
 
 of adark blue: Whereit begins to bend it hatha Tooth or Angle, which is received 
 
 Nofthrils: i a dent or cavity in the lower’Chap. _’ The Nofthrils: round : The a cleft : 
 
 “3 ee The Eye-lids yellow 5"the Eye: deferided by prominent brows. It hath a wide mouth, 
 Mouth, andthe Palate blue. nae | ) 
 
 Head, - The Head is great; the Crown broad and flat, inclining to an afh-colour, and 
 Colour of ... Marked with narrow black lines along the fhaft of each feather, The back, fhoulders, 
 the back. and covert-feathersof the upper fide of the Wings ferrugineous, marked with black 
 
 aie fpots, viz. each feather being reddifh hath a black {pot toward the tip. The Rump 
 Colour of the is cinereous, havingthe like traafverfe black {pots: The lower or nether fide of the 
 nether fides “ Hody, thatis the Bréaft and Belly, was of 4 paler'red*or ferrugineous, varied’ with 
 
 black lines drawn downwards along the fhafts of the feathers. TheChin andlower 
 belly without {pots. | , USS 
 Prime Wing 1 he flag-feathersof the Wing ateinnumber twenty four : The exteriour of which 
 feathers. are of a brown or dusky colour, but their interiour Vanes ate partly of a reddith 
 white, indented with the browa like the teeth of a Saw. The fix or fevennextto the 
 body are red, having their interiour Vanes marked with tranfverfe brown ftroaks. 
 i The inner or under fide of the Wing is white; with black {pots. ) 
 Its Train, \ The Trainmadeup of twelve feathers was above fevenincheslong. The outmoft 
 “ae, feathers fhorteft, the reft 19 order gradually longer to the middlemoft. The utmoft 
 tips of the feathers were of a rifty white. ‘Then fucceeds a black bar or ring of an 
 inch broad 5 the reft of the feather being of a rufty afh-colour, marked with trané 
 . verfe black {pots.”- ~~ tg i | | te sd 
 oo TheLegs and Feet are of a lovely yellow, andthe Talons black. Sook 
 The Inwards, _ Ithada Gall. Intheftomaca we found Beetlesand fur of Mice. The length ofthe 
 Guts was twenty eight’ Inches. “Fhe fingle bhnd gut | Appendix. inteftinalis] was 
 How he Male twice as long as the lower Appendices or blind Guts. The Male or Tarcel differs 
 re ng Rea chiefly in | being els, and having the head and back of an ath- 
 Their Game. — Keftrels are wont commonly with usin Exgland to ‘be reclaimed and trained’up fot 
 fowls; after themanner of other Kapaciousbirds. ~They catch not only {mall birds, 
 
 butalfo-young Partridce, 
 i wy 2 They 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Boox, Il. ORNITHOLOGY. $5 
 
 They build in hollow ‘Oaks..and other treess and that net after th of Neft and Ge. 
 Crows; upon the boughs, but after the manner ok Jackdaws, always in aes =e neration = 
 mer faith he himfelf obferved. Ariftotle makes the Keftrel the mok frujttul.or bett 
 breeder among Birds of preys yet neither doth the ¢ faith he) lay more, Eges than 
 ae ag — Eggs = = all over ftairted very thick with red {pots,whence 
 MpPore ana hay write, that they are red like Vemilion: | deferve-ra- 
 ther to be called red than white. : , a a nes SRR aaa 
 _Itiscalled Keyes from Késeps, fignifying Mil, asif one fhould fay the MjHet- The Names. 
 bird, for the fame reafon as Gejner thinks, that.askindof Tetter | the Swine-pox ] 
 : ee Herpes miliaris, becaufe it is marked or motled with {pecks like Millet 
 eed. 
 This Bird is by fome called the Wind-hover, of which name we have elfewhere gi- 
 ven an account, : | 
 
 
 
 @. XVI. 
 The Merlin, called in Latine Efalon. 
 
 ere hath recorded that the Merliz is the leak of all thofe birds our Falconers jt Bignefs, 
 ufe for hawking and truly, if we except only the Matage/jé or great Butcher- 
 
 bird ( which is fometimes reclaimed for fall birds )fo itis. Irisnot much bigger than 
 
 a Black bird. The length from the tip of the Bill :o the end.of the Tail in that we Length and 
 defcribed was fourteen Inches, to the end of the’Toes twelve and an half The <tsadth. 
 Beak was blue, andjhad an angular Appendix or tooth on each fide : The Irides of the Bey 
 Eyesof a hazel colour.: The back. and upper part were particoloured of.a dark blue tye colour of 
 and a ferrugineous: The-haftand middle part of thefeathers of the Head and Wings the upper 
 wereblack, the edges blue: The flag-feathers of the Wings black with ferrugineous PeWines 
 {pots. . The Train. five inches long, of a dark brown or blackith, with -tranfver the Trin, 
 
 * white bars ; Of thefe black and white fpaces were fourteen in all in thePemale.; * Pale-réd ‘or 
 in the Male or Tarcel but ten. The Breaft and Belly were of a rufty white; with $27, lomted. 
 brown fpots, not tranfverfe, but tending downward: from the Head toward the Tail. lower fide. 
 The Legs were long, flender, and yellow : The Talons black. Below thé Head it rae es 
 had aring of yellowifh white, encircling the Head like a Coronet. In the older Birds -“°™® 
 
 the back grows bluer as in other Falcons. 
 
 Inthe Males the feathers on the Rumpnext the Tail are bluer. By which note‘ and Homae Mise 
 their bignefs Falconers difcern the Sex. For the/Female in this, as in other birds of differs from 
 prey, is greater than the Male, being for colour leS red, with acertain: mixture of the Female. 
 blue. Inthe Train of the Male we defcribed were onlv five crofs pale-red. bai (as we 
 {aid before }) the intermediate black fpaces being brozder. The Train wasfive Inches 
 Jong, the whole bird thirteen. 28 id Use ee 
 
 The Merlin, though: the leaft of Hawks, yet for {pirit and mettle (:as.A/bertus eects 
 truly writes) gives place to none. It ftrikes Partridge on the Neck, with»a fatal “°°: 
 ftroke, killing them inaninftant. No Hawkckills her prey fo foon. © They fiy:alfo 
 Heath-pouts with it. rf | [ARO 2 
 
 hers not 
 
 ———- 
 
 
 
 CHap. X. 
 Of fhort-win ged Flawks. 
 | @ I. 
 » The Gofhawk AceigiterPaionbeiid 
 
 the head, neck, back, and upperfide of the Wings. The whole Brealt and Bel- : 
 
 ly white withtrantverfe black lines ftanding very thick. The Thighs arelcovered © 
 over with reddish feathers, having ‘a! black lme in th: middle down the thaft. The ns was 
 Legs and Feet are yellow ; the Talons black. TheBekoblae, and the Sear of 'a y cl- Talons, and 
 | ih. fn. ; 43S 20 ‘ ss ° = | 
 ” "The Wings, when clofed, fall ‘much fhort of theendof the Train, by whichnote The wings; 
 
 aloneand its bigne(s it isfuficiently diftinguifhed from dLother Hawks.. Phe pe : Trains 
 
 T' is bigger thanthe common: Brzzard: Of:a dark brown or Buzzard colour on irs Bignefs, 
 
 ~. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 : ORNITHOLOG?. Boox I. 
 
 long, of a cinereous of dun colour, with four or five crofs blackifh bars, {tanding at 
 
 a great diftance each fom other. Ineach feather of the Breaft there 1s black circular 
 
 line neat the top, running’ parallel to the edges of the feather, and in fome alfo the 
 (haft and middle part of the feather is black. 
 
 irs Game. It takes not only Partridge and Pheajant, butalfo greater Fow!, as Geefe and Cranes: 
 Sometimes alfo it catches Cones. Out Englifh Authors who have written of Falcon- 
 »y make thisthe fame with the French Autour or Aftur, although Aldrovandus would 
 have the Affur, which he takes to be the Afferias of Ariftotle, to be a different bird. 
 But I fuppofe the Gofhawk wasnot well known to-Aldrovandus. 
 
 §. IL 
 
 The Sparrow-hawk, Accipiter Fringillarius feu Nifus Recentiorum. 
 
 Irs bignefs, [; is almoft as big as a Pzgeon. Its length from Bill-point to Tail end about fourteen 
 
 a. ‘aches: The diftance between the tips of the Wings extended twenty fix 
 Inches. 
 Beak, Its Beak is thort, hooked, blue, black toward the tip: The Bafis of the upper 
 
 Chap covered with a yellowifh green skin, ( which they call the Sear or rather Cere 
 from the Latine word Cera, fignifying wax, becaufe itis for the moft part of a Wax- 
 colour,) having anangular Appendix ox tooth on each fide under the Nofthril.. The 
 Nares, ' - Nofthrilsare oblongs the Palate ble; the Tongue thick, black, and a little cleft: 
 dongs. ‘The Eyesot mean fize, with yellow Irides, over-hung by brows, prominent like the 
 Coen.  Eavesofahoufe. The Crownofthe head isofadark brown: Above the Eyes, and 
 in the hinder part of the head fometimes are white feathers. [ The bottoms of the 
 Coloarof the feathers in Head or Neck are white. || The reft of the upper fide, Back, Shoulders, 
 upper fide, © Wings, Neck, are of the fame dark brown, excepting {ome feathers'of the Wings 
 | which are {potted withwhite. [ In another bird the Head. and Wings wereof a dark 
 Underfide. « -afh: colour or blue, ] The colour of the under fide, viz.the Neck, Breatt, Belly, Sides, 
 an¢ Wings various, of white and blackith, orruffets, Ruuflet»waved lines thick-fet 
 crofling the whole Breaft and Belly, and. indeed, each fingle feathers the white inter- 
 mediate fpaces are broader thanithe Tuflet lines.. - The feathers under the Chin and by 
 the Legs of the lower NV ndible are white, only their middle parts about the fhaft, 
 efpecially toward the tip, brown orruffet. =. 
 The wings) > ‘The Wings when clofed {carce reach to the middle of the Tail. — The flag-feathers 
 "are twenty four, in whofe under fides appear, on the interiour webs of each, dark 
 tranfverfe marks or {pots. ) 
 Train, The Tail isalmofttwo Palmslong, confilting of twelve feathers, having five or fix 
 crofs black bars. The tips of the feathers are white. The Thighsare {trong and flefhy 
 and ag jr all birds of prey ; the Legs long, flender, yellow 5 the Toes alfo long 5 the ott: 
 BE: moft, asin other Hawks, being joyned to the middlemoft by a Membrane below.: The 
 Nutberof Talons black.: It lays about five white Eggs, {potted near the blunt end with aCircle, 
 
 Fees as it werea Coronet, of bloud-red fpecks. 
 
 Its Food. It feeds only upon Birds ( as our Fowlers affirm ) never touching Beetles. or other 
 Infecs. 
 
 Its Mettle. For its bignefs itisa very bold atid “couragious Bird, and is frequently trained up 
 
 i = — for hawking. os Z 
 The manner ellonius acquaints us with a common and familiar way of taking this ki 
 a Hawks about the Streight of Propomt#, inthefe words. Not er diftant Chith he) ftom 
 hawksnear the outlet of the Evxine Sea, at the entrance of the Streight leading to the Propontis 
 conflantinople. Having climbed up avery high Hill that is there, by chance we founda Fowler a the 
 top intent upon the catching of Sparrow-hawks. Whereas it was now pat mid-April 
 at which timeall forts of birds are wont to be very :bufie in breeding or buildin eis 
 Nefts, it {eemed to us wonderful ftrange and unufual, to fee fucha multitude of Kites 
 and. Hawks coming flying from the right fideof-theSea. This Fowler did-with fiich 
 induftry and dexterity lay wait for them, that not fo much asoneefcaped him. He 
 took at leaft twelve Hawks every hour... —Themanner thus: He himfelf lay hid behintt | 
 alittle bufhet, before. which he had levelled a {quare plat or floor, about tworpaces 
 long and, broad, being two or three paces diftant from the bufhet. In the bicadars of 
 this floor he had pitcht down[, or thruft into the ground 7 fix ftakes, at duediftances 
 ie of about the thicknefsof onesthumb | the werd is Pellicis, and may poftibly fignifie ax 
 «ot inch-thick ] of a mans-height; two.on each fide: On the top of each, on ht fide 
 
 a which 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Book I. ORNITHOLOGY. 857 
 which refpected the floor was. nick cutin. y on. which w 
 : + as h n¢g 
 ee ee a the a. rood a Stake a Cubit Sieh, i a zs of 
 vas id, which reached as fas asthe Fowler. who la behind 
 
 bufhet. To thisfame Line lying loofe, were many little B; de ee 
 
 a3 > ) faftned, which picked 
 up grains of Cornon the floor. Now, when the Fo ar oes 
 oif from the Sea-coaft, fhaking the Line, he made thet birds ck u mente ~ 
 Which the Sparrow-hawks (as they are notably fharp-fighted ) efpying aon Dita 
 League off, came flying full fpeed, and ruth’d upon the Nets with that force. to th ike 
 at the birds, that being entangled therein they weretaken. The Hawks beiiieal: 
 lured into the Nets, and caught by this Artifice, the Fowler thrutt their whole a “ 
 up to the fhoulders into certain linnen clothes, fown up for that purpofe, which = 
 Fralcouers call, wsayling or truffing of Hawks. Thus mayld or truft up he left them =f 
 on the ground, fo unable to help themfelves, that they could not ftir, nor ftry I 
 much lefs difengage or deliver themfelves. No man could eafily imagine eitees 
 fuch a multitude of Sparrow-hawks fhould come. For in two. hourstime that we were 
 {pectators of that {port, we faw more than thirty taken by this deceit, whence one 
 may conjecture, that one Fowler in the {pace of one day might take more than an 
 hundred. Thefe Hawks do not ufually ftay fo long inone place as Falcons, but are 
 often changing place, whence it is more difficult to take them with aNet. For they 
 will not readily give a Fowler time to fpread a Net over them ; unlefs they be de- { 
 ceived in that manner BeVoxiys hath {et down. ~ Ue (Ini are gintiatly recavplil uptatahle. (WET fad gpl yop le | 
 
 soles pie aaa fA . ; (3238 Lf a. 
 LRAL- LECH iH A, CLL bpb DTV. 4 OLL— SLOMCLACIS Litt x wth 
 
 
 
 ——— 
 
 CHap. Xi, 
 
 Of Butcher-Birds or Shrikes called in Latine Lanii or Colluriones. 
 
 
 
 He newname of Laniys or Butcher was by Gefwer impofed on this bird, be- 
 caufe he thought it agreed to no defeription of the Ancients; and becaufe it 
 is wont to prey on other Birds. Belonivs would have it to be the Coberio of 
 Ariftotle. O£ the European Rapacious birds it isthe leafts having a {treight Bill,only 
 a little hooked at the point ; a Tail like that of a Mag-piec, viz. with the outmoit 
 feathersfhorteft, the reft inorder longer to the middlemoft; whence the French do, 
 not without reafon, call it theGrey Pre. Turner fulpecs it to be the Tyrannus of Aris 
 ftotle. In Englith itis called a Shrike. : 
 
 % 
 
 6. 1 
 
 The greater Butcher-bird or Mattagefs, Lanius cinereus major. 
 
 His Bird in the North of Exglandis called Wierangle, aname, it feems, common The names; ° 
 
 @ = touswith the Germans, who as Gefzer witnefieth ) about Strasburgh, Franck 
 fort, and elfewhere. call it Werkengel, or Warkangel, perchance ( faith he ) asit were 
 Wurchangel, which literally rendred fignifies a fuffocating Angel. In other parts of 
 Germany it is called Neghen-doer, that is, Nine-killer, [, Enneacfonos | becaufe it kills 
 nine birds before it ceafes,or every day nine. Our Falconers call it the Mattage/s,a name 
 borrowed from the Savoyards, which is by Aldrovandws interpreted a urthering 
 Pie. . 
 
 It is for bignefs equal to the common Black-bird, or the Song-Thrafh, Te weighs three ie re ang 
 ounces. Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is more thanten 
 inches : Its Breadth fourteen inches. Its Bill from the tip to the Angles of themouth _ Bill. 
 is above an inch long, black, hooked at the end, and furmifhed with an Angle or 
 Tooth on each fide, like that of the Keftrel, Sparrow-hawk, and lefler birds of this 
 kind. [ Aldrovandws affirmeth, that his greater Italian Lanivs, which they common- _ 
 ly call Regeffola, wants thele angular Appendicesof the Bill, wherein eae from 
 ours. | The Tongue is flit or forked at the end; and rough, { Inthatdefcribedby Tongue. 
 Aldrovandws, the tip of the Tongue is multifidous or jagged, ending in many fharp 
 Fibres, as it were hairs, which perchance ( faith he ) 1s fo framed by Nature. for 
 the {triking of Infe@s.] _ In the Palate isa fiflureor clett, and about the cleft a hollow 
 
 ‘Cavity equaltothe Tongue. The Nofthrils areround, above which grow {lift black 
 
 hairs or briftles. . From the corner of the Mouth-on each fide through the 'S = | 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lt 
 
 . —— i -— - 
 ~ . ws pay aa e ~~ — - eerie ~ 
 Pa oe ~- tie . = 
 ae ~ . > 5: ’ a es _? ‘ re: 
 “= = - z 5 <= ———— -—- —= = —— — =2 = 3 — - > a ~ -~— = - — 
 a a - : ra. -" = ae a 
 Ss = = 7 > = —— =  —— . <= = = . = . 
 -, ee ——— 3 - : = < a — _ = 5 a 2 = —> — . 
 ° — -” roa 7 — — = " = —— + , —— == al Pa Ee oe =: a . - a = = = ce Zz 
 ~ a — —- 7 - os = a 7 7 et eo . = ae “s edie aay tee 
 — ae - = = =—- =: = —_— = wre ee ee ~ a _— — — = - 
 * : e - r : —— — = 
 > rs “ _ _ a — —— — * — - - ad - - - - ~ — ee <= 2 oo 
 
 - z —s. Lar : P —_- > om ss === 
 
 = a ———S |; = — - - —— - ro a - — = = = 
 
 2 —— . — - — ~ - - oy «< - 
 
 - — = = - + = - — = = a — a re _ 
 — —— - io = —_~—4 . 
 —— nl == = =£ a o, a — im aa i = = . = 
 - agen > —— = -_ ee = ee ~ —— ———_ Ss a ~~ - — . ie 
 - 
 
 ~7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <a tel 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 The colour. 
 
 
 
 The flag- fea- 
 thers of the 
 Wings. 
 
 The Tail. 
 
 The Legs and 
 Feet. 
 
 its Food. 
 
 Tts Place. 
 
 The-greateft 
 Butcher-bird 
 of Gefner. 
 
 fts meafures, 
 
 Bill, 
 
 Mouth, 
 Tongue, 
 
 Briftles, 
 
 Colour. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox Il. 
 
 the hirid part of the headis drawn a black ftroak: - The Head, Back, and Rump are 
 afhecoloured : The Chin and Belly white: The ‘Breaft and lower part of the Throat 
 varied with dark tranfverfe lines, | 
 
 ie hathin each Wing eighteen prime feathers 5 the tips of all which, excepting the 
 four outmoft, are white : Thefecond and third have alfo their exteriour edges white. 
 Moreover, the firft or outmoft feather begins to be white at the bottom: Inthereit 
 sn order as far as to the tenth the white part increafeth, fo that more than the lower 
 half ofthe tenth feather is white. From the tenth in the following feathers the white 
 diminifhes again, ‘yet intheir interiour edges itrunsupto the'top: in the laft, ‘that 1s, 
 thofe next to the body, it fails quite : Elfe both the Beam-feathers and the firft row of 
 covert-feathers are black. 
 
 The Tail is made up of twelve feathers, of which the middlemoft are the longett, 
 by meafure four inches and a quarter 5 the reft in order fhorter to the outmoft, which 
 are but three inches and an half. The outmoft feathers are all over white, the two 
 middlemoft’have only their tips white, the re{t of the feather being black 5; in the 
 sntermediate feathers the black part gradually diminifheth tothe outmoft: Whence 
 ( faith Aldrovandus ) when it flies the white partof the Tail fhewslike.aCrefcent. [In 
 the sreater Lanivs of Aldrovandus the four middle-feathers of the Tail are wholly 
 
 black, and not two only. | | 
 » ‘The Legs and Feet are black : The outmoft Toe at the bottom joyned to themid- 
 
 dlemoft. 
 
 The Tefticlesare round and little, That we diffected had in the ftomach Caterpil- 
 lars; Beetles, and Grafhoppers. 
 
 In Germany between Heidelberg and Strasburgh, about a Village called Linxkenoma, 
 we killed this bird: It is alfo common elfewhére in Germany. Moreover, we are 
 told, that it is found in the mountainous parts of the North of England, as for in- 
 {tance inthe Peak of Derbyfhire,where, (as we faid ) it 1s called Wierangel. — 
 
 Gefwer reports, that the Lanii of Switzerland do for the moft part haunt and abide 
 aniong: thorny fhrubs;) fitting upon the highelt twigs of dwarf-trees and buthes, fetting 
 up their tails asthey fit. In them alfo they build, making their Nelts of Mofs, Wool, 
 aid certain downy herbs: But the bottoms thereof of Heath, upon which they lay 
 withinfide the foft and tende 
 
 - 
 
 dks of hay, Doges-tooth, and other like herbs. In 
 
 this Neftin fammertime are to be found fix Young, fo unlike to the old ones, that 
 
 they {carce refemble them im one mark, their Bills, Legs, and Feet only excepted ; 
 
 yea, rather onthe contrary the bottoms of all their downy feathers, ( which are “6 
 
 yet nothing elfe but certain rudiments of their future Plumage) incline fomew hat to 
 reen. 
 
 Although it doth moft commonly feed upon Infects, yet doth it often fet upon and 
 kill not only fmall birds, as Finches, Wrens, &c. but ( which Lurzer affirms himfelf to 
 have feen ) even Thrujfhes themfelves:. Whence itis wont by our Falconers to be re- 
 claimed and made for to fly fmall birds, as we have before noted. 
 
 -Gefner, befides this we have defcribed, fets forth another fort of great Butcher-bird. 
 like to thisy-but twice as big, fo thatit is doublethe magnitude of a Black-bird. Itis 
 of theifame nature, fhape of body, and colour, except that the Wings are red. | 
 
 §. IL. 
 The leer Butcher-Bird, calledin York-foire , Flafher, Lanius tertius Aldrov. 
 
 ‘YT 1s of the bignefs of a Lark, and hath a great head. The C 
 ounces and an half: From the tip of the Bill to the end of aetare Cae vi 
 Inches and an half Jong, to the end of the Claws but fix inches and anhalf: Ga 
 to oP r ne Wings ae twelve inches and anhalf broad. 8 
 e Bill was an inch long, black, and {trong. The tip of the : 
 near the hooked part furnifhed with two acqiahl Micedices ove ane a ; 
 Chap when the mouth isfhut, it having no dents or cavities to scene thefe A = 
 dices: Wherein the Bill of this bird differs from that of a Hobby or Keftrel pat 
 Mouth within yellow : The cleft of the Palate rough. The Tongue divided Fito 
 many Filaments: The Nofthrils'round: About the Nofthrils and corners of the 
 mouth grew ftiff, black hairs or briftles. . The middle of thé Back, and lefler row € 
 feathers covering the upper fide of the Wing reddith or ferrugineous [rufty] the Head 
 
 a 
 
 and Rump cinereous. From the corners of the Mouth through the Eyes a: black 
 ze: 
 '  ftroak 
 
 from tip 
 
 
 
 + 
 v 
 
Book IIL. ORNITHOLOGY. a 
 
 89 
 {troke is produced beyondthe Ears: This black line is termimated and divided fro 
 the afh-colour by another whitith one. The lower b is white - T] 7 
 Breaft white, dathed with red, clly is white : The Throat aud 
 There are in each Wing eighteen beam-feathers : the firt o ; Ouils oft 
 and little, the third ingel oF all. The Wings fhut much thortes chan Rea rage yy oo 
 greater Wing-feathers dusky, the exteriour Vanes of thofe next the body being red 
 the edges of the middlemoft white. The Tail is three inches long, compofed of The Tail 
 twelve feathers, of which the outmoftarethe thorteft, the reft-on each fide in order 
 longer to the middlemoft, which are the longeft s:and almoft wholly black ; of the 
 next to thefethe bottoms or lower parts are white, efpecially the interiour Web: of 
 the four next on each fide the lower half is white, a3 alfo the tips’; of the outtiont 
 the exteriour webs are wholly white. | | | 
 TheFeetare black, or of a dark blue colour. -The outmoft Toe joyned at:bottom The Féer, 
 to the middlemoft. | 
 The Tefticles white and round ; the Gall large’; ‘the Guts eleven inches long 5 the The Encraité, 
 blind Guts fhort and little : in the ftomach difle@ed: we found Flies and Beetles, _ and Food, 
 The Bird here defcribed had built. her Neft in a Holly-buth, of grafs, bents, and The Nef ana 
 feathers ; in which were fix oblong, pretty great ges, toward the fharper end al- "88* 
 moft wholly white, toward the blunter encompatied with a circle of brown or dark 
 red, as it werea Coronet. | 
 At Florence I defcribed a Lanivs, which the Fowlers there called Vellia, very like 
 to this; only the bottoms or lower part of the eight outmoft beam-feathers of the 
 Wings were:white, and that fo far that fome part of the white appeared above the 
 covert feathers... Of which note I wonder that neither Aldrovandus nor Mr.Wilughby 
 have made any mention in their defcriptions of this bird. | 
 
 4. IIT. | 
 Sn A Hen’ Butcher-bird like to the fecond Lanius of Aldrovaridus. 
 
 Tis fomewhat lefsthan the precedent in all dimenfions, It differs from the; fecond 
 I of Aldrovandwus inthat its Billis not red but black; nor the feet cinereous, but like 
 thofe of the Cock; and alfo that it wants the white {pot on the Wing. . The Headis 
 of an afh-colour inclining to red, asin Thrujhes. The Back reddifh, varied with femi- 
 circular: black lines near the tip of each feather... The feathers next incumbent on 
 the Tail are long, ‘of a deeper red, and adorned with femicircular lines. The Throat 
 and Breaft elegantly variegated with the like black {emicircles, almoft after the man- 
 nerof the Wryneck. The Belly is white... The prime feathers. of the Wings dusky 3 9 °.> or * 
 but thofe next the body, and the leffer rows of coveit-feathers of the Wings have — a 
 red edges. The Tail black, with a tin@ture of red... The outmoft feathers micas 
 their exteriour webs white; the four next on.each fide have their tips white; the 
 two middlemoft are of a dark red. . The lower Chap of the Bill ftom the middle al- 
 moft half way is white. NH , 
 
 §. IV. 
 Another fort of Butcher-Bird, perhaps the Lanius minor primus, Aldrov. 
 
 ee His had a white {pot on each fhoulder : The bottomsof the nine outmoft beam- 
 & ‘feathers were white: Above the Bill was.a crof black line: The Head of a 
 _ palered or ruffet: The Back firft red; then afh-coloured Under the Throat were 
 tranfverfe dusky lines, elfé the whole underfide was of a dirty white. Talfo L7-R J 
 at Florence in Italy faw and defcribed-a Lanins like to this, differing only in that the 
 Head and Neck wereof a deeper red. | Mrs Widlughby allo defcribed another killed 
 near the River Rhene in Germany, whofe Head was of alovely red: A line or white 
 {pace of the figure of a Parabola-encompafied the Tail, the interiour {pace or Area 
 thereiii contained being black... The eleven exteriour Quils were white from the bot- 
 tom almoft to the middle. The Feet and Claws black. | sos 
 
 In all the birds of this kind that I have feen and deferibed the: bottom of the nine 
 outmoft beam-feathers of the Wings were white. 
 
 The birds of this kind differ ven anach in colour, fo that Iam in fome doubt, whe- 
 -ther theabove defcribed differ in Species, orin Age and Sex only. I fufpec they so 
 {pecifically. —-. 
 
 
 

 
 _ i} 
 
 | go ORNATHOLOGY. Boo« iI. 
 
 
 
 | The Species The leffer Butcher-birds therefore may be divided into thofe that have a black - 
 
 | of Iefler . 4, 0 both cheeks pafling through the Eye, and thofe that wantit. Thofe which have tais 
 
 | ara line may be fubdivided into thofe which have a white mark upon the fhoulders and 
 
 | thofe that have it not. The firft'fort may be called; the Lefer Butcher-bird wariegated 
 with black, and white femitircular lines’ The fecond, The leffer rea Butcher-bird': The 
 third, #he leffer afh-coloured Batcher-bird. ~ | 
 
 | 
 | CHap. Xf. 
 
 
 
 Of the Bird of Paradife, or Manucodiata, i general. 
 
 not long fince believed by le arned men and great Naturalitts, and among, the 
 
 ret by Aldrovandus himfelf, deceived by the birds dried or their cafes, brought 
 over into Europe out of the Baff Indies, difmembred, and bereaved of their Feet. 
 Yea, Aldrovandws and others do not ftick to charge Antonins Pigafeta, ( who gave 
 the fittt Hotice ofthis Bird tothe Buropeans) with falfhood and lying, becatfe he de- 
 livered the contrary. This errour once admitted, the other fictions of idle brams, 
 | which feemed thence to follow, did without difficulty obtain belief; vz. that they 
 | lived upon the coeleftial dew 5 that they flew perpetually without any intermiffion, 
 and took noeft but on high in the Av, thetr Wings being f{pread 5 that they were 
 
 T Birds of Patadife want feet 1s not only a popular perfuafion, but a thing 
 
 never taken alive, but only when they fell down dead upon the ground: That there 
 s8in the back of the Male a certain cavity, in which the Female, whofe belly 1s alfo 
 hollow, laysher Eggs, and fo by the help of both cavities they are fitten uponand 
 | hatched. All which things are now fufficiently refuted, and proved to be falle and 
 fabulous, both by eye-witnefles, and by the birds themfelves brought over entire. 
 | +t is notes Tmy felf( faith * Foannes de Lact }) have two Birds of Paradife of difterent kinds, and 
 | | fib. capac, have {een many others, all which had fect, and thofe truly for the bulk of their bodies 
 fufficiently great, and very ftrong Legs. The fame is confirmed by * Marggravius, 
 Clufius in. his Exotics, Wormins imhisMufenm, page 295: and efpecially Bontiws in the 
 fifth Book and twelfth Chapter of his natural and medic Hiftcry of the Eaft-Indies, 
 where we haveto this purpofe 5 Iti fo far from being true that thefe birds of Paradife 
 are nourifned by the Air, or want Feet, that with their crooked and very fharp Claws they 
 catch fmall birds, as Green Linnets, Chaffinches, and the like, and prefently'tear and 
 devour them like other birds of prey: No lefs untrue ws 1t, that they are not found but only 
 eke ee dead.whereas they fit upon trees, and are fhot with Arrows by the Tarnacenfes 5 whence aljo, 
 emi | ea and from their fwift™ reciprocal flying, they are by the Indians called Tarnacenfian Swal- 
 ond forward. LOWS. We truly, before we had read thefe things in Bontius, had f{ubjoyned thefe 
 | birdsto the Rapactow kind, becaufe they did feem to us in their Bill and crooked 
 Clawsvery nearly to refemble them, and confequently in all likelihood to prey upon 
 aa | littlebirds. Hence alfo it appears how rafhly fome have believed, that they took their 
 | Hie bt F eres of ref{t hanging by thofe two* c7rri, which run out, asit were twolong {trings, beyond 
 a cathe the reftof the feathers, twined about the boughs of trees : For thole Cirri are no- 
 thing elfe but the naked fhafts of feathers, having neither the {tructure nor ule of 
 Mufeles. It wereto be wifhed, that thofe who travel tothofe parts of the Eaft Indies 
 | where thefe Birds are found, would diligently enquire of the Inhabitants, where and 
 E-- how they build: And what thofe long feathers ferve for, which {pringing in great 
 numbers from both fides of the breaft do both runout in length beyond the Tail 
 _ and alfo are fpread out far in breadth 5 and efpecially what may be the ue of thefe 
 two long naked fhafts of feathers before mentioned, which (to fay the truth) isto 
 
 
 
 ee Ki | i | us as yet unknown. 
 a ~~ Thefemott beautiful birds (as Aldrovaxdus reports ) are called by the inhabitants 
 | ‘of the Molucca Wands Manucodiate, that is, Gods birds, and had in great elteem and 
 
 “veneration. They are called Birds of Paradife, both for the excellent fhape and beau- 
 ‘ty of their bodies, and alfo becaufe where they are bred, whence they come, and 
 “whitherthey betake themfelvesis altogether unknown, fith theyare foundonly dead 
 upon the earth, fo that the Vulgar imagine them to drop out of Heaven or Paradife. 
 But this miftake we have before out of Bowtins reGified. — 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 
 
 oo 
 
 
 
} i Ss ee 
 
 eR ee Car 
 
 —— 
 NS 
 
 91 
 
 Book IL’ ORNITHOLOGY. | 
 Reet ge 2, th titi ta , ee 
 
 Cuap. © XIll. 
 Of the feveral forts of Birds of Parade. 
 
 d. I. 
 * Aldrovandus his fir/t Bird of Paradife: 
 
 Or bignefs and {hape of body, beheld fingly, it comes:neat to aSwallom. The Its bignet, 
 feathers invefting it are of feveral colours, very - beautiful. and lovely'to be- ol 
 ' our, 
 hold. The Head like that of a Swalow, and great for the {malnefs of the bo- 
 
 dy 5 the feathers covering its upper part from the firft Vertebre of the Neck to the 
 beginning of the Bill were fhort, thick, hard, clofe-fet, of a bright, gliftering, yel- 
 low colour, fhining like burnifhed Gold, orthe Sun-beams : The reft which covered 
 the Chin were of an admirable bluith green, fuch as we fee inthe heads of MaWards 
 when expofed to the Sunfhine. The Bill was longer than that of a Spallow : The ts Bit, 
 Wing-feathers for fhape like thofe of Herons, only flenderer.and longer, of afhining W8 
 dusky colour between black and red: which together with the Tail being {pread 
 round reprefent the likenefS of a’Wheel: For they are abfolutely immovable, ftick- 
 ing in the skin like fo many darts. Befides which there are-alfo other fmall feathers, 
 and thofe verily not afew, which {pring up juft by the originals of the greater. fea- 
 thers that make up the Wings, and cover the lower partsof them. Thefeare half 
 red or Scarlet-coloured, half of a fhining, Satiron, or Gold colour’; and_by reafonof 
 that remarkable and fingular difparity of colours contribute much to the beauty and 
 elegancy of this bird. All the reft of the body was covered with * fulvous feathers ¥ of the co: 
 inclining to red | ruffum, |] yet fo,that ftill one might obferve fome difference between lout of gold. 
 them. For thofe on the Breaft and Belly, which ftood thicker, and were likewife nr of — 
 broader (being of two or three inches breadth ) were of a fulvous or rather liver body. 
 colour, and that very brightand refplendent. ‘Thofe on the Back ftood thinner, and 
 were fewer, gaping moreover with large divifions, after the manner exactly of thofe 
 growing on the backs of Herons. {I {uppofe he means thefeveral threads or filaments 
 which compofe the web of thefeather ftood thinner or at greater diftances, as in thofe 
 of a Peacocks Tail. | Neither do they attain that eminent breadth, or match them in 
 that excellent liver-colour ; but are rather of a purple, refembling fleth. or fome- 
 what moreobfcure. “Thofetwo filaments which fpring out of the backare in a. man- 
 ner black. 
 
 Head. 
 
 §,- Th. 
 * Aldrovandus his fecond Bitd of Paradife. 
 
 “His differed from the reft, efpecially in that it had in its Rump two very ton 
 
 | feathers, exceeding the reft about two palms length :The.Head.was-almott colour of the 
 white, befprinkled with yellow and golden fpots: The eyes likewife yellow, the 4«a4, 
 hairs of the Eye-lids red: The Bill of .a middle colour between yellow and green,two gin, 
 incheslong ; the upper part alittle crooked: The Tongue red, long; fharp, notun- Tongue, 
 like thatof Woodpeckers, very fit to {trike, [nfects: The Breaft was fomewhat red:  Breaft, 
 The Belly, Back and Wings were white : Yet were their upper fides all over, and Wings, 
 their ends ferrugineous. The Back at fir{t feemedto incline fomewhat to yellow, Back. .« 
 _ but aboutthe Rump it changedtoa red or ferrugineous. In the length of the Wings, = 
 which equalled five Palms, 1t exceéded the firft fpecies: The Tail feathers attheir The Tait; 
 infertion into the back were white, elfe ferrugineous, longer than in the firftSpecies. 
 
 This Bird wanted thofe two threads, which (as.I faid before ) grow out of the 
 backs of allthis kind. Wherefore it is to bethought that either, by reafon of the 
 length of the journey, or continuance of time, they fellaway and were Joft ; not that 
 it istherefore tobe called a Female,as the Vulgar have. been hitherto fallly perfwaded. 
 The ufé of the two forementioned long feathers may. perchance be for {wifter 
 
 flight. 
 
 M2 : 6. iif. 
 
 
 

 
 
 eee _ 
 eI o 
 ——— — - _— 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 ee Biol 
 ry il. 
 
 92 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox 
 
 | oe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | | oo TM, 
 
 \ 
 
 ‘ 
 
 t 
 
 - 
 
 ee ee 
 
 es es —— eee a 
 
 * Aldrovandus his third Bird of Paradife. . 
 
 we thought good to call * Hippomanucodiata ¢ 
 and Wings twenty 
 fed. The Bill was 
 
 ’ 
 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 
 Bird of Para- Asbeing from the point of the Bill to the end of the Tail 
 aoe feven inches long, and two Palms broad when the Wings are clo 
 well hooked, efpecially. the upper parts three inches long 5 the lower patta little 
 fhorter. The whole bird was white, except the Neck and Belly, which were of a 
 Chefnut-colour. » The upper part of the Head was ferrugineouss to. which firc- 
 ceeded'a-yellow,. and to the yellow agreen colour. Near the Back the feathers were 
 very prominent, vz. the length’ of two-or three inches, This Bird had only one 
 ftring, and that rough and very flexible: Wherefore we think that the other wasby 
 
 fome accident loft. 
 
 —S——— 
 
 he length of its bod 
 * The great E ‘His for t g y 
 
 g. IV. 
 
 
 
 * Aldrovandus his fourth or crefted Bird of Paradife. 
 
 \ 
 Rom the beginning of the Billto the end of the Wings it was by meafure full 
 Mi | eighteen inches. The Bill for the {malnefsof the body was very long, black, and 
 ba ih fomewhat hooked. Thefeathersof the Head, Neck, and Wings. were black, yet at 
 Hie | | the joyning of the Bill yellow. it had a creft or cop near the Neck almoft three 
 | Inches high, rigid, of a yellow colour, and-which feemed to confift rather of briltles 
 | than feathers : And inthat chiefly did it differ from the following bird. 
 
 ae ee g. V. 
 Ha | | & Aldrovandus his fifth or common Bird of Paradife, 
 
 AE git i oe ph yp Palit ere et ee bs 
 Hi Aca Gefner alfohath figured, but.not deferibed, only. he faith, it is very like 
 ee that which was fo y graven, and publifhed by it felf, at Nurenbergh in 
 he Germany: To the Icon whereof he faith thefe words were added. The Bird of Para- 
 UPd *Footle®.  dife or Indian * Apos is of the bignefs of a Song+Thrujh, wonderful light, and very 
 aR Cu | long-winged, the feathers being rare, tender, and: pervious to the light 5 having be- 
 wo © fides twolong,flender, black, horny feathers, if they may be called feathers and not 
 idee ef | rather brifties, for they are bare of filaments. It hath no feet ; flies perpetually, nor 
 oa Oa doth it ever reft but hanging infome tree, by thofe long ftrings or briftles twined 
 aa al about abough. No Ship fails fo fwittly, nor fo far from the Continent, which it doth 
 sane @ \ not fly round about. This Cut is very like to our laft defcribed: But they differ 
 much in the bignefs of the Billand Head. Gefners figure fhews the Bill to be little, and 
 the lower Chap crooked 5 whereas on the contrary (asI faid ) in ours the Bill was 
 very long, andthe upper Chap crooked. Befides, this hath no Creft;, which is a ma- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tey an ! | » nifeft argument of diverfity. 
 i Crt Stitt if 4 . A | JOR §, V1. iG i! 
 “NE Bp og iit t ' pouBne 4 : Soak gh st , i wii GID SitHi t E3¢ 
 ee ae | — bot Jsaewe * ‘no of Bi snacks marat 
 Prrartet ] t ieee 12 * The King of Birds of Paradife, Marggrav» 
 [ 4 'T fhews to be as big: asia Pigeon, but was indeed not. greater than a Swallow, It 
 
 
 
 Se had-a fmall: Head, little Eyes, a ftreight, indifferently thick and fharp Bill, an Inch 
 oT *. and half‘long. The Neck wasaninch long: Thélength of the Body. from, the Head 
 tothe rifeof the Tail {carce thtee’inches and anhalf. »'. The. Wings. were above feven 
 inches long: The Tail broad, | and fix inches long. . It had two Legs, the lower part 
 count “of each two inches long: ‘Four Toes‘in the Feet, three ftanding forwards, and one 
 cut y | | backward, after the ufnalmanner 5 the middle F oretoe was a little longer than the reft: 
 ‘Phe back-toe was alfo of ‘a good length ;/ all armed with ftrong, crooked, .Hawk- 
 like Claws. Both Legs and Feet ate thick and ftrong, made ‘for rapine and preying. 
 The Wings and Tail have broad and ftrong feathers,an inchwide. The whole back 
 tbe lower Belly, the Wings and Tail are of an elegant brown colour [ Brant. ] 
 Abovenext the Bill it hath feathers refembling Velvet, mingled of green and dusky : 
 Ae ef | Beneath. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Book I, ORNITHOLOGY. .. 
 
 Beneath next the Bill it hath like feathers of a black colour. The Neck above nor 
 
 . eck aboy ‘ 
 ycllow or gold colour 5, beneath of a green, with a gold-colour as it were thining 
 through it. The Breaft isof a deep brown. Under the Wings, in the fides between 
 the Wings and. the Legs grow many feathers, a foot long more or lefs, of a curious 
 
 brown. Among thefe feathers are extended two as it were threads 
 
 eX or {trin h 
 morethan two feet long, near their rifeof a yellow or gold colour, ceookibaiasnee 
 their ends, and of a dark brown. Their Legs are dusky, theit Talons being whiter. 
 he Billis of a colour mixt of green and blue, yet whitifhtoward the point. 
 
 ° VII. 
 * Marggravius his other Bird of Paradife, 
 
 i. above, two thirds of an inchlong, in thickne(s or compafs two inches: very lit 
 Eyes, about the bignefa of a grain of Mset or Muftard Seed. The Bill ftrong,above 
 an inch long, ftreight, (yet upwards. towards its Bafe fomewhat rifing ) tharp, of a 
 colour mingled of blueand green, with an oblong white {pot in the upper Chap to- 
 ward the point : wide, open Nofthrils.. The Necka little more than two thirds of an 
 inch long, ftreight, and of equal thicknefs with the head. The body from the 
 end.of the Neck to the beginning of the Tail was fcarce four, inches long, the thick- 
 nefs almoft three; but it was coveted with many feathers, which I do not here con- 
 fider. . The length of the Wings was five inches. Above onthe head, at the rife of 
 the Bill; it was adorned with very black, {mall, downy feathers, exactly refembling 
 Velvet 5 and in like manner near the rife of the lower Bill, the black here being 
 broader than above. In the whole throat or lower fide of the Neck, and.as far as 
 the Cheeks and alfo to the Eyes, it was covered ‘with filken feathers, a little harder to 
 the touch than thofeblack ones, of a moft elegant golden green, fuch as is wont to 
 befeen in the necks of Peacocks and Malards.” The whole upper part of the Head: 
 as far as that filken clothing, was alfo covered with filken feathers, but: hard to the 
 touch, of a dark yellow colour. The whole Neck encompafied with fhort feathers 
 refembling Pluth, of a thining yellow colour like Gold. The back was all covered 
 with feathersof the likefhming golden yellow, tothe touch refembling hairs, lying 
 many one upon another, which below were of a pale brown colour. The Wing- 
 feathers are all one longer thananother. The Tail confifts of a few the like brown 
 feathers, extended a little beyond the ends of the Wings, and is above three inches 
 and an halflong. At the very rife of the Wings, and without the Wings in each 
 fide grow many very elegant fechas fupported by {mall white ones: Some of thefe — 
 are fix inches long, fomea foot ; but the middlemoft and longeft are a foot and half 
 Jong, and white. .Allthefe feathers ate moft elegant, ofa fine, thin; rare, or fubtile 
 texture... The numberof feathers {pringing ot of both fides amounts to about fifty 
 in each; among which there are forty, a foot.and half long apiéce. _Clufius axed 
 others, who take thefe long feathers to belong to the Wings, are miftaken's for they are not 
 the Wing-feathers, but, as Marggtavius truly hath delivered, fpring ont of each fide under 
 the Wings. : 
 
 Thole tu defcriptions feem to be ether of one and the fame fort of bird, or of tivo very 
 like 5 and agree in moft things with the for ft Species of Aldrovandus. 
 
 §..VIIL. 
 
 i. bignefs. it exceedéd a Swallow. It hath a {mall Head, a little comprefied or flat 
 
 * Of Birds of Paradif out of Clufius. 
 
 | Seethat ie { Aldrobandus he means } and all the re{t who have treated of wa 
 I bird,agree in this, that they judge it towant-feet, becaufe they had feen none but 
 fuch as were bereaved of their feet.» Herewpon they did, not ftick to charge Antonius 
 Pigafeta (who accompanying Magellane in the Ship ViGoria, firft failed round the 
 World } with falfhood and tying, becaufe after his return from that long Voyage, 
 giving thefirft notice of this Bird to the Europeans in the Diary of his travel, Be _ | 
 tributes to it {lender Legs a”* Palm long:. For my part,’ though hitherto, I confefS, * an hand 
 
 ee +E hee eal esi ears; breadth. 
 I have been in the fame erroneous opinion with them, in thinking thefe oe bee : 
 
 
 

 
 Oe —awa — 
 
 Fe 
 
 D4 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY Boor Il. 
 
 footlefs (‘contrary to the fentence and judgment of Ari/totle, who affirms that no 
 bird wants fect ) becaufe thofe which I hapned to fee, both in my Spanifh Voyage, 
 {topping two months at Lisbon, and alfo inthe Low Countries, in the Cabinets of 
 {undry perfons delighted in fuch exotic things, were all without feet, and exentera- 
 ted; yet atthat time, to fay the truth, I was not at all curious in obferving, whether 
 there were any difference between them. Butthe laft Voyages of the Hollanders 10- 
 to India have mademe without difficulty to change my opinion; it being certain that 
 there have been fome brought over entire, and retaining ftill their legs and feet : And 
 by thofe who faw them I underftood; that their Legs were very like thofe of a Mae- 
 pie, but weaker, and not fo thick, differing alfo in colour, as not being black, but 
 tending to, a Chefnut. Notwithftanding I had a great defire my felf to {ee them, and 
 :f I could have got but one, prefently to have taken a draught thereof, that I might 
 expofe it to the view of the Reader, and confirm the truth and faithfulnefs of Piga- 
 
 feta. But they having been for their rarity prefently bought up, and carried away to 
 
 Francfurt on the Main, and one of them thence to the Emperour Rudolphus the te- 
 cond of that name (his Majefty being, as I hear, greatly delighted in thefe kind of 
 {trange forein things, and in the knowledge of all the wonders of nature ) I was 
 fruftrated of my hope. Butif it happens thatthere be any entire ones brought over 
 and that I get feafonable notice of it, I willdo my endeavour to procure one, at leaft 
 to borrow it, that I may fet forth its figure, to confute and extirpate the common- 
 ly received opinion or conceit, that thefe birds want feet. Howbeit the Mariners 
 that brought thefe Birds, though they went not to thofe Iflands where the birds them- 
 {elves breed and live, yet were informed ( as I was affured.) by thofe of whom they 
 bought them, that they were all furnifhed with Feet, and did both walk and fly like 
 other Birds: But that the Inhabitants fo foon as they take them, do exenterate them 
 and cut off and caft away their Legs, and then expofe them to the Sun, that they may 
 dry the more readily, and fo dried, either keep them to fell, or faften them to their 
 Helmets inftead of Plumes of feathers. They added moreover, that thofe birds 
 lived in Woods, and were wont to fly thirty or forty together inflocks, accompanied 
 withtheir King or Captain, who always flies high above the reft; and ( which feems 
 to be fabulous) if they be thirfty, ufe to fend out one of their company firft to the 
 water, to make trial of it, which if it receives no harm from drinking it, then the 
 whole flock fly thither and drinkes*But if it returns fick or indifpofed, the ‘relt avoid 
 that water, and fly-away to feek out fome other. They further added, that th 
 I{landers were wont to taint and infect this water, for to catch thefe Birds. after this 
 manner. When they efpy a flock of Birds, they mark diligently whither the or 
 take themfelves, and as foonas they fee the bird that was {ent out, after it hath Sea ’ 
 flown back again, they prefently caft poyfoninto that water, whichthe whole fl < 
 coming to drink of, 1s infected, and becomes their prey.  Befides, that thef Bird 
 were wont fometimes to be fhot with Arrows : And if their King happens to b kil. 
 led and fall down, the reft that are inthat flock fall together with him, and yield a a 
 — : be oe Bs. to live after they have loft their Kg. : ae 
 urthermore, theymade two kinds of thofe Birds: The 
 were more beautiful, and the other of the Lefer, which renee ama: i ms 
 ing that both kindshave their peculiar King, and ditierent in colour. That th bi ds 
 of the greater kind ( whofe Kim is of an elegant and beautiful colour >) iced ir : 
 only inthe Ifle Arz or Aron ( for fothat Vowel # is to be pronounced: ) But th Gk 
 Mlescalled Papas, nigh to the I{land Gilolo, did produce the birds of the leffe ki bg 
 and that their King was lefs handfom, covered with black feathers, for bi ef nail 
 to a Starling, and having fome feathers like horfe-hairs. Perchance thi black Fe 
 may be the fourth Species {et forth by Aldrovandws. Thofe that fold thef Bird , Ke “8 
 asked-by the Mariners how they were called by the Inhabitants, anfwer d B rds, being 
 is, Birds: For fo they called all Birds, neither did they know Set iy  Doeres, that 
 by peculiar names. pes ow to aiftinguith them 
 Now having feena very elegant Bird 
 reft of this kind, snsthe homie k thie hoc atone 2 a ee 
 primary Profeflor in the Univerfity of Leyden, I took Sarat t en Phyfick, and 
 ct, that might ft fore, fabjoyninga thor Hiltory, as fihflly mh) Soom 
 oth right have taken up t a: Fm 
 fecing the fix Grit see are already bn tee oe - — Book of Exotics + But 
 obbice- things Aedeerward got, into this Adare, ete: sos. ett te 
 
 ~ 
 
 Q. IX. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
“7 —_—" 
 
 95 
 
 Book I ORNITHOLOGY. > 
 
 
 
 Donker) 0 
 * A Bird of Paradife of the greater fort, Clu am 
 
 or ee bulk of the body. of this bi Ths 
 | From the top of cat ag Same Ree 55 bignefS to. that of a Swallor, 
 The Crown from. the Bill to the Eyes.and Ne k We on ee ve aches dength, 
 fhort, little feath emabline flee sce Was-covered with very thick- 
 at ers, refembling filaments .or th are we y thick-fet, 
 ends being of mums, of Silk; their upper 
 ng of a yellow.colour, the lower, whereth ADEM U8 ie 
 ky. . The under-part of the Head next to the | - wetted SLD SC SGM ile 
 thicheGet wine toeamensthecdoen tiers tone OWS; hap of the Bill, was very 
 deep black, from ion pipes : yd oF and like to Velvet, of a 
 Breaft was adorned with the like feathers or rather filken oe . oe ROW a5, the 
 Rea ? sr mining that there cannot more clegant ee ott 
 & OF the wia Drake or Malard. . The feathers covering the B : 
 ceeding fine and {mall, but longer, and very foft, of a ing tae Brealt, were alloex- 
 {o that they feemed to be poche but ends of Silkk. | * a se sy ose 
 gaia bac ase 109 mel Jong black in the part next the Head, the top: being fice 
 : In the Firead allo near the Bill appeared ver fmall f tft fEy rh 
 Back, Belly, and Tail-feathers were of a ferru shi eh Sat eps Aiea ss be 
 3 > : . t u usky re 
 b felf confifted of ten pretty broad Bt was fix nase ese fas bas 
 Re knce eesti! 908 ae pnd alg fomewhat like. to Bow-ftring eS 
 ro mreads, but tuft, and dusky, of two feet and three o a te 
 lengthy proceding fom the fie aigial [or root o: grou, tthe Rump 
 ai ae eth Tail, UZ. being z joyntly inferted into the Rump. Thefe * clot toge 
 RISHY er rife, about, their Quills*or hollow. part, from which they ther. 
 were fet with frequent | thick-ftanding.] hairy or downy thrums [. franina’] fuch = 
 other feathers are compounded of ; for the {pace of fourinches or a little moreon th 
 onefide, and on the other.for their-third parts: ‘Thence, they. grew flenderer by se 
 grees to their very ends; and though they were.deftitute of thofehairs, yet semeaee 
 rough, as if they had been cut off.. The feathers in the Wings were of vario ; 
 length ; For fome ( to wit, the loweft which fteod very thick ) exceeded rs 
 length of fix inche f : ; ae ase a ae qaange “i 
 g s, yea, fome were {horterthan fo; Others were eight or nineinches 
 long ; otherstwelve; but the longefta footand half :. There is alfo in them great va- 
 riety of colours 5 for fome are of a thining golden colour, fome, efpecially the nar- 
 rower in the fides of the Wings, were of a dusky xed, as it werea, black. fanguine 
 but fhining: But thofe that covered the reft. were of a pale ath-colour yh eth 
 fides thinner-fet with villofe or downy threads- In fhort, they were all very beauti- 
 Jae if I ma I 2. willingly have got cut and fet forth ina Table, but be- 
 caufe they grew fothick, it could not conveniently be done wi 
 {fhape of i whole Bird: fh a . — 
 Another of the fame kind T afterwards faw in the hands of that noble and learned 
 Perfon Fofeph Scaliger, {omewhat leffer in bulk of body, as being but fourinches and 
 an half long from Head to Rump, but yet the feathers of the Tail were of the fame 
 length with thofe of that next above defcribed 5. yet thofe round. and long feathers 
 liketo Nerves, joyntly {pringing out of the Rump, didnot exceed the length of one 
 footand nine Inches, elfe about their Quils fet with the like hairs and downy thrums, 
 on the one fide to.the length of three inches from the Quill, on the other to almoft 
 five 3 and thence they grew f{maller to the very ends, and were fomething rough, 
 efpecially about theends, but not fo asthofe of the precedent. The feathers in Be 
 Wings were likewife of a different length, as in the former: Neither was the birc 
 very unlike to that, nor the yariety of colours.diverfe from, it ; fo thatit feemed to 
 differ only inage.. TheBill was.an inch and half long, in part dusky, the reft being 
 
 white. | 
 
 - Befides I faw at his houfe another, fomewhat leffer. in bulk of body, and not fo 
 flat, having a very little Head, the Bill being of almoft equal bignefs with the pre- 
 cedents, but narrower, and of a bluifh dusky colour, having two holes for refpira- 
 tion.in the upper part next the Head, like the precedent. DheCrown of the head 
 was cloathed withvery fhort feathers, or rather hairs, like thrums of filk, but not of 
 {o clegant.a colour.as in the precedent, but of a -kind.of footy yellow. Befides, the 
 border of feathers compafling the Bill on she upper fide wasnot of that breadthas 
 in 
 
 — 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 96 ORNITHOLOGY. Boor. 
 in thofe, yet in like manner of a black colour: The Plumage alfo wherewith the 
 Throat was covered was of a green fhining: Colour as in the precedent, but not ex- 
 ceeding the breadth of ones little aa The Back from the Neck to the Rump was 
 sndeed clothed with the like. fine ender feathers; -but of a different colour, 77%. a 
 yellowith afh-colour : But the Breaft-feathers were of like colour with thofe of the 
 revedent: The Plumage alfo of that part next the Rump agreed with thetts. OF 
 what colour the Tail-feathers were I cannot tell, for that it wanted aRump: For 
 which caufe I know not whether it had or wanted thofe long; round Nerves, with 
 which as many Birds of this fort asI have yet {een were furnifhed. The Wing-fea- 
 thers were of different length as in the former : Nor were they much unliketo them 
 in colour ; but thofe that were the longeft had their fides thinner-fet with downy fila- 
 ments, and were of a much whiter Colour than the ‘feathers of the above defcribed, 
 being a foot and half long. Now whether that colour of the feathers covering the 
 Back differing from the foregoing, makes or fignifies diverfity of Sex, as fome think, 
 I cannot fay 5 uit John de Weely told me,that this was of the feconid kind, vz. of: thofe 
 that are bred in the Mlands Papwe,and'that fuch do indeed want thofe Nerves, but not 
 + ne the Tail, and for that caufe * they cannot make the difference .of ‘Sex,’ as the Vulgar 
 means thole ypihk. ; Y | 
 two tone nae A-certain Citizen of Leydewhad’a bird altogether like to this laft of Scaliger wanting 
 Bola of the Rump and Tail, and alfo thofetwo long Nerves; which note whether it did di- 
 — ftinguiflt all Birds of that kind ftom ’éthers, was to me unknown ( becaufe I had onl 
 obferved thefe two, that had ‘this note, as far as I remember : Or if I did before hap- 
 pen to fee the like, they flipt out of my memory, becaufe at that time I was not fo dili- 
 gent and curious in taking exact notice of the fornisof thefe and the like birds ) but 
 (as I faid alittle before) fohn de Weely {atisfied mé and removed all doubtasto that 
 oint. 
 ‘ Further when I had’ proteeded’thus far in treating of this Bird, the fame John de 
 Weely a Citizen and Merchant of Avfierdam, a very curteous and obliging perfon, 
 who had fold the likeBird entire, with its'Feet ftillremaining to it, to theEmperour, 
 informed ‘me this Fuse; Anno 1605. ( for had enquired of him the May foregoing ) 
 that that’ Bird of Paradife was’ of tlie: greater kind, which have’ thofé two ‘Nerves 
 growing out of their Rump, and’that they have a flatter body, and not fo round’as 
 thofe thatare brought out of the Papue Iflands: That its Feet were like a Hawks or 
 aPullets, very foul and’ unhandfom, clapped clofe to the body of the bird,’ fo that 
 the Toes only appeared : And that he was of opinion, that all Birds of Paradife had 
 the likefeet; but that the Inhabitants for theiruglinefs and deformity did together 
 with their Legs cut them off and caftthem away. The famething about theend of June 
 he confirmed to me being prefent by word of mouth. 
 
 * The fuppofed King of the greater Birds of Paradife. 
 
 Hat little Bird which I underftood tobe called the King of the greater fort of 
 ‘Birds of Paradife, wasa very tare one. For though (as I faid before ) Thad 
 often’ {een Birds of Paradife both’ at‘ Lisbon and other places, and’ the Holland Pilots 
 anid Ship-mafters, who are now wont to fail yearly into the Eaft Indies, coming back 
 from their Voyages, doalmoft always bring home fome of thefe Birds, yet was it rie- 
 ver my hap to fee a King, till the year 1603. viz. at Amfterdam, inthe hands of a cér- 
 tain’ Merchant, who was wont to buy tp fuch like exotic things among the Mariners 
 returned home, that he might makea great profit by felling them again to others.- But 
 in the beginning of the following year Exemanuel Swerts, avery honeft man and Ci- 
 tizen of the fameCity, gave me notice that he hadthe like : Whereupon I prevailed 
 with him to lend me the Bird for a few days, that I might defcribe it, and get its figure 
 cut in a table. And feeing I have mentioned ita little before, and no man hicheete 
 (a8 far as I know ) hath fetforth the like, I thought my felf obliged in this’ place to | 
 propofe its defcription, annexing its figure. att 
 This Bird was lefs than other Birds of Paradife, and of different feathers: For 
 fromthe Head to the Tail it {carce exceeded two inches length.’ Its head was very 
 fmall, which together with its Bill was butan Inch and half long, of which length alo 
 the Tail was. -Butthe Wings were much larger than the whole body of the bird. as’ 
 being four Inches and an half long, and reaching two inches beyond the end of the 
 
 Tail. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sarat } 
 “ykcry \ Gin ha ee 
 
 Boor, ORNITHOLOGY. 97 
 Tail. The colour of the Bill was white, the upper parts bei : 
 
 covered half way with elegant, fhort feathers de Maine of a re me eae 
 
 thrums, as alfo the whole forepart of the head: The lower part of the Bill was like: 
 
 wife an inch long, yet a thought fhorter than the upper. The middle patt’ of the 
 
 Head about the Eyes on each fide had little black {pots impreffed. Th Neck and 
 
 Breaft were covered with fine flender feathers of a deep red or languine colour, fo 
 
 that they feemed to be no'more than certain filken thrums or filaments. “All’the co- 
 
 vert-feathers of the Back, Wings, and Tail were almoftof one and the fame colont: 
 
 Each Wing confifted of thirteen prime feathers, which were onthe upper fide of a 
 
 dusky red, onthe under fide of adusky yellow. The Tail céntained feven or eight 
 
 dusky or brown feathers. The lower or under‘fidé of the body under the Breaft 
 
 was adorned witha kind of ring of the breadth almoft of ones little finger, confift- 
 
 ing of black feathers as it were filkenthrums. The feathers on'the Belly were white 
 
 but thofe next the Wings black ; and of thofe there ‘were four or five in each fide a 
 
 little longer than the reft ; viz. equalto two inches, and which ended in a broad top 
 
 of a curious fhining green, not unlike that of a Malards Neck. Out of the Rump 
 
 among the feathers of the Tail proceeded two ftrings as it were horfe-hairs, {lender 
 
 but ftiff, {even or eight inches long, altogether black, only their ends for an inches 
 
 length were reflected round,and on one fide fet with very fine hairs or downy threads ’ 
 
 which were on the upper fide of a deep fhining green, beautiful to behold,almoft like 
 
 the feathers on a wild Drake or Mallards Neck, adding'a great grace to the whole 
 
 body of the Bird; but the underfide of thefe feathers was of a dusky colour. T under- 
 
 {tood alfo thatthere were fome Birds, which had thole briftl y {trings, croffing one an- 
 
 other towards their ends. | 
 
 
 
 
 
 | Gia Doi, Los 
 The Cuckow.- Cucolus. 
 
 are found a greater and a leflet fort of Cuckows; and befides, that the greater 
 are of two kinds, which are'‘diltinguifhed one from the other by the only 
 difference of colour: But that the lefler differ from the greater in nothing elfe but 
 magnitude. We fhall pe figures of both the greater; the lefler we have not yet 
 {een. So far Aldrovandus : ¥BE 
 That wich is common with us in’ Exgland differs from the firtt of Aldrovandys, in 
 that its Bill is liker a Thrujhes or Blackbirds thanva Ringdoves. Its length from the tip Irs length, 
 of the Bill to the end of the Tail is twelveinches. The upper Chap of the Billfome: Bill 
 what hooked, and longer than the loWer, forthe moft part of a dark or blackifhco- 
 Jour; the nether of a pale or whitifly yellow. The infide of the Mouth and the 
 Tongue are of a deep yellow’ or Saffron colour: The Tongue not divided, the tipof tongue, 
 it hard ‘and pellucid.. The lrides of the Eyes not yellow, asin Aldrovandws his fecond Eyes, 
 fort, ‘but of a Hazel colour : The’ Nofthrils round; wide, extant above the furface Of Nofthrils, 
 the Bill ; wherein it differs from all other birds I have yet feen.’ The lower eye-lid is 
 the greater; the edges of the Eye-lids yellow. = eet 3 
 TheThroat, Breaft, and Belly ‘are white, with tran(verfe’ dark lines, which are Colout of the 
 entire atid not interrupted; wherein it agrees with Aldrovandus his fecond Cuckow, ete 
 The black lines are thicker upon the throat, and have lefs white between them. The of the _ 
 feather$of the Head are of 'a dark brown with white edges, [| Aldrovandys {aith, of a fide, 
 cinereous tending toa Chefhut colour) that we defcribed had onthe Head one or two 
 white {pots. The’ feathers onthe middle of the Neck and Back, and alfo the Jong 
 fcapular feathers are brown witha tincture of red, having their edges whitifh. The 
 Rump afh-coloured: DGB B91 2O DERG aH 
 
 : Bae chs iri emraiiae heenatche ater whereof are Of the Wing-' 
 The beam-feathers of the Wings are nineteen in number, the grea ae g 
 
 (): Bolognefe Fowlers ( faith Aldrovandws-) do wnanimoully affitm, that thete 
 
 - 
 
 dwithred: The 
 
 lacker. All fromthe fecond have their exteriour Vanes {potted wit! 
 aan vies of the otitmoft have long; tranfverfey white {pots 5 the tips of all are 
 white. The covert-feathers of the Wings are of the fame colour with thofe on the 
 
 ‘ ‘only the outmoft darker. © | * . 
 Ba ecTil in that deferibed by Aldrovandlus itv-thie fecond place (for Mt. Willughby The Ta 
 omitted thatin his‘Defeription ) was made up of it feathers, diftinguifhed on ca 
 
 . - 
 oes if i Fed 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 ——“GRAITHOLOGH. Boos Ul 
 
 fides the fhaft with. white marks, fomewhat refembling the figure of a heart, about 
 an inch diftant from each other, 1n a decent and lovely order, pleafant to beheld... But 
 the edges of the inner fides of all but the two middlemoft, and the tops of all were 
 adored with white {pots. | 
 
 TheFeet and Clawsare yellow. It hathtwo back-toes; of which the interiour 1s 
 the leaft of all the Toes, and next to that the interiour of the fore-tocs. The Claws 
 are fomething hollowed on the infide, efpecially the greateft: The two fore-toes are 
 connected from the divarication to the firft joynt. 
 
 In the {tomach diflec&ted we found Caterpillars and other Infects. The Hedge-Spar- 
 row [_ Curruca | 1s the Cuckows Nurfe, but not the Hedge-Sparrow only, (if Curruca be 
 fo rightly rendred ) but alfo Ring-Doves, Larks, Finches. I my felf with many others 
 haye feena Wagtail. feeding a young Cuckow. The Cuckow her felf builds no Neit; 
 but having found the Net of fome little bird, fhe either devours or deftroys the | 
 Eggs fhe there finds, and inthe room thereof lays one of her own, and fo forfakes it. 
 The filly bird returning, fits on this Egg. hatchesit, and witha great deal of care and 
 toil broods, feeds, and cherifhes the young Cuckow for her own, until it be grown up 
 and able to fly and fhift for it felf.. Which thing feems fo ftrange, monttrous, and 
 abfurd, that for my part] cannot fufficiently wonder there fhould be fuch an example 
 in nature; nor could I have ever been induced to believe that fuch a thing had been 
 done by Natures inftinet, had I not with my own eyesfeen it. For Nature in other 
 things is wont conttantly to obferve one and the fame Law and Order agreeable to the 
 highet reafon and prudence: Which in this cafe is, that the Dams make Nefts for 
 : aes if need be, fit upon their own Eggs, and bring up their Young after they 
 
 What becomes of the Cuckow in the Winter-time, whether hiding her felf in hol- 
 low Trees, or other holes and Caverns, fhe lies torpid, and atthe returnof the Spring 
 revives again 5 or rather at the approach of Winter, being impatient of cold, fhifts 
 place and departs into hot Countrys, isnot asyetto me certainly known. Aldrovan- 
 dus writes, that it 1s by long obfervation found, that fhe doth in the Winter enter 
 into the hollows of trees, or the Caverns of Rocks and the earth, and there lie hid 
 all that feafon. Some( faith he ) tell a ftory of a certain Country-man of Zurich in 
 Switzerland, who having laida Log on the fire in Winter, heard a Cuckow cry-in it. 
 For being of a very tender nature, and impatient of cold (as Ariftotle witnetleth ) no 
 wonder, ifto avoid the Winter-cold, it hide it felf in holes, efpecially feeing at that 
 time it moults its feathers. We alfo have heard of the likeftoriesin Exgland,and have 
 known fome who. have affirmed themfelves in the middle of Winter, in a mote than — 
 ufitally mild and warm feafon, to have heard the voice of the Cuckow, But feeing it is 
 moft certain, that many forts of Birds do at certain Seafons of the year fhift ees 
 and depart into. other Countrys, .as for example Quails, Woodcocks Fieldfares, 
 Storks, &c. Why may not Cuckows alfo dothe {ame ? For my part Lnever yet met with 
 any credible perfon that dared affirm, that himfelf had found. or feen a Cuckow in 
 SSE: Ue taken out of a polly tree, or any other lurking-place. | 
 
 ince the writing of this, reading jo. Faber his Expofitions of. itu 
 Mexican Animals of Nardi Tecan Recchi, 1 find Dieeal the — ae 
 perfon and an ey e-witnefs, one Theophilus Molitor, a Friend of Fabers, for this lu ki ; 
 of Cuckows in hollow trees. Molitor affirmed this to have hapned at his Fathe he oo 
 His Grandfathers Servants having {tocked up in a certain Meadow fome old a : 
 rotten Willows, and broughtthem home, and caft the heads of two of them int a 
 Furnace to heat the Stove, heard. as they. were in the Stove aCuckow fingin - : 
 times... Wondring at this ery of the Cuckow in the Winter-time oe iy 
 drawing the heads of ‘the Willo as s, ONE KEY. 80 ane 
 a ws out of the Furnace, in the one of themthey.obf 
 ved fomething move;. wherefore taking an Axe they opened cheholc.ond chet EET 
 their hands, firft they pluckt out nothing but meer feathers : Afterward they ¢ sm id 
 oF ving aes me cp ae Cuckow, and drew itout.. It was imbleed brisk 
 ively, but wholly naked and bare of feathers, and wi : 
 of food, which Cuckow the Boyskept two whole nia a meernnayeon 
 
 
 
 * Aldrovandus his firft fort of Cuckow. 
 
 ~ This differsin many refpetts from the cat 
 
 oss precedent, as firf{t, in that | , 
 
 a the ale are not continued, but interrupted: Secondly, In ae 
 ers of the Neck, Back, and Wings are almoft all parti-coloured of black maa 
 
 ferrugineous. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Boox II, ORNITHOLOGY, 99 
 
 ferrugineous. Thirdly, The Remiges elfewhere blaek, inthé middle and round the 
 edges white. Fourthly, The Tail variegated with three colours, black, white, and 
 ferrugineous.. The black in each feather confifts of two lines, concurring in the 
 middle of the feather in an acute angle, and {tanding at equal diftances in a certain 
 Series or order to the end of the Tail: The ferrugineous takes up the outfides of the 
 intermediate {paces, and the white the middle. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lis. J, Parrl.. Secr. If. 
 
 Of Nokturnal Rapacious Birds, 
 
 Apacious NoQurnal Birds are of two kinds, viz. Eared or horned, and fuch 
 as want Ears. To thefe we fhall fubjoyn the Goat-fucker, which yet we 
 
 believe not to be Rapacious, but to have it felf fo to Owls as the Cuckow to 
 Hawks. 
 
 Of Rapacious Noéturnal Birds we have in Exgland four forts befides the Goats 
 fucker. 1. The Horn-Qwl, in Latine Otws or Afio, fo called from certain {mall feathers 
 {ticking out on the fides of the head, in forms of Horns or Ears. 2. The Whites 
 Onl, called alfo the Church-Owl or Barn-Owl; by Aldrovandus Aluco minor. 3. The 
 Brown Owl, Screech-Owl, or Ivy-Owl : Strix Aldrovandi. 4. The Grey Owl >. Strix 
 
 cinerea. 
 
 
 
 CHap. I. oF gt | | 
 
 | : 
 
 Of Rapacious Notturnal Birds Horned or Eared. cath 
 Q. T. 5 Set 
 
 * The great Horn-Owl or Eagle-Owl. Bubo. | 
 
 F this Bird Aldrovandws gives us three figures, and three defcriptions, which 
 () I fufpec tobeall of one and the fame fort: The firft is taken out of Gefrer, 
 thetwo laft were compofed by himfelf, of his own obfervation. The firft 
 (they are Gefners words ) was as big or bigger thana Goofe 5 had great Wings, two 
 Feet, and three inches long, when extended in a right line from: their beginning to 
 the end of the longeft feather, from the top of the uppermoft bone of the wey to 
 the loweft end was ina right line thirteeninches. The Head both for fhapean bigs 
 nefs was like a Cats,for which reafon the Frexch do not improperly call it Chat buant 
 [ q. felis gemebunda.| Above each Ear ftuck out black feathers, three inches high. 
 The Eyes were great: The feathers about the Rump thick and very foft, of more 
 thana fingerslength, oranhandful high, if my memory fail menot. From the point ’ 
 of the Bill to the end of the Feet or of the Tail (for they were both equally ex- 
 tended) it was twofootand feven inches long. The Irides of the Eyes were of 4 
 deep fhining yellow or Saffron-colour. The Bill fhort, black, and hooked: The 
 feathers being put afide the Ear-holes came into fight, which were great and oper 
 On both fides by the Nofthrils grew hair-like feathers, as 1t were beards[ —— 
 The colour of the; feathers all over the body was various; of whitifh, black, an 
 reddifh{pots. Thelengthof the Leg was thirteen inches : The part above the knee 
 thick and brawny: The Claws black, hooked, and very fharp: The Foot hairy or 
 feathered down to the very Claws, the feathersbeingofapalered. 
 2. The fecond ( faith Aldrovandws ) for bignefs agreed exactly with this, but difs 
 fered in many other particulars. For thoughitsFeet were indeed hairy down tothe 
 Claws, as in that, yet thorter and flenderer, neither fo brawny above the knees, nor 
 fo thick and {trong-fhanked. The colour of the whole body was fulvous [_ or of 4 
 rufty afh-colour | efpecially of the Breaft; where it was marked with blackith {pots 
 drawn long-ways, promifcuoufly here and there in_ no order. The Back and Wings 
 areof a darker brownor ferrugineous dusky colour. But the main difference is that 
 
 that of Ge/zer hath all the particular feathersof its whole body more variegated with 
 3 | O 2 certain 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 el 
 100 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I. 
 
 | eee 
 certaintran{verte narrow lineslike the feathers.of fome kinds of Ducks, Partridges, 
 and Hawks. Befides, it differs inthat the whole body, but efpecially the Back and 
 Head are marked with certainblack ftrakes, irregularly drawn,and asat were figured 5 
 whereas mine ( faith he) was not fo painted, but in the great feathers of the Wings 
 and Tail diftinguifhed wath broad, tranfverte, blackith lines or bars; whichlines are 
 {o formed, efpecially in the Tail, that each of the broader are terminated,above and. 
 below by other narrower ones, like borders or fringes, difpofed ina triple order, 
 and at certain intervals diftant fom cach other, asin Hawks. This had great and ve- 
 ry fharp Talons, not black, asin that, butof a horn-colour. The Tailin both was ve- 
 ry fhort. 
 
 : 3, The third was in al! things like the fecond, fave that the Legs were not hairy, 
 
 and both Legs and Feet weak. 
 
 OF thiskind of Qw] we faw one in France at the Kings Palace of Bois de Vincennes: 
 And two in his Majefties Park of St. James neat Weftminfter. ‘They were as big as 
 Eagles: Their Légs and Feet hairy down to the Glaws.. They had three fore-toes in 
 each foot; but.the outmoft of them was {> framed that it could be turned back- 
 ward, and made ftand like a hind-toe. So that in that refpe& there is no difference 
 between this and other forts of Owls, but this may as well be {aid to havetwo back 
 toes asthey; whatever Aldrovandus hath delivered to the contrary. Thetr colour 
 was much like tothat of a Bittour, the feathers being marked with long black ftreaks 
 in the middle, the out-fides of a light bay. About the Belly fome of the feathers were 
 beatified. with tranfverfe lines. The Irides of the Eyes were of a reddifh yellow or 
 flame colour, [ rather of a golden. | | Y 
 
 That Owl which Marggravius defcribes under the name of Jacuruty of the Braft- 
 lians, feems to bealtogether thefame with this. It 1s ( faith he ) for bignefs equal to 
 a Goofe: Hath a round Head like a Cat; a hooked black Bill, the upper Chap being 
 longer : Great, rifing, round Eyes, fhining like Cryttal, compafied toward the out- 
 fide with a Circleof yellow. The Circumference of the Eye fomething greater than 
 
 * Apiece of a Mifnian * grofs. Near the Ear-holes it hath feathers:twonches long, which {tick 
 money fo cl- yp, and endina fharp point like Ears. The Tail is broad; the Wings reach not to 
 
 led, of the ‘ | P 5 
 bignesof a the endof it. The Legs are feathered. down to the Feet, in which are four Toes, 
 
 epee peice ot three ftanding forward, and one sackward, and in each a crooked black Talon,above 
 pence. 44 inch long, and very.fharp. The feathers of the whole body’ are elegantly variega- 
 ted with yellow, white, and black. 
 
 It is faid to build on high and inacceffible Rocks: It preys not only on {mall birds, 
 but alfo Covies and Hares like the Eagle. Yea, ( faith Aldrovandus }) thereis no Ant- 
 mal gathers fo much prey by night as this Ow/, efpecially when fhe brings up-her 
 Young. For fhe not only provides fufficient for her felf and hers, but.is very advan 
 tageous. to them that find her Nelt. For while fhe flies. out apourveying for more, 
 they privily {teal away that the l:ad before laid up, only leaving fo much as may fut- 
 fice for nourifhing the Young. 
 
 
 
 2 Ik 
 The Horn-Owl, Otus five Afio. 
 
 Is weight, a Hat. we defcribed was a Female: It weighed ten ounces: :Its length from the 
 aii = point of the Bill to the end of the Tail was fourteen Inches and an half: Its 
 
 b-eadth; meafuring from tip to tip of the Wings extended,three foot and four 
 ts Beak, Lhe Bill ‘was black, from the oti to the techs of the Mouth one setts snd haf 
 Tongue, quarter: The Tongue fiefhy, anda little divided.’ Fhe Irides of the Eyes of alovel 
 Hool ef fea. Yellow: The covers of theEarslarge. The ringof feathers, compafling the face hike 
 thers. a womans hood, confifts of a double row, the exteriour variegated with {mall 
 white, black, and red lines; the mteriour under’the Eyes red; where they are 
 contiguous both black... The forehead or ends of the two wreaths at the Bill more 
 ciNereous. | | ate 
 Colour ofthe . _ he feathers which coverthe lower Belly and Legs are reddiths 4 a 
 feathers,  Breaftthe middle parts of the feathers axetvbaick, a oalaalaall a wwhibeg an 
 artly yellow : Thofe under. the Wings are red. At the bottoms of the. foremost 
 cam-feathers isa great trantverfe black {pot : Higher in the very bending, ‘andunder 
 the baltard-wing a broad bed or border of blacks The reft of the eovertfeathersof | 
 the Wingsare partixcoloured, of a dark cinereous and yellow.. : TheBack was of the 
 | a2 {ame 
 
 
 
 
 
ee Sy ) 
 Boox If, OR MIT AO LOGY. —_ 
 fame colour with the W Ings 5 the middle of each feather being for the mioft part 
 black. The Horns were above an-Inch long, confilting of fix feathers, the middle The Horns or 
 parts of which were black,the exteyiour edges being red.the interiour white,{prink eq =" 
 with dusky {pecks, | | | “P 
 The Tail was made up of twelve feathers, fix Yaches longs the €xteriour being The fait 
 fhorteft, and the reft in order longer to the middlemoft, {0 that when (pread it was 
 terminated in acircular Circumference ; crofled with fix or feven black bars but nar- 
 rower than in other birds of this kind: The intermediate {paces above were of an 
 afh-colour, below of a yellow. | 
 The flag-feathers of the Wings, were in each twenty four, of the fame colour The prima 
 with. thofe of the T ail, but in the outmott, efpecially the third, fourth, and fifth. Wing-fea- 
 there isa broad ftrake or bed of red toward the bottom, and. in the greater feathers = 
 the black bars are. much broader than in the lefs. 
 The Legs and Feet are feathered down to the very Claws, which are black s that The Feee and 
 of the middle toe on the infide flatted into an edge. The outmoft of the fore-tocs may CAWs. 
 be turned backwards, ‘as in other Owls. 
 It hada largeGall.. The Guts were twenty inches long, the Appendices or blind-guts The Guts, 
 two inches and a quarter, longer and more tumid than in other carnivorous birds. In 
 the ftomach we found bones and fur of Mice. 3 
 About Bologna, and elfewhere in Jtaly, it is frequent: Found in England alfo, but The place; 
 more rarely, Praycis Feffop Efg;, fent it to us out of Yorkshire. 
 This Bird is in all things exactly like the great Eagle-Owl or Bubo, fave in bignefs 5 
 whence alfo the French call it by the famename withthe only addition of lefs.> Al 
 drovandus writes, that it agrees with the Bubo in the ftructure or rather fituation of 
 its Toes, both thefe having three fore-toes, and.one back one, whereas all the reft of 
 this kind have two fOre+toes, and two hind ones But in thofe we have obferved both 
 great and lel Horn-Owls [Otis & Bubonibus)| the Toes were difpofed in like manner 
 as in other Owls. . For the outmoft fore-toe may be turned to ftand backward, and fo 
 imitate a hind-toe, and perform the fame office. - 
 Aldrovandys defcribes two forts of Afvo, or the lefler Horn-Owl: The defcription of 
 the former doth in moft particulars. agree tothe Bird we have deferibed : See and 
 compare both defcriptions. Bel/onins ‘his Otys is without doubt the fame with 
 ours. 
 Thefe.do for the moft part frequentiand abide in mountainous places; whereas on 
 the contrary, our Chirch-Owl and brown Owl, &c. delight in lower and plain Couns 
 trys. 
 
 ee 
 ee | 
 
 200 THe: 
 * The little Hort-Onl, Scops Aldrovandi. 
 
 Tt Bird which the Italians, efpecially about Boxonia call Chinnino is the leat? 
 
 fave one of all Rapacious Nocturnal Birds, bigger than a Thrufh, and fome- 
 what lefler thana Pigeon, fullnineinches long. ‘Je differs from the Bubo only in mag- 
 nitude, and fomething in colour.’ Its Head is round like a Ball, covered with {mall 
 {oft feathers, all over of alead-colour. The Bill fhort,hooked,and black. The Ears 
 or feathers {tanding up in fafhion of Ears, fcarce appear in adead bird, but are more 
 manifeftin aliving, and confit only of one feather apiece. he chief colour of the 
 whole body, as far asappears to fight, is cinereous, having here and there formething 
 of plumbeous mingled with it, curtoufly {peckled with many white {pots, more ele- 
 gantly than any other No@urnal Rapacious bird. In the greater feathers of the Wings 
 and Tailitis marked with tran{verfe white {pots : All the other feathersbefidesth 1c 
 trantverfe marks are diftinguifhed long- ways with a black line running through their 
 middles. It is alfo befprinkled all over witha lovely tincture of red, efpeciallyabout 
 the Neck and the begtining of the Wings. The feathers on the Belly are whiter 
 than elfewhere, the bottomor lower partof them,as alfo of all the reft, being black : 
 particularly, thefe are red about the middle, elfe white, powdered with very finall 
 black fpecks. The Eyeslike moft other night-birds of a fiery fhining Saffron colour : 
 Fhe Legs feathered, and of a reddifh-ath-colour : The Feet finall, naked, f{caly, ap- 
 proaching to a dark lead-colour, divided into two fore; and two back-toes, armed 
 with dusky Claws. This is common in Italy. 
 
 Of this fort Aldrovandus mentions another found in Germany, whiter,and having a: 
 
 longer. Fail,and longer Ears or Horns than the Italian Chinwino, in other — = 
 
 
 
ee ee 
 De eee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yor ORNITHOLOGY. is Boox II. 
 
 Guar. IL. 
 Of Noéturnal Rapacious Birds without Ears or Fforns. 
 / a. 1. 
 The common brown or Ivy-Onl, Strix. Aldrov. 
 
 He Bird we deferibed was 4 Cock; It was about the bignefs of a Pigeon, but 
 
 ; rounder-bodied, and feeming bigger than it was. It weighed twelve ounces 
 and an half. Its length from thetip of the beak to the end of the Tail was 
 
 fourteen inches: Its breadth, or the diftance between the extremities of the Wings 
 
 fpread, two feet and nine inches. 3 
 
 The Bill fromthe point to the angles of themouth was an inch long or more, of a 
 horn-colour, or rathera light blue. Phe mouth was wider, but the Bill fhorter than 
 he Tongue not very flefhy, nor broad, a little divided at the tip. 
 
 The Tongue, in the Barz-Onl. T : 
 Eyes, at leaft twice fo 
 
 in the Palate was acavity equal to the Tongue. It hath huge 
 
 Eyes, 
 big as thofe of the Barn or white Owl, and protuberant. It had Membranes for 
 Ni@ation, drawn from above downwards, having black edges. The bordersof the 
 Ears, Eye-lids were broader than ordinary, and their edges red. The Ear-holes were 
 as inthe white Owl, and covered with Valves. A circle of fea- 
 
 Circle offeae three timesas great Ow! 
 thers abo: thers encompafles the Eyes and Chin, like a womans hood, as 1n the Barn-Owl, but 
 
 ome not ftanding up fo high as in that. This circle or hood confitts of a double row of 
 feathers, the exteriour more rigid, variegated with white, black, and red; the inte- 
 riour confifting of foft feathers, of a white mingled with a flame-colour. The mid- 
 dle part of the head without the hood is of a dark brown. The exteriour circle of 
 the hood compafies the ears; the greate(t part of the interiour feathers of it, where 
 it pafles the ears, grows out of the covers of the Ears. The Eyes in this Bird are 
 
 nearer to the Ears than in any other Animal I know. Beyond the Nofthrils and below 
 
 Colour ofthe the Eves grew briftly fea s having black fhafts. The back and upper fide of the 
 upper fide, bot aaa yarticototted ee rngineons and dark brown, the black taking up the 
 middle part of each feather, andthe ferrugineous the out-fides. If one curioutly 
 view and obferve each fingle feather, one (hall find them waved with tranfverfe lines, 
 Underfide.  cinereous and brown alternately fucceeding each other. The belly and lower fide of 
 the body is of the fame colour with the back, but more dilute with a mixture of 
 white. Thebottoms of all the feathers are black. In this and other Owls the fea- 
 thers invefting the whole body are longer or taller than in moft other birds, fo that 
 the bird {eems to be much bigger than indeed itis. The feetare covered almoftdown 
 to the Claws with’a thick dirty-white Plumage, fprinkled with {mall dark fpecks, 
 f rather waved with dark lines ] only two or three of the annulary f{cales bare. 
 The Wing- The number of flag-feathers in each Wing was twenty four.  Theextertour [ pzx- 
 feathers. yl ywebsof the outmott whereof were terminated in {lender points like briftles, *{e- 
 parate from eachother, and ftanding like the teeth of a fine Comb. The Wing and 
 Tail-feathers were marked with fix or feven crofs bars of a dirty white, tincted in 
 {ome with ferrugineous, and in fomewith brown. The Wings complicated fall very 
 much {hort of the end of the Tail. Thecovert feathers of the Wings, chiefly thofe 
 about the middle, and thofe long ones {pringing from thefhoulders were {potted with 
 white, efpecially their interiour Vanes. c 
 The Tail. The Tail was fix inchesandan half Jong, made up of twelve feathers, themiddle- 
 moft being the longelt, the reft in ofder fhorter tothe outmoft: All ending in fharp 
 points, whereas in thofe of the Barn-Owlthe tops were blunt. 
 ape The foal of the foot was callous, of a horny or blackith colour. That of the mid- 
 cna *  dle-toe had not the mner edge ferrate, asin the white Owl. All the toes were fepa- 
 rate to the very divarication. The outmoft of the fore-toes is made to turn alfo back- 
 ward, andfupply the room of aback-toe, asinthe reft of thiskind. 
 ee and — The Guts were thirty inches long, and had many revolutions. The blind Guts 
 ntrails te Gwe inches and an half long, toward their ends tumid and full of excrement : 
 The Liver divided into two Lobes. Ithad a large Gall; great black Telticles. The 
 fromach feemed to be more flefhy than in other carnivorous birds’: and above ita 
 oranulated Eehiaws orante-ftomach. In the {tomach we found the fur of Mice. 
 
 ars = Pri 
 etal 
 
 nat “y 
 3 a . fe y 7 ‘ » « 
 a " ™ SS PP ey « : 
 S -~ * ~ — — _< = . - y . - a 
 - = - = : =a = oe - “ — — 
 + — a = = ~ 2 a) wl —_ penne 
 4 ‘ : — —— —_~ = eres a i 
 = en nent , : : ee —— " - 
 - == ee = Se HSS 
 — ee 22a — ——» = _— ——— se a 
 — aes Saree. - * = => 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 San enan cent an ne 
 - : oF. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bh il hd an ; Ye 
 3° ee rte eee? - 
 Sh. ee Cec wa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
Boox II. ORNITHOLOGY. * 
 
 It differs remarkably from the white Owl in that the extreme f f the Wit it di 
 os eather of th H : 
 1s little, and at leaft a hand-breadth fhorter than the third and fourth ; ton fers rom the 
 above _ — ee than the third, and thefourthand fifth the longeft of all; where." °™ 
 as mm that the tecond and third’ feathers are the longeft , 
 wants not half an inch of them. SE ne ABcremememnel ar Sarcet 
 Aldrovandus writes, that the Country-people about Bovonig told hi 
 3 é im, that h 
 Strix or Sereech-Owl uled to fuck their Goats + which ours (as far as I have hedrd ) 
 was never complained.of for doing, eh 
 
 
 
 §. IL. 
 The Grey Owl, Strix cinerea. 
 
 A Nother Bird of this fort we defcribed, which we found firft at Viennain Aufiria, Its weight, 
 andafterward in England alfo. It weighed eleven ourices'and an half The length, and 
 length from the Bill toend of the Tailor Feet ( for they were equally extended ) was ee 
 fourteen inches and an half; The breadth between the tips of the Wings fpread-out 
 two foot and eleven inches.. The Bill was an inch. and quarter long: The Tongue Its Bill, 
 a little divided, not fo flefhy asin Hawks. Inthe Palate it had a broad open fiffure waned 
 or cleft. The Nofthrils were oblong. The Sear or skin coveringtheBaféoftheBeak = 
 in diurnal Rapacious birds, was wanting in this, asin all other Owls. It had huge, 
 round Eyes; the Irides being of adatk Hazel colour. Both upper and lower Eye- Eyes, 
 lid terminate in a membrane having black edges... The Ear-holes were great andfur- Ears. 
 nifhed with Valves. 
 This Bird was for the apparent magnitude very light and full of feathers, A wreath 
 or hood of f{tiffer feathers parti-coloured of white and black, beginning from the Bill pete es 
 above,and reaching beyond the Ears,encompafies the Face and Eyes 3 the ends meeting 
 under the Chin like a. womans hood.Within this greater hood another circle of feathers 
 of an afh-colour, confifting of thinner and fhorter hairs encompafies the Eyes. The bo- 
 dy is allover variegated with cinereous and brown. The thafts of the feathers in the 
 middle of the back are black. The interiour Vanes of the long fcapular feathers.are 
 white almoft to the fhafts, The lower belly iswhite. Onthe Breatt are long black 
 {pots. 
 . The. firlt row of Wing-feathers had crofs bars of black and reddith afh-colour.! In The Witg- 
 the third row of thecovert-feathers.of the Wings were one or two white {pots. et 
 _. Vhe Tail had twelve feathers, feven inches anda quarter long, the middlemoft fea- The Tait, 
 thers being longeft, andthe reft in order to the outmoft fomewhat thorter. : 
 The Feet were feathered almoft down to the Claws, only two or three annulary The Feet, 
 {cales naked. The;fole of the foot’ callous, and of a yellowith colour, ‘as it were | 
 granulated with little knobs. The Toes, as in other Night-birds, two {tanding for- Toes, 
 ward, and twobackward. The inner fide of the Claw of thé outer fore-toe is flatted Claws, 
 into an edge. | : 
 . | The length of the Guts was twenty. two inches, of the blind Guts three and an Gus.> =” 
 half. — | 
 The name Strix fome think 1s-takén fromthe Verb frringere, becaule it ftrangles or 
 people when they are'afleep. OQv7d will haveit fo called z firidore, from. the feréech- 
 ing noife it makes; , 
 
 | — Eft ills Strigibus waren fed nontinis bujys 
 Canfa, quod borrenda ftridere noGe folent. 
 
 . This 1s like the precedent, arid of equal bignefs, from which yet it is diftinguifhed How ic differs 
 by manifeft notes, and which argue a {pecifical difference. The chief of tholé are: = pre- 
 1. Thatthisisgrey, thatbrown. 2. That this hath long {pots on the Breaft, which 
 that wants. 3. That the interiour hood in this is particoloured only of dusky and 
 
 white. 
 
 > fy: PLE ; §. Til... 
 
 
 

 
 A od 6d lRosactl 
 7. ORNS. 
 
 §. Tl. 
 The common Barn-Owl, or White-Owl, or Church-Owl. Aluco minor, Aldrov. 
 
 Its bignefs 
 
 and meafures. elevenouncesandan half. Its length from the tip of the Bill to the’ end of 
 
 the Tail was fourteeninches. The diftance between the extremities of the Wings 
 TheBill,  f{pread out three foot and one inch and half. The Bill white, hooked at the end, 
 Tongue, more than an inch and half long: The Tongue a little divided at the tip ; the Nofe- 
 thrils oblong. A circle or wreath of white, foft, downy feathers encompafied with 
 yellow ones, beginning from the Nofthrils on each fide, paffed round the Eyes and 
 under the Cnin, fomewhat refembling a black hood, fuch as women ufe to wear: So 
 that the Eyes were funk inthe middleof thefe feathers, as it were in the bottom of a 
 Pit or Valley. At the interiour angle of each Eye the lower 'parts of thefe feathers 
 Ear-valve. were of a tawny. colour. The Ears were covered with aValve, which arifes near 
 the Eye, and falls backwards. ‘The interfour circle we mentioned of white, 
 downy feathers pafled juft over this Valve, fo that part of them grew out ofit. 
 culdurofthe The Breaft, Belly, and covert-feathers of the infide of the Wings were white, 
 agin of marked witha few quadrangular dark {pots. The Head,Neck,and Back,as far as the 
 “eee prime feathers of the Wings, varioufly and of all Night-birds moft elegantly colou- 
 red. . The feathers toward the tips were waved with {mall whitifh and blackifh lines, 
 refemblinga grey colour; but about the fhaft of each feather there was as it were a 
 bed or row of black and white {pots, fituate long-ways,made up in fome of two white 
 and twoblack fpots, infomeof three of each colour, in fome of but one. Elfe the 
 whole Plumage was of a dilute tawny or orangecolour 5 which fame colour wasalfo 
 the field or ground in the Wingsand Tail. | 
 The wing- ~The mafter-feathers in each Wing were in number twenty fours whereof the 
 feathers. _gveater have four tranfverfe blackifh: bars. [ Inthefe bars in the exteriour Vane of the 
 Feather there is alfo white mingled with the black, which makes an appearance of a 
 grey {pot. |]. The intermediate {paces’ are fulvous, and powdered with {mall black 
 {pecks 5, the tips of thefe: feathers: incline more to an afh-colour. The Wings when 
 fhut up extend full as far or further than the end of the Tail. In the exteriour Vanes 
 * Hair-like +» of the fitftor outmoft feather of each Wing the ends of the * Piznule are not conti- 
 bodies oma: guous.one to another, but ftand at diftance, like the teeth of a fine Comb. 
 
 ota Cock ( which we defcribed ) was about the bignefs of a Pigeoxs weighed 
 
 Hood, 
 
 nding th : ; 
 wel of the. ~The Pailismade up of twelve feathers, of the fame colour with the Wings, ha- 
 eaters ving four tranfverfe black bars: fourinches and half long. The interiour margins of 
 
 = the feathers both of Wings and Tail are white. 
 
 The legs, feet, - The Legs are covered with a thick Down to the Feet, but the Toes are only hairy 
 andtocs- thé hairs alfo thin-fet The Claw of the middle Toeis ferrate on the infide asin Be: 
 | tors; but notfo manifeltly. Ithath but one Toe that ftands backward; but the out- 
 moft fore-toe may be turned foas to ftand a little backward. 
 The Guts. , The. Guts were eighteen inches longs the blind Guts but two.-Ithad a largeGall : 
 Its Eggs were white. | | 
 oi Aldrovandus his defcription agrees exactly with ours. 
 The ftrange -.! Phe EyeinthisBird, and I fuppofe inall the reft of this kind, ‘is of a ftrangé and 
 figure ofthe fingular ftructure. That part which appears outwardly, though great, is only the 
 EYCh» Iris. For the whole bulb.or ball of the Eye when taken out fomewhat refembles a 
 hat or Helmet, the Iris being the Crown, the part not appearing and extending it felf 
 good way further, the brims. The.interiour edges of the Eye-lids round about are 
 yellow. The Eyes are altogether fixt and immovable. 
 . |) The-Bird is defcribed by Margeravivs under thé title of Taidara of Brafil 5: fo that 
 it feems it is common with us to the New World. | Or! 
 
 
 
 SQ IV, 
 * Aldrovandus his former Aluco. 
 
 His is bigger than the precedent, but ¢ faith my Author ) leffer than the Otws or 
 
 _ Horn-Opl. This is peculiar to them all, that they cover the Eye only b 
 drawing the upper lid over it downward. Ithath acircle, as it were a Crown aa 
 up of feathers, which encompa{s the whole face, pafling above the Eyes Fite tall 
 
 Eye- 
 
 
 
A I tl i 
 
 Béoxch: OR NATHOLOGY. | aa 
 
 Eye-brows, defcending on both fides by the Tem les, and meeting u > Chi 
 {smewhat like a womans black hood. The Eyes sinapedi wholly getangica 
 diverfity of colour, funk, as it were, ina deep cavity, made by this circle of penlted 
 "feathers. The prone fide, viz. the Breaft and Belly {potted with indifferently great 
 
 black {pots. The Bill white, very much hooked, as alfo the Claws. The Legsco- 
 vered with white feathers, but the Feet only with hairs. The Back is of aLead-co- 
 lour ‘variegated with whitifh fpecks:; The whole body covered with 4 deep and 
 thick-fet Plumage; which makesit appear tobe of the bulk of a Capon,whereas when 
 pluckt it is {carce fo big as.a chicken. The Wings are large; and reach beyond the end 
 of the Tail. This out of Aldrovandus. 
 
 d. V. 
 * Aldrovandus his grey Owl. Ulula Aldrov. as alfo Gefners,Ulula Geth. 
 
 re Bird fignified by the name U/ala in Latine, Owl or Howlet in Englifh, Hulot 
 
 in French, Ul or Exlin Dutch was doubtlefs {6 denominated from the howling 
 noife thatit makes: Howl in Euelifh.and Dutch fignifying the fame that Ululo or ejulo 
 in Latine. «Wherefore the Bird which Aldrowandus exhibits under this title, fithit 
 makes a noife likea Chicken, he will not confidently aver to be the Ulula, but if it may 
 be referred to any of the Species of Night-birdsmentioned by the Ancients,he knows 
 not whither more commodioully than to this. | 
 
 From the Bill to the end of the Taibit was eighteen incheslong. ‘The Head, Back; Its length; 
 Wings, and Tail were of an afh-colour, {peckled with whitifh and black {pots. Un-+ ur 
 der the Belly it was white, variegated with blackith {pots.. The Head was very Head, 
 great, enormoufly thick, round, full of feathers: The Eyes being wholly black, and Eyes, 
 encompafied round with white, foft feathers; within the ring or Ambit whereof at 
 the borders of the Eye-lids was feen as it werea red circle. In winking the Eye was 
 covered only with the upper Eyelid. The Bill was hooked and greenifh: The Bill 
 Nofthrils great and patent: The Wings very large, eighteen inches long, reaching to Wings, 
 the very end ofthe Tail, The Legs were hairy downto the Claws, which were afh- Legs and 
 coloured; hooked, and exceeding fharp. Ithad four Toes,two ftanding forward, and C#ws. 
 two backward. 
 
 Aldrovandus kept this bird three months at his houfe. 
 
 This feems to be the fame with our Grey Owl before defcribed by the title of Strix 
 cinerea. 
 
 Gefner defcribes his Ulula in thefe words.  It,was as big as a Henor bigger 3 the Gefners alula. 
 colour red, {prinkled with black: The Bill white, fhort, as in other Night-birds, 
 hooked, fo that the upper Chap is much longer than the nether: The Eyes great, 
 black, the Pupil being of an obfcure red. The edges of the Eye-lids were red. 
 Moreover, the Eyes were covered with a nictating Membrane. Between the Eyes 
 and Back it was thick-feathered, of an afh-colour. The Neck was very agile, fo 
 that fhe could turn her head much backward. The Legs were whitifh, {prink- 
 led with livid {pecks, rough down totheFeet. The Toes {tood two forward, two 
 backward. | Wwe} SEI eoeG yi (Ou 
 
 It hath not beenourhapas yet to feeaBitd of this kind, if it. be diftin& from our ae 
 * Grey.Owl. For that bird which by us in England is called Ow!, and Howlet, and * oe atte 
 Madge-howlet isthe Aluco of Gefuer and Aldrovandws.. Although Owl be withusage- creg 
 neral name attributed to all Night-birds. 
 
 §. VE. 
 The little Owl. Noctua. 
 
 wad sci Bird we defcribed of this kind.we bought in the Market at Vienma Aujirid, 
 where they called it Schaffilt.. | 
 
 It was a Cock, Gane fo big et Blackbird. Its length from the bill to the end of the we Feces 
 tail was almoft feven inches : Its breadth, the Wings being extended, more than four- sa 
 teen inches. The Bill was white, and like to that of other Owls. The Tonguea Foe. 
 little divided, as inthe reft of this Tribe : The Palate below black, having a wide or Palate, 
 gaping cleft, and below ita round hole: The Nofthrils oblong: The Ears great: The _ nofthrils, 
 
 rs, 
 
 Eyes lefier and handfomer than inother Ow/s. . The 2 
 
 
 

 
 ca )- a ee oe 
 
 Hood, 
 
 Colour of the 
 upper fide. 
 
 Its Tail, 
 
 Colour of the 
 under fide. 
 
 Wing-fea- 
 thers, 
 
 Legs, Feet, 
 and Talons. 
 Gall and Guts, 
 
 Its place. 
 
 Ufe. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. 
 
 WS ee ee et 
 
 The wreath or circle of feathers encompafling the face, beyond the Ears lefier, 
 and lefs eafily difcernable. The upper part of the body was of a dark brown, with 
 a mixture of red, having tranfverte whitith {pots. 
 
 The Tail was 2 z-inches long, compounded of twelve feathers exactly equal,having 
 Eve or fix tran{verfe white bars. | 
 
 The feathers about the Ears were more variegated with black and white. The 
 Chin and lower part of the belly white; The Breaft marked with long dusky 
 {pots. 
 
 : The number of beam-feathers in each Wing was twenty four ; their interiour webs 
 were {potted with round white {pots. 
 
 It was feathered almoft down to the Claws, excepting two or three annulary 
 (cales. The Feet were of a pale yellow. It had two back-toes, and as many fore- 
 ones. The foalsof the Feet were yellows the Claws black: The inner fide of the 
 middle Claw is thinned into an edge. 
 
 It had a great Gall; the length of the Guts was ten Inches; of the blind Guts 
 one inch anda quarter. 
 
 It is found in the Woods of Auftria, but rarely 5 refembles much Gefners figure of 
 Noéfua, which thereforewe have taken for it. Afterwards we faw it expofed to fale 
 at Rome. They ufeitfor catching of {mall birds: See the manner in Olina. 
 
 Aldrovandus faith that it was told him, that the Germans do fometimes take in their 
 Country a fort of little Ow/, which when come to its full growth is no bigger than 
 a Lark, which they call by a diminutivename Keatzlin : but however Aldrovandus 
 hapned not to fee it, the fame bird is doubtlefs alfo foundin Italy; for we obferved 
 them at Rome ftanding on Pearches to be fold; and we can hardly believe, they 
 brought them fo far as out of Germany. 
 
 d. VII. 
 * Aldrovandus his Noctua. 
 
 Hat which Aldrovandws hath defcribed and figured for the Noé#va is about the 
  bignefS of a Dove, nine inches long, hath a great Head, flat above; large, grey 
 Eyes. The feathers of the whole body are partly of a pale Chefnut colour, partly 
 diftinguifhed with white. Through the extreme parts of the Wings, efpecially the 
 prime feathers, it hath broad tranfverfe lines or bars of aChefnut colour. On the 
 Belly it hath lines or {pots of the fame colour drawn longways, but inverted; the 
 reftof the fpaceor ground (the Heralds call it the field ) being white. The Wings 
 when withdrawn and clofed reach as far asthe end of the Tail. The Legsare fea- 
 thered and rough down to the Feet, of a colour compounded of cinereous and Chef 
 nut. The Toesare of a dark cinereous, bareof: feathers, two ftanding each way. The 
 Claws black, fharp, and crooked. | 
 
 * The Stone-Owl, another fort of No&tua, or perchance the fame with the precedent. 
 
 This (faith he ) which the Germans call Steinkutz, thatis, Stone-Ovl, 1salfo about 
 the bignefs of a Dove; hath the Legs and Toes rough, with white feathers, but the 
 lowet fides of the Toes are bare, the Claws black and hooked. The colour all over 
 the prone or nether fide of the body wasadark brown, witha fleight mixture of red 
 dapled with whitith fpots. The Head in refpec& of the body very great : The Eyes 
 large : The Bill fhort, and likean Eagles, In the dead bird the upper Chap of the 
 Bill was red, which feemed not to be fo before, while it wasliving. Between the 
 Eyes and the Bill grew certain ftiff, {lender feathers, like briftles or beards. It had 
 more white on the Belly than the other parts. Lfuppofe it lives and frequents chiefly 
 in Mountainous and Rocky places, and therefore to defend the cold hath its Feet and 
 Toes feathered like the Lagopws and Grygallus. For the other None have not their 
 Feet rough, neither are they of a reddifh colour. They feem to be lefS brisk and 
 lively than our Italian Noéfue, and almoft blindin the day time. 5 BBW 3} 
 
 §. VII. 
 
 
 
 eS 
 Se 
 
 _— as a ~_ 
 i eo —_——— a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
107 
 
 Book, OR NITHOLOGH a 
 Oe 
 
 §.!° VAI. 
 * The Brafilian Notua ¢alled Cabure by Margeray. 
 
 T's about the bigrefs of a Throftle: hatha round H ead, a fhort. ho 
 
 ] Bill; two Nofthrils 5 fair, great, routid, yellow Eyes, with a black Padiieane 
 der the Eyes, arid oneach fide the Bill it hath many long, dusky hairs. The Legs are 
 fhort, wholly cloathed with feathers, yellow, as are allo the Feet, which are cloven 
 into four Toes, ftancing after the ufual manner, armed with femicircular, crooked. 
 fharp Talons : The Tail broad, nigh the rife whereof the Wings end. Tn the Head, 
 Back, Wings, and Tail it is of a dilute Dyber colour, and variegated in the Head 
 and Neck with very inall, in the Wings with greater white {pots, The Tail is, wa- 
 ved with white. The Breaft and lower Belly are white, and variegated. with {pots 
 of a dilute Omber colour. It is eafily made tame. It can fo turn about its Neck 
 that the tip of the Beak thall exa@ly point at the middle of the Back, It plays 
 with men like an Ape making many mowes and antic mimical faces, and {napping 
 with its Bill. Befide,it can fet up feathers on the fides of its head, that reprefent 
 Hornsor Ears. It liv:supon raw flefh. 
 
 Ln eich 
 
 CHAP.IN. §. 1. 
 
 The Fern-Qvl, or Churn-Owl, or Goat-fucker,. Caprimulgus. 
 
 Tslength from the Bill to the end of the Tail was between ten and eleven inches: Its Lengtti, 
 I Its Head great, but much lefler than in the Owl-kind: Its Bill in proportion to Head: 
 its body the leaft of all birds, anda little crooked. It hatha huge wide moath fof 
 and fwallow. In palito appendices nulle, fed primum longa fifura, fundo tenui officulo 
 feu fepto per medium dirifo : infra eam fiffuram alia latior @ brevior, & ad kujus fundims 
 linea appendicum tranfeerfa. Thefe words I do not well underftand, and therefore 
 have not put them into Exglifh. On the fides of the upper Chap of the Bill, as alfo 
 under the:Chin it had {tiff black hairs. like briftles. 
 The under fide of the body was painted with black.and pale-red lines, tranfverfe, The colour, 
 but not continued : ‘The hinder part of the Head of an afh-colour, -the middle ofeach 
 feather being black 5 whichcolours alfo'reach lower down the Back. | 
 The Wings are partcoloured of blackandred: The covert-feathers of the Wings The Wings, . 
 are fome of them powdred with cinereous. “The Tail near five incheslong, made up yi, 
 of ten feathers, the outmoft whereof are fomething fhorter than thereft; the middle- 
 moft afh-coloured, with very natrow, tranfverfe, black bars 5 in the reft the crofs 
 bars are broader, andthe intermediate {paces of an afh-colour,powdered with black, 
 inured with red. 
 theater very {mall in proportion, feathered om the fore-fide half way, but Legs, Feer, 
 the feathers hung downalmoft to the Toes. Ihe Toes were blackifh, and the Claws #14 Claws 
 black and little; the niddlemoft Toe the longeft}; the inner and outer fhorter, but 
 equal toone another, and joyned to the middlemoft by a Membrane from thediva- 
 ricationtothe firft joytt. ‘The interiour edge of the middle Claw is ferrate, as in He- 
 rons. The back-Toe ( if it may be fo called, f{tanding like one of the fore-toes) is 
 C rter of aninch long. 
 | in thee it had fome Seed and Beetles. The Eggs were long, and white, but ts food and 
 a little clouded and {pated with black. oe Eggs. 
 It is a very beautiful bird for colour, more like to a Cuckow than an Owls and itis 
 eafily diftinguifhed fron all other birds by the (truture of its Bill and Feet. 
 Inanother bird of this kind, perchance — only in Age or Sex, the three firtt 
 or outmoft great Wing-feathers hada large white {pot in their interiour Vanes, which 
 in the third feather reached alfoto the exteriour: The tips alfo of the two outmoft 
 feathers of the Tail wee {potted with white. There was fome fhew of thefe {pots of 
 ; te yellowifh colour in the firft defcribed. 7 
 : Me is Sout in the Moantainous Woods, efpeciallyin many places of England, as in 
 
 Lork-fhire, Derb ry-[hire,s: wrop fei re, KC. 
 . P 2 @. Il. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i pn OL LS ee, EE 
 een hemmeenentinshiaacaaaanateitatnaein TEE oem 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 
 
 * The word 
 in Latine in 
 AY anes 
 
 6.) TL 
 
 * The American Goat-fucker, called Ybijau by the Brafilians;Noitibo by the 
 Portugues. Marggrav. 
 
 His is a {mall bird, of the bignefS of a Swallow: Hatha broad flat Head - Great, 
 lovely, black Eyes, with a black, fhining Pupil, of anelliptical figure : Out- 
 wardly a circle or ring of yellowifh white compafles the Eyes. It hath’a very little 
 Bill, not. exceeding the thicknefs of the tooth of a * Shrew-moufe, and not fo 
 long : yet hath it patent Nofthrils in the Bill: An exceeding wide Mouth, which 
 when {hut cannot be feen; but when fhe opens her Bill, appears flit up tothe Eyes, 
 fo: that it is almoft an inch wide. It hathavery little Tongue: White Legs, and 
 fmall for the bignefs of the body, fcarce half an inch long: Four Toes in the Feet, 
 three {tanding forward, and one backward,armed with black, crooked Claws. Along. 
 the Claw of the middle Toe of each foot on the infide it hath as it were a fin, much 
 jagged or toothed, fo that the Claw feems feathered ina manner on the infide: But 
 theve are no featherson it but a certain skinny rough matter. It hath a handfom 
 
 - 'Tail,twoincheslong, which itcan {pread wide; tothe end whereof the Wings reach. 
 
 Inall the lower part of the body the feathers are mixt white and black, as ina Spar- 
 row-Hawk: Inthe Head, Back, Wings, and Tail they are black, white being inter- 
 fperfed with a grateful variety ; and{omething alfo of yellow mingled with the white : 
 In a word, it is black, and {peckled here and there with white. 
 
 There is alfo found another Species of this, of the fame colour and make with 
 this, but as big as an Ow/. ‘The mouth opened will eafily admit a mans fitt. 
 
 §. Tl. 
 * Margeravius his Brafilian Guira querea, approaching to the Goat-fucker, or Swift. 
 
 T isof the bignefs of a Lark, but becaufe it hath long Wings anda Tail much lon- 
 ger, it feems greater. It hath a broad, flat, and pretty great Head; great black 
 Eyes: A fmall, triangular, comprefied Bill, the upper Chap being hooked: A wide 
 Mouth, much wider than the Bill, and which being opened reprefents a Triangle. 
 Ateach end of the upper Mandible on both fides,for the length ofan inch ineither, it 
 hath about ten or twelve thick briftles like Swines, f{tretched forth both forward and 
 fideways. Its bodyisnotlong, but almoft round. Each foot hath four Toes ftand- 
 ing after the ufual manner, the middle whereof is longer than the reft; and furnifhed 
 with a Claw finely ferrate, or toothed like a Comb. All the Claws are black. It 
 hath long Wings, vz. half afoot: The Tail eight inches long, having/in the out- 
 fides two feathers longer than the reft. The whole Bird is of a dusky afh-colour 
 with dark yellow or whitith {pots intermingled after the manner of a Sparrow- Hawk, 
 Round the Neck, behind the Head, it hatha ring of a dark goldencolour. The 
 Legsarecinereousor dusky. The Toes connected by a little skin, not fo broad as in 
 Ducks; for it is no water-fowl. 
 
 This latter Bird doth more refemble a SwaVow thana Goat-facker : The former 
 alfo is not unlike the Hirundo apus or Swift. I ndeed the Goat-fucker and Swift agree 
 in many particulars, as the fmalnefs of the Bill, the widenefs of the Mouth, the fhort- 
 nefsof the Legs, and fituation of the Toes. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
pate 
 
 Log 
 
 Book. II, ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 Boox I, Partl Seo; dil, 
 Of Frugivorous Hook-billd Birds or Paprots 
 
 
 
 CHAP, JI. 
 Of Parrots in general. 
 
 He Parrot hatha great Head, a hard Beak and Skull. But why Nature gave 
 ita hooked Bill, whereas it is rather a Frugivorous than a Carnivorous or 
 Rapacious Bird, Aldrovandys givesthis reafon « . Becaute for the weaknefs of 
 
 the Feet, detcending or climbing ‘up boughs or grates, it could not commodioutly 
 fuftain the weight of its body, were not the Bill of that crooked femicircular figure, 
 that it can as.it were with a hook or grapple catch hold of whatever isnear. For the 
 Parrot inclimbing Walls or Trees firtt catches hold -with her Bill, as it were with a 
 Hook, then draws up her body, then faftens her Feet 5 then reaching up higher 
 claps on her Beak again, and {0 puts forward her body and feet alternately. 
 
 The Parrot alone with the Crocodile moves the upper Jaw, as all other Animals do 
 the lower. The Tongue is broad, which is common to it with other Rapacious 
 birds, of the figure of a Gourd-feed, as Scaliger notes. Hence it is called in Greek 
 AvipwmyAwrl@., both becaute its Tonoue refembles a mans,and alfo becaule it imi- 
 tates humane {peech. The Feet are o a fingular fafhion, for they have not three 
 Toes {tanding forward and one backward, but two each way, like Woodpeckers, 
 jo.£ aber, in his Expofitions of Nardi Antonip Recchi his Animals found inNew Spain, 
 hath noted and obferved concerning the Toes of Parrots fomething not mentioned 
 by any Author, vz. That when they walk, climb up, or defcend down the fides of 
 their Cages, they ftretch two of: their Toes forward, and two backward ; but 
 when they take theirmeat, and bring it to their mouths, they make ufe of three Toes 
 to hold it till they have eaten it up. . Yea, ( which may feem wonderful ) they do fo 
 dexteroufly and nimbly turn the greater hind-toe forward and backward,that on fight 
 
 _ Of it you would confef your felf not to know, whether it were given them by Na- 
 
 ture to be ufed asa fore-toein feeding, or a back-toe in walking. So that it feems in 
 
 this vefpeE they refemble Owls. It hath crooked Claws, wherewith it holdsits meat like 
 
 Rapacious birds, and brings it toitg mouth, after the manner of men. For taking 
 
 it in its Toes it lifts it up to its mouth, not turning the foot inward, but outward, 
 
 after a fafhion not only ufual and tidiculous, but one would think alf incommodious. 
 
 It doth not only firft of all with its Bill as it Were with Teeth break or divide entire 
 
 Almonds, but rolling them up and down within the Cavity of its Bill, doth as it were 
 
 champ and chewthem, foftning them before it fwallows them. Parrots while they 
 
 are yet wild andat liberty do eat ‘all forts of grain and pulfe. And this is peculiarly 
 
 obferved of them above other creatures, that as Swallows feed upon Hellebore, and 
 
 Starlings upon Hemlock, fo do they’ upon the feed’ of * Baftard Saffron ( which to * abe or 
 . . ' —— to AVIAN UA, 
 
 man 1s a purgative’) not only without receiving harm thereby, but growing fat with 
 
 it. Moreover, they eat all forts of fruits, as well fuch as are covered with a foft rind, 
 
 as thofe with a hard hell, viz.Nuts, @c. andare greatly delighted -inthem. 
 
 They do not onlyimitate mans voice, but in wit excell aJl other birds, as Aldrovan- 
 dws proves by many Hiftories and'examples. J fhall not think much to fet down one 
 very pleafant ftory, which Gefner faith was told: him by a certain friend, ofa Parrot, 
 which fell out of King Henry VIII. his Palace at Weftminfter itito the River of Thames 
 that runs by, and then very feafonably remembring the words it had often heard 
 {ome whether in danger or in jeft ufe, cried out amain, A Boat, 4 Boat, for twenty 
 pouxd. A certain experienced Boatman made thither prefently, took up the Bird, 
 and reftored it to the King, to whom he knew it belonged, hoping for as great a re- 
 ward asthe Bird had promifed. The King agreed with the Boatman that he fhould 
 have as the Bird being asked anew fhould fay : And the Bird anfwers, Give the Knave 
 4 Groat. 
 
 ~ They are very frequent inboth Indies, as well Eaft as Weft. They breed not im 
 
 cold Countries ; for they are impatient of cold, fo that they can hardly bear our 
 Winters, 
 
 
 

 
 ei eee all, 
 wie ORNIT HO LOGY. Boox I. 
 
 Winters, unlefs they be kept in Stoves or hot places: And whereas in their owt 
 
 Country, to wit, the Indies, they are much upon the Wing, with us by reafon of the 
 
 inclemency and {barpnefs of the Air they grow torpid and unattive, and lefs fit for 
 flight. They are {aid to be very long-lived. 
 
 They breed.in hollow trees ( witnels Marggravims, Lerius, and, Pifo}) where they 
 make around hole outwardly, and lay two or three Eggs, like to Pigeons, without 
 any made Neft, as Marggraviws faith: Leriws affirms, that they do build Nefts fufh- 
 ciently firm and hard, of a round orbicular figure. Whence it is manifeft that they 
 do not hang their Nefts upon the {lender twigs of Trees, as Cadamuftws and. others 
 havedelivered. For that bird which hangs ‘ts Neft on this fafhion, called by the Bra- 
 filians Guira tangeima, as Marggraviws writes, 1s much different from the Parrot. 
 ‘Though you touch her Eggs yet will not the Parrot forfake them, but hatch them 
 
 * A people of notwithttanding. Parrots are made of feveral colours by the * Tupuye, by plucking 
 
 ears them when they are young, and then ftaining their skins with divers colours. Thefe 
 the Portugues call counterfert Parrots. Which thing if it be true ( for to me indeed 
 it feems not probable ) it is to. no purpofe to diftinguifh Parrots by the diverfity of 
 colour, fith therein they may vary infinitely. 
 
 In all Parrots that 1 have hitherto obferved the Nofthrils were round, fituate in 
 the upper part of the upper Chap, clofe by the feathers, and: very mear one to 
 another. | 
 
 Parrotsin refpect of bignefs may be divided into three kinds, viz.the greateft, mean- 
 fiwed, and leaft, ; 
 
 The greateft are equal in bignefs to our common Raven: or (a8 Aldrovandus faith ) 
 to a well-fed Capon 5 and have long Tails : In Englifh they are called Macaos and Cocka- 
 toons. Themiddle or meanfized and moft common Parrots areas big oF bigger than 
 a Pigeon, have {hort Tails, and are called in Englifh, Parrots and Poppinjayes. The 
 leaftareof the bulk of a Blackbird or a Lark, have very long Tails, and are calledin 
 Englifh Parakeetos. | } 
 
 
 
 2 _ Cuar. Aly 
 Of the greateft fort of Parrots called Maccaws and Cockatoons. 
 
 §. I. 
 * Aldrovandus his greateft blue and yellow Maccaw.- =e 
 
 
 
 end of the Tail it was two Cubitslong. The Bill hooked, and in that mea- 
 farethatit madean exact femicircle, being outwardly conformed into the per- 
 fect roundnefs of half a ring, a full Palm long 5 and where it begins as thick within 
 half aninch, if you meafure both Mandibles. The upper Mandible is almoft two 
 inches Jonger than the nether, which on the lower fide downward is convex and 
 round. The whole Bill is black; The Eyes white and black. Three black lines 
 drawn from the Bill to the beginning of the Neck, reprefenting the figure of the 
 letter S lying, compafs. the eyes underneath. The Crown of the Head is flat, and 
 of a green colour. . The Throat adorned with akind ofblack ring. The Breaft, 
 Belly, Thighs, Rump, and Tail underneath all of a Saffron colour. The Neck 
 above, Back, Wings, and upper fide of the Tail of a very pleafant blue or azure. 
 The Tail eighteen inches long more or lefs. The Legs very fhort, thick, and of a 
 — dusky or dark colour, as are alfo the Feet, the Toes long, armed with great: crooked 
 black Talons. ; 
 
 Ts body of this equals a well-fed Capons. From the tip of the Bill to the 
 
 §: IL. 
 
 
 
Boon I. ORNITHOLOGY. ee 
 sill hiv bolt nat vey ahd ddie Ea hong 
 
 §. IL 
 * The other Maccaw.oer Macao, of Aldrovandus. 
 
 His is nothing Jefs than the fore Oing, of the fame len th. but f 
 
 _ be fothick-bodied. Its Bill is Thoms than the precedente pa — 
 out into fo longa hook, yet almoft three inches longs and as many broad, wherélitis 
 joyned to the head the upper Chap being white, the nether black, The région of 
 the Eyesand the Temples are white. The crown of the Head more thana Palmidng 
 and flat. The Back, beginning of the Wings, Throat, Breatt, Belly, Thighs, and 
 finally the whole Tail above, are beautified with a mott lovely * Scarlet or red colour. * The Lating 
 as 1salfo the inner fide of the flag-feathers of the Wings. The fecond row of the co. word is Pynt- 
 vert Wing-feathers are yellow with fearlet edges, each adorned with a kind of eye of of nine 
 blue near the tip. “The outer furface of the Diapelbathers and the Rump [I fuppofe fon or bli 
 he means the Tail | underneath tingtured with a deep blue. The Legs are fhort, ©!ur- 
 
 the Feet divided into long Toes, armed with crooked Claws: Both of a duskithor 
 dark ath-colour, 
 
 §. TIl. 
 
 A Maccaw decribed at London, the fame I fuppofe with the prececlent, called by 
 Margerav. Araracanga. 
 
 ‘AT London we obferved and defcribed a certain Macao, either the fame with 
 
 \ the precedent ( I mean in kind ) or very like it. It was of the fame bic- 
 nefs, had a huge Bill, the upper Mandible being almoft wholly white, the lower 
 black. The skin about the Eyes was bare of feathers, and rough or rugged. The 
 whole head, Breaft, and Belly red [ like miniuw :] The Wings and Tail parti-co- 
 loured of red, yellow, and blue?) |The Tail of a great length, efpecially: the two 
 middlemoft feathers, which do much exceed the re{t, and are of a bluecolour. 
 
 I take that which Margeravins defcribes Book 5s. Chap.9. tobe the fame with this. Maregiavius 
 Let the Reader compare the defcriptions : His runs thus. It is bigger than our com- his 4rare- 
 mon Raven : Hatha great Head, broad and flat aboves fair * grey Eyes [ * Cefins ] “"* 
 with a black Pupil. A white Membrane encompatles the Eyes, as alfo the Jaws and 
 lower Bill > [ Ifuppofe he means, that the skin thereabouts is white and bare of féa- 
 thers: ] This under the Eyes is produced in a femilunar form: The Bill is great, 
 hooked, white above, black underneath. . It hath a Tongue like a Parrot; and eats 
 after the fame manner. It learns alfo to pronounce fome words. The upper Chap 
 of the Bill is about three inches long, broad or deep. It hath black Legs and Feet 
 like a Parrot. ‘The whole Head, Neck, Breaft; Belly, Thighs, and Tail underneath, 
 as alfo the beginning of the Wings above are cloathed with moft lovely and elegant 
 red feathers ; The middle part of the Wings is adorned with green, and the lowér half 
 of them from the middle to the end with blue. The Rump or lower part of the 
 Back, and the Tail are blue, fome brown feathers being alfo intermingled. The 
 Tail is about ten inches long, running out much beyond theends of the Wings. 
 
 §. IV. | 
 * The Macao called Ararauna by the Brafilians, Marggrav. the fame with Aldrov.his fir. 
 
 “Tis in thape like the precedent, but of a different colour. Its Billblack; Eyes 
 grey, Pupil black.» ‘The skin about the Eyes white, variegated with black, as if 
 
 it were wrought with a Needle. The Legs and Feet dusky [ fujca. ] ghd a 
 of the Head abovethe Bill hath a copple or tuft of green feathers. —s c at 
 Bill black feathers compafs the Throat. The fides of the Neck, the wh ‘Breal and. 
 lower Belly are covered with yellow feathers: The hinder or extreme part of the 
 Head, the backfide of the Neck; the whole Back and outfides of the Wings with 
 blue. The ends of the Wings have yellow feathersmingled with the blue. The Tail 
 confifts of long blue feathers, wherewith fome yellow ones are mingled. The innet or 
 underfide of all the blue feathers in general is black : Thefe feathers do alfo caft a thew 
 
 of blacknefsfrom their fides. tipo 
 
 
 
| ) me 
 112 ORNITHOLOG?2. Book ll. 
 
 defcriptions I find, that this is the very fame bird with Aldro- 
 
 
 
 Upon comparing the 
 vandus his firlt Macao. 
 
 §. V. 
 * The former Brafilian Maracana of Marggrav. 
 
 T is a Bird altogether like a Parrot ( of which alfo it is aSpecies) but bigger. 
 | All its feathers of a bluith grey. It cries like a Parrot. It loves fruit, efpecially 
 
 Murucuja-. 
 d. VI. 
 
 * The other Maracana of Marggrav- 
 
 His isalfoa fort of Arara {he means by this word a Maccam, for {fo it feems the 
 Brafilians call Maccaws ] but leffer, about the bignefs of a Parrot, It is of 
 
 the fhape of a Maccam, [ Arara | hath fuch a long Tail, a like Bill and skin about 
 the Eyes. The Bill 1s black ; the skin about the Eyes white and fpeckled with black 
 feathers: The Eyes yellowith, the Pupil black. ‘The whole Head, Neck, and Wings 
 are of a deep green asin Amurucurica < The top of the Head is more dilute, and ina 
 manner inclining to blue. The Tail confifts of feathers above green, underneath of 
 a deep red, having thetr ends blue. The Wings likewife are read on the infide, 
 green on the outfide, having their ends blue. At the rife of each Wing it hatha 
 red{pot. At the rife of the Bill above it hath a dusky {pot. The Legs and Feet are 
 
 dusky. It cries Oc, Oe, Oc. 
 
 Le a 
 
 
 
 CHuap. If. 
 _ Of middle-fized Parrots, properly called Parrots and. Poppinyayes- 
 4 The white crefled Parrot of Aldrovandus. 
 
 
 
 
 
 T was about thirteen inches long, asbig as an ordinary young Pullet, or the grea- 
 | teft fort of tame Pigeon. N. B. There meafure the length from the tip of the Bill 
 A to the end of the Wings, for meafuring to the. end of the Tail 1t is about eighteen 
 inches. Its Tail contrary to the manner of other: Parrots, 1s not {tretched out di- 
 rectly backwards ‘in length, but erected after the fafhion of the common Dunghill- 
 Cock and Hens. ‘It hath an.ath-coloured. Bill, inclining-to black, having wide open 
 Nofthrils neat the Head, and rifing up, witha round ridge or bunch between them. 
 The Tongue is broad. and red: The Trides of theEyes yellow, the Pupil black. The 
 whole body cloathed with white feathers, The crown of the Head is adorned with 
 fair feathers, a handful and half high, bending fomewhat backward, ending in fharp 
 points,again reflected forwards, ten in number,’ as it were acreft.. The Tail in like 
 Pg 1s aoe et peo : great many white feathers, mine inches long 
 ich as are feen inthe Tails of Dungnit-Cocks. The 11h; 
 Claws fall, fcarce hooked and er - se pee Tle 
 
 } §. I. 
 The rsoft common green Parrot having the ridge of the Wing red. Aldrov. 
 
 “His is nothing lefs, if not bigger, than the white cre eal Parrot, al 
 | | -Anches long, of the bulkof the greateft tame Pace or a Pullet of haat 
 year, [With us they are not ordinarily fo big.].. The upper Chap of the Bill is 
 black at the point, then’ bluifh, the remainder being red; the lower Chap white: 
 The Iris of the Eye of a Saffron colour,.or rather red, the Pupil black :, The crown 
 of the Head yellow, All the re{t of the body; .is.green, the under fide more dilute 
 and. yellowith:, the Back and Wings. darker, and;,the greateft and outmoft Pinion 
 feather inclining fomewhat to blue. Only the uppermoft. ridge of the Wings is red 5 
 as 
 
 
 
Boox IL. ORNITHOLOGY. a gee 
 
 as alfo the Tail, which is but fhort : In the lower 7 
 9, Wi Cu part on each fide it is marked with 
 along, redfpot, but above it isyellow. TheL dF afh-colo 
 Claws black, and not much hooked, ee re eee 
 This kind is the moft commonof all with us. Jy thofe I defcribed at Lond ri] 
 a white circle about the Eyes: and the upper Chap of the Bil ha i cl ‘fide a Sada bis 
 procefs or Appendix, to which anfwered a dent or nick in the lower. : 
 
 Q. Til. 
 *“ Aldrovandis his Parrot witha particoloured Bill 
 
 Rom the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail it was eighteen inches long. THe 
 § upper Chap in the upper part was of a bluith green, of'a yellow Oker colour 
 in the fides; the tip crofied witha white {pot : The lower Chap of the Bill of a lead 
 colour round about, and yellow in the middle, the crown of the Head adorned with 
 yellow or golden feathers. ‘ The reft of the body was for the mott part green, the 
 Back darker, the Belly and Breaft lighter, with a glofs of yellow, the roots or bot- 
 toms of the feathers being every where cinereous. The flag-feathers on their outer 
 webs toward the belly were firft green, then by little and little growing blue, termi- 
 nate in a purplifh colour, being elfewhere black. The fecond row of Wing-feathers 
 were wholly yellow. Thofe which grew about the middle of the Wings, at their 
 beginning, on the outer web, which refpeéts the belly, were firft green, then of a 
 dark red, then green again, and laftly at their tips partly of a violet colour, partly 
 black, with fo great variety. The Tail is compofed of twelve feathers, of which 
 four on each fide at their rife or beginning are firft greenon the exteriout web,yellow 
 on theinteriour, then of a red or Scarlet colour, thirdly green again, and [aftly yel- 
 low. The four remaining middle feathers are wholly or all over green, only at their 
 very ends fhew fomething of yellow. The Feet are of a lead-colour, having four 
 toes, two ftanding forward, and two backwards, as in Woodpeckers , the interiour 
 being much fhorter than the exteriour. The Claws crooked as in Rapacious birds. 
 The Legs not above an inch long, but pretty thick. 
 
 §. Iv. 
 * The black-billed green Parrot of A\drovandus. 
 
 His is thirteen inches long, hath a great, thick Bill, like the reft, but wholly 
 black. At the beginning of the Bill, onthe Crown, and under the Throat it 
 
 is of abluecolour, tendingto green. The Irs of the Eye is‘of a dark Saffron, the 
 Pupil black : The reft of the Head and the Breaft yellow : The Belly of a middle co- 
 lour between yellow and greens as alfo the upper fide of the Tail. The Neck andall 
 the Back with the Wings are of a deep green: So-that it would be almoft wholly 
 green, but that the very extreme ridge of the Wing, where it 1s joyned to the body, 
 is of a Scarlet red; and then follows a black feather in the outfide or extremity of the 
 Wings which refpect the belly, and laftly the tips of the flag-feathers arered. Befides 
 thefe alfo the lower part of the Rump is tinctured witha Scarlet red. The Feet are 
 dusky : The Talons black, and fomewhat crooked. The Tail is about a Palm long 
 
 more or lefs. 
 §. V. 
 * The white-headed Parrot of Aldrovandus. 
 
 T isten inches long: The Bill white, and two inches thick : That part of the Head 
 ] next to the Billis alfo white: The Pupil of the Eye black, the Ir ferrugincous. 
 The forehead and crown of the head are whité, variegated with black {pots. The 
 hinder part of the Head, Neck, Back, Wings, and Rump above are tin@ured with a 
 dark green: The Throat and uppermoft ridge of the Wings with a Vermilion red. 
 The Breaft and Thighs again are green. The part of the Belly lying between the 
 Thighs and the Breaft is of a dusky colour obfcurely red, or of that the Painters call 
 Umber [ terre Umbrie.| Some of the covert-feathers of the Wings, 272. the out- 
 
 moft, are blue, but with fome mixture of white. = lower part of the belly = 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox i. 
 the Rump yellow. The Tail is red in the middle; the fides being variegated with 
 red, yellow, and blue. Almoft all the feathers have their utmolt tips black, but 
 elfe are green: The Legs and Feet cinereous. ‘This Bird from the great varicty of 
 
 sts colours might well be called the particoloured of many-coloured [ awornir@ | 
 Parrot ; it being of no lefs than feven feveral colours, of which yet the chief 1s 
 
 een. 
 3 Mr. Willughby doth thus briefly defcribe either thisfame Parrot, or one very like it. 
 It is of a green colour, lefler than a Pigeon : The Irides of the Eyes of a Hazel co- 
 Jour. The Billis white: From the Bill to the middle of the crown it is alfo white. 
 Under the Eyes andthe under Chap it 1s of aVermilion colour, The middle of the 
 Breaft and Belly between the Legs 1s reddifh. The outer webs of the Tail-feathers 
 to the fhaftare of aflame-colour. Towards the crown of the Head the edges of all 
 the feathers are dark or blackifh. The outmoft flag-feathers arebluifh. The exteriour 
 border of the Tail-end is bluifh. A dark {pot covers the Ears. The lower part of the 
 
 Belly is of a yellowifh green. 
 
 d. VL 
 * The red and blue Parrot of Aldrovandus. 
 
 His bird is nine inches long, fufficiently corpulent.. The Bill not fo great as inthe 
 
 _ precedent, blackifh : The Head, Neck, and Breait are blue: The top of the 
 crown remarkable for a yellow {pot. The region of the Eyes white; the Pupil black 5 
 the Iris dusky. The fides of the Belly under the tips of the Wings yellow: The Bel- 
 ly green. The Thighs white, with a fhadow of green. The Rumpyellow. The 
 top of the back of a pale blue. The covert feathers of the Wings particoloured of 
 green, yellow, and rofie. The end of the back or region of the loins yellowith. 
 ae ee and Feet are afh-coloured, the reft of the body is of a rofe-colour or 
 
 uifh. 
 
 §. VII. | 
 Aldrovandus his afb-coloured or bluify Parrot. 
 
 His according to Aldrovandys is ten inches long :Ofthe bignefs of a tame Pigeon, 
 : or the common green Parrot. The Bill is black: The Nofthrils near to one 
 another, inthe upper part of the Bill next to the Head; which part 1s covered with 
 a naked white skin [ we afterwards obferved the fame figure and fituation of the 
 Nofthrils in all other Parrots. ] The wholebody is of anuniform colour, v7%.a dark 
 cinereous: Yet the lower part of the Back and Belly and the Rump are paler than the 
 reft of the body, and almoft white. The Tail is red of a Vermilion colour, very 
 thort, and {carce reaching further than the ends of the Wings. The region of the 
 Eyes[ fides of the head round the Eyes] is white and bare of feathers. The feathers 
 of the Head and Neck are fhorter than the others. They fay that all of this kind are 
 broygne Mina, an Indian City of St. Georges. We have {een many of them at 
 ondon. 
 
 §. VIII. 
 * The red and white Parrot of Aldrovandus. 
 
 T is equal to an indifferent great Capon, feventeen inches long. The Hea 
 Neck thick. The whole body white, but moderately fhaded with pe 
 that it feems tobe afh-coloured. _ Its Bill is black, the hooked part being longer than 
 in others. The hinder pas of the Back, the Rump, the whole Tail, and prime fea- 
 thers of the Wingsare of a Scarlet colour | Mizzaceo cobre. | The Feet, as in others 
 blackifh. In bignef$ of body it givesnot place to that greateft fort which are lefs vo- 
 cal, called Maccaws : In this only it is inferiour to them, that it hath a fhorter Tail : 
 
 a J which caufe, notwith{tanding its magnitude, we have placed it in this Cla/fis ox 
 
 §.IV. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—— ——— 
 
 L15 
 
 if 
 
 ae 
 
 a 
 
 Oo — 
 
 a en 
 
 Boon, OR NITHOLOGR 
 3) tind: ber lo wane; ot ee eee 
 
 §. IX. 
 * Margeravius his middle-fized Parrots. 
 
 ae firft Species called AJuRuCURAU isa very elegant bird. Above the Bill 
 
 on the head it hath a tuft or cop of a lovely blue. The throat, fides, and up- 
 per part of the Head are cloathed with feathers of a delicate yellow: The whole 
 body of pleafantgreen. In brief, it is elegantly variegated. The Tail js green, but 
 when it {preads it appears edged or fringed with black,red, and blue. The Legs and 
 Feet of an afh-coloour: The Bill more dusky ; The Eyes black, with a golden circle 
 about the Pupil. The Tongue of allis broad and thick, 
 
 The fecond Speciesis like to the former, alittle differing in the variegation of the 
 colours, 7%. Onthe top of the Head it hath a yellow cop, wherewith white isming- 
 led. Above the Eyes, and under the Throat it is ofa clear or bright yellow. About 
 the upper Bill is a Sea-green {pot. | 
 * The third Species called AJuRUCURUCA hath a tuft on its Head of a colour 
 mingled of blue and a little black ; and in the middle of the tuft a yellow {pot. Be- 
 low the Eyes isa yellow, and on the Throat a blue fpot. The Breaftis green, asare 
 alfo the Wings and Back, but (omewhat deeper ordarker, the ends of the Wings and 
 the Tail again being more dilute: the tips of the Wing-feathers are yellow and red, 
 mingled with blue. The Tail underneathis particoloured of green and yellow, above 
 of a pale green. The Legs of a bluith afh-colour. The Bill above cinereous, in the 
 extremities black. The Clawsblack. | 
 
 PARAGUA isablack Patrot of the bignefs of Ajurucariu: The Breaft, Back, and 
 anteriour half of the belly remarkably red : TheEyes black,encompafled with a red 
 circle or Iris: The Bill dusky, or of a dark ath-colour. ? 
 
 The TAR ABE of the Brafilians isa green Parrot bigger than a Paragua,with a red 
 Head and Breaft, of which colour is alfo the beginning of the Wings. The Beak and 
 Feet are of a dark afh-colour. 
 
 AJURUCATINGA of the Brafilians is a Parrot of the bignefs of a handfom Pul- 
 let : Allgreen, with red Eyes, and the skin about the Eyes white : The Bill and Legs 
 white. Ithath along green Tail. This iz colour and length of the tail agrees with the 
 Parakeet, but differs froue it inbigne|s. . aie 
 
 AJURUPARA agreesinall refpects withthe precedent, only it is lefs. 
 
 
 
  Cuap. IY. 
 Of the leffer fort of Parrots,called Parrakects. 
 
 * The Ring-Parrakeet or Plittacus of the Ancients, Aldrovy. 
 
 ‘4 . . ® f 
 to the Ancients for a long time, to wit, from the time o 
 Oe ete bee: to the Age of Nero, by whofe fearchers (as fo 
 nefleth ) Parrots were difcovered elfewhere, vz, in Genes Ae mee i Te 
 ‘5 y; hatha thick Bill, all over red: A yellow Iris 
 = eo aE the Eye, which is, as inmoft birds, black, The head ane at 
 the | bay belides is green; but the neck, — and wie Poe ae he 
 ‘ d. From the lower,Chap of th In¢ 
 or pale: the upper fide deeper-coloure WE as Sd tich then 
 ne} d ard as far asthe beginning of t e ase 
 China plate ie B ae a eof the neck, ail i meet with rp Me gio io 
 hg compafieth the backfide of the Neck: This ring is behind o the bells 
 gs alee fin i but grows narrower by Raters towards the ee ae “eo, Le 
 o OE ora ee ‘that it feems almoft' to be yellow. The ae ! in ; os : < 
 oe xt the belly areof adark. dusky green about the mid : ai TPP if, f 
 ditinguifhed with aged mark. ‘The Tal, whichis about two Pa Solinat doth nak 
 1 | ees | E: . 
 a yellowith green: The Legs and Feet afh OO rightly 
 
 Pa was the firft of all the Parrots brought out of Ivdia into Europe; and the 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Perchance 
 he means the 
 point. 
 
 + Flefh-co- 
 lour, 
 
 “ORNATHOLOGY.  Boox dl. 
 
 hath no difference of colour but only the ring of red about the 
 that the out-fides of the feet are red, [| extimas palmulas ru- 
 Unle(s we can think they defcribed another bird of this 
 
 rightly affirm, that 1t 
 Neck : Nor Apulezws, 
 bere | they being cinercous 
 fort. 
 
 63) Ab 
 * The wholly green Parrakeet of Aldrovandus. 
 
 His is of equal length with the former, but lefs-bodied;, being not bigger than a 
 ‘T Throftleor Mavis. The Bill is red, efpecially the upper part; for the “ edges 
 [ acies | and lower part are blackith ; the Pupil of the Eyes black, the Irides ofa red 
 and Saffion colour. The reft of the body is of a pleafant grafs-green, yet the belly 
 mote pale, the mafter-feathers of the Wings of adeeper colour. The fail narrow, 
 ending almoft ina point, near nine inches long. The Feet and Legs of a different 
 colour fromall other Parrots, viz. ared or* carneous. Thisis peculiarly by a diftine 
 name called Scincialo in Hifpaniola an Iland of America, where it is found. The Tia 
 ans for its {mall ftature and bulk call it Parochino, and the F rexchmen (as Bellonius 
 faith ) Perroguet. 
 
 The red and yellow or pale green Parrakect of Aldrovandus defcribed by the Picture 
 thereof {ent with many others out of Fapan to Pope 
 I fufpect to be fictitious, at leaft in many particulars, as are doubtlefS the reft of thofe 
 Pictures, therefore Thave omitted it, referring the Reader,who defires further know- 
 ledge of it, to Aldrovandus. | 
 
 6. Il. 
 
 * The creftedred and green Parrot of Aldrovandus. 
 , He Wings, Tail, and Creft of this bird were red, the reft of the body greens 
 | } Its Creit refembled that ‘of the crefted Parrot above deferibed. It had very 
 fair Eyes, with ablack Pupil and red Iris. The Creftconfifted of fix feathers, three 
 
 greater; and as many lefs. 
 d. IV. 
 * Margeravius his Parrakeets, called by the Brafilians Tui. 
 
 He firft Species is of thebignefs of a Swallow: all over green: Having a very long 
 long Tail, anda black hooked bill. This may be the fecond fort. 
 
 The fécond Species, called TULAPUTEJUBA, isalfo all over green; the Wings 
 darker, the reft of the body paler, fave the belly, which is yellowifh : The ail 1s 
 very long. The Bird is of the fame bignefs with the former: Hath great, blackifh 
 Eyes: A circleof yellow feathers about the Eyes, and above the Bill, which is black 
 and hooked. Onthe head it hath a great fpot of orange-coloured feathers. 
 
 The third, called Tur TIRICA, is fomewhat bigger than thofe of Guiny, of a 
 green colour allover, which for the moft part is deeper in the Back and Wings, paler in 
 the other parts: TheBill crooked, of a Carnation colour :' The Eyes black, the Feet 
 bluifh? ‘The Tail reaches a little beyond the ends of the Wings. Thefe become very 
 tame, fo that they will take meat out of ones mouth, and permit one to itroke and 
 ‘handlethem. ‘They learnalfo to talk like Parrots. 
 
 The fourth isof the bignefs of a Stare, of the fame colour with the fecond Species, 
 but having a fhorter 'T “it DO” 
 ~~ The fifth, called JENDAYA, is of the bignefS of a Blackbird ot Throftle, hath a 
 black Bill and Legs 5 black Eyes, with a golden Jré or circle encompafling the Pupil, 
 outwardly white. The Back, Wings, and Tail, as allo the lower belly are covered 
 
 * Icannot fay with’ Sreen feathers, with which a Sea-colour is mingled. The * extremity’ of the 
 
 whether he 
 
 meansthe 
 
 end,or out 
 
 {-de, 
 
 Wingsisinamanner black. The whole Head, Neck and Breaft are of a yellow co- 
 lour, partly deeper, and partly paler.” — ) ES 
 
 —"The'fixth, ‘called Ture TE, 1s of ‘the bignefS of a Lark : The whole body of a 
 light green: But the beginning of the Wings of abright blue. The borders alfo of all 
 the feathers of the Wings are blue, fothat when they are clofed, thefe borders ‘al- 
 ee . | | together 
 
 Mee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
= EE eS ee 
 
 Book: Il, ORNITHOLOGY. = | 
 
 together make an appearance of a long green ftroke near the outlides of i 
 Inthe back alfo at the rife of the Tail theres a blue fpot. The Tail is rates eae 
 
 equally extended. ] The Billof.a Carnation colour,the Legs ore or grifled. Ne 
 rile of the Bill, in the forehead it hath a Scarlet {pot ofa Sriies Meret a. 
 Crown. [ The folowing words corrupted, I fuppofe, by the erroyy of the Trasfivibens or 
 Printers, not under ftanding, Ihave omitted. | They build in Ant-hedps left by the Ants 
 which are foundin trees. | , 
 ANACA of the Bra tans, isagain of the bignefs of a Lark, Its Bill’ du 
 hooked. The feather’ on the tom the head a ofa eens : Onthe chee 
 the Head aboutthe Eyes of abrown. The Throat is ath-colouired: the-Neck above 
 and the fides green. The Belly hath réddith brown feathers: The back is green, and 
 hath a {pot of a light brown. | The Tail is alfo ofa dilute brown. In the bevinning 
 of the Wings is a crinifon {potor border: Thereft of the Wings green; theends or. 
 ly of a Sea-water colour. The Legs above covered with green feathers, below bare 
 and of an afh-colour, having black Claws. In fine it is a very elegant bird. 
 QurijuBA TUT is all yellow, ‘of the bignefs of Tuiapara: witha hooked grey Bill, 
 and black Eyes. The end of the Wings is of a dark green: ‘The Tail Jong and yel- 
 low. Iteafily becomes very tame. . 
 
 §.-V. 
 The Scarlet Parakeeto with green and black Wings. 
 
 T 1s bigger than a Blackbird = The whole body of a Scarlet coloui: The ‘covert 
 ] feathers of the Wings green; the prime feathers black ; having their exteriour 
 webs green above, and of a Crimfon colour underneath, The ridges of the Wings 
 yellow. The Tail a Palm long, confifting of twelve feathers, whofe lower halves 
 arered, the upperbeing green or yellow. The Bill yellow, very: much hooked, hang- 
 ing down half aninch. The Irides of the Eyes yellow: The: skin of the fides of 
 the Head round the Eyes is bare, and of an ath-colour. The Legs very fhort and 
 black. A ring of green feathers compaties thelegsabove the knees. We faw°this-at 
 London inthe {hop of a certain trade{-man, who'told us thatit was brought out ofthe 
 Faft-Indies. Ps is Sik. 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 * Cluftus bis Difcourfe and Account of Patrots. 
 
 4 ] “He Noble Philip Marnixins of St. Aldegond had a Purrot; whom I have oft 
 
 heard laugh like aman, when he was by the by-ftanders’ bidden {6 to-do in 
 
 the French Tongue, ii thele words : Riex, Perroguet; riex 5 that ‘is, Launch; 
 Parrot, langh. Yea, which was moré wonderful, it would preéftntly add in the French 
 Tongue, as if it had been endued. with reaion, but doubtlefs fo taught, O:le grand 
 fot, qui me fai rire s thatis, O-great fool, who makes me laugh: And was wont to 
 repeat thole words twice or thrice. But among others I faw one of thofé ee ones 
 inthe honfe of the illuftrious Lady, Mary of Bremen, Dutchefs of Gray and Arefchot, 
 of happy memory; before fhe went out of Holland, the liké whereto fot variety and 
 elegancy of colours, I donot remember to’ hdve ever feen.. For though almott alk 
 the feathers covering the body were red, yet the feathers of the Tail ¢ which were 
 very long ) werepartly red, and partly blue ; but thofe on the Bac: and Wings'parti- 
 coloured of yellow, red, and: green, with a mixture alfo of blue. Its Head about 
 the Eyes was white andvatied with waved black lines, like the Head of the Canida, 
 I do not remember the: like Parrot defcribed in any Author; Moreover, this Bird 
 was fo in love with Ava the Dutchefles Neece,. now Countefs of Meghen, and * Ba- - oe 
 ronéefsof Grosbeke, that where ever the walkedabout the Room it would follow her, *? Lady. 
 and if it {aw any onetouch her cloaths; would {trike at him with its Bill; fo ‘tharir 
 
 feemed to be pofiefied with a fpirit of jealoufie. That Parrot of the greater’ _— 
 
 
 
1198 
 
 
 
 Pe ee 
 il. 
 
 ORNITHOLOG?. Book 
 
 called by the Brafilians Arat, as Leri 
 ; rat, eriws write 
 a): <— prime feathers of the Sirk ee a bea very handfom one. 
 eke 8) a / £ Scarlet-coloured, half of an elegant < — are a foot and 
 f that 1s satis as. the middle long-ways aifting ' as a 
 that the reft of th fone ing on one fide the fhaft blue, on th ae a a 
 ot, eho : eathers of the whole body are altogeth eother fide red } but 
 the Brafliant, be greater Parrots, Viz. Arat and Canide - es eae adds, that 
 Clothe cs — they pluckt their feathers three Coe re in great efteem among 
 oe ae = eee lers,and Curtains : And though they ar pad ee a year, tO make 
 Woods. fides chat oe _— in great trees in themiddle of th villege ee 
 chrenaee tout eae i 2 two huge ones, the fame Leriws reports, th fi ; hi ages than in 
 thick-bodied ones Or ae ae the Braftliaus. The firft of men are found 
 ving its head adlisaie ed aw: onoupinamb outit, a people of Bralil call é great ‘and 
 endeof the Win d with feathers particoloured of yellow, , icurows, hia- 
 gs of alovel red d yeuow, red, and violet, tl 
 the reft of the body bei y red, and the feathers of the Tail lon t, the 
 ae ng wholly green: That this kind is feld g and yellow ; 
 . : ) there isn is 1eidom tranf| orted ; 
 to {1 eak, He nade « one that may more eafil d Into 
 Pe Lr hat acertain. Brafili y= perfeatly be tau h 
 miles diftant from the Ifla oa certain rafilian woman, living in a Ville ght 
 trol: Villa 
 of this kind, which fh n > ‘n which he with other F renchmen rs ] . ge two 
 ftanding an Dentin oo e much of 5 which feemed to be endu 1 & nas Parrot 
 brought # up For et it could difcern and com reh d . with that under- 
 , : , faithhe, walki nprenen whatever fhe faid 
 that Village, when 1 : , walking forth fometimes to refrefh aid who 
 thefe word > yy: pa ed by that womans houfe, fh our felves as faras 
 eae fing 5 +3 - you gine me aComb, or a Tookine-cla 6 I ror to call upon us in 
 ee at tine cae efore you ¢ If we agreed to her ‘fe veft «G prefently make my 
 it ftood, but alfo tp eee bo began not only to ice up is aie ie oe had pro- 
 the B “I and whiftle, and imitat erch on which 
 satis es sm ee ene al tt a eee - Pern ee of 
 that fh : It ling, 1 {ang, to bid it | 1. 3 er woen it came 
 Glent ee anata what the aah fhe Gai base a But if taking it ill 
 to move either ee held its peace 5 neither could ae ae that is, be {till or 
 ganas, and is lik eth fe P, tongue, - The fecond kind is called Bi iy Re ovoke it 
 ee “ts oO = arrots thatare wont to be brought int _ Brafilians Mar- 
 sce tan Poh mle or abundance, they big nt 
 ovis, are not greater thanas Us: he third fort of Pa y being notlefs 
 th a Starling, and h . rrots, called b 
 anid 3 aia reen: But the feathers of id Tait oMich ane covered sahteds 
 iat Fcmery ee He added farther, that he had "= arevery long ) havea 
 ( y ai not build Nefts hangin d obferved, that ree 
 ome by their Topo hj “ own on the bough ‘ arrots of 
 se caaiou oP grap ical Tables Poutd perfuade us: Eee in or twigs of trees, as 
 Parrots bro fe, eh CL hard and firm. Then Ch in the hollows of trees 
 Stereos end ee of the Brafilians, not riser us that he faw 
 white Bill: and they who we ene 3 green colout but all bi ing the bignefs of a 
 to fruit: That they fed th a ae over reported, that thi Maid mort Tailand 
 the fecond Voyage th Holle y the way with grains of Mai +h ind was very noxious 
 re they Seema a the Ea/t Indies in Fa ae —— a 
 ring ol af arrots fa ) anid Gertaty nel 
 ae a i ee gv Secnsiore teed — eee they famconrdl 
 elegant a col the Moluccas: That th ed Noyras by the P 
 of iad, ee de a —- thought more Dg cael very Pigrbodinddoue of ‘ 5 
 colour; the Back with am overed with nel on by the hai | 
 ti -coloured Pl a florid, fhini ; 
 i Sang po, gene and blues - Und ad ‘ = ma adorned Y ae i. 
 they were a ed. But that the price of thofe bi e Wings the feathers w cathers 
 the Portugue oe at lef than eight or ten Gorin peas chore: wag vary sens Se 
 efi it, a - t cae ae copter bring over Election L i nrimnal shat 
 eal of care and induft e too tender and delicate. B o Lisbon, but could n 
 not of thechoiceft uftry brought one alive as GE ut the:Holanders witha Sa 
 or Gildenetthnt , yet might have been fold ; mterdamy which thoughi great 
 : Provine hat is fom old for one hundred ugh it were 
 cord e, that 1s fe red and 
 sie ciao Diary of that ayaa: ee oie than feventy Dolan Florens 
 nd words, which ithad h ird by the way had learned t aap 
 . eard of the Mariners, and i ned to pronounce: 
 » and its Mafter had made it — 
 
 fo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Boox I. ORNITHOLOGY. ! 
 
 fo tame, that it would put its Bill into his Mouth and Ears without doing him any 
 harm, and would put in order the hairs of his beard if difcompofed + And jf an 
 one elfe offered to touch him, it would prefently fhap or peck at him, as if ithad 
 been fome Dog. Furthermore (faith he ) in the yearot Chrift 160s, Facob Platean 
 fent me the figure ofa certain Parrot, drawn to the life in colou 
 
 1 ts, the like wheretg 
 feeing I have Not as yet feen, nor remember to have met with any where defcribed, I 
 thought fit to fubjoyn the figure of it Printed, in this Auarium to my Hiftory of 
 
 Exotics. He wrotethat he had kept it above two ‘ars, that it was of ¢ 
 of a Pigeon: That it hada Head almoft like a Hawks. to Wit, covered rs, 
 loured feathers : Sparkling Eyes, The Neck and Breaft were befet with particoloured 
 feathers s which when it was angry, or any one molefted it, by bringing any Animal 
 near to the Cage in which it was fhut up, it would fet an end, fo that it feemed to 
 bein a manner crefted. Thofe feathers were of a reddith colour, and in the out- 
 ward part, [I fuppofe he means round the borders or edges ] of a moft elegant blue. 
 The feathers of the Belly were almoft of like colour, yet moreover clouded with 
 
 
 
 bluith. The Tail was compofed of many green feathers, but not long. I could not 
 neglec& to propofe to the Readers view afmallfort of Parrot, brought thefe laft years 
 from fitthiopia and the places bordering on Manicongo, by the Holkend Skippers, with 
 the figure of the Male, (but the Female is much more elegant, for there was one 
 brought of both Sexes. ) The bulk of the body was equal in bignels toa Chaffinch : 
 That is, was two inches and an half long from the bottom of the Neck to the Rump. 
 All the feathers covering the body were of a green colour 5 among which yet there 
 appeared a manifeft difference : For thofeon the Back were deeper coloured; thofe 
 on the Belly paler. The flag-feathers of the Wings’ were three inches long; and . 
 though on the upper fide; on that fide the fhaft which hath the fhorter Villi, as far ag 
 they cover one another, they were tin@tured with a deep greens yet on the other 
 fide which hath longer di, and op all the under-fide they were dusky or brown. 
 The feathers of the Tail were moft elegant, wellnigh two inches long, little lefs than 
 half'aninch broad, on that part next the Rump of a green colour mingled with yel- 
 low, nextof an elegant red, thenof a black, and laft of all of a green. And thefe 
 three laft colours were diftin@ from one another, asisto be feenin the Tail-feathers of 
 fome green Parrots, of the great kind | called Maccaws,] But thefe feathers are 
 {carcely feen unlefs when fhe {preads her Tail, becaufe they are covered with others 
 of thefamelength, which are wholly green. The Neck is {hort and thick: The fea- 
 thers covering the Head very {hort and green ; except thofe on the crown above the 
 - Bill, and on the whole throat, for they are of a lovely florid red colour. I {peak of 
 the Male, for the feathers of the Female were of a paler red, and did not take up fo 
 large a {pace asin the Male. The Eyes were very black, the Bill thick and ftrong; 
 the upper Chap hooked and fharp-pointed, as in other forts of Parrots : Its colour 
 reddifh. The Legs fhort, {carce attaining the length of half an inch, covered with 
 afh-coloured fcales, asthe feet of other common Parrots, and thofe divided into four 
 Toes 3 of which two ftood forward, and were of unequal length, two backward, 
 and they alfo unequal: The fhorter, which were the inner, having two joynts, the 
 longer ; which were the outer, three. The Claws were white, and of a good length. 
 Tobferved itto have a very finall voice, and only to peep like a Chicken. It delights 
 Incompany. Whenit eats, it doth not hold its meatinone foot, like other Parrots, 
 but picks up its meat with its Bill by jobbing: But its meat for the moft part is Canary 
 seed 5 for I obferved it to feed more willingly upon that than any other kind of Seed. 
 I {aw fome that were {o taught that they would pick up crums of bread dipt or moift- 
 ned with water. Its drink is water. TI obferved further in this bird, that the F “a 
 males, when they grew old, would {carce eat any meat, but what had ee : 
 up by the Male, and kept a while in his Crop, and there mollified or errs % = 
 which they received with their Bills, as young Pigeons are wont to be fed and no 
 rifhed by the old ones, 
 
 §. Vil. 
 
 
 
 
 
: : 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 ee: 2 ee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I. 
 
 2. VIL. 
 * Bontius his fall Parrakeet. 
 
 T is of the bignefsof a Lark, hath a hooked Bill, grey of colour, as is alfo the 
 ] throat; black Eyes, encompafled with a filver circle [I fuppofe he means the 
 Iris.| The Tongue islike a Parrots with folid ligaments. It can fet up {pectous feathers 
 on the crownof its Head likea Creft. Its Legs and Feet are ofan afh-colour. It hath 
 a very long Tail, reaching about ten inches beyond the ends of the Wings. Both the 
 Belly underneath, and alfo the Head, Neck, and Tail above are of a beautiful red 
 colour: But the Breaft and lower feathers of the Tail are of a pale rofe-colour, which 
 seers end ina lovely blue, or colour mingled of white and green. The 
 Wings are chiefly green, but interwoven with red feathers, the one half whereof is 
 {o variegated on each fide with yellow and rofe colour, that expofed to the Sun it re- 
 prefents a thoufand varieties of {hining colours, and can hardly be exprefied bya 
 Painter: So that this bird deferves to be highly prized by great pertons. 
 
 Thefe Parrots are found chiefly in the midland Countries: They rooft and build 
 onthehigheft trees. They fly incompanies, and witha great noife, asdoth the whole 
 tribe of Parrots. They are alfo garrulous,and learnto pronounce fome wordsifthey 
 
 be kept tame. 
 
 §. VIII. 
 * Margeravius his Brafilian Ani of kin to the Parrots. 
 
 His Bird is of the bignefs of a Throftle or Mavis, wholly black, Wings, Bill, 
 Eyes, andFeet. It hatha long, erect Tail, of fix inches length. Its Bill is 
 high, broad, an inchlong or fomething more 5 the lower part almoft ftreight, the up- 
 per high, broad, of a femilunar figure and comprefied, fo that above it is almoft 
 edged. The Legs and Feet flender. It hath four Toes, two ftanding forwards, two 
 backwards, after the manner or Parrots. It cries with a loud voice, in one tone 
 yiiliy, inthe middle more elevated. They are frequent in all Woods, but not good 
 to €at. : | 
 
 
 
 
 
Book IL ORNITHOLOGY: 
 at 
 
 : THE | 
 SECOND PART 
 OF THE 
 
 FIRST BOOK. 
 
 Of Birds with freighter or lefs hooked Bills 
 
 
 
 THE First SECTION, 
 
 Or Greater Biros. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crap. i, 
 
 Birds with thick, frreight, and large Bills. 
 
 carnivorous and rapacious, being very greedy of dead Carkafles and Car- 
 rion 5 or upon Infects only. The firft may be divided into fuch whofe bo- 
 ! dy is for the moft part of one colour, and that black, which we. call the 
 Crow-kind : Or fach whofe body is particoloured, and who chatter much, az, the 
 Pie-kind. Of thofe which feed upon Infeéts only there is but one family, to wit, 
 Wood-peckers. YettheReader is totake notice, that when we afirm Woodpeckers to 
 feed only upon Infects, we underftand Woodpeckers properly and ftritly {0 called : 
 For there are fome birds which we have referred to this Genus of Woodpeckers largely 
 taken, which feed alfo upon fruit, as for example, the Nuthatch, Wall-creeper,&c. 
 
 ‘Ts either feed indifferently upon Infects and Fruit; fome of them alfo aré 
 
 eS 
 
 
 
 Cuap. I. 
 Birds of the Crow-kind. 
 
 §. Lk 
 The Raven, called in Latine Corvus, in Greek Koegé. 
 
 T “He Bird we defcribed weighed two pounds and two ounces: Its length from tts weighe, 
 the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail was two feet andoneinch. The lenges aa 
 
 ue diftince between the extremities of the Wings extended was four feet and" ” 
 
 halfaninch. The Billlong, thick, fharp, and very black: The upper Chap fome- The Eilt, 
 
 thing hooked, butnot fo asin Hawks, the lower ftreight: The Tongue broad, cleft at Tongue, 
 
 the tip, rough, and black underneath. The Iris of the Eye or ring encircling the Eye. 
 
 Pupil confit as it wereof a double circle, the exteriour being of a light cinereous 
 
 or afh-colour, the interiour of adark cinereous. Black hairs or briftles bending from 
 
 the Head downwards cover the Nofthrils. The Plumage is black all over the body, _ Nofthrils 
 
 having a blue {plendour or glofS 3 which is feen efpecially in the Tail and Wings. The cael a the 
 
 Belly is fomething paler, inclining to brown. On the middle of the Back grow only 
 
 downy feathers: For the Back 1$ covered with thoft long feathers that {pring from | 
 
 the fhoulders, as in many othér birds. The number of prime feathers in each Wing The Prime’ 
 
 istwenty, of whichthe firft 1s fhorter than the fecond, the fecond than the third, and Mh Sk 
 
 that than the fourth,which is thé longeft of all. Inall from the fixth to the eighteentlt quis 
 
 the fhaftextends further than the Vanes, and ends ina fharp point. 
 R The 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — rs —s —— ~ ‘ 
 a > _~ —- Se ees ee ln 
 a - ba . ws 
 " i ie i = " - — = — a 
 * a en De “. = . _— ~ i 
 ee — a = — — o 
 * v4 ‘ 7 
 oe 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 ~ Boow IE. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 The Tailis about nine inches long, made up of twelve feathers, the exteriour be- 
 j dually fomewhat fhorter than the interiour. 
 ae hath are crooked Claws, efpecially thofe of the back-toes. The outmoft fore- 
 toe is joyned to the middlemott from the divarication to the firft joynt. 
 
 The Liver is divided into two Lobes. It hath alarge Gall fticking to the Guts. 
 The length of the Guts is forty threeinches ; of the blind-guts one inch. 
 
 The Gullet below the Bill is dilated into a kind of bag, wherein fhe brings meat to 
 feed her Young.” The ftomachwithin is wrinkled. The Raven feeds not only upon 
 Fruits and Infects, but alfo upon the Carkafles of beafts, birds, and fifhes; moreover, 
 it fets upon, kills,and devours living birds, after the manner of Hawks. _ . 
 
 We have {een one‘or two milk-white Ravens: Aldrovandys mentions divers; and 
 faith that they are often found in England: But without doubt he was miftaken or 
 mifinformed ; for they are feldom feen among us; infomuch that they are_carit- 
 ed up and down to be {hewn for money. I rather think, that they are found in thole 
 Mountainous or Northern Countries, which are for the greateft part of the year-co- 
 vered with fuow : Where alfo many other Animals change their native colours, and 
 become white, as Bears,\ Foxes, Hares, Blackbirds, &c. whether it proceeds from 
 the force of the imagination heightned by the conttant intuition of Snow, or from 
 the cold of the Climate, occafioning fuch a languifhing of colour; as we feein old 
 Age, when the natural heat decays, the hair growsgrey, and at laft white. 
 
 They fay that a Raven may be reclaimed and trained up for fowling, after the man- 
 ner of a Hawk. 
 
 Ravens are found not only in one part or Region of the World, but abound in all 
 Countries: Do eafily bear all changes of weather, fearing neither heat nor cold, en- 
 during well to abide and live where-ever there is plenty of meat for them. Arid 
 though they are faid to love folitude; yet do they very often live and build inthe 
 midft of the moft populous Cities, as Aldrovandus delivers, and experience ¢on- 
 firms. They build in high Trees,or old Towers, inthe beginning of March with us in 
 England; and fometimes fooner. They lay four or five, and fometimes fix Eggs 
 before they begin to fit. Their Eggs are of a pale greenifh blue, full of black {pots 
 and lines. | | 
 
 Whatisreported by Heffod and othersof the Ancients, of the long lives of Ra- 
 vens is without doubt fabulous. Butythat all Birds in gencral compared with Qua- 
 drupeds are long-lived ‘we have already proved by divers examples in feveral kinds ; 
 And that Ravens areinthe number of thelongeft lived we will not deny. 
 
 ook 
 The common or carrionCrow, Cornix. 
 
 He Cock, which we defcribed, weighed twenty two ounces [ another but 
 # twenty. ] Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Feet waseigh- 
 teen inches and an half, to the end of the Tail about an inch more: Its breadth be- 
 tween the extremities of the Wings fpread two feet and two inches. © The Bill ftrong, 
 thick, ftreight, from the tip to the Angles of the Mouth two inches and almoft an 
 half long 5 the lower Mandiblebeing fomewhat the fhorter: The Tongue cleft, and 
 as it were jagged ortorn. The Eyes great, having Irides of a Hazel colour. The 
 Nofthrils round, covered with black briftles reflected toward the end of the Bill. 
 The Plumage of the whole body is black, only the ground or bottom of the fea- 
 thers of a Lead or dark afh-colour. | 
 
 The beam-feathers are in number twenty in each Wing 5 whereof the firft is fhorter 
 than thefecond, the fecond than the third, that than-the fourth, which is the longeft 
 of all; being by meafure ten inches three quarters: The inner of thefe feathersend in 
 tharp points. | 
 oe Tail was feven inches andan half long, compofed of twelve feathers of equal 
 
 ength., | | 
 
 The Legs and Feet black » The Claws black and ftrong: The outmott fore-toeis 
 joyned to the middle onefrom the bottom as far as the firft joynt. 
 
 The Liver divided into two Lobes; of which the right isthe greater. It hatha 
 largeGall; whichempties it felfby a double channel into the Guts. The Mufcles of 
 the ftomach are but {mall The Guts have many revolutions: The blind’s no more 
 than half aninch long. Scarce any foot-{tep to be found of the* Duttws inteftinalis. 
 f channel conveying the Yolk to the Guts. ] This 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ee epee Se 
 
 Boox IIL. ORNITHOLOGY. 123 
 Carkafles of dead Animals its Food. 
 upon Carrion, but alfo fer 
 Ravens Moreover, it cats 
 nd Seas they fay it meddle; 
 
 This’ Bird delights to feed upon Carrion, that.is the 
 when they begin to putrefie. Neither doth jt feed only 
 upon, kill, and devour living birds, in like manner 4s the 
 Grain and all forts of Infeés in England at leat. For beyo 
 with no kind of Giain. . 
 
 This kind of Bird abounds with us in Britain, as Cardan and Turner t Its place; 
 becaufe here is plenty of food for them, They build upon high t eee oe 
 
 7 | tees, and lay four or where i: 
 five Eggs at a time, like Ravens, but lef. They are very noifom.to Lambs new. builds. 
 
 yeaned if they be weak and feeble, firft picking: out. their eyes. They are {aid to 
 have avery fagacious fent, fo that it is difficult to.fhoot them, they {melling the Gun: 
 powder at a great diftance. 
 
 Ravens, Crows,&c. roott (as they fay }) upon trees with their Bills direhed toward 
 the Sun-rifing. | | 
 
 That the Crow it felf (faith Aldrovandus ). 1s capable of. humane {peech, and hath Crows taught 
 been taught to pronounce feveral words, both.we our felves do certainly know, and ‘peak. 
 Plinysa Witnefs beyond exception, teftifieth, writing thus: There was alfe in the City 
 of Rome, whileft I was recording thefe things,.a Crow belonging toa Roman Gentleman, 
 bronght out of Betica, pirft admirable for its colour, which was exceeding black, thex pro- 
 
 “ouncing many words in connexion, and stil learning more and more. Kg for its pace, it 
 is reckoned among thofe birds which neither run, nor leap, but walk. Aldro- 
 vandus. 
 
 The Females only fit, and that diligently, the Males in the mean time bring them Their mane 
 
 food, as Ariftotle faith. In moft other birds which pair together, the Male and Fe- et of incu- 
 male fit byturns. They do not (faith Aldrovandus ) as I hear, feed their Young till they theta a 
 begin to be feathered ; the {ame al(o is reported of Ravens, and many other birds that their young: 
 are much onthe Wing. You will] fay, wherewithal are they nourithed inthe mean oo 
 time, and how do they grows I anfwer, with the Yolk of theEgg remaining in the " 
 Belly after exclufion. For we have elfewhere fhewn, that a good part of the Yolk 
 is received. into the cavity of. the belly ia birds newly hatched, which being by de- 
 grees conveyed into the Guts by a certain paflage called by us dudtus inteftinalis, ferves 
 to nourifh the Young newly excluded. 
 
 §. Il. 
 
 Cornix fingivora fen. fiugilega: The Rook. 
 
 r I weighed niheteen ounces:. Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the irs. weight ., , 
 & Tail was twenty inches, to the end of the Claws eighteen. The breadth or di- and meafures. 
 {tance between the tips of the Wings extended thirty eight inches. It hath no Craw, 
 but inftead thereof the Gullet below the Bill is dilated intoa kind of bag, wherein it 
 brings meat to feed its Young. Say 
 
 In the old ones of this fort the feathers about the root of the Bill as far as the EYVes The Bill, 
 are worn off, by. often thrufting the Bill into the ground, to: fetch out Earth- , 
 worms, ec. So that the flefh thereabouts is bare, and appears of a whitifh colour: ra 
 By which note this bird may be diftinguifhed:from the commonCrew. Howbeit the How it differs 
 Bill it {elf is not white, as BeYonzys writes, and others believe. It differs alfo from the from the 
 
 Crow, 2. In that itis fomewhat bigger: 3. In the purple fplendour or glofs of its fea- Crow, 
 
 thers ; 4. In thatit is gregarious, both flying and breeding in company. si 
 
 The number of beam-feathers in each Wing is twenty; of which the fourth is the The Wing. 
 longeft, being by meafure ten inchesand a quarter. The fhafts of the middle veg ak 
 feathers end in briftles or {pines. The Tail is feven inches and an_half long, uae The Tail; 
 up of twelve feathers; the exteriour whereof are a little fhorter than the middle 
 ones. 
 
 The Bill from the.tip to the Angles of the:mouth is two inches and an half long. a 
 
 The Noftrils round: The Tongue black, horny,. and clovenatthe end. The hind-toe }°" ae 
 
 hath a large {trongClaw. Theoutmott fore-t6e is joyned to the middlemoft, as in Toes. 
 
 the Crom. = oe 
 
 Tt hatha largeGall; fhort blind-guts like the €row, of abouthalfan inch. The fto- The Gars anid 
 mach is great and mu(culous as in granivorous birds: The Guts wide and varioutly Sept 
 reflieted: They are moft greedy of Corn, yet feed alfo upon Earth-worms and other 
 
 Infects, refraining from garbage and carrion. 
 
 R 2 Fhey 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 ae 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i? oe 5 
 ™ pu ” 
 » - 
 Zz 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ee 
 Manner of They build many toger’ 
 breeding. = much delighted with the nol 
 
 How to fright  Thefe Birds are not 
 them away. tg employ Children with hooting, and Crac 
 
 
 
 sie eine 
 124 ORN ITHOLOGY. Boox Il. 
 ether upon high ‘trees about Gentlemens houfes, who are 
 fe they make in breeding time. Both Cock and Hen fit 
 
 Eggs. by turns. Their Eggs are like Crows, but lefler, fpotted with greater fpots, efpeci 
 ally about the blunt end. i | 
 
 T have been told by a worthy Gentleman of Su/ex, who himfelf obferved it, that 
 
 when Rooks build, one of the Pair always fits by to watch the Neft, tillit be finifhed, 
 
 whilft the other goes about to fetch materials. Elfe if both go, and leave the Neft 
 
 unfinifhed, ( as {ometimes they venture to do) thetr fellow-R.ooks ere they return 
 
 again, will have rob’d and carried away to their feveral Nefts all their f{ticks, and 
 
 whatever elfe they had got together. Hence perhaps the word Rooking with us 1s 
 
 ufed for cheating or abufing. 
 fome to Corn and Grain: So that the Husbandmen are forced 
 
 kers, and Rattlesof Metal, and finally, 
 
 with throwing of {tones to fcare them away. Such as have no Servants or Children 
 to {pare for fucha purpofé, make ufe of other devices; either of Mills made with 
 Sails, to be turned by the Wind, making a continual fnappimg as they turn, where- 
 with they fright the birds,or of Bugbears, or (as we call them ) Scare-Crows placed up 
 and down the fields, and drefied up in a Country habit, which the birds taking for 
 Countiy men dare not come near the grounds where they ftand. 
 
 Iwas alfo told by: the foré-mentioned Gentleman, that if Rooks infeft your Corn, 
 they will be more terrified by tal Rook and plucking it limb from limb in their 
 fight, and then cafting the feveral limbs about your field, than if you hang up half a 
 
 dozen dead Rooks in it. 
 
 §. IV. 
 The Royfton Crow. Cornix cirieréa frugilega. 
 
 Its weight Hat we defcribed weighed about twenty two ounces. Its meafures weré from 
 and meafures. the point of the Bill-to the end of the Tail twenty two inches; to the Angles 
 of the mouth two inches and an half: Between’the Wings extended, three feet and 
 three inches. | pee = = 
 {ts Bill, The Billlong, ftrong, fmooth, black, but having the tip whitifh 5 the upper Chap 
 Noftrils,  {Qmewhat longer than thelower,and a little bowed or crooked. The Nofthrils round, 
 Tongue, covered withbriftly hairs. The Tongue broad, black, a little cloven, and rough on 
 Eyes. the fides. The Irides of the Eyes of acinereous Hazel colour. 
 The colour of The Head, Wings, and Throat, as far as the Breaft-bone black, with a certain 
 its feathers. bhie glofs: The Breatt, Belly, Back, and Neck cinereous or grey, the fhafts of the 
 feathers being blackifh. The feathers on the Throat where the black and cinéreous 
 meet have their exteriour fides cinereous, and their interiour black. The Back is of 
 fomewhat a darker afh-colour than the Belly. 
 Thequils or Tt hathineach Wing twenty mafter-feathers, of which the firft is the fhorteft, the 
 prime Wins" third, fourth, and fifth equal. From the fixth the fhafts being produced above the 
 The Tal. feathers, end in fharp points. The Tail confilts of twelve feathers, the exteriotir 
 whereof were gradually fomething fhorter than the interiour to the middlémoft 
 which were feven inches and an half long. 
 whetees and ‘Fhe back-toe and Claw are large: The é€xteriour and interiour fore-toes equal 
 Claws. and their Clawsreach as far asthe root of the Claw of the middle Toe. The outmott 
 | and middle Toe are joyned at the bottom asin the Crom. 
 its Entrails, TheLiver i8 divided into two Lobes : The Stomach: or Gizzard large, and in that 
 Food, ye ng og was fall of Wheat, Barley, and other Grain. It is infefted with Lice and 
 icks. 
 In Summer time (faith Aldrovandus ' it lives in high Mountains, where it alfo 
 builds : Inthe Winter ( compelled’ asis likely by the cold) it defcends into the Plains. 
 On the Heathsabout Newmarket, Royfton, and elfewhere in Cambridgeshire, it is fre- 
 quently feen in Winter time. 
 
 place, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bice Tl) Rd Or a aa 
 Boox II, ORNITHOLOGY. 125 
 ap LS neni aa 
 
 é. V. 
 The Fack-dew, Monedula, 
 
 Ee tea = “roe and an half’; being in length from the tip of the Billto the Its weight: 
 
 - of the Tail t irteen inches and.an half, in breadth between the tips of the {rgth, and 
 
 ings fpread two feet four inches and an half... The Bill is ftrong, from the’ shite ceca 
 — a of the ane an —_ and a quarterlong. The Notthrils esha - ee 
 airy teathers cover the Nofthrils, and:half the Bill : ‘Th con oi Sites I Soa 
 7 Fhe Elves whifdioy tdeliiks io e Bill: The Tongue clovens the Trides eae 
 
 e hinder part of the- Head as far as the middle of the Neck incl; , “olous 
 , | ncline t ain- ur. 
 
 colour, \as alfo the Bréaft and Belly, but lefS; elfe the whole Plumage is beck wate feathers e 
 ~— — ape : the fore-part of the Head is‘ofia deeper black. 
 
 Cnumbcr of prime feathers in each Wing is twenty : Of which the firft 1 - Prime Wing. 
 ter by half than the fecond, the third and fourth the lohgeft of all.’ F tikes a feathers or © 
 venth, the fix following have the tops of their Vanes fo running forth on each fide * - 
 above their thafts, that thefe feathers feem tobe * crenate in their tops; and:from the * Notched, 
 — of Seana {haft of the: feather is contmued in formrof a briftle. The 
 number of #£ ail-feathers is twelve, whereof the exteriour are fi hat fh The Tail, 
 length of the Tail five inches and an half. an er ma realy 
 _ The back-toe and Claw greater than in‘otherbirds isufual. The outmoft fore-toe The Toes and 
 joyned tothe middlemoft at the bottom, asin the reft of this kind. Claws, 
 
 It hath no Craw: The ftomach is mufculous: The length of the Guts was twenty Its Entrails, 
 four inches, It: feeds upon Nuts, Fruits, Seeds, andInfects. The Appendicesor blind F°4. 
 Guts fmall, and {carce an inch long. a 
 
 The Headof this Bird, in refpedct of its body, is great 5. whichargues him to be in- 744s 
 genious and crafty 5 whichis foundttueby experience, | —- 
 
 Jackdaws ufually frequent and build in ancient Caftles, Towers, Houfes.and Stone- where ic. 
 walls, efpecially if they be defolate and ruinous, in great numbers. They bnild al{o haunts and 
 fometimes in Trees, as we canteftifie upon our own experience, though Aldrovandus “*°™ 
 be unwilling to believe it. They lay five or fix Eges, lefler, paler, andhaving fewer Eggs 
 {pots thantbofe of Crows. ? 
 
 Aldrovandws makes the Latine Graculus, which anfwers to the Greek Koaoids, a Thenames, 
 common or general name, containing under it four Species, viz.the CoraciasorC hough, 
 
 the Lnpws or Jackdaw, the Scurra or and the Graculws palmipes or Shag. 
 But the words Koaors and Graculasare fometimes appropriated to the Jackdaw, ashe 
 acknowledges. | 
 
 Befides the common fackdaw we have now deferibed, Aldrovandus fets forth a fi- The Rixe- 
 gure of another, differing from this, only in that it hath a white ring about its neck, 74!” 
 Gefner allo writes from the report of others, that about Zug in Switzerland there is 
 found a ‘fackdaw diltinguifhed fromthe common by a ring of white encompafling 
 hisneck. As for that Spectes-of Daw [:Graculzs] in Rhatia known by the name of 
 Lulla, which Gefzer alfo mentions, having a blue head; he giving us no other notes 
 of it, I cannot tel] what to determine concerning it. The Vulgar and ignorant 
 Fowlers love to tellwonders, and amplifie things, and therefore their relations are 
 not much tobe confided in. What Gefner delivers of his own fight or knowledge, i 
 readily believeand accept for truc, ‘he bemg an Author of great judgment, and no 
 lefs fidelity and mtegrity ; But what he hath from the relation-of others I do-often 
 fulpect. Befides it is to be obferved, ‘that fhort, rude, imperfed, and general de- 
 {criptions, made by fuch'as were not prattifed and skilful in deferibing and obfer- 
 ving the certain and characteriftic nores of each: Species, have oocalioned great 
 confufion, and multiplication of more kinds‘of ‘birds and other Creatures than Na- 
 ture hath produced. 
 
 §. VI. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 Se ea 
 126 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il 
 
 Q. VI. 
 The Cornifh Chongh, Coracias feu Pyrrhocorax. 
 
 its weight He Femiale weighed twelve ounces andar’ half, the Male: thirteen. The length 
 and meafures. from the point of the Bill tothe end of the Feet fixteen inches -and’an half, to 
 the end of the Tail feventeen. ‘The Wings fpread were thirty three inches and an 
 half wide. 
 
 Howit differs. -[tislikea Jackdaw, but bigger, and almoft equalto a Crow. : it differs chiefly from 
 Pickem the Fackdaw in the Bill, which 1s longer, red, fharp, a little bowed or crooked: The 
 Its Bil, _ » upper Mandible being fomething longer thanthe lower. The Nofthrils round : The 
 Le Tongue broad, thin, anda little cloven, fhorter than the Bill. The fides of the fit- 
 Palae. fares of the Palate'and Windpipe and of the root of the Tongue are rough, and as 
 TheFeet, it were hairy. . Feathers reflected downwards cover the Nofthrils. The Feet and 
 
 The colour of Legs are like thofe ofa Fackdaw, but red of colour. The Plumage of the wholebody 
 mets* all over is black. 
 
 The prime The number of prime feathers in each Win istwenty : Of which the firft is fhor- 
 on ter than the fecond, that than the third, the third than the fourth, which is the lon- 
 ie e{t of all, being by meafure teninches andan half. The Wings complicated extend 
 
 The Tail. 55 far asthe endof the Tail. The Tail-feathers are in number twelve, all equal, or 
 if any difference be, the middle alittle the longer, asin the re{t of this kind, being by 
 mea{ure 5% inches. 
 
 The Entrails, 1 he Liver was divided into two Lobes, of which the left wasthelefs : The Spleen 
 long, foft, and round: The Stomach flefhy, and full of Infects. . 
 
 Its place. It frequents Rocks, old Caftles, and Churches by the Sea-fide,, It is found not only 
 
 : sn Cormwal, but alfo in Wales and all along the Weftern Coaft of Exgland, about the 
 
 Cliffs and Rocks near the Sea. Its Voice ‘5 like that of the common Fackdaw, but 
 
 | more hoarfe. 
 
 oe Aldrovandus will needs have the Pyrrhocorax to be a different bird from the Cora- 
 
 the fame. €205, following therein Ariftotle. Belloniws makes thefe names, Synonyma of the fame 
 
 | bird; we mutt needs confefs,, that if there be fuch a bird as Aldrovandus defcribes 
 v.g. lefs than a Crow, equal to a “fackdaw having yellow Bill and Feet, it is diftiné& 
 - com out Choxgh. But famfure the Bird frequent on our Weftern Shores, and com- 
 monly known by the name of theCornifh Chough, is that which BeLoniws and Turner 
 make to be the Pyrrhocorax, and hath red Legs and Feet. Wherefore I take the Co- 
 -nacias and Pyrrhocorax of Gefwer and Aldrovandusto be oneand.the fame bird, not- 
 with{tanding the Bill and Legs in this are faid to be yellow 3 which perchance. may be 
 
 {o in the Coracias or Chough when young. : 
 
 §. VII. 
 Bontius his Indian Raven. 
 
 Here is a &rangekind of Raver in the Molucca lands, and efpecially in Banda 
 which refembles our Country Ravex in the Bill; but in the Temples is colou- 
 * Birds of the red like thofe * Meleagrides which the Low Dutch call Kalcoutfe hanen. It hath a great 
 Turkey kind. thick Bill, alittle pointed, and made for Rapine; wide Nofthrils 5 great, black, ill- 
 favoured Eyes : The Head and Neck long, decently covered or adorned with blackith 
 feathers. Its Feet and Toes ftrong, armed with long, crooked, and very hard or 
 folid Claws. It walks after the manner of our Raven: But differs from it in nature 
 and difpofition 5 in that it feeds not upon Carrionor dead Carkafles, but chiefly upon 
 Nuimegs, of which itis very greedy, making great deftruction of that fruit, to the 
 no {mall detriment of theOwners. Its flefh is very delicate, and being roaited hath 
 a plain aromatical rellifh, contracted from its food. : ; 
 
 §. VIII. 
 
 — — 
 rey %- 
 ee + he, 
 7 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 oe 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Boox I. ORNITHOLOGY. 129 
 —— eee 
 
 §. VII. 
 
 
 
 “ The horned Indian Raven or Topau, caVed the Rhinoietiod Bird. 
 
 * Corvus Indip 
 
 CUS COYnutus 
 ce horned Bird asit caftsa {trong fmell, forit hath a foul look, much exceeding ‘navn 
 the Enropean Raven in bignefs, It hath a thick Head and Neck, great Eyes; Aldroy. 
 
 the Bill but moderate in refpect of the body : “The longe 
 
 | r and more acuminate 
 part bending downward argues ‘the Bill to be made and i 
 
 ble a true Horn, both to the fight and touch » The one moity whereof, viz. that 
 toward the Head, is * contiguous to the Bill, {0 that both together after the fame * Rather con: 
 manner grow to[ or rather {pring out of ] the end of the Head : The other MOity js tintous.. 
 {eparate from the Bill, bending the contrary way, vz. upwards; fo that * they feem * The billand 
 to be like the forked tail of a F ifh. It lives upon Carrion and Garbage, i.e. the car. horn together. 
 Kafles and Entrails of Animal. 
 
 Aldrovandus defcribes the Bill thus : It is almoft twenty eight inches long, croo- 
 ked, not after the manner of rapacious birds, but likea Bow. All the lower part is 
 of a pale or whitith yellow, the upper part toward the Head of ared or Vermilion, 
 elfe of the fame colour with the lower. The upper Mandible only within is ferrate | 
 or dented after the manner of the* Toucax. The horn {prings out of the forehead, * The Bréfi 
 and grows to the upper part of the Bill, being of a great bulk, fo that near the  ?* 
 forchead it is a Palm broad 5 hot unlikethe Rhixocerots horn, but crooked at the tip: 
 The colour both in the upper and lower part is Vermilion, in the middle yellow. If 
 the reft of the parts of the body are anfwerable to the Head; Iam of Cardans and 
 Plinies opinion, that this Bird is bigger than an Eagle. 
 
 Of thisfort of Bill we have feen three varieties, all which we have caufed to be en- 
 gtaven and exhibited to the Readers view. 
 
 aa eeseeesienprentniditie ---- oo 
 
 
 
 eee 
 Cuap. Ill. 
 Of the Pie-kind. 
 
 Bsa; 
 
 The Magpie or Piauet. Pica varia caudata. 
 
 weighs eight ornine ounces. Its length from the tip of the Bill to the Claws its weight 
 
 [i Seeley hea and an half, to the sad ab the Taileighteen. The Bill about an — 
 
 inch and half long, black, thick, and ftrong, the upper Chap being fomewhat 
 crookedand fharp-pointed; the Tongue cloven at the end, and blackith, like to that Tongue, 
 of aay. The fides of the fiffure of the Palate rough with hair-like excrefcencies. | 
 The Nofthrils round, and befet with refleGted briftly hairs, Excepting the whitenefs Nofthrils. 
 of the Breaft and Wings, and the length of the Tail, this Bird is very like the Fack- 1: i a the 
 daw. The Irides of the Eyes are of a pale Hazelcolour. Inthe niGtating membranes «kia. 
 is feena yellow {pot. | : 
 
 ae Neck, Throat, Back, Rump, and lower Belly are of a black colour ; “ep bersmci 
 the lower. part of theBack near the Rump is more dilute, and inclining to cinereous. 
 The Breaft and fides are white, as alfo the firtt joynt of the Wing. The Wings ate 
 {maller than the bignefs of the body would feem to require. The Tail and prime 
 feathers of the Wings glifter with very beautiful colours (but obfcure ) = one Se 
 purple and blue mingled, only inthe exteriour Vanes. Thenumberof ae oe o oA, 
 is twenty 5 of which the outmoftis thorter by half than the feconds ie — : 
 fhorter than the third, and that than the fourth, but not by an equal a ! a 
 fourth and fifth are the longeftof all. The eleven foremoft about their - : e part, 
 on the infide of the thaft are white, the a _ from ner Eaall. eather gra- 
 
  decreafing, till inthe tenth it be contracted into a great {pot only. | us 
 
 oA Tail is aon up of twelve feathers, of which the two Seb vs The Tail 
 longeft, being by meafure cight and an half or nine inches; the next to them a each 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0 ee ere 
 Boox Il. 
 
 re(t the exteriour than the interiour in like proportion. The 
 
 inch fhorter, and of the | | 
 greatelt andlongelft, that is the middle feathersiof the Tail, have their bottoms green, 
 
 their middles blue, and their tops purple. 
 
 Its Feet. The Feet and Claws are black : Theloweft bone of the outmoft fore-Toe 1s joyned 
 to that of the middle. | 
 Entrailss The length of the Guts was twenty fourinches, of the blind Guts half aninch. It 
 hath a Gall-bladder, and a long Spleen : The Stomach not very filefhy, and having 
 its Echinws. 
 Tt varies There are fometimes found of this kind all over white, but rarely. In the King's 
 
 fomerimes in Aviary in St. James's Park we faw brown or reddifh ones. 
 
 | This Bird is eafily taught to {peak, and that very plainly. We our felves have 
 
 aap be Lown many, which had learned to imitate mans voice, and {peak articulately with 
 
 (peak. that exactnefs, that they would pronounce whole Sentences together fo like to hu- 
 mane Speech, that had you not feen the Birds you would have {worn it had been man 
 
 that fpoke. 
 
 . They build their Nefts in Trees with that Art and cunning asis admirable, fencing 
 them round on the outfide both above and below with fharp thorns, leaving only one 
 hole, and that a very narrow one, for themfelves to pafsin and out. He that defires 
 an exact defeription of the Neft let him confult Aldrovandws : With usin England they 
 are {0 common every where, that we thought it not needful to infift longer on the 
 itsEges. -deferibing of them. It lays five or fix, and fometimes feven Eggs at once, feldom 
 
 more; greater and paler than Crows Eggs, and very thick {potted with black. 
 Its Food is the fame with that of the Fackdaw. Its fets upon, kills, and devours 
 Sparrows, and other Gnall birds: Yea, we have fometimes feen a Magpie {trike ata 
 
 Blackbird. 
 
 Its Neft. 
 
 9. I 
 
 The Brafilian Pie of Aldrovandus, Jib. 12. cap. 19. The Toucan of Marggrav. ana 
 others, The Xochitenacatl of the Mexzcans, Nieremb. 
 
 ‘Its bigntG T is of amiddle fize between a Pieand a Blackbird. ‘Thevetws reports, that the 
 
 Bill, Bill is thicker and longer tharr’almoft the whole body befides. The Bill is near 
 two Palms long, and onebroad, being meafured from the beginning of the lower 
 Chap to the end of the upper. The lower Chap where it is thickeft, vz. near the 
 Eyes, 1s twice as littleas the upper, and near the end, where it is crooked, thrice. 
 
 It isof avery thin fubftance like Parchment, but bony, fhining, very light, hollow 
 and inwardly capable of a great deal of Air: For which reafon I think, contrary 6 
 
 It wants No- the manner of other Birds, 1ts wants Nofthrils : The Bill being fo thin that the Air 
 fthrils. can eafily penetrate it. And if Nature had made any aperture init, it would have 
 rendredit obnoxious to fracture. Hence alfo perchance it is, that fhe hath furnifhed 
 it with certain teeth, fo difpofed that the Bill cannot be fhut exaG@ly clofe, but eafily 
 admits the ingrefs of the Air. TheBill, I fay, is ferrate, and as it were compoled of 
 certain little {cales,which may eafily by the fingers be plucked ‘off, [_or afunder.] The 
 colour of the Billis yellowifh, more the lower than the upper part [ inwardly itis 
 _ ofa pleafant red ] toward the end (faith Nrerembergiws ) of a Scarlet colour. The 
 its Head. © -Headin proportion to the body is great and thick, asis futable and requifite to fuftain 
 a Bill of that length.and bignefs 5 black 5 yet the Crown, whole Back, and Wings 
 
 Eycs. fhew fomething of whitenefs. The Eyes are great, placed in the middle of the Head : 
 ; The F upil very black,encompafied with a whitecircle, and that again witha yellow. 
 _ Colour. ~The Neck, Back, and Wingsare black. The Breatt fhines with a moft bright and 
 
 lovely Gold or Saffron’colour, witha certain rednefs near the beginning; ie Bell 
 and Thighs witha moft beautiful Vermilion. The Tail again is black Gita the ee 
 
 of a notable red. | | 
 
 gui Itis made fotame, asto fit and hatch its Young in Houfes. Th | 
 wih Pep thisbird feeds upon Pepper, which it moft seetiy devours ncaiine it Papert 
 with, fo that it voidsit again crudeand unconcotted; and that the Nativés make ufe 
 
 This fory  efpecially of that Pepper, preferring it before that which is frefh gathered from the 
 Pe ae Plant, becaufe they perfuade themfelves that the ftrength and heat of the Pepper is” 
 none of his qualified and allayed by the Bird, fo that afterwardsit is lefsnoxious. All this on of 
 American  Aldrovandws. Faber fafpetts the ftory of the Pepper, becaufe his American friends 
 
 friends {pake “ os 
 vedetit, WHom_he confulted about this Bird, made no mentionof any fuch thing. I fufpec 
 that 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 OLOGY. 
 
 that the Toes inthis Bird ate dif 
 ofed 
 lWitde. and two backianee fe te 7 —— of the Woodpeckers, viz. two 
 Aracayiof Mareorave. 4 bird: 71 ¢ conformation of the Feet of th 
 fi grave, aAbdird heat of kin, and very lik a 
 - Sa only two foretdes, Yi“se to this. “And Thevetie in his 
 vince the writing of this, hapning t ass i 
 Pictures of New-Spain hadnt 2 Corea a aor his Expofitions of fomé 
 fort feen and defcribed by Carlo Antonio dal Bidincct ee a bird of this 
 its a oes fo difpofed as I imagined, wiz. two forwards two back ends Erance, with 
 eckers, to the genws whereof the Toncxy as Faber in thi . ae 
 doubtedly belong. For it notonly hatha like fituation of Tors, bar wee’ Co 
 ner hews holes in trees to build its Neftin, as F rier P ; Al fenton eins 
 Spans ards, who had lon ¢ lived in Amerie told Febe = fle and a Indians and 
 ws, in the forty third Chapter of his Summarv a ens Cor 
 a in — writes ye tine ie dhe tibec eee hes mae 
 nes better trom the Monkeys which ar itt ee eg 
 For when the perceives the ae : re very notlom to the Young of moft Birds 
 é ach of thofe Enemies. fhe fo f eae aS 
 Neft as to put her Billout aes O es, ine to fettles her felf in her 
 , | d gives the Monkeys fuch 
 with, that they prefently pack awa jandialie Oi Fa 
 Sees ¥ pretel ay, and glad they { 
 bor ing trees this Bird isby the Spaniards called Gitgintens: * aa fea ac Za 
 “Se 0 eae I {uppofe of the found it makes pene ete 
 _ Becaufe the Bird exadly deferibed by Dal Pozzo . 
 from at of Alrovendae, I thall here add his defcription Sa Sara ae 
 _ It was ¢ fait he ) a little bigger than the common M. : 3 
 vee a Dove ; Oviedo, not bigger, or but little hictees isa 4 teedil ay 1 uit 
 red With sree a ead ifs upper part [or Chap ] whereie grew to the ead, tinthi 
 MN, a line of green being alfo thence produced ee 8 
 lower Chap at its fetting on to the He ; D iA eee 
 ad ablue colour. » Bi 
 3 > i a like Serpentine wood, with os asian une bios rh 
 +. its bill was empty and hollow, and upon that : hy i odd 
 eae it or Tk me toweigh more than che Weolt body: heirs, bust = = 
 ainiy a miitake | fo that it had little ftreneth in it. neith obi ; 
 firike {martly with it. Its infide was of a Sfiverdolout ber Sectowerd ee ne 
 Ithada very flat thin Tongue, not much unlike thofe long Keattiers on rie Ne k 
 ~ ‘obra Dunghil-Cock : This it moved up and down, and (tretcht out to the len th of 
 —_ ~~ It ee oe i Hefh-colour, and which you would wonder at singed as 
 vere,on each fide with very {mall fil t ) 
 F This Ooieduraltoounfine 7 aments, which made it fhew like atrue feather. 
 Its feathers on the Neck downto: the middlé of the Br iti 
 ee ealt Li 
 nating m a footy colour; on the Head and Back blackith. den ees 
 {pace bareof feathers, but curled with hair, of a Violet-colour, as is feenalioin Par- 
 rots. The reft of the body was covered with feathers of a Weafel-colour { wuftelini 
 colorist had no Tail, [| having been, I fappofe, plucked off | but one ready to 
 come 5 the beginning whereof ‘confifted of feathers of a dark white, particoloured 
 with black, weafel, and Vermilion colour. It alfo frequently flirted up that rudiment 
 of . — as Wrens and Wagtails are wont to do. 
 “ach foot was divided into two Toes {tanding forward,and two backward : 
 of a Violet-colour, underneath of an afh or soe sayhead gra 
 {t often hopped and leapt up and down, and cried with a voice riotunlike the chat- 
 tering of a Magpie. | 
 It fed upon almoft-all the fame things that Purrots do; but was moft greedy of 
 Grapes, which being pluckt off one by one, and tofled to it, it would moft dextrout 
 ly catch in the Air before they fellto the ground. . The flefh of the whole body.was 
 of a deep Violet colour. : 
 __ Faber doth not undefervedly enquire how, feeing the Bill is fo light and thin, the 
 Bird can pierce trees with it? Which difficulty he thus fatisfies ; that though itbe thin 
 and light, yet 1s it of a bony’ fabftance, and therefore it is not to be wondred at 
 that, dextroufly ufed by the living Animal, it fhould therewith by many repeated 
 itrokes pierce a tree, having perchance the inftin& to chufe a rotten one, as we 
 fee drops of rain wear holes in Flints, nay, the very feet of Pifmires walking often 
 
 Boox IL. — ORNAT 1OLtGo  °-—* 
 
 £29 
 
 -_-— 
 
 over them, as Plizy obferves, make impreflions on them. *Leriws writes, that this + chap yo. 
 Bird is of the colour of a Ravew except the Breaft, which is of a Saffron-co- ofhis Voyage 
 into Bra/il: 
 
 lour, compafled beneath with a line of Vermilion ; the skin of which part pluckt 
 § off 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fain Hts: of the fameby 
 * Hif.rerum Crop under the Sc 
 
 neti. Brafili@y naffed about the borders with Vermilion feathers. The Brea ' 
 i§-00¥$* the body black. One would wonder how {fo little a bird could carry fo great a Bul, 
 
 Wing-fea- 
 
 Boo me 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. — 
 
 130 
 ~~ off the Indians dry, and ule for an ornament of their Cheeks, gluing it on with 
 Wax. 
 * anoicede- — Thisfame Bird is deferibed by * Fohn de Laet, out of a Portugues Author, and out 
 
 * Marggrave. It is of the bignefs ( faith he Yok a Pie ot Dove, hatha 
 
 Breaft three or four inches broad, of a Saffron-colour, and com- 
 ft is yellow, the reft of 
 
 but itis exceeding light, and very tender. 
 We have feen in feveral Cabinets the Bill of this Bird, and our felves have alfo one 
 
 of them. 
 §. Ul. 
 The Fay. Pica glandaria. 
 Irs weight T weighed feven ounces. Its length from the point of the Bill to the end of the 
 
 and meafures. | P31 was fourteen inches; to the end of the Feet but twelve and an half; The 
 
 ‘(tance between the extremities of the Wings {pread twenty one and an half. The 
 Bil, Bill black, {trong, fromthe tip to the Angles of the mouth about or near an inch and 
 Tongue, half long: The Tongue black, thin, pellucid, and cloven at the tip: The Irides of 
 eye ore, tue Eyes white. The feathers of the Head and Body in this bird aretaller, flenderer, . 
 Feathers; ond ftand more ftaring or erect than ordinary. Neat the lower Chap of the Bill are 
 two black fpots, on each fide one: The Chin and lower part of the Belly whitifh : 
 Elfe the Breaft and Belly are of a colour mixt of cinereous and red. The Rumpabove 
 s¢ white: The Back red, with a certain mixture of blue : The feathers on the crown 
 of the Head variegated with black and white. | 
 The Sails of the Wingsare in number twenty : Of which the firft is fhorter by half 
 oe than the fecond : The fourth the longeft, being by meafure fix inches and a quarter. 
 As for their colours, the firft or outmoft 1s black, the bottom or lower part being 
 white, whichis proper toitalone: The fix next-following have their exteriour Vanes 
 of aii afh-colour ; the three next likewife, but more obfeure and mingled with blue, 
 _ being alfo marked toward their bottoms with tranfverfe black and white ftrokes. 
 The five fucceeding have their exteriour Vanes half white, half black, viz. the lower 
 half white, the upper black, but fo that each extremity of the white is terminated 
 with blue. The fixteenth in place of the white of the four precedent hath trant- _ 
 verfe blue, black, and white fpots : The feventeenth is black, having one or two 
 blue fpots : The eighteenth 1s black, with fome little red: The nineteenth red, with 
 the tipblack. ‘The underfides of all the feathers of the Wing are of a dark or dusky 
 colour. The covert-feathers of the fifteen exteriour Sails are very beautiful, being 
 variegated or chequered with black, white, and lovely fhining blue lines: The reft of 
 
 the covert-feathersbeing black. 
 
 Hes Tail. The Tail is fix inches and a quarter long, confifting of twelve feathers, wholly 
 black, except toward their roots: Under the Rump there 1s fomething of blue ming- 
 led with cinereous. 
 
 and The Feet.and Toes are of a ferrugineous, dusky colour. The middle Toe is the 
 
 = longeft, the outmolt is equal to the back-toe. The lower ixternodinm of the outmolt 
 Toe is joyned to the middlemoft. The back Claw 1s greatelt. | 
 Eggs, The Eggs are cinereous, with darker {pots {catce appearing. The Guts twenty 
 
 oe four inches long; the blind Guts but halfaninch. It hathaGall, anda long Spleen: 
 Gizzara, ‘The Stomach or Gizzard not very flefhy, and having its Echinws : Wherein we found 
 {ts Food, . Acor#s, XC. Yet it feeds not only on Acorns, ( whence it got the name of Pica glan- 
 daria) but alfo upon Cherries ( of which it is very greedy ) Goofe-berries, Rafps, and 
 Sat other fruit. | 
 ee 7 ee ay fromthat deferibed by Aldrovazdws, in that it hath no tranfverfe {pots in 
 vands Jay, tne ial. : 
 
 The Female differs: little or nothing from the Male either in bignefs or colour, fo 
 
 that itis very difficult to know them afunder. 
 
 Ie learns $0 itTeatns to imitate mans voice, and {peak articulately as wellas a Jackdaw. 
 (peak, MrTy ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E31 
 
 Book. ORNITHOLOGY. ——— 
 
 Q. IV. 
 
 | The Roller, Garrulus Argentoraten(s, 
 
 a bird we defcribed was a Cock, and weighed fix ounces. Its length from Its weight 
 BR inches and an half, to the end of the "4 meafures, 
 
 {tance between the tj 
 {pread twenty fix inches. © Ups of the Wings 
 
 The Bill was black, fharp, fomething hooked, otherwife like to that of 
 the point to the Angles of the mouth 1 * inches Jong. The Irides of the Eyes were Eyes. 
 of apale hazel-colour. Near the Eyes, toward the hinder part of the Head, were Bare Wart- 
 two bunches, asit were Warts, void of feathers. The Tongue black as in Fays,jagoed lke bunches. 
 ortorn, but not cloven: The roof of the mouth green, and having ad itee 
 
 ouble cleft or Palate. 
 fiffure. The bottom of the Palate is tugged or rough with little bunches. At the Bat es 
 
 a jay, from Bill, 
 
 e of the Tongue there is only a little forked excre{cency on each fide. The circumfe- _. 
 he rence of the Eyesis bare or void of feathers. Saure _ 
 i. The Rump and leffer rows of covert feathers of the Wings are of a lovely blue or its Colours, 
 d ultramarine colour'( as the Painters call it.) The middle of the Back between the 
 ¢ fhoulders red : The Head of a fordid green, mingled with blue; of which colouris 
 alfothe Throat, with white lines inthe middle of each feather. The Breaft and Belly 
 = are of a pale blue, like thofeof a Pigeon. 
 : Thenumber of Sailsin each Wing is twenty, of which the firft, fecond, and third Wine-fea- 
 * areequal, and from the tenth all the reft. Almoft all of them have their lower half" 
 : blue, and the upperblack. The foremoft areblack almoftdown to the bottom, only 
 | in their exteriour Webs they havea mixtureof blue. The covert feathers of the 
 Wings are of a pale blue, of which colour alfo, but paler are thofe that ihveft the 
 it underfide of the Wing. 
 I The Tail confifts of twelve feathers, of which theten intermediate are equal, each Tail 
 i being four inches three quarters long: Thetwo extreme longer than the reft by three 
 3 | quarters of an inch. The two middlemoft are of a dark afh-colour,the next to them 
 I, have their tips of a bluifh white, which colour gradually inereafes in the reft, till in 
 és, the outmott it takes up half the feather. Below the white the interiour webs of the 
 ef feathers are black, and the exteriour blue: The tips of the outmoft feathers are 
 d black. The tail-feathers and fails of the Wings where ever they are blackifh above, 
 {- are blue underneath. The outmoft feather of the * Ala xotha is black, the reft Wie 
 0 blue. : 
 th The Feet are fhort, and like thofe of a Deve, of a dirty yellow colour: The Feer, Toes, 
 
 va middle Toe the longeft, next to that the outmoft fore-toe. The Claw of the mid- 2%¢ Claws. 
 dle Toe in the inner fide is edged. The Claws are black ; and the Toes divided tothe 
 an bottom. 
 
 The Stomach within was of a Saffron colour, and therein we founda large Grafs- Gizzard and 
 
 y hopper: The Guts thirteen inches and an half Jong; the blind Guts two and an Suts 
 half. 
 
 y We found of thefe Birds not only in Germany, but alfo in the Iles of Sicily and tts place, 
 Malta, tobe fold inthe Markets, and in the Poulterers fhops. 
 
 ; There are many fingular and charaéteriftic marks in this bird 3 as 1. The knobs or 
 
 wart-like bunches under the eyes. 2. The figure of the Tail, the outmoft feather on 
 each fide being longer than the reft. 3. The Toes divided down to the bottom. 4.The 
 Tongue having only two forked Appendices, | 
 
 6 “Gefners blue Crow; the fame I Jufped with the precedent. 
 
 0 3 
 
 d The blue Crow, whofe figure Fo. Kentmannys, fent to Gefuer, but the Hiltory 
 thereof George Fabricius out of Mifnia; isa wild bird, and not eafie to be tamed; | 
 
 if called by the Mifziaus, * Ein wild Holtzkrae, of others, Galgen-regell, or Halck-regel. 2 Thar is, 
 Itis found beyond the River Elb, in the Luchovian Foreft, and in the neighbouring ae 
 
 0 Woods: It haunts and abides in defart and unfrequented places. Some from the 
 
 colour call it Ei Tent|chen Pappagey, that is, The German Parrot. It is tranfported 
 into Forein Countries for no other commendation but the colour. So far George Fabri- 
 cis. The Bill (as the Picture fhews } is black: The Legs dusky, and for the propor- 
 tion of the body fmall. It is here and thereall eS the body, viz. onthe Was 
 
 2 2 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 a 
 132 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. 
 
 int lour, 1n 
 W Tail, about the Rump, and all the underfide of a fhining blue colour, 
 oe Bez, ace fincere, in fome mixt with green. The colour of the Back and upper 
 fide of the Neck is dusky : The greater feathers of the Wings black. J am verily per- 
 faded, that this hird is no other than the Strasburch Roller. 
 
 
 
 
 
 §. V. 
 * The Sea-Pie. Pica Marina. 
 
 - » Lirovandas in the twelfth Book and fifteenth Chapter of his Orwithology doth thus 
 
 briefly defcribe this bird. The whole Bird, excepting the Head,Neck, Feet,and 
 alfo part of the Wings, is of a greenifh colour. The Bill is ftrong,a little longer than a 
 Pies, very fharp. The'top of the Head, and down. as low as a third part of the 
 Neck, is of a delayed Chefnut colour. The lower part of the Head to the Tem- 
 plesand Eyes yellow. The Eyes black, with yellow Irides, encompafied again with 
 » black circle. The Feet dusky 5 the Toes long 5 the Nails very crooked and black: 
 The reft of the body green, except the fecond row of Wing-feathers, which are of 
 a dilute Chefnut, having their ends blue. 
 
 Whether he himfelf {aw this Bird, or defcribed it from a picture, he tells us not : But 
 sn that heaffirms, that the Strasbarg Roller never lives in maritime places, and fo with- 
 out reafon challenges the name of the Sea-pie, which the Bolognefe ( as Gefner witnel- 
 feth ) attribute to it, he is without doubt deceived.’ Sith we our felves ( as we faid 
 before) faw at Meffinain Sicily, and inthe Ile of Malta feveral of them. 
 
 d. VI. 
 * The Perfian Pie. Aldrovandus. 
 
 TT te bird which Aldrovandys calls by this name, anid deferibes froma Picture, fent 
 him from Vevice, hath a {trong, thick, fhort, ‘whitifh Bill: Alfo white Eyes 
 with a black Pupil. The fecond row of Wing-feathers, the Rump, and foremoft fea- 
 thers in the Tail are yellow. The Feet are bluifh with black tabulary {cales: The 
 
 Claws {mall, but crooked and black ¢ Elfe it is all over of adusky colour. Befides 
 
 thefe Dt. Gharleton m his Onomafticon Zoicon, p.68. mentions another fort of Pie, 
 * Minus five ‘V2. The Indian Mock-bird,not much unlike the Fay, but fomewhat {maller. We have 
 Picus Gérrulis not asyet had the hap to fee this bird: Nor is there anything written of it by others, 
 wes that we know of. 
 
 ». VI 
 Caryocatattes, Geln. and Turn. 
 
 ¥ T weighed five ounces three quarters. Its length from the Bill to the end of the 
 | Toes was thirteeninches and an half, to the end of the Tail the fame. The breadth 
 ) between the tips of the Wings fpread twenty two inches and an half. 
 
 The Bill from the tip to the corners of the mouth Is almoft two inches long, black, 
 {trong, and like that of a Pie, fave that itisnot tharp pointed, but blunt at the end, 
 and the upper Mandible a little prominent. The Tongue is fhort, fcarce reaching be- 
 yond the Angle of the lower Mandible, cloven with a deeper incifion than in any 
 other Bird I have obferved. In the lower Chap from the Angle is a wrinkle exactly 
 equal to the fiflure or cleft of the Tongue; fo that the Tongue feems never toex- 
 tend further, the wrinkle filling up the fiffure.- The bottom of the Palateand fides 
 of the fiflure thereinare rough. The Irides of the Eyes are ofa hazel colour: The 
 Nofthrils round, and covered with whitith, briftly, vefletied feathers. | 
 
 The whole body, as well lower as upper fide,is of a dusky red ; allover,except the 
 
 - Head,beautified with triangular white {pots in the tops of the feathers; thefe {pots on 
 the Breaft are greater thanelfewhere. The Head is not {potted at all. The upper fide 
 of the body partakes more of red. Between the Eyes and Bill itis white. The feathers 
 under the Til beyond the ventare milk-white. | 
 
 The fails in each Wing are about twenty, of a black or dark colour, the Tail- 
 feathers twelve, allof equal length, being by meafurre four inches three quarters, ex- 
 cept theoutmofton each fide, which are a little thorter. And for their colours, the 
 
 am outmolt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 : » , 
 Dn - ie uv 
 
 U L if ; i 
 
 - : 
 
 - + ’ 
 - a ' i 
 - > ‘4 : 
 
 7 ‘ , IT . 
 
 4 To . , 
 °. 
 co a le ie = 
 se Z | : we ra : 
 ~e 4 2 
 oe | f ihe Se 
 - - in be P 
 - a, ¢ ~ ; 
 Fi ; > 
 ~ ‘ Ps 
 aoe +. : 
 ~ a " 
 - , “ee i. Pa 
 < kt » / 7 \. a ig =r, se - 
 
 
 
outmott on each fide are three quarters white, and. from them the white Part is 
 dually lef and lef in the {uccteding feathers tothe middlemoft,in which it doth w holl 
 Wappen: ‘ — a of the Tail-feathersis of a fhining black, y 
 e Feetand Claws areblack: The outmolt Toe, asi is kirid is jovine. 
 to the middlemoft at the bottom, a eran 
 
 Ithath aGall; its Guts were ej hteen inches long: The blind Guts inch : 
 The Yefticles fmall. It feeds on ses oc. It hath : note Or voice fnbeehig a. ’ 
 Magpie. 
 
 We found this Bird inthe Mountainous part of Aufiria, near the way leading fronj 
 Viennato Venice, not far froma great Village called Schadwyen, where there is a Very 
 {teep, difficult, and craggy afcent up the neighbouring Mountains whereupon there 
 {tand always ready there certain Yokes of Oxen, to drawthe Coaches or Waggons of 
 {uch as travel that way up the craggy Cliffsand Rocks, which Horfes could not at 
 
 ms or with great difficulty climb. and ftruggle through, drawing a Coach after 
 them. 
 
 §. VIL. 
 
 “\ The Bohemian Chatterer. Garrulus Bohemicus, * Aldrov, eidem Ampelis. ¥ 146,12. cap. 
 
 17, 
 
 T isalmoft as big as.a Blackbird, but bigger than the * Hawfinch. Its length from Bill- + coccothray- 
 | point to Tail-end nine inches: {Its breadth, viz. the Wings being fpread, four /e. 
 Palms. Whence it is manifeft, that Gener is miftaken, in that he writes that for {hape, 
 
 and lize of body, and colours it apptoaches to the common Garrulys. Its Bill i OF a 
 
 deep black, of the bignefs of a Honfe-Sparroms. Gefners figure reprefentsit too long, 
 
 and too crooked. The Nofthrils are encompafied with hairs of the fame colour, which 
 
 make, asit were, a tranfverfe black fpot : In which are included the Eyes, that are 
 round,and_ of a moft beautifial colour, to -wit,Vermilion ; refembling that of the Chalce- 
 
 donian Carbuncle, commonly called the Granate: Which perchance gave occalion to 
 
 {ome to believe that they thine in the Night. Its Head is after a fort comprefied, be- 
 
 ing. by Gefwer reprefented too round ; of a Chefinut or ferrugineous colour, adorned 
 
 with acreft or tuft, bending backward, after the manner of the crefted Lark, The 
 
 colour of the Creft toward the Bill isa delayed Chefnut, but backward cinereotis 
 incliningto dusky, not unlike to the colour of *Umber. The Neck is fhort, black onion 
 in the fore and hind part, red on the fides, neat the Bill white. The Breaft is of a 7,,,, caida, 
 chefnut or ferrugineouscolour, but dilute and inclining to rofie. The whole Belly is ued by Pain- 
 ath-coloured, except towards the vent, where are fome white feathers, whofe “™* 
 
 roots or lower parts, v.g. fromthe middle to the flefh, are black, and fofter than 
 their upper parts. The Back inclines to a chefsut or bay, but toward the Rump 
 it is cimereous or dun. The outer feathers of the Wings are black, the inner 
 afh-coloured, but declining to black. The outer Wing-feathers are marked with 
 {pots very pleafant to behold: Some of thefe feathers, viz. the firft, feven in num- 
 ber, are white, their Appendices being red like to Cinnabar or Vermilion. Gefzer 
 was told by acertainperion, I know not who, but uatruly, that thefe feathers were 
 horny [ Ifwppofe he meant their thafts ‘| Yetare they pretty hard and folid, long, and 
 alter a fort Cartilagineous. To theft fucceed other feathers adomed in like manner 
 with {pots, but of a pale yellow, refembling in fome meafure the figure of the Let- 
 ter L: Which are fo dilpoted, thatim-fome feathersappear feven, in fome fix, and in 
 fome but five only. Again, the laftfeathers have white fpots, which by how much 
 they are fituate nearer the outlide, by fo much do they become le con{picuouss {o 
 that of the laft feathers of all fometimes three, fometimes two, and fometimes only 
 one is fofpotted. The covert feathers are alto tipt with white. Concerning the yel- 
 low {pots it is to be noted, that in the F emales they are white, and that over againft 
 them are to be found other white fpots. Ihave learned by infpection, that the Tail 
 of the Cock confifts of ten feathersonly, the Tail of the Hen of twelve; which near 
 their roots are of a dark cGinereous or Moufe dun, but above are black. The end of 
 the whole Tail is yellow, but more refplendent in the Male than m the Female. 
 Near the ventare fome other feathers of a Chefnut-colour, making as It were ano- 
 ther Tail, butfar le(S. The colour of the Legs is dusky, inclining to blue. The thape 
 and bignefs of the Feet anfwer to thofle of a * Hamfinch : The colour differs, pein oa 
 black in the Garru/ws, fleth or rofe-coloured in the Hampinch, Ie hath black an 
 crooked Claws. 4f2, Ws) PSs fa : Ser ltmnane fin Me of hake of y) Weeds atout Boe 
 Le. a , rtrnred pus 5 Lanes 1) eae ; iy fr fr ye ( wi bers Phe teh. fre 
 
 f wre yd D Lh reba 1b the Wurr sali f belly p Thighs LA are oF a foals ply 
 
 AD 7b} - ; 
 
 * Coccothrag: 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RT Te ez 
 = . ~ 
 
 aa. 
 
 
 
 _— * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 134 
 
 * cuToLia, 
 
 pd i ee 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. 
 
 - tion of the Entrailsand Bowelsin Aldrovandus. This Bird 1s {aid to 
 creek es Bakes feeds upon Fruit,efpecially Grapes,of which it 1s very greedy. 
 Wherefore it feems tome, not without reafon, to be called by thatname | Ampelis. 
 It is a Bird ofa very hot temperament, and exceedingly voracious : flies in compa- 
 nies. and iseafily tamed. What elfe Aldrovandws hath of its difpofition and man- 
 ners, food, flight, ufe, @c. | See in his Ornithology. Itis wonderful, and to me fcarce 
 credible, what he faith he learned by * ocular experience, to wit, that the Tail of the 
 Cock is made up of ten feathers, the Tail of the Hen of twelve. 
 
 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of Woodpeckers in general. 
 
 a Woodpeckers, if under this name we comprehend the Nuthatch, the Wall- 
 creeper, the great Reed-Sparrow, and the Ox-eye creeper, there are very few 
 notes common, v7z. to climb or run up trees, {ticking to their bodies or 
 boughs3 and for that purpofe to have {trong and mufculous thighs. But if we ex- 
 exclude the forefaid Birds, and reftrain the name to Woodfpites, properly fo called, 
 thereare many and remarkable notes whereby they may be diftinguifhed from all other 
 kinds of birds: As for example, 1. To have a {treight, hard, ftrong, angular, and 
 {harp Bill, very fit and proper to pierce and bore holes in trees. 2.A Tongue of a 
 very greatlength, round, ending ina fharp, fff, bony thorn, dented on each fide, to 
 {trike Ants, Coffz, and other Infects withal. This Tongue they can at pleafure put 
 
 forth toa great length, thrufting it deep into the crannies, holes, and clefts of trees, 
 
 to {tab and draw out Infects lurking there. 3. Short Legs, but very ftrong. 4. Toes 
 {tanding two forwards, and two backwards : Which is common to thefe and Parrots, 
 
 Such a difpofition of Toes (as Aldrovandus rightly notes) Nature, or rather the 
 
 Wifdom of the Creator, hath granted to Woodpeckers, becaufe it 1s very convenient 
 for the climbing of trees. Their Toesalfo are clofe. joyned together; that they may 
 more f{trongly and firmly lay hold on thetree they climb upon. 5. All of them, un- 
 lefs perchance you except the Wryneck, have a hard, {tiff Tail, bending alfo down- 
 
 wards, and its feathers ends often broken, and their fhafts almoft bare; on which 
 
 7 
 
 they lean, and fo bear up themfelvesin climbing. . Their Tail confifts of but ten fea- 
 thers. 6. To feed only upon infects. 7. To want the blind Guts, which is peculiar 
 to this kind, agreeing to no other bird or beaft befide, that we know. 8. To lay 
 white Eggs. | ; 
 Whether all thefe marks agree to thofe American Birds which we have ranked un- 
 der thishead we know not. We have referred them tothis kind, for the like difpofiti- 
 on of their Toes, two forward, two backward 5 efpecially feeing they belong neither 
 to Parrots nor Owls. RIEL | 
 Albertus writesthat all Woodfpites build in the hollows of trees, which before him 
 Pliny alfo hath recorded. They themfelves arefaid to hew out for themfelves a place to 
 build in; making fuchan artificial hole, fo exactly round, thatthemoft skilful and ex- 
 perienced Geometrician could not with his Compafs make a rounder. They hatch and 
 bring up fix or fevenYoung atonce. The Eggs of all kinds of them that we have 
 hitherto feenare white. The Woodfpite is called by the Greeks Apuoxpraatis, from ftri- 
 king or piercing of trees. The Latime name Picus fome think to be derived from the 
 French and Italian word Becco, fignifying a Billor beak of a bird. Aldrovandus 
 thinks that it was rather deduced from the E lemmifh word Picken, fignifying to {trike 
 or knock with the Bill. The word Pick with us is varioully applied, but originally 
 feemsto havethe fame fignification as in Flemmifh, viz. either to {trike with the Bill, 
 or gather up with the Bill. Hencein the North of England thefe Birds are called 
 Pickatrees, a word exactly of the fame fignification with the Greek AcyS epnonaais. 
 That Woodpeckers will learn to {peak I can hardly be perfwaded, though Albertus 
 Magnys and Scaliger affirm it. 
 The Woodpecker was not only by the ancient Latimes, called Pluvie avis, the Rain- 
 fowl, butis fo alfo by our Country men now adays, becaufe by its voice more loud 
 and frequent than ufual it is thought to prefage rain. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Book If. ORNITHOLOGY. "oe 135° 
 ee 
 
 CHap. V. 
 Of feveral forts of Woodpeckers. 
 A nd, 
 
 The greateft black Woodpecker. 
 
 He Cock, which we defcribed, weighed ten ounces and an half: being 4 
 
 i length from the tipof the Bill to hewed of the Tail eighteen nce aa e 
 half; in breadth between the tips of the Wings {pread twenty nine inches 
 and an half. | 
 
 Its Bill fromthe point to the Angles of the mouth was two inches and an half lon 
 {trong, hard, triangular, as in the reft of this kind. Above the Nofthrils a hard 
 wrinkle is produced beyond the middle of the Bill. That part of the Bill which is 
 below the wrinkle is white, the reft black. The Tongue, when extended, is of a 
 very great length. It can fhoot it out and draw it back at pleafure, which is com- 
 mon toit with the reft of thiskind, Its Nofthrils are round, covered with reflected 
 hairs: Its Head very great. The Jrides of theEyesare of a pale yellow. 
 
 Thecolour of the whole body is black, excepting the crown of the head, which 
 down to the Nofthrilsis of a lovely red or Vermilion colour. 
 
 The number of flag-feathers in each Wing isnineteen, of which the fifth and fixth 
 arethelongeft ; theSarcel or pinion feather is very fhort, and not greater than thot 
 of the fecond row. 
 
 The Tail is made up of ten feathers, of which the outmoft are the fhorteft, the 
 re{ton both fides gradually longer to the two middiemoft, which are the longeft of 
 all. All but the outmoft € which as we faid are the Jeaft and fhorteft ) are {iiff, fharp- 
 pointed, bendinginward, about feven inches long, upon which in climbing trees they, 
 lean and fupport their bodies. 
 
 The Legs on the forepart are feathered down half way, behind no longer thanthé 
 knees. The Feet are of alead colour, It hathtwo back toes, as the reft of its kind: 
 The Claws ftrong and great, except that of the lefler back-toe, which: is very 
 {mall. 
 
 The Gall of a dark green: The Tefticles yellowifh: The Guts feventeen inches 
 _ long, great and lax: The ftomach alfo lax and membranaceous, full of Hexapods 
 and Ants. It altogether wants the Appexdices or blind Guts, as the reft of this 
 Tribe. | 
 
 This Bird we found inthe Market at Rutisbone in Germany to be fold, killed not far 
 from that City. Itis not found in Exgland that we know of. sie Tom 
 
 ¢ 
 
 §. AL. 
 ‘The green Woodpecker, or Woodpite, called alfo the Rain-fowl, High-hoe,and Hew-hole. 
 
 + Cock weighed fix ounces three quarters. Its length from the Bill to the 
 Toes was eleven inches, to the end of the Tail thirteen andan half. The 
 Wings extended were equal to twenty one inches and an half. The Bill from the 
 point to the Angles of the mouth was almoft two inches long, black, hard, ftrong, 
 triatigular, ending in a blunt point. “A reddith dusky eitcle immediately encompafies 
 the Pupil of the Eye 5 the reft of the Iris being white. The Tongue when {tretched 
 out is ofa very great length, ending ina fharp, bony fubftance, rough underneath, 
 wherewith, as with a Dart, it {trikes In{@s. The'top of the Head is ofa Crimfon or 
 Vermilion colour, fpotted with black. The Eyes are encompafied with black, under 
 the black oneach fide is another Vermilion fpot. The Throat,Breaft and Belly are ofa 
 pale green: The Back, Neck, and lefler rows of covert feathers of the Wings green: 
 The Rump ofa pale yellow or f{traw-colour, as Aldrovandus rightly exprefles it. The 
 feathers under the Tail are croffed with tranfverfe dusky lines. = 
 
 In each Wing arenineteen prime feathers, befide the outmoft ( which is very fhort) 
 of adusky colour, and marked with femicircular white fpots. But more particular- a 
 ly, the outer Webs of the * interiour flags are green, the mner Webs dusky, with * Thofe text 
 
 ‘ : the body; 
 femicircular white fpots : The outer Webs of the exteriour fiags dusky, and a 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ORNITHOLOGRH Boor, 
 
 with white {pots, the inner Webs of the fame colour with the precedent. The fea- 
 thers covering the roots of the flags underneath are of a pale green, with tranfverfe 
 dusky lines. The Tail confifts of ten feathers, ftiff, and bending inwards, which by 
 reafon the fhaft reacheth not to the end of the Webs, feem to be forked. The two 
 middlemoft feathers are the longeft, by meafure four inches and an half; have their 
 tips black, elfe they are marked with crofs bars, above of a dark green, and under- 
 neath whitifh, the three next on each fide differ not from thefe. Of the two out- 
 moft ( which are blunter than the reft ) the greater are all over varied with tran{verfe 
 bars of black and darkgreen alternately placed, the lefler or outmoft have their tops 
 green, and bottomsblack. 
 - The.Feet and'Toes are of apale green, and fometimesof a lead colour: “The Claws 
 dusky. TheToes ‘placed as in the reft, of this kind, two forward, two backward. 
 The loweft bones of the fore toes are joyned together. . | 
 
 [thath a large Gall, an Inch and half long : The right Telticle round, the left ob- 
 long, and bent almoft into a circle, which lett any one fhould think accidental, I ob- 
 ferved in three feveral birds.’ It hath noblind Guts,but in their ftead theftreight Gut 
 is dilated in that place. Its Crop was fullof Antsand AntsEggs. It feeds alio upon 
 
 Caterpillars and Coffz. It fits more upon the ground than other Woodpeckers, and feeks 
 
 its foodthere. 
 
 Its Tongue is round, ending in a ftiff, fharp, bony tip, dented on both: fides. 
 This Tongue the Bird can dart out to a great length, v7z. fome three or four inches, 
 and draw up again, by the help of two finall round Cartilages, fattned into the fore- 
 mentioned bony tip, and running along the length of the Tongue : Thefe Cartilages 
 from the root of the Tongue takeacircuit beyond the Ears, and being reflected back- 
 wards tothe crown of the Head, ( where they both meet again, and are kept down 
 down by a Ligament going over them) make a large bow. Below the Ligament they 
 run down the Sagittal Suture, and. then declining a little to the night fide; pafs jutt 
 above the orbit of the right Eye, and along the right fide of the Bill into a hole 
 excavated. there, whence they have their rife or original. The mufculous fpongy 
 flefh of the Tongue enclofes thefe Cartilages like a fheath, and is fo made that.it may 
 be extended or contracted likea Worm. . That partalfo of thefe Cartilages; reaching 
 from the hind part of the Head to theend of the Bill, is covered with the like mufcu- 
 lous flefh that may be contracted or extended like the renee only both Cartilages 
 are not enclofed in one mufcle, but have each its feveral diftin& mutculous fheath, like 
 two fmall ftrings or worms. On the ends of thefe Cartilages(for Icould without much 
 force draw them out of their focket in the Bill ) there was a white glutinous or mu- 
 cous matter. On the infide the flexure of thefe Cartilages reaching from the root of 
 the Tongue to the top of the Head,was a broad thin mufcle, which ferved to move the 
 Cartilages to and fro. For by contracting it felf it ftreightens the bow of the Carti- 
 lages ( almoft after the manner as the Tumica Ovea dilates the Pupil ) and fo neceffarily 
 forces the Cartilages forward through the Tongue, and thrufts out the Tongue: But 
 we leave thefe things to be more curioufly weighed and examined by others. 
 
 The tips of thefhafts of the Tail-feathers in this and other Woodpeckers feem to be 
 broken or worn off by their refting upon them in climbing. 438 - 
 
 - Pe kind lays five or fix Eggs at once. I have feen fix young ones together in a 
 eft. ee | 
 
 * Bellonius his greateft green "oodpedhily. 
 Bellonius makes this Bird ( which: he would. have to be Ariftotles third: kind: of | 
 
 Woodpecker) far greater thanthe.common green Woodfpite now defcribed. He gives: 
 
 hima crooked Bull, contrary to .the manner of thereft. of this Tribe: Feet after 
 fafhion of others: Divers {pots in the Wings, fuch as are feen in the Wings of 
 ret, but different in colour. as See 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Se eee ee Re EE 
 Boox II. ORNITHOLOGY. Kale 
 
 §. TI. 
 The greater fhotted Wocdpecker or Witwall, Picus varius ma jor’; ieee Arift, 
 
 Tis a8 big or bigger than a Blackbird. .The Female weighed two ounces thtca 
 
 quarters. Its length ftom the Bill to the Claws was eight. inches, to the end of 
 
 the Tail nine and an half: the diftance between the tips of the Wings extended fix- 
 teen inches. 
 
 The Billin the Cock was an inch and a quarter long, meafuring from the tip tothe 
 corner of the {lit of the mouth, ftreight, black, thicker at the head, and flenderer 
 by degrees, ending in a fharp point, being of a triangular Pyramidal fisure, and 
 channel’d witha furrow ot two. The Nofthrils round and covered with black 
 briftles. The Irides of the Eyes red. The Tongue‘ made like that of the ereen 
 Woodpecker. | 
 
 On the hind part of the Head is a line of Crimfon or Vermilion red, reaching from 
 white to white in each cheek ; [ in the Cock, not inthe Hen: ] ‘In the Hen the 
 Throat and Breaft were of a dirty yellowifh white: The lower Belly under the Tail 
 of a™* lovely red or Crimfon colour. ‘Hence the Italians call It Cul roffo; the Welfh by * rrenice 
 
 aname fignifying Frre-tail. The feathers encompafling the Bafé of the upper Chap, “lore. 
 and thofe ‘about the Eyes and Ears are white. The Head is black, ‘with adath of 
 fhining green, the Back alfo black. At the infertion of the Wings on each fide is a 
 
 great white fpot. From the corners of the mouth a broad, black ftroak reaches o wn 
 
 to theBack: juft below the Head another black ftroak crofles this. 
 
 The flag-feathers of the Wing are in number twenty ( of which the firft or out- 
 moftis the fhorteft } black, and marked with femicircular white {pots. The interiour 
 covert feathers of the Wings are white, and make up part of thofe white fpots we 
 mentioned on the fhoulders 5 the middlemoft are wholly black, the exteriour have 
 one ortwo white fpots. The ridge or Bafe of the Wing is white. 
 
 The Tailis three inches and.an half long, made up of ten feathers; of whith the 
 two middlemoft are the longeft, being {trong, ftiff, fharp-pointed,; and bending in- 
 wards: The fhaft, as inothers, is not produced to the utmoft tip ( perchance worn 
 or broken off with climbing ) by reafon whereof the feathers appear forked. The 
 outmoft Tail-feather on each fide isfmall, black, and having a white {pot in the exte- 
 riour Web. Inthe two next the lower part is black, and the reft white, with two 
 tranfverfe black {pots or {troaks, of which the upper cuts both Webs of the feather, 
 the lower only theinteriour. In the third the black reacheth higher, and the white 
 part hath only one tranfverfe black {troak. | The fourth pair are all black, having only 
 a femicircular {pot of white toward the top, the very tip being of a reddith white : 
 
 The two middlemoft are wholly black. . 
 
 Axxot. 1 think it is not necdful-fo fcrupuloully to defcribe every particular {pot 
 in each feather : for that nature takes a latitude, {porting her felf, as they call it, int 
 thefe lefler things, not obferving always the fame number, figure, and fituation of 
 fpots. Inthe Bird I defcribed, the flag-feathers of the Wings. were {potted on both 
 fides the thaft with white fpots, which when the Wing was extended ftood in rows 
 crofling the feathers: The four middle feathers: of the Tail wholly black, the reft 
 variegated with white and black tranfverfe fpots. The feathers ftand fo that the 
 Tail, when fhut, feemsa little forked. ae 
 
 The Feet are of a lead colour. It hath the Toes fo fituateas the others of this kind, 
 viz. two forward, two backward : The two fore-toes likewife conne&ted from the 
 divarication place to the firft joynt. 
 
 Ithath a {mall Liver witha Gall annexed. The Breaft-bone is very long, produced = 
 almoft to the vent : A fimall Gizzard or ftomach, in that we diffected full of * Coffz, on Snes 
 Spordyli, and Beetles. The Guts lie deep within the body,that they be not hurt when feet, refem- 
 the Bird turns her head downward, and ftrikestrees with her Bill. It is Common to bling a Cater- 
 
 : ; : pillar found in 
 this, with the reft of its kind, to wantthe blind Guts. rotten Weed 
 
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 ~ ORNITHOLOGY. Book il. 
 CON Me tee eee 
 
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 §. IV. 
 The leffer fpotted Woodpecker or Hickwall, Picus varius minor. 
 
 His is for fhapeand colour like to the laft defcribed, but much lefs, weighing 
 {carce an ounce; being in length from Bill to Tail not more than fix inches 5 
 though the Wings extended were no lefs than eleven inches broad from tip to tip. 3 
 The Tail confifted of ten feathers, from the exteriour to the middlemott gradu- 
 ally longer each than other, the two middlemoft being the longett. Of thee the 
 fourmiddlemoft are wholly black, {trong, {fharp, and bending inward, asin the reft 
 of this kind, fo made to fuftain the body when fhe climbs trees : The three exteriour 
 are lefs fharp, of which the outmoft and leaft hath the bottom black, and the upper 
 part white, with two tranfverfe black fpots. In the next the black part is extended 
 in the inner Web as far as the fecond tranfverfe black fpot; in the outer the white 
 reacheth lower, yet hath it only one tranfverfe black {pot toward the top. The third 
 isblack, having only the tip white. Paes 3 
 , The Throat. Breatt, aa Belly are of a fordid white, above the Nofthrils it 1s of a 
 dusky colour, and on the head it hath a whitefpot. The hinder part of the head is 
 black, From theEyestothe middle of the Neck two broad lines of white feathers 
 terminated on both fides with black are produced, ——- about the middle of 
 the Neck [ only the feathers that cover the Ears are of the fame colour with the 
 Breaft.] The upper part of the Back, and upper covert feathers of the Wings are 
 black. Theprime feathers and reft of the covert feathers are elegantly {potted with 
 whitefemicircular {pots. The middle part of the Back is white with crofs lines of 
 black. The Bill, Tongue, Irides, Feet and Toes like thofe of the laft defcribed, 
 The Legsfeathered, but not down to the Toes : The Claws black and crooked. The 
 {famenumber of prime feathers in Wings and Tail. The Stomach difle&ted was full 
 of Infects. : oe 
 It wants the Appendices or blind Guts, like the reft of thiskind. 
 The Cock differs from the Hen in that inftead of a white fpot on the head is hath 
 Crimion. ; Eh 
 es eons at chia kind andwants thofe red fpots on the Head and Rump ; 
 which istrue of the Female, but not of the Male, for his Head, as we faid, is marked 
 
 witha red fpot. : 
 6. ¥. 
 
 * The Brafilian parti-coloured Woodpecker, called Ipecu, Marggrave. 
 
 His Bird is about the bignefs of a Dove. The length of the Neck was two 
 inches, of the body four, of the Tail alfo four, of the Legs almoft an inch 
 and half. Ithath four Toesin its Feet, two ftanding forwards, and two backwards, 
 asin Parrots. The Headis covered with feathers of a Vermilion colour, on which 
 alfo it hath a Creft like a Dove. The Neck underneath is black to the very Bill, as 
 alfo above: But in both fides there is a broad white line produced toward the Back 
 [ divifim.| The oe are outwardly all over black, inwardly white: The Tail 
 black. Inthe Belly and upper part of the Legsthe feathers are black and white. Its 
 Billisftreight, fharp-pointed, an inch and halflong, wherewith it pierces the barks 
 of trees, as the Woodpecker. 
 
 d. VI. 
 The Wryneck: lynx five Torguilla. 
 
 His Bird is of the bignefsof the common Lark, or fomewhat lefs: It weighs 
 
 # © morethanan ounce. Its length fromthe tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail 
 feven inches and an half: The breadth of the Wings {pread_ eleven inches. The Bill 
 is hort, fmaller, and lefS triangular than in the reft of this kind, of a lead-colour. 
 The Tongue round, ending in a fharp bony thorn, which it can dart out to a great 
 length, and withdraw again, like the reft of thiskind. TheIrides of the Eyes of a 
 yellow hazel colour. The Feet and Legs thort,of a pale lead colour [ or, asI defcribed 
 them of a flefh colour, 9 2 
 | “ It 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5 - ¢D —— “ee 4 ~~! —_ ———— 
 
 , £39 
 
 It could ruffle up the feathers of its Head, fo as to make them appear likeaCct. 
 as doth the Fay. The Plumage is fo elegantly and curioufly couanae Se any a 
 difficult in words to defcribe it; the upper part of the body being Variegated aiaks 
 white, black, reddith, dusky, and grey orafh-colour. From the crown of the Head 
 allalong the middle of the Back runsa lift of black. The Head is cinereous, with 
 tranfverfe white, black, and red lines: The Throat :and lower Belly yelloy with 
 tran{verfe black lines; the middle of the Breaft ls whiter, with fewer ‘lines. The 
 feathers covering the bottom of the prime Wing-feathers are yellow, with tranfverfe 
 black lines. . The Rump is more ath-coloured than the Head, with white {pots and 
 * tran{verfeblack lines. | | 
 
 The prime W ing-feathers are in number nineteen, :the firft or outmoft being fome- 
 thing fhorter than the fecond, black, but {potted with great red {pots ; which {pots 
 efpecially in the feathers next the bod y, are powdered with fmall, black {pecks... The 
 tips of the fecond row of Wing-feathers are white... The Tail-feathers are ten, not 
 tharp-pointed, nor {tiff nor bending inwards, asin the above deferibed Woodpeckers : 
 two inchesand an half long, of a cinereous colour,) croffed at Jarge intervals with 
 bars of black : To {peak exadly, the part next the crofs bars is of a dark ath-colour, 
 the reft of the intermediate {paces of a paler cinereous, {prinkled, and as it were be- 
 dewed with black fpecks. Bs. 
 
 The Toes are fo dif{pofed as in the reft of this kind, two forward, two backward : 
 The outmolt Toes in each Foot are equal, and twice fo long as the inmoft. 
 
 It wants the blind Guts like the reft of this kind. The length of the Guts was nine 
 inches, 
 
 It {trangely and ridiculoufly turns its head back to itsfhoulders, whence it is by 
 Gaza called Torquilla. It feeds upon Azts, which darting out its Tongue it flabs 
 through with great celerity, with the thorny point we mentioned (as Children are 
 wont to catch Frogs with an Iron Dart, fhot out of a Bow, and drawn back again ) 
 and fo {wallows them, never touching them with its Bill, as other birds are wont to 
 do their meat: Witnefs Gejzer, who tells us, that himfelf kept one five days ina 
 Cage, and. affirms upon his own experience that it. feeds upon no other food but 
 
 Aunts. 
 
 _ _ The Hen is palerand more cinereous than the Cock. Aldrovandys obferved a long 
 black {pot behind the Eyes in the Cock. | 
 
 Annot. | 1 defcribed, this Bird thus. The Quus or prime feathers in each Wing 
 were eighteen, of a dusky colour, marked in their exteriour Webs with red {pots, in 
 their interiour with pale ones: fo fituate asin the pied Woodpecker. The Throat and 
 upper partof the Breaft were yellow, and the Belly white, from Bill to Tail varie- 
 gated with thick-fet, crofs black lines, _At each corner of the mouth grew white fea- 
 thers, varied with the like tranfverfe lines. 
 
 §. VIL | age] 
 
 Bool ORACIF HOLGER 
 
 * The Braflian Jacamacisi of Marggrave... 
 
 Or the conformity of its Feet we have fubjoyned it to the Woodpeckers. It is of 
 the bignefs of a aa It hath a f{treight, fharp-pointed, black Bill, almoft two 
 inches long: A fhort Tongue, [ wherein it differs from Woodpeckers | blue Eyes3 
 fhort Wittgs; which end a little beneath the rife of the Tail. The Tail is almoft three 
 inches and an half long, {treight, compofed of feven or eight feathers. The upper 
 Legs are feathered, the lower bare, the skin being of a colour mingled of yellow 
 and green; of whiehcolourare alfo the Feet. In each foot it hath four Toes, two 
 {tanding forwards, and two backwards; both the inner Toes in each Foot, as well 
 the fore as the back one, are but half fo long as. the outer. The Claws are black, 
 The whole Head, upper part of the Neck, Back, Wings, and Tail above are of a 
 green colour mingled. with golden or igneous, fo.that they thine wonderfully. A 
 ring of the fame colour doth alfo encompafs the Neck. Under the Throat, on the | 
 Brea(t, the lower Belly, and under the Tailitisof a dark yellow colour, like yellow 
 Wax. 
 
 T 2 §. VIII. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T4.0 
 
 * Sea-preen 
 we call ite 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 RNATHOLOGY. _Boox li. 
 
 —————— 
 
 §. Vil. 
 * The Brafilian Curucui of Marggrave. 
 
 T is a very elegant and beautiful bird, almoft of the bignefs ofa Pie: Hatha fhort 
 broadith Bill, of a brimfton colour: A wide mouth, and, when open, ora trian- 
 ular figure: Fair blue eyes with a golden circle [1 fuppofe he means encompafiing 
 the Pupil ] and under each Eye a {pot of white skin, like a Hen: In the Eye-lids 
 above and beneath black, ftift hairs: The Neck not long: The Legs fhort and fea- 
 -hered almoft to the Feet, with black feathers. It hath a Tail five inches and an half 
 long, of a good breadth. Under the lower Bill, inthe middle, and at both fides, 1s 
 
 as it werea beard, made up of black briftles, yet fhining with a glofs of blue asin 
 the Necks of Malards. Under the Throat the feathers are only black. The whole 
 Breaft and lower Belly are of an excellent Vermilion colour : The whole Back and 
 upper fide of the Tail are of a fhining green, with a glofs of blue, and golden, or 
 igneous colour, The end of the Tail hath a black border. Underneath the Tail it 
 hath white feathers elegantly ftraked with cro@ black lines. The beginning of the 
 Wings is of that fhining green we mentioned: The middle part is hoary, the black 
 feathers being poudered with very little grey fpecks, as Mallards ufe to be; The ut- 
 moft part, that is, the longeft feathers, are of a dark dusky or blackifh colour. The 
 Legs, asI faid, are almoft wholly cloathed with black feathers : What is bare, toge- 
 ther with theFeet, is of a dusky afh-colour. The Toes are fo difpofed as the Par- 
 
 rots. ‘The feathers under the Wings are grey- 
 
 Q. IX. 
 * Guira acangatara of the Brafilians, Marggrav- 
 
 ij bm Bird is about the bignefs of a Magpie. It hath a Billan inch long, theup- 
 per Chap whereof is a little hooked, the whole of a dark yellow: TheEyes 
 Cryftalline, witha dusky cirele : Tb wo inches long, the body three. — The 
 Tail very long, viz-cight inches, confifting of eight ftreight feathers. he upper Legs 
 are an inch and half long, as alfo the lower. The Toesin‘each foot four, ftanding as 
 in Parrots, the two inward in each foot being fhorter, the two outward longer. 
 The whole Head is cloathed with feathers, which in their middles longways near the 
 fhaft are dusky, in their fides yellow, as 1s the Creft. The Neck and Wings ( on 
 the other fide ) have their feathers yellow inthe middle, and dusky inthe fides. ‘The 
 ends of the Wingsare almoft wholly dusky. The whole Belly, Back, excepting the 
 Wings, upper Legs, and rife or bafe of the Wings tothree inches and an half length 
 are covered with feathers of a pale yellow. The end of the Tail hath white feathers. 
 the reft of the Tail isdusky. The lower Legs and Feetare of a* Sea-water-colour. 
 On the Head are long feathers erected like a Creft. It makes a great cry in the 
 
 
 
 Woods. 
 
 uae 
 * "The Brafilian Aracaxi of Marggrav. the other Xochitenacat] of Nieremberg. 
 
 T is ofthe bignels of a Woodpecker (1 fuppofe he means the common green one 
 hath a Bil four inches long, an ifich and half broad or deep, three inckae ane a 
 half’ thick where thickeft, [TI fuppofé he means fo much by meafure round } a little 
 bending downward hike*a Turkifh Scymntar, and fharp-pointed likea Parrots 5 the 
 upper Chap being a little longer thanthe lower : Both upper and lower are forabove 
 half way reckoning from the end, {ferrate or toothed. The upper part of the Bill is 
 greater than the lower. The Bill 1s hollow,very light, [ lighter thana Spunge :] The 
 cress Chap white, diftinguifhed “by a black line running along the middle or ridge 
 _ head to point, the lower Chap wholly black. The whole Billis inferted into 
 - the Head triangle-wile, and where the infertion is, compafied about with a triangu- 
 lar whiteline. It hath a Tongue four incheslong, very light, and plainly refembling 
 a feather to fee to: Or elfe is feathered and black, (if the Tongue may be faid to 
 havea feather. ) It hath a Head not very big; broad, and comprefied 5 great Eyes, 
 : . with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
“oo 
 
 with ablack Pupil, yellow Irides, and the * reft of the outfides of t s * Sil saa Gar 
 The Neck is not longer than a Parrots. The body from the rife of he No an premititen, | 
 Tail is about five inches long. The Tail is broad like 4 Woodpeckers, and {ix inches 
 
 long, or fomewhat more. The Legs and Feet are of a dark green or black, like to 
 
 thofe of Parrots, having two fore-toes, whereof the one longer than the other and 
 
 two back-toes likewife of unequal length. The Claws crooked, and dusky or black. 
 
 The length of the upper Legs is two inches, of the lower one and an half. The whole 
 
 Head and Neck as far as the beginning of the Breaft are covered with black feathers 
 
 which wherethey end are terminated ina circle. » The Breaft, and all the lower Bell y 
 elegantly cloathed with yellow feathers mingled with pavonine. Crofg the Breatt 
 
 from the one fide to the other isa broad line drawn, of a fanguine colour. The whole 
 
 Back, Wings, Tail, and upper Legs are covered with dark green feathers, [ or black 
 
 with a glofs of green] like the colour ufual in our Magpies. The end of the Back 
 
 above the beginning of the Tail is of a fanguine ¢ olour to more than the Circumfe- 
 
 rence of a Crown piece. The Wings end at the rife of the Tail, and within fide are 
 
 of a dark afh-colour. The Bill is black within. This Bird doth, asit were, pro- 
 
 nounce its Own name, crying with a fharp voice, but not very thril, Aracarz. 
 
 This Bird is very like the Toxcan or Brafilian Pie, The conformation of its F eet 
 argues it to belong to the Wood pecker-kind. » We faw the Bill of this Bird in the Re- 
 pofttory of the Royal Society, London, our felvesalfo have one of them: It is much lef 
 than the Toucans Bill, not fo compretied fide-ways, but rounder. The upper Chap 
 wholly white, without any line of black inthe top, ( wherein it differs from the Ara- 
 cars Bill defcribed by Marggrave ) the lower black. 
 
 §. XI. 
 * The yellow blue-footed Perfian Woodpecker of Aldrovandus. 
 
 Book Il, ORNITHOLOGY. 41 
 
 T His Bird communicated to me by Tartaglinus the Venetian, ( who fhewed me 
 
 many exotic Animals painted ) at firlt fight, from the conftitution of the Bill 
 and FeetI judged tobe of the Woocdpecker-kind. In bignefsit differs little or hothing 
 from the green Wocdffite 5 only it hath a thicker Head and Neck, and a longer Bill. 
 The feathers from the middle of the Crown to the end of the Tail have fomething of 
 ferrugineous : But the Bill is altogether ferrugineous. The Feet are of a pale blue. 
 The Clawsare black: The reft of the body is yellow, fave that all the Wing-feathers 
 ends or tips incline fomewhat to ferrugineous 3 and.that a {pot of the fame colour en- 
 compafies theEyes. He faid it was an exotic Bird, and bred in Per/iz. 
 
 0. XII. 
 * The American Hang-neft, called by the Brafilians Guira tangeima, Margér. 
 
 is a Bird fomewhat bigger thana Lark, ual to the fpotted Woodpecker. - ts 
 body is about three inven long 5 Its Neck fathech and half: The Head is {mal],; 
 the Bill {treight, fharp-pointed, an inch long, — Its Legs and Feet are like thole of 
 other birds,its Tail ftreight,four inches long. The colour of its Bill is black, except the 
 lower part,where tt is inferted, which hath fomething of dusky ; The Head and Neck, 
 as low as the beginning of the Breaft, very black. The upper part of the Neck from ees 
 the Head almoft to the beginning of the Back is of a* Sky-colour. Through the begin- Beir 
 ning of the Back it hatha tranfverfe black {pot, reaching as far asthe Misi Ws But the 
 W ings themfelves are of a deep black, only in the middle they have a white {pot fituate 
 lungwaysthe feathers, of aninch and half long. The Tailalfo is wholly black: The 
 re{t of the body is of a Sky-colour. The Legs are bluith : The Pupil of the Eyes 
 black,with a yellowith white Iris. Thefe Birds build admirable Nefts of a Cylindrical 
 figure, and hang themin great numberson the ends of the bou hs and twigs of trees. 
 Thefe Nefts are made of the {mall Fibres of roots and twigs of trees and herbs, curi- 
 oufly platted and interwoven. ) 
 
 §. XIII. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > wae: 
 im Bee elt 
 " t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pers rr i. oe , : ROS — " 
 ae ‘ ae = roan 
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 rman - (toe nN a: 
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 — a 
 
 142 
 
 et 
 
 HOLOGY. Book I. 
 
 
 
 OR NE! 
 .§. XIE 
 
 The Brafilian Jupujuba or Japu of Margerave. 
 
 His is of the fame figure with the precedent, and builds after the fame manner, 
 ‘nthe fame tree [one of thefe 1s 4 Male, the other a Female] but hath fone- 
 what afhorter Tail. The whole body is invefted with very black feathers. Inthe 
 middle of each Wing it hath a yellow {pot, an inch long : In the end of the Back, znd 
 near the vent it is all yellow. [I have feen alfo that were wholly black, with 
 their Backs of a fanguine colour. ] The Tail below from its rife half way 1s 
 vellow, the other half being black; above it is wholly black, only it hath on both 
 Gdes a feather half yellow. The Legs and Feet are black: The Bill of a Brimf{tone- 
 colour. The Eyes of a Sapphire colour, with a black Pupil., It hath a blue Tongue, 
 cleft or doubled atthe top. Near the houfe of the Owner of the Engine Lapucirai 
 is planted the treeU#, in which hang more thau four hundred Nefts of thefe Birds; 
 of which there are there a very great number, which hatch and bring up three broods 
 of young ina year. Each Neftismade of dry grafs and horfe-hair, or hogs britles 
 mingled, of a dusky colour, of the figure of a narrow Cucurbite with its Alembick, 
 long, inthe whole about a foot and half, and from the bottom for one foot upwards 
 hollow like a Purfe, the remaining or upper part of it for half a foot being folid, and 
 hanging by its tip on the tip of alittlebranch of thetree. All thefe Nelts hang down 
 on this fafhion from the tips of the twigs of trees. . 
 Wehave often feen the Neft of this Bird artificially built kept among other rarities 
 in the Cabinets of the curious. Iperfuade my felf that this was the very Bird,which 
 the Ancients underftood by the name of Picus nidum {ufpendens, i.e. the Hang-neit- 
 Woodpecker. I am fure there’ 1s. a.great deal more reafon why this fhould be fo 
 called, than the Oriolws, which Aldrovandus takes to be the Picws nidum fufpendens. 
 Antoninus Pigafeta writes, that Parrots do on this fafhion hang their Nefts on the ex- 
 téemities of the branches of trees 5 falfly imagining, that the “Nefts which he faw 
 hanging on the twigs of trees were Parrots Nefiss fetta? 20 24 ©: : Iss 
 
 
 
 Cw#ir. VL 
 Of Woodpeckers lefs properly fo called. 
 der I. 
 
 The Nuthatch or Nutjobber,Sitta feu Picus cinereus. 
 
 length from the tip of the Bilk the end of the Tail was five inches three quar- 
 ters, tothe end of the Toes fix inches. 
 
 The Bill was ftreight, triangular, black above, underneath toward the Throat 
 white, almoft an inch long, meafuring from the tip to the Angles of the flit of the 
 mouth. The Tongue broad, not longer than the mouth, horny at the end and jag- 
 ged: The Nofthrils round, and covered with {mall briftles. The Head, Neck, and 
 Back of anafh-colour: The fides under the Wingsred: The Throat and Breatt ofa 
 pale yellow [or rather Chefnut-red. ] The lower Belly under the Tail hath fome red 
 feathers with white tips. From the Bill through the Eyes tothe Neck is extended a 
 long black ftroak: The Chin 1s white. 
 
 The number of flag-feathers is nineteen, of the which the firft is very fhort arid 
 little. .Theinteriour, or thofe next the body, have their Webs cinereous 5 the ex- 
 teriour dusky : The fhafts of all are black. The Wings underneath are marked with 
 a double fpot, the one white at the roots of the exteriour quils, the other black and 
 larger, beginning at the infertion of the baftard-wing. 
 
 The Tail is fhort, {carce two inches, made up of twelve feathers, all of equal 
 length, unlefs the outmoft be fomewhat the fhorter, not fharp-pointed, nor {tiff asin 
 Woodpeckers, but flexile and limber : The two middlemoft cinereous ; the two next to 
 them black with cinereous tips ; the two fucceeding have the infide oftheir tips white, 
 the 
 
 [ is fomewhat lefs than a ae The Cock weighed almoft an ounce. Its 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‘ SE tsa 5 . | Mant a 
 Boox Il. ORNITHOLOGY. 14.3 
 the outfide cinereous. The outmoft have their ti fa . een 
 . json ae Pot, the reft of the feathers being ne —. 
 i 88 are Mort 5 both Legs and. Feet of a dark fleth-colou It h 
 back-toe, equal to the middle of the fore-toes. The Claws aro pee . aa 
 of adusky colour 5 that of the back-toe the biggelt. The outmoft fore-toe the leatt 
 Ha Mie we inmoft joyned to the middle toe at the bottom. | 
 hada mutculous Stomach or Gizzard, in which we found B : . 
 — aoe length of the Guts was fix inches and am half. “ode 
 tbuildsin the holes of trees, and if the entrance be too bj it doth artificial] 
 up part of it with clay, leaving only a {mall hole for it felf to pal in and out ie we 
 It feeds not Only upon Infects, but allo upon Nut-kernels. It is 4 pretty {pectacle 
 to fee her fetch a Nut out of her hoard, place it faft in a chink, and then ftandin 
 above it, with its head downwards, ftriking it with all its force, breaks the fhel] and 
 catches up the Kernel. 
 This bird is by Arifiotle called Siily, Who makes two kinds of it, a greater, and a 
 leffer. Gaza retains the fame name, calling it in Latine, Sitta, Later Writers ftile 
 it Pics cinerews, 2.¢. the alh-coloured Woodpecker ; becaufe like them it climbs and runs 
 up the bodiesand boughs of trees. Itis called by fome Secrys,and Kiveid@.,becaule 
 it moves and flirts up the Tail. 
 
 > and under 
 
 ee ——— 
 
 ——< a a 
 a 
 
 eee ieee ee 
 
 eatin 
 
 ny 
 < 
 
 §. Ih 
 
 * The Wall-creeper, or Spider-catcher. Picus murarius, Aldrov. |. 42. ¢. 37. 
 
 ene ac —- —— 
 einai Ee - 
 
 | is fomewhat bigger than a Houfe-Sparrow, almott as large asa Stare. The colour 
 
 of the whole body is beft {een when the Wings are fpread. It hath a long, {len- 
 det, black Bill. The Head) Neck, and Back cinereous : The Breaft white: The 
 W ngs partly cinereous, partly red, wiz. toward the Belly: The Tail fhore: The long 
 feathers of the Wings, the lower part of the Back, the Belly, and Legs, ( which, af- 
 ter the manner of Woodpeckers, are fhort ) black: The Toes long, three {tanding for- 
 ward, and one backward,though Be/onivs attributes to it two fore-toes, and fo many 
 back ones : Whereforeit is to be lulpected, that either he knew not the Wall-creeper, 
 or elfelet forth one different from ours, Which I do not believe, becaufe the reft of 
 the defcription he gives of it, agrees exactly to our Bird. Thus far Aldrovandus ; who 
 writes, that this Bird is frequent and obvious enough in the Territory of Bologna; in 
 flying liketo the Hoopoe, almoft always fhaking its Wings like that, never refting in 
 one place. By later Writers it is called Picys mauravivs, becaule as Woodpeckers cling 
 to trees, and hang on them, fo this fticks to all Walls, efpecially thofe of Towers, 
 and feeks Infects in their chinks: Whence in Winter-time it is often {een in Cities. It 
 is a brisk and chearful bird, and hath a pleafant note. It flies alone, and fometimes 
 twoincompany. It builds its Neft in the holes of trees. They fay it is found in Eng- 
 land ; but we have not as yet had the hap to meet with it. 
 
 = ——— a ——— — = 
 
 §. Ul. 
 The greater Reed-Sparrow, Junco Aldrov. Cinclus Turneri. 
 
 a Cock, which we defcribed, was for bignefs not much inferiour toa Thrufh. 
 The Bill was great, fomewhat crooked ; from the tip of the Angles of the 
 mouth, more than an inch long. The upper Chap of a dusky colour, the lower 
 whitifh. TheTonguecloven, and divided into many filaments. The infide of the 
 mouth of a deep yellow or Saffron colour. -The Notthrils are round and great : 
 The Irides of the Eyes of ared hazel colour. Not far from the Angles of the mouth 
 in the upper Mandible graw four or five black hairs. The Throat, Belly,and Breaft 
 are white, with a kind of yellowith tin@ure, more yellow about the vent: The fu- 
 pine or upper lide of the body of a dusky yellowifh colour. Above each Eye isa 
 whitith line. : 
 The number of prime feathers in each Wing. is eighteen. The Plumage covering 
 the roots of thefe feathers underneath'is yellow. ‘The Tail is three inches anda quar- 
 terlong: I mean the middle feathers, for the extremeare but two and three quarters 
 They have a {trong thaft, and are {tiff like thofe of a Woeedpecker. 
 
 The 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CAP Cug! arc} 
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 Le ptt of ST eH 
 
 Wirth 
 
 i Si a ae ee | 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox IL. 
 
 I 
 ulous, which 1s efpecially remarka- 
 
 eat, {trong and mufc . ‘re 
 aes A hatha one sarah anki toward the root or rife of it is broad 
 
 fore-toe is joyned to the middlemoft at the bottom. — | 
 Pe. « clow Gall, large Telticles, a fhorter Breaft-bone than Woodfpites 5 hort 
 
 - Reed-Beetles in the ftomach. | 
 ere always cout eae among Reeds, and fings fweetly. It fticks to, andclimbs up 
 
 d trees. | | 
 Reis wet Belloni feems to be the fame either with this or the lefier 
 
 Species 5 the defcription whereof fee in Aldrovandus, lib.20. cap.62. 
 §. IV. 
 
 The leffer Reed-Sparrow. An Cannevarola Aldrovandus 2 An Ficedula cannabina Oline? 
 
 : what lefs than a Red/fart« It creeps and fings among Reeds. 
 Saline a ‘ be il to the end of Oral was five inches three quarters: 
 From tip to tip of the Wings extended eight inches. The Bill, meafuring from the 
 point to the Angles of the mouth, was three quarters of an inchlong: The lower 
 Chap almoft white, the upper blackith, the Mouth, within yellow: The Tongue 
 cloven, and divided into filaments, the Irides of a hazel colour. The Back toward 
 the Rumpis of a dark olive or dusky green, toward the Head more cinereous. The 
 middle of the Breaft iswhite 5 the Throat and lower Belly have a mixture of yellow. 
 
 of a dirty, greenifh.colour. | | | 
 
 The Sate feathers of ee Wings are innumber eighteen, of which the fecond is the 
 longeft. They are of a dark brown or dusky colour, as in the Redftart, and other 
 (mall birds. The Tail is 2} inches long, and compofed of twelve feathers. ; The 
 foles of the Feet are of agreenifh yellow. The outmoft Toe adheres to the middle- 
 moft below, asinothers. The Bill and Feet in this Bird are greater than the propor- 
 tion of the reftof the body feems to require. The Female differs little or nothing 
 from the Male. . | 
 
 Aunot. This Bird I bought in the Market at Florence, where they callit Beccafigo : 
 which name they give to many fmall birds that feed fat. I fuppofe it is that defcribed 
 and figured in Olina by the rr aof Beccafizo Cannabino. My defcription differ s fome- 
 thing from this of Mr. Willughby, but not confiderably, viz. The Back was of a pale 
 green inclining to yellow, which juft above the Tail was more yellow. The feathers 
 of the Wingsand Tail were of a Moufe-dun, having their edges of the fame colour 
 with the Back. The Tail, when {pread, terminated in a circular Circumference. 
 The Breaft, Belly, and Throat were white, dafhed with yellow. The Bill long, 
 {treight, flat, or deprefled 5 The lower Chap of a horn-colour, theupper more dut- 
 ky, but not black: The Legs long, and.of a light blue, with a little dath of yellow. 
 The Mouth within yellow : The folesof the feet yellow. 
 
 It is common in the Low Countries among the Reeds. 
 
 Another Bird of this name, but differentin kind, we fhall defcribe afterwards. 
 
 §. V. 
 
 
 
 
 The Creeper. Certhia. 
 
 5 T isavery finall bird, fcarce bigger than the copped Wren. It hath a long,flender, 
 
 fharp Bill, bending downwards like aBow. Theupper Chap of a dark colour, 
 the nether white at the bafe, and black at the tip.. The Pee not longer than the 
 Bill, wherein it differs from the Woodfpites, yet hard and {tiff at the point, and fharp 
 like a Goad. The Irides of theEyes of a dark hazel colour. 
 
 The Throat, Breaft, and Belly white: The Head, Back, and Wings inclining to a 
 Fox-colour ; the middle parts of the feathersbeing whitifh. Above the Eyes oneach 
 fideisa white {pot., Thebeam-feathers of the Wings are eighteen, the firft of which 
 is very fhort, the fourth the longeft,and by meafure two + inches: The three outmoft 
 are dusky, the re{t have white tips, and a)broad white line through their middle, 
 fomething inclining to fulvous. -The edges of thofe next the body are likewife ful- 
 vous, and have white only on the exteriour fide of their fhafts. Thecovert-feathers 
 of the Wings are more black, the middlemoft have their middle part fulvous 5 all thei 
 tips white, The Tail confifts of ten feathers only, as in Woodfpites,is very long for the 
 
 , | bignefs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7 a ae ee ts 
 Boox II, ORNITHOLOGY. IAs 
 bignefs of the bird, az. two inches and an half, fharp-pointed,(tiffof adusky red,or 
 reddifh dun colour. rg Ba: Phe 
 
 The Feet are of a light brown: The Legs fhort: The Feet have long Toes, all 
 armed with very long, fharp, white Claws, e{pecially the back-toe; which hath it 
 extraordinarily long like a Lark. i | 
 
 It is {uficiently characterized and diftinguifhed from all other birds by its littlene(s 
 and bow-bill. lis 3 
 
 Aldrovandys attributes to his Certhia.afhort Tail, wherein it differs fromours, 
 
 It runs up the bodies and boughs of trees, having its Fect and Tail, fitly difpofed 
 and formed for fuch a purpofe. 
 
 It 1s frequent in England ; and as Aldrovandyus reports, builds inthe hollows of trees 
 
 after the manner of Woodpeckers ; {t lays a preat number of Eggs, fometimes; they fay; 
 not fewer than twenty. | 
 
 gi.: VI. 
 The Hoop or Hoopoe, Upupa Latinis, "Exod Gracis. 
 
 ‘J i weighs three ounces. Its length from the point of the Bill to the end of the 
 Tail was twelve inches and an half: Its breadth, the Wings being ftretched ‘out, 
 nineteen inches. | 
 
 Its Bill is two inchesand an half long, black, fharp, and fomething bending. The 
 Tongue f{mall, as Aldrovandus rightly hath it, deep withdrawn in the mouth, trian- 
 gular, being broad at bottom, and {harp at top, like a perfed equilateral triangle. 
 The fhape of the body approacheth to that of a Plover. The Head is adorned with 
 a moft beautiful Creft, two inches high, confifting of a double row of feathers, 
 reaching from the Bill tothe nape of the Neck,all along the top of the Head: Which it 
 can at pleafure fet up, and let fall.- It is made up of twenty four.or twenty fix.fea- 
 thers, fome of which are longer thanothers ; the tips of them are black; under the 
 black they are white, the remaining part under the white being of a Chefnut, 
 inclining to yellow. The Neckisof a pale red: The Breaft white, variegated with 
 black ftrokestending downward. The older birds had no black ftrokes: in their 
 Breafts, but only in their fides. The Tail is four inches and an half long: [ Aldrovan- 
 dws faith {ix ] made up of ten feathers only, black, with a crofs mark or bed of white 
 of the figure of a Crefcent or Parabola, the middle being toward the Rump, the 
 hornstoward the ends of the feathers. The Tailis extended further than the Wings 
 complicated. ene | . 
 
 There are in each Wing eighteen quils or mafter-feathers, of which the ten fore- 
 moft are black, having a white-crofs bar, which in the fecond, third, fourth, fifth, 
 fixth, and feventh is more than half an inch broad. The feven following feathers 
 have four or five white cro bars. The limbs or borders of the laft are omething 
 red: The Rumpiswhite. The long feathers {pringing out of the fhoulders and co- 
 vering the back are varied with whiteand black crofs lines or bars,after the fame man- 
 ner as the Wings. tS Ota 
 
 The Irides of the Eyes are of ahazel colour:. The lower Eye-lid bigger than the 
 upper: The Legsfhort: The outmoft toe at bottom faftned to the middle, without 
 any intervening membrane. The Windpipe ( as Aldrovandws defcribes it.) at the be~ 
 ginning of the divarication or divifion into two branches which goto the Lungs, hath 
 two little bones outwardly fupplying the ufe of the * Larynx, between which is 
 {pread a very thin skin : The annulary Cartilages beyond the divarication in each 
 branch in ourobfervation were only femicircular,.as in Herons. 
 
 In the Stomach diffected we found Beetles 5 whenée:it is manifeft that it feeds upon 
 Infects, but whether alfo uponGrapes and other Berries, as {ome of the Ancients have 
 delivered; we know not. I hear ( {faith Aldrovandys ) that among other things it feeds 
 upon. Azts. It hath no blind Guts. | | : pr 
 
 In the number of Tail-feathers, want of the blind Guts, crof$ lines of the Wings, 
 and partly alfo in its food it agreeth with Woodpeckers, to which therefore we have 
 
 joyned it. res rk | is 
 ae Collex and eliewhere in High Germany itis very frequent, where they call it 
 Widehuppe. It fits for the moft part on the ground, fometimes on Willows. Turner faith, 
 that it is found nowhere in, Britany: But he is deceived; for we are afiured by cre- 
 dible perfons, that it is fometimes, though more rarely, feen in Northumberland, nat 
 alf@in Surrey: Aece A201 cf cre het iP (Pent 1 OB ptad) QL YFG pe 
 
 * Head of the 
 Windpipe, 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SS ee ee 
 146 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Ul. 
 
 Aviftorlewitnefleth that it makes its Neft of dung, efpecially mans dung, daubing 1¢ 
 
 h ith inftead of Clay. “ 
 enc a in both Languages [ Greek and Latine | fromthe found of its 
 
 took its name 1 | ! 
 Pr eg The mioft of our English Grammarians ( ( faith Turner ) call that bird Upxpz, 
 which thofe that {peak barbaroufly from the noife it makes with tts Wings are wont to 
 call Vaienews, and they in their own Language a Lapwing. This inveterate error our 
 Grammar Schools do {till retain. 
 They fay the Hen is always greater than the Cock, 
 
 ce 
 Cuape.. VII. 
 
 Of Land Birds that feed upon Fifh. 
 
 §. I. 
 The King fifher. Ipida an Veterum Alcyon ? 
 
 of the Tail exceeded feven inches. The ends of the Wings extended were ele- 
 ven inches diftant. 
 
 The Bill wasalmoft two inches long, thick, ftrong, f{treight, fharp-pointed, black, 
 yet whitifh at the Angle[ of thelower Mandible. 7] The upper Chap is for the moft 
 part longer than the lower, yet in fome birdsthelower is longer than the upper. The 
 Tongue 1s fhort, broad, fharp-pointed, and undivided: The Mouth within of a 
 Saffron-colour, the Nofthrilsoblong. The Chin is white with a certain mixture of 
 red ; the middle alfo of the Breaft or Belly is of the like colour. The lower Belly 
 under the Tail is of a deep red, as are alfo the fides and feathers under the Wings. 
 The Bréaftis red, the outmoft borders of the feathers being of a dirty bluith green. 
 From the Neck through the middle of the Back to the Tail itis of a moft lovely 
 bright, but pale blue, whichb its fplendour is faid to hurt their Eyes that look long 
 andintently upon it. If you heed is*COlOur attentively you may obferve the blue 
 crofled with ob{cureordark=co oured lines. Between the Nofthrils and the Eyes is 
 a red fpot, an 
 
 |: weighed an ounce and a quarter: In length from the tip of the Bill to the end 
 
 
 
 UL 
 
 
 
 another beyond theEyes: to which. fiaeceeds a white mark, tinG@ured 
 with red. The crownof the Headis of a black green, with crofs blue lines. 
 
 In each Wing are twenty three Quils, of which the third is the longeft; both 
 quil-feathers, and thofe next tothem have their extertour Webs blue, their interiour 
 dusky. ‘Thelefier rows of Wing-feathers, all excepting thofe covering the bafe of 
 TE ei the Wing, have blue tips. The long-feathers {pringing from the fhoulders, and co- 
 
 als 4 fez ; vering the Back, are of a bluifh green. The Tail is fhort, about an inchand an halfin 
 
 a a im SH a 
 
 
 
 | y2/4— Aength, madeup of twelve feathers, of a dark blue, with fomewhat of black. 
 tal 2 th oo ae The Legs and Feet are very fhort and little, black before, red behind, as are alfo 
 a EF! C4) she foals of the feet and the back-toes. The ftructure of the Feet in this Bird is fingular 
 it ES OY An — ae different from allothers, for the three lower joyntsof the outmoft toe arejoyned 
 Nneic, 07 {7 that SOthe middlemotft 5 of the inmoft only one: This umer toe isthe leaft, and thorter 
 MM cZeet\-2'9 {orn by half than the middlemoft , the outer almoft equal to the middlemoft: Theiback- 
 a toe is fommewhat biggerthanthe inner foretoe. The thirdor lowelt bone of the Leg 
 ee is greater than is ufual in otherbirds. The toes feem as it were joynted with many 
 Bee nls? ——18e7 crofs lines. The bones of the Tongue are leffer and fhorter than in other birds. 
 pe ca. ev’ 2. The Stomach is great and lax, as in carnivorous birds 5 in that we difiected was 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 joc 4 xe fallof the bonesand feales of fifhes. ‘The Guts are flenderer toward the vent. Ge/- 
 My ne Loh) 4 Voce ev affirms, ‘that the fat of thisbird isred; which we found tobe true. The fame 
 Race: enol lor ott ‘Author tellsus, thatin one Neft areoften found nineyoung ones: Ina Neftin a hole 
 
 Ee RS © 04 Grcee yee about half a yard deep in thebank of a River we obferved but five young ones. 
 Pa ee [tis a Vulgar perfuafion, that this bird, being hung up on an untwifted thread by 
 
 
 
 the Bill in any room, will turn its Breaft to that quarter of the ‘Heaven wh : 
 ence the 
 wind blows: They that doubt of it may try it. 3 | 
 
 Se sear in his Oxomafticon, makes mention of another Kzugfiyher brou htout 
 of India, which fearce exceeds a Wren in bignefs.’ Wehave not as pivibagaaal tofee 
 this Bird, neither do weremember to have'elfewhere read any thing of it. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6. I. 
 
 
 
 
 
TTS pep we et 
 Boox II, ORNITHOLOGY. 147 
 
 §. IL. 
 The Braftlian Jaguacati guacu, Margerav. akin to the Kingfifher, 
 
 I" is by the Portugues called Papa peixe, becaufe it lives upon fifh. 
 bignefs to a Throftle or Mavis: For the figure of its body like to the greater 
 Woodjpite. It hatha black, {treight, and fharp-pointed Bill, almoft three ingen : 
 Black Eyes, and very fhort black Legs: The upper Legs are in part bare of feathers. 
 The Feet have four toes ( one {tanding backward ) of unequal length: For the iwi 
 outer are fhort and contiguous, but the third or inner is much thefhorter, and more 
 remote.- The Clawsare black. The Tail is two inches long, reaching farther than 
 the ends of the Wings. . The fuperiour feathers of the whole body, viz. the Head 
 Neck, Wings, and Tail, are of a rufty, but fhining, colour. About the Neck it hath 
 aring of pure white feathers. The Throat, underfide ofthe Neck, Breaft, and Bel- 
 ly arealfo cloathed with white feathers. Near both the Eyes it hath alfo a {pot of 
 white. Inthe Tajl {ome of the feathers are {prinkled with white {pots, which yet are 
 {carce feen, unlefs when they {pread their Wings and fly. 
 
 It is equal in 
 
 d. VIL. 
 The Bee-eater, Merops five Apiafter. 
 
 RS the fhape of the body it islike the Kingfifher, for bignef$ equal to a Blackbird: 
 
 From thetip of the Bill to the end of the Tail eleven inches and an half long ; 
 the Wings, being fpread, eighteen inches broad. 
 
 The Bill is great, from thetipito the Angles of the Mouth almoft two inches long; 
 black, and for the proportion of the body very like that of a Kingfifher, fave only 
 that it is a little more arcuate or bending downward: The Fongue flender, deeply 
 cut if or tornat the tip;: The * Irides of the Eyes of a lovely red; and in fome of a * Circles eri« 
 hazel colour. compaffing 
 
 The Head is great and oblong. Thecolour of the feathers at the Bafe of the upper aes 
 Chap isa_greenifh blue, but in the middle between the Nofthrils white. The crown 
 of the Head red, but in fome birds having fomething of green mixt. Fromthecor- 
 ners of the mouth through theEyeson each fide is extended a black f{troak ; conti- 
 guous whereto under the Chin are bright, but pale yellow feathers. The Neck and 
 Shoulders are green, withacertain mixture of red. . The whole Belly and Breaft; as 
 far as the Chin, are blue, this colour is deeper near the Chin, fainter on the Breaft 
 and Belly. In fome the colour of the underfide inclines more to green: Perchante 
 thefe are Cocks. | 
 
 The number of beam-feathers in each Wing is about twenty one or twenty two ; 
 decreafing by degrees to the tenth. All to the twentieth have black tips. The firft 
 or outmoft ten beneath the black are of a bluifh green: The next nine beneath the 
 black are of a lovely Orange colour, as are alfo the lefler rows next to them : Thofe 
 above near the ridge of the Wing are blue. The long feathers {pringing from the 
 fhouldersare of a pale yellow. 
 
 The Tailisnear an hand-breadth long, made up of twelve feathers, of a blue cos 
 Jour, the exteriour Webs having fomething of green intermixt : The underfide of the 
 Tailwasofaduncolour. The two middle feathers run out in length beyond thereft, 
 
 and end in fharp points. 6 
 
 The Legs are very fhort, but thick for the length : Both Legs and Feet exactly like 
 thofe of the King-fifher... For the fore-toes, as in that, are all joyned together to the 
 
 firft joynt, as if they were but one.toe, the ‘outmoft and middle to the fecond or 
 third. The Claws areblack, the Feet and Toes of a dusky red. 
 
 The Liver was of a pale yellow : TheStomach rather membranous than mufeulous, 
 in that we diflected filled with Beetles and other Infects. The colours of the Wings 
 varied in {everal birds, in fome was more blue, in fome more’ green, in fome more red, 
 and in fome lefs. | | | 
 
 It is ftrange that Aldrovandys fhould not take any notice of, or not mention at leaft 
 the connexion of the Toes in this Bird. dad 
 
 It isnot unfrequent in the Campagn of Romez. For that we faw it there to be 
 
 fold in the Market more than once. It isnot found in Evgland that we know of. 
 U 2 : Bellonius 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ORNI THOLOG Y. Boox Il. 
 
 that it is fo common in Candy, that it is feen every where in that 
 
 
 
 | Bellonius writes, 
 Hy | Kiland. ; DTP ae 
 
 ‘ie Ariftotle tells us, that it feeds upon Bees, whom all other Writers of the Hiftory of 
 Animals do therein follow. But it feeds not only upon Bees, but alfo upon Cicade, 
 
 Beetles, and other Infegts. Yea,as Belloniws relates, upon the Seeds of Nipplewort, Ba- 
 
 ftard Purfley, Turnep, &c. not ab{taining from Wheat and other grain. Fromits exact 
 
 | aoreement in the fhape and make of its Body, Bill, and feet with the Kinefijber, we 
 fufpect that it likewile preys upon fifh. . 
 Belloviws, in the firft Book of his Obfervations, writes thus concerning the Merops. 
 Flying in the air it catches and preys upon Bees, as Swallows do upon files. It flies 
 not fingly, but in flocks, and efpecially by the fides of thofe Mountains where the 
 true’ Thyme grows. Its Voice is heard afar off, almoft like to the whiltling of a 
 mam! Its fingular elegancy invites the Candy Boys to hunt for it with Cicade, as they 
 do alfo for thofe greater Swallows called Swifts, after this manner : bending’a Pin like 
 a hook, and tying it by the Head to the end of a thread, they thruft it througha 
 Cicada, (as Boys bait a hook with a fly’) holding the other end of the thread in their 
 hand... The Cicada fo faftned flies neverthelefs im the Air, which the Merops {py 
 ing, flies after it withall her force, andcatching it, fwallows Pin and all; wherewith 
 
 fhe is caught. ; 
 §. EVs 
 
 Wt 3 * The other Bee-eater of Aldrovandus. Merops alter,feu Meropi congener Aldrov. 
 
 | He Germans call this Bird the Sea-Swallow, both becaufeat firft fight it feems to 
 eH ene  refemble a Swallow, partly in the fhortnefs. of its Legs, and partly in its flying, 
 NA i and alfo becaufe like the Swallow it catches Infetts as it flies. I fhould rather maket 
 
 ni my Uy | congenerous to the Bee-eater thanthe Swallow, becaufe it differs widely from the Sea- 
 
 Swallow. [ fomuch as to have little common with i) 
 This Bird is'a little longer than the precedent, an ( as. its:picture fhews ) a little 
 -grofler or thicker-bodied: Its Bill is black, long, {harp-pointed, and approaching 
 fomewhat more to the figure of aSithe than im that.” ‘The Head, Neck, Breaft, and 
 almoft thewhole Belly yellow...eonrthe bill ic hath a great black {pot, ‘which is 
 carried on backwards through the Eyestothe beginning of the Neck. The Back is of 
 a Chefaut colour,but mingled with green and yellow. The Wing-feathers are painted 
 with divers colours: For the firft f the uppermoft ‘Jare blue,the fecond mixt of blue 
 and yellow; the third altogether yellow ; the fourth, v7. the prime or beam-feathers 
 black, with red tips. The upper part of the Tail isof a bright green, the lower of a 
 very-fair yellow, fo that it feems to be half green, half yellow. oft hath yellow Feet 
 and black Claws. 
 
 
 
 
 . oe 
 
 | | Q. V. 
 i te The: Brafilian Guiira guainumbi of Marggrave, of kin to the Merops, 
 
 T is a Bird to {ee to of the bignefs of a Pigeon, becaufe it is thick and deep-fea- 
 { thered, but the bulk of the body, the feathers pluckt off, is mdeed no bigger than 
 that of a Thrufh, \t hath a head fomewhat bigger than a Throfile; a black Billabout 
 two inches long, the upper Chap whereof isa little longer than the nether : Both up- 
 perand nether Chap are on both fides toothed likeaSaw. It hath thort Legs, not 
 much exceeding an inch in length, for colour black: Four Toes in each Foot, one 
 fituate backward, three forwards, as is ordinary: But the firftor inmoft foretoe is 
 fhorter, the middlemoft longeft, and the third again fhort, but not. of equal rife with 
 the reft: For the rife of the firftis trom the middle of the foot,and alfo of the fecond 5 
 butthe rife or beginning‘of the third is near the third joynt of the middlemoft: The 
 firft hath three joynts, the fecond four, the third again three, the back-toe but two. 
 The Claws are black, and:bending downwards. The Tail is very long, ftreight, con- 
 filting of a few ftreight feathers, about an inch broad, but ten inches long: Indeed 
 only two feathers make up the end'of the Tail, which for two. inches have naked 
 fhafts, and again have their ends web'd fortwo inches. ‘The whole body is about fix 
 inches long. The feathers very beautiful : ez. on their Head they haveas it werea 
 Mitre or Crown of Sapphire-coloured. feathers, which near therife-of the Bill refemble 
 the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Boox Il, GRIT AHOLOGY, 149 
 
 
 
 
 
 eee, 
 
 the colour of the Tiros {tone: In the middle of this Mitre is feen a black {p 
 bignets of aGrofs of Mifnia., Beneath the Eyes ( which are yellow with a deen 
 pul ) it hath alfo black feathers mingled with Sapphire-coloured.. The Throat, and 
 tite whole Breaft and Belly ate of a dark yellow. The upper part of the Neck the 
 whole Back, Wings, and Tailare of a Steen Or grails colour, but wherewith a Sea- 
 green is mixt, asin the Necks of MalWards and Peacocks, . From the Knees tothe Bel- 
 ly the upper Legs are covered with green feathers. In the middleof the ‘Neck un- 
 derneath it bears as it were a badge of thtee or four black feathers, and about them 
 Sapphirine ones, which nake a kind of {pot or.-mark, 
 This Bird for the like conftitution of its F cet, ‘atid fome agreement in colour, we 
 have fubjoyned to the Merops. 
 
 
 
 . VI. 
 The Water-Ouzel or W ater-Crake : Merula aquatica. 
 
 His Bird is well nizh as big as the common Blackbird : Weighs two ounices and 
 
 an half’; isin length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail eight inches 
 
 and an half; to the.end of the Claws nine: In breadth between the tips of the Wings 
 {tretcht out twelve inches and an half. 
 
 it hatha fhorter body than the Blackbird, and a thicker Neck, _ Its Billis {treight, 
 tharp-pointed, {lenderer than a Blackbirds, meafuring fromthe point to the Angles of 
 the mouth about an inch long, or fomewhat lef, black-coloured. 
 
 The Head and upper fide of the Neck are of a dark, dusky colour, or black with 
 an eye of red. All the Back, and both prime and covert-feathérs of the Wings are 
 particoloured of cinereous and black, the middle parts of the feathets being -black, 
 the edgesblue. The underfide of the Neck and forepart of the Breaft are niilk white: 
 The feathers contiguous to the white are réddifh: The lowér Belly towards the Tail 
 black. The Eyelids whiteround about. meee 
 
 It hath in each Wing eighteen quills. © The Tailis fhorter than in the rett of this 
 kind [ that is, Merwla’] fcarce two inches and an half long, compofed of twelve fea 
 thers of equallength. “The Legs, Feet, and Clawsareblack: The outmott foretoe at 
 bottom joyned tothe middlemoft.. The Tongue is black, flender, and a little cloven 
 at thetip. . The circles encompafiing the Pupils of the Eyes great, broad, and of a 
 fair hazel colour, - The Eyes are furnifhed with nictating membranes, The Nofthrils 
 are long. The Plumage covering the whole body thick-fet, asin water-birds, 
 
 it frequents ftony Ravers and Water-courfes in the Mountainous parts of Wiles, 
 Northumberland, Weftmoreland, Yorkshire, &c. ThatI ( F. R. J deferibed was fhot 
 belide the River Rivelix rear Sheffield in Yorkshire : That Mr. Wallughby defcribed near 
 Pentambathin Denbighfhir: , in North-Wales. Te is-conion in the Alps in Switzer- 
 land ; where they calhit Waffer-Amzel. se | | _ SIRE 
 
 It feeds upon fith, yet refufeth not Infects. Sitting on the banks of Rivers it now 
 and then flirts up its Fail. Although it be not Web-footed, yet will it fometimes dive 
 or dart itfelf quite under water. -It is folitary Bird, companying only with its Maté 
 i coupling and breeding time. 
 
 
 
 
 
 CuHarv. VII. 
 
 The greateft Land-birds, of a peculiar kind by themfelves, which by reafon of the 
 bulk of their bodses, and Jmalne[s of their Wings cannot fly, but only walk. 
 
 @ 1 
 Lhe Oftvich : Struthiocamelus. 
 W Hat occurs in Ancient and,Modern Writers concerning this Bird {ee in Gef? | 
 
 ner and Aldrowandus. : 
 It isthe greatelt of all birds, except perchance the Emen, which though 
 it be not fo tall, yet in bulk of body.is. well eae toit. MrWrllughby faith, itis 
 either equal or bigger, but! think that, if either have advantage of other in magnl 
 
 tude, 
 
 
 
ee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ae Tree TET MAST - 
 : . F, oe . 
 ee ee 5 
 
 y eS ee — 1 
 7 be ‘ - = eon a = 
 > ——<_—— _ = a om m - ? az ae . sa 
 —— Z . ¥ . wi —- - ——— eee = - 7 a 7 : 
 y . ery 
 inet - ain —. : y oo _ > a i 
 * — ioe ae . es - ies - — — — os - is aes - 
 — —— - ~— Joa _—_ E a - ee 
 Ps — al — ——— - = ~ = -= - 4 4 - 
 as > = Ss = mee = - a 
 ¥- ee aa = . = on : — eo aes —= + Z a SSS — - x — 
 ——— = —— —— Bee“ - = ——s~ ‘ 
 ~ 7 > oo - Z - = —-- >. ——— — 
 = = a * Z a Zs —— “1 — = - - = = = : oS 
 ov a x - - : a . ~ ——————— 
 = = — . o-w-ounstl 7 - a a — 7. i a 
 a = — ee — - — - = — _ 
 —— aie a ra 
 5 aa + - : — — - ee 
 ——— = =~ > : r: — - -e a. ~ ——— a= 
 — 0 -~ ie — == en - ps = as > i wt, a 
 na 5 an ae . a. — ~~" a —* - a —— 
 o . . - 
 mas nae a — a tae : ; — Te 
 - = = = ey a r= S Ss — wr - 
 — 5 — = ————— = 
 . ~_ m - : 
 
 
 
 
 “ —_——, 
 
 14). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 ee Ye | | 
 ORNITHOLOGY, Book Il. 
 
 it is ; ‘hen 1 ight of 
 
 Gt is the Oftrich. When tt holds up its Head it approacheth to the height ¢ 
 
 wie ‘Yards, Pes writes, that it exceeds the height of a horfeman fitting on horfe- 
 | be under{tood when it {tretches its Neck forth, and reaches up- 
 
 k : Which ts to 
 aes as high as it can. The Head 1s {mall, deprefled or flat-crownd, and (as 
 Aldrovandus truly ) like a Goofes: The Bill alfo is comprefied, and compared with 
 
 the body very fmall, of a triangular figure, and horn colour, the tip being black. The 
 skin at the Nofthrils ends ina femicircle. The flit of the mouth is large, reaching 
 {> far that its extremes or Angles lie directly under theEyes. The Eyes are great, 
 with hazel-coloured Irides. Of all great birds this alone hath both Eye-lids [upper 
 and lower "as Pliay witnefleth. Which whether it be true or not we leave to be exa- 
 mined by others that have opportunity of feeing the bird. The Headand Neck, al- 
 mott as far as the Breaft, are bare of feathers, as are alfothe Thighs. The Head and 
 Neck are covered with a certain Down, Or thin-fet hairs inftead of feathers. The 
 fides under the Wings, and the Thighs are abfolutely bare. The lower part of the 
 Neck where the feathers begin 1s white. The Wingsare fmall, and altogether unufeful 
 for flying, defigned by Nature only to affift the bird in running, being {pread and 
 moved. The feathers of the Back in the Cock are cole-black,in the Hen only dusky, 
 
 {o foft that they refemble a kind of Wool. The Wing-feathers are of the fame co- 
 
 _ Jour [ with the Back ] beneath, but above in their upper part purely white. The 
 
 Tail is thick, bufhy, and round, not as ‘n other Birds, to be fpread out in breadth, 
 the component feathers in the Cock being whitifh, in the Hen duskifb, with white 
 tops; which feathers are ingreat requeft for Souldiers Hats, Helmets, cc. 
 
 Its Neck and Legs are very long: It hath but two toes, wanting the back-toe and 
 ‘nmoft foretoe. ‘The outer toe in that we deferibed was five inches and an half long, 
 the other eight : The length of the whole Foot from the end of the heel eleven 
 Inches. The longer Toe was covered with twenty four great, disjoyned, annulary 
 {cales. This Toeis armed witha great, {trong, black Claw 5 the other or outer Toe 
 had no Clawin the Bird we defcribed. The Toes are connected with a thick, ftrong 
 membrane as far as the firft joynt. 
 
 li fwaltows Iron; Leather, Grafs, Bread, Hair; and whatever elfe you offer it,pro- 
 mifcuoufly : Howbeit it: doth not concoét Iron and other hardthings, but avoidsthem 
 entire by fiege. That we faw at Bruxels was ulually fed with bread mixt with hair. 
 Africa: ptoduces this bird 5 in.theDetarts w ereof are fometimes feen fuch multitudes 
 of them incompany; that to them that behold them afar off they feem to be Troops 
 or Armies of horfemen. They are alfo found abundantly in Arabia 5 and not Jefs plen- 
 tifully in America, but of a different kind; as: will appear by and by. 
 
 They lay very great Eggs, 272. fometimes as big as a young Childs head, and of 
 fifteen pound weight, covered with a. very hard and ftony fhell, which being buried 
 an the fand, are cherifhed only by: the heat of the Sun till the Young be excluded. 
 For the Writers of Natural Hiftory do generally agree, that the old birds after they 
 
 have layed and covered their Eggs in the {and forfake them, and take no more care 
 of them. , | 
 
 That Oftrich-feathers were much ufed by the Ancients for the adorning of Caps, 
 Helmets, @c. is manifeft by the teftimony of Pliny: And that {till they retain their 
 efteem, being alfo ufed now adays for the fame purpofes every body knows. They 
 were alfo formerly wont to be employed, not only in Italy, but in Exgland, for to 
 
 ‘make Fans for Gentlewomen, to cool themfelves withal inthe Summer time. 
 
 
 
 
 
 The American Oftrich, called Nhanduguacu by the Brafilians, Marggrav. 
 
 T His fort isfomewhatlefsthanthe Aftican : Their Legsare long, the lower about 
 a foot and half, the upper afoot. They have three Toes in each foot, armed 
 
 with thick, black, but not fharp Claws. One Toe {tanding backward, which is 
 round and grofs ; fo that they can hardly walk on a {mooth or boarded floor, but 
 eafily flip and fall. They carry their Necks bending like a Swaz or Stork , being about 
 two foot in length. Their Heads are like thofe of Geefe. They have fair black Eyes: 
 A comprefied or flat Bill, not very broad, two inches and an halflong. They have — 
 little Wings, unfitfor flight, one of which they fpread and fet up like a fail, to-affift 
 them in ‘running, which they do with that {peed and_{wiftnets, that a good Grey- 
 hound. can hardly overtake them. Their whole body iscovered with grey feathers,” 
 S which 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Boox II. ORNITHOLOGY. 151 
 which are longer and more beautiful onthe Back, The bod y with the feathers ap ze 
 ap- 
 
 a ey have not, fuch a Tail made up of crefted feathers 
 ~ i ae y in the Pi@ures of Oftriches-; but the feathers are tetohcet é a 
 — ec ‘hin ento the vent. . It fwallows bits of lron, Brafs-mony, D; « pe 
 eee Ps. you wae it, but concocts them not, cafting them ome i or any 
 uits andfleth. It is frequent in the fields of the * Cotisasin gies * Capraiti 
 
 and the Capitania of Rio «; 
 rande, as 
 eS g In Fernambuco it is not found. Its fleth is good "iv. 
 
 §. UL 
 
 
 
 
 The Caffawary or Ewen of Aldrovandus, Clufius, Nierembergius, Bontius aid Wormius 
 E have feen four birds of this kind at Londons _ eed ; 
 W vi% one Male among his Majefties birds caine = soualete pe 7 edocs 
 Meee yee mewee ey rae at Mr. Maydftons,an Eaft-India Sisckens A EG, | 
 fy Srought out of the Eaft Indies. It hatha hor Wir gu hat hii) 1 
 ee _ TheHead and Neck = bare of feathers a ioe an. = — ERC CRIES 5G etn otha 
 ae =n m * a peste blue colour, excepting the lower part.of the cal ae MSS “ita 
 » Which is red, [ or of z ili [07 CHG 
 hand down two Wee or Rhee a Tarte elaine th sects —_ 
 ae tis Bill £ near ~ ae of a moderate thicknefs aa dscighe on 
 4 ,aNditrong. I[t hath three Toes in eac dl; 
 ; pane the back-toe, The Claw of the outmoft See Psst is - 
 = = fats of sae saiass than Wings, confifting of ,only five naked 
 » Somewhat like Porcupines quils, having eithe | fe 
 aT a ts, or —e were in the Bird a dcbribed | cae — a hah 
 alls a gre 1 wi . eee 
 which to ‘on vw eet chee me blackith or dusky feathers, of ‘a rave texture, 
 uds the Bird at a diftance feem rather to be hairs than feath 
 {t 1s a gentle-natured bird, and eafily made tame. We thall give the Reade cane 
 full and. accurate defcription of all its parts out of Clufins his Exotics Thi : ‘Bird 
 (faith he ) as it walked, holding up its head, exceeded the height of four fc b 
 {ome inches :; For the Neck from the top of theHead to the beginning of the B k 
 was almo(t thirteen inches long; the body two foot over 5 the Thighs swith the iat 
 _ to the bending of the Feet feventeen inches long. The length of the body it (cif 
 from the Breaft to the Rump wasalmoft three foot. . ‘The feathers covering is whole 
 body, withthofe on thelower part of the Neck next to the Breaft and Belly, ‘a d 
 the Thighs were alldouble, two. coming out of the fame {mallthort pipeor hofe oa 
 lying the one upon the other; the upper being-fomewhat ithe thicker or grofler, the 
 nether the more fine and delicate : They are alfo of a different length, as I obferved 
 in the cafe of the like Bird. Forthofe on the lower part of the Neck were fhorters 
 thofe on themiddleiof thebody and.fides longer ( viz.of fix or feven inches; ) But 
 thofe onthe extreme or hind-part of the body about the Rump» (for it wanted the 
 Tail ) nine incheslong, and harder than thezett. Although they are.all’hard or {tiff 
 yetare they not broad but narrow, .with :thin-fét filaments. oppofite one to another 
 on each fide; of a black colour, but about the Thighs tending to icinereous, the fhaft 
 only remaining black, as inthereft. _Thefe feathers had that formand fitnation, that 
 to thofe that behold the Bird afarioff, \its:skin might well'beithought to. be covered 
 not withfeathers, but only with hairs, -feeming liketo a Bears; and to want Wings; 
 though indeed ithad'Wings, lying hidunder th e featherscovering the fides, ifiirnifhed 
 with * fourgreaterfeathers.of a black:colour, as I obferved in the.cafe, thoughithey * we obter- 
 were fo broken atthe tops, that I could:determine nothing certainly concerning»their ¥¢4 five thats 
 length. But their broken fhafts were pretty thick, shard :and dolid, and ran deep a nWies 
 down into the outmoft pare of the Wing. - The apper’part of the Wing. nextthebo- = 
 dy had its covert feathers likethofe.on theBreaft. Fort 4s to:be thought, that ‘this 
 kind of Wings are given to this Bird toaflift her and promote her {peed maunning : For 
 I believe fhe cannot fly, nor raife her felf from the earth :- ( He might have been more 
 pofitive in this, for it is moft certain. } The Legs in compafs exceeded five inches, 
 and were covered with many as it were barks or broad {fcales, efpecially above the 
 bending of thefoot. It had thick, hard Feet, divided into threethick Toes, onthe 
 upper part covered with {cales, underneath altogether callous: The middle ( which 
 
 was longer than the reft ) confifted of three joynts, the interiour of one, the exteriour’ 
 3 of 
 
 ' 
 i 
 F 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * I fuppofe he 9 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Book Il. 
 
 The Claws of all were very great, almoft two inches long, thick, hard, and 
 horny. ‘The Head was Gnall for the bignef$ of the bird, and almoft bald or {mooth, 
 of a dark Purple colour, together with the upper part of the Neck, in which ap- 
 peared thin-fet, black hairs. The Eyes a little above the flit of the Bill, great, and 
 firy, almoft like to thofeof Lions, compafied with black hairs, as are alfothofe {mall, 
 open Ear-holes whichit had behind the Eyes. The upper Chap of the Bill was as it 
 were arched or bent like a Bow, a little above the point perforate with two holes, 
 ferving for Nofthrils; from the middle whereof,reaching to thetop of the Head,arifes 
 a kind of towring Diadem or Crown, of a horny fubftance, near three inches high, 
 of a dusky yellow colour ; which, as I underftood, falls offat moulting time, and 
 rows up again with the new feathers. The nether Chap of the Bill from the * {lit 
 
 of two. 
 
 ; f = " = ; 
 means from 1 she utmolt point was five inches long. ‘The fore-part of the Neck, almoft four 
 
 the corners 0 
 the flitof the 
 mouth. 
 
 ‘nches below the Bull, had as it were two membranous Wattles hanging down likea 
 beard, two anches long, of a red Vermilion colour. The back-part of the Neck 
 was likewile deftitute of feathers, from the Head all along, being alfo of a red Ver- 
 milion colour: The lower part was covered with fome few red feathers, wherewith 
 black ones were a | 
 This Bird, although it feem to have fome marks common with the Offrich, as a {mall 
 Head, almoft bald 5 and that without choice it. fwallows whatever you offer it; yet 
 hath it not feet divided into two Toes like them, but into three, wanting the back- 
 ‘toe, after the manner of the Buftards: And therefore fo firm and ftrong, that I have 
 fen atree of the bignef$ of a mans thigh wholly crufhed, and its bark taken away 
 (as its Mafter told me ) by the Feet and Claws of this bird. For it wasnot wont to 
 afiault thofe with whom it fought, with its Bill; running forward 5 but turning it felf 
 obliquely or fideways, to {trike backward with its Feet. 
 But although it devoured indifferently whatever was offered, as Oranges entire, 
 and thelike, yet itsordinary food was white bread, which it {wallowed divided into 
 reat lumps or morfels. but [was informed, that it was efpecially delighted with 
 new-laid Hens Eggs, which it fwallowed whole together with the fhell. But if it 
 were not in perfecthealth, itavoided them again entire, and then {wallowing them 
 anew the fecond time, it retained and concocted them. Moreover they affirmed to 
 me} that this bird was a Cock, and that..1t was fometimes feen to put forth a penis 
 ‘from behindlike a Camel. . Anilbgg Of this bird, the greateft and faireft among many 
 that [faw, being meafure ongways was fifteen inches imcircuit,'crofs-ways but twelve 
 ora little more : So that for its bignefs it might be imployed and ufed for a veffel 
 ‘aswell as an Offriches, which, (as Pliny teftifies ) the Ancients did fometimes ufe, 
 and our Age alfoftill doth for that purpofe. For I remember that I have more than 
 once feen Oftriches Eggs, tipt with, and fet in Silver, made ufe of for drinking Cups 
 Howbeit the Shell of this Birds Egg was not very thick nor white, like the Shells of 
 Oftriches Eggs, but in the outfide of agreenith afh-colour, adorned with continuous 
 at leaft very thick-fet {mall protuberances of adeepgreen. Of the reft whichT Ce 
 one was almoft of the fame bignefs, form, and colour with that defcribed 5 but fome 
 were moreround, others leffers, the colour alfoof fome was more dilute, and lefs 
 oo a eae ae told . that this fort of Bird is not peculiar to the Mo- 
 Iucca Wands; but found alfo in Sumatra or Taprobane and the nei i 
 ~~ —— Iands: Thus far Clufiws. : ee 
 “The Hen is much lefs thanthe Cock, of a dark Olive or dusk 
 be awiracle im wature (faith Aldrovandus, who borrowed his deeripton paer: chi 
 ‘fournal of a Holland Voyage’) «that this bird wants a Tongue. Whatever it eats it foal 
 lors. © This isnot fo very wonderful; for we know other Birds befides this which 
 want. the Tongue, as for example; The Pelican, &c. Whatever other Authors have 
 coricerning the Een, as far as [have read, is alltranfcribed out of Clujiws : Excepti 
 Dr. Harvey, wlio doth brieflyidefcribe this Bird from ocular in{pection; addi Sa 
 it Cwallows even live coals: etek nee a 
 — a € - e coals: And fhave obferved a Cut of it in the Tables of birds 
 a a y if er; withthis ci. i Avis ignem devorans 5 7: The bird that eats 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bord, ORNITHOLOG) 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY, 
 
 divdibs 
 
 0 BV. bois (y & 
 
 
 
 whid 
 
 TheDodo, cabed-by Chifws Galhiis galliniiceus peregrinus, 
 cucullatus, by Boutiws Dronte. 
 
 “FS mage Bird, found by the Hol/axders in the Mand Ca 
 
 y the Portugues, Mauritius Wand by the Low Dutch, of thirty mil ‘ 
 pafs, famous efpecially for black Ebony, -did eguah er exceed a Sway hn bined “but 
 was of a far different fhape: For its Head was Steat, covered as it were with a 
 certain membrane refembling a hood : Befide, its Bill was not flat and broad, but thick 
 
 by Nietembene € ygnus 
 
 and long; of a yellowith colour next the Head, the’ point being black :' The upper 
 
 Chap. was hooked ; in the nether had a bluifh: fpot.i: the middle betweeh thé yellow 
 and blaék part. ‘They reported that it is: coveted: with thin ‘and {hort feathers, and 
 wants Wifigs, ‘inftead whereof it hath only four or five long, ‘black feathery; that the 
 hindey part-of ‘the body is yery fat atid flethy;’ wherein:for the Tail. were four ‘or five 
 {mall curled feathéts, -twirled up togethet, of an‘ ath-colour: - Tes Legs are thi¢k* ra- 
 ther than long, whofe‘upper part; as far as the knee; is coveredowith black feathers s 
 the lower part, together with the Feet, of a yellowith colour: Its Feet divided into 
 four toes, three ( and thofe the loriger ) {tanding forward,*the fourth and fhorteft 
 backward 5 all furnifhed with black Claws. After:I had compofed and writ down 
 the Hiftory of this Bird with as much diligence and faithfulnef§ asI could, I hapned 
 to fee in- the -houfe’ of “Peter Pawiws, primary Profefior of Phyfic in the Univerfity 
 of Leyden, a Leg thereof cut off at the knee, lately brought over out of Manritiys 
 hisTfland. It was not very long, fromthe knee to 4 bending of the foot being but 
 little more than four inehéss ‘but of 4 great thicknefs, fo that it was almoft four inches 
 in compafs, and ‘covered with thick-fet {cales, on’the upper fidebroader,and of a yel- 
 lowifh colour,on the under for backfide ofthe Leg] lefler and dusky: The upper fide 
 of the Toes was alfo covered with broad feales,the under fide wholly callous. The Toes 
 were fhort for fo thick a Leg’: For the length of the greateft or middlemoft Toe to the. 
 nail did not much exceed two itches, that of the other Toe next to 1 {carce came up 
 to two inches : The back-toe fell fomething fhort of an inch and half: ‘But the Claws 
 of all were thick, hard, black, lefS than an inch long; butthatof the back-toeloncer 
 than the re{t,exceeding an inch:° The Mariners in their diale@ gavethis bird the name 
 of Walghvogel,that is, anaufeous, or yellowith bird: Partly becaufe after long boyling 
 its flefhbecame not tender,but continued hard,and of a difficult concoction; excepting 
 the Breaft and Gizzard, which they found to be ofno bad rélith ;-partly becaufe they 
 could eafily get many Turtle-Doves, which were much more delicate and pleafant to 
 the Palate. Wherefore it was no wonder that in compatifon of thofe they defpifed 
 this, and faid they could well be content to be without it. Moreover they {aid, that 
 they found certain {tones in its Gizzard: Azd no wonder, for all other birds-as. well as 
 thee {wallow ftones, to affift them in grinding their meat. Thus far Clufivs. 
 
 
 
 bS 3 
 
 
 
 led * Cy nea OY * That is the 
 J8 Cerne Swan Ifland; 
 
 * Bontius writes, that this Bird: is for bignefs of mean fize, between an Offrich and » yf. Naty: 
 a Turkey, from whichit partly differsin fhape, and partly agrees with them, efpecially & Medic.tr- 
 
 with the African Ofiriches, 1£ you confider the Rump, quils, and feathers: So that it 
 fhews like a Pigzmy’among them, if you regard the fhortnefs of its Legs. It hatha 
 great, ill-favoured Head, covered with a kind of membrane refembling a hood: 
 Great, black Eyes, a bending, prominent, fat Neck: An extraordinary long, {trong, 
 bluith white Bill, only the ends of each Mandible are of a different colour, that of 
 the upper black, that of the nether yellowith, both fharp-pointed and crooked, It 
 gapes huge wide, as being naturally very voracious. Its body is fat, round, co- 
 vered with foft, grey feathers, after themanner, ofan Offriches: In each fide inftead 
 of hard Wing-feathers or quils, it is furnifhed with {mall foft-feathered Wings, of a 
 yellowifhafh-colour 5 and behind the Rump, inftead of a Tail, is adorned with five 
 {mall curled feathers of the fame colour. It hath yellow Legs, thick, but very fhort ; 
 four Toes in each foot, ‘folid, long; ‘as it were fcaly, armed _-with ftrong,' black Claws. 
 It is a flow-paced and ftupid bird, and which eafily becomes a prey to the F owlers. 
 The fleth, ‘efpecially of the Breaft,asfat;: efculent, and fo copious, that three or fou? 
 
 Dodos will fometimes fuffice to fill:an hundred: Seamens: bellies.- Hf they be old; or | 
 
 ll. boyled, they are’ of difficult concottion; and «are falted and ftored up for 
 Denil of victual. ’ Theee aré found in their ftomachs ftones of an afh-colour of di- 
 
 i nitudes; yet notbred there ‘as the common people and Seamer 
 vers figures and mag 5 y = ag 
 
 
 
 die Oriental. 
 lib. 5. cap.17, 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 7 
 , a 
 
 ee ee 
 Booso ll 
 
 ORNATHOLOGY. 
 fancy,but (wallowed by the Bird ; as though by this mark alfo Nature would manifeft, 
 that thefeFowl are of the Oftrich kind.in that they {wallow any hard things, though 
 
 they do not digeft them. Thus Bontiws. 
 We have (een this Bird dried, or its skin ftuft in Tiade{cants Cabinet. 
 
 
 
 C HA P. IX. | 
 Of the Pouilery kind. 
 
 e Poultry kind. are: 1. To havea fhort,. firong, 
 
 Hecharacteriftic. notes of th 
 very fit to pick up grains of .Corn, Pulfe,.and 
 
 ‘and fomewhat crooked Bill, 
 other Seeds, on which this kind. chiefly. feeds: 2-4 thick and flefhy. body: 
 
 3. Short, hollow Wings’; whence this fort of birds flies not, high, and makes but 
 fhort flights for the moft part: 4 A. Stomach furnifhed with, thick mufcles, whofe 
 ufe is to grind the grains of Corn, and other hard-meat fwallowed whole, which they 
 perform by the help of littleftones which the birds now and, then {wallow.; and fo 
 {upply.thedefe&of Teeth: 5. Very long blind guts: 6. White flefh, efpecially that 
 of the mufcles of the Breaft, which colour after boyling difcovers it {elf more mani- 
 feftly.. This notes peculiar to this kind, not agreeing toany other bird that I know. 
 This.isa fign.that their flefh is of all other moit-wholfom, and.affords beft nourith- 
 ments; $o that it isnot undefervedly had in higheft efteem, and fold deareft of any 
 other. 7. To breed many young ata time. 8. ‘Lo build their Nefts upon the ground 5 
 the reafon whereof is becaufe 9. The young ones newly hatched are not fed by their 
 Dams with meat put into their mouths, but are covered with a thick Down, forfake 
 their Nefts, and running up and down follow the old ones, and feed themfelves, pick- 
 ing up their meat with their Bills. 10. Becaufe they are(as we faid ) corpulent, and 
 cannot fly long, ‘they feek their food walking up. and down upon the earth, and for 
 that reafon have broad: Toes, that they may ftand firmer and, farer, and are for the 
 moft part good runners. 11. The moft, if not all-birds of this kind, -duft themfelves. 
 12. The Poultry kind only, but not all the feveral Species of this kind, are armed 
 with Spuréssiscc oc) Sore ) 
 
 ~ We thal diftinguith the bir 
 
 fubdivide into thofe that have the back-toe and thofe that want it : Thofe again that 
 have the back toe, into granivorous and phytivorous, or by a more evident mark,fuch 
 
 ashave {carlet red Eye-brows. ° 
 
 
 
 
 ‘Tame and domeftic , as the Peacock, Lurkey, Dunghil 
 
 Cock, ec. 
 Birds of th “a! ¢ Granivorous asthePheafant, 
 a, oiled Poultry kind 3 Partridge, Quail,¢c. 
 | : Have the back j 
 Ts yy. toe being 4 Phytivorous, with red Eye- 
 |W ld which oud brows, as Cock of a 
 either Wood, ee. 
 
 Want the back-toe, as the Buftard, ec, 
 
 On dre XX: 
 
 Of tame Poultry. 
 
 d. I. 
 The Dunghill Cock, aed Hen. Gallus gallinaceus & Gallina domeftica. 
 
 ‘Opus, is and hath been fo well known: in all Ages and places, that it would 
 
 _ be but loft labour to beftow many words on the defcribing of it. | By its 
 erect Tailhaving the component feathers fo fituate as to make an Angle or ridge 5 its 
 fiefhy, naked, ferrate Gomb, and Gills or Wattles hanging down uadél its Chin, and 
 - | laftly, 
 
 Pc Bird called by the Grectans *Arexrpuay, and of ald by a general name 
 
 "a 
 
 ebirds of this kind «nto. tame and wild: the wild we fhall 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Si ae) a ap 2 Sg 
 laftly, by its long Sputs, itis abundantly diftinguifhed from all other birds ofits. kind, 
 and eafily known at firft fight. ©The Dunghil Cock alone of. all + atlag om a 
 . cepting the Nightingale ) fings or crows by night, wz. after Midnight two of. three 
 times at intervals before break of day... The number of quill-feathers in each Wine : 
 computing all to the very leaft; is twenty feven:. The Tail confifts of fourteen 
 which, as far as I know, is peculiar to this Specées For the re(t of the Poultry kind 
 have eighteen, or at leaft fixteen feathers apiece in their Tails. . Of thefe the two 
 middlemoft are in Cocks the longeft,and elegantly reflected or arcuate 5 Sickle feathers 
 the Vulgar call them. | 
 The Cock being a moft falacious bird doth fuddehly grow old,and becomes lefs. fit for 
 generation. For his {pirits being {pent,and the radical moifture,as they call it,confumed, 
 by the immoderate ufe of Venery, his body muft neceflarily wax dry, and his heatof 
 luft be extinguifhed. Aldrovandys writes, that himfelf hath found by experience, that 
 Cocks when they areabove three years old doindeed impregnate Hens, but that they 
 become more impotent and infufficient for fuch exercifes, Hens alfo, fith they do for 
 the greateft part of the year daily lay Eggs, cannot long fuffice for fo many births, but 
 for the moft part after three or four years become barren and effete. . For when they 
 have {pent allthe Seed-Eggs which from the beginning were in their bodies, they mutt 
 needs ceafe to lay, there being no new ones generated within. 
 
 How long thefe Birds would live,were they let alone, I cannot certainly determine, 
 though Aldrov. limits their age to'ten years. Forthey being kept only for profit, and 
 within a few years ( as we faid before) becoming unfit for generation, who is there 
 that without all hope of gain will keep them only to make experiment how long they 
 will live ? But that they are in their kind fhort-lived we may rightly infer from their 
 falacioufnefs and intemperate luft, which infeebles the body, waftes the fpirits, and 
 haftens the end. | | 
 
 Cocks, being very couragious and high {pirited birds, that. will rather. die. than 
 yield, are wont by our Countrymen to be with great care and exact diet fedand 
 trained up for the combat.+ For in Cities and great Towns thereare frequent Cock-. 
 fightings, yet not upon fet days, but appointed by the Cock-mafters at their pleafure, 
 or when they agree among themfelves. Yea, in many places there are Theaters built, 
 ( Cock-pits they call them ) where fuch fhows ate exhibited, to which there is com- 
 monly a great concourfe of people. There are matches made, and great. Wagers laid; 
 befides bettings oneither fide of great fms of money, which they carry away whofe 
 Cocks get the victory. Right and'well bred Cocks of the Game, will fooner die upon 
 the {pot, than yield and give over the fight, or turn tail and run away. 
 
 No better flefh in the world (in my opinion ) than that of a year-old Pullet well 
 fed, or a fat Capon; nothing inferiour to, not to fay better than that of a Pheafant or 
 Partridge, Some there are that think, and we alfo incline to their opinion, that the 
 flefh of thofe Hens is moft {weet and delicate, which are fed at the Barn-door,running 
 about, and exercifing themfelves in getting their food, by {craping with their feet : 
 And that the fleth of thofeis lefs pleafant and wholfom, that are fhut up in Coops.and 
 cram’d. Some are fo curious that they think thofe limbs moft wholfom which are 
 mott exercifed, and therefore in Wild-Fowl they prefer the Wings, in Tame the 
 Legs. 
 
 ‘A particular Anatomical defcription of the Ovarium, or Egg-clulter, the womb and 
 other parts of generation in a Hen may be feenin Aldrovandys his Ornithology,tom. 2. 
 P- 199, ec. but a more exact in Dr. Harvey's Exercitations De Generatione. _ OF 
 the Coition of Cock and Hen, laying of Eggs, fitting, and hatching of Chickens 
 the fame Authors may be confulted ; as alfothat great Anatomift and Naturalift Mar- 
 cellus Malpighiws, in his little Tractatede Ovo, who of all others doth moft exactly de- 
 {cribe the procefs of generation, or of the formation, and growth of the Chicken in 
 the Egg, during the whole time of incubation, and hath al(o illuftrated his eee 
 ons with Figures. Of the ufe of the flefh, Eggs, and all other parts of Pullen . in 
 Food and Phyfic, Gefver and ieeendse have a fufficiently ; to whofe works we 
 thofe who defire to know all thofe particulars. ; 
 Teoh Lion isafraid of aCock, dian endure the fight of him, yea, 1s terrified 
 by his very crowing, hath been delivered and received by Ancients and Moderns se 
 unanimous confent and approbation, and divers reafons fought and afligned for this 
 antipathy : When as the thingitfelf is by experiencefound to be falfe. | 
 We have beheld more than once, not without pleafure and admiration, a Capon 
 
 bringing up a brood of Chickens like a Hen, clocking r — feeding of es dine 
 
 
 
 et 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 156 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ats 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 broodin 
 wont to do. 
 office, almoft aft 
 cdp.26. Furit, 
 
 Nettles, 
 belly, 
 and itching of th 
 love and delight 1 
 may be ple 
 once aceuft 
 up, youmay take them away, 
 he fhallbe as kind to them, an 
 others, till all being grown up or remove 
 uifed the employment. 
 Imight be in 
 write a full, exacr, and pa 
 more of it, let him co 
 Hiftory which was eit 
 others. 
 This fame Author in his 
 
 t. A common Hen, but w 
 Which variety isa 
 A Padua Cock and Hen: Which oug 
 
 vary if 
 heads, ce. 
 eleventh Chapters, under the 
 twelfth Chapter under th 
 afid Mituporanga of Marggravi 
 
 The Wool-bearing Hen I 
 lib. 14. cap. 14. taken out o 
 than thefrifled or Fri/land Hen, 
 call the Wool-bearing Hen. 
 thefe words, In the City Queli 
 inflead of feathers have hairs like Cats, of ablack.co 
 be Caffowaries. 
 
 Befides t 
 
 and 
 
 leg'd Hen: 
 Gigs. 
 Cock and Hen ; 
 are found. Thefe are larger and fairer F 
 Whence alfo if they be remov 
 and in afhort time. 
 and {hape of the Nativesof fuch places. 
 A Turki(h Cock and Hen, 
 cap.6. 6. 
 
 particular : 
 degenerate, 
 
 cap.5e 5+ 
 beauty of their colours, 
 the wanting of a Rump or Tail. 
 led Rumkins. The firft-five va 
 
 thefe Birds by 
 finitely in colours, 
 
 not be more fitly 
 nd Hen,inftead of 
 
 called a Prifla 
 eof a Frifland breed ot origin 
 
 to induce them tothink ittob 
 feathers, which one would be apt to attribute to the 
 to be the fame bird which Aldrovandus hath put. int 
 inthe laft place, whofe figure he faith was fent him by 
 I would have you to underftan 
 
 with this defcription. 
 The firft and chief ws, 
 
 —— in this Cock worthy of admiration. 
 ings have a contrary fituation to thofe of other birds, for that fide w 
 naturally undermoft or inmoft, inthis is turned 
 
 3° 
 
 hie Wirt . 
 g them under his Wings, with as much care and tendernels as their Dams are 
 ) old, that he was trained and induced to pet 
 
 afant to himinmifery, and invite him to 
 omed to this fervice will 
 
 Thofe birds 
 
 And we weret 
 or the fame manner that Fo. Baptifta Porta pre{cribes, 
 {o as.to take meat’ out © 
 
 they make him very tame, 
 fF his breaft, and ru 
 
 about Evening-time pluck the feathers o 
 and then put the 
 ( it is likely +) rubbing 
 
 nfult 
 
 etitle of two other 
 ys, of which we thall 
 take to be altogether fa 
 ous. 
 
 hofe fet forth by Aldrovandus, 
 now at Middleton another kind or variety o 
 riot (asi fuppofe) becaule it was firtt brought tous outof Frifland, but becaufe the 
 feathers of the body are curled or frifl 
 at fir(t called, the word being afterward by the mi 
 Frifland,of \ike found.For knowing this tobe an out 
 denominated than fromits Country, 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 Gnite fhould I profecute at largeall th 
 rticular Hiftory of tt. 
 
 Aldrovandus, whofe defi 
 her known to himfelf, or 
 
 Ornithology gives usmany kinds, 
 hite and copped,/ab. 14. cap.2. 
 Ifo found in England, kept by 
 
 
 
 A ‘Per 
 
 
 
 
 f acertain Map, fiCriti 
 which Odoricus de 
 
 his breaft gently with their 
 eNetiles; and thisthey do for twoor three nights, 
 a the Chickens. Perchancealfo the querulous voice of the 
 fuccour the miferable. 
 
 not give it over, 
 and put anotherto him of newly 
 d take as much care of them as o 
 d, he hath been for fom 
 
 gn was, 
 had been before publi 
 
 in fome few genera 
 
 The fix varieties, in my opinion, 
 eafon of the di 
 differ al 
 
 fference of Climate, foil 
 fo in bignefs, and in havin 
 which he defcribes and. gives figure 
 titles of Another Indian Cock, 
 
 ed: By which 
 
 ontward, fo that the whole 
 
 
 
 Boo« H. 
 
 form. this 
 lib.4. Magia Nat, 
 £ ones hand, them 
 b the bare skim,.with 
 Chickens to him, which prefently run urider his breaft and 
 heads allay the ftinging 
 till he begin to 
 Chickens 
 A Capon 
 
 but when one brood 1s grown 
 
 hatcht Chickens, and 
 f the former, arid fo 
 e time idle and dif- 
 
 at might be faid of thisbird, or 
 If any Reader defires to 
 to omit nothing in his 
 
 know 
 
 ed by 
 
 or rather rarities, of Hens: 
 2. A dwarf Hen, or fhort- 
 the curious, and called 
 ht rather .to be called a Pulverara 
 from Pulverara a Village fome mites diftant from Padua, where they 
 owl than the common {o 
 ed into other Countries,t 
 tions }come to 
 
 rt, elfe differ inno 
 hey do by degrees 
 be of the fize and 
 4. A rough-footed Cock. and Hen, 17), 14. 
 different from ours efpecially in the variety and 
 
 Hen, whofe charatteriftic is 
 
 give an account §. IV. 
 
 bulous, and its figure in Aldrov. 
 Perchance it was no other 
 Foro Fuliz and Sir John Mandevil 
 The birds which M. Panlws Venetws makes mention of in 
 nfu, iz the Kingdom of Mangi are found Hens, which 
 lour, and lay very good Eggs, {eem to 
 
 we have often feen, and our felves alfo have 
 f Hen, calledin Englifh the Frifland Hen, 
 
 Epithete I believe this Bird was 
 {take of the Vulgar corrupted mto 
 landifh Hen,they thought it could 
 and thereupon imaginedit to be 
 afrifled Hen. Nor did they want a probable argument 
 al, viz.the curling ofthe 
 of cold. I fuppofe this 
 he Chapter of monttrous Hens, 
 Pompiliws Tagliaferrus of Parma, 
 d, that there are two things efpe- 
 that the feathers of 
 hich an others is 
 
 Wing feemes to be 
 
 horror 
 
 #iid is alfo kept by fomeamong us, and cal- 
 differ not fpecifically. For 
 , food, and other accidents, 
 9 or wanting tufts on their 
 s of in the tenth and 
 and Hew, and in the 
 Indian Hens, are the fame with the Mitz 
 
 inverted ¢ 
 
i. ee oe ee re een 
 Boo. Il. ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 57 
 
 inueried : Lhe other i, that the feath a 
 creft or ruff, which way the whole f sa i, we ck, are reflected towards the head likea 
 
 A Hen cutafunder inthe middle Cin this cafe the : | 
 
 ‘ y prefer a black 1eq The Phyfi 
 _ a head, in the phrenfie, headach, cre, sGsally los and ee ae ee nies of - e 
 ay alfo, that ufedin like manner, it heals the bitings of venomous beafts. —. 
 
 of green wounds. . A. live Hen [ or Cock luckt ab | 
 plied to Peftilential {wellings otis Babee dae ela 
 
 1 The Jelly of awold Hen, made of a Hen cut with Calvesfect, and Sheeos6 
 Beef, boiled fix or feven hours ina clofe vefiel, to which you ma -add. Spi pi 
 dial ware , a great ftrengthener and nourifher. : PISS: OF Sor 
 _ ,2+ Cock: Aleis made of Hensfleth, boiled till the fle falls fi 
 1s Peas ie oe one. a {trained for Wine or ne with ees Nn The flep 
 Of Lkeus x better than that of Cocks, except Capens. | | 
 Lid i accounted better and tee Ce tnesch fe elaek tien, that hath not 
 
 3. Cock-broth isthus made; Tire anold Cock till he fall with wearinefs 7 
 and pluck him, and gut him, and {tuff him with proper Phyfic an ine 
 the fleth falls off, then {train it. This broth mollifies, and by means of the Pron 
 parts wherewith that. decrepite Animal is endued, and which are exalted by that ti 
 ring of him, cuts and lenitenh and moves the belly, the rather if you boil therein 
 purging Medicines, It 1s famous for eafing the pains of the Colic ( boiled with pur- 
 pee tia good againft a Cough and Tartar of the Lungs ( boiled with 
 
 4. Ike Brain thickens and {tops fluxes, asthat of the belly ¢ taken in Wine ) Women 
 anoint therewith the gums of Child ren, to make them breed teeth. 
 
 5. Lhe inward tunicle of the fiowach, dried in the Sun, and powdered binds and 
 {trengthens the {tomach, ftops vomiting and fluxes, and breaksthe {tone. | 
 
 6. The Stones are {aid wonderfully to reftore ftrength after ficknefs, and to yield 
 prolific feed, to provoke and increafe luft ( taken frefh ) and to cure Fevers, 
 
 7: The Gall takes off {pots from the skin, and is good for the Eyes, 
 
 8. The Greafe of Hen or Capon is hot, moift, and foftning, between the Gaofe and 
 4 greafe, and obtunds Acrimony, cures chapt lips, pains in the Ears and pultles in 
 
 yes. 
 
 9. The Weafand of a Cock, burt and not confiumed, given before Supper, cures pil 
 fing of bed. Solexand. f- 4. Conf-1t. 
 
 1@. The Dung doth all the fame that the Pigeons, but weaker: and befides, cures 
 the Colic and pain of the Womb. Moreover, it is good efpecially againft the Jaun- 
 dife, Stone, and {uppreflion of Urine. 
 
 Note. The white part of the Dung is efteemed the beft. 
 
 " Pt half a drachm Morning and Evening for four or five days, Quercet. Pharwac. 
 eft. ¢.21. | 
 
 Outwardly it dries running heads, and other {cabs ( the afhes fprinkled on.) 
 
 The yellow dung cures the Ulcers of the Bladder, fried in freth Butter or Oy] olive, 
 and caft into cold water,to let the filth fettle, that the Oyl may {wim, which * is to be *The Oyl this 
 caft into the Yard. impregnate, 
 
 it. The Eggs are ufed, the Shells; Membranes, Whites, Yolks, 
 
 The Shells break the Stone, and cut tartareous mucilage. 
 
 Lhe membranes are diuretic, given inwardly, or outwardly applied, (aud are laid 
 onthe prepuce of infants.) | 
 
 Lhe Whitecools, binds, and conglutinates, It isof frequent ufe in the rednef ofthe 
 Eyes, and for healing of wounds ( mith bole ) and fractures, c. 
 
 Note. Hippocrates gives three or four Whites in Fevers to cool and cleanfe. 
 
 The Yolk, is Anodyne, ripens, digefts, loofens, and is very much ufed in Clyfters. 
 Moreover, mingled with a little Salt it is wont to be laid on Childrens Navels (iz 4 
 Walnut fhe ) to give afteol. 
 
 There isan Oy! made of it, which is of frequent ule in confolidating and clofing up 
 wounds, and chaps, and the ripening of tumors. 
 
 4 a4 oe 4 7 oe 7 a p+ 7 . 
 hes FB Z. 4. fort AA pye4 Yat” 2 ee yy Spee» oy  s , a - , 
 : ! (% fi Gt A ZF? LEER COLL (LGAs Mle LEK AS VAS ALY (LF YT i a fttih PSL. (fF fey Ptr Le 
 j a J ” “ Z o 
 r. 4 ff. FL ‘ . f re an < ow Pa ott Poms 3 Pinal 7 2 rn - . 
 of Mt) jALl “yee / ML tt i, ~~ f2C£ i CALs fir 72 C : wt Z wir AH 7 < 7 Me J ea Le , 7 i Des ; 3 z aoe Se > : . 
 J . . j ( 4 Ff LF4 } G Cee "fi 2 ft MC RIL 
 : : f£- SS ‘Ao . / ow . 7 y “ a ; - J 
 j / Qe r OL L é A WL JAC é¢ fr [Tk LL ES AY i a ; ao sy did Ade Je ao al ae ed . A 7 , ag . /f as = 7 
 ft 4 < ie fe Fil ae a SASHA LOB HA ti res 4 4 Z a ay fe 
 Aa GAGA pg 0 ( SC4E RIGO ORE $CA CLRCIE 
 Lhe petl af [tee SOW FOR J UAU~? RHE F U4¢L« for x ; 
 , - l f wo4 Zz & - Z 4 a a tf? THe a oe Lad a : me Z > = ; ¢ of Zs 
 7 " . fd Fie v LF o ~ ei ew te & a. ; oe - 
 fe (Ay A / Afi fy ; Z AMAL Hit CeJ fa KR tiga peTle fer fiesd (Aa pik, 
 ae J" u Z JU ¢ if. 
 . * 
 
 
 
 tainted . = . a —————— 
 eee 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 158 
 
 * The flic of 
 the mouth he 
 nicans, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 ee ae 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. 
 a EN | 
 
 A Peacock, Pavo, Taws. 
 
 His Bird is fo well known every where, arid fo fufficiently characterized by the 
 
 length and glorious eye-like {pots of his Tail alone, that it may perchance 
 
 feem fuperfluous to beftow many words ondefcribing of it. I fhall therefore only pre- 
 fent the Reader with Aldrovandus his defcription. 
 
 Inthe Cock ( faith he ) the Head, Neck, and beginning of the Breaft are of adeep 
 blue. The Head in proportion to the body little, and (as Albertus notes) 1n a man- 
 ner Serpentine, adorned with two oblong white {pots, the one above the Eyes, the 
 other, ( which 1s the leffer, but much the thicker) under them, which 1s alfo fuc- 
 ceeded by ablack ones elfe, asI faid, blue. It hath a tuft on the top of its head, not 
 entire, as in fome other birds, but confifting of a kind of naked, but very tender 
 
 reen {talks or fhafts of feathers, bearing on their tops as it were Lily-flowers of the 
 fame colour. Of which moft beautiful tuft or creft thus Pliny,Pavonis apicem crinite 
 arbufcule confiatuunt:. And indeed they feem not to be feathers,but the tender fhoots of 
 Plants newly put forth. The Billis whitith and * flit wide,being a little crooked’ at the 
 tip,as it is in almoftall granivorous birds,and in it wide Nofthrils : The Neck long,and 
 for the bignefs of the Fowl very {lender.The Back ofa pale afh-colour,befprinkled with 
 many tranfverfe black {pots. The Wings clofed ( for {pred I cannot fee them,who de- 
 {cribe it painted by the life)above towards the Back are black,lower towards the Belly 
 and withinfide red. The Tail is fo difpofed,that itis asit were divided into two. For 
 when he {preads it round, certain lefler feathers making as it were an entire Tail by 
 themfelves, and being of another, to wit, a dusky colour, do not {tand up like thofe 
 long ones, but arefeen extended as in other birds: So that without doubt the longer 
 muit needs be inferted into another mufcle, by help whereof they are fo erected and 
 {pread. Thefelong feathers, (as Bellonius writes ) {pring out of the upper part of the 
 Back near the vent, that is,out of the Rump: And thofe other lefler ones are made by 
 Nature to fupport the longer. The Rump isof adeep reen,which together with the 
 Tail it ere@ts; the feathers whereotare tho! t,and fo duipofed, that they doas it were 
 imitate the {cales of an Ath pian Dragon, and cover and take away the fight of pa 
 of the long feathers of the Tail. The longer feathers are all of a Chefnut poke 2 
 beautified with moft elegant gold lines tending upward, but ending in tips of sal 
 deep green, and thofe forked like Swallows Tails. The circular fore or ( j Pliny 
 calls them )the eyes of the feathers, are particoloured of a deep reen fhi ‘no like 
 aba crs, , {hining like 
 a Chryfolite, a Gold and Sapphire colour. Forthofe Eyes confitt of four c1 | 
 different colours, the firft a golden, the fecond a chefnut, the third a at Phe 
 fourth or middle place is taken up bya blue or Sapphire coloured {pot aimoft of ee 
 figure and bignefs of a Kidney-bean. The Hips, Legs and Feet are of an afh : to : 
 befprinkled with black fpots, and armed with fpurs after the manner of Duncbil. 
 Cone oe = _ Stomach is of a bluifh green, near the vent it is black, or 
 In the Peahen there is little variety of colours. 
 Thighs and Legs are ofa dusky Sie inclining ss ae vee cae cod 
 Head and Creft are of the fame colour; yet inthe top of the Head a fo one 
 {pots, as it were points of green difperfed. Thofe white {pots we eee: aes naa 
 are in the Hen far greater. The circle encompaffing the Pupil of ‘ee ee 
 Cock is yellow, 1 . inj ee 
 yellow, in this of a lead-colour. The Chinis wholly white. The fe 
 tag the Neck are waved and green ; near the Breaft they have their cxtvemsilla 
 Their Food is the fame with that of th , 
 efpecially delight in Barley. Albertus faith eds ms gee ote 2 
 eet a eee fhould be terrified with their voice Those eecalt 
 ally exotic birds, and of oldtime brought inte ‘Sm : 
 though now adays they are every ee nto eee ee 
 It is proper to this Bird only, the Turkey excepted to ereét his Tail, and 
 — — 3 i and took pride to have the glittering Eyes “hacaheeld 
 hat he doth it upon being commended, and that fo { h ohi 
 and {ces Gees 5 o foon ashe cafts downhis Eyes 
 his Tail, as if ony J a veet ras of ee he prefently lets fall and Sentra 
 Phtone g evoid of reafon, is without doubt falfe and 
 Its 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ae a oe ee 
 
 
 
 Book. Il, ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 159 
 
 Its fleth is efteemed harder, colder, drier,and of mote difficult concoction than that 
 of Hens. That being boiled or roatt it will not putrefie, but keep a year or more 
 uncorrupt, iscommonly believed, and proved by an experiment:made by St. Aneuftine 
 who in his 21. Book of the City of God, Chap.2.: writes thus : Wha but God the Crea. 
 tor of all things gave to Peacocks flefb a faculty of not putrefying : Which thing at frrft 
 hearing Jeeming to me incredible, it hapned that at Carthage there mas fet before ws a 
 voafted Peacock; of the brawn of whofe breaft we caufed to-be kept fo much. as we thought con- 
 venient « Which being produced after fo many days fpacews any other roafted flelh would cors 
 ruptin,did not at all offend our Noe. Being laid up agdinafter more than thirty days it was 
 found the fame as beforesand likewife the fame after a year, fave that it was Somewhat drier 
 , 4nd a little. contraéted or forunk, Torus. it feems not { wonderkul that the fleth of a 
 
 Peacock, which is of it {elf fufficiently hard and folid, being-rendred harder and 
 drier: by roafting fhould continue a long time uncorrupted in ahot Country, fuch as 
 Affica is, efpecially if care be taken, that in moift and rainy weather it takeno wet, 
 
 Peacocks fielh who live a fedentary or idle life ufing no exercife : For it is more 
 agreeable, or at leaft lefs hurtful to thofe that exercie much, [ I mean the flefh of 
 young Peacocks only, as being more tender ] but to thofe that are liver-grown, or 
 troubled with the Spleen, or withthe Piles very Noxious. Butin my opinion, and 
 to my Palate the fleth of young Peacocks is very tender, delicate, and well tafted, 
 purely white, and defervedly had. by the Romans of old in high efteem, and price, no- 
 thing inferiour to thatof Heys or Partridge. (Hes 
 
 Ariftotle writes,that Peacocks lay twelve Eggs,but with us they feldom lay more than 
 five or fix before they fit. | | 
 
 They are peftilent things in Gardens, doing a world of mifchief: They alfo throw 
 downthe Tiles, and pluck off the Thatch of houfes. The Peacock ( {aith Aldrovan- 
 dus though he be a moft beautiful bird to behold, yet that pleafure of the Eyes is 
 compenfated with many an ungrateful ftroke upon the Ears, which are often afflicted 
 with the odious noife of his horrid, or, as he calls it, * hellith cry. Whence by the seen 
 common people in Italy it is faidto have the feathers of an Angel, but the voice of a "" 
 Devil, and the gutsof.a Thief. It is {aid Cand I can eafily believe it ) to produce 
 its life to.an hundred years. The Peacock , {aith Columella, is no lets falacious than the 
 Dunghil-Cock, and therefore requires five Hens: Yea, if there be no other Female 
 for him to couple withalhe will run upon and tread the fitting Hen, and break her 
 Eggs, whereof the being con{cious, endeavours as much as the can to hide her Neft 
 fromhim. Thisbird is {aid to love cleanlinefs. It fometimes varies in colour, being 
 found white, efpeciallyin Northern Countries. | | 
 
 §. Tl. 
 The Turkey. Gallopavo, five Meleagris & Numidica avis. 
 
 He Turkey being now fo well known, and become {o common every where in 
 | Europe,needs no very minuteand operofe defcription, wherefore we thall con- 
 tent ourfelves with thatof Peter Gyllius, {ufficiently exa@ of it felf, and made up and 
 erfected by Aldrovandus, by the addition of whattoever worthy the obfervation was 
 iy him omitted; which runs thus : “Ase . | 
 Itisas tall asa Peacock, Its Neck together with its Head is altogether bare of’ fea- 
 thers, and only covered with a purpltth-coloured skins fo very thick, that when it 
 crics, or prides it {elf} it fo ftretches, aiid ‘as it were blows up the skin, that before 
 hung loofe and flaggy, thatit approaches to the bignefsof a mans arm. The ma 
 of the Head is particoloured of white, blue, and purple. It hath no Creft or Com ¥ : 
 like a Cock, but a certain red,) * flefhy Appendix, arifing above the upper Chap o Sadhana 
 the Bill, which is fometimes extended to that length, that it not only reaches all along 
 the declivity of the upper Chap, but hangs down below the tip of the Bill A leaftan 
 inch, fo that the Bill is covered with it, that it cannot be {een but fideways. ‘his Ap- 
 pendix when it walks or feedsit contracts to that fhortnef, that whereas before it hung 
 down an inch lower than the Bill, now being fhrunk up it falls fhort of the length of 
 the Bill it fel’ The feathers of this’ bird do fomewhat refemble a Hawks, and have 
 their ends white, It hath very long ae Its Toes and Claws have the famedi- 
 
 {tinction and figure with the Dunghil-Cock, The body of that I faw was pom S 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 } 
 - 
 * 
 ——E— a 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 es ee gr eS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 { - 
 7 
 ‘ ' 
 i HY 
 7 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 We &t / 4: My r fi (lA 
 
 . 
 
 ; . 
 
 
 
 
 
 158 
 
 * Tn our ob- 
 fervation they 
 want not 
 {purs,though 
 they have in- 
 deed but fhort 
 and blunt 
 ones. 
 
 * TfT under- 
 ftand Marg- 
 é’ave aright, 
 
 Se 
 B | 
 
 ook | 
 
 Peacocks:| Round about the Eyes it was of a florid blue and purple co- 
 ae wee Sie were indued with a very quick and {harp fight, like thofe 
 of Huwks: The Cockwhenany one came near the Hen, briftled up hts feathers, and. 
 by his fu perb gate, {trutting up towardshim, endeavoured to drive him away. The 
 Hen was white, and refembled a Peacock when ‘he hath caft.the feathers of his Tail. 
 Thus far Gyliws : In which defcription, faith Aldrovandus, are two notes of no {mall 
 moment wanting : viz. That its Legs * want Spurs, and that ‘the'Cock is differenced 
 f-om the: Hen, when they are come to their full growth and maturity, by a briftly 
 buih or. beard before his Throat, or in the upper part of his Breaft: Add hereto, 
 that the wormelike Garuncleon the Head isin the Hen very fall. . What he faith of 
 their feathers being like Hawks, 1s to be underftood by reafon of their many fpots, « 
 wherein the likenefs confifts. 
 
 To this we may further add, that the Tail of a Turkey is made up of eighteen fea- 
 thers; that each Wing hath twenty eight prime feathers or quils: That the Legs have 
 {mall. Spurs, or rather certain rudiments of Spurs, and thofe very con{picuous and. 
 plain to be feen, however Aldrovandus writes that they do altogether want Spurs. 
 Their Eggs are white, but thick-fpeckled with fordid yellowith red {pots, much like 
 to the freckles of the face of aman. | , 
 
 This ftately Fowl at firft fight from the fhape of its body, andvalfo from its condi- 
 tions, one would take. to be rather of the Hex than the Peacock kind, faith Aldro- 
 vandys « To me itfeems to be more like the Peacock than the common Cock , in its 
 bignefs and {tature or tallnefs, in the manner of carryingits Tail, but efpecially of fet- 
 ting it up and {preadingit, as if both it felfadmiredut, and took pride in fhewing it to 
 otliers. | | ) 
 
 That thefe birds were the Meleagrides ofthe Ancients, as alfotheir Galline Afticane 
 > Numidice guttate, Aldrovandws takes much pains to prove. In Exglifh they are 
 called Turkeys, becaufe they are thought to have been firft brought to us out of 
 Turkey. 
 
 Turkeys love hot Gountries: yet they can bear cold ones well enough, after they 
 are grown up and have been ufed to them: But their young Chickens are very nefh 
 and tender, and notto be reared without great care and attendance. : 
 
 “ Their flefh is very white and delicate;:a difh becoming a Princes feait, faith 
 “¢ Aldrovandus, ‘if 1t be well concoct yielding a plentiful and firm nourifhment; of 
 “the fame tafte and ality with that of a Peacock , and as difficult to concod, unlefs 
 “ its hardnefs be tecfore by fome means corrected. | This is to be underftood of old 
 and well grown Turkeys, for Turkey-pouts and young Turkeys are tender enough, and 
 of eafie concoction. 
 
 The antipathy this Fowl! hath againfta red colour, fo as to be much moved and pro- 
 voked atthe fight thereof, is very {trangeand admirable. 444 4 24 [ohey.’ 47 
 
 
 
 : “ a 
 - | ane /, f Ne ae f = ; - ows f. - rhs td 7 7 > ge 42 “. , 2 f a 
 ta in andl At Ron LER PRAC hl por ait (Pt, Jit (HLH atl jth (ii TAAE (Gp FHA fc At fe. LOG EC Pit ef ge oO pit 
 ve Rp df", SA rth Leview ratplpo Le tonet £6 ~(tlAXKLIERE ie pe FRILL ZUMG TIE 474 trth {tere 
 oe wt 4} LUCK CLTfLR TR ALAS CLE CL ZZ Fee JTF §. IV “7 cet a: 30 Ftc Z ‘ y@ A CATEe ALEC 
 4 
 
 The Brafilian Mitu or Mutu of Marggrave. 
 
 His Bird, faith Margegrave, isof the Pheafant kind; the Spanzards alfo ( as Nie- 
 | rembergiwstells us ) callit aPheafant. But we, partly for its bignefs, partly for 
 its colour, partly alfofor its gentle nature, eafily becoming tame,but chiefly for that it {breads 
 its Tail in like manner * circularly, think that it ought rather to be ranked with the Pesce 
 and Turkey, to which we have therefore fubjoyned it. It is bigger than the common Cock 
 or Hen. The length of its body from the Neck to the rife of the Tail is ten inches: 
 The length of the Neck fix inches. It is all over covered with black feathers, .ex- 
 cept onthe Belly and under the Tail, where it is of a brown colour, almoft like that 
 of.a Partridge. The feathers on the Head, Neck, and Breaft are finer than the reftjand — 
 
 for fofinefs and beauty comparable to black Velvet. On the top of the Head it hath 
 black feathers complicated into a very low and flat cop, which one that carelefly be- 
 held the Bird would fcarce take notice of, but whenit is angry, or on other occafions 
 it can erect them into a confpicuouscreft, It hath a remarkable Bill, not thick, croo- 
 ked,: about an inch and. half long : The lower Chap is finall, the upper almoft four 
 times bigger. The Billis ofa very bright carnation colour,but toward the tip white. 
 
 *Underthis [pox 1 ; | 
 vonthe com- 2S” Legsarelike a Hews, ten inches long, to wit, four from the Feet to the Knees, 
 
 prehends alto and fix above them,.where they are covered with black feathers. It hath alfo four 
 
 the thighs. 
 
 Foes, like a Hens, which from their rife to the firft joynt are connected by an inter- 
 " venient 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—" cy ae = 
 
 Oa 
 
 — 
 rH 
 
 SL? 
 
 re 
 nd 
 IN 
 
 fs 
 
 th 
 of 
 (s 
 
 d 
 
 = TS ee =. LS 
 
 
 
 Booxll, ORNITHOLOGY 
 
 venient skin, as in fome other birds. . It hath a Tail a foot lon 
 
 
 
 IGI 
 
 g, likea Turkeys, which 
 
 it always moves in breadth; crying Kit Kit like them: A well-fhaped Head like a 
 
 Goofes ; a Neck about fix inches long, as was before faid: B 
 and behind the Ears a white naked fj Si likea Hen. te 
 
 ais It is eafil 5 ee ? 
 ee on high upon trees like Turkeys. Finally, y madetames it roofts 
 eth. 
 
 The Pauxi of Nierenberg, theIndian Hen of Aldrovandys, lib.4. cap.12. 
 a variety of the Mitu. 
 
 ft was ( faith Nieremberg out of Fr. Hernandus ) of the bignefs of a Dunghil-Cock 
 or fomething bigger : Its feathers were of a black colour, but fhining, and almoft like 
 a Peacocks: Its Billred, crooked, and like a Parrots, &c, What was moft remarka- 
 ble in, and peculiar to this Bird was a certain tumour fattened to the root of its Bill 
 where it was more flender, of the fhapeof a Pear, of thehardnefsof a {tone and of 
 a blue colour, like thatof the {tone called Cyaneus or the Turcois. 136 
 
 Aldrovandus defcribes his * Indian Hen, from a Pi@ure, as I luppofe, in this Wife. 
 From the Bill to the end of the Tail ( which was white, and {triped with black lines) 
 it was black, which blacknefs yet did every where inclineto blue. The vent and be- 
 ginning of the Tail underneath were white. Its Bill was {trong, crooked, and red. 
 Its Legs were almoft of the fame colour, butmuch paler, and in their hind part in- 
 clining toblue. The Claws were black. It carried on its forehead a great protube- 
 rance, of the fhape of a Fig, and of abluifhcolour. The Tail was long, not ereg 
 as inour common Cocks and Hens, but extended in length, as ina Pie. 
 
 Thefe birds differ not from the Mituz in any thing almoft but that protube- 
 rance or excrefcence at the beginning of the Bill. Nrerembergivs alto makes mention 
 of this variety in his tenth Book, Chap.75. The Pauxi, faith he, ¢ for fo he there calls 
 this Bird }) hath a great head, which in fome is plain. or {mooth, in others crefted 5 in 
 others inftead of acreft of feathers arifes a ftone or globular body (a {tone they call 
 it though it be not over-hard ) like an Egg, or bigger, of the colour of Soder. » I 
 wonder that Marggrave{hould make no mention of this bunch: Surely it was want- 
 ing inall the birds he faw. Whether this Bird be a Species diftin& from the Mitu; or 
 only accidentally different, we refer to further inquifition, ; 
 
 Q. V. 
 
 ' 
 The other Indian Cock of Aldrovandys,Mituporanga of Margeravins;— 
 “Tepetototl of Nierembergius. 
 
 Here is alfo found (faith Marggrave ) another kind of * this Bird, which the 
 Brajtlians call Mituporanga, dittering only in the Bill and feathers of the Head. 
 
 Fhis kind hath no long Bull, but an indifferently thick one, yet not fo * high as the 
 Mituz, nor fo crooked: The tip.of both Chapsis black, all the reft of the Bill covered 
 
 reat black Eyes ; 
 
 it hath very good and favoury 
 
 * Ornithol. 
 lib.14.cap. 126 
 
 * The Mitz. 
 
 * Or per- 
 chance deep, 
 altum the. 
 
 with a Saffron-coloured skin 5 the like whereto it hath alfo about the Eyes. Tt hath wordis. 
 
 goodly, black Eyes. The Head and Neck covered with feathers of a deep black, 
 like Velvet. Onthe top of the Head it hath curled feathers, twifted or turning up 
 {pirally, as far as the beginning of the Necks; which it can ereét in the manner of a 
 curled or frifled creft. All the reft of the Bird is black, wherewith is here and there 
 mingled a glofsof green, About the vent it hath white feathers: The Legs are ci- 
 nerecus, and of the figure of the Mitu’s.. The Tail black, but theextremities of its 
 feathers white. This Bird alfo eafily becomes very tame and fantiliar. 
 
 Of this Bird Nierembercivs * writes thus: The fawning ‘and. familiarity OF 
 Dogs doth not exceed the officioufnefs of the Tepetototl or Mountain Bird, which 
 others call, Tecuechol#, and the Spaniards Natives of America a Pheafant, which is very 
 tame and domettic: It is a bird of the bignefs of a Goofe, of a:black fhining co- 
 lour; yet having fome feathers whiteunderneath, about the Tail, atthe ends of the 
 Wings; afh-coloured Legs and Feet ; a crooked Bill, partly cinereous, and partly 
 yellow, and about its root as it were {welling out; a folded or‘curled creft; black 
 Eyes, but a paledris. Itis fed with Corn, made up intoa mafs or loaves, and baked, 
 and with fuchlike meat. Its flefh ts fat, and good toeat, and not unlikethat of well- 
 fed Turkeys. It isavery-gentle Creature, and lovingto man, and begsits food, when 
 anhungry, by catching hold of the clothsof thofe a it lives in the houfe _ 
 
 n 
 
 * Lib.t0. 
 cap.68. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 And whenit hath occafion to go into any Room, if the door be fhut, it knocks at it 
 with its Bill. If itcan, andbe permitted, it followsits Mafter ; and when he comes 
 home, receiveshim with great expreflion of joy and clappingits Wings. 
 
 Aldrovandus * deferibes and fets forth the figure of this Bird under the title of fAvo- 
 ther Indian Cock, The whole body ¢ faith he ) of this Bird was of a deep black: It 
 wanted both Spurs and Tail, as alfo the Comb : Inftead of which it had on its Head 
 curled feathers. Its Bill was of two colours, partly yellow, to wit, toward the 
 Head, partly black. The upper Chap of its Bill hooked. Where in other Cocks 
 the holes of the Nofthrilsare,there this Bird had a certain yellow protuberance, ofthe 
 bignefs ofa Cherry. The Legs and Feet were covered with whitifh* annulary {cales. 
 Alfo fome final feathers near the vent were white. _ 
 
 If thisBird be rightly defcribed by Aldrovandws, it feems fo to differ fromthe Mi- 
 tuporanga of Marggrave, as his Indian Hen above defcribed doth from the Mitw, vx. 
 by the Cherry-like protuberance on its Bill. Moreover, it differs alfo in that it 
 wantsa Tail, whereas the Mituporanga hath a fufficient long one. But Aldrovandus 
 {aw not the bird it felf, but only its Picture, which whether or no it were exact, and 
 not taken when the bird had loft its Tail, there isfome reafon to doubt. 
 
 
 
 d. VI. 
 The Guiny Hen. 
 
 T is for bignefs equal to a common Hex ; But its Neck longer and flenderer. The 
 | figure of its body almoftlike a Pavtridges. It is of an afh-colour, all over che- 
 quered with whitefpots. A black ring compafles the Neck: The Head is reddifh. 
 On the Crown or top of the Head grows a hard horny cap, [a horn Mr. Wilughby 
 calls it ] of a dusky redcolour. The Cheeks beneath theEyes are blue, and bare of 
 feathers, under which isared Gill. They fay, that thefe Birds are gregarious, and 
 feed their Chickens incommon. So far Mr. Willughby. But becaufe this defcription 
 is very fhort and fucciné, ( though fufficient for the knowledge of the bird ) I thall 
 prefent the Reader with a fullan exact. one out of Gefaer. The® Mauritanian Cock 
 19 a Very beautiful bird, in bignefs and fhe DE OF body, Bill, and Foot likea Pheafant ° 
 [ Thofe that wehave feen, as allo” hole ¢ efcribed by BeYoniws and Margerive were 
 as big as ordinary Hens, ] : rmed with a horny Crown, rifing up into a point, on the 
 backfide* perpendicularly, onthe forefide with a gentle afcent or declivity. Nature 
 feems to have intended to faften and bind it down to the lower part by three as it 
 were * Labels or flips proceeding from it; between the Eye and the Ear on both fides 
 one; and in the middle of the forehead one, all of the fame colour with the Crown; 
 {o that it fits onthe head after the fame manner as the Ducal Cap doth upon the head 
 of the Duke of’ Venice, if that fide which now. f{tands foremo{t were turned back- 
 ward. This Grown below is wrinkled round about : Where it rifes upright in the top 
 of the Neck, at the hinder partof the head grow certain erect hairs (not feathers ) 
 ‘turned the contrary way. The Eyes are wholly black, as alfo the Eye-lids round 
 about, and the Eye-brows, excepting a {pot in the upper and hinder part of each 
 Eye-brow. The bottom of the Head on both fides all along istaken up by a kind of 
 callous flefh of a fanguine colour, which that it might not hang down like Gills or 
 Wattles, Nature hath taken care to turn backward and fold up, fo that it ends intwo 
 acute procefies. From this flefh arife up on both fides certain Caruncles, wherewith 
 the Nofthrils are invefted round, and the Head inthe forepart feparated from the 
 Bill, which is pale-coloured 5 of thefe alfo at the Bill the lower edges are lightly re- 
 fle&ed back under both Nofthrils. What 1s between the Crown and this fleth on the 
 right and left fideis marked with a double {caly incifure, but behind with noue. 
 
 Itscolour underthe Jawsor Throat is exactly purple, in the Neck a dark purple: 
 In the reft of the body fuch as would arife from black and white fine powder, 
 {prinkled or fifted thin upon a dusky colour, but not mingled therewith > In 
 this colour are difperfed and thick-fet all over the body oval or round white 
 {pots, above lefler, below greater, comprehended in the intervals of lines cbliquely 
 —— one another, asis feen in the natural pofition of the feathers; inthe up- 
 per part of the body only, not inthe lower. [ Ifuppofe he means, if we fhould fan- 
 cy lines to be drawn in the manner of Network all overthe back, the {pois would 
 ftand inthe middle of the Meithes of that Network.] This you may find to be fo, 
 notonly from viewing the whole body, but even fingle feathers plucked off. For the 
 
 upper 
 
 
 
 
 
en) —————— — = a 
 _. ——————— — 
 = 7 —— ee - ——— 
 \ 
 
 
 
 Boor I, = ORNITHOLOGY age 
 
 upper feathers, in oblique lines inter{EGine one another if -yo 
 circumferences, made( as I faid’) of black ind white nowilal | See oe 
 tremitics joyned together as in Honey-combs or Nets, do comprehend Ovalor round 
 {pots indusky fpaces; but fo donot the lower.°* Yet both are placed itva liké: manner. * or the pof 
 For in fome feathers they are fo joyned together in order, that they do almoft: make tio of bo 
 acute triangles, in others fo as to reprefent an°oval figure. Of this kind there are tkenn 
 three or four rows ineach fingle feather, fo that the leGer are contained within the as 
 greater. In the end of the Wings and inthe Tail the {pots {tand in equidiftant right 
 lines, long ways of the feather. : Between the Cock and Hen you can fcarce difsero 
 the fimilitudeis fo great; fave thatithe Head of the Hen is all black. Its'voice isa di- 
 vided or interrupted whittle, ‘not louder, nor greater than that of a Quail, but liker 
 to that of a Partridge, except that it is * higher, and not fo clear. This defer tion * Sublimior. 
 was fent to Gefver by our Dr: Key [ Cajus.] ; 
 
 Margeravius {aw others brought out of Sierra I yona like to the above defcribed 
 whofe Neck was bound or lapped about with,as it were,a membranous cloth of ablue 
 afh-colour. - A round many-double tuft or creft confifting of elegant black feathers 
 
 covers the Head. The white points or fpotsround the whole body are variegated as 
 
 < a : fs 
 it were with a fhade.. 7 // ip YM AED ZL 
 Li tpt feniplt>winkovg, njese thie ahah, Like fl wht adic: Cabiche tat fy cb Fo , 
 / Jf x f 7 4p < 5 M 7 (ht JFLE Mic n f LO 74, x ; 3 SZ Z GA 4 y 7 J ~~ 7 q -. ie - a , 7 “Z > i 
 pl Z Af 3 — ff ns A eS. : A re wb Le, he 2 4 
 4 Y White VOTH i. Veins TIPLE FOWL FLA UO LEACH RNY yi HLL pled i THY LIL. ft. Lh hd {Ati SOL, f- COTE? CZ pie, LUKE 
 dL appellee fied Wii, POG IV ALT NS fat? tthe | Maiad yd pth jee JO peach Pilelie hi nr yr a 
 “ f Ai LL SE i. q B ] . . agrt ie. A f E Pa f , POG 
 : c cucagua 0 i I€ Ya i 1aN5, a bird of the Hen-hind. Mare grave’ a cA BM LCEL fj MOT} 
 Pd east 
 
 Tis of the bignefs of our Country Hen, or bigger ; hatha black Bill, morethanan 
 inch and halflong, forward.a little crooked, like a Partridges > In the middle of 
 the Bill are two large holes for’Nofthrils. The Eyes are black; and behind them at 
 a little diftance are the Ears, “asii/Hens : The‘body thick and great, wherewith the 
 Wings end, for it hath no Tail.’ The lower Legs are bare,two inches and an halflonc. 
 It hath in its Feet three Toes ftanding forward, thick, with fhort and blunt Claws ; 
 a round heel like an Oftrich, anda little above that a fhort Toe toward the infide of 
 the Leg, witha blunt Talon. The whole ‘Head and Neck is f{peckled witha dark 
 yellow and black : Under the Throat it is white: The Breaft, Belly, and Back are 
 of a datk afh-colour. ‘The Wings dre all over of an Umber-colour waved with 
 black, ‘except the prime feathers, ‘which are wholly black. The upper Legs are clo- 
 thed with feathers of the fame colour with the Belly; the lower, together with the 
 Feet, aré blue: ‘The Claws grey.’ Itis a very flefhy bird, and hath fo much flefhas 
 {carcetwo ordinary Hens have, and that alfo well tafted. Under the outer skin, which 
 1s thick and fat, 1t hath another membrane wherewith the flefh is covered. It lives 
 upon divers fruits that fall from wild trees. I found in its ftomach wild Beans, the 
 Seedsof Araticu,&ec. It runs upon the ground § for its Feet are unfit to climb trees: 
 It Jays Eggs a little bigger than Heiis Eggs, of aibluifh green colour. ‘This might 
 have been put in the next Chapter among the -wild birds. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crap. XI. 
 Wild Birds of the Poultry-kind, and firft. of all, the Granivorous, 
 
 beaGy 21. 
 The Pheafant. Phafianus. 
 
 it was firft brought ito Ewrope. _Aldrovandus, not improbably, takes this word 
 
 to be rather derived from the Hebre prop, of the fame found,and (as he fup- 
 ‘Poles fignification. \ They differ much in weight, according as they are fatter or 
 leaner. One'Cock we made trial in weighed ‘fifty ounces, another but forty five 5 
 a Hen thirtythree. Its length from the point of the Bill to the end of the Tail was 
 thirty fix inches, to the end of the Claws twenty four. The diftance between the 
 tips of the Wings extended thirty three iriches. » The Bill like to that of other gra- 
 
 nivordus birds, from the tip to the angles of themiouth - inch three quarters long, 
 2 : j 
 
 Ti Bird is fuppofed to be fo called from Phafis a River in Colchis, from whence 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 —— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * All the up- 
 Ee endof the he ofa fining blue, with a certain mixture of red, aridas well the Head as the upper 
 See part of the Neck to appear fometimes blue, fometimesgreen. } It hath moreover on 
 
 164: ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I. 
 
 in oldbirds whitith : It hathon both fidesa flefhy and. tuberous membrane, by which 
 it is above joyned to the Head, under which the Nofthrils are asit were hid. . The 
 . Trides of the Eyes are yellow. , A red or Scarlet colour [ according to Aldrovandus 
 powdered with black {pecks ] compafies the Eye round for a good breadth... Inthe 
 forepart of the Head, at the Bafis of the upper Chap of the. Bill, the feathers are 
 black with akindof purple glofs, The Crown of the Head and upper part of the 
 Neckaretin@ured with a dark green, fhining like filk, which colour yet is more di- 
 luteon the Crown of the Head. . [ Aldrovandws writes, that the Crown commonly 
 is of a very elegant,’ fhining afh-colour, at the fides and near the Bill being green, 
 and cither in-Sun or fHade very changeable :, Which; mott beautiful colour doth alfo 
 take up the * whole Neck above. Mr. Willughby makes the Crown of the Head to 
 
 
 
 both fides the Head about the Ears feathers fticking out, which Pliny calls horns. 
 There grow alfoto the Ears in their lower angle black feathers longer than the reft. 
 The fides of the Neck and the Throatare of a thining purple colour, Note, that as 
 well the green asthe purple colour inheres only in the exteriour part or borders of the 
 feathers, the reft, z.e. the middleand lower part, of the feather being on the top of 
 the Head dusky, onthe Neck black. The feathers under the Chin, and at the angles 
 of the Mouthare black, with green edges or borders. . 
 
 Below the green the reftof the Neck, the Breaft, Shoulders, middle of the Back, 
 and fidesunder the Wingsare clothed with moft beautiful feathers, having their bot- 
 toms black, their edges tinted with a moft beautiful colour, which, as it is diverfly 
 objected to the light, appears either black or purple: Next tothe purple in each fea- 
 ther is a cro line or bed of a moft {plendid gold colour: Below the gold a fulvous, 
 
 ‘which reaches as low asthe black bottom we mentioned. Howbeit the gold colour 
 is Not immediately contiguous to the fulvous, but divided by an intermediate narrow 
 line of a thining purplifh. On the underfide of the Neck the extremities [ tops Jof 
 the feathers'are painted with a black {pot of the figure of a Parabola. The fhafts of 
 all are falvous. The feathers themfelves about the fhagt in the lower part of theun- 
 der fide of the Neck are-marked .withian Qval, white fpot,m the black bottom we 
 {poke of. . The feathers on the fhoulgers an j middle of the Back are variegated with 
 thefe colours : Firft, their edges»are fulvous, next. fucceeds anarrow purplith line, 
 
 then a pretty broad olack Tine running parallel to the edges of the feathers, wherein 
 
 is included another broad white line: This Aldrovandws.callsan Oval line. The {pace 
 comprehended within this line, and the reftof the feather, tothe very bottom, are 
 
 black. Yet in the middleof the Back the {pace comprehended 1s.various, of dusky 
 
 and black. The thaftsof the feathers are fulvous or yellow. -The,lower feathers of 
 
 the Back arealmoft wholly ferrugineous, inclining to. a Fox colour, want that white 
 
 fpot, are longer than others, and end_as it were infmall filaments. Yet they have 
 
 this common with the fore-mentioned, that in the-light, about their middles they 
 
 seal forrh  {€emto * havean appearance of thatgreen colour,which lfc is not-{een in thems, that 
 fome thew. their fhafts approach to a gold colour, and that their bottoms or lower parts areall | 
 dusky. The Tail (if you meafurethe middle feathers, which are much longer than 
 
 the reft) is full twenty fix inches long, almoft_of the figure of an Organ 5 for as in 
 
 that the Pipes on each fide are gradually longer and longer, or bigger and bigger, the 
 
 biggeft being the middlemoft, fo isit in this Tail : Thofe two middlemoft feathers 
 
 ( which, as-we fatd, are the longeft of all) have on each fide them eight, all of diffe- 
 
 rent magnitude, the exteriour fhorter and leffer than the interiour in order to theout- 
 
 moft. They are of an afh-colour, on the fides ferrugineous, near the fhafts adorned 
 
 _ with black {pots, in the longeft feathers in both Webs, oppofite one to another, in 
 
 the lefier in one Web only, orf there be any mark in the interiour Web it is more 
 
 _ obfcure, and fearce obfervable. The Wings clofed are nine inches long, {pread 
 
 ‘Hereis eighteeminches broad.:>:The Wing-feathers that are next the body are vartegated 
 nem With the fame colours.aethofe onthe middle of the Back: The fubfequent are liker 
 breadthis  hOfeon the lower pantof the Back: Yet the ridges of the Wings refemble thofe of 
 —_ of the-common Partridge, whofe colour the prime feathers or quils,of the Wings do- 
 inches. almoft exactly reprefent, viz. being of a;dusky afh-colour, and all-over {potted wit 
 
 whitith fpots, The Breaft and Belly: whereabout the Gizzard lies, and that part 
 thereof ‘whichthe Wings cover glifter with the fame colours wherewith the Neck is 
 7 utified ;: but more ob{cure, and the feathers here are much bigger. Near the vent 
 and on the Thighs itisof adark ferrugineous.,. The Legs, Feet, Toes, and Claws 
 | are 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
, - —_ eee a - 
 ri ~~ i be : <r —— —_——_—_ SS —_ 
 di P . ” es onal 
 
 
 
 Boox Il, ORNITHOLOGY. 
 are of a horn colour ; yet the Toes and Claws are darker than the Legs. A thick 
 membrane, and perchance not unfit for {wimming, connetts the Toes : The like 
 whereto( thatI know of ) is not found in any other pulveratricious bird. The Legs 
 are armed with Spurs, fhorter thanina Cock, but fharp, and of a black colour. The 
 Hen is nothing {o beautiful asthe Cock, almoft of the colour of a Quail. 
 
 It livesin the Woods; and feeds upon Acorns, Berries, Grain, and Seeds of Plants. 
 
 The Books of all Writers of Animals, Ancient and Modern,célebrate the Pheafant 
 for the goodnefs of its fleth, afligning to it the firft place among birds at Table. Phyf- 
 cians make it the ftandard wherewith they compare, and accordingly judge of the 
 temperament and goodnefs of other meats, faith Loxgolins, as he. is cited by Aldrov, 
 Aldrovandys by many arguments proves, that Pheafents are better. meat than Pullen; 
 which who defires to know, may confule him in the Thirteenth Book, and Fifth 
 Chapter of his Orwithology: At latt he thus concludes, Pheafants therefore, as well 
 becaufe they arerare, as becaufe they are of a moft delicate talte, and yield fo.excel- 
 Jent.a nourifhment, as we have proved, feem to be born only for great mens. Tables, 
 and have been always had in higheft efteem of all Birds. 
 
 Pheafanis, Partridges, Luails, and fome other Birds, are taken in great numbers 
 with a Net. they call commonly * Expegatorium, by the help of a Setting-dog, trained 
 up for this {fport, who finds out the birds, and when he fees them, either {tands frill, 
 or lies down on his belly, .not going very near them, leaft he fhould {pring them; but 
 looking back on the Fowler his Matter, wags his Tail, by which the Fowler knows 
 that the Birds are near the Dog; and fo he and his Companion rua with the Net, and 
 cover both Birds and Dog. 
 
 That all Birds, but particularly Pheafants, Partridge, and Luails, axe far more {a- 
 voury and delicate, when killed by.a Hawk than if they be caught in fnares, or by 
 any other fraud, many have written, and moft think, . And indeed, there is no doubt 
 but by this means their fiefh becomes: more fhort and tender: For. that violent motion 
 of thebloud oceafioned by their flight, and its fervent heat confequent thereupon, 
 macerates the flefh, and difpofes it to corruption, but. that it thence becomes mote 
 {avoury and delicate, all men now-adays are not agreed. But the old ‘rule: for- 
 bids me to difpute about taftes. Boterys reports, that Ireland wants Pheafants and 
 Partridges, 
 
 §. Il. 
 The Brafiliax Jacupema of Margerave. 
 
 T 1s a fort of Pheafant, fomething lefs than a Pulet. Its Head is nat great, likea 
 Hens, asisalfothe Bul. The Eyes are black ; the Neck about feven inches Jong : 
 The length of the body from the bottom of the Neck ‘to the rif: of the Tail about 
 nine inches: Of the Tail ( which 1s broad ) a whole foot. ‘The Legs are long 
 | which he-divides into upper and lower, || the upper five inches long, the lower 
 three, or alittle more. In each Foot four Toes like thofe of Hens, of which the 
 middle of the three foremoft is two inches long. The whole bird is clothed With 
 black feathers, with which fomething of brown is mixed. . The feathers of its Head 
 it can'ereét in form of a Creft, and thofe black feathers I fuppofe-he means thofe en 
 the Head which make the Tuft or Creft ] are encompafied with other white ones, 
 The Throat-under the Head, and for.an inchand half down the Neck is bareof fea- 
 thers, and covered withared skin. Thewhole Neck below is variegated with white 
 feathers difperfed among the black ones 5 as alfo all the lower Belly, and the hindmott 
 half of the Wings. The upper Legsand the Tail are wholly black, Without a ad- 
 mixture of any brown. The lower Legs and Feet axe of an elegant red colour. 
 They are made tame3iand: their flefh is good, — This bird took its name from ~ 
 voice, forit cries, Fatu, Facu, Facu. » This might as well have been ranked among tng 
 Domeitic birds. 
 
 Q. Il. 
 
 
 
 165 
 
 * Tknow no 
 
 particular En-, 
 glith name for 
 
 this Net, 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 166 ORNITHOLOGY, — Boo Il. 
 6. Uf. als | 
 
 The common Partridge. Perdix cinerea. 
 
 He Cock weighed fourteen ounces and a‘quarter 5 theHen thirteen ‘and’an half. 
 
 The length [of the Cock ] fiom the Bill’to the ‘Claws was fourteen inches 
 
 and a quarter, totheend of the Tail twelve and three quarters. The Bill from the 
 
 tip to the corners of the aperture or flit of the mouth three quarters of anInch, to the 
 Eyes aninch. The breadth wastwenty inches. 
 
 The Bill in young Partridges 1s of adusky colour, but in old ones it grows white. 
 The Irides of the Eyes are a little yellowifh.' Under the Eyes are certain red ex- 
 crefcencies. The Chinand fides of the Head are of a deep yellow or Saffron-colour. 
 The Cock hath on his Breaft a red mark of a femicircular: figure, refembling a Horfe- 
 fhooe. The Hen hath not {o much red on her Breaft. Below the Chin, as far asthe 
 Horfe-fhooe mark, itis of a blue cinereous, adorned with tranfverfe blacklines: Be- 
 neath the mark the colour fades into dirty or yellowifh cinereous. The longer fea- 
 thers on the fides of the Breaft and Belly have each of them a great tranfverfe red 
 {pot; their thafts being white. The upper fide of the body 1s particoloured of red, 
 cinereous and black. «This Naturalifts call a teftaceous or potfheard colour. 
 
 The Prime feathersin each Wing are about twenty three in number, of which the 
 foremoft are dusky, with tranfverte yellowith white fpots. The longeft feather is 
 five inches and a quarter. Theinteriour covert-feathers of the Wings, and the long 
 feathers {pringing from the fhoulders have their fhafts of a yellowith white. 
 
 The Tail is compofed of no lefs than eighteen feathers, and is in length three 
 saches and an half: The four middle feathers are of the fame colour withthe reft of 
 the body; the other feven on each fide of a fordid yellow, with cinereous tips. 
 
 The Legs below the Knees are bare; they have no footftep or appearance of any 
 Spur. Both Legs and Feet are in young ones of agreenifh colour, but inold ones 
 they. grow white. The Toes are joyned together with a membrane as in Heatheocks. 
 
 it hath a great Craw, a mufculous Stomach or Gizzard, and a esa, For 
 the tafte and wholfomnefSof ‘its flefh 3 is defervedly preferred before allother birds. 
 
 It feeds upon Ants and Ants kg 8, upon the grains of Corn, and alfo upon the green 
 leaves. But in Winter-time, when it feeds upon green Corn, its flefh is lef$ com- 
 mendable, thanin Summer and Autumn when it feeds upon the Kernel or grain. 
 
 The Common Partridge isa multiparous bird, laying fixteen or eighteen Eggs ere it 
 Gts. With usin Exgland it is moft frequent. The Italians call it Starna, as much to 
 fay as exterza,or outlandith 5 and in fome places alfo Perzice. Itismore rare with them. 
 and fells dearer than the red-leg'd Partridge. : 
 
 The Partridge (underftand it of all-the feveral forts) by reafon of the heavinefs 
 of its body., and fhortnefs of its Wings, can neither fly high, nor long continue its 
 flicht, howbeit for thofe fhort flights it makes it flies very fwift and ftrongly. 
 
 in Winter-time they fly incompany : For they are of that nature, that they breed 
 and bring up fifteen or fixteen young together, which company all Winter with the 
 oldones.. But in the Spring time, when they pair together, they fly by two and 
 two for then the old ones beat away the Young from them. This out of BeZo- 
 alk ee is true, not only of birds of this kind, but alfo of Pheafants, Heath- 
 cocks, XC. : 
 
 Bellonivs faith, that the finging of Partridges 1s acertain fign of daya ing 
 We have often heard them otying aii calling oie another Stat Ganfee: ; pp 
 
 Partridges (faith Ariftotle ) when any one comes near their Neft, caftthemfelves 
 down before’ his feet that looks for it, running and flying as if they were lame, by 
 that means drawing him away from their Nefts, and enticing him to follow thems 
 
 ‘which when they have done, themfelves fly away, and afterwards call together 
 
 spelt Brood, which fo foon as they hear the voice of their Dams prefently runto 
 em. : 
 
 
 
 §. IV. 
 
 
 

 
 Boox I, ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 §. IV. 
 
 
 
 The: Brafilian Partridge called Jambu by Pifo, 
 
 F thefe in the Woods by the Sea-fhore are found two kind ind lef 
 
 , great 
 () Thefe are leffer than our European Partridge, thofe both ie Gout 
 of body and goodnefs of fleth are equal and like to ours. 
 
 : The feath f 
 = ret the body aré of a dark fulvous colour, but mingled wud fpottad oat 
 sky, 
 
 Vw 2 @ 
 
 tv ty 
 
 - 6, V. 
 e- | The Damafcus Partridge of Aldrov. 
 
 " 7 the fhortnef;, thicknefg, and roundnefs, and whole fhape of its body it ap- 
 
 -M proaches to our Partridges. Thecolour is folike to the lefler Partridges, that at 
 4 firft youcan hardly diftinguifh them : But the Feet in this are in amanner yellow : The 
 1 Bill is alfo longer, though ele the Bird be much le(s. 
 
 le 3 d. VI. 
 : The Red-leg'd Partridge, Perdix ruffa Aldrov. called in Italy Coturnice & Coturno. 
 
 ‘. os Cock weighed more than thirteen ounces: His length from the tip of the 
 if Bill to the end of the Claws was eighteen inches: His breadth betweenthe 
 tips of the Wings extended twenty two. The Irides of the Eyes were red: The 
 Bill almoft an inch long, and red: The Legs and Feet alfo red : The Claws dusky : 
 y The Toes as faras to the firft joynt connetted bya membrane intervening. It had {mall 
 
 Spurs [ others had none, perhaps thefe were young ones. |] The foles of the Feet were 
 of a dirty yellow. 
 
 or The Head, Neck, Back, and Kump were afh-coloured, as alfo the outer part of 
 ds the Thighs. The lower part of the Neck tingtured with a vinaceous colour. The 
 A Cheeks under the Eyes, and the Chin to the middle of the Throat white : Yet in the 
 I- very angle of the nether Chap was a {mall black {pot. A black border beginning 
 
 from the Nofthrils, and produced above the Eyes encom paties this white fpace. Thé 
 it Craw below the black line is cinereous: The Breaft of adilute red, inclining to yellow. 
 to The feathers on the fides are painted with very beautiful colours. For the tips of 
 ft, fome of themare black ; and next the black they have a tran{verfe line, the fhorter 
 
 and nearer to the Head of a whitifh colour, the longer and more remote of a yellow: 
 {s Below thisa black line again. Of others the tips are red, the colours we have men- 
 ts tioned in order fucceeding. The bottomsof all are cinereous, 
 
 The beam-feathersin each Wing are innumber twenty five, the exteriour whereof 
 
 d are dusky, the interiour of a dark cinereous : But yet the outer edges of the third, 
 he and fucceeding to the fifteenth, are of a white, tinctured withred. The Tail is four 
 id _ inches long, the two middle feathers being cinereous, the exteriour five on each fide 
 lp having their upper half red, their lower cinereous. . 26 2: | 
 . It hatha large Craw, a mutculous Stomach,or Gizzard, in which diffected we found 
 
 Caterpillars and Snails. Ss | 
 The Back of the Hen is not all out fo cinereous, but rather inclines to red, the 
 y middle partsof the feathers being black. The line running above the Eyes is fome- 
 whatred. The Cheeks are of the fame colour with the Back : Elfe it doth not much 
 differ from the Cock. This kind isa ftranger to Exgland : Howbeit they fay ‘it is 
 found in the Ifles of Ferféy and Guernfey, which are fubje&t to our King. It is of a 
 more gentle nature than our common Partridge, and eafily made and kept tame: 
 Whereas the common Partridge can hardly be induced to putoff his wild nature, and 
 to go out andreturn home again like tame fowl: Yet Ihave been told by perfons of 
 good credit, that a certain Su/fex man had by his induftry and application made a Co- 
 vey of Partridges fo tame, that he drave them before him upon a wager out of that 
 Country to London, though they were abfolutely free, and had their Wings grown, 
 fothat they might if they would have made ufe of them to fly away. =n 
 That thisBird feeds upon :Snails Ariffoe hath delivered, and our a _ 
 
 
 
—_— ee a ee 
 = — i — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oe 
 
 168 ORNITHOLOGH Book 
 
 Grms: Yet not on Snails only, but alfo on Caterpillars, Seeds of Wheat and other 
 Grain. e 
 Boeri dces, to fpeak of them in general, are very falacious birds, infamous for 
 mafculine Venery, and other abominableand unnatural conjunctions. The Ancients 
 have left many fabulous things concerning them, viz. That the Cocks, if they can 
 Gnd them, break the Eggs, left the Hens being detained by fitting upon them fhould 
 not be ready or willing to yield themfelves to be trodden; for which caufe the Hens 
 Jay privately, concealing their Nefts, as much as they can, from the Cocks. That the 
 Cocks when they want the Hens,to wit, when they have withdrawn themfelves to fit, 
 do not only manifeft their petulancy and falacity, by their voices and fighting,but alfo 
 defile one another promifcuoufly by that nefarious coition, interdicted mankind by 
 molefsthan a capital punifhment. Which things Plizy after his manner hath wittily 
 and elegantly comprifed in a few words. IW/e[_1. €. feminag | quidem c maritos fuos 
 fallunt, quoniam intemperantia libidinis frangunt earum ova, ne incubando detineantur. 
 Tunc inter fe dimicant mares deftderio feminarum. Vidlum aiunt venerem pati. Thatthey 
 make two Nefts, wherein they lay their Eggs, half in. one, and half in the other 5 
 sn one whereof the Female fits, and in the other the Male: and that both do hatch 
 and bring up their part of Young. That the Hens without being ever trodden by 
 - the Cocks, if they do only ftand oppofite to them, and the wind blow from thence 
 upon them, will conceive Eggs, and thofe prolific: Of which thing fome Modern 
 Writers have indifcreetly indeavoured to give an account, before they had any aflu- 
 rance of the truth of the matter of fac. That the Hens are fo intemperately luit- 
 ful, that contrary to the manner of other birds, they cannot abftain from the ufe of 
 Venery fo much as while they are fitting : Which particulars alfo Pliny briefly and 1n- 
 genioufly thus words : Neque in ullo animals par opus libidinis. Si contra mares [teterint 
 
 4 
 
 feming, aura ab his flante pragnantes foint. Hiantes a. exerta lingua per id'tempus afin- 
 ant, concipinntque fupervolantinm affiatu, fepe voce tantim andita mafculi: Adeoque vin- 
 cit libido etiam fetus charitatem, ut illa furtint & in occulto incubans, cum fenfit feni- 
 nam aucupis accedentemad marem, recanat, revocétque, Gv ultro fe prebeat libidini, That. 
 the Cock being overcome in fight dares never fo much as comesin fight of his Miftris 
 or Mate. ‘That the Partridge when her own Eggs are broken, or any ways marred, 
 or loft, fteals another Partridges Eggs, hits upon them, hatches them, broods and 
 
 = 
 
 brings up the Young, whichsyet" W en they are a little grown, hearing their Dams _ 
 voice, [ that 1s, the voice of that Partridge that laid the Eggs, ] do by inftinc& pre- 
 -fently know it, and leaving their Fofter Mothers, betake themfelves to their own. 
 Dams. That fhe often turns her uponher back, and fo,lying with her belly upward, 
 covers her felf with clods and ftraws, and by that means deceives and ef{capes the 
 Fowlers. But it is not worth the while to infift long upon rehearfing or refuting thefe 
 articulars. 
 
 Thefe Birds ( faith Aldrovandys ) in the Fealts and Entertainments of Princes hold 
 the principal place, without which fuch Feafts are efteemed ignoble, vulgar, and of 
 no account. Indeed, the Freuchmen do fo highly value, and are fo fond of Par- 
 tridge, that if they be wanting they utterly fleight and defpife the beft {pread Tables 
 and molt plentiful and delicate Treatments ; as if there could be no Featt without’ 
 this dith. As the fleth of Partridge ( faith BeVoniws ) is very delicate and grateful to 
 the Palate, fo in like manner is it greatly commended, for that it nourifhes much, is 
 eafily digefted, and breedsgood bloud in the body. The flefh of the greater kind is 
 more folid and hard, ( though hard only comparatively ) of the lefler more tender 
 and confequently yields a finer, more diffipable and {pirituous nourifhment, is alfo of 
 eafier concodtion, but yet is not fo white as that of the greater. Palate-men, and {uch ’ 
 as have skill ineating, do chiefly commend the: Partridges Wing, preferring it much 
 before the Leg, as indeed it is much better. Hence that Exgli/h Proverbial Rhythm: 
 
 
 
 
 
 If the Partridge had the Woodcocks thich, > 
 "Twonld be the beft bird that e're did fly. 
 
 He that defires yet further information concerning th ) 
 le the he quality and temperament of 
 Partridges fiefh, let him confult Aldrovand. ; : : : 
 
 6. IV. 
 
 
 

 
 Boox II, OR ANCIT HOLOGY. 
 
 d. VIL. 
 Bellonius his Greek Partridge, or great red Partridge, the (ame with the precedent. 
 
 aaa great Partridge which the Grecians, following the Italians. c | 
 2 Coturno, feems tous to be different from the Partridges locks Of Fane, 
 Gothland : For it is twice as big as our Country Partridge, hath ted Bill 
 is {potted on the Breaft and fides in like manner as ours, of the bignefs of 
 fom Hen. - This kind of Partridge is 'o frequent in the Rocks of Colwe th 
 Iflands, and the Sea-coaft of Candy, that there is not fuch plenty of any other bird, 
 Their cry is different from that of our Partridge, being great. and fonorous. ef eci- 
 ally in breeding and coupling time, when they exprefs.and often repeat the found of 
 this word [ Cacabis)] whence it {hould(eem thatthe Latines were taught by the Greeks 
 to exprefs the note of a Partridge by the word Cacabare. We a] Oo borrowed the 
 nameCacabis, whereby we in fome places call a Partridge from their voice or cry 
 They follow oneanother on the Rock: Of this kind, inmy judgment, Ariftotle is to 
 be underftood when he faith, If Hens couple with Partridges they generate a different 
 Rind, _ They build inan open place without coveror fhelter in May-time, among cer- 
 tain herbs, what time they come down from the Rocks, feeking convenient placesto 
 build and bring up their Young. They lay their Eggs upon the ground, under fome 
 great {tone, fometimes eighteen, foretimes fixteen, more or Jef{s; like Hens Egos 
 but lefs, white, and {peckled thick with {mall red {pots, very good to eat as Hens Eggs, 
 but their Yolks congeal net. After they have hatcht their Young, they lead them 
 out into the Champain or open fields to feek their food., Wherefore we think this 
 kind of Partridge to be altogether different from ours: for in fome places of Italy 
 both kinds are found, and called by divers names, wiz. This by the name of Coturno 
 the other by the name of Perdice or Pernice. Thus far Beloniis. | 
 
 Aldrovandws thinks that this bird differs from. the greater red Partridge or Cotur- 
 nice Of the Italians only inbignefs : and truly Tam now wholly come over to his opi- 
 nion; fith Belloniys himfelf makes them all one. What Partridges Bel/onins means by 
 the Partridges of Gothia I know not. 
 
 (. VIL. 
 The Quail, Coturnix. 
 
 T 1s the leaft bird in this kind ; of a flatter or broader body, and not fo narrow or 
 | compreiled fideways as the Land-Rail or Daker-Hen. Its length from the tip of the 
 Bill to the end of the Tailis feven inches and an half: Its breadth between the ex- 
 tremities of the Wings {pread fourteeninches. a “3 C 
 
 Its Bill from thetip to the corners of the mouth half an inch long: its figure more 
 deprefled and plain than in the reft of this kmd: The lower Chap black, the uppet 
 of apale dusky. The Jrides of the Eyes are of a hazel colour: The Eyes havea 
 nictating membrane. | | ee 
 
 The Breaft and Belly are of a dirty pale yellow: The Throat hath a littlemrxture 
 of red[_ rzffi.] ‘Under the lower Chap of the Billis a long and broad ftroke of black 
 tending downward. Above the Eyes, and along the middle of the Head are whitifh 
 lines. - The headisblack, only the edges of the feathers reddifh or cinereous. The 
 middle part of each covert-feather of the Back and lower part of the Neck ismarked 
 witha yellowifh white ftroke, the reft of the feather being particoloured of black and 
 reddifh afh-colour. | Under the Wingsis abed)of white terminated on each fide with 
 a border of red mingled with black. . F.yTao 
 
 The beam or quill-feathers of the Wings are dusky, croffed with pale redlines : 
 Ths lefier rows of hard feathers in the Wings are almoft wholly. of one andthe fame 
 reddifh colour. The Tail is fhort, not above ‘an inch and half long, confilting of 
 
 - twelve feathers, of a blackifh colourinterrupted with pale-red ttanfverfe lines. 
 
 The Feet are pale-colouredy coverec with a skin divided rather into {i cales than 
 entire rings : The foals of theFeet yellow. The outer Toes, as far as the farft joynt; 
 are connected withthe middlemoft by aa intetvening membrane. 
 
 It hath a Gall-bladder.. The Cock had great: Felticles for the bignefs of its body, 
 whence we may infer that.it is a falacious bird... It hath a mu{culous ee “ 
 
 3 | Izzard 5 
 
 retin o 
 
 169 
 
 and Legs, * Gothis. 
 a * hands + o¢ indiffe- 
 € Cyclades tent, mean- 
 
 zed 
 
 
 

 
 I , 
 
 2. . ee 
 
 —_ 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox. Il. 
 
 Gizzard 3 and juftabove the Stomach the Gullet is dilated into the bag, which we 
 call the Ante-ftomach, the interior Superficies whereof is granulated with papillary 
 Glandules. 3 hg sh 
 
 For catching of Quails they ufe this Art : The Fowler betimies m the Morning ha- 
 ving {pread his Net hides himfelf under 1t among the Corn: then calls with his Quail- 
 
 ipe, The Cock Quail, thinking it to be the note of the Hen that he hears, comes 1 
 a trice with all {peed to the place whence the noife comes. Whenthe Bird isgot un- 
 der the Net, up rifesthe Fowler and fhews himfelf to him, he prefently attempting to 
 fly away, 1s entangled in the Net and taken. 
 
 The Quail is a bird no lefs Clacious than the Partridge, infamous alfo for obfcene 
 and unnatural luft. The Cocks are of high fpirit arid courages and therefore by 
 fome are. wont to be trained up and prepared for the combate, after the manner of 
 Cocks : And fEliaz tells us, that of old time at Athens Quail-fightings were wont to 
 be exhibited as fhews ; and fo grateful and delightful they were to the people, that 
 there was.as great flocking tothem as toa {pectacle of Gladiators. In fome Cities of 
 Italy, efpecially Naples, they do alfo nowadays keep fighting Quails, as Aldrovandus 
 reports. The manner how they induce and provoke them to fight fee in him. | 
 
 Quails arebirds of paflage : for being impatient of cold, when Winter comes they 
 depart out-of Northern and cold Countries into hotter and more Southerly ; flying 
 even over Seas ; which one would admire, confidering the weight of their bodies and 
 fhortnefs of their Wings. When we failed from Rhodes to Alexandria of Egypt ( faith 
 Bellonins many Quails flying €-om the North toward the South were taken in our Ship, 
 wherice Lam verily perfwaded that they fhift places: For formerly alfo when I failed 
 out of the Ifle of Zant to Morea or Negropont, in the Spring time I had obferved Quails 
 flying the contrary way £-om South to North, that they might abide there all Summer : 
 At which time alfo there were a great many taken in our Ship. 
 
 Among the Ancient Greeks and Latines Quails were condemned and baaifhed Ta- 
 bles as an unwholfom difh; for being reported to feed upon Hellebore, and to be ob- 
 noxious to the falling ficknefs, they were thought to produce the like difeafe inthofe 
 that-eat their flefh: But undefervedly, for now adays they are eaten without any 
 danger, and efteemed a choice dith: And being fomewhat rare with us in Exgland are 
 
 
 
 fold very dear: Indeed their flefh both for delicacy of tafte, and wholfomne(s of - 
 to that“of 
 
 nourifhment is nothing inferio 
 fuch as feed them in C | 
 
 
 
 7 Of Partridge or Pheafant. Poulterers, and 
 
 em in Coops*do not permit them a high place to be in, becaufe leaping 
 
 up they hurt their heads againft thetop: nay, though their Coops be fo low that they 
 
 can hardly ftand upright in them, yet by ftriking their heads againtt the top, they will 
 rub off allthe feathers; as we have obferved. 
 
 §. IX. 
 The Rail or Daker-hen, Ortygometra Aldrov. lib.13. cap.33. Crex Ariftotelis, 
 
 He weight of that_we deferibed was five inches and an half: Its length from 
 the pomt of the Bill to the end of the Claws was fifteen inches, to the end of 
 the Tail eleven and an half; its breadth between the extreams of the Wings ftretch'd 
 out nineteen inches: Its Bill 1} inch long, meafuring from the point to the end 
 of the flit. The body of this bird is narrow or comprefied fide-ways, and like to 
 that of Water-hens, The lower part of thé Breaft and the Belly are white; the Chin 
 alfo is white, elfe the Throat isof a more fordid or dittycolour. On the Head are 
 two broad black lines: Alfo a white line from the fhouldersas in the Morehen. The 
 middle parts of the covert feathers of the Back are black, the outfides of a reddifh 
 afh-colour. The Thighs are variegated with tranfyerfe white lines. In each Wing 
 are twenty three quil-feathers. The leffer rows of Wing-feathers both above and 
 below are of a deep yellow, as alfo the borders of the prime feathers, The Tail is al- 
 moft two inches long, made up of twelve feathers. The Bill is like the Water-hezs, 
 the upper Mandiblebeing whitith, thenether dusky. The Legsbare above the Knees: 
 a Feet en cei ——— diflected we found Snails. | 
 tis called Ral/ys or Grallus perchance from its {talking [ 2 gradu grallatori - 
 chance from Royale, becaufe fas a Royal or Princely dah oe 
 ‘ Aldrovandus defcribes his Ra! thus, Its Bilis lefs than a Water-fowls, but much 
 bigger thana Quails: Its Tail alfois very little, and next to none: Its Legs and Feet 
 in proportionto its body long, of a middle colour between Saffron and green. The 
 colour 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
. 
 
 Boox IL. ORNITHOLOGY. “3 
 
 
 
 colour of almoft the whole Head, the Neck, Back, and alfo the greater part of the 
 
 ° ° t 7 ° e 
 Wings re{pecting the Back of a * te{taceous colour, in brief very like to that of a * ®ftz figni- 
 
 Hen-Quail, wherefore it is by the Italians rightly called the King of Quails F [J re feth4 Por- 
 delle Qualie’) which is as much to fay asa great Quail.. The Wins where ae xis facie ob 
 contiguous to the Belly are red. The fore-part of the Neckand the Beginning of leur isa red- 
 
 the Breaft are wholly teftaceous: The Belly and Hips like the Gojhawhs [ Accipitris iel- dith brown, 
 lari. | The Female is all over of a paler colour. 
 
 Bellonius defcribes this Bird by the title of the ot 
 L Ortygometre alteris in geniftis degentis. ‘| 
 . It isfaid to be the Quails Leader or Guide when they go from ohe place to ano- 
 ther. In the whole fhape of its body it refembles the Water-fowl, e{pecially the 
 Morehen. Its Legs are long, its Body flender, its Belly white, its Tail fhort, its Bill 
 pretty long; all which are marks of Water-fowl: Wherefore, in my judgment; it 
 more properly belongs to that Tribe, and ought thither to be referred. ; 
 This, if Imuch miftakenot, is the Bird which Dr. Turner takes to be the Crex of 
 Ariftotle. There is( faith he ) a certain Bird in England with long Legs, elfe like to 
 a Quail, favethat it is bigger, which among Corn and Flax in the Spring and begin- 
 ning of the Summer hath no other cry than Crex, Crex; but this it often iterates - 
 Which I think to be the Crex of Ariftotle: The Englifh call it a Daker-hen, the Ger- 
 mans Ein Schryck, (never {aw or heard it any where in Exgland fave in Northumber- 
 land. Butfeeing ( as Gefner rightly ) it is manifeft by the teftimony of the mott anci- 
 ent Writer Herodotws, that the Crex is as big as the black Ibis, the Englifh Daker-hen 
 cannot.be theCrex. Although this Birdbe more rare in Exgland, yet is it found every 
 where in Ireland in great plenty. 
 
 her Rail that livesin Broom fields. 
 
 §.. X; 
 The Tndiax Quail of Bontius. | 
 “ter Bird feeds by Coveys, like Partridges, in the Woods of Fava, although it 
 
 be alfo made and kept tame, and itsFemale, accompanied with, her Brood, 
 walks up and downthe Yards of houfes like the common Hen; the Cocks alfo are no 
 lefs ftout, and given to fighting among themfélves till they kill one another, than the 
 Dunghil-Cocks. _ In the colour of their feathers they very nearly refemble the true 
 Quail : But their Bill isa little longer : They alfo make fuch an interrupted noife or 
 cry by intervals as Quails are wont to do 3 but of a far different found from that of 
 Quails, more like to that horrid drumming noife which Brttours make among Reeds 
 in fenny places, which in Low Dutch we call Pittoor. The longer thefe Birds con- 
 tinue or draw out that cry, the more generous are they thought to be. They are of 
 fo cold a nature, that when fhut upin Cages or Coops, if you do.not expofe them to 
 the Sun-beams, and ftrow Sand under them, they prefently Janguifh, and runa hazard 
 of dying: And therefore by night after Suntet, they fhrink up on a heap, asthe Cuc- 
 kow doth with us in hollow trees in Winter-time, and in the trunks of trees ere 
 themfelves with their feathers. But when the Sun rifes they prefently fing, 7 t 7” 
 found is heard many paces off; that you would wonder fo little a bird ¢ for . th O 
 not exceed a common Pigeon or Turtle in bignefs ) fhould have fo deep and " 2 
 cry. LIhavefometimes kept of them in Cages, which would give me notice of ‘the 
 a iach of Morning or break of day, if I had any ferious bufinefs to do. For if 
 ae bufine(s be to be done, it is moft commodioufly difpatcht either in the Morning 
 oc ieeaaa For the day time, while the Sun roafts all things with his {corching heat, 
 
 ss unfit for action, and very unhealthful to ftir much in. 
 
 
 
i] 
 \ 
 i 
 4 
 AS | 
 biel 
 > 
 e Y 
 ti 
 ‘ 
 ry 
 . 
 LE 
 : J 
 
 
 
 re Bdouclk 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox Al. 
 CY eae 
 
 — SSS t—Fe 
 
 — 
 
 C90 1 oo 
 
 Wild Birds of the Poultry-kind that feed on Leaves and Berries, &c. having 
 Scarlet Eye-brows. 
 
 6. I. 
 
 The Cock of the Monttain or Wood, Urogallus five Tetrao major, Aldrov. called by the 
 > Germans Orhun, by the Venetians Gallo di montagna. 
 
 Or bignefsand figure it comes neat to a Turley. The Cock we meafured from 
 k the point of the Bill to the end of the Tal was thirty two inches long: The 
 Hen but twenty fix. The ends of the Wings exterided were’ in the Cock forty 
 
 Gx inches diftant, in the Henno more than forty one. 
 
 It had fucha Bill as the reft of this kind, an inch and half long, meafuring from the 
 rip to the afigles of the mouth ; its fides {harp and ftrong. Its Tongue 1s {harp, and 
 not cloven; In the Palate is a Cavity imprefled equal to the Tongue. The Trides of 
 the Eyes are of a hazel colour. Above the Eye is anaked skin of a {carlet colour, 
 in the place and of the figure of the Eyebrows, as in the reft of this kind. The 
 Legs on the forepart are feathered down tothe foot, or rife of the Toes, but bare 
 behind. ‘The Toes are joyned together by a membrane as far as the firft joynt, then 
 they have on each fide a border of skin all along, ftanding out a little way, and. 
 ferrate. 
 
 The Breaft is of a pale red, withtranfverfe bleck lines, the tips of the feathers be- 
 ing whitifh. The bottom of the Throat is ofa deeper red: The Belly cinereous. 
 The upper fide of the body 1s particoloured of black, red, and cinereous, the tips 
 of the feathers being powdered with {pecks, excepting i the Head, where the black 
 colour hatha.purple glofs if beheld in fome pofiions. “The Chinin the Cock is black, 
 athe Hen red. The Tail is of a deeper redthan the other feathers, and crofled 
 with black bars; the tips of the feathers being white. "The Tail of the Cock 1s black, 
 the tips of the feathers being white, ana. sir borders as It were powdered with red- 
 difh ath-coloured {pecks. Dhe*miac e feathersefpecially, and thofe next to them are 
 marked with whitefpots. The feathers covering the bottom of the Tail have. white 
 tips, elfe are variegated with alternate black ani reddith afh-coloured tranfverte lines. 
 
 
 
 
 
 After the fame manner the whole Backis alfo painted with black and white crofs lines, 
 
 but finer, andflenderer. The feathers under the Tail are black, but their tips and ex- 
 teriour edges white. The Head [ inthe Hen] 1 of the fame colour with the back. 
 The tips of the Breaft-feathers are black. 
 
 Each Wing hath twenty fix quill-feathers, the greater whereof are of a more 
 dusky anddark colour: The reft have their exteriour Vanes variegated with red and 
 black. ©The tips of all befide the ten outmoft are white. The longer feathers {pring- 
 ing from the fhoulders are adorned with angula:beds of black, wherewith a little red 
 is mingled below. Thelefler rows of hard feathers of the Wings are variegated with 
 dusky,red and white,their tips being white. In the Cock the fhoulders and lefler rows 
 of hard feathers above are variegated with redand black lines, underneath are white, 
 except thofe under the firft zxternodium, whichare black. The longer feathers under 
 the fhoulders are white, which when the Wings are clofed make a large white {pot. 
 The Wings under the fecond imternodium are black, with tran{verfe lines of white. 
 Inthe Cock the Neck is of a fhining blue. The Thighs,Sides, Neck,Rump, and Belly 
 are inlike manner variegated with white and black lines. The Head isblacker: About 
 the ventitis of an afh-colour. | 
 
 It hath very long blind Guts, ftraked with fix white lines. The Stomach mufcu- 
 lous, asin the reft of this kind, full of little ftones. The Craw was {tuft with the 
 
 _ Leayes, Tops, and Buds of the Fir-tree. The skin of the {tomach fticking to the 
 
 mufcles is foft and hairy like Velvet. 
 But forthe knowledge of this Bird, and diftinguifhing it from all others, thereis 
 no need of {o prolix and particular a defcriptioa of colours, which vary much bya 
 
 e, 
 and perchance alfo place, and other accidents, when as the bignefs alone is fufficient - 
 that purpofe. : 
 
 This 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
~~ ’ - = : 
 
 - 5. — 
 
 Boox Ii. OR MIT HOLOGY. 
 
 This Bird is found on high Mountains beyond Seas, and as weare told in Ireland 
 
 i seoete they call it, Cock of the Wood ) but no where in: Exeland 
 grand. At Venice and 
 
 aduawefaw many tobe fold in the Poulterers Shops.b ither 
 
 Secciendbe rers Shops,brought thither from the neigh- 
 
 I take the Grygallys major of Gefner and Aldrovandus ( whovalfo’ calls it the Tetras 
 
 OF Newefianus) tobe the Female of this Bird. : Por-the Females in this kindof Birds 
 
 in variety and beauty of colours €xcel the Males: Whereas Geiwer takino: 3 
 
 granted, that the Females do in no kind of creature ‘excell the Males in varie ates. 
 lours, being deceived by this prefumption,took and defcribed for different Species the 
 different Sexes in both thefe kinds, wig. the Cock of the Mountain, and the black game: 
 And fo of two Species made four 3 to wit, 1. Urocallys major. 2. Grycallys tiajor. 
 3. Orogallus minor. 4. Gryvallus minor... The fecond and fourth being theFemales 
 of the firft and third. Moreover, being himfelf miftaken.he thought Turner to bef : 
 
 2 
 
 Who makes the Male Moreben, that is the leffer Letrao, or lefler Orogallus of Gefrer 
 tobe black 5 the Female all varioufly fpotted, fothat if it were not bigger and redder 
 than a Partridge,it could hardly be dittinguithed fromy it. Aldrowandus follows Gefizer 
 making the Gryeallys major of Gefner (that is,the Female ofthe Orogallus major) the Te- 
 trax ot Nemefianus ; without caufe reprehending Loxgoliys, who-indeed was of the 
 fame opinion; whereas hehim(elf erroneoufly makes the Maleand Female of the Cock 
 
 of the Mountain [ Urogallys major’) diverfe or diftiné& kinds.So then the cak {tands 
 thus: 
 
 
 
 : ae of the Mountainthe Male 1. The greater Urogallus, Gefa-Aldrov. 
 * (Cock of the Mountain the female——2. The greater Grygallys, Eorund. 
 
 = oe game or:Grous the Male—~— -3, The leffer Orogallus, Eorund. 
 ’ ? Black game the Female ————4. The lefler Grygallus, Eorund. 
 
 
 
 The flefh of this bird is of a delicate tafte and wholfom nourifhment, fo that be- 
 ing fo {tately.a bird, and withal fo rate, it ems to be bortr only for Princes and great 
 mens Tables. — 
 
 §. If. 
 
 The Heathcock or Black gameor Grous, called by Turner the Morehen. Tetrao; 
 feu. Urogallus minor. | 
 
 He Cock weighed forty cight ounces: was in length from the point of the Bill 
 to the end of the Tail twenty three inches, | The Hen was but nineteen inches 
 long. ] Itsbreadth thirty four inches [the Hens thirty one. ] ) 
 
 The Cock is all over black, but the edges of the feathers, efpecially in the Neck 
 and Back, do fhine witha kind of blueglof. His ‘Legs are grey. The Female is of 
 the colour almoft of a Woodcorkor Partridge, red with black tranfverfe lines, The 
 Breaft and Belly are hoary; The Wings underneath and the long feathers are white, 
 as inthe Cock. ‘The middle of the Back is of adeeperred. The Rump and edges 
 of the feathers on the Throat are hoary. The feathers under the Taj] white. 
 
 In each Wing areabout twenty fix beam-feathers: In the Cock the bottom of the 
 fifth of thefe 1s white, of the eighth and fucceeding to the twenty fixth the whole 
 lower half Of the eleventh and following feathers to the two and twenticth the 
 tips are alfo white. Thelong feathers under the fhoulders are purely white. Inthe 
 Hen the ten outmoft feathers are dusky, the reft of the fame colour with the body, 
 faving their tips, which are whitith. “The bottoms-of all but the firht Gix are white. 
 Moreover, thofe great quil-feathers, which, as we faid, are dusky, have fomething 
 of white in theouterborders. The Wings underneath, and thofe longer feathers in 
 both Sexes are white, which when the Wings are clofed appear outwardly on the 
 Back in the form of a white fpot. 
 
 The Fail confifts of fixteen feathers, and is in the Cock near {even inches long 5 
 { Underftand this of the exteriour feathers, for the interiour do not exceed four 
 inches. } In the Cock the three exteriour feathers on each fide are longer than the 
 re{t, and ftand bending outward, the fourth on each fide fhorter, and lefs reflected. 
 In the Female the outmott feathers are indeed longer than the reft, but not reflected. 
 The Tail ts of the fame colour with the body, only the tips of the feathers of a hoary 
 white, 
 
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 174 
 
 * Underftand 
 it of the bird 
 we defcribed. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boor ll, 
 
 . The Billis black and crooked 3 the upper Chap {omewhat prominent and gibbous. 
 Under the Tongue is a kind of glandulous fubftance : In the Palate a Cavity imprefled 
 equal to the Tongue. The Tongue ts undivided, foft, and fomewhat rough. The 
 Eyebrows bare and red. The Ears great both in Male and Female. The Legs rough 
 with feathers growing on their fore-part: The Toes naked, and connected by a 
 membrane as far as the firft joynt. On each fide the Toes are the like borders of. skin 
 agin the precedent Fowl, ftanding out from the Toe, and petinated. The Claw of 
 the middle Toe 1s on the infide thinned into an edge. It hath no {purs. 
 
 Its Guts are * fifty one inches long: Its blind Guts ( whichis ftrange ) twenty four 
 ftriate with fix lines. The Craw large. They feed upon the tops of Heath; 
 Acorns, @¢. « The Poutsdo a long time accompany their Dams even after they be 
 oon to their full growth, as do young Partridges. They are infefted with Lice and 
 Ticks. ie ign yp 
 This kind is frequent in the fides of high Mountains’; fometimes it defcends into 
 the plains, not rarely occurring in the Jower Heath-grounds. The Male differs fo 
 {trangely from the Female, that to one unacquainted with them they might well feem 
 tobe of differentkinds; yea, to Gefner himfelf they feemed fo, as we fhewed in the 
 foregoing Chapter. | 
 
 This is Turners Morehen, which he thinks to be fo named fromthe colour of the 
 Cock, which 1s black, asin Moors, though he is miftaken in that he writes, that it 
 hath on its Head a red flefhy Creft, and about the Cheeks two as it were red flefhy 
 Lobes, or Gills, for it hath no other red flefh about the Head but the Eye-brows 
 which all the ref{t of this Gewws have. See Aldrovand. \ib. 14. cap.15. Gefker calls 
 + Gallus Scoticus Sylueftris, that is, The wild Scotch Cock. I fufpect alfo that the 
 Gallus Paluftris Scoticws of thefame Gefner isno other than this Bird. The Hiftories of 
 thefe Birds you havein Aldrovands Ornithology, lib.14.cap.15,16. 
 
 §. Il. 
 * The Attagen of Aldrovandus, called by the Italians Franicolino. 
 
 N bignefs and the whole habit and fafhion ofits body ita roaches to 
 
 ] hath afhort, black Bill, crookedat ne end. The oe is a Se 
 whole body over. “The Heae *efpecially hath a very beautiful afpedt, a yellowith 
 Creft variegated with black and white fpots, being erected in the middle of it 
 Crown. he Pupil of the Eyes is black, the Iris yellow. It hath Eye-brows like 
 the Heathcock, of naked {carlet-coloured skin. Under the Bill andin the be insiens 
 of the Throat hangs down as it were a beard of very fine feathers. _ Its Neck i of the 
 longeft, and in comparifon with the bulk and make of its body flender, of an ath- 
 colour, ‘befprinkled with black and white {pots; which inthis refpe@ differ, that h 
 the white, in the Head the black are the deeper. The fpots of the Breaft are of sie 
 fame colour, wherewith are other ferrugineous ones mingled. . The Belly, Fail, Hi ; 
 and Le s [which are covered with feathers] are of a lead colour, and alfo befprinkled 
 with black fpots.. The fore-toes of the Feet are long, the back-toe fhort, all armed: 
 
 
 
 with crooked Claws. 
 
 _ They are by the Italians called Francolini as it were Franci, that 1 
 pat » that 13, Free Fowl, 
 - cae oe se people are forbidden to take them, and Princes grant them free- 
 Olina deferibes this Francolino a little otherwife. In the fi 
 ! 7 : ; ure ( f 
 proportion of its body it refembles a common Partridge, but fn Pipeets-femnchaal 
 exceedsit. The Breaft and all the Belly are {potted wit black and white. The oun 
 of theWings and Tail are black. The Head, Neck, and Rump are fulvous, inclinin 
 tored,with alittle and black intermixed. But neither his figure re hats 
 nor defcription mentions any Creft. The Legsalfo in Olma’s figure are ia 
 oe Bird is either the fame with our other Lagopws, called the Red-game or ver 
 ne st 5 but differs from it, in that it hath a Creft upon its Head. But the Atta fe 
 — ie ( = a one ete is deftitute of a Creft. Indeed [fhould 
 ; , did not the place forbid it. For ourred Game li 
 id oS eee eee fa Reena Countries, whereas the (items 
 ewes plentifully in the Mountains of Sicily, which isa v h try 
 rs oe en but the Bird, which Bellonine and Scaliger nlestiagd By thas 
 , thatlives in the Pyreneanx Mountains, and the Mountains of Asvergne, and 
 | , which 
 
 my ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
>> SS oe 
 
 mom Ve (FF wD ES Sp 
 
 
 
 Boox II. ORNITHOLOGY. 
 which, Bellonivs faith, comesnot down into plai ies, is the ve os 
 - > plain Countries, is the very ¢ 
 our Red Game : And. perchance alfo the Attagen of Aidvaumwibus 1S eee pa" 
 Francolinus 1s 4 name common to both Aldrovands.and Bellonius his Bird: And Al- 
 drovandys writes, that his Attagenis a Mountain Bird. Neither is it a fufficient aro Me 
 ment to prove the contrary, that Sicily where it is found is a hot Country : for Mount 
 fEitna in Sicily is focold, thatthe top of it for the greateft part of the year is covered 
 with Snow. Iam fure when we went up it inthe year 1664, in the beginning of Fune 
 5 Snow Pot not melted. oe ie Legs thereof be bare, ( for Aldrovandys doth not 
 amnm if 10 his delcription, though his figure reprefents them bare e Héad al- 
 mays ete it cannot be our Red ar : ened . 
 he fieth of this Bird is moft excellent, of eafie dicelt; ieldi iful 
 : geition, and yielding plentifal 
 and very. good nourithment: And therefore among the Ancients was Sevlentn before 
 all other, and placed in the higheft degree of dignity. 
 
 §. IV. 
 The Hazel-hen, Gallina corylorum, Attagen, Gefiz. 
 
 pees Bird we defcribed wasa Cock, * weighed but a pound, being from Bill point * This Bird 
 to Tailend fifteen inches long ; and twenty two broad. ed tae 
 
 The Bill, as in Hens, isblackith, from. the tip to theangles of the flit of the mouth on bane 
 almoft an inch long: The upper Chap a little prominent andcrooked. Inthe Palate than 2 Par- 
 isa Cavity equal to the Tongue. Above the Eyes.a naked red skin takes up the place eee 
 of Eye-brows, as in the Heatheock,, and others of thiskind. The Eye-brows of the handiom Pul- 
 Female are not fo red, but paler. The Legs before are feathered half way down, be- 2, oo 
 hind bareas high as the knees. The fore-toes are joyned together by 4 membrane fiom weighed 
 the divarication to the firft joynt : And have befides fuch like rrate borders,or welts, ™"* 
 {tanding out on each fide, as were obferved in the precedent Birds, ‘The infide of the 
 Claw of the middle Toe is thinned into an edee. Af ; 
 
 The whole Belly is white. The Breaft white, {potted with black {pots in the middle 
 of the feathers: The feveral feathers having fome one {pot, fome two or three crofs 
 lines: The lower part of the Throat red, but the Chin of a deep black, encompafied 
 with a white line. The Hen wants this black {pot under the Chin, From the Eyes 
 tothe hind-part of the Head a white Line is produced. The Head is of a reddifh 
 afh-colour : The Back and Rump are yet more cinereous, of acolour like that of a 
 Partridge. The lower part of the Throat or Gullet is variegated with tranfverfe 
 black lines. The fidesunder the Wings are red or fulvous, the tips of the feathers 
 being white. The long feathers {pringing from the fhoulders, that cover the Back, are 
 all white. | < | ) 
 
 The Wings are concave asin Partridges and the reft of the Poultry kind : The 
 beam-feathers in each-Wing are twenty four in number, the foremoit or outmoit 
 whereof on the outfide the fhaft were parti-coloured of dusky and white, on the in- 
 fidedusky. The greater rows of covert Wing-feathers were variegated with red, 
 white, and black. 
 
 The Tail was made up of fixteen feathers all equal, of about five incheslong. The 
 {even exteriour oneach fide had their tips of a ditty white; next the white a bar or 
 bed of black an inch broad ; the reft of the feather tothe very bottom particoloue 
 réd of black and white. The two middlemoft of the Tail are of the {ame colour 
 withthe body, having crofs bars of white powdered with dusky fpecks. The tips 
 of the long feathers under the Tail are white, the middle part black, the lower 
 red. | 
 The Stomach is mufculous: The Guts thirty fix inches long : The blind Guts fifteen, 
 which in this Bird alfo are f{triate. The fleth boiled or roaft, asin the reft of this kind, 
 is white, very tendefalfo and delicate. rif 
 
 Molt learned men (faith Aldrovandws ) are of opinion, that this is the Bird which 
 by the Ancient Greeks and Latines was called Attagen; from whom yet he diflents. 
 It is wont ( faith Georg. Agricola as he i quoted by Aldrovandus ) tolivein thick and 
 fhady woods. The {amealfo writes that it is found plentifully in the Mountainous 
 Woods aboutthe foot of the Alps, efpecially where hazels and brters abound.’ We 
 {aw them. in the Market at Nurenberg to be fold: Whence we gather that they are 
 found in the great Woods near that City, though they be not mountainous : What 
 
 they live chiefly upon we-cannot certainly fay, but we verily believe that their ents 
 | , the 
 
 
 
+ Lagopus 
 fignifies a 
 Hares foor, 
 
 
 
 ee Ee Saw 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Bool. 
 
 the fame with the other Birds of this kind, viz. Bil-berries, Crow-berries, Black-ber- 
 ries Sec. and in the Winter-time the tops of Heath, Fir, and other ever-green fhrubs: 
 But whether they do eat the Catkins of Hazel (as Albertus affirms, and from whence 
 they feem to take their name ) we know not. 
 
 Q. V. 
 The white Game, erroneonfly called the white Partridge, Lagopus avis, Aldrov. 
 
 Or figure and bignefs it comes Near to a tame Pigeon, fave that it is fomething 
 biggers weighs fourteen Ounces - From thetip of the Bill to the end of the Tail 
 or Feet ( for they are equally extended ) is about fixteen inches long 5 between the 
 extremities of the Wings {pread twenty four inches broad. The Bill fhort, black, 
 likea Hens, but lefs: ‘The upper Chap longer and more prominent. The Nofthrils 
 are covered with feathers, {pringing out of askin on the lower fidethe holes. Above 
 the Eyes, in the place of the Eyebrows isa naked skin of a fcarlet colour, and of the 
 figure of a Crejcent. ) : 
 
 in the Cock-birdsa black line drawn from the upper Chap of the Bill reaches fur- 
 ther than the Eyes towards the Ears 5 which in the Hens is wanting: All the reft of the 
 body, excepting the Tail, is as white as Snow. 
 
 Each Wing hath twenty four prime feathers, of which the firft or outmoftis fhor- 
 ter than the fecond, the fecond than the third. The fhafts of the fix outmoft are black. 
 The Tail is more thana Palm long, compounded of fixteen feathers, the two middle- 
 mo{t whereof are white ; the outmoft on each fide without the fhaft alfo white, all 
 the reftblack. [ ThofethatI (Fj. R.) defcribed in Rhetia had the two middle fea- 
 thers of their Tails only white, all the reft black.] The feathers next the Tail, in- 
 cumbent onit, are of equal length with the Tail it felf; fo that they do wholly co- 
 verit. The Legs, Feet, and Toes, to the very Claws, are covered with foft fea- 
 thers, thick-fet, like Hares feet, wherice it took the * name.” ‘The Claws are very 
 long, not unlike the nails of {ome Quadrupeds, as for example Hares; of a dark 
 horn or lead colour. Its back-toe’ or heel 1s {mall, but its Claw great and crooked. 
 The fore-toes are joyried together by an intervening membrane, as in the other 
 
 _ fowl] of thiskind. The Claw of themiddle Toe is fomething hollow all along the 
 
 middle, the edge this furrow or channel being fharp. Under the Toes grow long 
 hairs very thick. ‘ 4S 
 
 The Craw is great, and in that we diffected full of the tops and leaves of 
 Fir, Heath, Bill-berry,&c. The Stomach or Gizzard mufculous: The Guts forty inches 
 long: Theblind Guts long, great, and {triate. | 
 
 Inthe Alps of Rhetia, andin other high Mountains, which are fora great part of 
 the year covered with Snow, it is frequently found. Wherefore’ Nature, or the 
 Wiflom of the Creator, hath fenced its Peet-againft the fharpnefs of thecold with a 
 thick covering of feathers and down. 7 : 
 
 Thefe Birds, for the excellency of their fieth, are commonly called White Pzr- 
 tridges, and thought to be foby the Vulgar; whereas indeed the Partridge and La- 
 opus are far different Birds. Yet the Sadoyards, and other Alpine people, who are 
 not ignorant of their difference, call them fo ftill; at firft perchance by miftake from 
 their agreement in figure and magnitude they began to be fo called, and now they 
 continue the old name. | 
 
 Q. VI. 
 * The other or particoloured Lagopus of Gefner. 
 
 Here isanother fort of Lagopws found on the Mountains of Switzerlarxd. The 
 §  Birdwe defcribed of this kind wasa Male. Its Belly white, its Wings alfo 
 milk white ; Yeton the hinder part were fome feathers partly dusky, partly {potted. 
 The Head, Neck, and Back particoloured, with dusky and {potted feathers. ‘The 
 Neck underneath had a great deal of white, and but a little black ; above was co- 
 vered partly with pied, partly with white feathers. Above each Eye was femicir- 
 cular skin’of a red colour. Its Bill was very fhort, and black, the upper Chap 
 whereof was crooked, andreceived [ within its edges ]thenether, which was chan- 
 nelled. The Tail was five inches long, confifting of twelve black feathers, and two 
 
 | white 
 
 
 

 
 white ones inthe middle, and three or four particoloured ones, The Legs and Feet 
 down to the very Claws, were covered with white feathers growing very thick ahd 
 clofe together, fo that nothing at all appeared bare but the black Claws. Only the 
 foal of the Foot and inner part of the Toes were without feathers : Yet. might the 
 Toes be wholly covered with the hair-like feathers meeting underneath... Ie was as 
 big as'a Pigeon, or {omething bigger: The length. of the. whole about five, Palms 
 
 [fuppofe this Bird is called in Italian about Trezt Otorno 5 about the Lake called b 
 the Ancients Verbanws, now Maggiore, [ or the greater, | Colmefire: Our Counce. 
 men [ the Switzers)) Stein-bun [or Stone-hen 5] .as fome do. alfo the precedent 
 Others for diftinction fake add the bignefS.. I guefs this fecond. kind to be.a little the 
 bigger. . As for ‘the former kind: doubt not bit it is the firtt Lagopus of Pliny 
 
 white, @&c. But this {econd, although perchance it may be doubted, whether it bé 
 
 the fecond Lagopus of Pliny, which, as he writes, differs from Quails only in bignefé, 
 
 yet ought by all means to be referred to the fame Genys with the firft. Thus fa; Gef- 
 mer. Jam of opinion that this Bird is not only generically, but even {pecifically, the 
 fame with the former or firft Lagopus of Pliny : F or,except fome marks and pots on 
 the upper fide of the body, it agrees perfectly therewith: But thofe are not fufficiént 
 to infer a difference of kind: Seeing that the firtt Species alfo is {aid to change colour 
 in Summer, and become dusky : Yea, thofe which afcend not up the Mountains are 
 reported not to be white, nonotin Winter. But Idare not pronounce any thing rath- 
 ly 5 referring the matter to the determination of the learned and curious, that live in 
 thofe Countries, or have opportunity of travelling and {ojourning there, 
 
 | §. VIL. 
 The ‘Red Gane, called in Soxte places the Gorcock and More-cock ,Lago pus altera Plinii, 
 
 Tisnear half as big againias-a Partridge, for the figure of its body not unlike; 
 Somewhat [-yea, confiderably ] bigger than the Lacopus : Its Feet and Claws ex- 
 actly like his. Its Bill is fhort and blackith : Its Nofthrils elegantly covered with fea- 
 thers, asinthe Lagopws. But e{pecially remarkable are the {carlet-coloured naked 
 skins above each Eye, of the figure of a Crefcent, in place of Eye-brows, which in 
 the Cock are much broader, and have in their upper Circumference a border of loofe 
 fleth fhipt, asit were a fringe or Creft. Inthe Cock the Plumage about the bafs of 
 the bill ispowdered with white {pecks ; and at the bafis of the lower Chap, on each 
 fideis a pretty great white {pots but not fo in the Female. Moreover, the Male 
 differs fromthe Female, in that it is much redder than fhe; So that in the Throat and 
 upper part of the Breaftithath no mixture at all of any othercolour. Allthe upper 
 fide of the Body, Head, Neck, Back, and. covert-feathers of the Wings are partico- 
 loured of red and black, each fingle feather being painted with red and black tranf 
 verfe wayed lines. Howbeit in the Cock the red exceeds the black 5 yet hath he 
 in the middle of the Back and on the Shoulders great black fpots, which the Female 
 hath not. 
 
 In each Wing are twenty four quil-feathers, all dusky, except the exteriour edges 
 of thofe next the body, which arered. The outmoit feather of the Wing ts fhorter 
 than the fecond, the third the longeft of all. The interiour baftard Wing is made 
 up of white feathers. The feathers alo on the under fide of the Wings next to 
 the flags are white. The Breaft and Belly are almoft of the fame colour: with the 
 Back in both Sexes : Yet in the middle of the Breatt and Belly are fome pretty great 
 white fpots. The Legs and Feet are clothed with a long thick Plumage or Down 
 to the utmoft ends6f the Toes. . The Tail is more than a handful long, not forked, 
 conlilting of fixteen feathers, all black except'the two middlemoft, which are vari- 
 ed withred. The flethis very tender, efpecially in the younger ones, not fo. white 
 as a Hens. | , | | 
 
 It is frequent in the high Mountains of Derbyfhire, Yorkshire, Wefimorland, and 
 Wales. It lays five, fix, feven, or eight Eggs, feldom more, one inch three quarters 
 long, {harper at one end, all fpeckled with dark red {pecks or. points, only towards 
 the {harper end are one or two beds void of {pots... The younger are infefted with 
 belly-worms, which fometimes as they fly hang down a foot length from behind. We 
 take this Fowl to be the Lagopws altera of Pliny, lib.to. cap.48 
 
 Itdelights to abide in the higheft tops of the higheft Mountains, and with us never 
 comes down into the Plains, yea; feldom intothe = of the Mountains. Hip 
 
 : a 1§ 
 
 “Boo IL ORNITHOLOGY. ; 
 
 177 
 
 
 

 
 * The Ring 
 Ouzel. 
 
 
 
 SB is the Bird which Be 
 
 —_— 
 
 Seatac ae 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox dl. 
 Oe cere 
 Tonius calithe Attagen,,as wefaid before in the Chapter 
 of the Attacen of Aldrovandus, and takes that: Bird which the Savoyards call, the 
 white Partridge, and Pliny, Lagopws;to bea variety of this; fortis all over white, and 
 hath the Legs covered with feathers (though-finer) like the Attagen: The Ttaliaus 
 al(o call both kinds Francolino. -And indeed the colour and. bignefs excepted, .the 
 Red Game differs little from the Lagopys- The figure of the, Bill and whole body. 4s 
 the fame in both: The Feet alike feathered tothe very Claws: So'that Mr. Willughby 
 alfo, together with Bellonins, did fometimes fufpe& that they differed rather acciden- 
 tally thani{pecifieally, | Butto me (o great difference of colour and bignefs da necefla- 
 rily infer-adiverfity of kind. ‘The fleth of thefe, -and the re{t.of this Tribe;,.doth 
 {uddenly corrupt, “and therefore the Fowlers,fo foon as ever they take them, prefent- 
 ly exenterate them, and uff the Cavity of theBelly with green Ling. 
 
 
 
 §. VIE 
 
 * Bellonive bis Damafcus Partridge, which Aldrovand fuppofes to be-the other 
 Lagopus of Pliny. 
 
 5 Here are ( faith he) no wild Birds at Damajcws more notable than the Partridges 
 
 § of tharCountry. They are lef thanthe red-or afh-coloured. . In the colour 
 of the Back and Neck they refemble a Woodcock : But their Wings are-of a different 
 colour. For where they are joyned to the body they are covered with »white, 
 dusky, and fulvous feathers: Ten of the prime feathers are cinereous. The inner 
 fide of the Wings and the Belly are white. Jt hatha collar-like mark on its Breatt, 
 like the * Merula torquata, confifting of red, fulvous, and yellow colours: Elfe in the 
 colour of the lower part of the Head and Neck, in the Bill and Eyes itis like a Par- 
 tridge, and hath afhort Tail. Wehadranked it with the Water Rail, or Woodcock or 
 Plover, but that its Legs were feathered, like the Savoyard white Partridges ( which 
 isthe Lavgopws ) ora rough-footed Doves. This, if rightly deferibed, is a kind of La- 
 gopus or! Heath Cock, which we have not yet feen; and the jleaft of that kind that we © 
 have yetfeen or heard of. ” eh aac 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuap.  Xiil. 
 Birds of the Poultry-kind that want the back-toe. 
 
 9. I. 
 The Buftard, Otis feu Tarda avis. 
 
 ginning of the Billto the end of the Tail was fixty inches.. Its breadth, or di- 
 MM fiance between the tips of the Wings {pread two yards and an half. Its Bill hike 
 a Hens, the upper Chap being fomething crooked. . The Head and Neck are afh-co- 
 joured ; the Belly white: The Back variegated with red and black tranfverfe lines. 
 it wantsthe back-toe, whichis efpecially remarkable: For by this note alone and its 
 
 { 1s for bignefs nothing inferiour to a Turkey. Its length meafuring from the be- 
 
 bignefs, iis fufficiently diftinguifhed from all other Birds of thiskind. It feeds. up- 
 
 on Corn, Seeds of Herbs, Colewort, Dandelion leaves, gc. Inthe Stomach of one 
 difleced we founda great quantity:of Hemlock Seed, with three or four grains of Bar- 
 ley, and that in Harveft time. On New-market and Royfton Heaths in Cambridgefire 
 
 and Suffolk, and elfewhere in Watts and Plains they are found with us. 
 
 _ They are of flow flight, and when they are lighted can hardly raife themfelves 
 from the earth, by teaton of the bulk and weight of their bodies, from whence 
 without doubt they gotthe Latine nameTarda. They are called by the Scots Guftar- 
 da; asHeéor Boethiws witnefleth in thefe words: In March, a Province of Scotland, 
 are Birds bred, called inthe Vulgar Dialed Guttardes, the colour. of whofe feathers and 
 their flefhis not unlike the Partridges, but the bulkof thear body exceeds the Swans. 
 
 Some fay, one may catch them with ones hands before they can compote themfelves 
 to fly ; but thisis:a miftake, for though:( as we faid before ).it be long ere they can 
 raife themfelves from the earth, yet are’ they very timorous and circumfpect, and 
 
 will 
 
 
 
Book ll, OR NIT HOLOGR ~~ 
 
 will not fuffer a man to come within a Furlong: of them, before they take Wing 
 -and fly away. Yet our Fowlers report that they may be run down with Grey- 
 hounds. 
 
 Italy (faith Aldrovandys ) hath none of thefe Birds, unlef they be brought over 
 accidentally by the force of tempeftuous winds, But we when we travelled in Italy 
 did feein the Market at Modenaa Baftard to be fold, whence we {u(pect that there are 
 of them in that Country. | , Mee | 
 
 Though fome difcommend their Heth, yet with'us. it is eteemed both delicate and 
 wholefome. Hence, but chiefly for its rarity, the Buftard fells very dear, ferving 
 only to furnith Princes arid great mens Tablegat Feafts and public entertainments, 
 
 NOG TE 
 The French Canne-petitré, Anas campeftris of Tetrax of BeWoniws.’ 
 
 WU He Pield- Duck {eéms to us té bea Bird pectliar to F rance, Where there is not 4 
 oT Country man but knows it, at leat by nae.” Tris (0 called, not becaufé itis 
 a2 Water-bird, but becaufe it fits on 'thé ground like the Water-Dich; But it hath no 
 fimilitude or agreement with Water-fowl, being a Land-bird> “It js of the’ bigneS of 
 a Pheafant ; the Head, faving the bignefs, refembling a Quailt. ‘the Bill 4 Puillets. Tet 
 is more known by its Name, than by its fhape : For we have a’ Countty-Proverb 
 
 : 
 
 — againtt fufpicious petfons, Wherein We fay, that they play the Lavd Duck.’ “Ttistaken 
 in Plains and open fields, as they take Partridges, in fhares, with Netéand:} fy forme, 
 
 and alfo with Hawks. But itis very crafty in defending and fhifting for it felf: flying | 
 near the ground, and that * with gréat force and {wiftnels, for two hundred or three * Impete- 
 hundred ‘paces, and whet it alights‘or falls on the ground funning fo {wiftly, thar 
 {carce any mancanovertakeit. © fthath only three Toes in each foot, like the Bupard 
 
 or Plover. The roots of all the feathers are red, ‘and as it were of 4 fanguine colour, 
 
 fo joyned tothe skin‘as in the Buftard, whence alfo we take itto be a kind of Buftard : 
 
 For both, but efpecially this, i$ white under the Belly : But the Back is varie ated 
 with three or four colours, to wit, a yellow tending to red, with fomewhat of cine- 
 reous and red intermixed. Four Wing-feathers in the upper part have black tips. Un- 
 
 der the Bill, down as far 26'the Breaft, it is white. A white Collar héar the Crop 
 compatles the Breaft, as in the Savoy Merule, or Water-Ouzels. [| But this Collar ap- 
 pearsnot in BeLoniys his Sep The colour! of the Head and upper part of the 
 Neck is the fame with that of the Back and Wings. © The Bill js black, lef$ than in 
 
 the Jonic Attagen. The Legs incline to cinereous. He that defires an exact defcri- 
 ption of this Bird, let him Imagine a Quail of the bignefs of 4 Pheafant, but very 
 much fpotted; for juft fuch is this Field-Duek> All the interiour parts it hath com- 
 mon with other granivorous birds. It is reckoned among delicate Birds and 
 e{teemed as good meats a Phea/int.° ‘It feeds indifferently ‘upon all forts of Grain, 
 
 as alfo upon ‘Ants, Beetles, and Flies; and likewife upon the leaves of green corn. 
 And although the colour of the Neck and Head be not always the fame, ( and 
 herein confifts the difference between the Male and the F emale ) yet the Back 
 
 and Wings néver change colour. This Bird feems -not. to have been mentioned by 
 
 the Ancients. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuap. XIV. 
 Of Doves or. Pigeons in general. 
 
 “He Marks common to all forts of Pigeons, whereby they may be diftinguifhed 
 
 : from all other Rinds of Birds, ‘are not very many, vz. a peculiar figure of 
 body, refembling that of a Cuckow  fhort Legs 5 long Wings; fwift flight; 
 
 a mourntul voice 5 to lay only two Eggs at one fitting, but to breed often in a year. 
 Aldrovanduws faith, it is properte all- 1geons to wink with both Eye-lids. They do 
 not all agree in the figure of the Bill: For fome have flender and indifferently long 
 Bills, others thick and fhort ones: The F eetof all at Jeaft fo many as we have yet 
 feen, are red orfanguine. In the Pigeon-kind the Male and Female divide between 
 them the Jabour of incubation, ‘fittmg by turns: = The Male alfo affifts the F emale in 
 Mic eornA a 2 _ feeding 
 
 
 
L80 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 ORNATHOLOGYT. Boox Il. 
 7 5 | 
 feedingand rearing the ¥ oung. And for an :internal note, it is common to them to 
 have no Gall-bladder- 
 
 | Cuarp,. XV. 
 Of the feveral kinds of Pigeons. 
 
 661K: 
 
 The comuwn wild Dove or Pigeon. Columba vulgaris. 
 
 Bill to Tail thirteen inches ; in breadth twenty fix. 
 Its Bill was flender, fharp-pointed, and indifferently long, like to that of a 
 Lapwing or Plover; above the Nofthrils foft, and white by the afperfion of a kind of 
 furfuraceous. fubftance,,elfe dusky, The Tongue neither hard, nor cloven, but 
 fharp andfoft. The drides of the Eyesof a yellowith red. The Legson the forepart 
 feathered almoft to the Toes: The Feet and Toesired ; the Talons black. 
 
 The Head was.of apale blue; the Neck asit was diverfly objected tothe light did 
 exhibite to the Beholder various and fhining colours. The Crop was reddifh,the reft 
 of the Breaftand Belly afh-coloured... The Back beneath, .a little above the Rump, 
 was white, ( which 1s anote common to moft-wild Pigeons ) about the fhoulders c1- 
 nereous, elfe black, yet with fome mixture of cinereous. 
 
 The number of prime feathers in each Wing was about twenty three or twenty 
 
 four. OF thefethe outmoft were dusky, of the reft as much as was expofed to fight 
 black, what.was covered with, the sncumbent feathers cimereous. The covert-fea- 
 thers. ofthe ten firlt Reeiges were of a dark cinereous: Of the reft of the covert- | 
 feathers (.almoft to the body ) the tips and “nteriour Webs, asfar_ as the fhafts were 
 cinereous, the exteriour black. .The covert-feathers of the sunderfide of the Wings 
 purely. white, opin aithevt) atxaomanmmens 7 , 
 . The Tailis made up of. welve feathers, four inches and an half long, the middle 
 being fomewhat lo er than the extremes. The tips of all, were black: Thetwo 
 outmof{t. below the black on the outfide the fhaft were white; all the re{t wholly 
 cinereous,the lower part being thedarker.. The feathers incumbent on the Tail were 
 cinereous, 
 
 It had a great Craw, full of Gromil feed. The blind Guts were very fhort, {carce 
 exceeding a quarter. of an inch. It hath (as we faid of Pigeous in general ) no Gall- 
 bladder, and lays but two Eggs at a time: 
 
 This kind varies. mumch in colour; there are found of them ordinarily milk-white. 
 
 “Aldrovandus describes and figures. many forts of tame Pigeons, which he thus 
 diftinguithes : 
 
 , Female, whichwe defcribed;, weighed thirteen ounces - Was in length from 
 
 Thegreater called Tronfi,and in Englifh Runts, 
 whofe defcription and figure you have, t.2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Naked 
 | set pag. 462. 
 | oe a 2 The leffer or moft common, #.2. pag.463. 
 = — i. 2. The greater, #.2. pag.466 
 wear ae Rowidh Crefted, t.2.p4g.469. 
 Tame or NOUS" The lefler 
 houfe Smooth-crown d, t.2. pag.467. 
 Doves < , rFrifled Pigeons, #2. pag. 470+ 
 < | | Hoode i Pra t.2. pag.471. 
 | | 4 Pi their Feet Bare, of which there 
 | | or #5 KIZCONS are feveral kinds fet 
 ; , | _ forth, p-4.72,4.735474 
 “Outlandifh, to 4 ( Smooth-crowned, called Iudiawn Pige- 
 Milt vs Ons, t.2.pag-4.7 7° ye 
 1 Candy Pigeons,having in the Bill,above where itis joyn- 
 
 “|. 3. -ed to the Headia white Tubercle or Wattle,p.478. 
 Perfian ox Turkey Pigeons of a dark colour, p.481. 
 - yVarro’s Stone or Rock Pigeon. Under 
 
 
 

 
 Book Ii, ORNITHOLOGY. 181 
 Under the title of Dometic, which [have Englithed tame or houfe Doves, hecom- 
 
 prehends the common wild Pigeon kept in Dove-cotes, which is of a middle nature be- 
 tween tame and wild. ’ 
 
 
 
 §.. IL 
 
 Divers Jorts of tame Pigeons. 
 
 I. ehh greater tame Pigeon, called in Italian, Tvonfog Aftirnellaio s ib Exglifh, g  Runts, 
 Runt; a name (asl fuppof€’).corrupted from the Italian Tronfo: Though 
 to fay the truth, what this Italian word Tronfo fignifies, and confequently why ‘this 
 kind of Pigeon is focalled, Iamaltogether ignotant.. Someicall themColumhe Ru 
 fea, Ruffia~-Pigeons, whether becaufe they are brought to ts out of Ruffia, or from 
 fome agreement of the names Runt and Ra/fia, 1 know not. Thefe feem to be the 
 Campania Pigeons of Pliny. They vary much in colour, as moft other Domeftic 
 Birds: Wherefore it is to no purpofe to defcribe them by their colours. In refpea 
 of magnitude they are divided into the biggeft and the lefér kind. The greater 
 aremore fluggifh birds, and of flower flight 5 the fame perchance with thofe Gefzer 
 faith he obferved at Venice, which were almoft as bigas Hens, The lefer are better 
 breeders, more nimble, and of fwifter flight. » Perchance thefé may be the fame with 
 thofe, which * Aldrovawalus tells us are called by his Country men Colombe fotio banche, * ornitbot. 
 that is, Pigeons under Forms or Benches, from their place 5 of various colours, ‘and t+ Pas 35° 
 biggerthan thecommon wild Pigeons inhabiting Dove-cotes. 
 ~ax Croppers, fo called becaufe they can, and ufually do, by attracting the Air, blow 
 up their Crops to that ftrange bignefs that they exceed the bulk of the whole body 
 befide. A certain* Hollander informed Aldrovandys, that thefe Kyroppers Duve; as * peiga, ital 
 they call them, are twice as bigas:the common Dometic Pigeons, which as they fly, fignifies any 
 and while they make that murmuring noife, {well their throats to a great bignefs, and 7°"? 
 the bigger, the better and more genctous they are efteemed. ofe that I fawat 
 Mr.Copes, a Citizen of London, livimg in fewin Street, feemed to me nothing bigger, 
 but rather lefs than Revts, and fomewhat more flender and long-bodied. Thefe dif- 
 ferno lefs one from another in colour than the precedent. 
 3+ Broad-tail'd Shakers, called Shakers becaufe they do almoft conftantly fhake or 
 wag their Heads and Necks up and down: Broad-tail’d, from the great number of 
 feathers they have in their Tails; they fay, not fewer than twenty fix. When they 
 walk up and down they do for the moft part hold their Tails erect like a Hen or Tuy- 
 key-Cock. Thefe alfo vary much in colour. 
 4. Narrow-tail'd Shakers. Thefe agree with the precedent in fhaking, but differ in 
 the narrownefs of their Tails, as the name imports. They are faid alfo to vary in 
 colour. This kind we have not asyet {een, nor have we more to fay of it. . 
 5: Carriers. Thefeare-of equal bignefs with common Pigeons, or fomewhat lefs, 
 of a dark blue or blackifhcolour. They are eafily diftinguifhed from all others, 1.B 
 their colour. 2. In that their Eyesare compafled about with a broad circle of rabeed, | 
 tuberous, white, furfuraceous skin. 3. Thatthe upper Chap of the Bill is covered 
 above half way from the Head with a double cruft of the like naked fungous skin. 
 The Bill is not fhort, but of a moderate length. ‘They make:ufé of thele birds to 
 convey Letters to and fro, chiefly in the Turki/h Empire. Perchance thefe may be 
 the Perfian and Turki(h Pigeons of Aldrovand, a\l over of a dusky or dark brown co- 
 lour, excepting the Eyes which ate fearlet, the Feet which are of a pale red, and the 
 Bill, which<¢ as he faith ) is yellow ; wherein they differ from ours, whofe Bills are 
 black. Thenature of thefe birdsis fuch, that though carried far away they will re- 
 turn {peedily thither, where either themfelves'were bred or brought up, or where 
 they had hatcht and brought up Young. Of this kind we faw in the —~ Aviary in 
 St. Fames's Park, and peahteC ope an Embroiderer in fewin Street, Loudon. More- 
 over, we read that the Ancients fometimes made ufe of Pigeons in fending Letters, as 
 for example, Hirtiws and Bratws in the Siege of Modena, Hirtiws fending a Dove to 
 Brutus, and Brutus back again to Hirtiws, having, by meat laid in fome high places, in- 
 {tructed thefe Pigeons, before fhut up in a dark place, and kept very hungry, to fly 
 trom one to another. | 
 6. facobines, called by the Low» Dutch,Cappers, becaufe im the hinder part of the 
 Head.or Nape of the Neck certain feathers reflected upward encompafs the Head be- 
 hind, almoft after the fafhion of a Monks: Hood,. when he puts it back to —— Hy 
 ead. 
 
 
 

 
 ‘e 
 
 eS) 
 
 ecommerce imam 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I, 
 
 reer ee 
 
 * Extlculentuy. 
 z.e,ki's them, 
 
 The life of 
 Pigeons. 
 
 * Or have 
 weak Eyes. 
 
 Head: Thefe are called Cyprus Pigeons by Aldrovand, and there are of them rough- 
 footed. Aldrovandwus hath fetforth three or four either Species or accidental varieties 
 of this kind. Their Bill isfhort: The Irédes of their Eyes of a Pearl-colour; andthe 
 sad (as Mr. Cope told us )in all white. 
 
 = varbits, of the attire and original of which name I mutt confefs my felf to 
 be ignorant. They havea very fhort thick Bill like a Bul/finch: The crownof their 
 Head is flat and deprefled: The feathers onthe Breaft reflected both ways. They 
 are about the bignefs of the Facobines, OX a little bigger. {take thefe to be the Candy 
 or Indian Doves of Aldrovand, tom.2:\pag.477-478. the Low Dutch Cortbeke. 
 
 8. Burbary-Pigeons, perchance the Candy-Dove of Aldrovand. ~The Bill 1s like 
 that of the precedent. A broad circle of naked; tuberous, white flefh compatiles 
 the Byes, ‘asin the Carriers. The Irides of the Eyesare white. My worthy Friend 
 Mr. Philip Skippow, in a Letter tome concerning ‘tame Pigeons, ) writes, that the Eyes 
 of this kind are red. Perchancethécolour may vary in feveral birds. 
 
 9g. Smiters. 1 take thefe to be thofe, which the fore-mentioned Ho/ander told 
 Aldrovanduws, that his Country-men called Draiiers. Thefe do not only thake their 
 Wings as they fly: But alfo flying round about in a ring, efpecially over their Fe- 
 males, clap them fo ftrongly, that they make a greater found than two Battledores 
 or other boards ftruck one againft another. Whence it comes to pafs that their quil- 
 
 feathers are almoft always broken and fhattered ; and fometimes fo bad, that they 
 
 cannot fly. Our Country-men diftinguith between Tumblers and Smiters. 
 
 1. Tumblers, thefe are {mall, and of divers colours. They have {trange motions, 
 turning themfelves backward over their Heads, .and fhew like footbals in the Air. 
 
 11. Helmets. Inthefe the Head, Tail, and quil-feathers of the Wings are always 
 of one colour, fometimes white, fometimes black, red, yellow, or blue 5 the. reft of 
 the body of another, different from that, whatever it be. Thefe are alfo.called 
 Helwe by the Low Dutch, as Aldrovandws writes from the relation of the fore-menti- 
 oned Dutchman. | 
 
 12. Light-horfemen. This is a baftard kind, of one Parent a Cropper, the other a 
 Carritr, and fo they partake of both, as appears by the Wattles of their Bill, and their 
 fwollenthroats. They arethe beft breeders of all, and will not lightly forfake any 
 houfe to which they have been accuftomed. __ | | | 
 
 13. Baftard-bills. Which name why it 1s impofed upon them I know not, unlefs 
 perchance becaufe their Billsare neither long nor fhort, fo that it isnot certain to what 
 Species they ought to be referred. They are bigger than Barbaries, have a fhort Bill 
 and red Eyes 3 but are notall of the fame colour. 
 
 14. Turners, having a tuft hanging down backward from their Head, partedlikea 
 horfes Main. 
 
 15. Finikins, like the precedent, but lefs. ; 
 
 16. Mawmets, called (as I take it ) from Mahomet 5 perchance becaufe brought out 
 of Turkey, notable for their great black Eyes, elfe liketo the Barbaries. 
 
 17. Spots, becaufe they have each in their forehead, above their Bill a fpot:. Their 
 
 "Tail is of the fame colour with the fpot, the reft of the body being white. 
 
 The Younger Pigeons never tread the Females, but they *bill them firft, and that as 
 often as they treadthem. The elder Doves bill only the firit time, the fecond they 
 couple without billing. Aldrov. Ornithol. tom.2.pag.363- 
 
 The Sex, efpecially of the tame Pzgeons, is eafily known by their note or murmur 
 which in the Hens 1s very {mall, in the Males much deeper. 
 
 Ariftotle; and out of him Pliny and Athenews write that it 1s proper or peculiar to 
 Pigeons not to hold up their headsas they drink, like other birds, but to drink like 
 Kine or Horfes by fucking without intermiffion. 
 
 Albertws {ets the twentieth year forthe termof a Pigeons life. As for tame Pigeons 
 ( faith Aldrovandws ) a certain man of good credit toldme, that he had heard from his 
 Father, who was much delighted in Pigeons, and other Birds, that he had kepta\Pi- 
 geon two and twenty years, and that all that time it conftantly bred, excepting the 
 laft fix months, which time, having left its Mate, it had chofen a fingle life.  Arsftotle 
 afligns forty years to the lifeof a Pigeon. Aldrov. Ornithol. tom.2.pag.3 70. 
 
 Pigeons are far harder to concoét than Chickens, and yielda melancholy juyce. 
 They fay that the eating of Doves fleth is of force again{t the Plague 5 infomuch that 
 they who make it their conftant. or ordinary food are feldom feized by Pettilential 
 difeafes. Others commend it againft the Palfie and trembling: Others write, that itis 
 of great we and advantage to them that are * dim-fighted. The flefh of young. 
 
 Pigeons 
 
 
 

 
 Book I. ORNITHODOGY ae 
 
 
 
  — 
 
 Pigeons is reftorative, and. ufeful-to recruit the ftrength: of fiich:.as.are getting up 
 or newly recovered from fome great ficknes': Tous it eemstobe moft favoury, ary { 
 if we may ftand tothe verdict of .our Palate, comparable té the molt efteened. 
 
 Alive Pigeon cut afunder along the back-bone;i and clapt hot upon the Head, mi- 
 tigates fierce humours and difcuffes melancholy {adnefs. Hence it:is a molt: proper 
 medicine in the phrenfie, headach, melancholy, and gout, Schrod. Some add alfo in 
 the Apoplexy. Our Phyficians ufeto apply Pigeons thus diflectedto the'foalsiof the 
 eet, in acute difeafes,.in any great defect of {pirits or decay of ftrength, ‘to fupport 
 and refreth the patient, ‘that he may beable to grapple with, and. inaiter the difeafe. 
 For the: vital {pirits of the Pigeon, {till remaiming in the hot fleth and!.bloud; do 
 through the pores of the skin infinuate themfelves into the-bloud of the fick pérfon 
 now dif-fpirited and ready to ftagnate, and induing it with new life and vigour, en- 
 able it to perform its folemn and necefiary circuits. 
 
 The hot bloud dropt into the Eyes allays pain, and cures blear eyes, and difcuffeth 
 {uffufions and bloud-fhot, and cures green wounds, | It properly ftops bloud that 
 flows from the membranes of the brain; and mitigates the pains of the gout: 
 
 Note 5.1 The blond of the Cock:Pigeon is beft; and that taken from under the right Wine, 
 ( becaufe it is of ahetter mature.) — iy 
 
 Note 2. Lhe bloudy juyce frome the feathers of the Wings may be ufed for the other blouel, 
 and it is beft from the young Pigeon. 
 
 The coat of the ftomach dried and powdered is good again{t Dyfenteries. 
 
 Lhe Dung is very hotfromthe nitrous faculty ( wherewith it is indued ) and there- 
 fore burns, difcufles, and makes the skin red by attracting the bloud. 
 
 Hence it 1s of common ufe in Cataplafms and. Plafters that rubifie. Beaten, and 
 fifted, and laid.on with Water -crefs..Seeds, it is good again{t old difeafes: Such as 
 are the Gout, Megrim, * Turn-fick, old Headach, and. pains in the Sides, Colics, 
 Apoplexies, Lethargy, ec. It difcufleth Strumaes, and other Tumours ( laid on with 
 Barley-fu..* and Vinegar) and cures the falling of the hair ( anointed ):and Colic (ix 
 Clyfters ) and difcufieth defluxions on the knees ( applied with falt and oyl.) a 
 
 Inwardly,it breaks the Stone, and expels Urine. Give from a feruple to two fcru- 
 ples. Schrod. out of Galen and Fernelins. 
 
 Doves dung (as Crefcentienfis faith ) is beft of all others for Plants and Seeds, 
 and may be fcattered when any thing is fown together with the Seed, or at any 
 time afterwards: One Basket-ful thereof is worth a Cart-load of Sheeps dung. Our 
 Country-men alfo are wont to fow Doves dung together with their grain. 
 
 §. Uh, 
 “ A wild Pigeoniof St.Thomas his Ifland, Marggrav. 
 
 T. is. of the bignefs and figure of our Country Pigeon, but its upper Bill‘hooked, 
 | the foremoft half being of a blue colour mixt with a little white and yellow; the 
 hindmoft of afanguine. The Eyes.are black, withacircle of blue. The wholebo 
 dy is covered with green feathers likea Parrot. The prime feathers of the Wings are 
 duskifh, as is alfo theend of the Tail. Under the vent it hath yellow feathers, The 
 Legs and Feet are of an elegant Saffron-colour, but the Glaws dusky. 
 
 §. IV, 
 
 2 : A Turtle-dove. Turtur: 
 He Male, which we defcribed from Bill-point to Tail-end was twelvé inches 
 i long : from tipto tip of the Wings extended twenty one broad : Its Bill flen- 
 der, from the tip.to the angles of the mouth almoft an inch long, of a dusky blue co- 
 lour without, and red within : Its Tongue fmall and not divided: The Irides of its 
 Eyes between red and yellow, _ A circle of naked red:flefh encompafieth the Eyes as 
 in many others of this kind, . 
 Its'\Feet were red ; its Clawsblack:; its Toes divided to the very bottom. The inner 
 fide of the middle Claw thinned into an edge. 
 _ ItsHead and the middle of its Back were iblue»or cinereous, of the colour of a 
 common Pigeon. _ The Shoulders and the Rump'were of afordid red: The Breaft 
 and Belly white : The Throat tin@ured witha lovely vinaceous colour. Each fide o 
 | | t 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Co 
 OR NIT HOLO GR Boo Il. 
 
 
 
 * Tfuppofe he 
 means the in- 
 cifures divi- 
 
 ding the fcales 
 
 the Neck was adorned with a {pot of beautiful feathers, of a black colour,with white 
 tips. The exteriour quil-feathers of the Wings were dusky, the middle cinereous 5 
 the interiour had their edgesred. The fecond row of Wing-feathers was afh-colou- 
 red, thelefler rows black. The Tail was compofed of twelve feathers 3 of which 
 the outmoft had both their tips and exteriour Webs white. Inthe fuccceding the 
 white part by degrees grew Jefs and lefs, fo that the middlemoft had no white at all. 
 The length of the Tail was four inches and an half. 
 
 Its Tefticles were great, an inch long: Its Guts by meafure twenty fix inches: Its 
 blind Guts very fhort. Its Crop great, in which we found Hemp-feed : Its Stomach 
 or Gizzard flefhy. Above the ftomach the Gullet is dilated into a kind of bag, fet 
 with papillary Glandules. 
 
 §. V. 
 * The Indian Turtle of Aldrov. lib. 15. cap.9. 
 
 He Hen, excepting the Feet, which are ‘red, and the Bill, which 1s black, asin 
 the Cock, is all over white. But the Cock hath his Head, Neck, Breaft, 
 Wings as far as the quill-feathers, and Back down to the Rump reddifh, but of a 
 much fainter colour thanin our common Turtle, and not at allfpotted. Its bignefs1s 
 almoft the fame, itsnote the fame: Its Billalfo like, but black. In its Eye isa molt 
 manifeft difference : For in this the [rw is of a moft lovely fhining Saffron, or rather 
 {carlet colour, which inthe common Turtle is only yellows [_ Inthat we defcribed, 
 the Irides of the Eyeswere between red and ie) 
 
 The ring alfo is of a different colour; for in the Ivdian Turtles it is flender, and 
 black, and compafies the Neck round, whereas in the common ones it is more than an 
 inch broad, parti-coloured, and compafles not the Neck. The longer feathers of the 
 Wings, the Rump, and whole Tail are of a dusky colour, having their fhafts black, 
 and edges white. The Belly, efpecially near the vent, is yellow. The Feet red, 
 adorned with whitifh* tables. The Clawsare dusky, inclining to yellow. They feed 
 upon Millet. Thus far Aldrovandus. Of this fort of Burd we have {een many kept by 
 the curious in Aviaries and Cages. jis) eT 
 
 ° : 
 = eee 
 
 aaa 
 5 peTrr } ¢. VI. 
 
 * The Indian Turtle or Cocotzin of Nieremberg, the Picuipinima of Margerave : 
 Our leaft Barbados Turtle. 
 
 T isa little bigger than a Lark, Nieremberg faith, than a Sparrow; hath a fmall 
 | dusky [ black ] Bill, like a Pigeons 5 black Eyes,with a golden Circle. The whole 
 Head, the upper part of the Neck, theSides, Back, and Wings are covered with dark 
 afh-coloured,. or black and blue feathers, having black, femilunar borders. But the 
 long feathers of its Wings, which are feen asit flies, are of ared colour, and black on 
 one fide, and in their tips: —The Tail 1s of a good length, confifting of dusky afh- 
 coloured feathers, yet fome of them are black, and have their exteriour half white. 
 ‘The feathers of the Belly are white, having their borders black, of the figure of a 
 Crefcent. The Legs and Feet like thofe of other Doves, but whitifh. Thefe Pi- 
 geons are good meat, and grow very fat. Nieremberg adds, that the Head is little, the 
 Bill little and black, the Neck fhort, the Legs red [ wherein it differs from Mare- 
 graves bird, | the Claws dusky and little: The Mexicans gave it its name from the 
 colour of its Wings, and the noife it makes in flying; the Spaxiards ( who call ita 
 Turtlé) from its murmuring voice, and the tafte and quality of its flefh, although it be 
 much lefs than our common Turtle. Itcries hu, hu, affords good nourifhment, though 
 fomewhat hard \of concoction. It 1s found in Mountainous places, and‘ alfo near 
 Towns. Itis native of the Country of Mexico, and very common there. They 
 day, that it will curea woman of jealoufie, if you give it her boil’d to eat, fo that the 
 knows not what fhe eats. There is alfo another fort of this Bird) every way likeit, 
 fave only that the body is fulvous and black, and the Head afh-coloured : Whence 
 fome call it Tlapalcocotli. 
 
 This Bird is either the fame with,or very like to our leaft Barbados Turtle,whichis of 
 a of a Lark, being exactly equal to the figure we give of it, taken from the 
 
 §. VI. 
 
 
 
Book IL ORNITHOLOGY. 185 
 
 6. VIE 
 The Ring-Dove, Palumbus torquatus, 
 
 Hat we defcribed weighed twenty ounces and amhalf is length from the tip of 
 the Bill to the end che Tail was eighteen inches: Its breadth thirty. 
 
 Its Bill-yellowith, covered for fome {pace from the Head With a red of purplifty 
 skin, wherein are the Notthrils. Above the Nofthrilsis as.it were a White Dandroof. 
 The Tongues {harp-pointed, not cloven, but channel’d. The circle about the Pupil 
 of theEye of a pale yellow. 
 
 The Feet were bare, of ared colour, as in’other Pigeons. The outmoft Toe bya 
 membrane joyned to the middlemoft as far as the firtt joynt. The Legs feathered 4]- 
 moft down tothe foot. | saa 2 | 
 
 The upper part of the Neck is adorned with a femicircular line of white, which 
 they calla ring; and from whence the Bird took its name [ Ring-Dove.} Both above 
 and beneath this ring the Neck, as it is varioully objected to the light, appears of ya- 
 rious colours. The Head and Back areof a dark afh-colour.. The lower part of the 
 Neck, and upper part of the Breftare purplifh, or red, with a certain mixtyre of cI- 
 nereous.. The Belly of alight ath-colour; inclining towhite. In the Cock thefe co- 
 lours are deeper thanin the Hen. 
 
 The quill-feathers in each Wing about twenty four, of which the fecond is the 
 longeft: The ten foremott or outmott were black : The fecond, and fucceeding as far 
 as the feventh, had their utmoft edges white: Thereft of the hard feathers Were of a 
 dusky ath-colour. At the bottom or rife of the baftard Wing a white fpot tending 
 downwards covered the ninth,tenth,eleventh,and twelfth guill-feathers. The Tail was 
 feven incheslong, and made up of twelve feathers, the top or end, for two inches 
 and an half, being black, the remaining part cinereous. _ ee : 
 
 The Liver was divided into two Lobes: It had no Gall-bladder, but a large Gall- 
 channel to convey the Gall into the Guts, | 
 
 Thefe Birds in Winter-time company together, and fly in flocks: They build in 
 trees, making their Nefts of a few fticks and ftraws, They feed upon Acorns, and alfo 
 upon Corn,and Ivy and Holly berries. 
 
 is Oe NOL 
 The Stock-Dove or Wood-Pigeon, Oenas, five Vinago. 
 
 T isas big or bigger than acommon Pigeon. The Cock weighed fourteen ounces 
 ] and an half, was from Bill to Tail fourteen inches long, and between the tips of 
 the Wings extended twenty fix broad. The colour and fhape of the body almoft the 
 fame with that of acommon Pigeon: The Bill alfo like, and of equal length, of a 
 pale red colour. The Nofthrils were great and prominent. The topof the Head 
 cinereous. The Neck covered with changeable feathers, which as they are varioully 
 objected to the light, appear of a purple or fhining green 5 no Silk likethem. The 
 fore-part of the Breaft, the Shoulders and Wings are dafhed with a purplifh or red- 
 wine colour, whence it took thename [ Ocnas. | The Wings, Shoulders, and middle 
 of the Back are ofa dark afh-colour, the reft 6f the Back to the Tail of a paler. Al] 
 the quil-feathers ( except the four or five outmoft, which are all over black, with 
 their edges white) have their lower part cinereous, and their upper black, The 
 Vail is five inches long, made up of twelve feathers, having their lower parts cinereous; 
 their upper for one third of their length black. The nether fide of the body, ex- 
 - cepting the upper part of the Breaft, is all cinereous. The Wings clofed reach not 
 to the end of the Tail. In both W ings are two black {pots, the one upon two or 
 three quil-feathers next the body, the other upon two or three of the covert feathers 
 incumbent upon thofe quils: Both {pots are on the outfide the fhiafts, and not far from 
 the tips of the feathers. Thetwooutmoft feathers of the Tail have the lower half of 
 their exteriour Vanes white. 
 
 The Feet are red, the Claws black: the Legs feathered down a little below the 
 Knees. The blind Guts very fhort. It had noGall-bladder that we could finds a 
 large Craw, full of Gromil feeds, @e. It had a mufeulous Stomach, long Tetticles 
 
 -bone. 
 and along Breaft-bon ae ¢ 1x 
 
 
 
oD, | 
 > fa ia 
 
 186 ORNITHOLOGY,  Boox iT, 
 
 
 
 §. 1X. 
 * The Rock- Pigeon. 
 
 His (as Mr. Fobnfon deferibed it to us ) hath a {mall body, ath-coloured,and red 
 
 Legs. But thefe two laft notes are common to moft Pigeons. . Perchance this 
 
 may be the Columba Saxatilis of Aldrovand, called, by the Bolognefe, Saffarolo. It is 
 
 ( faith he ) bigger thanthe Stone-Pigeons of Varro, of a livid colour, having axed 
 Bill, and is altogether wild. Itlis fometimes taken inthe Territory of Bologua. 
 
 §. X. 
 * The Dove called Livia by Gefner. 
 
 T is infhape very like a Hoxfe-Dove, but a little lef, having xed Feet, a whitith 
 { Bill, withfomething of Purple about the Nofthrils,. The feathers invefting the 
 body are all over cinereous > But the extreme feathers of the Tail are black, the mid- 
 dle have fomething of red... The Neck above, and on the fides is covered with fea- 
 thers partly purple, partly green, as they are diverfly expofed, to the light, fhining 
 with this or that colour. The lower part of the Neck 1s of acolour compounded 
 of cinereous and purple. The four longer feathers of the Wings are black, with 
 {omewhat of red ; the leaft Wing-feathers are cinereous 5 the middle partly cinereous, 
 partly black [in their ends |] the laft of them towards the Back are reddith. The 
 length of this Bird from the Bill tothe end of the Tail was almoft fourteen inches. . It 
 differs from the Rivg-Dove in that it is much lefs, and hath no white fpots about the 
 Neck and in the Wings like that. | 
 
 This Bird, if it be different fromthe next above defcribed is. to us unknown, as alfo 
 to Aldrovandus, who botrows the figure and defcription of it of Gefuer. 
 
 
 
 Of Thrufhes in general. 
 
 Nder this title we comprehend alfo Blackbirds and Starlings: The marks 
 
 ' common to allare, A mean bignefs between Pigeons and Larks: A Bill of a 
 
 moderate length and thicknefs, a little bending downwards: The Mouth 
 
 yellow within-fide ; along Tail: Promifcuous feeding upon Berries and Infetts. 
 
 Mott of the Birds of this fort are canorous, and may be taught to imitate mans voice, 
 or {peak articulately. 
 
 This Geass comprehends under it three Species, 1. Thrujhes {trictly and properly fo 
 called, having an afh-coloured Back, and afpotted Breaft, 2. Blackbirds, localled 
 f-omtheir colour. 3. Starlings, whofe characterifticis a broader and flatter or more 
 depreffed bill than that of Thrufhes or Blackbirds, 
 
 * The Thru hat Latine Proverb, * Turdus malum {ibi ipfe cacat, {poken of thofe who are the 
 aaa = own caufe of their own deftruction, took its original from that ancient conceit, that the 
 mifchief  Parafitical Plant, called Mifelto, of the Berries whereof in old time Birdlime was 
 wont to be made, {prang from the Seed voided by the Thrujh.. Maifelto ( {aith Pliny) 
 fow it howyou will, fprings not unle{s caft forth in the Excrements of Birds, efpecially the 
 Ring-Dove, avd Thruth. Such is its nature, that unlefs ripened in the belly of Birdstt 
 will not crow. But that Mifelto comes not at all of feed may be proved by many ar- 
 guments, of which the principal is, that fometimes it grows on upright boughs, and 
 on the underfide or that refpecting the earth. He that defires further information 
 
 * tom, 2,p.38. Concerning this matter may confult * Aldrovandus and Scaliger. 
 
 There are four kinds of Thrufhes common and well known in Exgland : Two abide 
 all the year, and build withus, vz. 1. The Mifel-bird or Shrite. 2. The Mavgs or 
 Soug-Thrajh :, Two are Birds of paflage, coming in the Autumn, continuing here all 
 Winter, and going away next Spring, never breeding with us, to wit, 1. [he Fel- 
 defare: 2. The Redwing. Of Blackbirds or Ouzels England breeds and feeds three 
 kinds, 1. The common Blackbird; 2. The Ring-Ouzels5 5. The Water-Ouzel 5 ¥ 
 
 whic 
 
 
 
 a 
 See rs 
 em a 5 omnnnne out 
 

 
 Book IL ORNITHOLOGY. rs 
 
 which we treat in another place, among the Pifcivorous Land-birds. The Rocks 
 Ouzel of Darbyfhire is, if I miftake not, the Female of the Ring-Ouzel, although it 
 hath not the leaft fhadow or appearance of aring. We know but one fort of Stare. 
 The Stone-Ouzel or greater Redftart,as alfo the Solitary Sparrow, and Witwal, which we 
 have feen beyond Seas, are ftrangers and unknown to England. To this Tribe we 
 
 have fubjoyned fome exotic Birds out of Margeravins, for their agreement im bignefs 
 or colour, ec. | 
 
 
 
 Cuar. XVII. 
 Thrufhes properly fo called, having a {potted Breaft. 
 
 §. 
 The Mifel-bird or Shrites Tardus. vifcivorus major. 
 
 His Bird is the biggeft of this kind, wei hing four ounces and. anhalf Its 
 
 f length from the tip of the Bill ‘tothe sol of the Tail waseleven inches. - Its 
 
 breadth eighteen. 
 
 Its Bill is {treight, like a Blackbirds, or for the bignefs, alittlefhorter: The upper 
 Chap dusky, fomewhat longer than the lower: The Tongue hard, channel’d and flit 
 at the “Ps Aorny, andipellucid : The infide of the Mouth is yellow : The Nofthrils 
 great, almoft of an Oyal figure: The Irides of the Eyes hazel-coloured... TheLegs 
 and Feet yellowith; the Claws black. The outer fore-toe {ticks to the middlemoft 
 as far as the firft joynt, no membrane intervening. The Head is ofa dusky cinereous, 
 or lead-colour, the middle part of each feather eing blacker. ‘The Back, Tail, and 
 Rump have fome mixture of yellow. In Summer it changes colour, and becomes 
 more cinereous.g [ The colour of the Head, Back, Wings, and Tail, in a word of 
 the whole upper fide feemed to me to approach to that of Spanifh Olives pickled while 
 yetimmature, fuch as are ufually brought over to us. ] Theunderfide of the body 
 from the Bill to the Tail is fpeckled with pretty great blackifh fpots. The upper 
 part of the Breaft, the Sides, and feathers under the Tail arc yellow, the middle of 
 the Belly white. 
 
 The number of quill-feathers in each Wing is eighteen, whereof the fecond, being 
 the longeft, is by meafure fiveinches. The tips of the feathers next incumbent on the 
 quills are white. The Tail is four inches and an half long, and made up of twelve 
 equal feathers. | Sah ak 3 
 
 It hath no Craw : The Gizzard is not very thick or flefhy ; therein we found Mag- 
 gots, Caterpillars, gc. though the Bird waskilled in January. .The Guts were great, 
 but fhort: The blind Guts very little and fhort. “It had a pale-coloured Liver, anda 
 _Gall bladder. ; corr 
 
 Sitting upon the tops of high trées, as Oaks, Elms, @c. in the Spring time it fings 
 rarely well, It abides the yearround with us in England, and breeds here. Itisa 
 folitary Bird, accompanying and flying only with its Mate. It is the wortt meat of all 
 its kind. 
 
 In Winter time it feeds much upon Hol/y-berries. And ( which is {trange ) the birds 
 of this kind are obferved each to take poflefiion of histree, and to be always near it, 
 and not to permit other birds to feed on it, but to beat and drive them away: Which 
 quality of theirs is the occafion that they are eafily taken. 
 
 A late Englith Writer faith, that this bird makes as large a Neft as a Fay, and lays as 
 big an Egg: Buildscommonly with rotten twigs the outfide of his Neft, the infide | 
 swith dead Grafs, Hay, or Mofs, that he pulls from trees. It feldom lays above five 
 Eggs, butfour moft commonly, breeds but twicea year, and hath three one ones, 
 never above four, that I could find; She feeds al] er young ones with Mifelto ber- 
 ries, and nothing elfe as I could perceive, having diligently watched them for two 
 orthree hourstogether. Thzs I'can hardly believe, for shat the oldones feed upon otker 
 berrics too,and aljo In{es. For Convulfions or the Falling ficknefs,kill thisbird,dry him 
 toa powder, and takethe quantity of a penny weightevery morning 1n {ix {poonfuls 
 of black Cherry water, or the diftilled water of Miffelto-berries. The reafon of this 
 conceit is, becaufe this bird feeds upon Mifelte, which isan approved remedy for the _ 
 
 Epilepfie. . Bb 2 : §. iH 
 
 <3" 
 Cee ———<———— es 
 aes 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 : 
 
 A 
 
 RNAT HOLOGY: 
 
 ene 
 
 
 
 EO eT 
 
 Booxoll. 
 
 rag, odd 2 
 The Muisis, Throftle, or Some-thrufh. ‘Turdus-fimpliciter dictus feu vifeivorus minor: 
 
 T is called vifcivorous, not becaufe tts feeds upon Miffelto-berries, but becaufe 1t is 
 like the Mifel-bird. It is leffer than the Fieldfare, {carce bigger than the Red- 
 wing, of three ounces weight ; from the point of the Bill to theend of the Tail or the 
 Feet, ( for all isone ) nine inches long. TheBiltis aninchtong, of a dusky colour. 
 The Tongue, viewing it attentively; appears to be alittle cloven : The Mouth within- 
 fideis yellow: The Trides of the Eyés hazel-colouréd. 
 
 In the colour and fpots of the Breaft and Belly itagrees with the Miffel-bird: For 
 the fpotsare dusky 5; t \e Breaft yellowifh 5 ‘the Belly whites The upper furface of 
 the body isall over dusky, with a mixture of yellow in thie Wings. [ I fhould rather 
 callthis an Olive-colour, from its likenefs to that of unripe pickled Olives, fuch as are 
 brought over to usout of Spaiz.] geo Se ee 
 
 ThisBird for its outwatd fhapeand colour is fo like the Redwing that they are hard 
 to be diftinguifhed: Only this hath more and greater {pots on the Breaft and Belly. 
 Aldroviandws tells us, that it is proper to this kind to befpottéd about theEyes. The 
 léfler feathers, covering the Wings underneath, are of a yellowifh red colour : The 
 lower covert-feathers have yellow tips. The quill-feathers in each Wing are in num- 
 bereighteen- ‘The Tail is three inches and an half long, and made up of twelve 
 feathers. | | | 
 
 “ The Legs and'Feet ate of a light brown or dusky: The foals of the Feet yellow ; 
 The exteriour toe grows to the middle one as far as the firft joynt. It hatha Gall- 
 bladder ; theStomach or Gizzard not fo thick and flefhy as in other bitds of this 
 Tribe: Its feeding is rather upon Infects than berries: It eats alfo fhell-fnails, which 
 ave by moft Naturalifts reckoned among Infests. The Sex cannot be known by the 
 colour. It abidesall the year, and breeds with usin Bygland. It builds its Neft out- 
 wardly of eatth, mofs, and ftraws, and within dawbs it with clay, laying its Eggs and 
 ¥burtig upon the bare clay 5 it laysat one fitting five or fix Eggs of a bluifh green co- 
 
 lourfpeckled witha few {mall black ff nin-fet. In the Spring time it fits upon 
 trees and fings moft fweetly. | 
 
 
 
 folitary bitd like the Shrite.  Butit builds rather 
 iy hedges than high trees. Moreover, it is a filly bird, and eafily taken. 
 
 For the delicate tafte of its flefh it is by all highly and defervedly commended. 
 If we ftand to Martials judgment, the Thrash is the bett meat of all birds: 
 
 Inter aves Turdus, fiquid me judice verum eft, 
 Inter quadrupedes gloria prima lepus. 
 
 This (faith alate Englifh Writer ) is a rare Song-bird, as well for the great variety 
 6f' his notes, as hislong continuance in fong [at leaft nine months in the year.] They 
 breed commonly thrice a year, in April, May, and Fune, but the firlt birds prove ufu-, 
 ally the beft. “They may be taken in the Neft at fourteen days old or fooner, muft be 
 kept warm and neat,not faffering them to fit upon theirdung if it happen to fall into 
 the Neft. Whenthey are young you muft feed them withraw meat, and fome bread — 
 mixt and chopt together, with fome bruifed Hemp, wet their bread and mix it with 
 their meat. When they are well feathered, put them ina large Cage, with twoor 
 three Perches init, and dry Mofs at the bottom; and by degrees you may give them 
 no fleth at all, but only bread and hemp-feed. Give them frefh water twice a Week, 
 to bathe themfelves,otherwife they will not thrive: Ifhe be not clean kept he is fubjek 
 
 to the Cramp, like other finging birds. 
 
 §. UL. 
 The Fieldfare, ‘Turdus pilaris. 
 
 Tt weighs well nigh four ounces. Its length from the pout of the Bill to the end 
 a of the Tail, or utmoft Claws ( for they are equally extended ) is ten inches and an 
 half: Its breadth, the Wings being fpread, feventeen. The Bill is an inch long, like 
 a Blackbirds, yellow fave the tip, which is black: The Bills of the Hens or young 
 birds are’ darker and lefs yellow, as in Blackbirds; the Tongue is rough, horny, 
 eee § SGA. 2 channel'd 
 
 
 
<— 
 2 
 
 
 
 Biorll, ORRNITHOLOGH ~~ —>a 
 
 channel'd in the middle. The edges of the Eyelids being yellow make yee 
 
 low circle round: the Eye. The Nofthrils are great. In thevlowet part of ‘the 
 
 nittating membrane isa black {fpot.. The Ears are large : The Feet blacks ‘but the 
 
 ae more: The outer Toeis! joyned immediately to the:middle one as fir as the 
 rit joynt. | | ci) 's 
 
 It feems tovbefomewhat bigger thana Blackbird, and the fecond in bignefs of this 
 Kind, :ornext to the Mifel-bird. ravi 
 
 The Head, Neck, and Rump ate afh-coloured, {| in fome of a deep blues}! The 
 crown of the Head fprinkled with black {pots [_ which yetin fome birds dre wartine: 
 The Back, Shoulders; and covert feathers of the Wings'are of a dark red soy Chef- 
 nut-calour 5. the middle parts of the feathers being black. > The Throat and upper 
 part of the Breaft ave yellow, {potted with black, the black {pots taking up the mid: 
 dle parts of the fedther3. The bottém of the Breaft and ‘Belly are whité,and le(s 
 {potted. The covért-feathers’ of the fides undét ‘the ends of the Wings ate white - 
 Thence: a red or yellow line feparates the white ftom the bldek: ‘Om each Cheek it 
 hatha black ftroak reaching from the Billtothe Eyes: It hath alfo on both fides, at 
 the bottom of the Neck, jut by the fetting on of the Wings, a black fpot: Fhe 
 number of. quil-feathers, as inthe reft, is eighteen; the outmoft:of which are black, 
 with white edges; the inner have fomethine of red, The covert-feathers of the in: 
 fide of the Wings are white. The Tail is fou inches and an half Jong, compoted of 
 twelve feathers, of a dark blue orblackith colour : Only the tips of the outmott fea- 
 thers are white, and the edges of the middlemoft afh-coloured. 
 
 The Liver is divided into two Lobes, and furnithed: with its Gall-bladder: The 
 Mutcles of the Gizzard are not very thick. I found no footftep of the paflage for 
 conveying the Gall into the Guts. | Lae | bet 
 
 Thefe Birds fly in flocks together with Stares and Redwingsi They: thift places ac- 
 cording tothe feafonsof the year. o\About the beginning of Autumn come over in: 
 credible flights of them into Exéland, which ftay with usall Winer,and imthe: ring 
 Hy all back again, not one bitd renaming } infomuch that (‘as far as ever { could ear) 
 there was never feen young Fieldfare ot Redwing, or fomuch as a’Nett of tho birds 
 with usin Exgland.. Whither they betake themfelves, or where they breed is not to 
 us perfectly known: It is by fome reported, that they breed in Bohemia; others tell 
 us with muchconfidence, in Sweden. They have ahoarfe chattering note, not much 
 unlike a Magpie; by reaton the fides of the fiffure in the Palate are rough; as we 
 conjecture. , 3 
 
 This kind of Thrujh (faith Gefzer ) loves to feed upon Berries of all forts, efpeci- 
 ally thefe of fuxiper.. With us in England. they are..very greedy of Holly-berries. 
 This bird is accounted very good teat, and preferred far before the Mifel-bird. In 
 open weather they feed upon Worms, and other Infects, lying much upon Meadows 
 and Pafture-grounds. | | 
 
 
 
 Latoiv) PSs. 
 The Redwing, Swinepipe, of Wind-thrufh, Turdus tiacus. five Tas aut Tylas. ~ 
 
 Tisrather lefs than the Mzv#s 5 not exceeding two outices arid an half if weight. 
 Itslength from Bill-pointto Fail-end is eight inches arid ai half: Tes Bill-ant inch 
 long ‘the wpper Mandible dusky,the lower partly dusky, partly yellow. Its Tongue 
 hard.and rough, the tip being divided: into many Filaments. - The Mouth withinfide 
 is yellow: The Iridesof the Eyes of adark hazel colour. The Legs and Feet pale: 
 The outer Toe joyned’to the middle below, as itithe reft of this kind. aS 
 The upper fide of the body is of the fanie colour with that of the Mais: The 
 Breatt not fo much {potted. The covere-feathersof the undeifide of the Wings, and 
 of the fides of the body under the Wings, which in the Mzviv are yellow, in this 
 kind are of a red Orange-colour; by which mirle it js chiefly diftinguifhed fronr it. 
 The belly ts white, asin the Fieldfare: The Throat and Brett yellowith, {potted 
 with dusky fpots, which take up the middle parts of the feathers. The fides of the 
 Breaft and Belly are in likemannet {potted. The fpots are lefs, but thicker fet than 
 in the Mavis.. Abovethe Eyésiga one fpot or litte of a clay colour, reaching from 
 the Eyes to the hinder part of the Head. £250. ee a 
 __ Ehe number of quill-feathers in each Wing! as iifthe fel? of this kind, and almoft . 
 all {mall birds, is eighteen’ > Fhefe’ are move red’or chefiit-colowred than the reft - 
 od] | 
 
 _ ‘ 
 
 
 

 
 i a ae 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY Boor ll, 
 
 the feathers: They differ alfo in divers birds ; for in fome the edges of the outmoft 
 feathers are white, whichare not foinothers. Thetips of the two inmoft quill-fea- 
 thers,as alfo of the {econd row of feathers, beginning from the tenth, are white. The 
 Tailis three inchesand an half long, confifting of twelve feathers. 
 
 The Gizzard like thofe of the precedent : The blind Guts in like manner very fhort. 
 We found in this fome remainder of the channel ‘conveying the Yolk into the Guts. 
 The Liver is large for the bulk of the body, and hath its Gall-bladder appendant. In 
 the Stomach difiected we found divers forts of Infects, Snails, ec. It comes tous 
 from beyond Seas, as the Peldfare, with which it flies in company, obferving the 
 fame times of coming and returning. Whither it goes, and where it breeds 1s not to 
 uscertainly known: Perchance inthe Mountainous parts of Bohemia or Hungaria, as 
 Gefner faith he had heard. _ Its Aleth by reafon of its bitternefsis lefs efteemed. 
 
 Dr. Charleton thinks they are called in Exglifh, Wind-Thrufhes, becaufe about the 
 beginning of Winter, when ae Winds blow, by which perchance they are afli- 
 fted in their paflage, they come flying over to us from beyond Seas.  Irather think, 
 we borrowed that name from the Germans, who call this bird Wyntroftel, that 1s, 
 Vineyard Thrufhes, becaufe, as Beloniws reports, they feed upon Grapes, and are very 
 noifom to the Vineyards: So that they are by miftake called Wind-Thruftes, their true 
 name being Wine-Thrujhes. 
 
 Q. V. 
 * The Brafilian Tamatia of Marggrave. 
 His Bird is of the bignefs of a Lark or {mall Woodpecker, all {potted like a Thro- 
 file or Mavis : On the Belly it hath white feathers, with dusky {pots. It is 
 
 yellow under the Throat, asalfo about the Neck. It hath a long, red Bill, a little 
 dusky above, the upper Chap fomewhat longer than thenether. Above the Nofthrils 
 
 ~ ftand up certain flender feathers like hairs or briftless It hath four Toes in each foot, 
 
 and crooked Claws. Its Head is bigger than the proportion of the body requires, 
 as alfo itsBill. Not knowing better whither to refer this bird, for its agreement with 
 Thrujhes in bignefsand colour, [have place at here. 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 Cwir. XVill. 
 Birds of the Thrufh-kind, that are black of colour. 
 
 4. I 
 The cuinaineone Blackbird, Merula vulgaris. 
 
 T is little, or nothing lefs than a Fieldfare 5 of four ounces weight; nine inches 
 ] andan half long from the tip of the Bill tothe Claws, to the end of the Tail ten 
 and an half, andthe Cockeleven. ~ . | 
 
 The Bill is aninch long,inthe Cock of adeep yellow 3 inthe Hen the tip and upper 
 partisblack. _The Mouth in both Sexes is yellow within. The Bill in young Cock- 
 birds is black, and turns not perfectly yellow till they be neara year old. The cir- : 
 cumference of the Eye-lids is alfo yellow. The Cock, after he hath mewed his 
 chicken feathers, becomes cole-black ; the Hen and young Cock-birds are rather 
 brown, or of a dark ruffet than black: Their Breafts have fomething of reddifh, and 
 their Bellies of afh-colour. TheCocks while young cannot be diftinguifhed from the 
 Hens by their colour. Coa 
 
 The number of quill-feathers in each Wing is eighteen, of which the fourthis the 
 longeft. The Tail is four inches and an half long, made up of twelve feathers of 
 equal length fave the two outmoft, which are fomewhat fhorter than the reft. 
 
 The Feet are black : The outmoft fore-toe and the back-toe are equal: And the _ 
 outmoft Toe joyned to the middlemoft at bottom, as inthe reft of thiskind. 
 
 The Liver 1s divided into two Lobes,and hath its Gall-bladder annexed. The Giz- 
 zard not very flefhy nor thick,asin the reft.. It feeds promifcuoufly upon Berries and 
 infects. I could not find any remainder of the Yolk~channel in’ the Guts. 
 
 The 
 
 - Wie 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 Boor Il, ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 The Cocks in this kind are very canorous, whiltling and finging very pleafantly all 
 the Spring and Summer-time, only their noteistoo loud and rill near hand. 
 
 The Hen lays four or five Eggs, feldommore at once, of a bluifh green colour. fil} 
 of dusky fpotsiand lines, | 
 
 On the Alps, the Appennine, and other high Mountains are fometime found birds of 
 this kind allover white. We our felves faw onein 4 Poulterers Shop at Romie parti- 
 coloured of blackand white. But this we look upon as accidental: Either the cold- 
 nef{s of the Region, or the conftant. intuition of Snow effecting this alteration of c6- 
 lour,as.in-Crows, Ravens, &c. So that wedo not think'a white ‘Blackbang ( pardon the 
 feeming contradiction ia adjedo.) to differ {pecifically froma black one. 
 
 The Blackbird builds her Nett very artificially withoutfide of Vio(S, {lender twigs, 
 bents, jand fibres of roots, cemented and joyned together with Clay inftead of Glue, 
 dawbing it alfo,allover withinfide with Clay: Yet doth the not lay her Eges upon 
 the bare Clay, like: the Mavis, but lines it with a covering of {imall ftraws, bents, 
 hair, or.other foft matter, upon which the lays her Eggs, both that they might be 
 more fecure, and in lef$ danger of breaking, and alfo that her Young might lie fofter 
 and warmer. 
 
 The Blackbird loves to wath it felf, and prune its feathers with its Bill.. Ttfliesalf 
 fingly for the moft part: Whence it took the name Merula in Latime, being (as Fe- 
 ual eng Varro tellus.) fo called becauufe ‘it flies and feeds Mera, that is, folitary or 
 INQLY. | 
 
 The flefh of Blackbirds is accounted good meat, yea, fome prefer it before that of 
 the Thrafo. But Palate-men; and {uch as are ssaadiae difcerning of taftes, are of ano- 
 ther opinion. 
 
 ng 
 
 wiebeoiT lcs 
 Py» folitary S parrow. 
 
 Eeting with a Female of thiskind at Florence in Jtaly, 1 thus defcribed it. It ig 
 M of the bignefs of a Blackbird, and for fhape of body very like it, nor much 
 different in colour. 
 
 The Head and Neck were thicker than to anfwer the proportion of the body. 
 The top of the Head was of a darkafh-colour. The Back was of a deep blue, als 
 moft black, only the extreme edges of the feathers were whitifh. The Shoulders 
 and covert-feathers of the Wings were of the fame colour. Each Wing had eighteen 
 quill-feathers, befides alittle fhort one outmoft, all dusky, but fome had white tips. 
 The fecond row of Wing-feathers had alfo white tips. -The Tail wa3 about four 
 inches long, and compofed of twelve black feathers. The underfide ofthe Body 
 Breaft, Belly, and Thighs, was all variegated with black, cinereous, and whitith 
 tran{verfe waved lines, fo thatin colour itrefembled.aCuckow. Ulnder the Throat, 
 
 and inthe upper part of the Breaft no afh-colour appeared, and the white lines had = 
 
 fomething of redmingled with them. The Billwas ftreight, blackifh, rather longer 
 than.a Thrujhes Bill, asalfo alittle thicker and ftronger. The Legs {hort and black ¢ 
 The Feet and Claws black. TheLegs, Feet, and Claws in this {fort feemed to me lef- 
 fer than.in the reft of the Thrujh-kind. The Mouth within was yellow, the {tomach 
 filled with Grapes. | cate | 
 
 The Cocks are much more beautiful, all over of a fhining blue, or bluith purple 
 colour, as Aldrovandus witnefleth, and as we alfo obferved in a Cock we faw at Rome, 
 whofe Back efpecially was of a moft lovely gliftering dark purple colour. 
 
 [tiswont to fit alone on the tops of ancient Edifices and Roofs of Churches, fing- 
 ing moft {weetly, efpecially in the Morning, whence it took its name, aie fuppofed 
 to be the bird fpoken of, Pfalz 102.7. It builds alfo in the like places, for which 
 Olina is my Author. For the excellency of Its finging it is highly prized in Italy, 
 fpecially, at Geawa and Milam, It hath awhiftling note like a Pipe, and may eafily be 
 taught to imitate mans Voice. 
 
 . Il. 
 
 
 
 = 
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 a “<7 
 —————— SS — = a 
 et : ——— ~— “ - 
 a a 
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 le ee - oe ~e — - ——— 
 
 ental ee ee ee ee ee 
 
 ie 
 
 oo 
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 -— A ~ 
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 t 
 
 192 ORNITHOLOGY Book II, 
 
 : 
 §. Til. 
 
 
 
 
 
 + Ornithol. * The Blue-bird of BeVonius, Pafferi folitario congener, + Aldrov. 
 1.16, C. 8. | 
 Here is alfo ( faith Gefrer’) another bird akin to the folitary Sparrow, of the 
 Blackbird kind, frequenting rocky places, whence by the Greczams it 1s called, 
 Petrocoffyphus, [that is,the Rock-Ouxel or Blackbird | by our Country-men Steznrotele, 
 e{teemed in like manner for its finging. In another place he thus difcourfes concern- 
 *capdece- ing thefame bird: This ( v2. which * BeZoniws; whofe words he had cited, calls 
 rilea. Merula torquaia, 4. €. Ring-Ouzel ) feems to be the very fame with that bird of which 
 Raphael Seillerius of Augsburg lately wrote tome in thefe words. The bird which 
 {omits blue colour the Germans call Blauvogel is of the bignefs of a Stare, hath his 
 Breaft, Loins, and Neckof a lovely blue, yet darker than the Kingfifher. The Back 
 and Wings are {omewhat black, yet fhewing fomething of blue. The Bill is aninch 
 and half long, under the Nofthrils dusky, the upper Chap being hooked, and co- 
 vering the nether, for the moft part. The Feet are divided, as in other birds. It 
 lives inthe higheft parts of the Alps, neither is it contented to abide in the tops of the 
 Mountains, but chufes the moft rocky and craggy places, and fuch as are covered 
 with Snow, neither do we know certainly that it 1s found in any other place thanthe 
 Mountains about the River Athefis, efpecially near the City of Infpruck, For this 
 caufe it is had in great account even by the Inhabitants themfelves of thofe places, and 
 is fed with fuch meat as men ufually eat, and {uch asisufually given to Blackbirds and 
 Thruf es defigned for fowling. It fpeaks with an articulate voice very pleafant and 
 various ; andis it felf fo docile, and obferves things fo diligently, that it will exprefs 
 moft things by fome articulate found. Being awakened at Midnight, and called up- 
 on by aby-ftander, asif it were bidden, it will fing witha clear andloud note. Like 
 other birds, it aims at mens Eyes, becaufe feeing in them, as i a Looking-glafs, Its 
 ownimage, it isaffected with a defire of its like, and thinks to joyn it felf1n compa- 
 ny withit. Before the Autumn, at what time other birds fit, and are bufie in bring- 
 ing up their Young, together with its colour it changeth alfo its voice. Its colour 
 about the beginning of Winter of blue becomes black, which about the beginning of 
 next Spring itchanges a ain into itsewrnatural blue. Being fully fledg’d, and once 
 ot out of the Neft, an beatleaccuttomed toflying, it cannot any more ( asall the 
 Fowlers affirm }) by any allurement or deceit be enticed and taken, fo naturally crafty 
 it is. It makes its Neftin deep holes in very high and unacceflible folitudes, having 
 found a fecure place, to which it may fafely commit it felf andits Young. And by 
 its cunning doth not only remove it from the acccfs of men by placing it on the highett 
 ridges of the Mountains, but alfo hide it in deep Caverns fromthe Chamo#s, and other 
 wildbeafts, and thereit feeds three or four Young with worms, till 1t brings them out 
 of the Neft, and turns them loofeto fhift for themfelves. Now the Fowlers having 
 either by chance, or by lyingin wait, found out the place, taking with thema long, 
 round, {mooth ftilt or ftake, made of a fingular piece of wood, hard to be found 
 ( fuch as the climbers of Rocks and hunters of Chamois are wont to make ule ofto 
 afiift them in getting up the crags and cliffs of Rocks ) mount up there where you 
 would not think it poffible for them to find room to fet one foot. And toomit no- 
 nothing, they wrap their heads with cloth, covering their faces fo farthat they may 
 fee fide-ways, to avoid dizzinefs; and this they do partly to fence them againft 
 the old birds, partly, and chiefly ( this being the true caufe of their fo doing ) to hin- 
 der their profpe& any ways but juft forward, to fee where they are to pitch their 
 {take, or clap on their hands. So at length, not without extreme toil and danger, 
 they arrive at the Neft, which with that long pole orftakeI mentioned they draw 
 up out of the deep hole where it was placed, and carry away with them, cherifhing, 
 and bringing the Young up at their own houfes: And afterwards either fell them 
 dear, or prefent themto Gentlemen and great perfons of their knowledge. Thus far 
 Seilleriuvs. 1 fufpe& that this very bird, which Gefzer calls Blauvogel, 1s the fame 
 ae about Chur in the Grifons Country and elfewhere is called Stesrotele, or near 
 akin to it. 
 * ribt.obferv. * Belloniys, who thinks this bird to be the €yazws or ( as Gaza tranflates it ) 
 Cape It. the Carulewsof Ariftotle, writes thereof in this manner. That bird which Arifrotle 
 calls Cyanws, Pliny, Cernlews, becaufe it haunts among the Rocks of the highMoun- 
 tains, and is like a Blackbird, is now by the Greciams commonly called Petrocof/ypho, 
 
 that 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 eM SS eer 
 B 
 
 oox II, ORNITHOLOGY. 192 
 
 thatis, the Rock-Onzel. It is leffer than a Blackbird, and blue allover, kept in Cages 
 and highly efteemed for its finging. Its voice is the fame with the Blackbirds. Tt 
 hath no Frevch name,becanfe it is not found in F rance,nor yet in Italy, unlefs brought 
 thither in Cages. It is fometimes taken out of the Neft to be taught fo {peak arti- 
 culately. *In another place, where he alfo treats profefiedly of this bird, adding a * Lib.6, de 
 
 figure of it; although ( faith he ) we call the bird by Ariftotle entitled Cyanus, by 47%609.26 
 
 Gazarendred Cerulews, In French Merle blew, yet we do not this as if it weréknown 
 to France; but becaufé of the Countrimen of Epidaurus, who ule divers Idioms, 
 fome who {peak Italian callit, * Merlo biavo, others who {peak Greek» Petrocoffypho, + The blye 
 others who {peak Dalmatic call it fimply, Merle. Kept ina Cage it fings more {weer- 2#l: 
 ly even than a Blackbird. For which reafon the Countrimen of ILyricum, who live 
 among the Rocks, take them out of the Nefts, and carry them to the Cities to fel]. 
 {t is not found in France, unlefS brought in from abroad. It builds in the tops 
 of Mountains, as we obferved in Candy, Citharea, Corcyra, Zacynthus, and Eubea; 
 now commonly called Negroponte. Ariftotle alfo in the fore-quoted place making 
 mention of it, faith it was commonly feen among the Rocks in Scyros. Ariftotlecom- 
 pofing his Hiftory of Animalsat Athens, fent abroad men through divers Countries to 
 fearch out all kinds of living Creatures: In Scyros the Mountains are cra ged; with 
 many Rocks. Butto make a brief) -compendious defeription of this bird we need 
 but imagine a {mall Blackbird of a blue colour ; for juft fuch a one is this bird. It is 
 full of tongue, and feldom defcends into the plainCountry. It breeds for the moft 
 part five Young, and never more. It affords as good and better nourifliment than a 
 Blackbird, flies fwifter, and ufes the fame food. All this out of Bellonius 5 whom 
 Aldrovandys pronounces miftaken, in that he thought this bird to be the Cyanws of 
 Ariftotle.  Himfelf, with Gefrer, deeming the Cyanus of Arifiotle to be of the Wood- 
 pecker kind: Which how he proves fee in this place. 
 _ Turner conjectures the Carulews of Ariftotle to bethat bird whichis called in Exelifh, 
 a Clot-bird, a Smatch, an Arling, a Stonecheck,and in High Dutch, Ein Brechvogeél. This 
 he faith in Ezgland breeds in Coney-burrows, and under ftones, and appears not in 
 Winter. The Exglifb names and place of building argue Turzer to have meant the 
 common Oenanthe or White-tail ; which isa far different bird from the Geruleys of 
 Belloniws. 
 
 For my part, tofpeak freely what Ithink, I judge the Blanvogel of Gefzer to bethe 
 very fame bird with the folitary Sparrow; but the Ceruleus of Belloniws to bea bird 
 {pecifically different, and which I have not yet feenalive, though [have often {een its 
 picture. 
 
 GF¥ekm 
 The Indian Mockbird, Cxruleus Indicué. 
 
 K 7 © faw this Bird dried in Tradefcants Cabinet, It is of the bignefS of a com: 
 _ mon Lark, hath a ftreight fharp Bill, a long Tail: And is all overof ablue 
 colour. Upon fecond thoughts, however Trade/cant might put the Epithete of Indi- 
 anuponthis bird, I judge it to be no otherthan the Cerulews or Blue Ouzel of Bellonins, 
 defcribed in the precedent Article. 
 
 
 
 §. V. 
 * Aldrovandus his Brafilian Merula, Book 16. Chap. 16. 
 
 EVonius figures this bird among the Merule, induced only by this reafon, that 
 B thofe who bring it out of Brafil into Europe call it,the Brafilian Blackbird. Where- 
 fore feeing he {peaks nothing concerning the nature of the Bird, and it is alike un- 
 known to me, I alfo adjoyn it to the Merule, although in the thortnefs, or rather 
 crookednefs, of its Bill it differs much from them. Thofe ( faith Bellonius ) who. 
 trade in Countries newly diftovered, bring back thence fuch {trange rarities as they 
 think will ll dear with us here : But becaufe they cannot bring the birds themfelves 
 alive in Cages, therefore they flay off the skins of fuch'asaremore beautiful than the 
 ret, asthisis, and bringing them over make a great gain of the fale of them’; efpeci- 
 ally of this which they call, the Brafiliak Blackbird 5 though in bignefs it differs 
 from a Blackbird. The colour of the whole body; Pec the Tail and Wings, which 
 
 c 
 
 are 
 
 
 

 
 1.94. 
 
 are black, is fo deep [, perchance by the word mtense he may mean bright ] a red, 
 that it exceeds all other rednedles, The Tail is long 5 the Feet and Legs black 5 The 
 Bill fhort, asin a Sparrow. The feathers are rel to the very bottom. That which 
 Aldrovandus defcribes, perchance from a picture, was in fome things different from 
 BeDonius his bird. . For, faithhe, the Wings are sot all over black, but all the upper 
 feathers by the fhoulders of adeepred. Next :0 them are fome black ones, then 
 red ones again; the fubfequent, vz. all the grea feathers, being black, as is alfo the 
 Tail. The Bill alfo is not fo fhort as in Sparrows, yet thick, and remarkably crooked, 
 without of a dusky colour, within yellow, as [ conjecture from the colour of the 
 corners of the mouth[rdfus. | Moreover,the Feet are notblack,but ofan afh-colour, 
 only alittle dusky; being great for the proportion of the Legs : The Claws fhort, but 
 crooked, of the fame colour. Boys 
 
 Wehave feen in Tradefcants Cabinet a red Incian bird dried, of the bignefs almoft 
 of a Mavis, havinga long Tail, which perchance: 1s the fame with the bird in this Ar- 
 ticle defcribed. 
 
 
 
 5. ME 
 * The Rofe or Carnation-coloured Ouzd of Aldrov. lib.16.cap.1 5. 
 
 : His bird our Fowlers call, the Sea-Starling, It is feen fometimes in our fields, 
 and is much among dung-heaps. To meit feems rather.to be a kind of Oxzel 
 | Merula | than Starling. . kor a Starling is {potted,, which this isnot. It 1s fomewhat 
 le(S than a Blackbird, hath its Back, Breaft, and Wings above of a Rofe or Carnati- 
 on colour, its Head tufted, its Wings and Tail black, the prime. feathers being near 
 a Chefnut colour: The Bill next the Head blick, elfe of a flefh colour :. Fhe.Feet 
 of a deep yellow or Saffron-colour.... [he Cocx in this kind is of a morelively and 
 lovely colour. The head of the Hen is in colour like to the Cocks, but the Neck, 
 Wings, and Tail not fo black as his, They become very fat, and are accounted good. 
 meat. peat) 
 We havenot as yet {een this bird, neither do weremember to have elfewhere read 
 or heard any thing of it. | seas 
 
 A onal eye -, ai 
 —_—$.. Vi. 
 
 The red-breafted Indian Blackbird, perchince the Jacapu of Marg grave. 
 
 F faw the Cafe of this bird in Tradefcants Cabinet. It was of the bignefs and 
 fhape of a Blackbird, as far as1 could judge by thedried skin. Thecolour of 
 the whole upper fide wasblack ; only.the edge: of the feathers about the Rump were 
 afh-coloured. The Breaft was of a {carlet colour: The Bill like a Blackbirds: The 
 Tail alfo long,and likea Blackbirds. afd | 
 L take this to be the fame bird, which Marggrave defcribes under the title of Facapy 
 of the Brafilians, though he attribute to it only the bignefs of a.Lark, It hath ¢ faith 
 he ).a long Tail, fhorter Wings, fhort and black Legs, with tharp Claws on the four 
 toes: A Billa little crooked and black, half aninchlong. , The whole body is cove- 
 red with fhining black feathers 5 yet under the Throat {pots of a Vermilion colour are 
 rea Ae the black, This bird differs fromours in its {malnefs, and the fhortnefs 
 of its Bill. 
 
 Sia ig i es 
 The. Ring-Oxzel, Merula torquata, 
 
 I’ islike, andequalto, or fomewhat bigger thanthe common Blackbird: From Bill 
 Ԥ to Tail eleven inches long, to the end of tieFeet ten anda quarter 5 the Wings 
 extended were by meafure feventeen inches. . The Bill more than-an inch long, of a 
 dark dusky or blackifh colour. . The.mouth yelow withinfide ; The Tongue rough. 
 Thelrides of the Eyes are of a dark. hazel colour: ‘The Legsand Feet dusky. The 
 outen Loeis: joynedto the middle as faras tothe firft. joynt. The colour of the up- 
 per ide of the bodyisadark brown, or ruffet, inclining to black. The feathers co- 
 vering the Breaft and Belly are marked witha long, whitifh {pot down the thaft, 
 
 1. oh — | having 
 

 
 : , 
 Book I, ORNITHOLOGY. 
 having alfo white edges. The Ring or Collar is below the Throat, juft above the 
 Breaft, of a white colour, an inch"broad, of the form of a Crefcent, the horns end- 
 ing at the fides of the Neck. Jf Sires 
 
 Ithath eighteen quil-feathersin each Wing 5 twelve in the Tail, the outmoft being 
 a little fhorter than the reft ; four inches long. “The exteriour feathers of the Tailare 
 blacker than the middlemoft. The fmall feathers under the Wings whitifh. 
 
 [ In a bird that I defcribed at Reme the edges of the prime feathers of the Wings 
 as alfo of the covert-feathers of the Head and Wings were cinereous. The ring alfo 
 was on white, but afh-coloured:’ I fuppofe ‘this, was either a young bird, or a 
 Hen. 
 
 Ithath a large Gall,and a round Spleen:In the Stomach we found Infécts,and Berrie? 
 like to Currans. | Thefe Birds are common in the Alps in Rhetia’ and Switzerland « 
 They arealfo found in the mountainous parts of Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and elfewhere 
 in the North of England. | | 
 
 They fay that the Female of this kind hath no ring: Whence I perfwade my felf 
 that the bird which I fometimes decribed for the Merula Saxutilir or Moxtana, that 
 ts, the Rock:Ouzel of Gefner, p.58z. wasno other than a Hen Ring-Ouzel. | 
 
 [t nearly refembles the common Blackbird in bignefS, figure, and colour ; yet isin 
 fome things manifeftly differents v7. it isa thought bigger; hatha longer body, and 
 not fo dark a colour.’ Itslength from the tipof the Bill to the end of the Tail wasten 
 inches and arhalf, to the endof the Claws nine and an half: Its breadth one footand 
 five inches: Its weight three ounces and two drachms. The top of the Head, the 
 Shoulders, Back, Wings, and Tail; inaword, the whole upper fide was of a dark 
 
 Ta ire 
 
 LDS 
 
 brown or dusky colour, The number of quill-feathers in each Wing eighteen. The » 
 
 Tail was four imches and an halflong, not forked; black, made up of twelve fea- 
 thers. The underfide, viz. the Breaft, Belly, Sides, Thighs, and under-coverts:of the 
 Wings, particoloured of brown ané ;white, or rather cinereous; the middle part of 
 each feather being brown, and the borders round about cinereous. | 
 
 Its Bill'is every way like the common Blackbirds, excepting the colour which in 
 
 this is of a dark brown, or blackifh: The infide of the mouth, as in that, yellow: .. 
 
 The Legs are of a moderatelength, and dusky colour, as alfo the Feet and Claws. 
 
 The Guts indifferent large, but not very long, and confequently not having many 
 revolutions: TheblindGuts {mall, white, and very thort, asin the reft of this kind. 
 The Stomach or Gizzard was of ‘amoderate bignefs, filled partly with Infeéts, partly 
 withthe purple juyce of Bill-berries, which had ‘alfo tinétured all the excrements of 
 the Guts. | ) 
 
 [tis ufually converfant about the Rocks and fteep Gliffs of high mountains... This 
 we defcribed was thot by Fr. Fefop Efq; on a Cliff or Scar, called Rive-edge, where 
 they dig Mill-ftones, not far from a Village called Hathers-edge in the Mountains of 
 the Peak of Derbyfhire, where the Inhabitants call it Rock-Ouzel. | | 
 
 at eyotow §y IX 
 
 *© The Rock Onzel, | or Mountain Onzel of Gefner, called in High Dutch, Berg-Amzel, 
 ; _-- Merula Saxatilis feu Montana. ) 
 
 T differs from the Rivg-Ouzel, 1. In that it wants'a Ring. 2. In that the Throat is 
 *red, withblack {pots, the Belly iscinereous, with black fpots. 3. That the ex- 
 treme edges of the great Wing-feathers aré whitith, and the leffer rows have fome- 
 times white {pots in their middle about their fhafts. But thefe differences are not to 
 me fo confiderable, as to induce meto believe that this bird is a Species different from 
 the Riwg-Ouzel 5 at leaft ifit be true, that the Hen in that kind wantsa ring, and differs 
 
 * Ruffa, it 
 may be reri- 
 dred ruffer, 
 
 other ways in colour from the Cock. as we have been informed. Yet will we not be. 
 
 very confident or pofittve, but refer it to further inquiry and obfervation. | = 
 To thefe may'be’ added) Aldrovindws his't: *MERULA BICCLOR, defcribed 
 
 *Ouzel of two’ 
 
 lib: 16. cap. 12. varied withtwocolours'efpecially, viz. dusky or blackifh, and reddith eee 
 
 yellow. 2. {MERULZ CONGENER, Aldrov, lib. 16. cap. 13% having 2 red line 
 
 + Of kin to 
 the Ouzel. 
 
 neartheBill. 3. “MERUL& CONGENER ALIA, in Chap.14. of the fame Book, * another 3 
 like to the afh-coloured Butcher-bird, Which, becaufe we have not feen, nor read of bird of kin to 
 
 elfewhere, we omit : Whofoever pleafes may look out their figures and defcriptions 
 in the places cited. The fecond of thefe Aldrovandws faw only painted neither did he 
 fee the firft alive. 
 
 the Ouzel, 
 
 Cc 2 Guar. 
 
 
 
© 
 
 
 
 196 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox Il. 
 | ake XIX: 
 
 Of the Starling, and Birds akin to it. 
 ee 
 
 A Stare or Starling, Sturnus. 
 
 Claws it. was nine inches long, to Tail end eight and threequarters. Its 
 - breadth was fixteen inches. \ Itisof the bignefs and {hape of a common Black- 
 bird. Its Bill fom the tip to the angles of the mouth an inch and a quarter long, in 
 the Cock of a pale yellow, inthe Hendusky, broader and more deprefied than in 
 *Thiswe  Dhbrulhes or Blackbirds, by which* mark efpecially it differs from them. The upper 
 make the cha- Mandible is equal to the nether ; The Tongueis hard, horny, and cloven:. The Jri- 
 hote of this @¢s Of the Eyes of a hazel colour, whiter on theupper part. It hath the nictating 
 kind. membrane, which I believe few birds want. The Legsand Feet are yellowith, { ra- 
 ther of a flefhcolout ;] The Clawsblackifh. The outer and inner fore-toe are equal 
 to each others; andthe outer joyned to the middle toe as far as the firft articulation. 
 The Legs feathered down to the Knees. | 
 The tipsof the feathers onthe Neck and Back are yellow: The feathers under the 
 Tail cinereous, elfe they are black all the body over, with a certain blue or purple 
 glofs, varying as it is varioufly expofed tothe light. In the Henthe tips of the ‘fea- 
 thers onthe Breaft and Belly; to the very Throat, ave white. In the Cock the 
 a participates moreof purple, the Rump of green; only the lower Belly is more 
 otted. 
 J All the quil-feathers are dusky; but the edges of the third, and fubfequent to the 
 tenth, and from the fifteenth again to the laft are more dark,,. The covert-feathers 
 of the Wings glifter, and the tips of the lefflet scoverts are . The feathers co- 
 vering the underfide of the Wings aredusky, having pale-yellow edges, | 
 _ The Tail is three inches long,,madeup Of twelve dusky feathers with pale yellow 
 edges: It lays four or five Eggs lightly tinctured witha greenifh blue. | 
 _ The blind Guts as in the reft of this kind are very fhort and {mall, nearer to the 
 Fundament thanin others. The mufcle of the Gizzard not very thick : The Guts 
 thirteen inches long. It feeds upon Beetles, Worms, and other Infects. It hath a 
 Gall-bladder. | 
 
 Stares are gregarious birds, living and flying together in greatflocks. They. come 
 pany alfo with Redwivgs and Fieldfaress yet do,they not fly away with them, but 
 abide with usallSummer, breeding inthe holes of Towers, Houfes, Trees,ec. 
 
 This kind fometimes varies incolour. \ For we have feen in Wales two white Star- 
 iings 5 one witha black Head, and all the reft of the body white at Aberdaren, a little 
 Village in Carnarvanjiire. Stares are not eaten in Exgland by reafon of the bitternefs of 
 their flefh: The Italians, and other Outlandith peoplearenot fo {queamifh, but they 
 can away with them, and make a difh of them for all that. It is a notable bird at 
 | imitating mans voice, and {peaking articulately.| 4, Acay vi 2 pra bill @O faye 
 jy it ye THI ph it VLH: J (- Ki Z ed rae Pidigern fine psEpiae fv gpa. WILL A. AebRe . | 
 
 "To ciews: weighed three ounces and an half, the Hen three. From Bill to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Boutiws his Indian Stare. 
 
 YT refembles our Country Staré, inthe Sea-green.and dark blue feathers, {potted 
 with cinereous {pots but it hatha yellow Creft.on the Neck, and its.Head isfet 
 with black foft feathers, that feeling of it you would think you touched Velvet. It 
 imitates mans voice much more accurately than a.Parrot, fo that oftentimes it is trou- 
 _blefome with its pratling. | it } 
 
 §. Ii. 
 
 
 
—— 
 —— — 
 
 
 
 
 Book I. ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 e. UE 
 
 
 
 
 197 
 
 The greater Redftart of Olina, calted by \Aldrovand, * Merula Saxatilis, at Florence, * i.e. the. 
 
 t Tordo Marino,at Vienna, Stein-Reitling, 
 
 1‘ is‘equal in bignefs, and like in fhape. to aStarling. Its length from the tip of the 
 Bill tothe Claws mineainches andian half... The meafure of the Wings extended 
 fourteen. The Bill ismorethan an inch long, -brond and flat, as in Staves, nor round, 
 
 and'rifingup ina i as in Blackbirds, black of colour: The upper Chap Jonger, 
 
 fharp-pointed, andfomewhat crooked. The mouth within yellow. The Tongue 
 alittle cleft attheend. . The Legs and Feet of a leadicolour + the Claws black s ‘the 
 foalof the foot yellow. . The outer Toe grows oerisfaftned immediatel y to the mid- 
 dleoneasfar asthe firlt.joynts the inher toe is a little {horter than the outer. The 
 Chin underneath is whitifh: The-tips of the feathers.on the Breatt cinereous. Be- 
 neath the Breaft isa tranfverfe black line; below which the Plumage is of a red or 
 deep Orange-tawney colour. The Head and Back brown, the tips of the feathers 
 being cinereous. Thequil-feathers of the Wings of a black brown, with treddith 
 tips. The Tail confifts of twelvé feathersof ared tawney or Orange colour, whence 
 ittook the name of the greater Kedfiart. The lefler feathers under the Wings are of 
 the like colour. | 
 Its Stomach was flefhy, and ftuffed with the {tones of certain berries, we knewnot 
 what.) Its Guts were cleven inches long. It imitates mans voice, learning to {peak 
 articulately, like the Stare, aitsl -. 
 |The Hens are paler-coloured ; above being of a Moufe-dun, {potted with white 
 {pots; underneath rathet hoary. 'Thofe parts whichin the Males:are fulvous, in the 
 kemales are of apaleyellow. 3 A 99h aie ol +. eis 
 Lightmg upon threeor four of thefe birds at Florence, comparing them together 
 if Ff. ‘R. | deferibed them as exattly-as Teould in thefe words. o Seer 
 It sequal in bignefs, and like in thape to a Throftle. Its colour is various; on the 
 top of the Head and Neck mingled of a dirty white or ath-colour and brown, fothat 
 It appears grey orhoary.: Viewing each fingle feather, the bottom or lower part is 
 
 Rock Ouzel, 
 ti.e. The 
 Sea-Thruth. 
 
 blue 5 the middle part'about the thaft black, which black line near the tip of the feas — 
 
 ther iscrofied by another, which together reprefent the figure of theletter Tim each 
 feather. ‘The very-tips of all are white. The colour that fills up the angles of’ the 
 T-like mark is dusky. Thefe colours in the Neck, Shoulders, upper part of the 
 Back, and covert-feathers of the Wings are more bright and confpicuous. The fea- 
 thers on the middle of the Back in the Cock-birds are marked about their middlcs 
 with a Jargewhite {fpot, above which 4s a crofs line of blue, then one of black, and 
 laftly, their tips are red. The bottom of the Back about the Rump is more cine- 
 reous or blue. _ The feathers incumbenton the Tail are red, . with white tips... The 
 great feathers of the Wings have their tips and exteriour edges white; elfe they are 
 black > The greater covert-feathers are alfo of the fame colouis’' The feathers co- 
 vering theunderfide of the Wings are of a pale red or yellow colour. . 
 The Tail is fhort, {carce exceeding three inches, made up of twelve feathers of 
 equal length, allred or fulvous, éxcepting the two middle, that ate dusky, which 
 yet. in fome birds are alfo., above half red. | It is here to be obferved, that all the 
 Tail-feathers have theit outer edges toward the top, of the fame colour with the 
 middle feathers. 3 a ‘LodT : i 2 
 The! nether fide: of the body, v7. the Throat, Breatt, Belly, Thighs, are parti- 
 coloured-of. white ot grey, ‘black and yellow. [In fome Cock-birds the: whole Belly 
 was of a fulvous colour, fpeckled with many white: {pots, and a few black ones. | 
 The Threat and upper part of the Breaftare darker than the Belly, for that the foré- 
 mentioned colours:ave there more mingled and confounded, whereas in the belly they 
 are more diftinct, aid shake greater {pots. If youwheed each feather, you fhall find 
 the bottom to be biue,'tn the middie a yellow {pot, encompafied with a black line, 
 and thetop white. ‘Ihe: Wings are tong, reathing almoft to the end of the Tail. 
 The defcription of the Billand Legs we have alrea y given in Mr.Wilughby's words, 
 and bavesiothing further to add concerning them), 9 | 
 > Itisfaid'to abideanchbuild in mountainous places. » ft is kept in Cages for its fing- 
 
 ing. I fufpectthat BeLoniws his folitary Sparrow is thé fame with this bird, though the — 
 
 defcription anfwersnot exactly in all things. 6.1. 
 
 
 

 
 ee 
 
 Boox Il. 
 
 
 
 §. IV. 
 
 * "The Brafilian Pitanga guacu, called by the Portugnefe, Bemtere, Marggrav. 
 
 N bignefs it is equal to a Stare ; hath a thick, broad, Pyramidal Bill, a little more 
 # Exterdis than an inch long, * outwardly fharp : A broad, comprefled Head: A thort 
 | ata Neck, which fitting it contra&s or draws up: A body near two inches and an half 
 notwellun- Jong: The Legs and Feet dusky : Four Toes difpofed intheufual manner. The Head, 
 derftand what ypper fide of the Neck, the whole Back, Wings, and Tail of a dark brown or black, 
 idee mingled with a little green. The under fide of the Neck, the Breaft, and lower 
 But above,by the Head it hath a Crown [like that ofa 
 
 thefewords. Belly have yellow feathers. 
 Monk] of a whitecolour. It hatha loud fhrill cry. Some of thefe birds have on 
 
 the top of their Heads a yellow {pot, and fome haveit partly ofa clay colour; elfein 
 all things like. This kind is called by the Brafilians, Cuiriri. 
 
 
 
 ae tam mene 
 
 Cuarp. XX. 
 Atinga guacu mucu of Marggrave. 
 
 length, abody threeinches long: The Bill a little hooked, of a colour mingled 
 of green and yellow, fanguine Eyes, with ablack Pupil. The Legs are ath-co- 
 loured, of a moderate length, above [{ the Knees I fuppofe he means ] covered with 
 feathers : In the Feet four Toes difpofed after the ufual manner : an exceeding long 
 Tail, viz. of about nine inches, confifting of about ten feathers 5; of which fome of 
 the lower are fhorter than the upper. The whole Head, Neck, Back, Wings, and 
 “Of theco- "Tail havebrown or * fuligineous feathers, whichinthe Tail are darker-coloured than 
 four of Soot, thereft. The end of each feather of the Tail, for about half an inch, is white, and 
 between the white and red [ part 7] thaded with black. The Throat, Breaft, lower 
 Belly, and Thighs are covered.w1 “coloured feathers. On the Head it hath long 
 feathers, which it can fer up like two horns. It is a bird remarkable for the length of 
 its Tail. For its agreement in bignefs, its Bill,and fome other accidents, we have fub- 
 joyned it tothe Thrujh-kind. 
 
 l isabout the bignefS of a Throftle : Hath a great Head, a Neck of a moderate 
 
 SS ER. PEATE LAA EE | 
 Cuap. XXL. Le OG as 
 
 The Witwall, as it is by fome cated, Galbula feu Picus nidum fufpendens, 
 Aldrov. Oriolus Alberti ; Chloreus Ariftotelis, & [&erus Plinii, in 
 Aldrovandus hts qudgment. vee PEt 3D. - ig 
 
 Hisbird from the beginning of the Bill to the end of the Tail was by meafure 
 
 ten inches long : Equal in magnitude to, or fomewhat bigger than a Thrujh : 
 
 Its Bill more thanan inch long, red, like a Thrufhes, but bigger, and longer : 
 
 Its Tongue cloven and rough: The Irides of its Eyes red: Its Legs, Feet, and Toes 
 of aLead-colour: The hind-Toenearthe rife of it was broad and callous. The ou- 
 ter Toe joyned'tothe middle, asin the reft of thiskind, up'to the firft joynt.. 1.0» 
 The quil-feathers of the Wings. were black: But the tips of the fifth, fixth, and 
 feventh; alfo of the tenth, and four fubfequent white, and the utmoft edges of the 
 thirdand fourth. The foremoft feathers of the fecond row were almoft half way 
 of a pale yellow: Elfe the upper furface of the whole Wing. black.\«\: The 
 twelve feathers of the Tail were of equal. length, viz. about three inches: and 
 an half: The two middlemoft black, the reft had their upper halfs yellow, their 
 lower black. All the body befide was of a bright yellow, very beautiful to be- 
 hold: So that for the luftre and elegancy of its colours at {carce gives place to any: 
 Ks the American birds. Between the Eyes and Nofthrils on each fide ithad a-black 
 pot. | ei . ocrtyi) 
 
 i 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 Boox li, OR LOGY. 
 a he Female the cotinine are not {0 fair and lively the yellow being Na led w; 
 
 ) ; - 4 : y \ 
 black and brown, the Brealt thaded with dusky lines: The lefler ot of Wingtes. 
 thers, and the two middle feathers of the Tail green, The young ones alfo are greener 
 and have their Breafts {potted. | 
 
 The Guts are fixteen inches long, great and lax: the blind Guts very-f all 
 fhort: The Tefticlesround., fn the Belly we found Caterpillars. 
 
 We {hot this bird near F rankeford in Gerwazy.. Afterwards we faw many of them 
 at Naples in the Poulterers Shops : Whence we guefs that they are frequent inthe 
 neighbouring Country. | 
 
 The ftructure of the Neft, and how artificially it hangs it, {ce in Aldrovand. The 
 Low Dutch call this bird by a very fit name, Goutmerle, that is, the golden Ouzel : For 
 
 
 
 _--— — 
 
 
 
 
 
 RTH LAGS. 
 
 199 
 
 It agrees with Thrujhes oy Blackbirds, in the {hape of the Bill and the whole body §. 
 
 in the bignefs, alfo food, and manner ofliving. It is called Galbula or Galeulus, from 
 Its yellow colour. 3 
 
 It isa bird of pafiage. Gefner writes, thatit comes into his Country for the moft 
 part in May, but fometimes alfo in April: After whofe coming they have certain 
 ‘hope that there will be no more frofts. Whence it appears, that it delights in hot 
 places and feafons. It feeds wonderfully fat, hath very delicate flefh,and yields whol- 
 {om nourifhment; and no wonder, fith it is akin to the Thrujhes, and ufes the fame 
 food, viz. Infects and Berries. vee plade 290. 
 
 a Etter siestasedieeeiamsii 
 
 
 
 ae ee 
 
 CHAP. XAIL, 
 
 | * Matuitui of Margeravius. 
 web, | 
 T is of the bignefs of a Stare: Hatha fhort Neck, a {trong Breaft, fhort Legs, 4 
 Tail two inches and an half long. Ithath aftreight, {trong Bill, the upper Chap 
 whereof is a little prominent, the point inclining downwards, of a Vermilion 
 colour. The whole Head, upper fide of the Neck, Back; Wings, and Tail are 
 brown, {potted with a pale yellow, partly fpeckled like a Sparrom-Hawk, » Under 
 the Ihroat.it hath yellow feathers. «The Breaft and Belly are white, {peckled with 
 brown. | The Legs of a dark ath-colour. 
 
 
 
 + titi ne 
 
 Cuap. XXII. 
 
 
 
 * Guirapunga of Margerave. 
 
 bird, almoft equal toa, Pigeow > Hath a Bill an inch long, and pretty broad, 
 
 “ fharp-poimteds' the upper part alittle prominent above the lower,and bend- 
 ing downward, black, having wide or open Nofthrils. Its Mouth is large, the flit 
 reaching as far.as the Eyes; 10 that the aperture of the Mouth with the Bill forms 
 triangle. «It hath a'fhort. Tongue 5’ Eyes between black and blue. Under the Throat, 
 (.whichis broad )and.in the lower'part of the Neck it hath many black flefhy Wat- 
 tlesaninch long, hanging down before, of the figure of the point of aSpear. The 
 
 L He cry of this Bird may be heard a great way off. It is bigger than the Miffl- 
 
 Head. as covered with.dark brown feathers : The whole Neck, Breaft, Belly, Back, 
 
 and ‘Thighs with afh-coloured, .wherewith C.efpecially. in the Back.) are fome black 
 ones mixed, and toward the Tail alfo greenones. It hath a Tail three inches long, 
 confilting of afh-coloured and black feathers mingled witha little green. The Wings 
 ( which end not, far below. the rife of the Vail) are firft black, then brown, fome 
 dark green feathers being intermingled.: Thelower Legs are black,and above aninch 
 long. It hath four Toesineach foot like otheribirds, withblackiClaws. The Breatt 
 isas it were\divided into two, having. a valley or furrow all along the middle. The 
 Windpipeis large, whenee alfo ithachadond and {trong cry. | 
 It hath a, double note, which Gtiufeth promifcuoufly ; one like:that of a Hammer 
 ftriking a Wedge ia the Woods; Ceick, cock:) The other, asif one fhould ftrike a 
 crackt Bell, [ Kyr, kur, kyr, Sc. |] It. cries only in the: middle of Summer, in December 
 and thebeginning of ‘January for five or fix Weekssan other Months it is not heard; 
 whenee, by; the Portugues at is called Ave de weraitoin >: m= 
 oe he 
 
 * Antevins tie 
 tum. 
 
 aa aa 
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 ee ee ee ee 
 
 ! J 
 hima 
 WT 
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 0 
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 Tek 
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 —— — = 
 
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 a a ee eee 
 
 
 

 
 2OO 
 
 ¥ By heel is 
 meant the 
 claw of the 
 back-toe. 
 
 ORNCIT HOLOGY. Boox Il. 
 
 The Hen Guirapunga is of the bignefs and figure of our Throftle, and alike flefhy : 
 Hath a broad Head 5 a Bill alfo broad, and not very long: A wide mouth whenit 
 gapes: A black Bill: Pretty great Eyes: -A Tail fome threeinches long, or fomething 
 more ; neither do the Wings reach to the end thereof. The whole bird is clothed 
 with blackifh feathers, with which fome brown and pale green ones are mingled $ yet 
 the colour in the Back is browner, in the Throat, Breaft, and Belly a more delayed 
 green, and mingled like that of a Throftle. It isa fat and well-flefhed bird. The 
 Legs and Feet are black, in other particulars not different fromthe common rule. 
 
 
 
 —— —— 
 — ——— 
 
 Boox« I, Parrll. Setcr, Il. 
 Of {mall Birds. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Of mall Birds in general. 
 
 part Infectivorous; and fuch as have fhort'and thick Bills, which are for the 
 
 moft part Phytivorous, living upon the fruits and feeds of Plants. The firft 
 kind are commonly called foft-beak'd, the fecond hard-beak’d birds. : 
 Of both kinds there are many fubalternate Species, v7z. of flender-bill’'d, Larks, 
 whofe characteriftic notes area very long * heel ; earthy coloured feathers, mounting 
 up inthe air, and fingingas they fly 5 Swallows, whofe marks area fhort Bill, a wide 
 Mouth, long Wings, a forked Tail, fhort and {mall Legs and Feet; fwift, and almoft 
 continual flight: The Hedge-Sparrow, Redflart, Robin-red-breaft, and many others, 
 which we divide intotwo Clajes or ranks. The firft is of fuch whofe Tailis only of 
 
 S: Birds in general may be divided into flender-bill'd, which are for the moft 
 
 - one colour ; the fecond of thofe whofe Tails are particoloured; either all the feathers, 
 
 or the outmoft on each fide being in part white. 
 
 Of thick-bill’d Birds the kinds arey the’Sparrow, whofe marks are an earthy or te- 
 
 {taceous colour, a Billa little crooked, feeding upon Corn, the Hawfinch, the Green- 
 finch, the Shel-apple or Sheld-dapple, the Linnet, the Chaff-finch, the Gold-finch, the 
 
 Siskin, &c. whofe characteriftics we will give when we come to treat of them. 
 
 An Addition concerning finging birds in general. 
 
 A Merica (as Marggravius obf{erves ) breeds more fair-coloured birds, but fewer 
 A finging birds than Eurcpe. | 
 
 As we have diftinguifhed fimall birds in general into foft and hard beak’d, fo may 
 we alfo diftinguifh finging birds. The foft-beak’d are, The Mavis or Sone-Thry bs 
 the Blackbird 5 thefolitary Sparrow, which isa {tranger to Englands the Nightingale 
 efteemed the Prince of all finging birds, of the rearing and ordering of which we 
 fhall treat at large when we come tohis Hiftory ; the Skie-Lark; the Wood-Lark : the 
 Tit-Lark; the Robin-red-breaft ; the Wrens the Black-caps the Beccafieo; the Red- 
 
 fiart ; and the Hedge-Sparrow. 
 
 The hard-beak'd are, The Canary bird; the Linnet 5 the Chaffinch ; the Goldfinch s 
 the Greenfinch the Bulfinch, the Brambling sthe Hortulane 5 the Siskin; the Citril the 
 Hirngril sthe Yellow-hammer. > 
 
 In all finging birds in general obferve to keep them very neat and cleanly ; and 
 therefore often to fhift the ftraw, mofs, gravel, or whatever elfe you put in the bot- 
 toms of their Cages; and to give them frefh water, and meat often; for nothing 
 offends them more than the {tench of their own dung, or putrid meat and water. — Be- 
 fides, if their Cages be foul, they will be apt to clog their Feet with their dung,which 
 often rots off their toes, at leaft caufesthe Cramp, Gout, and other infirmities. _A/- 
 drovandus advifes to put in their Cages a piece of Pumice ftone, or old rubbith, to 
 cleanféand whet their Bills upon, which otherwife will be apt to grow blunt. 
 
 All. Birds ( faith he }) are wont to {wallow fomething out of the earth to cleanfe 
 their bodies; I rather think they ufe only to fwallow fome grit or gravel, to affift 
 
 them 1n grinding their meat in their Gizzards; and therefore it is needful to put fine 
 gravel in their Cages, In 
 
 
 
— ee lh. te 
 
 Boox II. ORNITHOLOGY. 201 
 In therearing of young ones from the Neft obferve, i. To feed them often, but 
 
 togive them but little at a time, as the old ones do, for fear of over-charging their 
 
 {tomachs, and caufing them to caft up their meat, 2. After they begin to feed 
 
 aati give not over feeding them prefently, left they neglect and ftarve then- 
 
 elves. | 
 
 Hard-beak'd birds are to be fed with feed s, and of all feeds Aldrovandys commends 
 Canary- feed, as the moft favoury, pleafant, and wholfom of all other, which makes 
 them fing with greater alacrity, and alfo live long: For want of which you may 
 ( faith he ) give them Millet, Panic, Spelt, Off-corn-wheat, Hemp-feed, and Lime+ 
 feed; he might have added Rape-feed, Cole-feed, and many others. 
 
 Soft-beak'd birds are to be fed with heart of Veal or Weather, Worms, Flies, and 
 fuch kind of Infeas, as alfo that fort of pafte the receipt whereof we thall give you 
 inthe Hiftory of the Nightingale. 
 
 In: preparing their meat have a care to free it from all skin, fat, and Sinews, or 
 {trings, which will be apt to ftick in their Throats, or twine about their Tongues,and 
 caufe themto fall off their meat, cc. 
 
 Aldrovands method to make birds fxg in Autumn or Winter. 
 
 A Bout the beginning of May purge them with Beet, firft mingling the juyce of it 
 
 with their water 5 then giving them no water at all, but only hanging up Beet- 
 leaves in their Cages, putting in alfoa handful of earth and rubbifh. Then by degrees 
 accuftom them to darknefsfor ten days, putting them ftill in places darker and darker, 
 and at laftina room erfectly dark, that hath not the leaft chink to let in light. Du- 
 ring all the time of their imprifonment in this dungeon, no body muft come in there 
 but their Keeper, and he with a Candle once in three days to give frefh water and 
 meat, and tocleanfe their Cages:-[{ It would be convenient to have two Cages, and 
 change them every twentieth day. |] Every fourth day give them a Beet-leaf, and 
 every tenth day juyce of Beet, elfe they will incur the danger of growing blind. In - 
 thismanner they mutt be kept till about the tenth of Auguft, and then new purged, 
 afterthe manner we before prefcribed; and then by degrees again accuftomed to the 
 light, but by no means expofed to the Sun-beams for Rear of blinding them. This 
 doing you fhall be Mafter of your purpofe. 
 
 oe eer = — —— = = - 
 oI ef as bl — va i - = el 
 te ieee a — 
 Sas ee . rr a 4 -~- >= aaa Ca = ~_ _— 
 
 - _ —~ Ea — 
 — vs — 
 
 ———= . 
 = —_ ss 
 
 - 
 tilt te ee ee Se 
 
 Difeafes incident to finging birds, and their remedies. 
 
 I. JD Lindnefs,which if radicated and confirmed isincurable 5 taken at firlt, when their 
 B Eyes begin to water, wy be remedied by giving them Sugar diffolved in the 
 juyceof Beet every other day for four days, and putting into their Cages 4 twig of 
 Figtree to rub their Eyes againft; which by the inftiné of nature they will ufeto 
 do. 
 2. The Falling ficknefs, which Aldrovandalfo accounts an incurable difeafe. If they 
 efcape the firft fit he advifes prefently to cut their Claws to the quick, and {prinkle 
 them with Wine, and to keep them from the heat of the Sunall Summer. 
 
 3. Fraétures of the bones of their Legs or Wings: In which he advifes by no 
 means to {plinter or bind up the part ; but only to take away the Perches out of their 
 Cages, and to fet their meat and water inthe bottom of their Cages ; and keep them 
 where no company comes to fcare them. 
 
 4. Swellings and inflammations or impoftumes. 
 
 5- An Hydropical diftemper. 
 
 6. TheGout, known by roughnefs and {wellings in their Legs and Feet, efpecially 
 their Knees. 
 
 7. The Phthific or fubtile difeafe, in which their breaft veins are diftended, but 
 the fiefh fallen away, and their Bellies {welled as though they had the Dropfie. _ In all 
 thefe diltempers Aldrovand advifes ftill to purge with Beet, as was before pre- 
 {cribed. 
 
 8. Aphthe, or {mall Ulcers in their mouths, forthe cure of which diflolve Pumpion 
 feeds in water, and give it them for their drink for three or four days, and when 
 you perceive them to mend, give them fine Loaf-Sugar in like manner diflolved in 
 
 ater. Sas 
 5 9. The Pip, which.may be known by the hardnefs of the end of their Tongue: 
 Small birds ( faith a late Englifh Writer) that feed upon =, are very feldom —_ 
 
 
 

 
 ¥ Brimftone. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox I. 
 
 Se a a I 
 to this difeafe; but moft commonly Throftles, Blackbirds, and Stares, which feed up- 
 onfoftimeat. Ihavealfo known Nightangales to be troubled with it, that have been 
 fed too much with Eggs hard-boyled, For the remedy of this. (for the bird will ne- 
 ver eat his meat kindly, nor fing withany {tomach fo. long, as he hath it ) take the bird - 
 in your hand, and having opened his Bill, with a Needle take that hardnefs off from 
 the top of his Tongue, andthe fides of his Billalfo ; and give him as in the precedent 
 difeafe. 
 
 10. Thedifeae of the Rump, known by thé birds growing melancholy, and. ab- 
 {taining from finging. The bett remedy whereof is to cut off that {harp part that 
 lies upon the top of the Rump, and give him fome cleanfing thing in his meat, and 
 refrething thing in his water. 
 
 11.,"The flux of the Belly or Scouring. For remedy whereof pluck off the Tail- 
 feathers, and the feathers about the Vent, and anoint the place with Oyl or Capons 
 greafe, and if they be hard-beak’d birds, inftead of Hemp-feed, or Rape-feed, give 
 them Pumpion feeds [ or red beet feeds |] for two or three days; if foft-beak'd, give 
 them nothing but the yolks of hard-boy!'d Eggs. 
 
 12. Moulting or caiting their feathers 1s a kind of difeafe common to all birds. At 
 that time they all grow melancholy, and ceafe to fing, and forlake their meat, and fome 
 of them will bevery fick. For help of this Aldrevand advifes to {prinkle them twice 
 or thrice a Week with Wine not too ftrong, then fetting them in the Sun till they be 
 dry, and after putting fome greens about their Cage. 
 
 To preferve birds of all kinds in health, Aldrowand faith, it would be uleful to purge 
 them once a month with Pumpion feeds decorticated, Lettuce, Succory, Beet, Pim- 
 pernel, or Mercury, which laft herb 1s proper to the Linnet. Such birds as are ufed 
 to duft themfelves, it would without doubt be convenient to put fand or duft in their 
 Cages; for this basking themfelves in the duft rids them of Lice and Vermine: 
 Likewife, fuch as are ufed to wath themfelves ought to have water fet them for that 
 
 urpote. | 
 7 It would alfo be of advantage, indeed it were neceflary, to put alittle fine gravel 
 in their Cages, that they may pick up and {wallow fome. grit or imall {tones, to help 
 them in grinding their meat in their {tomachs, as. wales are ufed to do, in whole 
 Gizzards you will never failto find {mall {tones ana grit. 
 
 Olina advifes in tumours or impoftumes on the head, ( which are moft incident to 
 birds of a hot complexion ) to cauterize the place affected with a hot Iron, and then 
 anoint it with black Sope diffolved, or Oyl and hot afhes. “Some ufe to purge the 
 birds, before they burnthem, with juyce of Beet. 
 
 Forthe Apbhthe he prefcribes lightly to touch the Palate with a feather dipt im ho- 
 ney of Rofes, which hath been fharpned witha little Oyl of * Sulphur. 
 
 Forthe Afthwa, or fhorenefs of breath, he advifes to drop twoor three drops of 
 Oxymelinto their throats with a feather 5 mingling thereof alfo with their water for 
 two or three days, or diflolve white Sugar-candy in their water. 
 
 Hoarfenefs and lofs of voice he faith is remedied by giving them for their drink a 
 decoction of Jujubes, dried Figs, and pounded, boild incommon water 
 and that for two days, and the next two or three days juyce of Beet: And if it be in 
 as time fetting them all night in the open air, fo as the dew may not fall upon 
 them. 
 
 For a {couring he commends waterin which Iron 1s guencht, or a light deco¢tion 
 of Services, or Cornelian Cherries. 3 
 
 For coftivenefs he advifes to put a feather anointed with oylinto the Fundament 
 once or twice a day fortwo days, givingthem alfo the fame days juyce of Beet. 
 
 For the Gout : Wafhingthe Legs andFeet twice a day for four or five days witha 
 decoétion of the root of white Hellebore in common water, as hot as the Bird can 
 endure it; and for want thereof bathing it with Brandy Wine, or Aqua Vita. | 
 
 To ftir upand quicken birds to fing, give them fomewhat that they are molt greedy 
 of, and moft delighted in, or fomething that is heating. Some ufe to give them Lin- 
 feed mingled with Pine-kernels pounded ; putting in their drinking Cup two or three 
 Chivesof Saffron, encompaffing their Cages with fome pleafing verdure, as of 
 
 Birds fed with Pafte are wont to have their drinking Cup fet without their Cages 5 
 Seed: birds within. Keep their Cages neat, and in the bottom put in Winter-time hay 
 or {traw broken, in Summer-time fand. So far Olina. I fappofe it would be conve- 
 nient to give them a little gravel in their Cages all times of the year for the reafon be- 
 fore intimated, 
 | THE 
 
 
 

 
 Boox II. ORNITHOLOGY. , 
 
 Tue Brrst Member or SuBSECTION, 
 
 Of [mall Birds with flender Birds. 
 
 F thefe there are many forts. All befides Swallows may convenie 
 le there : nel 
 () be divided into fuch as have the feathers of their Tails al of ame coldeaed 
 fuch as havea particoloured Tail. We-will firft treat of Larks and Swallows 
 by themfelves, then we will reduce the eft to the now mentioned heads. 
 
 
 
 Gap. fb 
 
 Or Larks. 
 
 d I. 
 Of Larks in general. 
 
 all - eal 
 
 met, by the Latines alfo Caffita and Galerita, from Caffis, and Galea, or Gale- 
 
 rs of like fignification ( which names do yet properly agree to the crefted 
 Lark ) is diftinguithed from other forts of Birds, 1. By its long Heel or Claw of the 
 back-toe 5 which is the charatteriftic mark of this bird: 9, By the teftaceous or 
 earthy colour of its feathers : Which note isnot common to all the Birds we compre- 
 hend under this title, nor proper to this kind, fith it agrees to Sparrows, and other 
 Birds: 3. Byits finging as it fliesmounting upin theair. We have in England’ ob- 
 ferved four forts of fork: 1. The moft common one: 2. The Wood-Lark: 3. The 
 lefler crefted Lark: 4, The Tit-Lark. . 
 
 : Lark, called by the Grecians Kopudea@. from the word Kepus, fignifying a Hel- 
 
 
 
 or = 
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 §. IT. 
 The common Skie-Lark. Alaudavul garis. 
 
 Tisnot much bigger than a Houfe-Sparrow, yet longer bodied ; of an ounce and 
 
 half weight: from the tip of the Bill to the Claws or Tail-end, ( for they are 
 equally extended ) fix inches and aquarter, The ends of the great feathers in the . 
 Wings {tretched out were ten inchesand a quarter diftant. The Bill, meafuring from 
 the tip to the anglesof the Mouth, was three quarters of aninch long: The upper 
 Mandible black or horn-coloured, the lower commonly whitifh. The Tongue 
 broad, cloven, hard: The Nofthrilsround. It fometimes ruffles up the feathers of 
 its head, almoft in fafhion ofa Creft. A cinereous Ring or Crown compafies the hind - 
 part of the Head from Eye to Eye, but more fordid, and lefs confpicuous than in the 
 Wood-Lark, The Head sof ateftaceous or reddifh afh-colour, the middle parts of 
 the feathers being black. The Back is of the fame colour with the Head: The Chin 
 whitith: The Throat yellow, with brown {pots : The fides of a reddifh yellow. Each 
 Wing hatheighteen quil-feathers. Of thefe all betwixt the fixth and feventeerth have 
 blunt, indented, white tips. The edgesof the four or fiveoutmott are white, ofthofe 
 next the body cinereous,, of the reft reddith. | | 
 
 The Tail is three inches long, confifting of twelve feathers, of which the outmott 
 on each fide hath bothits upper half, and alfo the exteriour Vane of the lower white: 
 The next to this hath only its outer Web white, the inner being black: The three 
 following on each fide are black. The two middlemoft are fharp-pointed; of 
 whichthat that lies undermoft when the Tailis fhut hath afh-coloured edges: That 
 which covers it lying uppermoft, towards the tip is cinereous, toward the bottom 
 blackifh, The Feet and Legs are dusky : The Claws black, with white tips. The 
 outer toe grows to the middle below asin other {mall birds. 
 
 The Liver is divided into two Lobes, the left much lefs thanthe right, that there 
 may be room for the Gizzard, which in this bird isflefhy, and great for the bignefs of 
 
 thebitd. The flefhis very {weet and delicate. In er it feeds ss 
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 204 
 
 
 
 os 
 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox i. 
 
 fat: And there are then taken an innumerable number with us in Exgland for the 
 furnifhing and adorning of our Tables, as Polydore Virgil truly writes. It builds 
 upon the ground, and lays four or five Eggs at once; A late Writer faith threeor four, 
 and that to his knowledge henever found five in all his life. 
 
 This Bird builds ( faith Olina ) iniplain, open'ground, under fome clod of Earth; 
 others fay in Corn, or thick high’grafs in Meadows: And though in Winter we fee 
 
 -eat flocks of them, yet we find the feweft of their Nelts of any birds that are fo 
 plentiful. He makes his Neft of dried herbs and.-firings, and breeds thrice a year, in 
 May, july, and Auguft, rearing his yourg very fuddenly ; So that if you have a Neft, 
 you mufttake them asfoon as they are (poon-feathered, or elfe you run the rijco of 
 lofing them, for they will get them gone of afudden. This bird breeds much later 
 than the Wood-Lark, by almoft twomonths, for fhe feldom hath young ones before 
 the middle of May. . 
 
 Young Neftlings.may be brought "up almoft with any meat, but if you give them 
 fheeps Heart and Egg chopt together, till they are about three weeks old, it will not 
 beamifs: And when they come°to eat alone, give them Oatmeal, Hemp-feed and 
 bread, mixed together with alittle Egg. Oliva faith, to fave charges, you may feed 
 them with Wheat, Oats, and Millet. Thefe birds that are fo young may be brought 
 upto any thing, one bird learning another birds Song. You muft always obferve to 
 give them {and at the bottom of the Cage, and let them have a new Turfevery week | 
 placed ina difh of waterin their Cage, ( which muft be as large as two of the Wood- 
 Larks Cage. ) They need have no Pearchesin their Cages. 
 
 The Cock may be known fromthe Hen, according to Oliza, by having his heel fo 
 long that it reaches beyond his knee 5 and having two black {pots on his Neck, one 
 on each fide, fomewhat in fathion of a Ring or Collar 5 his breaft darker, and more 
 fpeckled with black, and a grofler body. My Englifh Author faith, that thofe you 
 intend tokeep for finging were beft be taken in Odfober or November, and then they 
 will fing a little after Chréftwas 5 and advifes to chufe the ftreighteft, largeft, and 
 loftieft bird, and he that hath moft white inhis Tail, for thefe¢ faith he ) are the ufu- 
 al diarks fora Cock. If you find him very wild and buckih, tie his Wings for two 
 or three weeks, till he is become both acquainted and tame allo, and then when you 
 perceive him pretty orderly, untie his Wings, ftill letting him hang in the fame place 
 he did. You mutt feed this old bird with Hemp-feed, Bread, and a few white Oats, 
 for he takes great delight to husk the Oats: And when he begins to fing, nce in-a 
 week you may give him a hard Egg, or fhred him alittle boyled Mutton, or Veal, or 
 Sheeps heart. You muft obferve in this bird, as in all others, that you give it no falt 
 meat, nor bread that is any thing falt. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6. IL. 
 The Woodlark,, called at Rome, Tottovilla. 
 
 He Cock we made trial in weighed an ounce and a quarter: Its length from Bill 
 
 § — to Tail was fix inches‘and anhalf: The diftance between the ends of the 
 Wings fpread twelve inches and an half. 
 
 It is lefler than the common Lark, and fhorter bodied. Its Bull, as in the reft of 
 this kind, ftreight, {lender, fharp-pointed, above half an inchlong, {omewhat flat, of 
 a dusky, colour: Its Tongue broad, cloven: The Irides of its Eyes hazel-coloured : 
 its Nofthrils round. Its Feet ofa pale yellow, inclining to flefh colour: Its Claws 
 dusky 5 that of the back-toe longeft. The outmoft fore-toe {ticks to the middle be- 
 low near the divarication. ) 
 
 TheBreaft and Belly are ofa pale whitith yellow;the Throat deeper coloured; both 
 fpotted with black in the middle parts of thefeathers, The Head and Back are par- 
 ticoloured of black and reddifh yellow, the middle of each feather being {potted 
 with black. The Neck isafh-coloured. A white line encompafleth the Head from 
 Eyeto Eyelikea Crown, or Wreath. The Rump is of a yello red or tawny. 
 
 Each Wing hatheighteen prime feathers ; the outmoft being much fhorter than 
 the reft.... The next five are half an inch longer than the reft, having their points 
 fharp, and their outer edges white : The reft have blunt points, indented as it were 
 in the middle, having yellow edges. The feathersof the baftard wing are dusky with 
 clay-coloured tips, and at its root is a whitefpot. The {mail feathers on the ridge of 
 the Wing are afh-coloured. The Tail was two inches long, confilting of the ufual 
 
 number 
 
 * 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 Boor I ORNITHOLOGY 
 
 ae ese. 
 
 
 
 
 
 - oo 
 
 number of feathers, ws. twelve, not forked; yet the middle feathers were fome- 
 thing fhorter than the reft, and ended in fharp points, being between green and a 
 fordid red or fulvous colour. The fotir next on cach fide had blunt points, were 
 whitifh attips, the outmoft moit, the reft in order lef, elfe blackith, 5 
 It hath no Craw: In the Stomach we found Beetles, Caterpillars, Gromilefeed.¢ve. 
 The ftomach was provided with {trong and thick mufeles. The blind Guts in this 
 kind, as in all other fimal] birds, that we haveobferved, are very fhort: The Gutbe- 
 we Ne irs ap pendants is larger. 
 cle birds fiy many together incompan ing as it ! 
 ete Ree y tog pany, finging as they fly with anote not much 
 It is diftmguifhed from the common Lark, by the following marks ef, ecially : 
 1. Whiftling like a Blackbird: 2. A Circle of shee feathers Endclaspatling the Head 
 
 from Eye to Eye like a Crown orWreath. 3. The firft or outmoft feather of the’ 
 
 ing being much fhorter than the fecond, whereas in the common Lark it is near 
 equal, 4, The outmoft feathers of the Tail having white tips. 5. ‘That it fits upon 
 trees. 6. [tis lefler than the common Lark, but hatha fhorter, and thicker, or roun- 
 der body for its bignefs. 
 
 Aldrovandus makes no mention of this bird that I know of. Olina figures and de- 
 {cribes it in his UcceHeria under the title of Tottovil/a 
 
 The Woodlark is comparable to the Nightingale for finging, and by fome preferred 
 before it. He will alfo emulate the Nightiagale, and hath great variety of notes. 
 
 _Itis a very tender bird, and yet breeds the fooneft of any in Eagland. My Author 
 faith, that he hath had a Neft of young birds ready tofly by the fixteenth of March : 
 That it builds mo{tcommonly in lays, where the grafs hath been pretty rank, and is 
 grown ruflet, underfome large Turf, to fhelter its Nett from the wind and weather. 
 He could never bringup a neft of young ones, becaufe they either had the cramp, or 
 fll into a fcouring in lefs than a weeks time after he had taken them: Norcould he 
 ever hear of any who had kept them fo long as till they fung. So that they are never 
 bred fromthe Neft.__ . 
 
 The Seafons of taking Woodlarks, and which beft to keep. 
 
 There are three feafons of taking Woodlarks s 1. The firttis in june, uly, and Auguft, 
 when the Branchers are taken, having not yet moulted. Thefe birds fing prefently, 
 but continue their finging but little, for they foon fall a moulting. They are com- 
 monly very familiar birds as being taken young. 
 
 2. Thenext feafon for taking them is inthe latter end of September, which my Au- 
 thor calls the general flight-time, when they rove from one Country toanother. By 
 this time they have all moulted their feathers, and you can hardly diftinguith a young 
 bird from anold. The birds taken at this feafon are brave, {trong, and fprightful ; 
 and prove well at Spring if they be well kept all Winters otherwife they will be lou- 
 
 fic, and quite fpoiled.. They ufually begin not to fing till after Spring, andcontinue — 
 tll Fuly. 
 
 3- The third feafon is from the beginning of Faznary to the latter end of F ebruary, 
 whenthey are paired, andhave parted with their laft years Brood. Thefe fing with- 
 in three or four days, ora weekat furtheft, (if they be well conditioned birds ) and 
 will foon become tame. For your fearful, wild; buckith birds feldom prove good: 
 For upon every turn they bole againft the fides of the Cage, and bruife themfelves, 
 and fo are apt to leave off finging- Thereforeif you havea bird that is a good bird 
 and wild, have aNet knit French Meath, and put itinthe infide of the Cage, fowing 
 it clofe to the fides and {trait, that when he bolts or flirts he may take no harm. Birds 
 taken at thisfeafon for the moft part prove the beft, they being iti full ftomach, and 
 {inging ina very fhort time after, and being alfo more perfect im their fong than thofe 
 taken at other feafons. | | 
 
 ¢ How to order a We oodlark when taken. 
 
 In the firft place you muft havea Cage with two pans ; one for mixt meat, and 
 another for Oatmeal and whole Hemp-feed. Firft, boil anEgg hard : Then take the 
 crum of ahalf-peny white-loaf, and as much Hemp-feed as the bread : Chop your 
 Egg very {mall, and crumble your bread and it together: Then bruife your Hemp- 
 teed very {mall with a rolling pin, or pound it inaMortar, mingle all tozether and 
 
 give 
 
 - 
 
 205 
 
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 a a A a le 
 206 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox IL. 
 i er i ic ance nla coeeenemeint Nei TE gt oy dea 
 giveithim. 2. You muft put red gravel fitted fine at the bottom of his Cage 5 for 
 he delights to bask himfelf in thefand, which if he doth not pretty often he proves 
 loufie, and then {eldom comesto any thing: If you leave gravel-{tones in the fand, 
 he will be apt to break his feathers in basking him. Shift this fand twice a week, 
 otherwife he will be fubjeé to clog his feet with his dung. 3. Be fure that his meat 
 be not too ftale, for he will never thrive upon it when dry or mouldy. 4. Have a 
 -eat care to fhift his water oft [ thrice a week atleaft |] for 1 {tinks fooner than any 
 birds water; becaufe throwing about his meat fome falls into it, which caufes it 1m- 
 mediately to ftink. 5. Line your Pearch in the Cage with fome green bays, or elle 
 make a Pearch ofa Mat; whichI have found them very much to delight in. 
 
 Note 1. If your bird be very wild when he is taken, keep him three or four days 
 from company, till he begins toeat his meat. Strew fome of the Hemp-feed and Oat- 
 meal upon the fand, and {ome of his mixt meat alfo, becaufe fometimes they find not 
 the Pan til] they be almoft famifhed. A AOi 
 
 Note 2. Ifhe be very poor, at the beginning of the Spring give him every two or 
 three days a turf of three-leaved grafs, and boil hima fheeps heart, and mince it {mall, 
 and mingle it with his meat, and it will caufe him to thriveexceedingly. 
 
 Note 3. If you would have your bird fing very lavith, feed him all the time of his 
 fong with fome theeps heart mixt with his Egg and bread andHemp-{eed; and put in his 
 water two or three flices of Liquorice, and a little white Sugar-candy, with two or 
 three blades of Saffron; do fo once a week,and it will caufe him to be long winded. 
 
 How to know aCock froma Hen. 
 
 The fureft way to know a Cock from a Henis, 1. The largenefs and length of his » 
 call. 2. Thetall walking ofthe bird about the Cage. 3. At Evenings the doubling 
 of his note, which we call Cudling, asif he were going to roolt: But if you hear him 
 fing {trong you cannot be deceived, for Hen-birds will fing but little. The ufeof this 
 is chiefly to know thofe birds that are taken at flight-time 5 becaufe thofe taken at 
 
 other feafons fing foon after they are taken, or not at all. 
 The Wood larks Difeafes, and their Cures. 
 
 Their. difeafes are, 1. The Cramp, caufed by dung clogging and numbing their 
 Feet, if their gravel be not often thifted ; or by hanging them out abroad in the rain, 
 
 fo wetting the {and they fitupon. ‘This is helpt by lining their Pearch, thatthey may 
 delight to fit upon it, and giving them frefh fand, anointing them as the Nrghtin- 
 gale. 
 
 2. Giddinefs inthe Head occafioned by feeding upon much Hemp-feed, is helped 
 by giving them fome Gentles or Maggots, or elfe Hog-lice, or Ants and their Eggs : 
 And putting three orfour flices of Liquorice in their water. 
 
 2. Loufinefs and Scurf': Cured by {moaking his feathers wath Tobacco, and gi- 
 ving him frefh Gravel, and fetting him in the Sun: For if he hath ftrength to bask in 
 the {and he will immediately rid himfelf of the Vermine. 
 
 d. IV. 
 The Tit-Lark,, Alauda pratorum, Aldrov. 
 
 ] T feemed to us lefs by half than the common Lark , weighing fcarce an ounce; ha- | 
 ving a long body, and afmallhead: A {lender fharp Bill of half an inch long, the 
 upper Mandible black, more flat and deprefled toward the Head: The tip of the 
 Tongue is jagged, the Circle about the Pupil hazel-coloured. The colour on the 
 top of the Head, Shoulders, and middle of the Back various, of a yellowith green 
 and black ; the middle parts of the feathers being black, the outfides or edges of a 
 yellowifhgreen. The lower part of the Back or Rump is only green without any 
 ¢ mixture of black. Theupper fide is of the fore-mentioned various colour, the fin- 
 gle colours being lefs confpicuous by reafon of a{mall mixture of cinereous. As for 
 the underfide of the body,the Breatt and fides under the Wings were of a fordid yel- pe 
 lowifh white, {potted with black, the lower belly and Throat under the Chin white * 
 without any black fpots. " 3 ‘ 
 
 The 
 
 
 

 
 Boox. Il. ORNITHOLOGY. 207 
 
 The quil-feathers of the Wings were dusky, their exteriour edges being of a 
 yellowifh green. The middle feathersof the firlt row of coverts have their tips and 
 exteriour edges white; and the middlemoft of the fecond row theirs ftill of a lighter 
 White. The reft of the covert-feathers of the Wings are almoft of the fame colour 
 with the{capular feathers. | fuppofe it is peculiar to this kind to have the four firft 
 quill-feathersequal, 
 
 The Tailis made up of twelve feathers, the two outmott of which on each fide, 
 are particoloured of white and brown: Inthe outmoft feather about the one half, 
 and that the uppermoft, is white, the white dividing the feather obliquely. Of the 
 next feather the tip only is white: Thereftof the feathers are of a dark brown, ha 
 ving their exteriour edges of a yellowith green. Of the two. middlemoft the edges 
 round about are of the fame yellowith green, not foeven and trim as thole of the 
 other feathers, but as it were jagged or fringed. The Tail, when folded up; is alittle 
 forked, near three inches long. 
 
 The Feet are yellow: The Claw of the back-toe, as in the reft of this kind very 
 long and dusky. The Gizzard not fo mufculous as in other Larks, wherein we found 
 Beetles and Infe@s liketo meal-worms. . The blind Guts are fomething longer than in 
 the common Lark, It hath alfo a Gall-bladder. 
 
 This bird fitsalfo upon trees. In general it is lefsthan the common Lark, greener, 
 and not fo finely coloured : In length from the point ofthe Bill to the end-of the Claws 
 or Tail ( for they are equally extended.) fix inches: In breadth between the tips of 
 the Wings fpread out ten.anda quarter, 
 
 Mt. Jefop {ufpects that thereis yet another different fort of this bird, whichmay be 
 called the lefer field-Lark, which is 1. A little bigger thanthat here defcribed 5 2.Lef§ The leffer - 
 green; 3.Having paler Feet; And 4. much fhorter Spurs. ced a 
 
 The Titlarks Neft Loncefaw ina F urze-bufh not far from the ground : It was built 
 outwardly of Mofs, inwardly of ftraw, with a little horfe-hair.. She lays five or fix 
 Eggs. | 
 In thiskind the Cock is all over more yellow than the Hen, but efpecially under 
 the Throat, on the Breaft, Legs, and foals of the Feet. 
 
 “ The Titlark ( faith a late Englith Writer ) fings moft like the Canary bird of any 
 “ bird whatloever 5 whisking, curring, and chewing : But his Song 1s fhort, and hath 
 “* no variety in it: He comes with the Nightingale about the beginning of April; and 
 “* goesabout the beginning of September. The Young areto be fed, when firft taken, 
 “ afterthe fame manner as the Nightingale: The old one ( if taken ) inlike manner to 
 “be at firftcram’d: When he will feed himfelf sive him Woodlarks meat, or almoft 
 “any other. Before his going away he is apt to grow fat like the Nightingale, but will 
 “‘ eat though never fo fat. He isa hardy bird, and long-lived, if preferved with ca re, 
 “* not fubject to colds or cramps. 
 
 §. V. 
 The Titlark, that fings like aGrafhopper, Locuftella, D. Fobnfon. 
 
 Tis leffer thanthe Regulws non crifiatws, hatha pretty long, ftreight Bill, yet ha- 
 ving a little declivity above, the upper Chap black, the nether of horn colour. 
 The upper fide of the body is of a dusky yellow, befprinkled with blackith {pots ; 
 the underfide of a * pale yellow. TheTail is of the longeft, of a brown or dusky + o¢ yellowith 
 colour, when fpread ending in a circular circumference. On the lower Belly, the i pinged 
 Thighs, and under the Tail it hath brown fpots tending downwards. It hath long; yellow. 
 flendes dusky-coloured Legs, crooked Claws, and avery long Spur orheel, It feeds 
 upon flies: It hath a note like a Grajhopper, but louder and fhriller. When it fings it 
 commonly fitsupon a bufh, with its mouth open,’ and ftreight up, and its Wings dif- 
 
 fhevel d. 
 
 §. Vi. 
 
 
 

 
 208 
 
 * A certain 
 earth which 
 Painters ufe of 
 a dusky co- 
 Jour. 
 
 CJ 
 ORNITHOLOGY.  Booxll. 
 
 A; d. VI. 
 The Calandra, which perchance is no other than the Bunting, 
 
 His bird Oliva deferibesin this manner. It isa kind of Lark fomething bigger 
 than the common, otherwife for fhape of body not much unlike it: In refpect 
 of bignefs comparable toa Thrufh. Itshead is greater than a Thrajkes 5 its Bill fhorter 
 and thicker: Its Feet as in other Larks. The colour of its.under or fore part is a 
 light cinereous, with certain black {pots on the Breaft, after the manner of a Thru/h. 
 Of itsupper or hind-part, viz. the Back, Wings, and Tail, @c. like that of * Ober. 
 About two inches below the Bill a circle of black feathers encompafles the Neck, in 
 fafhion of a Collar or Necklace. 
 This bird feems to be the fame with our Bunting hereafter to be defcribed. The 
 figure of the Bill in Oliza’s Cut doth not agree to the Bunting, indeed an{wers not to 
 his own defcription ; it being drawn as flender:and long as a Thrufhes, whereas he de- 
 
 {eribes it thicker and fhorter.  Beloniws his defcription of the Calandra agrees well 
 
 enoughto the Bunting ; although he alfo defcribes the Busting elfewhere, under the 
 
  titleofCenchramus. Howbeit, that we may leave the Reader to-the liberty of his 
 
 *»Acrofs the 
 head, 
 
 judgment concerning thefe matters, we fhall fubjoyn Be“oniws his defcription of Ca- 
 landra.. Calandra (faith he ) isa fort of Lark; which who fo defires to know, let 
 him fancy a crefted Lark approaching to the bignefs of a Starling. Wherefore he 
 that fhall callita great Lark,may wellfeem not unfitly to denominate it. For both its 
 voice, thoughhigher, isaltogether like the voice of a Lark, and alfo the colour of 
 
 its feathers the fame, its Head the fame, its Wings the fame, its Tail the fame, and | 
 
 likewife its conditions the fame : Its Legs,Feet,and Toes altogether alike, and in thele 
 theSpur or back-claw long, as in Larks. The Neck {lender where it is joyned to the 
 Head, as we obferved alfo inthe Peacock, and which ts likewife common to Quails. 
 But becaufe it differs not from a common Lark fave in bignets, andthe crefted Lark, 
 as we faid, is bigger than the common, and hatha tuft on his Head, which both the 
 common Lark and the Calandra want; I can eafily allow this fort of bird to be called 
 a Lark, andtobecomprehended under the Genus of Larks. The Calandra exceeds 
 the reft of this kind in bignefs _and therefore ftands in need of a thicker Bill, that it 
 might break the harder fortsof grains upon which it feeds, thoughthofe that are kepe 
 
 ; up in Cages are wont to be fed with Oats andcrums of white bread. Thus fir 
 Bellonius. — | 
 
 d. VIL. 
 
 The crefted Lark, called by the Germans, Kommanick, feen and defcribed at Vienna iz 
 Auftria. Alauda criftata, Galerita. 
 
 T is bigger than thecommon Lark, hath a greater and longer Bill, almoft an inch 
 | long, meafuring from the point to the corner of the mouth; The upper Chap 
 dusky, the lower whitifh. The Tongue is broad, fomewhat cloven ; the Irides of 
 the Eyes of acinereoushazel colour. The Creft upon the crown of the Head con- 
 fifts of feven or eight feathers [ I counted ten or twelve. ] Thefe feathers are fituate 
 *tran{ver{ly, and may be erected or lowred, {pread or contracted at pleafure, like the 
 Tail.  Thefe feathers are blacker than the reft, and almoft half an inch long. The 
 Back is more cinereous, and lefs {potted than inthecommon Lark: The Rump almoft 
 
 ‘wholly deftitute of {pots. 
 
 The prime feathers of the Wings are in number eighteen, befides the outmoft very 
 fhort and {mall one. The outer Vane of the firft Pinion feather is of a dirty white, 
 inclining to red or yellow: The reft are not fo black asin the common Lark , and have 
 fome mixture of a pale red, evenintheir lower part. The Breaft and Belly are white, 
 with a dafh of yellow: The Throat {potted, asinthe common Lark: The Tail is2 » 
 inches long, compofed of twelve feathers; the two outmoft whereof on each fide 
 have their exteriour borders white, witha dath of red, being elfe black ; the third 
 and fourthare wholly black 5 the fifth and fixth of the fame colour with the body. 
 The Gall from green inclines to a dark blue. [1 {uppofe this is accidental, and that 
 thecolour of the Gall varies in divers birds.] The blind Guts are very fhort. 
 
 This 
 
 
 
 

 
 ook II, 
 
 B ORNITHOLOGY. , 
 
 This differs from the common Lark, 1. In bignefs : = 
 
 ne ce 2. Inthe Creft: 3. Inthe co« 
 Jour of the Back, which is lefs fpotted, and not {fo beautiful : 4. Inthe meafure of the 
 Tail, which in this Bird isfhorter: 5. In that it foars not fo much inthe air, and when 
 it mounts up ftays not folong there: 6. That it flies not in flocks, astheydo. Laft- 
 ly, (as Aldrovandus obferves ) it is frequently feen about the banks of Lakes and 
 Rivers. 
 Diofcorides prefcribes this bird to be eaten’ roafted, Galen in fome places of his 
 works roafted, in fome placesboiled, to aliwage Colic pains. Marcel/ys Virgilius pre- 
 fers the powder of it, putinan earthen pot, and dried or burntin an Oven, takenin 
 
 — to the quantity of two or three {poonfuls, before all other medicines for the 
 olic. 
 
 §.  VIIL: 
 The leffer crefted Lark, 
 
 “y His( as * Aldrovandus defcribes it )is like the greater erefted Larks, but much * Lib.18. 
 lefs, and hath a confiderable long tuft on its Head for the fimalnefs of itsbo- “?!+ 
 
 dy: Red Feet. The colour of its whole body feems to incline more to brown 
 Se that of the greater kind. I have obferved them running in flocks abroad in the 
 elds. 
 
 This Bird Mr. ‘Fohnfox of Brigual hath obferved inthe North of England. 
 §. IX. 
 The Giarola of * Aldrovandus, having a long heel. 
 
 T'was of the bignefs of a Lark,’ Jts length from the tipof its Bill to the poitits of 
 ‘ its Claws was two Palms: Its Bill brittle, red, withiobde and about the corners 
 of the Mouth yellow: It gapes wide. The colour of its Crown, Neck, Back, and 
 Wingsis various 5 fo that therein it exactly refembles a Quail, and is alfo very like to 
 a Woodcock, For all the feathers are of a dusky Chefnut-colour, only their edges 
 are encompafied with amore dilute or whitith, or moderately reddifh colour. The 
 bottom of the Head, or beginning of the Neck is encircled with a border of whitifh 
 feathers, as it were a Wreath or Crown. The Tongue is cloven, the Belly white, 
 the roots of thefeathers cinereous. The Tail fo fhort that {carce any thing of it ap- 
 pears, yet isit forked and particoloured 5 for the la{t or outmoft feather on each fide 
 is all over white, the laft fave one partly white, partly chefaut. The whole Tail is 
 {carcean inch Jong, and narrow, being made up of very narrow feathers.’ Its Legs 
 and Feet are fufficiently large, and of a flefh colour or reddifh white. In the Feet 
 this is worthy the obfervation, that the back-toe is very long, and hath a Claw of 
 equal length, fo that both ~ e make up an inch. This Claw is not, as in other 
 birds for the moft part, crooked from its rife, but firft ftreight for a good way, and 
 toward the tip moderately hooked. The Claws alfo are whitith. 
 
 §. Xx 
 
 The Bird called Spipoletta at Florence, Tordino at Venice: Perchitice the * Stopparola, * Tom.2.7.732: 
 
 or ¢ Grifola, or Spipola fecunda of Aldrovand. 
 
 Tis lefs than a Lark, about the bignefs of a Beccafigo: From Bill point to Tail 
 end 7 ; inches long: Between the tips of the Wings extended eleven three quar- 
 ters broad. Its Billis fmall, flender; about half an inch long, ftreight, fharp, and 
 
 cole-black : Its Spur or back-claw very long, like a Larks. | 
 Its colour on the topof the Head, Neck, Shoulders, and: Back cinereous; with a 
 dafhof green. [ Mr. Willughby makes the Back to be of an obfcure or dusky yellow, 
 the Head more cinereous.] The Breaft and Belly are white: The Throat {potted. 
 The Belly of the Hen-birdis yellowifh. [ Fhe Throat; Breatt, and Belly in fome are 
 white, in others of a lovely yellow : But inall generally the Breaft is darker than the 
 Throat or Belly, and fpotted.’] It hath in each Wing eighteen prime feathers,’ (.I 
 found notin this kind that {mall, fhort, outmoft feather, which we have obferved in 
 the Wings of many {mall birds,) of a dark or dusky ia excepting the = 
 e _edges, 
 
 
 
il ci =_ — 
 
 maa TC UC eam ea 
 LES ORNCITHOLOGY. Boox H. 
 
 —_—_— 
 
 
 
 Pitino Sh a eS 
 edges, ‘which are either whitifh, oryellowith. The feathers alfo of the fecond row 
 are of the fame colour with thofe of the:firft. The Tail is about three inches long, — y 
 and confifts of ten feathers, of which the two outmoft on each fide: have their out- 
 ward Vanes and tops, inthe whole, above their halves milk-white 5 all the reft are i 
 dark- coloured, and almoft/black, efpecially in the Males, excepting the two mid- | 
 dlemoft, whichround the edges are either yellowifh or white. [ Mr. Willughby de- 
 feribes the Taila little otherwife, and percharice more exadly, thus: The Tail is 
 
 ~ black, but the upper half of the outmoft feather on each fide, and the tip of the 
 next are white ; the two middlemoftfrom dusky incline to an afh-colour. | 
 
 This bird is fufficiently diftinguifhed by the length of its heel from other. forts of 
 birds, by the black colour of its Wingsand Tail, Bill and Feet from other Larks. 
 
 Concerning its manners, place, ne{ft, breeding, &c. we have nothing further to 
 add. We faw it at Venice and Florence\in the hands of Country-men and Fowlers (| 
 among other {mall birds to be fold inthe Markets. At Florence they called it Spzpo- 
 letta; whence, induced by theagreément of names, We guefs it to be either the firft 
 or fecond Spipola of Aldrovandus. But yet feeing in thedefcriptions of thefe birds | 
 there is no mention made of thelength’of the heel, ( which it is not likely fo curt- | 
 ous a fpectatour as Aldrovand fhould either overfee, or through neglect and forget- | 
 fulnefs omit ) notwithftanding the convenience of names thefe may perchance be di- | 
 {tinct Species. And therefore that we may not give the Reader juft occafion to | 
 tocomplain, that we have rafhly omitted any thing in our Ornithology, we will annex ) | 
 to this Chapter Aldrovandws his defcriptions of Spipole, Stopparole, and other {mall a 
 birds, to which we judge this to be the fame, or very like. 
 
 Ae The firft Sprpola of * Aldrovandus. 
 The firft Spipola, which is greater than the reft in this kind, hath an afh-coloured 
 
 Head : Under the Bill a white {pot in place of a beard. Its Breaft 1s red: Its Belly 
 particoloured of red and white: Its Tail black above, white underneath : Its Back 
 afh-coloured. Its Wings particoloured of white, black and red: its Legs and Feet 
 
 yellow ; its Clawsblack: Its Billlong, flender, and dusky coloured, This bird, if it 
 
 be exactly defcribed, isto usas yet unknown.15 
 
 ; = . 
 " Ybidg sini Be "The. other Spipola of * Aldrovandus. . | 
 
 This inclines more to an afh-colour than the precedent : But differs from it in that 
 it hath not a red Breft, but marked with black {pots drawn downwards. , It is alfo 
 more cinereous above than beneath: Moreover, the Belly 1s almoft white. Behind 
 the Eyes isa great {pot approaching after a fort to a ferrugineous colour. The ma- 
 fter feathers of the Wings, and thofe which cover them, ate black, their fides and 
 ends being cinereous. The LegsandFeetare dusky: The Tailafh-coloured. 
 
 The third Spipola of Aldrovandus, deferibed in the fame Chapter. 
 
 This fome call Boariva. It is a {mall bird, almoft all over of a pale or whitifh yel- | 
 Jow, but deeper in the Wings than elfewhere. The Bill and Feet are dusky. 
 
 The Stopparola of Aldrovand, 17b.17. cap.27. 
 
 The Fowlers (faith he ) of our City call this bird Stopparola,-a name I know not | 
 whatit fignifies, nor whence it is derived, unlefs perchance it be from Stubble,which | 
 * Ruftici, that our * Country men call Stoppia. It is, if I be not miftaken, of the Genus of the . 4 
 Fs caches + Mujcicape, hath the Breaft and Belly for the moft part. white 5 the Head ( which on | 
 the Crown is fpeckled with white {pots ) Neck, Back, and Tail brown; the quill- | 
 feathers of the Wings black,as are alfothe coverts,but yellowith onthe fides: The Legs 
 and Feet f{lender,and black : The Bill indifferentlylong, fharp-pointed, and black. 
 
 A Bird like to Stopparola & Magnanina, Aldrov. in the fame place. 
 Itis of the bignefs of a Wagtail; hath a long, ftreight, fharp Bill, yet above 
 
 having a little declivity; black above, and ofa horn. colour underneath : The | , 
 Neck, Breaft, and Belly pale: The Eyes fmall and lively, having a black Pupil; | 
 | : a | and 
 
 
 
O 
 
 Boon, ORNITHOLOGH a 
 
 I 
 and a white circle,and adusky {pot hardly confpicuous about thems The Feet leaden- 
 coloured. , 
 
 The Grifola of * Aldrovandus, * Book 75 
 
 Chap.28. 
 There is a certain other finall bird caught in our fields, which the F owlers call 
 
 Grifola, perchance from its grey or hoary colour, although it be not grey, but of a 
 
 dusky afh-colour : Or perchance becauféit cries much, keeping alone; for we fome- 
 
 times ufe the word Sridare, to fignifie lamenting. | It feeds upon flies, and other {lich 
 
 like Infects, as I gather from the figureand conftruction of its Bills for it is flender; 
 
 {treight, and long, Onthe Neck and Breatt it is diftinguifhed with oblong, brown 
 
 {pots, tending downwards. The whole Belly is white. TheHead, upper fide of 
 
 the Neck, Back, and Tail are dusky, as are alfo: the Wings, the feathers whereof 
 
 ae _ fides and ends of a paleath-colour. The Legs and Feet are alfo dusky or 
 lackith, 
 
 The Glareana of Grien Vogelin of Gefner. 
 
 Hither alfo for its fpotted: Breatt we will refer the Glareana or Grien Vocelin of 
 Gefuer : whichbecaufé the Author defcribed from the infpedction of a Picture fent him 
 from Strasburgh, we fufpec not to differ from the above defcribed, although in fome 
 
 particulars it {eemstovary. We refer the Reader, that defires more conceming it, to 
 Gefner or Aldrovandys:: 
 
 
 
 CHap. II. 
 Of the Swallow in general. 
 
 Ti charaCteriftic notes of Swallows are a great Head, a fhort Neck, a final, 
 {hort Bill, a wide mouth, for the more eafie catching of Flies, and other In- 
 fects, as they flie to andfro: Very long Wings ; a {wift and almoft continual 
 flight 5-along and forked Tail for the more read y and {peedy turning their body, and 
 directing their flight : WhiteEggs, {peckled with ferrugineous {pots, as Aldrovandys 
 truly obferved. » This bird is the Springs Herald, being not feen throughout all Ex- 
 rope in Winter-time : Whence that Gréek Proverb, common to almoft al] Languages, 
 Mia 9¢ridey tap % mois One Swallow makes not a Spring. a Hess 
 We have obferved:four forts of Swallows in England,’ and not'more elfewhere. 
 Thole are, 1. The common or Houfé-Swallow: 2. The Martin; or Martinet, or 
 Martlet : 3. The Sand-Martin or Shore-bird: 4. The black Martin or Swift. OF 
 this laft we have feen‘a fort painted, with the whole Belly white. - And julivs Scaliger 
 affirms, that he hath feen one of this kind as big asa Buzzard : No way differing in 
 fhape from the common one, fave in the Legs'and Talons, and hookednefs of the 
 Beak, all fitted for prey. eet: 
 As forthe Phyfical vertues and faculties of Swallows and their parts, Schroder hath 
 thus briefly {ummed them up. | 
 I. Swallows entire are a {pecificremedy for the Falling ficknefs, dimnef¥ of fight, 
 blear eyes, ( their afhes mingled with honey and Jo applied’) they cure alfo the Squinancy, 
 and inflammation of the *Vaula, ( being eaten, or their afhes taken inwardly.) . Fis 6 f the 
 2.A Swallows heart is alfo faid tobe good for the Falling ficknefs, and to {trengthen “°"” 
 the memory. Some:eat it againft the Quartan Amie. aoe 
 3. Some will havethe bloud to be a {pecific for the Eyes : And they prefer that which 
 is drawn from under the left Wine. | | | 
 4. There is a Stone found fometinies. ( though feldom) intheftemach of fome of 
 the young Swallows, called Chelidoniws, of the bignefs of a Lentileor Peafe. This 
 they will have to help.the Falling ficknefsin Children (hound to thearm, or hung about 
 the neck, rer ; yen | 
 i They report this. {tone to..be found. efpecially. in the increafe of the Moon, XS 
 and in the firft hatch’d-yong:one. ..Others take it.out in Auguft about the Full of the ay 
 Moon. gatery ot i: | ; ; 
 
 
 
 Eé 2 3. The 
 
 
 
212 aq” NITHOLOGY. Boox II. ' 
 
 Se I a a i asia 
 
 5. The Neff, outwardly applied gives relief in the Squinancy : Heals the rednefs 
 of the Eyes, and is good for the biting of an Adder, or Viper. 
 
 6. The Dung heats very much, difcuffes, and isacrimonious. Its chief ufe is againft 
 the bitings ofa mad dog, taken outwardly andinwardly 3 in Colic and. Nephritic pains 
 takeninwardly, put up it provokes excretion. Schrod. 4 iia rch, Saloage fox Lig 
 
 hype yl pol LL VA yvhii Kn. fos, RM faethe fic, | 
 
 An approved Medicine for the F alling fickne(s. 
 
 
 
 Z ; Gan ‘ty “lw {fy | 
 qi / WHALE iL AH TE ait 
 
 , 
 
 Take one hundred Swallows, [ I fuppofe here is fome miftake, and that one quar- 
 ter of this number may ——o one ounce of Cafforenm, one ounce of Peiony roots, 
 fo much White-Wineas hall fufice. - Diftill all together,and give the Patient to drink 
 three drachms faftingevery Morning. This will leffen every fit, and perfectly cure 
 them. Purge often, as the ftrength of the Patient will bear, with Stibzum. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuapr. Ill. ; 
 Of Swallows im particular. 
 
 6. be 
 
 The common or Houfe-Swallow. Hirundo domeltica. 
 
 
 
 ing feveninches long, and meafuring from tip to tip of the Wings extended, 
 twelve andan half broad. “Its Bill was fhort, black, flat, anddepreffed, very 
 broad atthe Head, but fharp-pointed ; black alfo on the infide: But the Tongue and 
 roof of the mouth yellow. ‘he aperture of the mouth gaping very wide, for the 
 conveniency of catching Flies and Gnatsas fhe flies. The Tongue fhort, broad, and | 
 
 Ti e Female weighed fearce anounce : From the Bill to the end of the Tailbe- . 
 
 cloven: TheEyes gteat, and furnifhed with niGating membranes: The fides hazel- 
 colette The Feet fhortand, > the outmoft toe growing to the middlemoft at 
 
 ttom.  - ee at me 1, Ds 
 The Head, Neck, Back, and Rumpare of a very lovely fhining, but dark purplih | 
 bluecolour. As well above as underneath the Bill, that is to fay, in the Forehead and 
 under the chin,is a deep fanguine fpot : But that underneath is much the bigger. The | 
 Throat is of the fame colour withthe Neck. The Breaft andbelly white, with adafh 
 of red; as arealfo the interiour covert-feathers of the Wings. -The; Fail is forked 
 confifting of twelve feathers; the outmoft of which are an inch longer than the next, 
 and end in fharp points: Of the reft the interiour are alfo fhorter in order than the 
 exteriour, but the difference much lefs.. Allthefe feathers of the Tail,except the two 
 middlemoft, are black, andeach adorned with a white {pot : Which fpots crofs the 
 Tail ina fireight line. [The two middlemoft want the white fpot.] The Wings 
 have eighteen quill-feathers, alike black: But all the covert feathers are of a deep 
  fhining blue. | ' 
 In the Stomach of ‘an old bird we found Beetles 5 in the {tomachs of the young ma- 7 4 
 ny fall, pellucid, unequal {tones, tin@ured with a fair Claret colour; not far from | 
 the Eggs {mall worms {pirally rolledup, of three incheslength. Thefe birds buildin | 
 Chimneys. _ About-the end of | Séptember wefaw. great numbers of them to be fold 
 in the Market at-Valentia in Spain, when we travelled through that Country; 
 Auno t664. > ~ | | | | 
 What becomes of Swa/owsin Winter time, whether they fly into other Countries, : | 
 orlie-torpid in hollow trees, and the like places, neither are natural Hiftorians agreed, 
 nor indeed can we certainly determine. Tousit feems more probable that they fly 
 away into hot Countries, viz, Egypt, Atthiopia, &c. then that either they lurk in hol- 
 low trees, or holes of Rocks and ancient buildings, or lie in water under the Ice in 
 Northern Countries, as Olaws Magnus reports. For as Herodotus witnefleth, they 
 abide all the yearin Egypt, underftand it of thofe that are bredthere ( faith Aldrovan- 
 dws’). for thofethat are bred with us only fly:thither to winter: I am affured of my 
 own knowledge (faith Peter Martyr) that Swallows, Kates; and other Fowl fly over 
 Sea out of Exropeto Alexandria to winter. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 eee a 7 Swallows 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
— EEE 2S ee - 
 
 
 
 Boo II. ORNITHOLOGY. 21> 
 Swallows fometimes vary in colour, as do alfo many other birds ; I have ( faith 
 
 Aldrovandus ) often feen Houfe Swallows all over white. If any one defires to have 
 white Swa/ows, let him anoint their Eggs while they fit, with oyl-olive, Aldrov. 
 
 §. I. 
 The Martin, or Martinet, or Martlet. Hirundo jagreftis five rultica Plinii. 
 
 His being meatured fromthe tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail was. (ix inches 
 long: The Wings being fpread ten inches and an half broad. Its Head flats 
 its Bill alfo very much depreffed and flat, as in the Honfe-Swallow ; at its infertion into 
 the Head 2 of an inch broad, but {harp at the point : From. the tip to the angles of 
 the Mouth but half an inch long; the upper Chap fomewhat longer than the nether. 
 The Mouthis yellow withinfide: The Tongue cloven. The Circles encompaffing the 
 Pupils of the Eyes. of a havel-colour. The F eet (mall, and Legs fhort. The oa] 
 of the foot bare; in which appear the bottoms of the exteriour Toes joyned by a 
 membrane. TheClaws are white: The Feetto the very Claws covered with a white 
 ee By which note it is eafily diftinguifhable from all its fellows of the Swallow- 
 ind. 
 Its Head, Neck, Back, Tail and Wings are of the fame colour with the Houfe- 
 Swallows, but fadder, and not fo gloffie: Its Rump, Breaft, and Belly milk-white. 
 Under the Chin the white is fomewhat more fullen or obfcure. Each Wing hath 
 eighteen mafter-feathers ; From the tenth the fix or feven. following have: their tips | 
 broad and indented. The tips of the * interiour quil-featherstare white. ‘The Tail * Tha is 
 is lefs forked than in the How/é-Swallow. . The feathers from the middle on éach fide era a 
 are longer in order, the exteriour thanthe interiour, almoft by an equal excefs 5 other- = 
 wile thanin the Houfe-Swallow, the ourmoft feathers of whole Tail (Cas we faid before) 
 exceed the next three times as much as they do the following, oc. The length of 
 the outmoft feathers is two inches and an half, of the middlemolt one and three 
 uarters. 
 : In the {tomachs of the:Young of this kind we found no {tones, but many Fliés and 
 Beetles. This bird builds round Nett like the Hox e-Swallow, and alfo of like mat- 
 _ ter, yet notin Chimneys, but im Windows, tinder Eves of Houles, ee. It differs 
 moreover, in that the Hon/e-Swal/ows Nett is like thofe of other birds, femicircular, 
 and all open above; but its Neftis covered above, a round hole only being left open = 
 in the fide, by which the old one goesin and out.4zx fore Adee Lave comer nlp. Hiei) 2010) Celle rz 
 ial! (ts fel [tt V AUITKO fel eRe tr atte fhivte VL Me LR pt yrtA A pk ope LF 4 wbeR tte 
 papel it Ly BP iMdl hua thiyf Finvl Pith ays III. : ; 
 
 ee 
 
 ' : — ~ _ 
 a a me ntl aw - = x - - Sot aa ——— - 
 ——. ~ ~ = ae oe he ———_ = = = ae 
 7 ee ee ee ee ae a a - ae apt ——— 
 
 The Sand-Martin, or Shore-bird. Hirundo riparia, Aldrov. 
 
 His bird isthe leaft that we know of the Swallow-kind s being from the tipof ~~ 
 the Bill to theend of the Tail no more than five inches anda quarter long. Its | 
 
 Billis fmall, fharp, flat, black, as ii the reft of this kind, from the point tothe angles 
 of the Mouth half an inch long = Its Tongue cloven: Its Eyes greats its Fede du sky. 
 At the rife of the back-toe a few finall feathers grow 3 élfe the Legs are bare as far ag 
 the knees. 
 
 ItsHead, Neck, and Back are of adark dun, or Moufe colour: ffs Chin, Breaft, 
 and Belly white. At the bottom of the Throat a Ring of the fame Moufe-dun en- 
 compaties the Neck. 'The number of feathers in Wings and. Tail is the famé'as in 
 other Swallows. But the quil-feathers of the Wings are blacker than the feathers on 
 the back ; from the tenth to the laft all of equal length ; the fix next to the tenth have 
 their tips indented. The middle feathersof the Tail are an inch and three quarters 
 long, the outmoft aninch and half. | s 
 
 It builds in the holes of River-banks, lays five or fix Egos, makes its Nelt of {traws, 
 bents, @c. withinof feathers, omwhich it laysits Eggs. : 
 
 It differs from the Common Martin in having no white upon the Rump,nor its feet 
 feathered, asthat hath. a0 at EITC W | | 
 
 Of thiskind great numbers are brought to the Marketsat Valentia in Spain to befold 
 for the ufe of the Kitchin; where the Fowlers'and:Country people call them * Papilion * thar is 
 di Montagna. They are frequent alfo in Hollaady and no les in England. ei Raia 
 
 §. IV. 
 
 
 
 —— 
 

 
 214. 
 
 * Caprimulgus. 
 
 Out of Aldyo- 
 VANAIS. 
 
 * Rittus, 
 which figni- 
 fies properly 
 the gape of 
 the mouth. 
 
 ee) 
 
 ORNCIT HOLOGY. Boox II. 
 
 §. IV. 
 The black Martin or Swift. Hirundo apus. 
 
 His is the biggeft of all SwaVows we have hitherto feen. It hath a great Head, 
 
 ; a huge wide mouth; but a very {mall, black Bill, ( wherein it agrees with the 
 * Churn-Owl ) towards the Nofthrils broad and deprefled. Its Tongueis broad, and 
 {omewhat cloven: Its Nofthrils long, placed obliquely, obtufe toward the Head, 
 acute toward the point of the Bill: Its Eyes great, and their Irides of ahazel colour, 
 
 it hath almoft no variety or difference of colour in the whole body: For as well 
 the upper asthe lower fide, and alfo the Wings and Tail are black, with an obfcure 
 tincture of green, or red: Only under the Chin is a notablefpot of white or afh- 
 colour. 
 
 It hath in each Wing eighteen quil-feathers, all ending in fharp points, but efpeci- 
 ally the exteriour ones. The Tail is about an hand-breadth long, confifting of but 
 ten feathers, fromthe middle to the outmoft in order one longer than another,ending 
 all in fharp points. “a: 
 
 Its Legs‘are very fhort, but thick: Its Feet very fmall: All its Toes ftand for- 
 wards; for the leaft, which in others is wont to {tand backward, is in this placed the 
 fame way withthereft. The leaft Toe hath, asin other birds, onebone: Theother 
 
 three, contrary to the manner of all other that we know befides it, have allan equal » 
 
 number of bones or joynts, vz. only two, the one very fhort, the other longer. The 
 Toesalfo are all divided from thevery rife. 
 The Gall-bladder is little. The Stomach not very flefhy, out of which diffected 
 
 we took Beetles and other Infecs. | 
 They fay, that by reafon of the length of its Wings, and fhortnefs of its Legs, if 
 
 it happens toalight or fall upon the ground, it cannot raife it {elf upagain, but may 
 
 eafily be caught. Wherefore it doth eitheralways fly,or fit upon the tops of Churches, 
 Towers, or other ancient buildings. 
 
 Its weight was three quarters of an ounce: Tts length from the tip of the Bill to 
 the Claws five inches, to the end.of the Fail feven anda quarter. ‘The diftance be- 
 tween the tips of the wings extended fixteen inches and an half. 
 
 _ OF this kind we have feen the Picture of one having its whole nether part, Throat, 
 Breaft, and Belly, white: And, as we faid before, Scaliger mentions one of the bignefs 
 
 of a Buzzard. 
 §. V. 
 
 * Aldrovandus his Sea-Swallow. 
 
 His bird, in my judgment belongs not to this Family, but, ought to be ranked with the 
 leffer Lari or Sea-Gulls. | | , | — 
 
 “Te is (faith Aldrovandus ) much bigger than a Swallow, and hath longer legs. ited 
 
 whole Belly up to the Breaft iswhites its Head, Wings, and Back duskifh. Its Wings 
 and Tail, asin Swallows, are very long, and of a blackifh colour, but brown within- 
 fide. Its Tail is forked. Its Bill ftrong,and black, asina Gw#. Its“ Mouth wide, 
 and. ofia fcarlet colour within. From the Bill through the Eyes, almoft to the Breaft, 
 is extended a notable black line, which near the Breaft makes as it were a Collar. ‘The: 
 Feet areasblack as Jet, and( asI faid before ) lefSthana Swallows. For its likenefs it 
 is called by Fowlers, The Sea Swallow. 41 
 
 | @ VE aj ais aia 
 * The American Swallow, called. by the Brafilians, Tapera, by the Portugue 5 % 
 
 _ Andorinha. Marg grav. Reps SO Qcisd 
 st eit 1e a CH hiya: | aa eiaitib.31 
 i is like our Country Swallows, of the fame bignefs, and flying about after the: 
 
 fame manner. » It hath a fhort, broad, black. Bill: A wide Mouth, which it can 
 open beyond the region of the Eyes, like the, greater Jbijan5 elegant, black: Eyes : 
 
 = 
 7 
 
 Long Wings, reaching as far as the,end. of the Tails, which is of a good »breadth.. 
 <Tts Legs and Feet like thofe of our Country Swallows. All the upper part of the 
 
 Head, 
 
 SG =" ‘¢ a7 . >> 
 
 
 
 Be) Patk 
 \ 
 mii! 
 Pr > 
 * bob . 
 
 
 
 2 . . . 
 ’ p E 
 ai Was» © = “— oe | ——_— 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
iim. ~~ "A eee 
 Boox II, ORNITHOLOGY. 215 
 Head, the Neck, Back, Wings, and Tail feathers are of a brown colour mj | 
 2 9 3 . BS ? l 
 wih mp The Belly iswhite, asareal the feathers under the Tail: The iatGnt 
 eet dusley. | : 
 This bird perchance may not differ {pecifically from our European black Mart; 
 Swift + For that, aswe before obférved, the Euro Swift vari ete dc. 
 lour, being found with a white belly: Sip list) ae co 
 
 6. VIL. 
 * The Chinefe Swallow of Bontius, whofe Neft is edible, 
 
 N the Sea-coaft ( faith he ) of the Kingdom of Chiva, afort of fall particoloure 
 | binds, of the thape of Swallows, at a edpuald feafon of the year, bin. their eet 
 ig time, come out of the midland Country tothe Rocks; and from the foam or 
 _ froth of the Sea-water dathing and breaking again{t the bottom of ‘the Rocks gather 
 
 2. certain clammy, olutinous matter, perchance the Sperm of Whales, or other fifhes, 
 of which they build their Netts, wherein they lay their Eggs, and hatch their Young. 
 Thefe Nefts the Chinefe pluck from the Rocks, and. bring them in great numbers in- 
 to the! Baft Indies to fell « which are efteemed ‘by ghuttons great delicacies, who dit. 
 hive them in Chicken or Mutton broth, are very fond of them, preferring them 
 far before Oysters, Muthromes, or other dainty and licorith morféls which molt gra- 
 ufie the Palate, - 
 
 Wehave feen of this fort of Netts in the Cabinets of Athanajlivs Kircher the Je- 
 {uite, and other Vartuof.. They are(as * Olaus Wormiys reports ) of a Hemifpherical * agi, tib.s, 
 figure, of the bignelis of a Goole-Egs, of a fublftance refembling Ifing-glafs. Con- ©P-2"- 
 ccrning their faculties or vertues (faith Fohve de Laet in his Epiltle to Wormins ) re- 
 ports vary, fome attributing to them fomething Venereal, others not. But he 
 writes,that he had been informed by thofe whocommanded in chief in the Eaft Indies, 
 that the birdsthat build them were found upon that part of the Sea-coaft that is com- 
 monly called Corowandel, and chiefly about Patane. } 
 
 oT abos ht Re ee 
 Cuaprp. Iy. 
 Slender-billd birds that have their Tails all of one colour. 
 
 we 
 
 The Fedge-Sparrow, Curruca Eliote, An Maenanina Aldrov 2 
 oe is almoft asbig asa Titlark or Robin-red-breaft. Tes Bill is flender, * pret-¥ From the 
 ty long, and blacks the Tongue cloven, horny, and black at the tip : The tip to ae 
 : Nofthrils of the figureof a Kidney-bean : The Irides of the Eyes hazel-co- at ane 
 loured: The Ears greatand wide. Ups atte | half an inch, 
 The upper fide of the body is particoloured of black and dirty-red, the middle 
 parts of each feather about the thaft being black, the outfides or edgesred. Thefe - 
 colours are {0 dull and fullen, that the bird notwithftanding, Jook’d onat a diftance,, %.  - ae 
 appearsbut of abrownordirty colour. The Head’and Back thew fomething of ci- Pe2-4 peop: Hehe: 
 nereous, the middle {pots being darker. The Rump is greenifh, and void of fpots, “ eer sha “ae 3 
 The prime feathers of the Wings dusky, with reddith edges. The interiour of : — 
 the fecond row of Wing-feathers have whitith tips: The lefler covert-feathers of 
 the Wings are of the fame colour with thof on the body. This hath that extreme 
 {hort feather in ‘each Wing, which fome birds want. The Tail is about two inches 
 long, made up of twelve feathers, all dusky, without any variety of colours. The 
 nether part of the body dscinercous, yet the lower belly whitith, but in fome birds 
 darker, and of a lead-colour, The Legs and Feet are of a yellowifh flefh-colour ; 
 the Clawsdusky 5 the hind-daw greater andlonger than any of the reft. The out- 
 molt Toe, as in other {mall birds, at bottom grows tothemiddlemoft, | - Sie 
 The Cock had large Tefticles: Theblind Guts feemed to usin this to be more round _- ae 
 and tumid than imother fall birds. The ftomach was not veryflefhy. It builds in ee 
 hedges, and lays commonly five Ege is a foolifh bird, and eafily taken. Its Eggsare 
 of a fine pale blue or Sea-green colour. 
 Dil red ae £4, tie Phe dope 7 a Ae Tena pee tay 
 
 
 
 e , 
 - 
 
 A 
 

 
 ih 
 DEO TEEN ee EE | 
 
 216 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox IL. 
 enlace 
 
 A late Englifh Writer faith, that they are a very pleafant Song-bird, finging 
 early in the Spring, and having great variety of notes’: Old or young become tame 
 very {wiftly, and will fing in a fhort {pace after they aretaken, if you take them m 
 the latter end of .Fannary, or beginning of February. 
 
 Its weight wasthree quarters ofan Ounce: Its meafures were from the Bill to the 
 
 Claws fix inches; to the Tail end feven; from Tip totip of the Wings {pread eight 
 and anhalf. ‘Perchance this may be the Bird which Gefzer makes his firft Curruca, 
 whofe figure you have in Aldrovands Ornithology, /2b.17. cap. 34. 
 
 In the Nett of this bird the Cuckow 1s {aid tolay her Egg, which the foolifh. bird fits 
 upon, hatches, and brings up the young one till it be fledg’d, and can fhift for it felf: 
 Whence the word Curruca fignifies as much in Latine as Cuckold with usin Exglifh, 
 j. e. one that brings up another mans Child for hisown: Ifuppofe our word Cuckold 
 came from Cuckom, but a man abufed in that manner _1s very improperly fo called, he 
 that abufes him being indeed the Cuckom, that lays an Egg in his Neft. Whether or no 
 this Bird doth hatch and bring up the young Cuckow I cannot fay of my ownexperi- 
 ence, butlam fure this is not the only Cuckows-nurfe, for Ihave known the Water- 
 wagtail, and other birds perform that office. i 
 
 Fie -“Aldrovandus defcribes his Magnaninain thefe words. Itis abird of the bignefs of a 
 
 a Sparrow, havingaf{lender, fharp, black Bill: On the nether fide down to the Belly of 
 a pale afh-colour, the belly being white. Behind the Eyes it hath a notable {pot of 
 almoft a Chefnut colour, of which colour is alfo thecrown of the head. The greater 
 Wing-feathers are black; the Tail of a f{padiceous, but paler than the Back. The 
 Legs and Feet yellow, the Claws black. Some of our Fowlers call 1t Magzanina, as 
 much to fay, as a Smith or Carpenter-bird, perchance becaufe it makesa loud knock- 
 ing or {napping with its Bill as it catches flies: Other call it, Paffere matto, thatisa 
 foolifh Sparrow, perhaps from its colour, which approaches to {padiceous, or rather 
 becaufe it eafily yieldsit felf to be taken. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ————e 
 
 Cuap. Y. 
 
 ‘The Beccafigo or Fig-eater, perchance the fourth, or feventh Ficedula of 
 Aldrovandus, to which are fubjoyned the defcriptions of other [mall Birds akin 
 to this out of Aldrovand. | 
 
 colour of its Head, Neck, Back, Wings, and Tail from afh-colour inclines 
 to green, in fome dusky,with a Tincture of green. It hath the fame number See ae 
 of Wing. and Tail-feathers withall other {mall birds. But the quills of the Wing are | 
 of a Moute-dun, with black fhafts, and green edges. The lefler rows of feathers that 
 cover theunderfide of the Wingsare yellow. The Tailis about two inches long, not 
 forked, and all its feathers of a dusky colour. e't 
 T he Belly of a white or filyer colour: The Breaft fomething darker, with a tin- 
 Gureof yellow. | 
 The Billis fhort, the upper Mandible black, the lower bluifh: The Mouth within- 
 fide of ared or fiefh-colour: The Legs fhort, the Feet bluifh, and in fome of a lead 
 colour. 
 This bird is not remarkable for any variety of colours, fo that it is very hard fo to 
 de(eribe it, as by certain and characteriftic notes to diftinguifh it from all others. 
 In its ftomach diflected we found grape-ftones, and other feeds. 
 Mr. Fefop thot this bird in Yorkshire, and fent it us by the name of Pettychaps. 
 Thefeventh The feventh Ficedula of Aldrovand, which he faith his Country-men the Bolognefe 
 eee call Scatarello, but the Genoefe Beccafigo, is almoft all over of a dusky afh-colour, 
 Aldrov. efpecially on the back and upper-fide, for the Breaf{t 1s yellow: The Feet are black. 
 Saying in the colour of the Feet it. agrees with the Bird by, us defcribed in this 
 hapter. | 
 rhefecond .. Neither is the fecond Mufeicapa of Aldrovand, or Chinin of the Bolognefe, called 
 mufeicapa of by the Genoese, Borin, much unlike to this. It isa little bigger than a Wren 35 its Bill 
 
 + His isa very {mall bird, {carce fobig as the common Lznnet, fhort bodied. The 
 
 
 
 > = = iia ea re, y.. * : ‘ z 
 
 
 
 
 
 alcrev.ot B flender, fharp, and very fit to ftrike flies. The upper part of its Head, as alfo its 
 Genvtfe. Neck and Back are of a pale afh-colour: its Head beneath, its Throat, Breaft, and 
 Belly are of a white, tending to yellow ; but the Breaft and Belly more dilute. The 
 
 * Wings 
 
 4 
 
 SS Os tee 
 
 
 
Boox II. ORNITHOLOGY. "g 
 
 Wings above dun, underneath alfo of the fame colour, but paler. The Rump white. 
 The Tail ( which contifts of twelve feathers ) 1s three inches long, and of the fame 
 colour with the Wings. The Legs and Feet * Spadiceous: The Claws long and * Of theco- 
 
 {lender lour of the 
 
 eee has ae ; 4 : Palm tree 
 Moreover, the Salicaria of Gefner is either the fame with this, or certainly near branch. 
 
 akinto it. It is, faith he, a very {mall bird, of colour partly dusky, as on the upper By mes ae 
 fides partly yellowifh, ason the nether; and partly whitith, as on thefides, and near bird of Ge/x, 
 
 the Neck, having reddith Legs. It feeds upon: fliés, Spiders, and-other Infects that 
 it finds among Willows, which that it may enjoy alone, it drives away other finall 
 Birds. . It hath aflender, {treight Bill. , 
 
 Aldrovanduys deferibes another bird by the name of his. firft Mafcicapa, or Flie~ The toaiinz 
 catcher, which he faith from following and frequenting Kine, the Bolognese call Bog» % 4! 
 rola, or Boarina. It isisa long-bodied bird, and hatha pretty long Bill, of a dusk 
 reddifh colour. The Head and whole Back are of a colour mixt of * plumbeous, 1. et 
 cinereous, and yellowifh. The Breaft and all the belly white; but the Breaft {potted 
 with black. The Wings are particoloured, of black, yellowith, and white - The Tail 
 long, black, and white on the fides : The Legs and Feet black, 
 
 
 
 
 
 aarti sn 
 CHap.. Vi. 
 
 A {mall bird without name like to the Stopparola of Aldrovand, perchance the 
 Moucherolle of Bellonius. 
 
 Or bignefs and colour it is very like toa Hen-Sparrow, but of a longer and flen- 
 derer body. The Head, Neck, Back, and generally the whole upper fideis. of 
 a dark cinereous or Moufe-dun + Yet the Wings and Tail darker than the mid- 
 dle of the Back : And on the top of the Head,to one who heedfully views it; appear 
 certain black fpots. All thenether fide is white: But the fhafts of the feathers in the 
 Breaft are black, and the Throatand Sides fomewhat red. The Tail is two inches and 
 a quarter long, all dusky, as are alfo the greater quil-feathers of the Wings, for the 
 edges of the interiour are of a yellowith white. } The outmoft feather of the Wing 
 is very fhort and little. [ In fome birds of this kind the tips of the interiour fea- 
 thers of the fecond row, as alfo of the baftard-wing feathers are of a yellowith 
 white. 
 
 The bil is {treight, black, broad, and depreffed, or flat near the Head. The up- 
 per Chap rifes up in an angle or ridge all along the middle, ( whence the Bill feems to 
 be triangular ) and isa little longer than the nether, and fharp-pointed. The mouth 
 gapes wide ; and is yellow withinfide. The Tongue cloven with a deep incifion, 
 rough on the fides. The Legs fhort and black: The Feet alfo {mall and fhort. The 
 outer toe below fticks faft to the middle one, asin the reft of this kind. | 
 
 The Gail is yellow’: The Tefticles fmall and black. In the Gizzard we found Bees, 
 Flies, and other Infects. In fummer-time it frequents gardens with usin Exgland: Inthe ° 
 young birds of this kind the Back is {potted with black and white. 
 
 This bird differs from the White-throat, in that its Tailis all of one colour ; from 
 the Beecafigo in the colour of its body, being of a dusky cinereous or Moufe-dun, 
 whereas that is paler coloured, and. tinctured with green; from both, in magnitude 
 and in the figure of its Bill, which Cas we faid before ) is broad, depretied, and 
 triangular. Ss 
 
 Wehave before in the Chapter of Larks prefented the Reader with the deferipti- 
 ons of the Stopparola and Stopparole (emilis of Aldrovand. As for the Moucherole, 
 Bellonius defcribes it thus : | | | 
 
 It isof the bignefs of the * Curruca, lives in woods, and feeds chiefly upon files, * Hedge. 
 whence alfo it is called * Moucherolle ( Mouchein. French fignifying a fly.) It is folike a SP¥tO*s 
 Sparrow, that unlefs by its conditions while itis living, and its Bill when dead, it can 
 hardly be diftinguifhed from it. It hath {trong legs and feet: The feet alfo black. 
 The Bill 1s {lender and oblong, like a Robin-re ~breafis: The Tailalfo long. In briefir 
 is in all points like to the {mall Field-Sparrow that haunts Oaks, excepting the Bill, and 
 its pleafant note. It lies much in Woods and Thickets, flying and hiding it felf there. 
 This defcription of BeZonixs {eems rather to agree to our Hedg-Sparrow than to the 
 bird defcribed in this Chapter. .F ae 
 
 
 
oy, 
 
 718 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox IL. 
 
 ia 
 | 
 
 
 
 —_———- ~- — 
 
 
 
 
 
 * The Brafilian Tijeguacu of Marrgrave, 
 
 For the figure of its Bill alike depreffed and triangular we have fubjoyned. this 
 bird to theprecedent, though otherwifenot muchrefembling it. ‘It is ( faith Marg- 
 grave ) of the bigitels of a Sparrow, or a little biggers hath a fhort, triangular; and i 
 fomewhat broad, black Bill: Its Eyes of a Sapphire colour ; its Legs and Feet of a | 
 waxen, with duskifi Claws. Its Toesare difpofed after the ordinary mannet. The | 
 whole bid is a8 black as a Raven: But on the top of the Head it hath a fhining fan- 
 guine {pot of the figure of a buckler. The feathers covering the whole back almolt, 
 and part of each Wing above, fiom black incline to blue. The Tail 1s fhort and 
 black. 
 
 
 
 Cuarp. VI. ee | 
 The. Redftart, Ruticilla, Pomixvers, 
 
 The Head, Neck, and Back of a léad-colour. The forehead marked witha 
 
 white fpot, feparated from the Eyes and Bill by a black line, although it 
 {éems to be produced beyond the Eyes to the hinder part of the Head, and to en- 
 compafs the crown of the head ( whichis, as wefaid,of a lead colour. ) ‘The Throat 
 and Cheeks under the Eyes black, witha mixture of grey in the ends of the feathers. 
 In the Femalethe Back is of a dusky afh-colour: The Throat of a paler cinereous = 
 The Breatt red ; the Belly white. 
 
 The quill-feathers in‘each Wing eighteen, as in other (mall birds, all dusky : The 
 upper covert-feathers black, thenether red. TheTail ismade upof the ufual num- 
 ber of twelve feathers, of which the five outmoft on each fide are red, the two mid- 
 dlemoft dusky, two inches and.an half long. ... 5 5 3 7 
 
 The Bill is black: The Legs alfoare black in the Gock; in the Hen both Bill and 
 feet ate paler. The loweft bone of the outer Toe is joyned to that of the middle Toe. 
 The Tongue is cloven: The mouth within yellow : The Irides of the Eyes of a hazel 
 colour. TheEyes are furnifhed with nictating membranes. 
 
 It feeds upon Beetles, and other Infedts, and comes to us in Summer-time. 
 
 It weighs half'an ounce, 1s five inches long, and nine broad. 
 
 This bird, faith a late Exglifh Writer, is of a very dogged fullen temper: For if 
 taken old, and ordered as formerly directed in the Nightingale, he will be fometimes 
 fo dogged as in ten daystime never to look toward the meat, and when he feeds him- 
 lf to continue a whole month without finging.. This is alfo the fhieft of all birds, 
 for if fhe percerve you to mind. her when the 1s building, fhe will forfake what fhe 
 hath begun, and if you touchan Egg fhe never comes to her Neft more: And if you 
 
 touch her young ones, fhe will either ttarve them, or throw them out of the Neft and 
 break their necks, asI found by experience more than once. The Young are to be 
 taken at ten days old, and to be fed and ordered as the Nightingales. Keep them 
 watm im Winter, and they will fing as well in the night as the day, and will learn to 
 whittle and imitate other birds. Taken young, and brought up, they become gentle 
 and very tame. | 
 | Befides this common Redftart, Gefver and Aldrovand deferibe feveral other kinds, 
 ye as 1. That which: Aldrovandus makes histhird, which Gefver defcribes thus: Its fore- 
 nerd 5, headismarked with a white fpot: The feathers under the Billare black. The Head 
 Gener fure and Back are of acinereous or dusky colour. The Wing-feathers are dusky, mo- 
 miftaken in » aes | 2 ’ 
 the number Cerately inclining to red. The Breaft, Belly, and Tailare red; but the lower Belly 
 ~ te whitifh. The Tail confifts of * eight feathers. For bignefs this bird is inferiour to 
 European {mall the great Titmonfe or Ox-eye, equal to the Robin-red-breaft. Its Ballas black, flender, 
 birdstever ong and fireight. ; 
 ee The fourth of Aldrevand 1s in all points like this, fave that the white {pot on the 
 feathers in forehead is changed into a long line : The Breatt alfo feems to be more cinereous, and 
 theit ae the lower belly not white. } ; 
 yet Mh, ae A eR otfelmentzelof Gefner, fo called from the rednefsofthe Tail, thedefcripti- 
 ‘om.3.p.748, O0 Whereof he took from a Picture fent him from Strasburgh: Therefore we fhall 
 : add 
 
 TT" Breaft, Rump, and fides under the Wings are red; The lower Belly white: 
 
 
 

 
 Book, ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 add no more concerning it, efteeming fuch Pidtures lef§ exaé) and not much to be 
 i upon, who will may fee the defcription’ in Gefner, or Aldrovand out of 
 im, 
 
 3. The Bird called Weeflecklin about Strasburgh, Gefn. Its Breaft was blue, the part 
 between the Breaft and Belly of a pale or yellowifh red; which colour alfo the up- 
 per fide of the Tail feathers, but not to the end, and tho about the Rump, were of. 
 The Billis fhort, the Belly cinereous, not white, ‘asthe Strasburgh Picture reprefents 
 its the Legs dusky, not red, asinthat Pictures and the feathers under the Bill not 
 blue,but dusky and particoloured. The German name is impofed upon it partly from 
 the ways; for it is much converfant about high ways, roads, and fields, and thence 
 ( as we guefs ) picks up worms and feeds that it finds on the ground ; partly from the 
 blue {pot on its Breaft, as I conjecture. 3 
 
 The Redffart( faith Aldrovandus*y abides with us allthe Summer, but in the end of 
 the Autumn it either flies away, or hides it felf, and in the Spring-time: returns to us 
 again. It feeds upon the fame things: the Robin-red-breaft doth, to wit, flies, crums 
 - bread, Ants Eggs, andif I be not deceived, Spiders too.~ It builds its Neftin hol- 
 OW trees. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CuHuapre. Vii. 
 
 Lhe Robin-red-breaft or Ruddock , Rubecula five Erithacus, Aldroy. 
 EeSuxG., Chrift. 
 
 : His bird denominated from its red breaft, is {6 well known in almoft all Couns — 
 tries, that it needs no long defcription. It weighs about half an ounce, bein 
 
 from Bill to Tail half a foot longs and between the tips of the Wings fread 
 about nine inches broad. The Breaft is of a red or deep Orange colour: which colour 
 compafles alfo the Eyes and upper part of the Bill. The Belly is white ; the Head, 
 Neck, Back, and Tail of a dirty green or ‘yellow, as in Thrufhes [_ rather cinéreous, 
 witha tincture of green. '] A line of blue divides between the red colour and the 
 cinereous on the Head and Neck. Under the Wings is alfo feen fomething of Orange- 
 tawny. 
 
 The exteriour borders of the Wifizs are altioft-of the fame colour with the back - 
 the interiour are fomething yellow. The Tail is two inches and an half long,and made 
 up of twelve feathers. 206 4 
 
 The Bill is {lender, of'a dusky colour, more that half an inch long: The Tongue 
 cloven and jagged: The Ir/des of the Eyes of a hazel colour. The Legs, Feet, and 
 Claws of a dusky or blackifh. The outer foretoe joyned to the middlemoft at bot- 
 tom, asin the reft of this kind. | | 
 
 In Winter-time to feek food it enters into houfes with much confidence, being a 
 very bold bird, fociable and familiar with man. In the Summer-time (as Turwer faith ) 
 when there is plenty of food in the Woods, and it is not pinched with cold, it with- 
 draws it elf with its Brood into the moft defert places. It is a folitary bird, and feeds 
 fingly, whence the Proverb took itsrife, Unum arbuftum non alit duos Erithacos. Of 
 the manner of building its Neft thus Turver from ocular infpection. It makes its Nett 
 among the thickeft thorns and fhrubs in Spineys, where it finds many Oaken leaves, 
 and when it is built covereth it with leaves, not leaving it open every way, but only 
 one paflage to it. On that fide alfo where the entrance is, it builds a long porch of 
 leaves before the aperture, the outmoft end whereofwhen it goes forth to feek meat, 
 it fhuts or {tops up with leaves.. What I now write I obferved when Iwas very 
 _ young; howbeit I will not deny but it may build alfo after another manner. _Ifany 
 have obferved another manner of building let them declare it, and they will very 
 “much. gratifie fuchas are ftudious of thefe things, and my felf efpecially. What I 
 have {een I have candidly imparted. _ The Male (faith Oliva ) may be known and di- 
 
 {tinguifhed from the Female, by the colour of his Legs, which are blacker; and by 
 eertain hairsor beards which grow on each fide his Bill. It feeds upon Worms and 
 other Infects, Ants Eggs, Crums of bread, éc. Fora Song-bird it is by {ome efteemed 
 
 little inferiour to the Nightingale. ee 
 They build commonly three timesa year, in April, May, and Fune : Seldom have 
 above five young ones, and not under four. You may take them at ten days‘old; if 
 you 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 OR NMA T HOLO GT. Boox. I. 
 
 —————— ————— 
 
 
 
 al ia Tee 2) ena en eaten aa 
 you let. them lie too long,they will.befullen. . Feed them with fheeps heart and kg 
 
 minced, finall, in all points like the Nightingale 5 give them but little at once, an 
 pretty often, forif you give them too much, they are apt to throw it up again. Be 
 fure they lie warm, for they are tender birds.. When they begin to beftrong; cage them 
 in a Cage, like the Nightingales, led with bays, and having. Mofs at the, bottom : 
 And give them fheeps heart and Egg, orthe Nightingales Paite,or Woodlarks meat, In 
 a Trap-cage with a meal-worm you may take.a dozen inaday... The Cock may be 
 knownby his Breaft being of a deeper red, and the red going up further upon the 
 Head. He is fubje& to the Cramp, and dizzinels.. For the firft give him three or four 
 Meal-worms and Spiders : For the latter fix or feven Earwigs a week. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 C Hike: EX. 
 The Nightingale, Lufcinia feu Philomela, "Ander Grects. 
 
 Goldfinch or Redftard, long-bodied, of an ounce weight, from Bill-point to 
 
 3 ‘Le Nichtingale, being the chief of all finging birds, is about the bignefs of a 
 
 * A Lion co- 
 four ,or deep 
 gold colour. 
 
 Tail-end feven inches long, and between the extremities of the Wings ex- 
 tended tenandan half broad. Its-colouronthe upper part, vz. Head, and back is 
 a pale* fulvous, with a certain mixture of green, like that of a Redwing. Its Tail is 
 of a deeper fulvous'or red, like aiRedftarts. From its red colour tt took its name 
 Roffignuolo in Italian. Its Belly is white. ‘ The parts under the Wings, the Breaft and 
 Throat are of a darker colour, witha tincture of green. In each Wing it hath eigh- 
 teen quil-feathers, befides the outmoft {mall one, the interiour Webs whereof are 
 livid, theexteriourfulvous. The Tail, as we faid, is red, not forked, two inches and 
 and an half long, compounded.of twelve feathers. The Bill flender, ftreight, in- 
 differentlong, viz. meafuring from, the tip to, the angles of the mouth, near an inch, 
 of a dusky colour:. The upper Chap a little longer and blacker than thenether, the 
 
 nether paler, and flefh-coloured at the|root or rife.» The Bill for its figure refembles a 
 
 Thrujjes or Blackbirds, The Tongue:is notivery fhort, the mouth yellow, within: 
 The Jrides.of the Eyes hazel-coloured:: -TheEars great: The colourof the Feet and 
 Clawsa deep flefh.  [ Olina attributes to the Feet a pale flefh-colour approaching to 
 white. ] But the colour varies according,to the age, for in young birds it 1s fainter, 
 in old ones fuller. . The outmoft foretoes are very near of equal length one toano- 
 ther, which the middlemoft doth much exceed both in thicknefs and length. »,The 
 Heel or Spur is ftrong, butnot long as in Larks. The outmott Toe beneathis joyned 
 to the middle one. The Guts are about ten inches long... _Dhe blind Guts very 
 {mall. ; of ; 
 
 This bird is not remarkable for any variety or beauty of colours, but well known 
 from its finging by night. -And now that mention hath been made of finging, I can- 
 not forbear to produce.and infert-the elegant words of that grave Naturalilt Plizy, 
 concerning the Nightingales admirable skill in finging, her ftudy and contention, the 
 fweetnefs of heraccents, the great variety of her notes, the harmonious modulation 
 and inflection of her voice; which becaufe[ cannot fo render.in Exglifh but that they 
 mutt needs lofe much of their native Empbhafis and Elegancy, J fhall put down in. the 
 Languagethe Authorwrote them. Lufciniis (faith he) diebws ac nockibus continuis 
 quindecine garrulus fine intermiffy. cantws, denfante fe frondium germinc, non in novilfi- 
 mun digna miratuave. Primumtanta vox tamparvo in corpufculo, tam pertinax fpiritus. 
 Deinde in una perfeta mufice fcientia modulatus editur fonus: Et nunc continuo fpiritu 
 trabitur in longum, uunc variaturinflexo, nunc diftinguitur concifo, copulatur intorto, 
 promittitur revocato, infulcatur cx inopinato: Interdum@& fecum ipje murmurat 5 plenus, 
 gravis, acutws, creber, extenfus, ubi vifumeft vibrans, fummus, medius, imus, breviterque 
 omnia tam parvulisin faucibus, qua tot exquifitis tibiarum torments ars homtinum excogi- 
 tavit : Ut won (it dubinm hane fuavitatem pramonftratam. Acne quis dubitet artis effe, 
 plures fingulis unt cantws, nec tidem omnibus, fed fui. cnique. Certant inter fe, paldmque 
 animoja contentio eft. Vika morte finit fepe vitam, fpiritu prius depitiente quam canth. 
 Meditantur aliz juniores, ver fujque quos imitentur accipiunt. Audit difcipula imtentione 
 magna & reddit, vicibi(que reticent.  Intelligitur emendate corredio, O in docente qua- 
 daut reprehentio, ‘Thus Pliny. eee | es | | 
 
 The 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 I {tudioufly omit, fith almoft all 
 
 The Rhetorical Harangues of Modern Writers in commendation of the Nightingale 
 
 they have concerning it is owing to Pliny, being. either 
 
 repeated in the fame words, ora few only changed ; or clie compofed in imitation of 
 
 what we have delivered out of 
 
 him. Thefe things, though with me they {earce ob- 
 
 tain belief} yet willthey feem very credible, if compared with what Gefner, from the 
 relation of a certain friend of his, delivers concerning the admirable faculty of thefe 
 birds in imitating.of humane {peech. To thefe things(faith he let me add a {tory which 
 
 a friend.of mine 
 
 » very learned and credible perfon, wrote to me, 
 
 _ Becaufe you are writing of Birds, I will tell you fomething concerning Nightingales 
 imitating mens voice, and repeating their difcourfes,; which is indeed wonderful, and 
 almoft incredible, butiyetmofttrue, and which I my felf heard with thefe Fars, and 
 had experience of, thislaft Diet at Ratishone in tae year 1546, whilft I lodged there 
 in acommon Inn at the fign of the Golden Crown... Our Hott had three Nightingales, 
 
 placed feparately, fo that each 
 ned that at that ti 
 
 was fhut up fingly by, it elf in a dark Cage. It hap- 
 
 ne, being the Spring of the year, when thofe birds are wont to fing 
 
 indefatigably, and almoft inceflantly 5 I was fo affli&ed with the Stone, that I could 
 
 fleep but very little all night. 
 
 Then about and. after Midnight, when there was no 
 
 noile in the houfe, but all (tll, you might have heard {trange janglings and eamlati- 
 ons oF two Nightingales, talking one with another; and plainly imitating mens dif 
 courfes. For my part I was almoft altonifhed with wonder, For they in the night- 
 
 thought upon. Thofe two of 
 
 them which were moft notable, and matters of this 
 
 Art, werefcarce ten foot diftant one from the other: The third hung more remote, 
 
 fo that Icould not fo well hear it 
 
 as [lay in bed, _ But thofe two it is wonderful to tell, 
 
 how they provoked one another, and by an{wering invited and drew one another to 
 {peak. “Yet did theyinot confound their words, talking both together; ) but rather 
 utter them alternately, or by courfe. But befides the daily difcourfe, which they had 
 lately heardof the Guefts, they did chant out efpecially two {tories one to the other 
 for a long time, even from Midnight till Morning, {0 long as there was no noife of 
 men ftirring, and. that with that native modulation and. various inflection: of their 
 
 notes, that noman, unlefs he w 
 expected from thofe little Creat 
 
 cre very attentive and heedful, would either have 
 ures, or €afily obferved. _When_I asked the Hoft, 
 
 whether their Tongues had been {lit,or they taught to {peak any thing ? He anfwered 
 
 no; whether he had obferved 
 likewife denied that. .The fam 
 
 or did underftand what they fung in the night ? He 
 e faid the whole Family. But I who could not fleep 
 
 whole nights together, did Bre cstly and attentively hearken to the birds, great. 
 { 
 
 ly indeed admiring their indu 
 
 ry and contention. One of the ftories Was. .concern- 
 
 : 
 
 ing the Tapfter, or *“ Houfe-knight (as they call them ) and his Wife, who refuted « servant of 
 
 to follow. him going into the 
 
 Wars, as he defired her. For the Husband endea- the houte. 
 
 voured to perfuade his wife, as far as I underftand by thofe birds, in hope of prey; 
 
 that fhe would leave her fervice 
 
 in that Inn,and go along with him into the Wars. But 
 
 fhe, refufing to follow him, did refolve either to ltay at Ratishone, or gO away to 
 Nurenberg. For theré had been an earneft and long contention between them about 
 thismatter, but (as faras I under{tood )no body, being prefent befides, and without 
 
 the privity of the Mafter of the 
 if by chance in their wrangling 
 
 Houfe 3 and all this Dialogue thebirdsrepeated. And 
 they caft forth any unfcemly words, and that ough 
 
 rather to have been {upprefled and Kept fecret, the Birds, as not knowing the diffe- 
 
 rence between mode(t and immodeft,honeft and filthy words,did out with them. This 
 difpute and wran ling the Birds did. often repeat in the night time, as which (as I 
 
 guelied ) did mo firmly {tick 
 and thought upon. The other 
 
 in their memories, and which’ they had well conned 
 was a Hiftory or PrediGion of the War of the Empe- 
 
 rour again{t the Proteftants, which was then imminent. . Foras it. were prelaging or 
 prophecying they {éemed to chant forth the whole. bufinefs.as it afterwards fell out. 
 They did alio with that ftory mingle what had been done before again{t the Duke of 
 Brun{wick: . But I fuppofe thofe Birds had all from, the fecret conferences. of fome 
 Noblemen and Captains, which as being ina public Inn, might frequently have been 
 had in that place where the Birds, were kept... Thefe things (asIfaid ) they didin the 
 night, efpecially after twelve of the clock, when- there was adeep filence, Tepeat. — 
 But in the day-time for the moft part they were-filent, and feemed to do nothing but 
 meditate upon, and revolve with themfelves, what the Guelts. conferred together 
 about either at Table, .or elfe as they walked. -\Iyerily had.vever believed our Pliny 
 
 writing 
 
 
 

 
 x 
 
 Ze 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boor il, 
 
 sa a eT EY il 
 lf 
 
 writing fo many wonderful things concerning thete little Creatures, had I not my fe 
 feen withmy Eyes, and heard them with my ears uttering {uch things as 1 have re- 
 lated. Neither yet can I of afudden write all, or call'to remembrance every parti- 
 cular that I have heard. } 
 
 The Nichtingale is very impatient of cold, and therefore in Winter-time either 
 hides it felf in fome lurking place, or flies away into hot Countries. Ireland ( as Bo- 
 terus relates ) is altogether deftitute of Nightingales; which whether it be true or 
 not I cannot tell. Inthe South part of England in Summer time they are very frequent, 
 but in the North morerare. Some build upon the ground at hedg-bottoms, others in 
 thick green bufhesand fhrubs. They lay four or five Eggs. 
 
 It iscalled in Italian, Roffignuolo, trom its red or fulvous colour 5 or (as Aldrovan- 
 dus rather thinks ) from the diminutive Latine word, Lufciniola. 
 
 In Italy among thofe little birds, which growing fat in the Autumn are fold in- 
 diferiminately for Beccafico’s, the Nightingale is one. . 
 
 ft breeds in the Spring-time about the month of May, building its Neft of the leaves 
 of trees, ftraws and mois. It feldom fingsnear its Neft for fear of difcovering it,but for 
 the moft part about a ftones catt diftant. 
 
 It is proper to this Bird at his firft coming (faith Oliva ) to occupy or feize upon 
 one place as its Freehold, into which it will not admit any other Nightingale but its 
 Mate. 
 
 Tt hatints for the moft part in cool or fhady places, where are little Rivulets of wa- 
 ter, fuch as are Quick-fet hedges, {mall groves, and buthes, where are no very high 
 trees, forit delights inno high trees except the Oak. | 
 
 
 
 
 
 Additions to the Hiftory of the Nightingale out of Olina, and others. 
 
 a. I. 
 The choice of the Neftlings, and how to take and order them for linging. 
 
 IA/E becaufe, 1. They prove the beft fingers, as having more time to con and 
 a pracife their notes before Winter. 2. They are eafieft rear’d, and be- 
 come {trong toendure the cold, having mued their feathers before Autumn, whereas 
 the fecond brood, muing them later, are fubject to be over-run with Vermine, and 
 often furprized and killed by the cold, while they are bare of feathers. 3.Suchcon- 
 fequently prove more healthful and long-lived. 
 The young Nightingales (faith Olina) mutt be taken when they are well feathered ; 
 [ faith a late Englifh Author, when they are indifferently well feathered, not too 
 little, nor too much: If too much, they will be fullen; and if too little, if you keep 
 them not very warm, ‘they will die with cold, and then alfo they will be much longer 
 in bringing up; ] and together with the Neft put in the bottom ofa little basket made 
 of ftraw, covering the Neft fo that they cannot get out, not tangle or double their 
 Legs; keeping them at firft in a quiet place where few people refort, feeding them 
 eight or ten times a day with heart of a Veal or Weather raw, well cleanfed and 
 freed fromskin, films, finews, and fat, cut into {mall pieces of the bignefs ofa writing 
 Pen. [ Our Englifh Author mingles a like quantity of white bread, foaked in water 
 and a litle fqueezed, with the flefh, chopping both {mall as if it were for minc’d 
 meat, | giving to each bird upona {ticks end two or threef{mall pieces [ of the quanti- 
 ty of agrey Peafe Jat atime. Make them drink two or three times a day, by put- 
 ting to them a little Cotton-wool dipt in water, on the end of a fick : Keeping them 
 in this manner covered, till they begin to find their feet, and leap out of the Neit : 
 Then put them ina Cage with frefh {traw, fine mofs or hay at the bottom, [ lining the 
 Pearcheswith green bays, for they‘are very fubject to the cramp at the firt’] feeding 
 and ordering them as before, tillyou fee they begin to feed themfelves, which you 
 thall perceive by obferving them pick the meat fromthe ftick 5 then take of the heart 
 fome pieces of the bignefs of a nut,and faften them to the Cage fides. Whenthey are 
 come to feed themfelves, give them four or five timesa day agobbet ortwo. Let 
 them have acup of water very clean anid bright, changing the water in Summer-time 
 twice aday, doing the fame by the flefh, that it grow not fower nor ftink. When they 
 : | are 
 
 Mi: choice of fuch to bring up for finging as are bred earlieft in the Spring ; 
 
 
 

 
 Book I, ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 are fully grown, put into little boxes with ftone bottoms, on one fide of the Cage 
 crums of Pafte, fuch as we {hall anon defcribe, and on the other fide Sheeps heart, 
 fuch as was before mentioned. Wher they begix to moult ¢ faith our Evelith Author’ give 
 them half ax Eeg hard boiled,and the other half fheeps heart, with a little Affron- wixt in the 
 water, for you muft not make it too ftiff, nor too limber. Give thay, no Duck-eegs : For [ 
 had fix Nightingales killed one night with a Duck-ecg. 
 
 Among thefe Neftlings the Cock may be Known from the Hen by this*token : How totnow 
 After he hath eaten he will get upthe Perch, and begin to tuné of record to himfelf ths Cocks 
 which you fhall perceive by the motion of his Throat, whereas the Hen at frites pen. 
 cords little, or not at all. Moreover, the Cock is wont to ftand fometimes for a 
 good {pace upon one foot; otherwhiles to leap or run furioufly to and fi in the 
 Cage, and to draw out his warbling Notes with along continuance. Some are of 
 opinion that thefe Nefilings fing not comparably to the wild Nightingales, becanfe 
 they want the teaching ‘of their Dams. Wherefore to make them prove good, it js 
 convenient to place them near one that hath the right wild note.’ But experience 
 confutes this obfervation, thefe proving as well as thofe: Nature without any other 
 teacher inftrudting them to utter the notes proper to their own kind. Hereix J muft 
 crave leave to diffent fiom Olina, for Authors generally agree, and experience confirms it, 
 that old Nightingales do teach theip Young their Airs and that of all birds Nightingales 
 emulate one another, and other birds, yea, and men too, in finging n2oft. 
 
 For finding the Neft where the ‘Cock lings, and if fo be he fings long ina place, How to fina 
 then the Hen fits not faroff 5 but if he hath young ones he will now and then be mif. the Neft 
 fing, and thenthe Hen when you come near her Neft will {weet and cur: And if you 
 have fearched'long and cannot find it, ftick a meal-worm or two upon a thorn, and 
 obferve which way the Cock carries them, and ftand {till, or lie'down, and you will 
 hear the Young when the old one feeds them, (for they make a ‘great noife for fo 
 {malla bird. )) When you have found the Neft if they be not fledg’d enough, touch 
 them not, for if you do they will never tarry in the Nett. oO" | 
 
 Thefe Neftlings fing for the mot part in the Autumn, and fometimes in’ the Win- 
 
 ter; if they be Kept in a warm Chamber, or in a place where the air is temperate. 
 Olina, | 
 
 
 
 §. IL. 
 Howto take Branchers, and old Nightingales, and to order them whey taker, 
 
 Hen you have found the birds haunts, they may be taken by a Trap-cage, of 
 Net-trap 5: deferibed in Olina, and in the forementioned Englifh Author ; 
 baited with a meal-worm, or other worms or Maggots. So foon as you have taken 
 the Nightingale, tie the tipsof his wings with fome brown thread, not raining it too 
 hard, that he may: not have {trength to beat himfelf again{t the top and Wires of the 
 Cage, for by thisorder he will grow tame fooner, and be more apt to eat hts meat. 
 You thall fhut him up in a Cage covered above half with green Bays, or brown paper, 
 | Olina faith, covered with paper, and for awhile without Perches ] or elfeturn the 
 Cage from the light in fome private place, that at firft he be not difturbed, to make 
 him wilder than he would be. . * Feed him fiveor fix times at the leaft every day with x p: 4. salon 
 fheeps heart and Egg fhred {mall and fine, mingling amongit the fame fome red Ants, in April mutt 
 and three or four red Earth-worms, © And becaufe no Nightingale will at firft eat an 2 rte wel 
 theeps heart or Pafte, or hard Egg, but live meat, as Worms, Ants, Caterpillars, or a day,for then 
 Flies; therefore taking him out in your hand; you muft open his Bill with a ftick “are foie 
 made thinat one end, and holding it open, give hiti'a gobbet about the bignefs of want ct 
 agrey peafe: Then when he hath fwallowed that, open his Bill and give him ano- food than in 
 ther, till he hath had four or five fuch bits: Then fet him fome meat mingled with jy eer 
 {tore of Ants, that when he goes to pick up the Ants he may cat fome of the fheeps 
 heart and Eggs withit. At the firft you may fhred three or four meal-worms in his 
 meat, the better to entice him, that {o he may therewith eat fome of the theeps heart 
 by little and little; atlaft when you perceive him to eat, give him the bef$ Ants in his 
 meat, and at latt nothing but fheeps heart and Egos [ Oliza makes no mention of 
 forcing meatdown his throat, but only laying it by him in the Cage, and advifes to 
 tie or falten fome pieces of heart to Maggots and Caterpillars,to inure the bird to eat 
 fleth. J Our Author alfo, if the bird befullen, advifes to get fome Geutles or Maggots; 
 andtake your pafte and roll it up in pieces like tolittle worms about half an inch longs 
 . an 
 
 
 
Fe srt rym emer i . ie 
 1‘ CROCE epg __ Boost 
 
 and put amongit them (ome Ants, and put your Maggots at the bottom of your pan, 
 then put your patte rolled like worms upon the Maggots, and they {tirring at the bot- 
 tom will make the pafte move asif_ it werealive; which will caufe the Nightimgaleto 
 - eat it more readily ; and when he hath ta(ted the meat made of fliceps heart, and pafte 
 two or three times, he then is not apt to forfake it... But whereas he faith,that Nightin- | 
 gales feeding only upon live meat do not know that, any thing is for food but what ftirs, : 
 he is {urely therein miftaken, for (as Olina obferves) they feed upon Figs, and fome forts of 
 berries, when wild, a well as upon Injetts. Such birds as you take in April our Author 
 advifes when you go a taking to carry a bottom bag with you, and fome meat in a 
 Gally-pot to feed them abroad, for if they be over-fafted they feldom live, they re- 
 quiring to be fed every hour : Alfo to put or cut their feathers trom their vent, other- 
 wife they will be fubje& to clog and bake up their vent, which is fudden death. 
 Birds, that are long a feeding, and make no curring or {weeting for eight or ten days, 
 feldom prove good ; but on the contrary, they give great hopes of proving well when 
 they take their meat kindly, and are familiar, and not buckith, and fing quickly, and 
 learn to eat of themfelves without much trouble. ,, This 1s a fure token of their pro- 
 ving excellent birds: For I have had fome birds feed in twelve hours after taking 
 of them, and fing in two or three days, and thofe never proved bad. _When you 
 fhall find that the Nightingale eats well by himfelf, and fings often without feeming to 
 be difturbed at every little noife, you fhall by little and little put back the green Bays 
 or Paper wherewith the Cage was covered, putting fome Greens in the opened part. 
 Howtodifern Now to know the Cocks from the Hens among the wild ones, Olina gives us thele 
 A Le ae A marks of the Cock, That it hatha bigger Eye, and rounder and greater Head, a lon- 
 “ger Bill, thicker Legs, a longer Tail, and of fomething a brighter red. Our Englifh 
 ‘Author will not allow thefe for fufficient notes of diftinction 5 and yet afterward he 
 dare not deny but all taken together may be fufficient. He adds, that Nightingales 
 taken in Avguft are moft certainly to be difcerned by the finging: Andas for thofethat 
 are taken in April, your knowledge, faith he, refteth in thefe obfervations : Firft, 
 when you think you have taken the bird you heard fing, call again, and if the Cock 
 an(wers and fings again, then you have taken the Hen, and not the Cock; but 1f you 
 find the Cock not to fing, then be affured you have taken him. Alfo you may know 
 him by the lower parts of the Sex, which the Cock puts forth, but the Hen doth not. 
 If you take a bird about the middle of May, or beginnin of June, the Breaft of the 
 Hen willbe bare with fitting,and all full of {curf, whereas the Cocks Breaft is all well- 
 feathered, without any barenefs or fcurf. 
 
 This Author faith, that he hath often proved, that old Nightingales are far per-. 
 fecter, and far excellenter in their fongs than any Neftling or Brancher whatfoever, | 
 and will come to fing aslavifh and as often, and with care and a little trouble will 
 know you, and beas familiar alfo. 
 
 Branchers (faith Oliva ) are betterthan Neftlings, and will, come to beas familiar 
 and very often fing all Winter. _{_ Underftand it in Italy where their Winters are fhort 
 and mild. |] | | 
 
 
 
 
 
 9. Ul. 
 What Cages are beft for Nightingales. 
 
 ‘He moft convenient Cages for Nightingales are thofe which have the Wires only 
 afore, and all the other parts made up, and the top lined with Bays, [ the 
 fidesalfo againft Winter’] partly for warmth, the Nightingale being a very tender 
 bird, and partly alfo becaufe being buckifh he is apt to mount upand {trike his head 
 again{t the top-wires or wood, and endanger the dafhing out his brains. 
 
 §. IV. 
 
 How to makea Pafteto feed Nightingales, being alfo good for the Wren, Robin-red-bre 
 | Woodlark, Skie-lark, ‘Throftle, and other birds, f, 
 
 Re ‘Ake of the flower of Chiches [ or horfe-beans] finely fifted two or three 
 
 pounds, according to the number of birds you keep : Of {weet Almonds 
 
 blanch d and beaten fine half a pound, of freth Mayfter [ without any falt init] four 
 an 
 
 
 
 ounces,three or four Yolks of Eggs boiled hard and pounded. Put thefe ingredients 
 7 2 | in 
 
 "- 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 Book IL ORNITHOLOGY, 
 
 in a Pan of the fafhion of that they make Confeéts in. Set the Pan on a Trevet 
 Over a fire of Charcoal, taking care that it be not {moaked, and ftirring it con 
 {tantly with a wooden {tick or Spathule, that it burn not to the bottom till it 
 be fufficiently boiled. Then take a pound’of Honey,‘ and three ounces of Butter 
 and melt it in any little Veffel, ftill {cumming of it; and when it is well melted and 
 boiled, let your affiftant, with a Ladle having a hole: ortwo in the bottom, take it 
 up, and pour it upon the Pafte, gently moving his- Ladle up and down, yow inthe 
 mean while’continuing to ftir your. Paite' till it be well) incorporated :and graineds> 
 This Pafte ferves for the Summer : For the Winter, take‘a pretty quantity of Saffron: 
 and mingle with the Patte, for it is hot and opening,» and will maintain the bird more 
 chearful:and lively. Then take it from the fire, and *pafs it through.a Sieve or Co= 
 jander with rourid holes of the bignefs of an ordinary Tare. That which will not 
 pafs through of it felf force through with your hand. » Then fpread it upon a Table 
 covered: with a white clean cloth, todry 5 and when itis fufiiciently.dcy,put it up in a 
 Pot: » If it be too dry, you may moiftenand mollifieit- with a little honey. This Patte 
 will laft three or four, and fometimes fix months, and fervesfor all forts of {mall foft- 
 beaked birds. ob 7 
 
 Many other forts of Pafte may be made like this of lefs charge ; asinftead of Als 
 monds to ufe Walnuts, ¢¢..  Thefle Paftes are beft kept in earthen Veflels of white 
 ware, covered clofe with Parchment, .and {et ina’place rather moift thandry. 
 
 RV. 
 NG The Nightingales difeafes, and. their cures: 
 
 B note that the principal thing which caufes moft difeafes; not only in Nighizn- 
 gales, but in other birds kept i finging, is want of keeping them clean and 
 neat, whereby they clog their feet, whiclr caufes the Claws. of feveral to rot off, and 
 breeds the Cramp and Gout in others, ‘and makes them never thrive, nor delight in 
 themfelves. No birds can be kept too clean and neat.: ‘Therefore be fure to lecthem 
 have twice a week gravel at the bottomiof the Cage,andlet it be very dry when you 
 put it in, for then it will not be fubject to clog. | 
 
 The Nightingale in Autumn is apt to grow extraordinary fat andfoggy 3 [ Ihave 
 had feveral when fat to be three weeks and not eat one bit of meat] to remedy which 
 during that time give him two or three timesin.a week worms taken out of a Pigeon- 
 houfe, twoor three at atime, or two or three field-Spiders a day, which will purge 
 and cleanfe them extraordinarily., Upon the falling of his fat he muft be kept warm, 
 and have fome Saffron given him in his meat or water. Toraife them when they are 
 very lean and poor, give them new figs chopt {mall among theit meat, continuing no 
 longer than till they have recovered their Heth. | 
 
 Nichtingales that have been kept two or three yearsin a Cage are very fubject to 
 the Gout : Which when you fhall perceive, take them out of their Cage, and anoint 
 their feet with frefh Butter or Capons greafe : Do fo three or four days together and 
 it is a certain cure for them. 2c , 
 
 Another thing that Nightingales are fubje to, is breakings out about their -Eyes 
 and Neb ; for whichlikewife ufe your frefh Butter or Capons greate. 
 
 There alfo hapneth unto the Nightingale a ftraitnefs or ftrangling of the breaft 5 
 which comes very often for want of care in making of their meat, by mincing fat 
 therewith ; and you may perceive it by the beating painnot afore accuftomed that he 
 
 abideth in this place,and alfo by his often gaping: Other whiles this difeafehapneth by » 
 
 reafon of fome finew or thread of thefheeps heart (for want of well fhredding ) hang- 
 ing in histhroat, or clafping about his Tongue, which caufeth him to forfake his meat, 
 and grow very poor in a fhort time, efpeciallyif it be inthe Spring time, or when be 
 isin fong. When’ you fhall perceive it by his gaping, cc. take him gently out of his 
 Cage, and open his bill with a quill or pin, and unloofen any {tring or piece of flefh 
 
 that may hang about his tongue or throat: After you have taken it away,give him fome, _ 
 
 white Sugar-candy in his water, or elf diffolve'it, and moiften his meat, which is a 
 prefent remedy to any thing that is,amifs. . - | | 
 If they grow melancholy, put mto their water fome white Sugar-candy; and if 
 that willnotdo, about fix or cight Chives of Saffron; continuing withal to give them 
 the Pafte and theeps heart fhred very fine,and alfo three or four meal-worms a day,and 
 afew Ants and Ants Eggs: Alfo boila new-laid Egg, ag chop it fmall, and ftrew it 
 
 among the Ants and their Eggs. g §. VI. 
 
 425 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Book Il: 
 
 
 
 Q@» VI. 
 How: to provoke a Nightingale to fing. 
 
 O make Nightingales fing more than ordinarily, or at fuch times as they are not 
 
 F wont,. give them in Winter-time Pafte of Pine kernels. pounded, and in their 
 drinking-cupa chive or two of Saffron: For thofe two things by heating them, render 
 themchearful and brisk, without inducing any noxious alteration, and fo excite them 
 to fing. That fympathy alfo which this bird hath with Mufic both vocal and inftru- 
 meiital is of exceeding force:to this purpofe... And therefore if in the Chamber 
 where fhe iskept'there be a confort of {weet founds or voices, fhe is marveloufly pro- 
 voked to fing. Many ftories we have of Nightingales emulating and f{triving to out- 
 vie Oneanother, and other birds, yea, and. men too in finging: Nay, that fometimesa 
 bird will {train her note {0 to exceed that of her Antagonift, that fhe wall, fall down 
 dead upon the {pot with contending and over-{training her felf. | 
 
 Olina hath the receit of an odoriferous unguent to ftir up a Nightingale to 
 fing. | . 
 ’ Take of Civet not fophifticate twenty grains, Benjamin and Storax calamite, of 
 
 each three grains, mingle thefe together ina Mortar in the form of a foft ointment 5 _ 
 
 Then diligently obferve the buh and particular branch, on which the Nightingale is 
 wont to fit and fing, and there making asit were alittle fhelf of the leaves and boughs, 
 Jay thereon fome meal-worms, and anoint the branch nextto your fhelf with this Un- 
 
 uent. The Nightimgale when hereturns from feeding, will prefently fly up tohis 
 cach, and finding there the meal-worms will fall a eating of them, and fenting the 
 odour of the Ointment will begin. to fing, and being as it were intoxicated with the 
 perfume, will not give over, nor ftir from the place though you take the boughs from 
 about him. For asthe Nightingale exceeds all other birds in finging, fo doth he alfo 
 in the exquifitenefs,of his fent: Wherefore alfo. when wild, he doth moft willingly 
 haunt where:{weet herbs grow: And is particularly delightedin Musk, fo thata grain 
 ortwo of true Musk put in Cotton,and chat.ina fall Reed ferving for him to pearch 
 on in his Cage, will provoke him to fing. igart f ppt pt ers 
 
 isieiiass | 
 
 ~- 
 
 
 
 — re HAP. 
 
 The Black-cap : Atricapilla feu Ficedula, Aldrov. called by the Greeks, Suxanis 
 _ & Merayntpup@., by the Italians, Capo Negro. 
 
 thetip of the Bill to the end of the Tail 1s fix inches ;.its breadth between 
 the ends of the Wings ftretcht out nine, The.top of the Head is black, 
 whence it took itsmame : The Neck cinereous ; thewhole back of a dark green. The 
 quill-feathers in each Wing eighteen in number, of a dusky colour, fave that their 
 edges area little green. The Fail hath twelve feathers, twoinches and an half long, 
 and almoft equal, fharp-pointed, of a dusky colour, witha little rin@ure of green. 
 Thenether part of the Neck, the Throat, and upper part of the Breaft are of a pale 
 ath-colour: The lower Belly white, tinGtured with yellow... The Bill ftreight, {len- 
 
 as is a Very {mall bird, not weighing above half an ounce : Its length from 
 
 der, black, longer, andlefler than in the Tztmice:. The Tongue cloven and rough: 
 
 The Feet of alead colour, the Claws black. The outmoft Toe below is faltned to 
 the middlemoft. The head of the Female is of a brown-or chefiut colour rather 
 than black, 
 
 _. This bird is frequent in Italy, it is alfo found.in Exgland, but more rarely, Turner in 
 
 ‘Vain contradicting. — 5 pes | 
 
 -Gefner faith, that the firft Summer the head of thefe birds is red, and afterward 
 ‘grows black, and that in the Cocks only, for in the Hens it continues always red. 
 The Ancients report, that the Black-caps [ Atricapille ] in the beginning of Autumn 
 
 are changedinto Ficedule, or Beccajigos by the mutation of their voice and colour ; 
 from whom, till Ibe aflured by experience, I mutt crave leave to diffent, ; 
 
 2s oe Psiod , | 3 | | * The 
 
 Heh i oe oy ae 
 
 mA 
 
 
 
 
 Lou so 1H 148 sea 
 . ia 2 
 
 ai ea A 
 
 ean cite 
 oaths 
 
 Mam Niit ibaa) bit ST aE 
 
 bEtITE 
 wisih 
 
 Tt af ‘ reat 
 uj jsia ; 
 Fe fia ise eases “Le 
 
 
 
 Tea VOAUDAMMAC'TP GACT TATT be MA VARA ha 1332) 
 
 LF 
 
 
 
 Vr REALL RL 
 
 
 
 
 
 b IEMA THAN ATTEN) RAT | 
 
Box. OR NITHOLOG?. 
 
 * The fourth Beccafice of Aldrovand. 
 
 The Beccafico defcribed by Aldrovandin the fourth and fifth place in his Chapter 
 of Ficedule may perchance differ {pecifically from our Black-cap.. Qn the upper fide, 
 Head, Back, Wings, and Tailit sofa brown colour, inclining to a chefizut. TheFe- 
 male on the nether fide isa]] white; the Male from white declines to cinereous..: The 
 quil-feathers of the Wings in the Male are black, with fome white onesintermixt + Iy 
 the Female they: incline to‘a chefnut colour; as doth alfo the Tail, which in the Cock 
 is oon Contrariwife, the Feet in the Cock incline to a chefnut colour, in the Hen 
 are black. 
 
 Beccafigo’s abound in Candy, as Belloniys witnefles, and alfo in the Ifland of Cyprus, 
 
 _) Where they are falted up in great numbers, and tran{ported, into other Countries, 
 
 “With us in Exeland they are called by a general name, Cypras-birds, and are in no lefs 
 efteem with our Merchants for the delicacy of their tafte, than they were of old with 
 the Italians: And that defervedly, ¢ faith Aldrovandus ) for feeding upon two of the 
 choiceft fruits, viz. Figsand Grapés, they muft needs become a more wholiom food 
 than other birds, yieldinga better nourifhment, and of more eafie concoction. Bee- 
 cafigo's ave accounted beft and moft in {eafon in the Autumn, as being then fatteft by 
 reaton of the plenty of meat that feafon affords them.:: At which time they are highly 
 prized and coveted by the Italians even now adays. 
 
 
 
 Cot Go ee 
 
 Ihe golden-crown'd Wren : Regulus criftatus, Adroy. lib. 1. cap.1. The 
 Trochilus of Pliny and * Ariftotle, who alfo calls it Tpéc€us and Banrdis. * Hip. Animal. 
 Others call it by a diminutive word Beotrlen@.. In Tafcany it is called Fior °'*?"™ 
 Rancio, that is, the Matigold Flower, fromthe colour of its Creff. 
 
 His is the leaft of all birds found with us in Exgland, weighing not more than 
 
 ; one fingle drachm. Its length fromthe tip of the Bill to the end of the Claws 
 
 is four inches and an half, to the end of the Tail four and a quarter.’ The 
 breadth of the Wings extended fix and three quarters. [he top of the Head is 
 adorned with amoftbeauntiful bright {pot, ( which they call acreft ) of a deep Saffron 
 
 _ or pale Scarlet colour. Hence it got thofe ambitious titles of * Regulus and Tyrannus. * Little King 
 
 This Creft or Crown Cif you pleafe fo to call it ) it can when it lifts, by cottugating and Tyrant. 
 its forehead, and drawing the fides of the {pot together, wholly conceal and render 
 invifible. It is of an oblong figure, and extended directly through the middle of the 
 Head from the Billtowardsthe Neck. The edges of it on both fides are yellow ; 
 the whole is environed with a black line. The fides of the Neck are of a lovely 
 - fhining yellowith green colour. The Eyes are encompafled with whitt. The Neck and 
 
 all the Back froma dark green incline to yellow. The Breaft is of a fordid white. 
 
 | Inthebird that LF. R. decribed the Breaft and Belly were dafhed witha faint green. | 
 The Wings were concave, not much unlike to a Chaffinches Wings. The quil-fea- 
 thers of the Wings, as in almoft all {mall birds, wereeighteen, all of a dusky colour, 
 only their exteriour edges yellowith, and their interiour whitifh. The tips alfo of 
 the three next to the body were white. But what was mott efpecially notable inthe 
 Wings of this bitd:was, that the middle quill-feathers, or indeed all excluding the 
 five outmoft; and the three inmoft, had their exteriour Webs, as far as they appear 
 abovethe covert feathers, to a confiderable breadth black, fo that when the Wings are 
 {hut they make a black fpot of a good bignefs about the middle of each Wing. The 
 outmolt quil-feather wasvery fhort and little, The covert-feathers of the firt row 
 have white tips, all together making a white line acrof$ the Wing. Above alfo to- 
 wards the ridge of the Wingisa white {pot. | 
 
 The Tail is made up of twelve tharp-pointed feathers, an inchand half long, not 
 forcipate, of a dusky colour, only the exteriour borders of the feathers are of a yel- 
 lowifh green. 
 
 The Bill is flender, ftreight, black, half aninchlong. The feet yellowith, andthe 
 Claws of a not much different colour, The Tongue long, fharp, and cloven. The rides 
 of the Eyes of a hazel colour. | 
 
 Gg 2 The 
 
 —— ' in a 
 —<—a36e ——— _ 7 - es — 
 — ae a -. . 
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 ee es en a eal esieieastli a 
 
 in - - = ed 
 mer aa at the = 
 ee ee ee ee Cad ay 
 
 Se 
 
 ee a eee toe 
 
 oa Prin, wit i eal i 
 a - _ —“ 
 ee 
 
 Ye 
 
 
 
eee 
 
 a - ee e 
 
 — - Se eee — _ ” eae Se. 
 — am 
 
 
 
 
 
 228 ORNITHO LOGY. Boox I. 
 
 silat rs Yee terme naam a a 
 
 The ftomach fmall, mufculous, and full of Infects; whence it 1s manifeft ( as Ari- | ‘ 
 flotle rightly faith ) that it 1s a vermivorousbird. ‘The Female, as in moft other birds, 
 hath not fo fair colours. ! plete | 
 
 We faw of thele birds firft to be fold in the Market at Nurenberg’: Afterwards our 3 
 worthy Friend Mr. Fr. Feffop of Broourball in Sheffield Parith, whom we have occafion 
 often to mentionin this Work, fent us of them, which he had found and caught in | 
 the Mountainous Woods about Highloe, near Hatherfedge im the Peak. of Derby/fbire. 
 The fame alfo found them here in Middleton Park in Warwickshire, where he fhot 
 them and brought them tous. They abide and haunt for the moft part on the tops of 
 trees, efpecially Oaks. 
 
 What is fpoken of the antipathy and feud between this bird and the Eagle we look 
 uponas an Old Wives F able. Aldrovandws writes, that fhe lays fix or feven Eggs to- 
 
 gether before fhe fits, not bigger than Peafe. atert of Hohey; oy] herky 
 
 ae 
 
 Cuar. Xi. 
 
 A little yellowifh. Bird without name,called by Aldrovandws Regulus non criftatus, 
 perchance the Altus of Bellonins, or the Luteola of Turner. 
 
 
 
 
 
 being in length from thetip of the Billto the end of the Tail, or, which is all 
 one, the endof the Claws fiveinches, in breadth between the extremities of 
 the Wings extended feven. 
 ~All its upper fide, fave the Wings and Tail, is of a dusky or cinereous colour, tin- 
 &ured with green. TheRump 1s greener than the reft of the Back. A yellowifh line 
 is produced from the Nofthrils above the Eyes almoftto the hinder part of the Head. | 
 Thenether fide, v#z. the Throat, Breaft, and Belly is white with.a dafhof green, and | 
 fometimes yellow. The Wing and Tail-feathers are dusky, having their outer edges 
 green. The feathers under the baftard-wing, and the coverts of the underfide of the 
 Wings, from green decline to a lovely yellow. Each Wing hath eighteen prime fea- 
 thers, the outmoft of which isvery fhort and fmall. The Tail is two inches long, not 
 
 forked, made up of twelve fharp-pointed feathers. | 
 Its Bill is fender, ftreight, fharp, half an inch long, the upper Mandible being 
 dusky on the outfide; but the anglesof the Mouth are yellowifh: The mouth with- 
 in yellow. The Nofthrils are large: The Legs and Feet {mall, of adusky Amber co- 
 lour. The outmoft fore-toe at bottom grows to the middle one. Its Gizzard is 
 {mall. Itfingslikea Grafhopper, and doth much frequent Willow-trees. It 1s much 
 inmotion, continually creeping up and down trees and fhrubs, and fings with a que- 
 rulous note. It builds its Neft of mofs, and f{traws, and afew feathers and hairs with- 
 in. It lays five Eggs all ovet befprinkled with red fpecks. 
 Thebirds of this kind vary in colour, fome being of a paler,fome ofa deeper green 
 or yellow : infome the Belly is white, without any tincture of green. 
 The greater |) Mr. Feffop fetus a bird in all points exactly like that here deferibed, and whofe note 
 “sare: alfo reiembled the noife of a Grafhopper, but twice as big. | 
 oe Now tKat the Reader may judge whether the Afi of Belloninus be the fame with 
 this bird; as we fuppofe, we williubjoyn BeHonivs his defcription thereof. 
 * Avivmfib.7. The Afilws, * faith he, isof all birds the leaft,except the Regulus and Tyrannus (that 
 caps _ 4g, according tohim, the common Wren, andthe crefted Wren ) at leaft there 1s none 
 lefsthanit. Itisalmoftalwaysfinging. It would be like to the crefted Wren, were 
 not the cre{t on its Head yellow. And yet itis yellow in the folds of its Wings, and 
 in he Baek, and about the Tail. The Legs, Feet, 
 
 (3 in their extremities, as alfo upo : 
 ct Claws, and Bill are black 5 but both the extremities of the Bill have fomething of 
 i | yellow. Itislong, weak, and fit to catch Infects, upon which it feeds, refuling grain, 
 and lives in the fhady places of Woods. Arifiotle mentions a little bird by the name of 
 Ofsp@.,Gaza renders it Afilvs, thought to be fo called becaufe it is not much bigger 
 
 than the Infect Oefirws. 
 
 T His is equal to, or fomewhat bigger than the crefted Wren, weighs two drachms, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 
 
 ee PS) : 
 ers At 
 S .. 
 A) og 
 7 Rs 
 ¥ 5 ; 
 
oox Ii, 
 
 B ORNITHOLOGY. 
 ae st ot a 
 
 Cuarp. XIIL 
 
 The Wren, Pafler troglodites of Aldrowand, by Turner and Bellonius called fal ly 
 Regulus. ) oH 
 
 TL weighs three drachms, being extended from. the point of the Bill to theend of 
 the Tail fourinches and an half :. The Wings ftretcht out equal to fix inches and 
 an half. The Head, Neck, and Back areof a dark {padiceous. colour, efpecial- 
 
 ly the Rump and Tail. The Back, Wings, and Tail are varied with crofs black lines. 
 The Throatis of a pale yellow, the middle of the Breaft whiter: Below it hath black 
 tran{verfe lines, as have alfo the fides... The lower Belly is of a dusky red. The tips 
 of the fecond row of Wing-feathers are marked with three or four finall white fpots. 
 The tips of the covert-feathers of the Tail-are alike potted. Ihe number. of guil- 
 feathers in each Wingis eighteen. ‘The Tail, which for the moft part it holds ereét, is 
 madeup of twelve feathers. he 
 
 The Bill is half‘an inch long, flender, yellowith beneath, dusky above: the Mouth 
 withinfide yellow : The Irides of the Eyeshazel-coloured. The outer Toes are faft- 
 ned to the middle one as far as the firft joynt: » It creeps about hedges and holes, 
 whence it is not undefervedly called Troglodites. It makes but fhort flights, and if it 
 be driven from the hedges, may eafily be tired and run down. 
 
 It builds its Neft fometimes by the Walls of houfes, in the back-fides of Stables, or 
 other Out-houfes covered with ftraw, but more commonly in Woods and Hedges, 
 without, of Mofs, within, of hairs and feathers. This Nett is of the figure of an 
 Egg, erect upon one end, and hath inthe middle of the fide a door or aperture, by 
 whichit goesin and out. Being kept’ tame it fings very fweetly, and witha higher 
 and louder voice than one would think for its {trength and bignefs3 and that efpeci- 
 ally inthe Month of May, for then it builds and breeds. It lays nine or ten,and fome- 
 times more Egegsata fitting. 
 
 A late Englifh Writer tellsus, that he hath had eighteen Eggsout of one Neft, and 
 fixteen young ones out of another. It is {trange to admiration that fo finall a bodied 
 bird fhould cover fo great a number of Eggs, and more {trange, that it fhould feed 
 {uch acompany of young, and not mifs one bird, and that inthe dark alto. They 
 breed twicea year, about the latter end of April, and beginning of june, or middle 
 of it. ‘The Young are tobe fed and rear’d like the young Nightingales, giving them 
 often, and but one or twomorfelsat atime. Give them once in two or three days a 
 Spider or two. i 
 
 It perfectly cures the Stone of the Kidneys or Bladder ¢ as Aetins writes ) being 
 falted and eatenraw; or being burnt in a pot clofe-covered, and the afhes of one 
 whole bird taken at once, either by it felf, or witha little * Phyllon and Peppers or *A kind of 
 laftly, being roafted whole, only the feathers pluckt off and caft away. Mercury 
 
 All the Modern Writers of the Hiltory of birds before Gejner take this bird to be 
 the Regulus of the Ancients. 
 
 oo ro ars > 7 a 
 Te [aa 
 = = — = — — ~ 
 y et —— > = ~ _ es a 
 ~ 5 ae =z i . ~ nan 
 _ os > 
 So a ee ee wee ee > ol ante ay - — = 
 
 ee ee ee ae 
 
 oe Fe a ~~ 
 ee 
 ~ 
 
 — a il 
 aii et 
 
 _— ee 
 — 
 ts ~ 
 a ee ee 
 
 Sedinidiess tien 
 ee Ee ee as 
 
 i ad o 
 
 ee _ eee 
 So - - ~ 
 
 “se irene alia 
 SS Bt eee see Se ee 
 
 = 
 on. 
 
 CHAP: 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ene 
 0 ORNITHOLOGR Booxll. 
 
 ee ee eee 
 CHA por XIV. 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Humming Bird, Guainumbi of Marggrave, and Fobnfton in his Natural 
 Hiftory of Birds: Guaiminibique of fo. de Laet in his Defoription of 
 the Weft Indies, Book 15. Chap. 7. Gonambuch, or Gouambuch of 
 Lerius in the eleventh Chapter of his American Fiiftory, and of Thevet in bus a 
 48. Chapter of the fingularities of Antartic France; “Tomineio of Fofephus ; 
 a Cofta in Book 4. Chap. 37- of his Natural and Moral Fliftory of the # 
 Weft Indies, fo called perchance becaufe it is fo light, that st weighs only one 
 Spanifh Tomino, that , twelve grains. Ourilfia, ( that i, a Sun-beam ) 
 or Tomincio of Clufins in Book 5. of bis Exotics, Chap.'7. Paffer 
 Mofguitus of Oviedo in bis Summary, Chap. 48. Hoitzitzil of 
 Fr. Hernandez in Book 9. Chap.11. Rerum medicarum Nove Hifpania. 
 Gomare in Hiftoria de Mexicane urbis expugnatione, Vicicilin. index (Jee 
 Wu / t U gue bed, JUL thE fit tin of [V4 Othe { | aif, 
 Hiskind of bird, whofe Synonyma we have given, is the leaft of all birds. It 
 | ; comprehends under it many Species, or differences of which in general thefe 
 things are delivered by thofe who have written of it. 
 1. That it moves the Wings with that {wiftnefs,as not to be difcerned by the Eye,fo 
 that it {eems rather to want Wings ; and that asit fliesit makes a humming noife like a 
 Hornet or Bee; infomuch that one who fhould fee it flying by, would take it rather 
 tobe a Hornet thana Bee: Hence it took its name in Englifh of humming bird. It will 
 alfo fo poife it felf by the help of its Wings for a long {pace of time, as if it refted and 
 {tirred not, and fo, being onthe Wing, fuck the flowers with its Bill, for it lights not 
 upon them. But when it moves from one place to another, it is carried with that ve- 
 locity like a bullet through the air, that very oft it cannot be feen or difcerned as it 
 flies along. ey sebecueapeeee se 
 >. That it isfed and nourifhed with honey, dew, and the juice of flowers, which 
 it fucks out of them with its Bull, or ratherits very long Tongue, provided and fitted 
 by nature for that ufe; fo that, being taken alive, they cannot be kept for want of 
 food, butdieinafhorttime. Ee | 
 3. That it lies torpid or fleeps in Winter [ hanging by the feet on a bough in fome 
 open place, according to Franc. Lopez : The Bill being faftned to the trunks of Pines 
 or other trees, according to Hervandes and Recchws | and in the Spring revives or 
 * Thatis, awakens, whence alfo thefe birds are called * Renatz by the Inhabitants of the Carzbbee 
 born again. TfJands, viz. folong, fay they, it continues alive, as the honey-bearing flowers en- 
 dure, and when they wither and fail it becomes torpid, and continues without fenfe 
 or motion for full fix months fpace until new flowers come. _ Neither ( faith Her- 
 nandez, )is this an idletale, or fuch a thing whereof one may well doubt: For this 
 *Theword bird hath been more than once kept in a Chamber faftned to the *ftock of'a tree, and 
 is Stipiti, +1. an it had hung as it were dead for fix months, at what time Nature had appointed 
 which alfo g : | APpo , 
 may fignifie a it revived, and being let go flew away into the neighbouring fields. Believe it who 
 fake, or any will, I amnot wont rafhly or haftily to give credit to fuch relations: Though I know 
 ee * itis taken generally for an undoubted truth, and Ifind our Mr. Fofeline in his New 
 Englands rarities to report it for fuch. And truly if it livesonly upon what it fucks out 
 of flowers,in the Northern parts of America,when flowers fail,it mult either lic torpid, 
 or fly into the hotter Countries. But inthe more Southern parts of America (as in Bra- 7 
 (il) Marggravius writes, that thefe birds are found all the year long in the Woods in 
 great numbers. 3 
 4. Of the feathers of thefe and other birds of beautiful colours the Indians make 
 the likenefles ( for Pictures we mutt not call them) of Saints, and other things fo 
 dextroufly, and artificially, and to the life that one would think they were drawn 
 with a Pencil in colours, of which we have feen many in the Cabinets of the Vzr- 
 tuoft. | 
 5- Although almoft all the Spaniards who have written of the Weft India matters, 
 have made mention of this bird, yet ¢ whichis ftrange ) do they take nonotice at all 
 of its finging: Only Lerivs and Thevetws, both Frenchmen, do attribute to it fo high om 
 and {weet a note, that it gives not place to our Nightingale, which no eae 
 | . fhould 
 
 
 
 
 
 De 1n 
 
 
 
Boox If. ORNITHOLOGY, tT 
 
 fhould.not hear and feeit, could calily be perfwaded, could oflibly proceed fiom © 
 {mall a body. Mar ravivs afbrms, that they do not fing, Ae a Bore Serep, ferep, 
 with one tone, and that almoft continually, like Sparrows, i a 
 
 Maregraviws defcribes nine forts of this bird in the fifth Book of his Nutura/ Fiiflory 
 of Brafil, Chap.a. ao 
 
 I. The length of the whole body of. thisfr/# kind from the beginning of the Head 
 ( where the Billis inferted ) tothe rife of the Tail is two inches, The Head, toge- 
 ther.with the feathers, is of the bignefs of a mean-fized {weet Cherry: The Neck 1g 
 three quarters of an inch long 5 the body aninch and aquarter, The body, toge- 
 ther with the feathers, is {carce equal in bignefstoa SpanifhOlive.- Tr hath a flender; 
 and very fharp, round, even, ftreight Bill, yet toward the end a little inclining 
 downward, an inch and half long. . The.colour of this Bill is black, excepting the 
 lower Chap toward the rife, where it is reddith. Tt hath a double or cloven 
 ia very {mall or lender, like a fine filken thread, white, long, fo that it can 
 thru(t it forth far beyond the Bills Small black Byes 5 very finall and fhort Legs and 
 Feet, of a black colour: F our Toes in each foot, three {tanding forward, and one 
 backward, armed with long femilunar, very fharp, black Claws. It hath a ftreight 
 Tail, aninch long, confifting for the moft part of four feathers. The Wings, which 
 are of two inches length, reach almoft to the end of the Tail. Nature hath fhewn a 
 fingular Art in the compofure of the Wing-feathers, From the rife of the Wings for 
 about three quarters of an inch there is a double row of feathers one longer than the 
 other, and the feathersare put one upon another, as it were fhort wings upon long 
 ones. Then after thefe feathers come the Wing-feathers ( whichare about ten.) the 
 
 
 
 fubfequent interiour being ftil] longer than the precedent exteriour, {0 that the in- 
 Th aoe 
 
 moft, determining the. 
 
 of the Wing, is the longeft of all. Thefe Wings being 
 {pread it can fly along time, and reft in the fame place, as it were hanging in the air. 
 As it flies it makes anoife like a Bruchys.or more truly, like a linnen Spinning- wheel, 
 Hur, hur, bur. The feathers of the Wings {pread appear very thin and tran{parent. 
 The colour of the feathers of the whole Head, the upper fide of the Neck, the fides, 
 
 the whole Back, and the be inning of the Wings is wonderfully re{plendent,. {0 that 
 
 it cannot be well reprefented by any Painter, for with a green, fuch as is {een in the 
 Necks of Peacocks and Mallards, a golden, flame-colour, and yellow are {trangely 
 mixt, fo that being expofed to the Sun- beams it {hines admirably. Inthe Throat, the 
 lower fide of the Neck, the breaft, and all the lower Belly, and the upper Legs are 
 white feathers, wherewith underneath the Neck are feathers of an excellent colour, 
 difperfedly intermixt, . In the Belly beneath the white feathers lie black ones.. The 
 beginning of the Wings was, as{faid, of an admirable rare colour, all the reft of 
 the Wing brown, and of a fhining {padiceous. The Tail confifts of feathers of a blue 
 colour, like polifhed Steel, They make their Nefts in the ye of trees, of the 
 bigne(s of 'a Holland Schilling. They lay very white Eggs, two for the moft part, of 
 an oval figure, not biggerthan a Peafe. ) 
 
 2. The fecond fort 1s: more beautiful than the firft, of the fame bignefs and figure, 
 Yet is its Bill fhorter, viz. » of an inch long, of the fame colour and figure with that 
 of the former. The Tongue is the fame, as alfo the Eyes, Legs, Feet, and figure of 
 the Wings and Tail. The colour of the feathers in the Head, upper fide ofthe Neck, 
 Back, Wings, and Tail like to that of the'former : But in the Throat or underfide of 
 the Neck, the whole Breaft, and lower Belly, to the very end of the body of {0 ele- 
 gant and fhining a green, with a golden colour, enterchangeably mixt, that they gli- 
 {ter wonderfully. “Near the Vent is a{ pot of a good bignefs, in refpect of the bulk 
 of the bird, confifting of pure white feathers. 
 
 3. Thezhird is leffer than all the reft. From the beginning of the Head, or infer- 
 tion of the Bill to the rife of the Tailtwo inches and anhalf long: The Neck is almoft 
 one inch long: The Head not. great : The Body an inch and half long. The Billa 
 little more than an inch long, black, round, fharp, and almoft ftreight. The Legs 
 and Feet like thofe of the reff. The feathers alfo of the Body and.Wings are alike 
 difpofed, but different] y Coloured. It hatha Tail longer than any of the reft, fome- 
 what more than three inches, confifting of feathers, of which that which is nearer to 
 its rife is fhorter, the fecond always longer: The Tail alfo is forked, and the bird 
 flying {preads it into two large horns, fothat the tips of the horns’are an inch and half 
 diftant one from theother. The whole Head and Neck of this bird is of a {hinin 
 filken black colour, inclining to, or interchanging with blue, as in the Necks of Maf- 
 lards. The whole Back and Breaft are green, fhining enterchangeably with gle 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 | eee :”:~—“‘ta OS ar 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. — Book Il, » 
 
 and Sea-green, as in the fecond kind; and near the vent is alfo the like {pot of white 
 feathers. The Wings are of a liver-colour. The Tail is ofablatkith blue, fhining like 
 polifhed Steel blued over. see ee 
 
 4. The fourth is alittle lefler than the third. ‘The fhape of the body ‘and difpo- 
 Gition of the feathers thefame, but it is of another colour, and differs alfo in the Bill 
 and colour of the Legs. The Billisan inch and half long, bowed downward like a 
 Pelonian Sword, round, every where of equal thicknefs, and fharp-pointed. The 
 upper part thereof isblack, the under yellow, excepting thetip, which is alfo black. 
 The top of the Head, the upper. fide of the Neck, as alfo the Wings, are of like co- 
 lour with thofe of the firft kind. The Throat, the lower fide of the Neck, the 
 ‘ whole Breaft, and lower Belly, from white incline to a red colour. It hath a Tail an 
 inch long, ending with the Wings, confifting of feathers which from black incline to 
 green, having white tips: The Toes fo difpofed asthe other Species, yet not black, 
 but white or yellowith, with like femilunar, (harp, and black Claws. | 
 
 s. The fifth isin bignefs equal to the third kind 3 having a black Bill,.a little more 
 than an inch long, and a little bending downward, black Eyes, as alfo Legs and Feet. 
 The Throat, lower fide of the Neck, and all the Belly are covered with black Vel- 
 vet feathers, having as it were a glofs of fhining blue. Near the Vent is a {pot of 
 white feathers. But the black ends of the feathers on the fides of the Neck, Breatt, 
 and Belly fhine wonderfully with a rare mixture of Sea-water colour, golden and 
 green. All the upper fide of the Head and Neck, and the whole Back are adorned 
 with feathers mixt with golden, fire-colour, and green, as is alfo the beginning of the 
 Wings. Thereftof the Wings 1s of aniron or dusky colour. The Tail isa little 
 more than aninch long, confifting of feathers of an elegant brown, with a glofs of 
 blue. About the edges thefe feathers are of the colour of polifhed Steel blued. 
 
 6. The fixth is in bignefs equal to the fifths hath a Bill of an inch Tong, a little 
 bending, white underneath, black above. The whole Head,Neck, Back, and Belly, 
 and the beginning of the Wingsare covered with feathers of an excellent f{hining co- 
 lour,confifting asit were of amixtureof mnch gold,half fi re-colour,and a little green: © 
 In brief; fhining like the Sun. Inthe Belly area few white'feathers mixt. The Legs are 
 black: The Wings blackifh: The Tail almoft an inch and half long, handforh and 
 broad, confifting of fome feathers of the fame rare colour with the reft'of the body, 
 fomeof a mixt colour of green’ and golden, and white about the edges, fome half 
 white, half green, fhining with golden, that 1s, on one fide the fhaft white, on the 
 other green. 3 
 
 7, The feventh is a little lefs than the fifth and fixth kind; hath a Bill not altoge- 
 theran inch long, being of an afh-colour all over the body, almoft like a Sparrow, 
 which here and there fhineth rarely with a mixture of red ikea Rubine. 
 
 8. The eighth is the moft elegant of all, hath a ftreight, black Bill half'an inch long 5 
 along, double [or cloven ] Tongue. ~ Its bignefs and fhape agrees with that of the 
 fecond kind. The whole Head above and upper part of the Neck fhine with an ad- 
 mirable Rubine-colour, as if a Rubine were illuftrated by the Sun-beams: But the 
 Throat and under-fide of the Neck do refemble pure, polifhed, Hungarian gold,fhone 
 upon by the Sun-beams: So that it is impoffible in words perfectly to fet forth the 
 likenefs of thefe colours, much lef fora Paigter toreprefent orimitate them. The be- 
 ginning of the Back is covered with a Velvet black, the reft with dusky feathers, with 
 which is mixt fomething of a dark green. “The whole lower Belly is invefted with 
 feathers of the fame colour withtheback, the Wings with a dusky, as in other kinds. 
 Near the Vent it hath a whitefpot. The Legs are flender and black: The Tail little 
 
 
 
 ¥ The French more than an inchlong, confifting of feathers of a * fenillemort colour, which at the 
 
 
 
 ends are dusky about the edges. The Tail is broad, which it {preads very wide in 
 flying. The Wings end with the Tail. 
 
 9. The ninth is for figure and bignefs like the firft. Its Bill 1s black above, and red 
 underneath. Its whole body fhines with that bright green colour mixt with golden, 
 that the Belly of the fecond fortis of. The Wingsare dusky: The Tail an inch long, 
 pretty broad, confifting of feathers of the colour of polifhed blue {teel. | 
 
 This Bird is by the Brafiaus called by many other names befides Guainumbi, as 
 Aratica, and Aratarataguacn, as Marggrave tells us, and Guaracyaba, thatis, A Sun- 
 beam, and Guaracigaba, that is, the hair of the Sun, according to de Laet. It iscom- 
 mon inalmoftall the hotter Countriesof America. It is reported ( faith Nierember- 
 giws ) that the powder of this Bird, taken inwardly, cures the Falling ficknefs. What 
 { find in Marggravius concerning the Tail of the firlt Specées, vz. that it confifts 
 
 | : of 
 
 
 
Boor ORNITHOLOGR 3,57 
 
 of four feathers, I vehemently fufpect to bea miftake either of the Printer, or of the 
 
 — for in the Tail of one that I examined | found the ufual number of twelve 
 eathers. 
 
 CHAP. XV. | : ® 
 Slender-billed Birds, whofe Iail s particoloured, 
 
 . I. 
 
 The Fallow-Smich,in Sutlex the Wheat-ear, becaufe the time of Wheat-har veft they wax very 
 fat 5 called by the Italians, Culo Bianco, and by wg alfa in fome places, White-tail, 
 Srom the colour of its Rump. Oenanthe five Vitiflora of Aldrovandus. 
 
 
 
 N bignefsit exceeds the Houfe-Sparrow. The colour of its Head and Back is cines 
 reous, with a certain mixture of red, like to. that which is {een in the Back of the 
 * Hamfinch. [ The Back of a Female Bird which I'defcribed at. Florence was cine- 
 reous, with a certain mixture of green and red.} The Rump in moft js white, 
 whence alfoit took its name; in fomeit is of the fame colour withthe Back, or more * coccotbrays 
 ted. The whole Belly is white, lightly dafhed with: red... The Breaft and Throat £“* 
 have a deeper tin@ure of red. The Belly in the Cocks isfometimes yellowifh. Above 
 the Eyes is a white line continued to the hinder part»of the Head. Below theEyesa 
 black ftroak is extended from the corners of the mouth to the ears. [| I found not this 
 black linein the Females. LG 23 | | 4 
 Both the quil-feathers: and ‘covert-feathers of the Wings are all black befides the 
 fringes or extreme edges, which are white, tinctured with afordid red. . The Tailis 
 two inchesand a quarter long, made up of twelve feathers, of which the two mids 
 dlemoft have their upper half white, the reft their lower, the other half being’ black. 
 Moreover, the tips and edges of themiall ate white. | Inthe Hen the white takes up 
 but a quarter of the feathers. 
 The Bill is‘flender, ftreight, black, more than half an inch long: The mouth is 
 black within, the Tongue black ard cloven: Theaperture of the Mouth great: The 
 Irides of the Eyes hazel-coloured. The back-toe isarmed with a great Claw, 
 The Stomach is not very mufculous ; out of which diflected we took Beetles, and 
 other Infeéts. It breeds in fotfaken Coney-burroughs. | 
 The Sa/fex Shepherds, to catch thefe Birds, ufethis Art. They dig long turves of 
 earth, and lay them acrofs the holes wheréout they were digged,.'and about the -mid« 
 dle of them hang fhares made of horfe-hair. The Birds, being naturally very timo- 
 rous, if-a Hawk happen to appear, of but a cloud pafs over and-intercept the Sun- 
 beams, haftily run to hide themfelves in the holes under the Turves,and fo are'caught 
 by the Neck in the finares. } it + ake 
 Upon the:Downs of Suféx, which area ridge of Mountains running all along bythe 
 Sea-coaft for thirty or forty miles in length, they aretaken yearly in great numbers, in 
 Harveft-time,: orthe beginning of Autumn, where for their fatnefsand delicate: relith 
 _ ‘they are highly prized; | | | | 
 Aldrovandus hath another Ocnanthe, which is.a little lefS than: the former, but yet 
 bigger than-a Sparrow, onthe Head,Neck, Back, and lefler Wing-feathers of a reddith 
 yellow, ‘deeper on the Back, lighter onthe Breaft, having black Eyes, behind. which Theother 
 is alfo adong' black fpot, of a femilunat figure: A-long, flender, black Bill's; black rae 
 Wing-feathers, whofeends are yellow; as arealfo thofe of the Tail-féathers. ° 
 There? is alfo a Birdicalled Strapazino by our Fowlers (faith Aldrovand ) in the Bo- 
 monian Territory, whofe Rump underneath, and almoft the whole Tail are likewile 
 ‘white: The Head and Back of a rufty yellow: The Wing-feathers half black and half sie Preape 
 yellow 5‘the Bill indifferent long, of adusky colour. .-The Throat, Breaft, and Belly ” % 4/4re»- 
 are white; lightly dafhedwith yellow.. ‘The Tail'toward the Rump. is yellow, elle 
 black, = 
 
 y 
 
 Hh 6. Il, 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. 
 
 
 
 The Anthus 
 or Florus of 
 Arift.Aldroy. 
 
 §. HL 
 The Whin-chat, under which alfo we treat of the Anthus or Florus of Aldrovand. 
 
 N bignefs it fcarce exceeds a Wagtail. “The upper fide of the body, viz. The Back, 
 Head, and covert-feathers of the Wings are of a pale fexi//e-mort colour, varie- 
 gated with black fpots, placed in rows. If you heed each fingle feather, the middle 
 part of it about the thaft is black, the fides of a fewie-mort, or dusky yellow. The 
 Belly is white, witha tinéture of red. The fides and upper part of the Breaft from 
 red incline to yellow. The Breaft in fome is variegated with black fpots. Fromthe 
 Nofthrils above the Eyes to the hinder part of the Head is drawn a pale whitith line: 
 Under the Bill alfoon each fide'is a white line. The intermediate {pace between 
 thefelines in fomebirdsis black. [In one Bird of this kind I obferved a white {pot 
 behind each Eye.} The quil-feathers of the Wings are brown, with yellowith edges 
 [ or of a fenille-mort colour. ] From the ninth the tips of the eight following are white. 
 The covert-feathets next above the quils are black, with red. edges. In which two 
 white {pots do mark or charaéterize each Wing, one under the baftard Wing, the 
 other at the firft joynt, by which note this Bird may be eafily diftinguifhed from all 
 others of its kinds) The middle quil-feathers towards the bottom arewhite. The 
 Tail is two inches and an half long, confifting of twelve feathers, of all which, ex- 
 cepting the two middlemoft, the lower half is white, the upper black, the utmoft 
 edges being red. The two middlemoftin fome birds are wholly black, in all for the 
 greater part; having red or fenille-mort edges. They allendin fharp points, The 
 feathers next to the incumbent on the Tail both above and beneath reach further than 
 its middle, fothatthey wholly hide its white part. 
 Its Billis lender, ftreight, fhort, black, not only without, but alfo within; The 
 
 Iridés of the Eyes hazel-coloured.. The Legs flender: The Feet, Toes, and Claws . 
 
 black : The lower joynt of the outmoft Toe {ticks faft to that of the middle one. 
 Inthe Female thofe white {pots of the Wing {carce appear, and the whole body is 
 = — colour. | It frequents banks and ditches, feeding upon. Beetles, and other 
 Infects. phates} bs 
 Nature fometimes {ports her felf in the ¢eolours of this Bird: Forin fome birdsthe 
 two middle feathers of the Tail:are wholl black excepting the edges, which are red- 
 difh; in others theirbottoms arewhite, ce, | 
 
 it differs from the following bird chiefly by thefenotes, 1. That the upper fide of 
 the body is more beautifully coloured, the feathers having their middle parts about 
 the-fhaftblack, and their bordersted. 2. That in each Wing they have two white 
 = 3. That the lower part of their Tails is white. 4, That the feathers imme- 
 
 iately-incumbent on the Tail both above and beneath run out as far and further than 
 
 the middle of the tail; fo that'they wholly bide, the white part thereof. 4. In the 
 white lines reaching from the Bill tothe back of the Head. frat 
 
 The Bird which Aldrovand faith is called commonly Spipola, which perchance may 
 bethe Anthus or Florws of Ariftotle; is near of kinto, if not: the fame with this, Itis 
 of near the fame bignefs: Lives about Rivers and Fens, efpecially i moift meadows 
 and if it be driven away by Horfes feeding there, 1 flies away with a certain chat- 
 tering, wherein it feemsafter a fafhion to imitate the neighing of ahorfe. Whether 
 it bedim-fighted or noI know not, but I hearthat it flies with difficulty...As for its 
 colour,that is rather tobe called! beautiful than otherwiles on the upper fide through- 
 out the Neck, Back, and Wings being of adusky xed, and varied with femilunar {pots. 
 The Head above is of the fame.colour, but hath not thofe fpots. The prime-fea- 
 thers of the Wings, and thofethat cover them are black, having their fides and tips 
 yellowith. ‘The Billis fit to catch Infecs, being neither flender, nor thick, ofa white 
 colout tin@ured with yellow. The nether fide fromthe Bill to the Tail is,of the fame 
 
 colour, but variegated with fpots, fome long, fome round, and fome jof another fi- 
 
 gure. ItsF eetareblack, . This differs from our Whin-chat in the colour’ of its Bill, 
 and inthe place where it lives 5 fith our Chat abides efpecially in heaths,' and among 
 F urze-by ifhes. 
 
 §. Il. 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 <r eeee oe 3 oe 
 
 Se”. a ee... - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
~ manner, with fharp, black Claws, The whole Head, Neck, Breaft, and lower Belly 
 
 2235 
 
 Boox Il. ORNITHOLOGY. | 
 it Olle Svode bef eqit osidw-oved oy Tia” Ee 
 
 é.-- III. 
 
 TheStone-[mich, or § tone-chatter, or Moor-titling. Oenanthus noftra ede: Mufcica pa 
 tertia, Aldrow. The Rubetra of Bellonius as we judge, which Gefner makes 
 the fame with his Todtenvogel, or Flugenftecherlin, 
 
 Tisof the bignefs of a Linnet, or thereabouts: OF half an ounce weight : From 
 ] Bill-point to Tail-erid five inches long. Its Bill) is flender, {treight,  black:iag well 
 within as without. The upper Chap a thought longer than the nether; andia little 
 crooked: The Tongue cloven: the Jrides of the Eyes: hazel-colouted : The Legs, 
 Feet, and Claws black; the outer Toe grows to the middle one! below; as in other 
 {mall birds: -The Head-is great, in the Cock almoft wholly black,as:is alfo the Throat 
 underthe Bill = In the Hen it is patticoloured of .black and'a dirty fed; The upper 
 part of the Neck is blacks on each fidei: is marked with a white fpot; fothat the bird 
 feems to have a ring of white about its Neck. The iniddle of the: Back is black;on- 
 ly the outmoft edges of the feathers fulvous. Above the Rump. is.a’ white {pot. 
 The Breatt is fulvous, or of a yellowith red colour : The Belly’ white,: with a° dath 
 of red. | ty PES | 
 
 [ In the Female the feathers of the Head, Neck, and Back:from red‘inclining to 
 green, ‘having their middle parts black; the Rump is red 5 the Chin of a:pale ath- 
 colout. © It hath a whitith {pot on each fide the Neck ::‘The Breaft isof adeeper, but 
 the belly of likecolour with the Cocks. | 
 
 The prime feathers of the Wings are all dusky, excepting the twomnext'to the body, 
 
 ‘which havea white {pot at bottom. The edges of all areredi | All.the covert fea 
 
 thers of the Wings have alfo red edges... The Wingsinboth Séxes are adorned. with 
 a white {pot in the feathers next the Back. The Tailis near two inches long,and:con- 
 filts of twelve feathers, not-forked, ‘and black. \. { The: tip and exteriour Web of the 
 outmoft feather on each fide are white.] 284 | PH ) 
 
 It hath a Gall-bladder 5 a Stomach not very flefhy, in which diffetted we found 
 Beetles, and other Infects; fhort, round, tumid blind Guts. 
 
 That which I [ f. R-] defcribed at Florence differed fomewhat in colours, and 
 other accidents ; thus: It was of the bignefs of 1a lefler Titmoufe : Its Body fhort and 
 round : Its Head, for tke proportion of its body, great. The top of the Head, the 
 Neck, and Back particoloured of black and.a dirty red,.the middle part of each fea- 
 ther being black, and the edges red. ~Thequil-feathers are eighteen, all dusky, their 
 exteriour edges being of a fevil/e-mort colour. Of the feathers of the fecond row 
 thofe five on the middle joynt are black, with feuille-mort edges, the reft are of the 
 fame colour with the quil-feathérs. The lefier tows are of like colour with the 
 forefaid five middlefeathers, The Tail-feathers are all black, only their edges are 
 paler. The Cock isblack about both Eyes, and under the Throat, the tips of the 
 feathers being white. The Breaft and parts under the a in both Sexes are tul- 
 vous or red; the middle of the Belly being whiter. The feathers of this bird are 
 foft, and ftand ruffling out, asin a Fay. In all other points it agrees with the above 
 defcribed, ‘fo that I doubt not but it is the fame. 
 
 The third and fourth Mufcicape of Aldrovand differ not, I-think, from this, nor 
 from one another otherwife than im colour. 
 
 Itisfound for the moft part in Heaths, and is very querulous. 
 
 §. IV. 
 
 * The Brajilian Guiraru Nheengeta of Margcrave, which may be called, 
 The American Chat. 
 
 Tisas big, ora little bigger than a Water-Blackbird, or Crakes hath a ftreight, com- 
 
 } prefied, black Bill, more than half an inch: long : Sapphire-coloured Eyes, with 
 ablack Pupil. The* upper Legs are covered with ath-coloured feathers: The lower * Others call 
 
 witha black skin, asar¢ alfo the Feet, ‘which have four Toes ftanding after theufual Thigh 
 
 are cloathed with white feathers approaching: to a dilute grey 3 but the Back with 
 
 ‘cmereous. From theBill on eachfide through the Eyesto the end of the fides of the 
 
 Head is a long black fpot extended. The Wings are _ _ not of a deep chee: 
 
 2 I ¢ 
 
 c - ~ irons = ~ — — 
 
 
 

 
 , etna oe hh OE eC 
 236 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox. If. 
 
 >) A re OP gM eee 
 ‘te tins: and above alfo are 
 
 ‘| hath very black feathers, which yet have white tips; an | 
 aan coe ones. ‘This for itsbignets ought rather to have been referred to 
 
 the Thrufh-kind. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 se 7 A \ §. V. 
 in a ' 
 
 re A Bird called Coldfinch by the Germans. 
 
 L > Jie hot by Mr. fe/op in the Mountains of the Pek in Derby/hire, and 
 Be ee its ina rub its Breaft) of.a dusky yellow,;. The Head 
 and Back of a dusky or greenifh afh-colour: The covert-feathers of the Tail black. 
 The quil-feathersof the Wings likewife black ;, but from the fifth they. are all white 
 toward thebottoms, whence arifes a whitefpot or {troak crofs the Wing, from.a mak- 
 row beginning widening by degrees, fo that im. the laft, feathers it takes ¥p all a 
 teridur Vanes:;. but where.it is broader, :1t 1s gradually tinctured mH Te oe een 
 fecond row of Wing-feathets is black, with whitifh tips: The, edges.o a itt é O 38 
 coverts are greens; The Tail is two inches and a quarter long. . Its PRR jit et 
 have their exteriour Webs almoft wholly whites ithe next to them the w HA BME 
 is narrower: Allthe reftareblack, but the middlemott deeper. 4 ‘tas % 
 Its Billiis black y.comprefled, and almoft triangular. The Longue clovenan any : 
 The Itides. of théEyes of.a hazel-colour.. ‘The Feet black; The oytmo , Fe 
 joyhedto the middlémoft, as in other {mall birds. Lhe Tefticles {mall and round, _ 
 the Stomach we found Infects. 2490: iw: 10.” 
 Thericedula "This €xcellentperfon fent usalfo out of the Peakof Derbyfhire the eat Feseafige 
 et ol 4’ Of Aldrovand, which I fuppofe differs only in age or Sex’ from the BPE RE ot ae 
 ' "Throat, Breaft, and Belly.aremuch whiter tham in that. All the EXE on Pee 
 the outmoft feathers of the Tail aré white, of thofe next to BDESS 5 ONS af 
 This hath a great white {pot in each Wing, altogether like the ap dent 7 ee * 
 Bill alo it hath a white {pot : The Back elfe 1s cole-black. . Initsfalhion, Digneis, Diu, | 
 and ‘Tailit agrees with the Coldfinch, Haart sob bg Lc 
 
 Ch OSTURLEE tik Tie eet 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 t2 ads tance ee re FE 
 Fis basi a iss ahs isa 34 BSS _—? ro 8 
 
 “=i Es" "The White-throat. An Spipola prima Aldrov £ 
 
 ; 
 os 
 ae 
 
 | -< Bird feems to be fomething longer than that of the Beceafigo 
 
 ? [ Seen etsbels but of almoft the fame magnitude. .From the tip.of the 
 _ Ah Bill to theendof the Tail, or of set SY ( poe they are sins ok che Wings 
 ‘+ hath fixinches anda quarter of, Jength : betweenthe extreme po f | | 
 Goatad eight and an halt of breadth. The upper Bill is black, thelower qs deat a 
 ‘Torigue {lit with’ a deep ineifion..: The Mouth.within yellow: The va - i‘ ye ! 
 Eyes hazel-coloured. . The Feet are of a dusky yellow or Amber-colour : L e back- 7 
 toe great; the exteriour foretoes equal, and lefs than in other {mall birds, ps: at | 
 bottomto the middlenioft, the interiour by an mtervening membrane, which we have 
 not obferved in other Birdsof thiskind. The upper furface, of the body from red 
 inclinesto an afh-colour. The Headmore cinereous: The Chin white,the reft of the 
 Throat white, witha tinGure of red. The Breaft alfo and lower Belly are fomething 
 red. [ Inthe Hen the Breaft is white, without any mixture of red, | 
 
 The outmoft edge of the firft or outmoft quil-feather is white: The exteriour 
 edges of thofe next the body are red. The extreme feathers of the Tail on each fide 
 have all their exteriour Webs, andhalf their interiour white: Ofthe next to thefe | 
 the tips only are white. All the reft are black,only the extreme borders or edges,efpe- p 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ee 1a. th iddlemoft, incline to cinereous. : Ba 4 
 , Pa nGades and feeds upon Beetles, Flies, and other Infedts : | creep 
 
 io eet 9° and: hopping up and down in bufhes, like the Hedg-Sparrow, It builds alfo eB 
 */* ~~ not:farifrom the ground. The outer part of the Nett is made of the tender talks o 
 hérbis:and dry ftraws; the middlemoft of fine bents and foft grafs ; the inner, ad | 
 
 which the Eggs lie, of horfe-hair, or other longhair. It lays about five neey k eae r 
 
 long; of a dusky colour, mingled of white and green, befprinkled over with blac i 
 
 {perks qssb Seon tid Sls! - nfo Bae it 3 | This 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ve eh cere Tt oa w Fas ' 
 
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Boox I. ORNITHOLOGY. a 
 
 S45 
 
 This Bird is very like the Ficedula above defcribed, yet differs in fome particulars, 
 efpecially that the qutmioft feathers of the Tailin this are white 3 whereas in that the 
 Tail.is all of one. colour, , cy 
 
 Among the doubtful birds of this Kind, at leaft to. us not fufficiently known, we 
 reckon,,. .1..The, fizall Nightingale, Lufeiniola ot Roulette of Bellonins, which: you 
 
 may find in Aldrowand, tom.r. pag. 767. perchance, the-fame. with the Giarola of Al- 
 drovand, having:a.red Bill, and. the:colour of the body like a Quail. 2. Oenanthe 
 cousencr, Aldrov, tom, 2+ P.764... 3+, The. other Spipola, of Aldrovand. tM. 26 De 73.4, . 
 the defcription whereof. we haye already fer down, * p. 153.) which perchance may * Of the Las 
 bethe fame with our Spépoletta, .or with our. hin-chat, p;168.- a. Spipola tertig oy “i ition: 
 Boarina of Aldrovand, ».732. which we have already entred the defcription of pa 53. 
 5+ The Stoparolaof Aldrouand, p.732, which you may findalfoin pag. 153, of this 
 work,» 6. Boarina of Aldrovand, p.723. whole defcription we have fubjoyned to the 
 Licedula, p..158, J+ Grifola, which we hay¢ annexed to. our Spipoletta, pag. 15.25 
 8. Authos or Florus, which we have remembred in our Chapter of Ocnanthe, 
 pag.169. 
 
 Thefe, and fome other birds, comprehended by Aldrovandys in three Chapters, 
 v7z.twenty fixth,twenty feventh,and twenty eighth of the feventeenth Book,under the 
 titles of Spipole, Stoparole, and Mu/cicape, feem to us reducible to three or four 
 Species, viz. to the White-throat, or Moucherolle or Paffer rubi, ( for Bellonius his Mox- : 
 cherglle is perchance another fort of bird )and the Beccafigo, or Blach-cap. >... | 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~*~ er 
 
 Tay CHarv. XVII. 
 The Water Wagtail ; Motacilla,in Greek Sample 9° file 
 
 2941 §. ia 
 The white Wagtail: Motacilla alba. 
 
 a a Bird is every where fo well known, that it may feem enough to name It, 
 not needing any defcription, It weighs fix drachms, being inlength fromthe 
 point of the Bill to the end of the Tail feven. inches three Quarters; in 
 breadth between the extremities of the Wings {tretcht out eleven. The. Bill is ilen- 
 der, not an inch long, fharp-pointed, and black. The Tongue cloven, .and as it 
 were torn; The Mouth within black: The Irides of the Eyes hazel-coloured.;, The 
 Feet, Toes, and Claws long, and of a dark blackifh colour. The back-claw very 
 long, asin Larks. The outer Toe at its rife fticks faft to the middle one. . White 
 feathers encompa{s the upper Chap of the Bill, then the Eyes, being produced on 
 both fides almoftto the Wings. The Crown of the Head, upper and lower fide of 
 the Neck, as far as the Bréaft, and the Back are black : The Breaft and Belly white. 
 The middle of the Back from black inclines to cinereous: The Kump is black. [In 
 another Bird, below the Throat I obferved a femicircular black {pot like a Crefcent, 
 the horns being produced almoft as far as the Jaws. ] . The Wings {pread-are of afe- 
 micircular figure ; the quil-feathers. in each eighteen in number, of which the three 
 outmoftend infharp points: The tips of the middle ones are blunt and indented ; 
 the inmoft.are adorned with white lines. The covert feathers of the firft row are 
 black, having their tips and edges white: Thofe of the fecond row have on! y white 
 tips. Its Tailis very long,of about three inchesand an half, which it almoft continually 
 wags up and down, whence alfoit took itsname. The Tail hath twelve feathers, of 
 which the two middlemoft are longer than the reft, and fharp-pointed ;_ the others 
 _ allot equal length ;, Theoutmoft are almoft wholly white, the reft black. The co- 
 lour of the Plumage inthis kind in feveral birds varies not a little, being in fome more 
 cinereous, infomeblacker, The Liveris of a pale colour. 
 
 It is. much converfant about the brinks of Riyers, and Pools, and other watry 
 places, where it catches Flies, and water Infe@s: Moreover it follows the Plough, to 
 gather upthe Worms, which together with the earth it turns up: AsI find in Aldro- 
 vandws, and our Husbandmen have told me of their own obfervation ; who therefore 
 eallit the Seed-birdy as Mr. ohufon informed me, , ; 
 
 In the Northern part of England it appears not in the Winter, and isalfo then more 
 
 , rare 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 ore ma hi 
 238 ORNCITHOLOGY. Book If, 
 
 rare in the Southern: Either becaufe it is impatient of cold, or for want of meat ; | 
 
 Flies, and other winged Infects, on which it chiefly feeds, bemg not to be found in a 
 
 Winter-time. In. theGizzard of one diflected we found Infetts like to Meal-worms. | 
 
 Gelrer writes, that the Fowlers in his Country have obferved the Cuckow-chicken | 
 
 hatch’d and brought up by thisbird : The fame, Alberiws, and our experience alfo con- | 
 * In the firms, as we have” elfewhere fhewn. . a 
 eg One or two ounces of the powder of this Bird put in a Pot clofe-ftopt and bak’d 
 
 sn an Oven together with the feathers, taken in Saxifrage water, or {trong White- 
 
 wine is {aid to be good againft the Stone, efpecially that of the Kidneys. But Alex- 
 
 ander Benedittus thinks, that the modern Phyficians, who commend this Medicine 
 
 through miftake, mean the Wren whenthey name the Wagtail: Asif the Wagtail were 
 
 of no force in breaking the Stone. _ Gefrer (to whom alfo we readily affent ) thinks | 
 
 that it matters not much what bird be burnt, fith the vertue of the afhes of almoft all 
 
 birds feem to be the fame. Yet(faithhe) if there be any difference, 1 would prefer 
 
 thofeforts of birds which feed upon Infetts, as Flies, Ants, and the like. 
 
 °§. TL. 
 The yellow Water-Wagtail : Motacilla flava. 
 
 * 
 
 N bignefs and fhape of body it agrees with the white. It weighs five'drachms 5 
 | from the tip of the Billto the end of the Tail being almoft feven inches long 5 to 
 the end of the Claws fix. The under part of the Body is yellow, the Breaft being 
 darker than the reft. Theupper partis of a dark preen, the middle of the Back be- 
 ing black. The crownof the Headis ofa yellowifhgreen. Above theEyes isa yel- 
 low linereachingto the hinder part of the Head. _ 
 
 The Tail is two inches three quarters long, confifting of twelve feathers, the mid- 
 dle two whereof are fharper than the reft. Theoutmolt on each fide are above half 
 white, the intermediate eight black: All of equallength. The figure of the Wings | 
 is the fame with that of the precedent. The quil-feathers in number eighteen; of | 
 which the fixteenth is longer than thofenext it,and hath the outward limb white. The a 
 tips of the middle covert-feathers are of a greenifh white; elfe the Wings areall over | 
 dusky. ‘The Bill is black: The Tongue’c sven, but not hairy. The Irides of the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eyes from cinereous incline to a hazel-colour. The Feet are black: The outer fore- 
 toe is joyned to the middle one at bottom. ‘The Spur or Claw of the back-toe is 
 long asin a Larks : The blind guts fhort. Some birds inthis kind are much yellower 
 or greener than others. 
 
 It builds upon the ground among the Corn 5 making its Neft of bents and the ftalks 
 of herbs, {preading hairs within under the Eggs. It lays at one time four or five Eggs, 
 
 varied with dusky {pots and lines drawn without any order. 
 §. Il. 
 The grey Wagtail. Motacilla cinerea, an flava altera Aldrov ¢ 
 
 | 
 
 T is of the bignefs of the common or white Wagtail. Its note is fhriller and louder : | | 
 ] Its Bill black, ftreight, flender, and fharp-pointed : Its Eyes grey: Both upper | 
 
 and lower Eye-lid white. Moreover, above the Eyes a whitifh line is all along ex- | 
 
 * Cinereous, tended. The upper furface of the body is* grey. The Head ( which in proporti- ae ' 
 ie Aco: on to the body 1s {malland comprefied ) is fomething dusky. The Wings are blackith, 
 crofiéd in the middle by a whitith, yet not very confpicuous line. The Chin and 
 Throat are particoloured of white and grey: The Breaft and Belly white, dafhed 
 
 with yellow: The Rump round about of a deeper yellow. The Tail made up of 
 
 twelve feathers, longer than the whole body 5 its outmoft feather on each fide is all ; 
 
 over white; thetwo next white on the infide, blackifh on the out; the fix middle- 
 
 moft all over blackifh. The Legs ( which are long )and the Feet ( which are rugged | 
 or rough ) are of a pale colour, but duskifh. The Claws crooked, and the back- 
 claw longer than the reft. | 
 - The bird here defcribed was a Hen, as we learned by its Vatel/ary or bunch of Eggs, | 
 wherein more than forty Eggs were very confpicuous and eafie to be difcerned. The | 
 Cock differs little, fave that under his Chin he hatha black fpot. They frequent ftony 
 Rivers, and feed upon water-Infecs. | ao 
 The | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 Book Il. ORNITHOE OGY. 
 
 The defcription of this Bird was communicated to usb Mr. Fohujon of By; 
 near Greta Bridge in Yorkshire, y Jobnfo rignal | 
 
 Cap. XVIII, 
 * The Brafilian Jamacaii of Margcrave, 
 
 249 
 
 
 
 Tis a fmiall Bird, of the bignef of a Lark,» Its Bodyis three inches long, its Neck 
 more than an inchy its Legs two inches: Its Fail almoft four. tt hath a finalf 
 Head s.a Bill an inch long, ftreight, only a little bending downward, fharp- 
 poited, black; but below neat: its rife/a’ little blaiffi. © The Head js covered with 
 black feathers, asis alfo the Neck below, but above with yellow:) The whole Back, 
 Breaft, and lower Belly likewife with yellow. The Wings are black, having in their 
 middle fome white feathers, which make white {pots, in “each Wingone. ~ Atthé rife 
 of the Wings is a black {potcrofling the back. The Tail is alfo black : The Legs and 
 Feet dusky. It isan elegant bifd. “* —** » | 
 
 For the length of the Tail and colours of the feathers not much different, we have 
 
 fubjoyned this to the Wagtails. although Mareerave makes no mention of the man- 
 her of its feeding, or the places it frequents : Or whether it moves its Tail or not. 
 
 The Brafilign Guita. guacuberabs of Marggrave 
 
 5.a Bird of: the bignefsof a Goldfiich... The lower part of the\Neck, the Back, 
 I and end:.ofthe Belly are of a yellow or goldcolour. The upper part of the 
 
 Head and Neck, the fore-half of the Back, the Wings, and Tail are of a pale 
 Steen. Inthe ends of the Wings are fome dusky feathers intermixed. Under the 
 Throat up to the Eyes it hath a great black fpot. — It hath a {treight, fharp, yellow 
 Bil, alittle black on the upper part. The Legs andFeet are of 4 dusky colour, 
 
 
 
 ee ee 
 
 
 
 iF 
 h 
 be 
 
 ie 
 
 an Tt 1. Ae kaos. aie 
 ls | as othe Veh Oo WOM i i > Ral) Se sayy.» 
 _® The Brafilian Guita coereba. of Margeraye- 
 
 este} = 
 
 T a Bird of the bignefSof aChafinch. It hath a black Bill, three quarters of ati 
 
 ¢? 
 
 _ a 
 <3 —~ . if - £ 
 
 inch long, fharp, and a little bending downward: Black Eyes: A Tongue flit 
 
 into many filaments, on the top of the Head a cop or tuft of Sea-green feathers, 
 The reft.ef the, Head, the Throat, and.all the lower Neck, the Breaft, and whole 
 Belly,with the hinder half of the Back are covered.with blue, but pale feathers : And 
 from the Breaft through the beginnings of the Wings to the Back, where the blue 
 colour begins, pafles a broad blue line crofs through thé \rife of the Wings. All the 
 upper fide.of the Neck, with the fore-half of the Back is covered with’ fine Velver 
 feathers of 'a:deep black... The Tail is aninch and half long, and black.’ The Wings 
 are great, andi yellow aboutthe middle. _Butthe yellow part is covered; and cannot 
 be {een when the Wings are clofed, andthe Bird fits {till, but when the flies the Wings 
 appear elegantly ftraked with black and yellow: Within fide the Wings are almott 
 wholly yellow. The upper: Legs or Thighs are feathered’ with black; and in a. man- 
 ner blue feathers :; The lower are naked, and of a Vermilion colour, together with 
 
 y ; 
 ¢ : : 
 
 CHA P. 
 
 
 
 
 
erent eee ht 
 
 24.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Book Il. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 Cuap. XXI. 
 * The Brafilian Japacani of Marggrave, 
 
 Sa Bird of the bignefs of the Bestere or Schanepue: Hatha black, oblong, fharp- 
 | pointed Bill, bending alittledownward : Golden Eyes, with a black Pupil. The 
 Head is covered with black feathers. The Neck above, the Back and Wings 
 with feathers of a colour mixt of black and Umber. The Tailaboveis black, under- 
 neath {potted with white. The Breaft, all the lower Belly and Thighs have their 
 Plumage mixt of white and yellow, interwoven with tranfverfe black lines or ftrakes. 
 The Legs are dusky. Four Toes in each placed after the ufual manner, furnifhed 
 
 with fharp, black Claws. 
 ner Ge 
 Cruarv. XXII. . | 
 
 Of Titmice: De Paris. 
 
 g. I. 
 
 Of Titmice in general. 
 
 and live chieAy upon Infects which they find there. Turner writes, that they 
 
 feed not only upon Worms, but alfo Hemp-feed and Nuts, which they per- 
 forate with their fharp Bills. Some of thefe. build in holes of trees: Others make 
 Nefts, of afi Ovalfigure, witha hole left open inthe fideto oinand outat.' They are 
 reftlefs birds, never fitting long ftillin a place, but flitting from bough to bough, and 
 from treeto tree. They have fhort Bills, but bigger 4 ) the bulk of their bodies than 
 the precedent fimall birds: Small bodies; and long Tails. ©The molt of'them are ca- 
 norous: But all of them mi ltaparous, 1 ying many Eggs ere they: fit.’ Tztmice are 
 called by Ariftotle, 55 nl NOE, e Germans, as wellas we Exglifh, callthem Mice, 
 either becaufe like Mice ana creep into the holes of trees, or becaufe (as Gefrer 
 writes ) they will feed upon flaid Mice offered them: Which to us feems not likely. 
 Of thefe we have obferved in England five kinds, viz. I. The great T7twouje, or Oxe- 
 eye. 2. TheColemoufe. 3. The Marsh-Titmoufe or Black-cap. 4. Khe blue Titmoufe 
 or Nun. §. The long-tail'd-Titmoufe. The ‘cretted Titmoufe and Wood Titmoufe of 
 Gefuer, we have not yet found in Eagland. Sea 
 
 §.° Th ; 
 
 * | es fort of fmall birds, that are found for the moft part about trees, 
 
 
 
 
 lode The great Titmtoufe or Ox-eye : Fringillago feu paris major’: *AlSar@s * T 
 ae; | eatin of “Ariftotle. «2 0 * itl Of Nod 
 
 , T 4s, well nigh ag bigras a Chaffinch : Of fearce an ouriee weight: From tip of ‘Bill 
 toend of. Tail half a footlong ; from tip to tip of the Wings expanded. nine inches 
 
 broad: ItsBillisftreight, black, half aninch long, andof amoderate thickne(s. Both 
 
 Mandibles: ofvequal length... The Tongue broad, ending in four filaments.’ The 
 
 - Feet of a lead'or blueco our. The outmott Toes'below for fome {pace joyned to the 
 
 middlemoft. ©: «. yar eiiess | id al ylingiols gq 
 _.. "The Head and Chin are black. From the corner of the mouth on each fide below 
 theEyes a broad. white line .or’ fpot pafling backward takes up the cheeks. This 
 white is encompafled with black. In the hinder part of the Head's another white 
 {pot, terminated on one Gde with the black of the Head, on the other withthe yellow 
 of the Neck. [Inthe Bird that I (7. R. } defcribed I obferved not this {pot, and? 
 perchance in feveral birds the colours may vary fomewhat. }] The Neck, Shoulders, 
 and middle of the Back are of a yellowifh green, The Rumpis blue: The Breatt, 
 Belly, and Thighsare yellow : Yet the lower or hindmoft part of the Belly white. A 
 broad, black line reaching from the Throat to the Vent divides the Breaft and Belly in 
 : | twain. 
 
 Ss 2 
 
 ore 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Book I, ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 twain. The quil-feathers of the Wings, in number eighteen, befide the outmolt 
 littleone, are dusky, with white tips, or tips partly white, partly blue. The outer 
 edges of thofe three next the bod yare green. Of the covert feathers of the firf(t row, 
 thofe that are about the middle of the Wing; with their white tips make atran{ver{e 
 white line. The fmaller covertt-feathers of the W ings are blue. The Tail is about 
 two inches and anhalf long, compounded of twelve feathers - The exteridur Vanes 
 of all which, except the outmoft, are blue or afh-coloured, the interiour black, The 
 outmoft have their exteriour Vanes and their tips white; The Tail appears not forked, 
 no not when it is clofed. 
 
 §. UL 
 * The Brafilian Guiraienoia, akin to the Fringillaga, 
 
 ae His fthall bird is of the bignefs of a Chaffiach: Hath a Bill fearce half an inch 
 long, and blackifh ; black Eyes. The whole head, lower fide of the Neck, 
 Breaft, and lower Belly, and utmoft half of the Back are cloathed with blue fea- 
 thers: The upper fide of the Neck, and fore-half of the Back are covered with 
 black. The Wings alfo are black, but in their beginning have fome blue feathers 
 inter{perfed : The reft of the feathers are black, yet have blue edges. The Tail is 
 almoft an inch and half Jong, and alfoblack, and the Wings end a little beyond the 
 beginning of the Tail. The Legsare dusky, and each foot hath four toes placed after 
 the ufual manner. 
 
 d. IV. 
 The Cole-moufe: Parus ater Gefneri, pag.616. 
 
 | ‘He Head is by Gefver rightly defcribed to be black, with a white fpot in the 
 : hinder part. The Back is of a greenith afh-colour: The Rump greener: 
 The Wings and Tail dusky. The exteriour edges of the prime Wing-feathers 
 green. The interiour covert-feathers of the Wings have white tips. The Tail; 
 when fhut, appears fomething forked, from dusky inclining to green. The Bill 
 is {treight, round, black. The Legs; Feet, and Claws bluifh, or of a lead-co- 
 lour. This is the leaftof allthis kind. By its {malnefs were other notes, wanting, it 
 is abundantly diftinguifhed from the great Titmoufe. | 
 It weighs two drachms, being from Bill-point to Tail-end four inches three quar- 
 ters long, and between the extremities of the Wings extended feven inches broad. 
 The number of guil-feathersin each Wing iseighteen, The Tail is an inch and three 
 quarters long, and compofed of twelve feathers: fA roppase of! Exe fe 
 | x) UWG), Wr gle foe “Te & he Wee tte uteri If 
 1 TY eked tt he, eat PA Sf? SD, 2 AAJ A-~Ce x oh COC oa. w¢ 
 (pretty bind. Kiltd, AD a i eH f- ° » | bis. 
 The Marfh Titmoufe or Black-cap : Parus paluftris Gefheri. 
 He Head of this isblack: The cheeks white ; the back greenifh: The Feet of 4 
 Lead-colour’. It differs from that next above defcribed, 1. In that it is bigger. 
 2. That it hatha larger Tail. 3. That it wants the white {pot on the back of the Head. 
 4. That its under fide is whiter. 5. That it hath lef§ black under the Chin. 6. That it 
 wants thofe white {potsin the tips of the covert-feathers of thé Wings. | 
 It weighsmore than thrée drachms. From-the point of the Bill to the end of the 
 Claws it is by meafure four inches andan half long. The diftance between the ex* 
 treme tips of the Wings extended is eight inches. . The number of Wing and Tail- 
 feathers 1s the fame asin other fmall birds. The Tail is more than two inches long; 
 compofed of feathers of equal length. J 3h | 
 Ge/ner makes the Back of this bird dusky inclining to cinereous. 
 
 Cn mith teiha Hip BeBe chs dove. 
 Fjord Herds pote oved Fy ing pepe en bed ih Ihite | 
 Jat wing pdickte Mbgbenigh €bmerood oer itis ighher) 
 
 Ii @. Vi... 
 
 
 

 
 i a a 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. ~ Boox I. 
 
 
 
 d. VI. 
 The blue Titmonfe or Nun: Parus ceruleus. 
 
 He Bill of this Bird is pretty fhort, thick, fharp, and of a dusky blackifh co- 
 lour: The Tongue broad, ending in four filaments: The Legs of a lead-co- 
 jour: The outmoft Toes at bottom are faftned to the middle ones. 
 
 The Head being of anazure colour ts encompafied with a circle of white as it. were 
 aWreath orGoronet. To the white circle fucceeds another particoloured, encom 
 pafling the Throat and hinder part of the Head, above being almoft of the fame co- 
 lour with the Head, towards the Throat and under the Throat black. Below this 
 circle on the Neck is a white fpot.. Fromthe Billa black line paffes through the Eyes 
 tothe hinder part of the Head. The Cheeks are white :, The Back is of a yellowifh 
 green. The fides, Breaft, and Belly yellow; fave that 4 whitith line produced as far as 
 the Vent divides the Breaft in two. In the Cock-bird the Head is more blue, in the 
 Hen and young oneslefs. 
 
 The tips of the quil-feathers next the body are white, as alfo the outer edges of the 
 foremoft from the middle part upward. The covert-feathers of the Wings are blue, 
 the innermoft of which with their white tips make a white linecrofs the Wing. The 
 Tail is two incheslong, of abluecolour, only the edges of the outmoft feathers are 
 alittle white. 
 
 Its weight isthree drachms: Its length from Bill-point to Tail-end four inches and 
 an half; to the Claws four: Its breadth, the Wings extended, eight inches. The 
 quil-feathers in each Wing eighteen, befides the outmoft fhort one: The Tail-fea- 
 thers twelve. 
 
 g. VII. 
 The crefted Titmoufe 5 Parus criftatus Aldrov. 
 T His hatha pretty fhort big Bill, of a blackifh colour. Its Tongue is broad, and 
 
 
 
 divided into four filz | of a lead-colour. The outer Toes for 
 fome fpace from their divarication joyned to the middle one. The crown of the 
 
 Head black, the edges of the feathers being white. At the hinder part of the Head 
 begins a black line, which likea Wreath or Collar encompaffes the Neck. Fromthe 
 lower Mandible of the Bill to this Collar is a black line produced. To the Collar 
 and Chin is another bed or border of white contiguous. but beyond the Ears isa 
 fpot of black. The middle of the Breaft is white; the fides fomething red. The 
 Wings and Tail are dusky, only the exteriour edges of the feathers fomewhat green. 
 The Back from red inclining to green. rs | 5 
 It weighs two drachms and an half: Is from the tip of the Bill to the end .of the 
 Tail five incheslong : Fromtip to tip of the Wings extended eight inches and a quar- 
 ter broad. The quil-feathers of the Wings are eighteen in number, the Tail-fea- 
 thers twelve. . The Tail twoincheslong, The Bill from the tip to the corners of the , 
 mouth half an inch. | | 
 
 6. VII. 
 The lons-te Titmonfe. Parus caudatus. 
 
 oy /om- . , dp corm mount A Lan g- gt. 
 He crownof this Bird is white: The Neck black. From the Bill above the 
 # Eyes on each fide to the hinder-part of the Head isa broad black line pro- 
 duced. The Jaws and Throat are white. The Breaft white, varied with fmall dusky 
 fpots. The Belly and fides of a dilute Chefizut colour: Of which, but mixt with 
 black, both the Backand alfothe Rump partake. 
 
 The quil-feathers of the Wings are of an obfcure dusky colour, the outer edges 
 of the interiour of thefe are white. ~The fingular {tructure or conformation of the 
 feathers of the Tail difference this Bird from all.other fmall birds of what'kind fo- 
 ever. For the outmoft feathers are the fhorteft}.the reft in order longer to the mid- — 
 dlemoft, which are the longeft, and that by a notable Aifference or excefS, as itt the 
 Magpie. Of the outmoft feather on each fide the top and outer half from the fhaftis 
 white: 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
fo i.)~6~»6hODD ALS ot ee 
 Boox I], ORNITHOLOGY. 24:2 
 
 J 
 white : The next hath lefs white ; of the third, only the outer part of the tip is white. 
 
 All the reftare wholly black, L Inrefpect of thefe colours there may poflibly be fome 
 Vai tety in feveral birds. ] 
 
 The Bill is fhort, {trong, black: The Tongue broad, cloven, and divided into fil4- 
 ments: The Eyes bigger than in other {mall birds 5 their Jrides hazel-coloured >. Thé 
 edges of the eye-lids yellow : The Nofthrils covered with {mall feathers... TheF eet 
 black, as are alfothe Claws, but deeper... The Claw of the back-toe biggeft of all, 
 as is ufual in moft birds both great and fmall. Withus it frequents gardens rather 
 than mountainous places. It builds like the Wren, or more artificially, making an 
 arch over the Neft of the fame matter and contexture with the reft of the Nett; fo 
 that the Neft refembles an Ege erected upon one end, a {mall hole being left in the fide,, 
 whereat the bird goes in and out. By this-means both Eggs and Young are fecuted 
 from all injuriesof the Air, Wind, Rain, Cold, @c. And that they may lie {oft fhe 
 lines the Neft within with ftore of feathers and down. Without fhe builds the fides 
 and roof of it of Mofs and Wool curidutly interwoven. 
 
 Aldrovand in the feventeenth Book, and fixteenth Chapter of his Orzithology doth 
 accurately defcribe. the Neft of this bird,fuch as we have more than once feen, in 
 thefe words. . It was of an oblong figure likea Pine:apple, of two Palms length, and 
 one broad, round, built of fundry materials, vz. both tree and earth-mofs, Cater- 
 pillars Webs, and other like woolly matter, and Hens feathers, with that order and 
 art, that the chief and middle {trength ‘of the work, or texture of the Walls was of 
 _ that yellowith green Mofs, the common hairy Mofs, that filk-like matter, and tough 
 threads refembling thofe filaments fufpended in the Air, and flying up and down like 
 Spiders Webs, whichare accounted figns of fair weather, conneéted and interwoven, 
 or rather entangled fo firmly to cther, that they can hardly be plucked afunder. Of 
 the interiour capacity all the files, at {cemed, as well as the bottom, were covered 
 and lined with feathers, for the morefoft and warm lying of the Young. The out- 
 moft fuperficies round about was fenced and f{trengthened with fragments of that lea- 
 vy Mots, which every where grows on trees, firmly bound together. In the forepart 
 re{pecting the Sun-rife, and that above( where an arched roof of the fame uniform 
 matter and texture with the fides and bottom covered the Neft_) was feena little 
 hole, {carce big enough one would think to admit the old one. We found in it nine 
 Young, ec. 
 
 g: 1x. 
 The Wood Titmouse of Gefner. Patus Sylvaticus, Aldroo. £2. p. 924. 
 
 His Titmoufe is alfo very little, remarkable for a red {pot through the midft of its 
 i Crown ; the parts on each fide being black; the Legs dusky; the Wings 
 black, and alfo the end of the Tail : Thé teft of the body green; the Belly paler. 
 Our people from the Woods, in which it lives, efpecially about Fir-trees and Junipers, 
 callit, Waldmei/zleand Thannenmeifzle, others from its note Zilzilperle, for it fings 
 Zul, zil, zalp. | 
 Mr. Wallughby wasapt to think that the bird defcribed by Ge/ner is no other than the 
 Regulus criftatus. | | 
 
 
 
 CHAP. Il, Qu. 
 
 The Brafilian Tangara of. Marggrave. 
 
 Tis an elegant bird, of the'bignefs of a Chaffinch: Tt hath a ftreight, pretty thick, 
 l black Bill: Black Eyes: Legs and Feet from cinereous inclining to dusky. On 
 the forehead above the rife of the Bill it hath a fpot of black feathers. The 
 whole Head and Neck are covered with feathers of 4 fhining Sea-green. A circle or 
 border of black feathers encompafles the beginning of the back like a Collar. But 
 *below the Wings to the rife of the Tail the Back is covered with yellow feathers. * The word is 
 The whole lower Belly is of a rare blue. The Wings are black, and their lateral te 
 tremitiesblue, fo that when clofed they appear wholly blue; and their whole ends, rendred un- 
 outfides, or borders [ tote extremitas ‘}feem black. T beginning of the —« der she Wings 
 - 1 2 alfo 
 
 
 

 
 i a li ie gm 
 
 Did. ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. 
 
 rae 3 TT event 
 
 * Ontheout- alfo* externally fhines with Sea-green feathers; and in the ridge or upper lateral 
 
 “i extremity of each Wingare yellow feathers intermixt. It hath a Tail about aninch 
 and half long, of black feathers, but whofe lateral extremities or borders are blue: 
 The end of the Tailis black. It is kept fhut up in Cages,'and cries, Zip, zip, like the 
 Rubrica, called by the Germans Gympel. It is fed with meal and bread. 
 
 This defcription as conceived in fuch obfcure words, that I do not well under ftand the 
 
 weaning of the Author 5 and therefore the learned Reader would do well to confult the 
 Latine. 
 
 §. I. 
 The fecond kind of Tangara. 
 
 ¥of adusky Tis of the fhape and bignefs of our common Sparrow: Hath a Bill from * yellow 
 ws { inclining to dusky, fomewhat broad, fharp-pointed, the nether Chap much fhor- 
 ___, ter than the upper: Black Eyes: The whole Head is covered with feathers of a rare 
 CS eoe +s + fcarlet colour: All the re(t of the body, with the Wings and Tail,of a fhining black. 
 fignifies red ‘Lhe Thighs are covered with white feathers, and in their exteriour fides have an ob- 
 oe long fcarlet {pot, as if they were fiained with bloud. The Legs and Feet are afh- 
 coloured ; and have four Toes difpofed after the ufual manner. ‘The Tail is fhort, of 
 an inchlength, and the Wings end near its rife; ie. when withdrawn or clofed reach 
 
 no further than the rife of the Tail. 
 
 Fe cg a en care hg aap 
 
 Book Il, Part Il. Sect. H. Menme. Il. 
 
 Small Birds with thick fhort firong Bils, commonly called 
 | Hard-bill d Birds, pes 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 GH 4 P01. 
 Of the Gros-beak or Hlaw-finch, called by Ge{ner, Coccothrauttes. 
 §..4, 
 
 The common Gros-beak : Coccothrauttes vulgaris. . 
 
 “QHis Bird for the bignefs of its body, but efpecially of its Bill, m whch it 
 exceeds all others of this kind, doth juftly challenge the firft and chief 
 place among thick-billed birds. The French(from the bignefs of its Bill 
 do fitly call it Groshec; the Italians, Frifone or Frofone. Hefychiws and 
 
 Varinus of the word Koxxo%eausn Write only, thatit is the name of a bird, but what 
 manner of bird they donot explain. Gefwer obferving that name exactly to fit this 
 bird, impofed it upon it. ate, 2 be 
 
 It isbigger than aChaffinch by‘about one third parts fhort-bodied : Its Head bigger 
 than for the proportion of the body. Its Bill very great, hard, from a broad bate 
 ending in a fharp point, of the figure of a Coneor Funnel; half'an inch long, having 
 _alarge cavity within, ofa whitifh flefh-colour, almoft like that of the interiour fur- 
 face of the mother of Pearl thell, only the. tip blackifh, ‘The Eyes are grey or afh- 
 coloured, asin Fackdaws. The Tongue feemsas it were. cut off, as in the Chaffinch. 
 The Feet are of a pale red+ The Claws great, efpecially thofe of the midale and 
 back-toes. The middle Toeis thelongeft;, the outer fore-toe and the back-toe are 
 
 equal one to the other. 1o-9f Jarl ios 
 ibe At the bafe of the Bill grow Orange-colouted. feathers, between the Bill. and the 
 Eyes black. ‘Thelower Chap. in the Males is compafled wath a border of black fea- 
 thers.» Theheadis of a yellowith red, or rufty ‘colour ; The Neck cinereous. The 
 4.» Back red, the middle parts of the feathers: being whitifh.. The Rump from — 
 ei oe S73 mciunes 
 
 ae a <a = . >" = 
 : > ’ ame g . > a 2 . : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 inclines to cinereous. The fides and Brealt, but efpecially the fides, are of a mixt 
 colour of red and cinereous, Under the Tail, and in the middle of the Belly the 
 Plumage is whiter. [ In another bird the Back was of a grey or ath-colour, tingured 
 with red: The Head and Throat greenith:. Thefidesand Breaft painted with trant 
 verte black lines. - 
 
 The guil-feathers in each Wing are eighteen in number, of which the nine or teri 
 foremott for half way from the thaft inward are white. The white part from the 
 firft inward being dilated, Of the fubfequent one half is white, but not fo far asthe 
 fhaft: The three inmoft or next the body are red. .The tips of all from the fecond 
 to the tenth thine with 4 changeable colour of purplith and blue, like the Necks of 
 Pigeons. From the tenth the exteriour borders of the fixth or feventh lucceeding are 
 grey, elfe they are all dusky. The Tail is but fhort, of about two inches length; 
 compoled of twelve feathers, {potted at the top on their interiour Vanes with white, 
 on their exteriour in the middle feathers with red, inthe outer with black. [ In ano- 
 ther bird the middle feathers of the Tail were greenifh ] 
 
 About Frankefort on the Main, and elfewhere in Germany, and in Italy, it is com- 
 mon. InSummer time it lives in the Woods and Mountains 5 in the Winter it comes 
 down into the Plains. It feldom comes over to us in Exgland, viz. only in hard Win- 
 ters. It breaks the {tones of Cherries, andevenof Olives with expedition, the Ker- 
 nels whereof it is very greedy of. The Stomach of one we diflecéed in the Month of 
 December was full of the ftones of Holly-berries. It feedsalfo upon Hemp-feed, Paz- 
 nic, &c. and moreover upon the buds of trees, likethe Bulfixch, 
 
 It is faid to buildin the holes of trees, and to lay five or fix Egos. It weighs an 
 ounce and three quarters : Is in length from Bill to. Claws feven inches and an half; ig 
 breadth between the tipsof the Wings extended twelve and an half, 
 
 @. Ti. 
 The Virginian Nightingale : Coccothrauttes Indica criftata. 
 
 Tisas bigias a Blackbird, or fomething lefs... A black border compafies the Eyeg 
 ] and Bill; which is like to that of the common Hawfinch, or alittle thorter. The 
 Head is adorned with a towring creft, which it often moves as well toward the Bill, 
 as toward the Tail. The colour of the whole iga lovely Scarlet;inthe Head and Tail 
 more dilute... It is brought into England-out of Virginia ; whence, and from its tare 
 finging, it is called,’ The Virginian Nightingale, |. 
 
 _ Of this Bird Aldrovandus writes thus: In its native Soil, vx. inthe Iflands-of Capo 
 Verde, it is commonly called Frufa, aname very liketo our Italian hrifoue, [ i-e. Coc 
 cothraufti vulgari | to whichalfo it is very like in the Bill. Moreover, a black line or 
 border encompafies its Bill; and itis (as Hieronymus Mercurialis -witnefles ) of the 
 bignefs of aThrufh. Wherefore alfo we thought fit to call it Coccothranftes Indica. Tt 
 greedily devours Almonds, in which alfo it agrees with the Grosbeak, which with its 
 Bill cracks fuch kind of fruits, and other Grains or {tones; whence it is called Nuci- — 
 Saga or Nut-eracker. And that this Bird doth the like it is very probable, feeing it is 
 likewife armed with a very thick and {trong Bill. Mercurialis affirms, that by the 
 Portugues itis commonly called, The Cardinal bird, becaufe it is of a fcarlet [ purpu- 
 rez |colour, and f{eems to wear on itsHeada redhat. Of the matureand qualities of 
 this Bird Fr. Malochiys, Prefect of the Phyfic-garden at Pifa, gave me this account. 
 It imitates the notes of birds, efpecially the Nightingale : it is greedy of Panic and 
 Almonds, devours Chickweed ; feeing its Image inaglafs it hath many {trange gelticu- 
 lations, making a hifling noife, lowring its creft, fetting up its Fail after the manner 
 of the Peacock, thaking its Wings, in fine triking at the Looking-glafs with its Bill, 
 The temper of its body is very hot, which thence appears that it often immerf{es it 
 {clfin water. Itisof a very gentle nature, and will take'meat out of ones hand. Its 
 fhape isasfolloweth. Ithatha tuft on its Head of atriangular figure, and fearlet co- 
 four, with which colour alfo the Neck, Breaft, and Belly are adorned. The ends of 
 the Wings arenot of fo deepa {carlet, as neither the Tail, which for the Proportion 
 of the body is pretty long, of about a Palm, fomething erected,as broad as oneslittle 
 finger. The Legs are fhort and whitith: The Claws {trong, and fomething crooked. 
 The whole bird meafured from Head to Tail is full two Palmslong. 
 
 CH AP. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 : tORNITHOLOGY. Boox IL. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 The Green-finch : Chloris, Aldrov. Ornithol. lib. 18. cap.18.- 
 
 half length, meafuring from Bill-pointto the Feet or Tails end : of ten inches and 
 an half breadth between the extreme terms of the Wings expanded. It is called 
 by fome the Green Linnet. 
 
 Its Billislikethat of theGrosbeak,, but much lefs, of halfan inch length, fharp- 
 pointed, and not crooked: The upper Mandibledusky, thenether all whitith. The 
 Tongue is fharp, and as it were cut off, ending in filaments : The Eyes furnifhed with 
 nidtating membranes: The Nofthrils round, fituatein the upper part of the Bill next 
 the Head : The Feet of a flefh-colours the Claws dusky. ‘The outer Toe at bottom 
 {ticks faft to the middle one. 
 
 The Head and Back are green,the edges of the feathers being grey. Themiddleof 
 the Back hath fomething of a Chefnut colour intermingled. TheRumpis of a deeper 
 green or yellow : The Belly white: The Breaft of a yellowifh green: The Throat 
 Of the fame colour with the Neck : The feathers contiguous to the Bill are of a deep 
 yellowifh green. 
 
 The borders of the outmoft quil-feathers of the Wings are yellow, of the middle- 
 moft green, of theinmoftgrey. The inner feathers of the fecond row are grey, the 
 outer green. All the reft of the covert-feathers of the Wingsare green. The fea- 
 “thers along the bafe or (if you pleate ) ridge of the Wing are of a lovely yellow. 
 The coverts alfo of the underfides of the Wings are yellow. The Tailis two inches 
 and a quarter long, made upof twelve feathers; of which the two middlemoft are 
 all over black,thofe next have their outer edges yellow : The remaining fouron each 
 Gde from the middle outwardly are black, but all their inner Webs from top to bot- 
 tom yellow. as = 
 
 The Liver is divided into two Lobes, and hath a Gallebladder annexed. The bird 
 we difle&ted had a large Craw, a mufculous ii ach, filled with feedsof Plants. — 
 
 It builds in hedges : Fhe outmoft of its Neft is made of hay, grafs, or ftubble ; 
 the middle of Mofs; the inmoft, on which the Eggs lie, of feathers, wool, and hair. 
 In this Neftit lays five or fix Eggs, near an inch long, of a pale green colour, fprinkled 
 with fanguine fpots, efpecially at the blunt end. | i Qi 
 
 The colours of the Hen are more languid, not fo bright and lively: And onthe 
 Breaft and Back it hath oblong dusky fpots. | 
 
 The Chloris of Aldrovandus, according to his defcription, feems to be lefs green 
 than ours. It feeds upon the feedof. Rape, Thiftles, Docks, and moft willingly Cazary- 
 erafs, as do other birds of this kind. 
 
 The Anthus or Florus of Bellonius, called in French, Bruant, is of kin to this. He 
 defcribes itthus : Le Brxant in French hath its name from its voice: For when it fings 
 it exprefles the word Bruire. As it flies it makes a noife. Ariftotle calls it" Avb@., 
 which word the Latiwes render Florws. The modern Greeks, [know not from what 
 ancient name, callitalfo Florus. Itisa little bigger than a Chaffinch : The Cocks are 
 for the moft part yellow: Yet fome part of the Wings and’ Tail inclines to cinereous, 
 but their greater feathers are of amore elegant yellow. ‘The extremities of the Tail- 
 feathers are alfo altogether yellow 5 but withinof another colour. The Bill is great 
 and fharp, of a palecolour : The Legs and Feetare fomething red. They are kept 
 in Cages for the fweetnefs of their finging. They feed for the moft part upon Hemp- 
 feed, and keep muchabout tall trees, far remote from Meadows. It hatches at Jeaft 
 five young ones. | 
 
 [ is bigger than a Houfe-Sparrow 5 of an ounce ard! weight; of fix inches and an 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Cuap. Il. ¢. I, 
 Lhe Bulfinch, Alp or Nope. Rubicilla fey Pyrrhula: 
 
 His Bird hath a black, fhort, {trong Bill, in figure and ftru@ure like that of 
 the.Grosbeak , but lefs, [Inthe elder birdsit is lomething crooked, | The 
 
 Tongue is as it were cutoit: Its Eyes are hazel-coloured - Its Clawsblack ¢ 
 Its Legs dusky. The lower joynt of the outmott Toe {ticks faft to the middle Toe. 
 The Head for the proportion of the body is great. Inthe Male a lovely fearlet or 
 crimfon colour illuftrates the Breaft, Throat, and Jaws, as far asthe Eyes. The fea- 
 thers on the crown of the Head above the Eyes, and thofé that compa{s the Bill, are 
 black: The Rump and Belly white: The Neck and Back grey, with a certain tincture 
 ofred. [ The Neck, Back, and Shoulders feemed tome blue or ath-coloured. | The 
 quil-feathers of the Wings are in number eighteen; the laft or inthoft of which onthe 
 outer half’ from the thaft is red, on the innet black and glofite. OF the reft the inte- 
 Tiour [ 2. e. thofe next the body ] are black, with a glofs of blue; the exteriour dat. 
 ky or black. Of the firft or outmoit five the exteriour edges in the upper half of the 
 feathers are fomewhat white. The tips of the lower covert-feathers are cinereous, in 
 the interiour more, in the exterjour ick. The next to thefe are of the fame colour 
 with the Back. The Tail istwo inches long, black, and {hining, made up of twelve 
 feathers. 
 
 The Cock isof equal bignefs to the Hen, but hatha flatter crown, and excels her 
 in the beauty of his colours, | 
 
 They feed moft willingly uponthofé buds of trees which break forth before, in- 
 deed are pregnant with, the leaves and flowers, efpecially tholt of the A pple-tree, 
 Pear-tree, Peach-tree, and othey Gartdeh-trees; and by that means bring no {mall de- 
 triment to the Gardeners, who therefore hate and deftroy them asa great Peftof their 
 Gardens, intercepting their hopes of Fruit. 
 
 Lurner writes, that they are very docile birds, and will nearly imitate the found of 
 a Pipe [ or the Whittle of a man | with their voice. They are much efteemed for 
 their finging with us in England, and defervedly in my judgment. For therein they 
 excel all {mallbirds, if perchance you except the Liznet. 1 hear € faith Aldrovandus) 
 that the Henin this kind fings as well as the Cock, contrary to what ig ufizal in moft 
 other forts of birds, 
 
 ae 
 oe =e 
 
 “ ee a ee 
 . - eed 
 
 §. IL. 
 * The Auerican Bulfinch or Guiratirica of Margerave. 
 
 T is of the bignefs of a Lark : Hath a thick, ftreight Bill, dusky above, vinder- 
 | neath white, and alittle incarnate. Its Legs are cinereous, with four toes {tand- 
 ing after theufuial manner. The whole Head, with the Throat, atid the lower and 
 middle part of the Neck are of a rare fanguine colour: The Eyes blue: The Ear- 
 holes large. The fides of the Neck, the whole Breaft and lower Belly ate covered 
 with white feathers. The upper fide of the Neck hath black ones, with which a few 
 white aremixt. The Back is grey ( with a few black feathers interfperfed ) as are 
 alfo the beginnings ofthe Wings: The reft of the Wings is blatk, as is the Tail, which 
 is about three inches long. . The lateral borders of the Wings are white, 
 
 GHAP. 
 
 
 

 
 a ate emcee 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox I. 
 
 Sc ae nr I 
 
 Cuap. IY. 
 
 The Shell-apple or Crofs-bill, called by the Germans Krutzyogel, Loxia, Gefn. 
 Aldrov. An Tragon Plinii 2 
 
 N fhape of body it is not much unlike the Green-finch: It weighs an ounce and 
 I half, and fromtip of Bill to Tailendis {tx inches three quarters long. 
 
 Its Bill is thick, hard, {trong, black, and contrary to the manner of all other 
 birds, crooked both ways, the Mandibles near their tips crofling one another: For 
 the lower, being drawn out into a fharp point, turns upward, the upper bends down- 
 ward. Neither do they always obferve the fame fide ; for in fome birds the upper 
 Chap hangs down on the right fide, the nether rifes up on the left; in others contra- 
 riwife, the lower takes the right fide, the upper the left. The lower Chap 1s like the 
 Chafinches, neither is the Tongue different. The Nofthrils are round: The Ears 
 great and wide: The drides of the Eyes from grey tend to a hazel-colour : The Feet 
 dusky, the Claws black. The lowett joynt of the outmoft toe {ticks to that of the 
 middlemotft. 
 
 The middle parts of the Back and Head feathers are black, the edges green. Inthe 
 lead there is fomething of cinereous mixt with the other colours. “Ihe Rump is 
 green: The Chin afh-coloured : The Breaft green: The Belly white, only under the 
 Tail the middle parts of the feathers are black or dusky. 
 
 Each Wing hath eighteen quil-feathers, all blackifh, only the outer edges of the 
 foremoft are green. The Tail confifts of twelve feathers, two inches and a quarter 
 long, and black, with green edges. The Guts have many {piral convolutions. The 
 blind guts are very fhort. 3 
 
 Thisbird was defcribed in the Autumn : He that fold it told us that it changed co- 
 lours thrice in a year, being green in the Autumn, yellow in the Winter, and red in 
 the Spring. Gefzer alfo faith, that they are firft of all red onthe Breaft, Neck, and 
 Belly ; that then they grow yellow : And that. mer change colour efpecially in Win- 
 ter.Some affirm,that it changes colour every year,to that it {ometimes declines more to 
 yellow, fometimes to green, red, or ath-colout. _ That it changes its colour with age, 
 
 ja 
 
 | or according to the: 1 erent {eal 
 
 
 
 
 fferent feafons of the year, we cannot but think probable, be- 
 ing fo well attefted. Perchance alfo in the fame age and feafon of the year the colour 
 in divers birds may be different. For we faw and bought at Nurenderg in Germany 
 two of this fort of birds brought up together inone Cage, of which one was green 
 the other red, when the Summer was almoft {pent, and Autumn coming on. But 
 however the colours may differ, this bird 1s {ufficiently characterized by the. make of 
 it Bill. Kept in Cages they climb up and down the fides withthe Bills and Feet, after 
 the manner of Parrots. | | 
 
 It is. a moft voracious bird 5 much delighted and feeding very fat with Hemp-feed. 
 It alfo loves Fir-kernels, and ithe Months of Faxwary and February builds its Neft in 
 thofe, or the liketrees. They fay, that with one ftroak of its bill, it will in a trice 
 divide an Apple in halves, that it may feed upon the Kernels, by that means doing a 
 great deal of mifchief in Orchards. 
 
 In fome parts of Germany, Bavaria, Suevia, Noricum, they are found in great num- 
 bers all the year round. Sometimes they come over tous, and inthe Weftern part of 
 England, elpecially Worcefter/hire, make bad work, {poiling a great deal of fruit in 
 our Orchards... > - Fy | | ‘ 
 
 One thing alfo more ( faith Aldrovandus ){eemeth to me ftrange and unufual in the 
 Crofs-bill ; that in the Winter-time, when all things fhrink with cold, and other birds 
 are mute, fhe fings; andinSummer, when other birdsfing, fheisfilent. Which whe- 
 ther it be true or no let thofe obferve among whom fuch birds are common. It fings, 
 they fay, very {weetly. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Boo I, ORNITHOL OGT. 249 
 
 CHap: V: 
 3 Of Sparrows. 
 
 "W Hefe Birds feed upon grains of Corn, Gitims of bread; worms; and difers 
 Seeds. Their Bills are fhort, thick; and fomething crooked: Their co. 
 
 lour teftaceous or earthy. They are very falacious, and therefore held to 
 be fhort-lived. | stor 
 
 a 
 The Houfe-Sparrow. Pafler domefticus; Aldrob. 
 
 an weight of this well known, and every where obvious bird is x * ounce - 
 
 t - length from the beginning of the Bill to the end of the Tail fix inches and 
 an half. 
 
 The Bill is thick, ih the Cock black, at the corriers of the Mouth between the 
 Eyes yellowith, in the Hen dusky, fcarce halfan inch long: The Eyes hazel-colou- 
 red: The Legs and Feet of a dusky flefh-colour: The Claws black. The lower 
 pie of the outmoft Toe, as in other {mall birds, grows to that of the middle 
 
 oe. 
 
 The Head isof.a dusky blue, or afh-colour ; the Chin black. » Above the Eyes aré 
 two {mall white fpots. From the Eyes a broad line of a fpadiceous colour. The fea. 
 thers growing about. the Ears are afh-coloured. .'The Throat [ below the black fpot] 
 of a white ath-colour. _ Under the Bars on each fideis a great white {por. The lower 
 Breaft and Belly are white. The feathers dividing between the Back and Neck; on 
 the outfide the fhaft are red, on the infide black, but toward their bottoms fome- 
 thing of white terminates the red. The telt of the Back and Rump are of the 
 fame colour with Thrufhes. made up as it were of a mixture of green, dusky, and afh- 
 colour. 
 
 The Hen-bird wants that black {pot under the Throat, as alfo the white {pots on 
 the Neck;' and above the Eyes: Its Head and Neck being alfoof the fame colour 
 with the Rump: The nether fide of the body of a fordid white. Inftead of a white 
 line crofs the Wings it, hath black feathers with pale reddifh tips. In general the co: 
 lours all the body over are not fo fair and lively. 
 
 Each Wing hath eighteen quil-feathers, dusky, with reddith edges. From the ba- 
 {tard Wing a broad white line is extended to the next joynt. Above this line the co- 
 vert-feathers of the Wings are of a * {padiceous colour ; beneath they have'their* A colour 
 middle parts black, their exteriour edgesred. The Tail hath twelve feathers, and is aa bak ca 
 two inches and a quarter ug the middlemoftfeathers being fomething fhorter than der. 
 the reft: Allof a dusky blackith colour, with reddifh edges. 
 
 Its Tefticles are great, as beirig avery falacious bird.. Its Giits nine inches long : 
 The blind Guts very fhort. Its Stomach mufculous, it feeding upon Wheat, Barley, 
 and other,Grain. » The Womb of the Female is gieat. . It hatha Gall-bladder. Y 40.4 v4 al pot Ks 
 _ Whether or no it be fo fhort-lived as is reported, I think thére is fome redfon to ; 
 doubt. .:, | ) 
 
 This kind of bird.doth fometimes vary in colour: Aldrovandus fetting fortha white 
 and a yellow Sparrow: The figures and defcriptions whereof may be {een in the fif@ 
 teenth Book of his Ornithology, Chap.11, 125 4)! 1. 
 
 §7:M0. 2 
 * The foolifh Bononian S parrow of Aldrovand. 
 
 T is in bignefs equal to the common Sparrow. The colour of its whole body is 
 ycllowifh, {potted every where with oblong rufty, or rather red fpots, which on 
 the Back..are longer and bigger than elfewhere, albover tending downwards. The 
 Bill ised, thick, and fhort: The Eyes great; their. Pupils encompailed with a yellow 
 circle, ,Ehe Tail and Wings incline to black 3 but the ends of the leffer feathers in 
 
 the Wings are white, 5a tozlor | 22168 
 | om Rk §. IIL 
 
 
 

 
 250 OR NIT HOLO GY. Book I 
 
 
 
 
 
 §. IL 
 
 *« A finall bird akin to the Sparrow: Aldrov. Book 15. Chap.17- 
 
 His fmall bird, although it have nota black Chin, nor any footftep of it, Cas 
 
 we have obferved in fome He#-Sparrows,).yet by the: whole fafhiom and make 
 
 of, its body: it difcovers and warrants it felt to be: of the! Sparrow-kind. - Its Billis 
 whitifh, asinthe Houfe-Sparrow. It 1s painted all over the body with oblong reddith 
 fpotstending downward: but thofe on the underfideof the Neck, and’ on'the Breait 
 are more manifeft, becaufe thofe parts are white, whereas the upper, vz. the Back, 
 the upper fide of the Neck, and the crown of the Head are red; as are alfo the 
 whole Tailand the Wings : but moft of the feathers of thefe have white ends: The 
 Belly alfo and the Thighs are white : The Legs and Feet. yellowifh : The Claws long 
 
 and black. 
 | §.. IV. 
 
 * The potted, or tbree-coloured Sparrow of Aldrovand. Book 15. Chap.13.° 
 
 TE calls it three-coloured, for that whereas it confifts only of three colours, 
 viz. white, black, and yellowifh, no one of them can be faid to excell an- 
 other. The whole Head and Neck are white, varied with yellowifb {pots. “The 
 Wings are adorned with the three forenamed colours, but the white and black are in 
 them predominant. The Bill, as in Sparrows, thick, fharp pointed, the upper Chap 
 
 ellowith, the nether altogether yellow. The Iris of the Eye is whites the Pupil 
 
 lack; ..: The Chin, Breaft and Belly, Thighs, Legs, Feet, and Tail underneath ‘are'of'a 
 yellowifh white; ¢lfe the Tail is almoft yellow. | ip 4 
 
 J §. V. : ; J eS ti 
 ~ -' "a % me . (tes cpio as Syte: ve 3 7_ 4HOLOD 
 * The white-tail'd Sparrow of Aldrovand. Book 15. Chap.ig. “1 
 Q st0c} & : art . fz FE : , wit a eeeienemey | ; - Tee ETS; oH} 
 “He Tailof this, although it be not altogether white, yet is of a pale, whitifh 
 
 
 
 
 ee afh-colour, whereas otherwife for colour it is almoft like the Houfe-Sparrow, 
 but hath not that black fpot under the Chin. The Bill, asin that, is white:°The 
 Eyes black: The Head, and all the lower parts from white incline to yellow. » ‘Large 
 {pots-of almoft a ferrugineous colour, beautified with very fimall milk-white lines, are 
 difperfedall over the Back. All the feathers of the Wings are of a chefnut-colour, 
 « -yound.about yellow. The Legs and Feet are dusky« a hes # 
 
 Seem ur oi bas ated ee i 
 of orion? *eaie Daluatic Sparrow of Aldrovand. Lib.1 5: Cap.2 Ie 
 
 Siti Te ke : ) ma 
 
 His bird! Aldrovand {aw only the Picture of at Tartaglinus's a Citizen of Venice. 
 
 8 ailttis ( faith he?) bigger than our common Sparrow, but for colour almoftlike ‘it. 
 
 * The word * Underneath alfo it isabfolutely white, but above of a ES red, no other colour in= 
 Prnéwhich teveeding| TheEyes.and Bill for the proportion of the body are great 5 and this Jaft 
 nfuallyaccepts whitifh, | The Tail is forked; the Feet yellowith, adorned with tranfverfe liries al-” 
 icfignifies  moft of a flefh-colour. The Claws black, pretty:long and fharp. 00T Aan 23 
 
 apove, 
 
 §. VITO 
 
 * The Ring-Sparrow of Bellonius, and the: fiall Sparrow living about 
 Waluut-trees of the fame Author. 
 
 . * 4 ‘ 5 17 
 “+ + . “~ < -_ 
 oh 40 FOOD 94 oe 
 
 id fi at ‘} 
 
 ei Wi GC ii) ) ; BPO | 
 “a He fir(t of thefe differs fromthe common Sparrow,’ as well in’ that itis‘of a dis 
 
 BY verfecolour; as becaufe thefpot, which in thatis black, in this is yello' rp He 
 
 * Ringed. calls it* Torqnatus, becaufe a white ring or’ wreath encompafies' tlie Byes ‘under’ the 
 
 Eye-brows: Moreover; it is more cinetcous than the common Sparrow, hath a greater 
 voice, and exceeds it in the bignefs of the Body and Bill. It abides an Woods, | 
 in.tlic Hollows of trees. =! | The 
 
 é- 
 
 > 
 - 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
Boox IL. ORNITHOLOGY. 251 
 
 The.other, called Frignet by the F rench, is leaft of all, having a very fhort, thick, 
 a Bill; its Feet, Legs, Head, and Wings, like thofe of the Wall-Sparrom. It builds 
 in Frees. 
 
 : 
 
 §.. Vl. ee 
 * The tailed purple and black Indian Sparrow of Aldrov. Book 1 5. Chap.28. 
 
 3 hath a Tail five inches long, made up of ten very black feathers. The quil-fea- 
 thers of the W ings are alfo cole-black. The Head, Neck, and Rump are of a 
 deep purple colotr, yet:the roots or bottoms ofthe feathers, yellow. The Bill ig 
 pretty thick, fomewhat hooked and fharp, fomething xefemblipg that. of the Bytcher« 
 bird, black above, beneath where it grows to the Head white, The colour of the 
 Legs I know not, for they were wanting in the cafe communicated to me; ‘but it 
 is likely that it hath black ones. | 
 
 §. IX. 
 * The Tijepiranga of Brafil or American Sparrow, Marggrave. 
 
 1’ is a little bigger thana-Lark, and lings like our common Sparrow. Its whole 
 _ Body, Neck, and Head are ofa delicate red.or fanguine colour: But the Wings 
 and Tail of a fhining black, faving that in the beginning of the Wings there is fome- 
 thing of red mixt therewith. The Legs are black, below the Knees bare of feathers, 
 above covered with black feathers, The Billlike a Sparrows, the upper C hap black, 
 the nether black alfo toward the point, but white toward the Head. The feathers 
 on the Head black, whieh the is fometimes wont to ruffle up after the manner of Spar- 
 rows. All the feathers of the whole body are black within, red without, yet fo com- 
 plicated, that outwardly they appear wholly red. The Tail is almoft three inches 
 long. Each foot hath four Toes, and fo difpofed as in moft other birds. 
 
 There-is found:another fort of this bird, of the bignefs of a Sparrow, whofe whole 
 body is covered with bluith afh-coloured feathers: But the Wings approach fome- 
 thing toa Sea-green. » Inthe Belly,and lower part of the Neck or Throat it is white, 
 or. rather: of a thining filver colour... The Legs are ath-coloured, as is alfo the Bill, 
 which islikea Chaffinches.. Each foot divided into four Toes, and thofe fituate as is 
 wfual in birds. | | 
 
 * The long-tail’d Indian Sparrow witha {carlet Bill of Aldrovand. 
 
 T is. of equal bignefs to our Honfe-Sparrows, if you except the longer feathers of © 
 the Tail. It hath a {hort thick Bill. of a {Carlet colour.. Its Head is flat, elevated 
 near the Neck, blackifh, witha mixture of agreenifhcolour inclining to blue; which 
 alfo is feenrunning‘downward through the Back and upper part of the Wings... The 
 Wings are of three colours chiefly; firft, that new mentioned ; fecondly, a. white, as - 
 appears inthe figure; thirdly, a black: To which {ucceeds fourthly, a yellowith co- 
 Jour, next which are the quil-feathers again. black, but cinereous within, . The 
 Throat, lower fide of the Neck, the Breaft and Belly are white. .The Tail is double, 
 as in the Peacock.,and alfo. of twocoleurs ; The lefler which fuftains the greater, being 
 as It were its prop, is white; the greater, confifting of four very narrow feathers of 
 nine inches long, isof a deep black. The Legs and Feet are {potted of black and 
 white; the Talons black, and asin birds of prey very fharp and hooked. 
 
 * Another Indian long-tail'd Sparrow of. Aldrowand, Book, 13, Chap.23. 
 
 ™ His isan exceeding beautifnl bird, even: fairer thanthe former : OF the fame 
 bignefs. Its Bill isblue: Its Head alfo, as an that, flat 5 but more elevated in 
 the Neck ; all black; its Eyes alfoblack, encompafled witha white circle, and having 
 a yellow Iris: Its Neck and Breaft are ofa {carlet Soren s its Belly and ara 
 | ‘ K 2 white 7 | 
 
 ) 
 
 
 

 
 2.5 2 
 
 
 
 ‘ i hentai 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. 
 
 white : Its Wings, Back, and Tail black: But a certain palenefs 1s mingled with the 
 quil-feathers of the Wings. Thelonger feathers of the Tail, ( which aretwo exceed- 
 ing long ones, 27%. five Palms, and very broad 5 anda third firft alfo broad, but end- 
 ing in very flender filament: ) are fupported by other fmaller ones. The Legsand Feet 
 are white: The Claws black,and, as in the precedent, notably fharp and hooked. | 
 
 §. XI. 
 * A fort-tail'd Indian Sparrow of Aldrovand, Book 15.Chap.24- 
 
 ‘His Bird is leffer than the two former, all over black : Which colour yet hath 
 
 [know not what kind of blue and violet glofs 5 as is uftally feen to happen in 
 
 deep blacks. The Bill ani Feet are of a flefh-colour ; the Claws black. The Eyes 
 alfo bla¢k;but encompafled with a whitecircle. | 
 
 g.  XiIll. 
 * The frort-tail'd Italian Sparrow of Aldrovand. 
 
 a2 He Bird ( faith he ) which youfee here delineated, having a very fhort Tail,\cal- 
 ¥ led Paferino, that is a little Sparrow, is fometimes taken in the Country about 
 Bologna. Its whole body & of one colour, viz. yellowith: Yet its Breaft and Belly 
 are whiter than the other parts, Its Bill is of a deeper yellow. 
 
 §. XIV. 
 * The rumple{s blackand red Indian Sparrow of Aldrovand. 
 
 Ty whole body, both above and underneath, as alfo the beginnings of the 
 — Wingsare of a moft lovely fhining {carlet colour: The reft of the Wings is 
 ‘black: But yet, if their feathers are {pread out, fomething of white appears in their 
 fides. The Feet alfo areblack : Moreover it hath along the Back two oblong, black 
 {pots, almoft contiguous. ‘The Bill'for the proportion of the body fmall, ( for it is a 
 thick-bodied bird for its bignefs ) and lefs alfo than in the common Sparrow, white 
 where it is joyned to the head, elfe black, fharp, and flender. It altogether wants a 
 Rump. : 
 
 
 
 o. XV. 
 * The rumplefsblue, red, and black, Indian Sparrow of Aldrovand. 
 
 ae His Bird is longer than the former, but lefs corpulent, and of three colours, efpe- 
 cially, vz. red, blue, and black. The Head, Neck, and Breaft, and all. the 
 lower parts are of a deep red colour. On the fides of the Neck are two large contigu- 
 ous fpots of a femilunar figure and (carlet colour. The Wings are very long, black and 
 blue about the fides. The Legs fhort and black. The Bill a little crooked, black,but 
 white near the forehead. : 
 
 All thefe Indian Sparrnws are to ws unknown: Aldrovandus allo himfelf faw only the 
 pidlures of them, not the birds themfelves. But Pictures of them (as Pliny rightly faith) 
 allacious, thefe defcriptions cannot be thought to come near the exattne{s of [uch as are taken 
 from the birds themafelves 3 
 
 @. XVI. 
 The Moutain S parrow, frequent in Stiria and Carinthia. 
 
 Fen thetip of the Bill tothe end of the Claws it was by meafure fix inches long. 
 * Its Tongue was fonething cloven: The Irides of its kyes between grey and ha- 
 zel-coloured. Its Chin was black: It had alfo on both fides a black {pot about the 
 Ears. Aborder of white compaffes the Neck almoft half way, and the {pots about 
 the ears. The Head of a dusky red. The outer Webs of the feathers on the middle 
 of the Back arered, theinnerblack. The Kump is of a yellowifh a(h-colour. gn 
 
 7 4 | | rea{t 
 
 — - — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
< 
 
 Boox Ii, ORNITHOLOGY. 253 
 Breaft-and Belly of a fordid white. Of the fecond and third row of Wing-feathers 
 all but the eighth or tenth outmott have white tips. The {mall feathers on the bafe or 
 ridge of the Wing are red, as are alfo the outmoft edgesof the reft. The number of 
 quil-feathers is eighteen. The Tail if two inchés and a quarter long,’ made up of 
 twelve feathers, of almoft equallength. The Bill is black, more than half an inch 
 long; at the corners of the Mouth and lower Chap yellow. It hada large Craw, 
 fullof feeds: The mufcles of the Gizzard were not very thick. The Tefticles great 
 and white, 
 
 The defeription of the Mountain Sparrow in Aldrovand agrees indifferently well 
 with ours, {ave that heattributesto it two black {pots befide the Eyes; one of which 
 is Wanting inour bird; at leaft Mr. Willughby mentions only one. 
 
 We faw abundance of thefe birds inthe mountainous Countries of Stiria and Carine 
 _ thia,as we travelled from Vienna to Venice. ) 
 
 §. XVII. 
 * The Wood-Sparrow of Aldrovand, Book 15. Chap.16. 
 
 TN bignefs it exa@ly correfponds with the common Sparrows. Its Bill from yellow 
 inclines to white ; and is( asI may fofay ) exa@ly Sparrow-like. The crown of its 
 head, as in the precedent Mountain Sparrow, is of a rufty colour, inclining to Ver- 
 milion. The circumference of the Eyes white, the Iris yellowith, the Pupil black. 
 From Chin to Tail it isof an afh-colour, but the * extremities of the feathers incline * I fuppofe he 
 tored. The Chin and underfide of the Neck are crofled with continuous, tranfverfe, Sei aiea 
 blackifh lines; whereas in all other Cock-Sparrows we fulpect, nay, we pofitively 
 affirm, thatthey are wholly black. The Back, Tail, and Feet are of a dusky ferru- 
 gineous, fave that thetips or ends of the feathers are altogether yellow. »The Wings 
 ne ne fame colour, but the firft feathers, which cover their * ridges end in a nota- * Cote, 
 le white. | 
 
 §. XVIII. 
 * The Brafilian Sparrow, called Guiranheemgatu by Margerave. 
 
 T is of the bignefs of a Sparrow. The Head above is of a pale yellow, as is the 
 ] Throat: The Neck,Breaft, and lower Belly of a deeper yellow. The Wings are 
 mixt of green and yellow,and diftinguithed with dusky,as is alfo the Tail. The Eyes 
 and Bill black : The Legs dusky. The Cock of this kind fings rarely well, likea 
 Finch. The Henis of the fame bignefs, covered with Sparrow-like feathers, fings not, 
 but cries T/chrip, t/chrip like a Sparrow. 
 
 Cuap. VI. QI. 
 The Chaffinch : Fringilla, Saga Ariftotelis, 
 
 {trong, white underneath, above and toward the tip dusky : The lower Chap 
 *equal to the upper : The Tongue cloven and rough: The Irides of the Eyes + underftand 
 hazel-coloured: The Ears great. | it in length, 
 The Head in the Cock is blue, but the feathers contiguous to the Nofthrils black. 
 The Back 1s reddifh witha mixture of afh-colour or green: The Breaft red 5 the Belly 
 under the Tail white. 3 
 The colours of the Henare not fo bright and lively. But its Rump is green: Its 
 Back not fo red: The Belly from red inclines toa dirty kind of green. The Breatt alfo 
 is of a duller colour. Eee 
 The Quil-feathers in each Wing, in number eighteen, all but the three firft, or out- 
 mott have their bottoms and interiour Webs whites their exteriour edges yellowith, 
 orrathergreen. In the Cock the {mall feathers invefting the ridge or bafis of the 
 Wingare blue. Abovein each Wing is aremarkable white ‘pot: Then after an in- 
 terftice of black fucceeds a long white fillet, beginning from the fourth quill, = 
 | after 
 
 T is fomething lefs than a. Honje-Sparrow, Weighing nota fall ounce. Its Bill is harp, 
 
 
 
~. 
 
 254 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox 
 afcer the tenth continued through the tops of the covert-feathers. That: part of 
 this white fillet which pafies through the tips of the coverts is tinctured with 
 
 ellow. 
 . The Tail is two inchesand an halflong, and made up of twelve feathers, of which 
 - the outmoft oneach fide have their bottoms, and alfo their tops on the outfide the 
 fhaft black, thei middle part white. The next to thefe have lefs white, vz. only near 
 the top, andon the outfide the fhaft: The three fubfequent on both fides are black: 
 the two middlemoft cinereous with greenifh edges. : 
 
 The Liver is divided into two Lobes, the right being the biggeft. The Stomach 
 not very flefhy. » The outmolt Toe in each foot, as in other {mall birds, grows to the - 
 middlemottat bottom. ei 
 
 E This bird fometimes varies in the colour of its feathers. For Gefver affirms, that 
 himfelf had {een a Chaffinch all ovet white: And Aldrovandw detcribes two ‘others, 
 one whofe whole body from white declined to yellow : Another that was partly yel- 
 lowith, and partly blackifh. 
 
 They are ( faith Aldrovandus ) birds of ae They love moderate cold, but 
 are offended by. immoderate. But with us in ngland they fear no cold, abiding here 
 all Winter, be the weather never fo fharp : Neither is there any Bird more frequent 
 inall parts of this Land, excepting perchance the Lark, the Sparrow, and the Tellow- 
 
 hammer. 
 
 
 
 d. IL. 
 The Bramble or Brambling : Fringilla montana feu Montifringilla, "OgssmCn, Arift. 
 
 ] N weight and bignefs it 7 with theprecedent. Its Billis thick, ftrong,ftreight, 
 f fron. a broad bafe diminifhing into a fharp point, almoft like a Cone or Funnels in 
 {ome birds wholly black, in others black at point, and yellow atbottom. ' Its Tongue 
 like the Chaffinches 5 the upper Chap of equal length with the lower, its fides {trong ; 
 and thin’d into fharp edges. [| The Bill of the Female hath no part yellow. } Its Feet | 
 of a pale dusky colour : The outer Toejoynedtothe middle below, as in other {mall a 
 birds. From the head to the middle of the Back the colour in the Cock is like that of 
 a Starling, a fhining black, the-edges-of fie feathers being of a reddifh afh-colour. 
 The lower part of the Back is white. The Throat is of a yellowifh red; the Breaft 
 white ; the feathers behind the Vent reddith. 
 .. Inthe Female the Head from red or dusky inclines to cinereous : The Neck isafh- 
 coloured : The feathers of the Back have their middle parts black, their borders of 
 that fame reddifh afh-colour. The Throat is not fo red as inthe Cock. © Within the 
 ridge of the Wing it hath lefs yellow, and without no Orange colour. In brief it is 
 every where more difcoloured. res tate 2 arcs wth 
 i The interiour quil-feathers of the Wings are red, the inmott of all black, with red 
 edges. Beginning from the fourth, feventh, or eighth of the fubfequent feathers 
 have a white fpot on the outfide their fhafts, by thetips of the feathers of the fecond 
 row. Underncathalfo their extériour edges are Whitith 5 elfe the quil-feathers are all 
 black. The Plumage near the. bafe of the Wing underneath is of a lovely yellow 
 above of an Orange colour. » | peke D8 | | ; 
 The Tail isfour inches : long, compounded of twelve feathers, of a black colour 
 but the exteriour Web of the outmoft feather on both fides is white, and fornetimes 
 alfo the interiour. : The tips and edges of the two middle feathers are of a reddifh 
 afh-colour. | , 
 At Venice we found great numbers of thefe birds mthe Poulterers fhops in Winter 
 time; whence weinfer that they are common in the Country thereabouts at leaft in 
 that feafon of the year. They arefound alfoin Exgland, but more rarely. + 
 Thefe birds alfo fometimes vary in their colours.. Hence in Aldrovandws we have 
 three figures and defcriptions of Montifringile: Of which that in the fecond place is 
 ofa paler colour, and hath its head wholly white. The third is altc ther tke the 
 firft, fave that under the Bill it hath no black: And befides that fecond yellow ftroak 
 whichis in others, in this was far more con{picuous. : | 
 
 
 
 §. Uf. 
 
 
 
Boow I. OR NIT HO BOG ¥. | Rey 
 
 
 
 LIV 9+. Hl: ' 
 The great pied Mountaiu-Finch or Bravelive: Montiftingilla calcaribus Alaudz fey major. 
 
 [Tt is equal in bignefs tothe common Lark, from the ttp of the Bill to the end of 
 a the Tail being five inches and a quarter longs and between ‘the extrentes’ of the 
 Wings-{tretched out twelve and three quarters broad: Its Billis halfan inch long, of 
 a yellow colour, ‘with a black tip.’ Theend ofthe Tongue is divided into: filaments, 
 The top of ‘the Headof afulvous red, darker toward: the Bill. L Mr. Fohufon atti. 
 butes'to the Headand upper part-of the Neck adusky red or chefhut colour. ‘|The 
 upper fide of the Neck, the Rump and fides are alfo red : So is the Breaft, but paler, 
 the reft of the under fide, Throat, Belly, Wings, &c.is white. The underfide of the 
 Neck, the Back and {eapular feathers are elegantly variegated with black and a reddifh 
 ath-colour ; the middle part of cach \feather being, black, and the outfides red. The 
 black {pots appear of a triangular figure. Inthe upper part of the Wings and bottom 
 of the Back there is more of red. | 
 
 Each wing hath eighteen prime feathers, of whichthe eight outmoft or longeft are 
 black ; yet their bottoms, as far as they are hidden by the fecond row, except the outer 
 edgéof the outmoft feather are white: Moreover, the very tips, or rather edges of 
 the tips of all excepting the two. outmoft, are white: ‘The {even next, which 
 take up the middle-part of the Wing, are wholly white, fave that near the tj p on the 
 outfide each feather hath an oblong black {pot. The remaining: three or fout next the 
 body ate black, having their uppermott edges red. All the covert-feathers Of the 
 Wings, ‘excepting thofe text the body,. and two or three, which make up'the baftard _. 
 Wing, are white; thof excepted beirig¢ black. -. But Nature (as I fee ) obferves not 
 an exact rule in the colouts of this birds Wings: For-in the bird defcribed-by Mr. Wil. 
 
 lughby the covert-feathers of theblack quils were for the moft part black, of the white 
 ones white: Yet in general in all birdsthat we have {een there were large white {paces 
 in each Wing. The Tail is fomewhat forked, two inches and an half long, made up 
 of twelve feathers, the two outmott whereofon each fide being wholly white fave a 
 very little of the outer edge toward-the tip, which is black, more in the outmoflt, lefg 
 inthenext. The outward Web of the third on each fide almoft from the top quite 
 downto thebottom is white : The remaining: fix, are black, haying only their edges 
 about their tips white. The Legs, Feet, and'Clawsare cole-black. The back-Claw 
 or Spur is longer than the reft, as in Larks, of about half aninch. The outmott Toe 
 for a good {pace from the divarication’ is. joyned to ‘the middle one, as in’ mott {mall 
 birds, (0 | 2n4 Steiiy, OSL | £+ Shi 20 71nq Taq a 
 
 This Bird Mr. Wilvghby found and killed in Lincolufhire. Mr) Fohufor fent us the 
 Bird it felf, and the defeription of it outof the Northern part of Torkshite.2 22 A ite 
 
 The fame Mr. Fohujon {ent alfe the defcription of another ‘bird of this kind by the 
 name of The leer Mountain-Fineh ot Bramlin, together with the café of the: Bird 5 
 which by the cafe took to be only the Female of the precedent,he from its difference 
 i bignef$, place,and other accidents rather ‘judges it a difting {pecies. I thal theréfore: 
 prefent the Reader with his defctiption of it.6 00 > | e345 - HOI 
 
 It is of the bignefs 6f a yellow Finch; hath a thick, fhort, ftrong’ Neb, black at the 
 very point, and the reft yellow. Allthe forehead of a dark chefnut, almoft black, 
 growing lighter backwards, about and under either Eye lighter chefaut : The back of 
 the Neck afh-coloured, which goes down the. Back te the Tail, but there more {pot- 
 ted with black. Under the Throat white, but Brealt and Belly dafht or waved with 
 flame-colour; at the-fetting on of the Wing grey. , The. fir five feathers blackith 
 brown, all the reft white. five a little dath of brown near the point of each feather. 
 The Tail confifts of twelve feathers, the three outmolt on either fide white, fave a 
 little {mall dath of dark brown: The reft dark brown. The Feet perfeétly’ black, 
 The hind-claw as long again as any-of the reff. 0. ) SIETSH YC SSS: 
 USI RBG? Bae esr: IV 22m) 5S PiiG 
 
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 ‘vy t* ; si : 1+ : &2 V¥ é¢ ate — be S . . . . 7 > 
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 256 
 
 FN a nat salience 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Ii. 
 
 
 
 * The words 
 are “mbra ali- 
 quatenus mix- 
 tas,by which 
 
 perchance the the feathers, the fides of the Neck, the Breaft, and whole Belly, 
 
 Anthor might 
 
 mean, .z7xt 
 with a little 
 uum ber-colonrs 
 
 Cuap.. VII. 
 * The Brafilian Sayacu of Marggrave. 
 
 \ 
 
 v 
 
 O what tribe of {mall birds this is to be referred we.do not certainly know: 
 
 : But becaufe the Author faith it is of the bignefsof a Chaffinch, we have placed 
 
 it here. The whole body 1s covered with feathers of a colour mingled of 
 
 sand Back the Sea-green is fo mixt that, 
 
 cinereous and Sea-green : But in the Win 
 The Billis black; The Eyes alfo wholly 
 
 expofed to'the Sun, they fhine marvelloully. 
 black. 
 
 
 
 Cuap. VII. 
 * The Brafilian Tijeguacuparoara of Marggrave. 
 
 derneath. The top and fides of the Head, the Throat, and lower fide of the 
 Neck are covered with yellow feathers, {potted with fanguine. [This Bird was 
 
 a Female, for inthe Malethe Plumage of thefe parts is wholly fanguine. | Theupper 
 fide of the Neck and whole Back with-ath-coloured ones, *fomewhat fhaded:. The 
 Wing-feathers are dusky, with white borders: As alfo the Tail: But the covert-fea- 
 thers of the Wings are cineous. . The Back for the moft part, excepting the ends of 
 with the Thighs 
 
 are covered with white feathers. The Legs and Feet are dusky : Four Toes in each 
 
 placed.after the ufual manner. It hath black Eyes. 
 
 [’ is of the bignefs of a Larks hath a fhort, thick Neb, dusky above, white uh- 
 
 
 
 z ee 
 a 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 L2ssek ee i lian Guitaperea of Margrave. 
 
 2 
 
 per part of the Head and Neck, the whole Back, and lower Belly have fea- 
 thers of a dark yellow colour, like yellow,Wax : Thelowerfide of the Head 
 and Neck, the Throat and Breaft black ones : Of whichcolour there are alfo a few in 
 the Belly intermingled with the yellow. The Tail: is two inches long, and reaches 
 further than the ne fv Both Tail and Wings ate made up of dusky and blackith 
 
 TT is alfo of the bignefs of a Lark: Hatha thort, thick, black Bill. The up- 
 
 feathers, every one of . Which hath its fide-edges of a Sea-green, fo that the Wings 
 appear brown, ftraked with green: And in like manner the Tail. The Thighsare of 
 a Wax-colour : The Legs and Feet of a dark grey or afh-colour. It hath four Toes 
 difpofed:according to the ufual manner, armed’ with black. Claws. 
 
 
 
 ‘Cua. x. Gok 
 The Goldfinch, or Thiftle-finch , Carduelis. 
 
 fiotle, by the later Greeks called ’Axgvbis. jolt is lefs than the Heuje-Sparrow 5 
 
 ~ of anounce and half weight ; five inches and an half length from Bill-point to 
 Tail end; nine and a quarter breadth between the utmoft tips of the Wings fpread 
 out. Its Head for the bulk of the body isof the biggeft : Its Neck fhort ; Bull white, 
 but in fome birds black at the very point, little more than half an inch long, thick at 
 the head, ending in a fharp point, of a Conical figure : Its Tongue fharp : Eyes ha- 
 zel-coloured, A ring of {carlet-coloured feathers encompafles the bafis of the Bill. 
 
 From the Eyesto the Bill oneach fide is drawn ablack line. The Jaws are white : 
 | b3 | ee The 
 
 T Bird, in the opinion of Aldrovandus and Belloniws is the X puaoparphs OF Ari- 
 
 
 
 f 3 
 
- 
 
 Se tte 
 
 Boo II. ORNITHOLOGY. AST 
 
 he top of the Head black, from which a broad black line, produced on both fides 
 almoft to the Neck, terminates the white. The hinder part of the Head is white. 
 The Neck and forepart of the Back are of a fulvous or reddifh afh-colour. ‘T he 
 Kump, Breaft, and fides are of the fame colour, but paler. The Belly white. The 
 Wings and Tail black; Yet the tips of the principal feathers in both are white. Be. 
 “fides, the Wings are adorned with a moft beautiful tranfverte ltroak of yellow. [¢ 
 
 you exactly view each quil-feather, you will find the firft or outmolt wholly black; 
 all the reft tipt with white; and befides the lower half of the outward Web of eve= 
 ry feather from the fecond totheeleventh inclufively of an elegant yellow, which to- 
 gether make that yellow bed acrof the Wing we now mentioned; whence this bird is 
 - luppofed to be called Xpvopirpys, The interiour covert-feathers of the Wings are 
 
 alfo yellow. TheTail is two inches long; compofed of twelve black feathers, of 
 which the two outmoft have a great white {pot on their tips; the next a lefler; The 
 third none; the fourth again a little one, and the fifth a greater. 
 
 The Legs are fhort ; the Back Toe {trong, armed, with a Claw longer than the reff, 
 Uhe lower of the outer foretoe grows fait to that of the middle toe. The blind 
 Guts, as in other {mall birds, are very-fhortand little. It hath al a Gall-bladder. 
 
 The Hen-bird hath a fmaller note than the Cock, and fings not fo much, and the 
 feathers on the ridge of the Wing are dusky or cinereous, whereas in the Cocks they 
 are cole-black : and thefe (¢ faith Aldrovandws ) are conftant and infallible marks by 
 which the Sexes may be diftinguifhed. 
 
 Goldfinches are gregarious birds, for the elegancy of their colours and fweetneS of 
 their finging every where well known and highly efteemed. They areof amild and 
 gentle nature, as may even thence appear, that prefently after they are caught, with- 
 out ufing any art or care, they will fall to their meat and drinks; nor are the r fo fca- 
 red and affrighted at the beeline of aman, as to {trike their Bills and Wings again(t 
 the fides of the Cage, as moft other. birds are wont to do: Nor are they very much 
 troubled at their captivity and imprifonmentinaCacge: Nay, if they have continued 
 there agood while, they like it fo well, that t ach you let them loofe, they will 
 not fly away, as (faith Aldrovand ) I my felf have obferved, to whom I refer the 
 Reader. They feed upon the feeds of Thiftles in Winter times, from whence they 
 took their name, and not of Thiftles only, but of Teafel, and Hemp, and Dock, and 
 Poppy, as Albertws tells us. The Goldfinch keptin a Cage will with its Bill draw up 
 a little pot of water hanging upon a {tring, and putting its foot fometimes under the 
 {tring when it can reach the Pot, will drink out of it, and quench its thirft, which 
 other {mall birds alfo will learn to do. Belides that little Thiftle-finch ( faith Turzer) 
 adorned with a golden fillet, 1 know another {pinivorousbird ofa green colour,which, 
 in like manner asthe Goldfinch,out of two ots, on€ going up, the other mean time go- 
 ing down,will take meat out ofthe onc anit drink out of the other.. The fame doth alfo 
 the MiZet-bird, which our Country men calla Linzet. The fame likewife will imi. 
 fate any tune you whiftletoit. So thennot only that bird which is in Greek called 
 ©egums, andin Latine by Gazarendred Carduelis, will do what you bid it, and ufe 
 its Billand Feet fora hand, but many »thersalfo. All which things (faith Aldrevay- 
 dus ) daily experience proves to be muft true. It builds its Neft in thorns, and trees, 
 Gejner affirms, that it lays feven Eggs, Bellonins, eight: The difference is not great, 
 and it may lay fometimes the one, fometimes the other number. ; ant 
 
 The Goldfinch, by reaton of age, fex, or other accidents, varies fometimes in its 
 colours. Aldrovandus {ets forth four varieties: 1. One not ful] grown, which had 
 no red at all on itsHead: 2. One with white Eye-lids: 3. A white one witha 
 red head: 4. A whitifhone, which yet on the forepart of the Head and under the 
 Chin had fomething of red. Befides which he defcribes alfoa bird of kin to the Gold- 
 finch, (which perchance was a baftard kind )inthefe words. : as 
 
 In bulk of body it exceedsa Goldfinch,being equal toa Chaffinch, A circle of a lively a Bird of kin 
 Saffron colour encompaffes the Bill. Its Eyes are like a Goldfizches,but bigger. Its Head, ee 
 except the Saffron ring now mentioned,and its Back aré of the fame colour,vz.blackith. 
 The Breatt is of a black green, as are alfo the {mall feathers, covering the ridges of the 
 Wings: Whofe quil-feathers are black, and much more varied ot diftinguifbed with 
 white, than in other birds of this kind. That part which in other Tiz/tle-finches is 
 yellow, in this is of a palecolour. TheTail of as deep a black as in others; but in 
 the two outmoft Tail-feathers on each fide when extended appeared fomething of 
 white 5 which otherwife, when the Tail was clofed, was hidden, and not expoled to 
 view. The whole Belly from cinereous inclined to dusky. ; ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
elt 
 : 
 
 Mit |, 
 
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 ve - mvt 
 258 ORNITHOLOGY. _Booxll. 
 §. IL 
 
 
 
 * The Brafilian Jacarini of Marggrave. 
 
 1 ig of the bignefs of our Goldfinch: Hath a thick, afh-coloured Bill: Afh-co- 
 loured Legs and Feet, with four Toes fituate after the ufual manner. The whole 
 Body is covered with black feathers, but fhining with a glofs like polifhed fteel. “The 
 Wings withinfide are white. The Eyes are blue, and behind each a large hole -in- 
 ftead of Ears, This Bird being of the bignefs of a Goldfinch, and having a Bill not 
 unlike it, not knowing better to difpofe of it,l have inferted in this Chapter,although 
 it agrees not in colour either with the Goldfinch, or any other Exropean Bird, that f 
 
 know, of this bignefs. 
 Crap. Xi. 
 Of the Linnet. 
 
 d. I. 
 Of the Linnet in general. 
 
 Ma Characteriftic notes of thiskind are, 1. A fize of body fomething lefs than 
 
 a Chaffinch: 2. A teftaceous or earthy colour, mixt of cinereous and dusky | 
 orbrown: 3. A Taila littleforked: 4. A peculiar colour of the outmoft 
 feathers of the Tail, vz. brown, with white borders or edges: 5. A fweet note. 
 
 OF Linnets we have obferved four forts in England: 1. Thecommon: 2. The |, 
 gieater ted: 3. The leflerred. 4. The Mountain Linnef. 
 
 o. ther 
 
 
 
 — - 
 - Seow oo 
 
 ion Linnet : Linaria vulgaris. ‘ 
 
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 T weighs about an ounce: From the tip of the Bill to the end ofthe Tail being half 
 a foot long 3 between the tips of the Wings {pread forth teninches broad. Its 
 Bill is half aninch long, thick, {trong, black above, white underneath. The Tongue 
 $s.48 it were cut off: The Nofthrils round : The Head particoloured of cinereous and | 
 black ; the Back of black and reddifh, the middle part of each feather being black 
 the edges or outfidesin the Head cinereous, inthe Back reddifh. The Breaftis white: 
 The lower Belly about the Vent yellowith. The region of the Craw or bottom of 
 the Guillet is of a lovely red, the edges of the feathers being yellowifh. Each Wing 
 hath etghteen quil-feathers, all black butthe edges, which in the exteriour are whi- 
 tifh, in’ the interiour red. The foremoft feathers of the fecond row are black, the 
 edges of the interiour, or thofe next the rife of the Wing_ red. The lefier bovert= 
 feathers about the ridge or bafeof the Wingarered. The Tail is fomewhat forked 
 ststwo outincit feathers being two inches and a quarter long ; the middle only two: 
 OFf the middle twothe borders or edges are red, of thereft white. The Tail confifts ‘ 
 of the ufual number of twelvefeathers. It delights to feed upon Line-feed, whence 7 | 
 Gefuer, in imitation of the Frezch, ( who call it Linote) impofed on it the name of 
 Linaria. It feems not to have been defcribed or mentioned by the Ancients: How- | 
 © eit, Belonins makes it to be the Aigithus of Arifiotle. Ut is kept in Cages with us 
 for the fweetnefs of its finging 3 wherein, in my judgment, it excels all other {mall 
 birds. It feeds upon Canary feed, Panic, Millet Ephience alfo it is by fome called 
 Miliaria ) Rape-teed, Cole-feed, and Hemp-feed. But whatever feed it eats 1t firft 
 * 3. fall or * deco: ticates it with its Bill, that it may feed only on the pulp. But Hemp-feed 
 eres ( that we may note that by theby ) makes birds that feed upon it fo fat that it either 
 kalls them, or takes from them all courage and liftto fing. Ola faith, that the Lizzet 
 builds in trees that are not very tall,and lays three or fourEggs.We have obferved it to 
 build 1m black or white thorn bufhes,or Furze-bufhes.Mr.Willughby afcribes to the Feet 
 of this bird an obfcure dusky or blarkifh colours Olina a middle colour between Heth- 
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 Boox Il, OR NiITHOLOGY. 
 
 colour and white.,. Perchance: the) Feet: of the younger bitds are paler, of the old 
 darker coloured: Or thofe of the Cock blacker, the Hen-birds whiter: Mr: feffop 
 fent usa Linnet of the common fort with Feet perfectly black; but that was extra- 
 ordinary. ! | | 
 
 
 
 
 
 An Additionto the Etiftory of the Linnet, out of our Englifh —_ 
 : | Writer of Singing Birds. | 
 
 Ou may take the young ones out at four days old, if you intend they fhail Jearn 
 to whiftle or hear any other birds fong ; For then being fo young they have 
 not the old birds fong, and are more apt to take any thing than if you fuffer 
 
 thenito be in the Nefttill they are almoft quite fledg’d... You muft be fure when you 
 take them out fo young, to keep them very warm, and to. feed them but a little at a 
 time. Your meat muft be Rape-feed foaked, and then: bruifed,, mingled with fall 
 as much foaked white-bread. You muft. make freth every day 5 for if it be four, it 
 immediately makes them fcour, and not long after die, You muft not give them their 
 meat too dry, for if you do it will make them Vent-burned ; and that isas bad asif 
 they Rbtited. If you intend. to whiftle to them, do it when you feed them... For 
 they will learn very much before they can crack hard feeds. So, hang them under 
 any bitd you. intend they fhall learn his Song. Ihave known feveral that have been 
 taught to [pedk. | ietit ipo 
 
 You may know thé Cock-Linnet. by thefe two marks ? 1. The Cock is much 
 browner on the Back and pinion of the Wing than the Hen. 2.: By the white of the 
 Wing. Take your young Linnet when the Wing-feathers are grown, and ftretch out 
 his Wing, holding his body faft with the other hand ¢ otherwife I have known them 
 by afudden jerk to break their Win $ ) and then obferve the white upon the fourth, 
 fifth, and fixth feather, if it be. lotic and gliftering, and the white goes clofe to the 
 quill, this isa certain fignof a Cock. 
 
 Lhe Linnets difeafes and their cures, 
 
 t. This Bird is fometimestroubled with melancholy, and then you will find the 
 end of his Rump to be very. much {welled ; which you mutt prick witha Needle, 
 and let out all the corruption {queezing it out very, well withthe point of the 
 Needle; then anoint him with the ointment made of frefh butter and Capons greafe, 
 and feed him for two or three days with Lettice, or Beet feeds, and the leaves alfo : 
 And you may give him the feedsof Melons chopt in pieces, which he. will eat very 
 greedily; and when you find him to mend take the Melon feeds away, and give him 
 his old diet again: Put into his water.two or three blades of Safiron and white 
 Sugar-candy for a Week or more, till you perceive the bird to be wholl y recovered. 
 
 2. The difeafe this Bird-is moft troubled withal is a {couring ; of which there are 
 three forts: The firft very thin, and with a black fubftance in the middle, which is 
 not very dangerous; for Ihave known many fing very . {trong and lavifh when they 
 have had this {couring in a very violent manner. The fecond is between a black and 
 a white, but not fo thin asthe other, but very clammy and {ticking. This is worfe 
 than the former. It is recovered by giving your bird fome Melon-feed fhred, and 
 Lettuce feeds.and Beet feeds bruifed,-andin his water fome Liquorice and white Su- 
 gar-candy, witha little flour of Oatmeal. You mutt be diligent. at the firft. to ob- 
 ferve him when he is fick, that fo he may have a {tomach to eat: For in two or three 
 days his {tomach wall be quite gone, and then it will be hard recovering him again. 
 The thitdand wortt fort of fcouring is the white clammy one which is dange- 
 rous and mortal, if not well looked after at the firft: _ This is occafioned by bad feeds, 
 and many times for want of water. If it be not taken at the firft appearance it imme- 
 diately caufeth him to droop, and fall from his meat, and then all medicines are ufe- 
 lefs. Firft,give him Flax-feeds, taking away all other feeds ; then give him Plantain- 
 feeds, if green, otherwife they willdo him no good: For want of lantain-feeds give 
 him fome of the Leaves fhred {mall, and fome Oatmeal. bruifed, witha few crums of 
 bread : And in his water give him fome white Sugar-candy and Liquorice, with a blade 
 or two of Saffron. — | i 
 
 Se To 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ORNCEITHOLOGY?. Boox Il, 
 Toavoid the peril of fcouring Olina advites ei let hit have always a piece ofchalk 
 
 in his Cage. ee ee | 
 
 a §. I. 
 
 The greater red-headed Linnet : Linaria rubra major. 
 
 Hisis fomethihg Jefs than the common Linunet : Its Bill {hort, thick, of 'a~Coni- 
 ‘TT cal figure like the Chaffinches, the upper Chap black, the lower at the bafe 
 white: The Tongue fharp, and as it were cut off, asin the Chaffinch: The Nofthrils 
 round : The Eyes hazel-coloured. The crown of the head adorned with a red or 
 {anguine colour, but not very bright and’ fhining. The reft of the Head and Neck 
 sound about are cinereous. : The Shoulders, Back, and covert feathers of the Wings 
 are red. The Breaft is tinctured with red. The fides under the Wings are of a yel- 
 lowifhired or (padiceous colour: +The outmoft quil-feathers of the Wings are black, 
 the inner dusky. The exteriour edges of theeight outmoft, excluding the firft, are 
 white, the whité from the bottom towards the top extending it felf in breadth in eve- 
 ry feather more and morein order, till in the ninth feather It reaches almoft to the 
 tip: Thefe white edges in the Wing complicated concur to make up a white {pot 
 ‘externally confpictious. From the ninth the tips of the fixth or feventh fucceedin 
 are blunt and indented. The interiour margins of all the quil-feathers are white, an 
 thetipsalfo of thofé toward the body, or fetting on of the Wing. The Tail is fome- — 
 thing forked, two inches and an half long, made up of the ufual number of twelve 
 feathers; all fharp-pointed, and of two colours, both edges, as well inner as outer, 
 being white, butthe outer mores which colour in the extreme or outmoft feathers 
 fakes up almoft half the breadth of the exteriour Web: In the reft it grows narrower 
 and natrower by degrees to the middlemoft, which are almoft wholly black, the ver 
 extreme edges only remaining white: The feathers incumbent on the Tail in the middle 
 along the fhaft are dusky, their outfides being white. It hath {mall Legs and Feet of a 
 reddifh dusky colour, but not perfectly black 3 black Claws,the hinder the biggeft,the 
 two outer Claws equal one to the other : There is alfo the like cohefion between the 
 outmoft and middle toes, asin other birds. — 
 In the Female neither is the Back bay, nor the crown or Breaft red; but the Back 
 _ dusky, with a tincture of gre wn, the Breaft of a dirty yellow, varied with dusky 
 fpots. ‘The othernotes agree Sa = 
 Te weighs five drachms, from tip of Bill to end of Tail is five inches and an half 
 long; ‘to the end of the Claws but five. A line of nine inches and a quarter mea- 
 furés the Wings ftretcht out. It iscommon on the Sea-coalts. 
 
 Q. IV. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The leffer red-headed Liunet : Linaria rubra minor. 
 
 His is lefler than the precedent. The Back coloured like the common Linnet : 
 | The forehead adorned witha remarkable fhining red fpot ; The Bill like that 
 of the greater red Linnet, but lefs: The Breaft red ; the lower Belly white. The 
 prime feathers of the Wings and Tail dusky : The Tail about two inches long, and 
 fomething forked. The outmoft borders or edges of the Wing and Tail-feathers 
 roufid.are white. | 
 - The Legs and Feet are dusky 5 the Claws black, and long for the bignefs of the 
 bird s but the Legs very fhort. The like cohefion or adnafcency of the outmoft and 
 middle toe at bottom, as in other fmall birds. 
 In this kind the Female alfo hath a {pot on her head, but more dilute than that of 
 the Cock, and of a Saffron colour. a 
 This Bird differs from the precedent red Linnet in many particulars. 1. {n that it 
 is lefS: 2. That it hatha lefferand fharper Bill: 3. That the Hen agrees with the 
 Cock in the {pot on its head, though it be paler: 4.That the Legs and Feet inthisare 
 blacker: 5. That the border of white about the tail-feathers is narrower :_ 6. That 
 the tips of the fecond row of Wing-feathers being white make a tranfverfe white line 
 crofs the Wing. Laftly, that this Bird is ps chit flying in flocks, not that, 
 - Aldrowandus deferibes two forts of red Linnets, neither of which agrees with either 
 of ours inall points. See their defcription in his Orithology. ——— — 
 . §. V. 
 
 
 
matte apietiee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boor Ti, OR NC ITHOLO GY. by ee 
 
 ie. VS 
 The Mountain Linnet > Linaria Montand. 
 
 His was found by Mr. Fr. Fefop in the Mountains of the Peak of Derbyfhire, 
 and fent tous. Tt is twice as big asthe precedent. The colour of its Head 
 and Baek is the famé with that of the common Linnet ; for the middle parts of the fea- 
 thers-of both aréblack, but the outfides of edgets of thofe on the Backired) on the 
 Head cinereous.° FRe middle parts of the feathers on the Throat and Breaft ate alo 
 black; but the edges whitith. Only the Rtimp is of a very fair fhining fearlet or 
 Oratige-tawtiy colour. The edges'of the middle quil-feathers of the Wings are 
 White, ‘as are alfothe tips of thele of the fecond row. The Tail is two inches and 
 an half Jong, confifting of twelve féathers, of which the two middle are all over of 
 one uniform brown or dusky colour. Of the reft, as well the outer as inner edges, 
 ate white > Thefé white edges inthe outmoft feathers are broader thanin the reft. Its 
 Bill is like that of the precedent, v7%. lefs for the proportion ‘of its body than that of 
 the fecond fpecies.' ‘The whole bird from Bill to Tail was fix inches and an half long 
 to the Claws five aiid an half. 
 
 Cuar. XiIL. 95: 
 i The Siskin :- Spinus five Ligurinus, 
 
 Yet the * thafts of the feathers on the Back are black ; and the Neck being darker » };. word 
 ~ than the Back feemis to partake fomething of the colour of the Head. The isto be taken. 
 Rump is of a gréenith yellow: The Throat and Breaft of a yellowith green: The ea 
 Belly white: The feathers under the Tail yellowith, with oblong dusky {pots in the about tte 
 middledown the fliaft. The feathers alfo invetting the fides are {potted in the middle tafe. 
 with brown. The Hen ispaler and more difcoloured. Her Throat and fides under 
 her Wings are white, the middle parts of the feathers being {potted with brown. The 
 Head and Back are of a greenifh afh-colour, with brown {potsin the middle. The 
 Throat and Breaft have Tek of green. ¢ 
 The Wings até croffed by «breed line or bed of yellow. The Pinion-quill of 
 the Wing is allover dusky, only the edges green. Of the hine following the outer 
 Webs are green; the green part is widened by degrees in every feather, till in the laft 
 it take up half the length. From the tenth almoft the lower half of each feather is 
 yellow, the upper black. The extetiour covert-feathers of the Wings are black, the 
 edges of the interiour green. The Tail confilts of twelve feathers, the two middle- 
 mott black : Thereft above half way of a moft lovely yellow, with blacktips’ The 
 uppermoilt tips of the feathers, as well in the Wings as in the Tail, are grey. The 
 lower Mandible of the Bill hath an éminency or angle on each fide, received in the 
 upper. The Tongue is fharp, horny at the tip, and channelled : The Eyes hazel- 
 coloured. The outer and middle Toe have the like cohefion at bottom asin other 
 birds, : | 
 - Itiskept in Cages for its finging: It is common in Germany atid England. At Vi- 
 enndin Anfiria they called it Sezfel, a name not much different from our Exglifh Siskin. 
 In Swjex it is known by the name of Barley-bird, fo called becaufe it comes to them 
 in Barley-feed time. All the Winter, and in the beginning of the Spring, it flies in 
 flocks. Its differsfrom the two following birds, 1. In that itisa fittle bigger: 2. It 
 hath a longer Bill: 3. A black Head: 4. A fhorter Tail, more than half yellow ; 
 5- Aftrake or bed of yellow crofs its Wings, ae 
 Aldrovandws writes, thatit feldom 6r neve? appears in cold Coumtries, as France 
 and England, as Beloniws and others teport: But we have by experience learnt the 
 contrary. It isof a Very —— nature, and not at all crafty, fo that it-is eafily taken 
 any kind of engifte or déceit. . tS | 
 arch bird is called by Arz/totle and thé ancient Greeks *"AricivOls, as Aldy ovandus is 
 of opinion. Ymr@-alfo is the name of a bird; fuppofed tobe this, as well with the 
 Greeks as with the Latines. — . | ow et: 
 
 I Head is black. The upper fide of its body, viz. Neck and Back are green. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 162 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Jl. 
 
 
 
 Of the Canary-bird, out of Gefner, Aldrovandus, and Olina: 
 
 thofe which the Ancients for the excellent temperature of the Air called For- 
 
 tnate, {o denominated from, the multitude of great Maftive Dogs, as Pliny 
 out of Juba delivers. All. thofe Iflands,; which the Ancients called Fortunate, are 
 now adayscalled theCavaries. Out of which in our Age are wont to be brought cer- 
 tain finging birds, which from the place where they are bred they commonly call Ca- 
 nary-birds ¢ Othersicall them Sugar-birds, becaufe the beft Sugar is brought thence. 
 Of this bird we have thought fit to treat next after the Siskin, becaufe fome have 
 judged it to be a fort of Siskin, as Luraer ¢ Andin truth to look. upon for colour and 
 {hape it isvery likeit. This bird Gefwer from the relation of a friend of his thus de- 
 {cribes. . It is of the bignefs of the common Titmoufe, hatha {mall white Bill, thickat 
 bafe, and contracted into a {harp point : All the feathers of the Wings and Tail being 
 of a green colour : So that it differs little from thofe {mall birds, which our Country 
 
 C Avaria is an Mand. of the Atlantic Sea, on the left fide of Mauritania, one of 
 
 * citrineleor mencall * Citrils, or thofe they call Zijels, and the Italians, Ligurini, fave that itisa 
 ee little bigger than either of thofe, liker in thew or outward appearance to this, fome- 
 thing greener than that. So far Gefzer. Between the Cock and Hen-bird I have ob- 
 ferved this difference, that the Breaft; Belly, and upper part of the Head, adjoyning 
 to be Bill, are more yellow inthe Cock than inthe Hen. This is common to both 
 Sexesto be ficfhy, andnotfat. Of its finging the-fame Gefner hath recorded as fol- 
 loweth. Ithatha very fweet and fhrill note, which at one breath continued fora 
 long time without intermiffion, it can draw out {ometimes in length, fometimesraife 
 very high, bya various and almoft nufical inflexion of its voice, making very plea- 
 {ant and. artificial melody. . The found it makes is very fharp, and fo quavering, that 
 {ometimes when it ftretches and exercifes its little throat and Chaps, whiftling. with 
 allits force, it vehemently ftrikes, andeven deafens the Ears of the hearers with its 
 fhrilnefs.;. Many are delighted with this kind of its finging, many alfo are offended, 
 faying, that they are aftonied and. deafned by_it- It is fold every where very dear, 
 both for the fweetnefS of its finging,and allo becaufe it is brought from far remote 
 * Nowadays places with great care and diligence, + but* rarely; fo that it 1s,wont to be kept 
 chere be Olny oy Nobles and great men. Buti one be taken with the melody of thefe 
 ought are, Birds, let him buy thofe which have long Tails and {mall Bodies. . For it is found) by 
 nor arethey ~experience that by how much lefs they are, by fo much are they more canorous. But 
 fold fo dest, the great ones fhut up in Cages turn their heads round about and backward, and are 
 mean perfons not to be e{teemed genuine or right bred Canary Birds. Of this fort there are brought 
 ae re from the Ifands Palma andC.Verde, which they call fools, from that motion of their 
 ain. E head, which is proper to fools... They are fed with Canary-feed, wherein they take 
 great pleature, which therefore is wont to be brought together with them out of the 
 fame Illands. Gefwer fromthe relation of his friend writes, that they are fed withthe 
 famefood with the Siskin and Citril viz. Line feed, and Poppy feed, and fome- 
 timesalfo Millet : But particularly, that they delight in Sugar and the Sugar-cane, as 
 alfo in that fort of Chickweed or Moufe-ear, which they commonly call Henbit. For 
 he affirms, that by this they are prefently provoked to fing. This fort of birds is wont 
 to be infefted with certain tumours or kernels in its head 3 which Itake to bea kind of 
 Atheromata: They are to be anointed with Butter or the fat of Hens till they ripen, 
 then they areto be opened, and the matter dexteroully prefled out,and again anointed 
 till they be perfectly whole. Sometimes alfo they happen to be troubled with Lice: 
 In whichcafe it will be of advantage to {prinkle them often with Wine. Forfothofe 
 Vermine will be killed, and they become ftronger to overcome that trouble. . Thus 
 
 far Aldrovandus. 
 
 There are alfo found (faith Oliva) of this fort of birds in the Ifland Ilva a degene- 
 
 
 
 . Nerate kind, defcended originally from true Canary-birds, which were brought over , 
 
 
 
 
 
 from the Cayary Iflandsina.certain Ship bound for Ligorz, that was caft away near 
 this Ifland, and after the fhipy 
 
 e fhipwrack efcaped, and faved themfelves in this Ifland ; and 
 afterwards propagated their kind f 
 difference: of place hath wrought fome change in the external figure of this Bird. 
 
 Hr : For thefe {purious Birds have black Feet,and are more yellow under the Chin thanthe 
 | : genuin®Cavary-Birds. | | Additions 
 
 eo er 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 ir kind here, breeding and multiplying greatly. But the — 
 
 
 
 
 
262 
 
 Boor IL ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 Additions to the Hiftory of the Canary bird out of 4 late Englifh 
 Writer concerning finging Birds. } 
 
 Anary birds ( he faith ) of late years have been brought abundantly out of Ger- 
 many, and are therefore now called German birds: And thefe German birds in 
 handfomnefs and fong excel thofe brought out of the Cazaries. 
 The Cock of this kind is never fubject to be fat: For his high mettle, and lavith 
 finging will hardly fuffer him to maintain flefh on his back, much lef fat. 
 
 How to chufe a Canary-bird. 
 
 Let him bea long bird, ftanding {treight and not crouching, but {prightly, like uns 
 to a Sparrow-hawk: {tanding with life and boldnefs, and not fubje& to be (careful, 
 Before you buy him, hear him fing ina fingle Cages fo you may be {ure not to be 
 cheated with a Hen fora Cock, and may pleafe your fancy in hisfinging. He that hath 
 mott variety of notes, and is the longeft fong-bird is by moft accounted the beft. 
 
 How to kuow if he bein health when you buy bine. 
 
 If he ftands up boldly, without crouching or fhrinking his feathers, if his Eyes look 
 chearful, and not drowfie; and he be not apt to clap his head under his Wing, thefe 
 are good figns of ahealthful birds But the fureftis to obferve his dung ; which when 
 he is in perfec health lies round and hard, - with a fine white onthe outfide, and dark 
 within, and will quickly be dry... The larger the birds dung 1s, I hold it the better; 
 fo itbe long, round, and hard. A:Seed-bird very feldom dungs too hard, except it. 
 bevery young. If he bolts‘histail like a Nightingale after he hath dunged ; or if his 
 dung bevery thin, orif it have only a flimy white, with no blacknefs in it, the bird 
 is not healthful. | 
 
 Of the ordering of Canary-birds, which you intend for breeding, in building and breeding. 
 
 Firft, make a cofvenient Cage, or'prepare a room fit for that purpofe: You muft 
 be fure to let it have an out-let toward the rifing of the Sun, where you mult havea 
 piece of wire, that they may have egrefs and regrefs at their pleafure. When you 
 have prepared a_ convenient Room, then fet upin the corners of it fome Befoms, 
 either Heathor Frail, opening them»in the middle: If the Room be pretty high you 
 may fet two or three brooms, one under another; but then you muft fet partitions 
 with boards over every broom; otherwife the birds will dung upon one anothers 
 heads; and alfo they will not endure to fee one another fo near each others Neft, for 
 the Cock or Her will be apt to fly wpon'a Hen that is not matcht to them, when 
 _ they fee them juft under their Neft, which many times caufeés the {poiling of their 
 Eggs and young ones. 
 
 2. You muft caufe fomething to be made fo convenient; and of fuch bignefs as may 
 hold meat for fome confiderabletime, that you may not be difturbing of them con- 
 tinually, and a convenient Veflel for water alfo. Let your place where you intend 
 to put your feeds be fo ordered that it may hang out of the reach of the Mice, for 
 they will deftroy all the Canary feeds, and {o confequently way {tarve your birds. | 
 
 3. You muft prepare fome {tuff to build withall of feveral forts of things, as Cot- 
 ton-wool, {mall dead grafs, E/ks hair { thisis hard to get in Exgland and earth-mofs. 
 You muft dry it before you put thgn together ; Then mingle them all, and put them 
 up ina little Net like aCabbage-net, ‘hanging of it fo that they may with conveni- 
 ency pullit out. You muft {ct Pearches all about the Room, and, if big enough, fet 
 a tree in the middle,that fo they may take themore pleafure.. You mutt proportion your 
 birds according to the bignefs of your Room: Rather let it be under-{tocked than 
 over: for they are birds that love liberty. 
 
 4. When you perceive them begin to build and carryet ul, give them CHEE day, 
 or in two days at leaft, a little greens and fome Loaffi ig at, FOr that will caule a lip- 
 perinefs in the body, that fo the Eggs may come forth without injuring the birds 5 fur 
 many timesthe Hen dies in laying her firlt Egg: Which will be a great lofs, both in 
 lofing the firft brood, and unpatring the Cock. If this happens; and you have _ 
 
 | € 
 
 
 

 
 ae nt 
 164 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox II. 
 few pairs in your breeding place, take out the fingle Cock, and match him, and put 
 himin again : If many, itis advifable to let your Cock alone, till you draw all your 
 birds out to part them 5 becaufe it will be hard to find out the fingle Cock, and as 
 hard to take him when found. — 7 
 s. When you find that they have built, take away the Nets that have the breeding- 
 fiuffinthem. They breed moft utually three timesina yeat,begin in April,and breed 
 in May and Fuxe,and {ometimes in Avgu/?, which isnot very ufual, neither here, nor in 
 
 Germany). 
 
 
 
 How they breed them in Germany. 
 
 Firft, they prepare a large Room, and build it in the likenefs ofa Barn,being much 
 longer than broad, with a {quare place at each end, and feveral holes at each end, to go 
 into thofe fquare places. In thofe out-lets they plant feveral forts of trees,which grow 
 pretty thick,for they will take much delight both to fing and breed inthem: And the 
 bottom of the place they ftrow witha fine fortof fand, and upon it caft feeds of Rape, 
 Chickweed,and Groundfil ; which the old bird doth eat,both at time of laying, and al- 
 fo when they have young ones. They put in the houfeall forts of {tuff for the building 
 of their Nefts; and Brooms up and down the corners, one under another, and to the 
 height of the place that is built forthe purpofe; and make partitions between every 
 Neft, to make them breed the quieter, without difturbing one another : And in the 
 middle of the Room they will fet a board edge-ways to darken the light on each fides 
 for no bird almoft doth naturally love to have much light come to his Neft. They 
 plant atree or two, if the houfe be big enough, one at each end,with many Pearches 
 alfo along each fide of the houfe, and all along where they make their Nefts : The 
 place alfo that is in the air is full of Pearches. They hang their ftuff for building all 
 up and downthe houfe, that the rain come not at it, and ftrow fome on the ground 
 alfo. Some have fine fountains in thofe places that are out-lets for the birds to go at 
 pleafure into the air 3 in which the birds take very much delight to wafh and prune 
 themfelves. ! 
 
 They feldom take their Nefts away to bring them up by hand, as we do here, but 
 they let the old ones always bring themup3 and when they are pretty {tout, and can 
 crack hard feeds, they have fmall places for the young tocome and feed in 5 and they 
 oive them of all forts of green feeds to feed wpon and havea kind of trap-doorto 
 take them. They fay, that if theyaomot toa eeds for the young ones, very few will 
 live, by reafonthe Henis apt to forfake them, and go to Neft again; and the feeds 
 being very hard, they pine away and die. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 How to breed and order the young ones taken out of the Neff. 
 
 Thefe Birds mutt not be left too long in the Neft; for if they are, they will be very 
 apt to grow fullen, and will not feed kindly: Therefore take them out about nine or 
 tendays old, and put them ina little basket, and cover them with a Net, elfe they 
 will be very fubje& to jump out upon the firft opening of the Basket, and if they fall 
 to the ground they will bebruifed and die. You mutt keep them warm for the firft | 
 week, for they are very tender, and if they take cold will befubjectto the cramp,and | 
 not digeft their meat. 
 
 Talethem in the Evening, and if you can poffibly when the old ones are out of | 
 fight; otherwifethey willbe apt to take diftafte when they fit again, and have young ) 
 ones; and will beapt at every fright to forfake both their Young and Eggs. id 
 
 Make their meat after this manner. Take fome of your largeft Rape-feeds, and 
 {oak them in water twenty four hours or lefs, if the water be a little warm I think 
 twelve hours will ferve the turn. Drain the water from the feeds, and put a third 
 part of white bread to the feeds, and a little Canary feed in flour, and fo mix them 
 all together: Then having a fmall ftick, take up a little atthe end, and give every a 
 bird {ome two orthree times over 5 give them but a little at firft ata time and often 5 ag 
 for if you over-charge their ftomachs they will caft up their meat, and feldom thrive a 
 after it. For the old onesgive them but little ata time, and befides, all the feeds huld 
 
 and warmed in their ftomachss which lie nothing fo hard on their {tomachs as feeds 
 thathavetheirskins on. Youmuft not make their meat too dry, for then they will 
 be apt to be Vent-burnt, by reafon all the feeds are hot. For I have obferved, that 
 the old ones do conftantly drink after they have eaten feeds, and a little before they 
 feed their young ones; and they commonly after feeding of them fit a quarter a an 
 our 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Book I, ORNITHOLOGY. 265 
 hour or more to keep them warm, that the meat may the better tiourith theni 5 there- 
 fore do-you alfo when you have fed them cover them up warm, I approve beft of 
 the neftling bird by reafon of his tamene($ and familiarity with his Keeper; which is 
 the chief pleafureof abitd. Forif abird benot tame, but extraordinarily “wild and 
 buckith, there is no pleafure in feeding or hearing of him fing, being apt upon all 
 occafions to bruife himfelf, and to forfake his finging when moftdefired. 
 
 a 
 
 Cuap.. Xi. 
 riches 
 
 
 
 The Bird called Citril at Vienn: jVerzellino atRome ; in Latine, Thraupis 
 & Citrinella, ' 8 
 N the fhape of the Head and whole body it is very like to a Linuet. The Head 
 | and Back green: TheRumpof a yellowifh green: The hinder part of the Head 
 and Neck afh-coloured. [ In a bird that 1 defcribed at Rowe, the top of the 
 Head,the upper fide of the Neck and the Shoulders were particoloured, of a yellowith 
 greenand dark brown. ] The nether furfaceof the body is green, but about the Vent 
 it is whitifh. The upper part of the Breaft and the Belly in the Male birds is of a 
 lovely yellow. The Tailis 2 ; inches long, and black, but the extreme edges of the 
 feathers are green. The quil-feathers of the Wings are of the fame colour with the 
 Tail: The lefler rows of Wing-feathers green. [| In thofe birds I deferibed at Rome 
 the Nps per of the quil-feathers, and alfo of the {econdary feathers of the Wings 
 were white. 
 
 The Bill is hard, ofa dusky or livid colour, having fharp edges, thicker and 
 fhorter than the Siskins [ yea, in Proportion to its body fhorter and thicker thanthe 
 | Linuets or Greenfinches Bill : | Theupper Chap equal to the lower. The Tongue as 
 
 in Chaffinches: The Feet whitith or deth-colated with blackifh Claws. The Guts 
 long, flender, and rolled up together. pe, | : 
 
 It is nurfed up in cages for the fake of its finging, AtVierna in Auftria we faw of 
 thefe birds to be fold, rought out of Stiria, It is frequent about Rome. 
 
 It differs from the Siskin and Seriv, 1. In its afh-coloured Neck > 2. In that the 
 whole nether fide of its body is green. 3. That it hath no {pots in the fides; Olina 
 attributes toita Tail alittle forked ; whichwe alfo obferved in a bird we defcribed 
 at Rome. | 
 
 Bellonins clteems this bird to be the Thraupis of Ariftotle, called in French, Tarin. 
 Ithatches feven or eight Eggsat one fitting. | | iti 
 
 
 
 Cuar. XIV. 
 The bird called Hirngryll at Vienna, Serinus Gefner.Aldroy, lib.1 8 ‘Cap.2.0. 
 
 He Back of this isfomethingred, the middle parts of the feathers being {pot- 
 
 ; ted with black, as inthe YeVow-hammer, The Head is yellow, of a deeper 
 
 colour in the Males, and paler in the Females. The Rump from green in- 
 clinesto aloyely yellow. The Breatt is of 4 yellowith green: The Belly white : The 
 fides im teohadit with oblong, black {pots, 1S, 
 
 The Tail is black, the outmoft edgesof the feathers being green; confifting of the 
 ufual number of twelve feathers. The prime feathers of the Wings are of the fame 
 colour with the Tail. The tips of the interiour feathers of the fecond row of the 
 Wing are white; of the other lefler Wing-feathers green. 
 
 The Bill is fhorter and ftronger than in the Citrinella, {harp-pointed. The upper 
 Chap fomething prominent : The Tonguelike the Chafinches: ‘The Feet dusky ; the 
 Claws black. The like cohefion of the outer and middle toe at bottom as in other 
 fmall birds. The Guts are fmall, and have many convolutions. 
 
 Thefe Birds alfo are kept in Cages for their finging: Wefaw of them tobe fold at V7 
 euna in Aufiria,brought out of Sti#ia. This little Fae (faith Gefver) for its rare mufical 
 finging is preferred beforeall others of this kind, even the Citrivel/z, 
 
 M i The 
 
 
 

 
 266 
 
 i aa a a 
 
 together in the fame Cage; Being introduced by my worthy friend Thowgs Allen 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. — Boox Il. 
 
 The Siskin, Citrinella, and Serinus agree, 1. In having yellow Rumps + 2- That 
 they arecanorous: 3. That they have greenifh yellow Breafts, and 4. Long,. {lender 
 uts. | 
 . The Serinws and Citrinella agree inthe colour of the Tail.and Wings.. The Siskiz 
 and Serixws in their {potted fides and white bellies : The Siskin and Citrinella in-having 
 a green back ; but inthe Siskiz the {hafts of the feathers are black. | 
 This Bird grows very tame and gentle (as Gefwer reports ) and will live many 
 years {, thirteen or fourteen | fhut up in a Cage. 
 
 * The Brafilian Teitei, which they call alfo Guiranhemgeta and Guraundi, Marggrave. 
 
 Jt ig afmall bird, of ‘the bignefS of a Robin-ed-breaft.. It is kept in Cages for a 
 finging bird, but it only chirps like a Redftart, {, Rubrica ] called by the Germans, 
 Gimpel. It feeds upon Paco and Mamao. It hatha fhort, thick, black Bill. The 
 Head, upper fide of the Neck, Wings, whole Back and Tail are invefted with black 
 
 - feathers, with which fomething ofblue 1s mixt, fo that they fhine like polifhed Steel. 
 
 The Throat; lower fide of the Neck, the Breaft, the whole lower Belly and 
 ‘Thighsare yellow. At the rife of the upper Bill behind the Nofthrils it hath a {pot 
 of yellow feathers.. The Legs and Feet are of a dusky colour. And this is the 
 Cock. | 
 
 The Hen in proportion of body and magnitude agrees exaGly with the Cock; 
 hath the fame Bilband Legs: But differs much in colour. For it is green like the 
 Acanthis,, called by the Germans, .Zy{chen. The Wings and Head with the upper fide 
 of the Neck are fomewhat dusky, withbluemingled. Thefe birds delight to live to- 
 gether five or fix ina Cage. | . 
 
 
 
 CHap. XV. 
 
 The Anadavad Bird, brought from the Ea/t Indies, having a Finches Bill and 
 Larks Claws. } : phat t 
 
 N bionefs it {carce- exceeds the Golden-crown'd Wren. Its Bill is for fhape like a 
 
 1 Goldfinch or Chaffinches, for colour red, the upper Mandible above being black, 
 The upper fide of the body is of a dusky colour, in fome birds lighter, in others 
 
 darker; only the feathers growing about the Rump are of'a fcarlet or deep Orange, 
 
 The quil-feathers of the Wings and thofe of the Tail are black.» The Tail it {elf js 
 
 aninch and half long, made up of twelve feathers; the middlemoft being thelon- 
 
 geft, and the exteriour in order fhorter. The quils and covert-feathers of the 
 Wings are {potted with {mall round white {pots, fcattered up and down in no order, 
 in {ome birds more, in fome fewer. © In fome birds the upper part of the Breaft is of a 
 {carlet red, inothers it is wholly black, as isthe reftof the Breaft and Bellyinall. [py 
 one Bird, which was paler than the reft that we faw, and almoft of the colour of 4 
 | Robin-ved-breaft on the Back, not only the Wings, but alfo the fide-feathers, and 
 thofe {carlet ones incumbent on the Tail were marked with white f{pots. The Legs 
 and Feet are white: The Claws very long, like thofe of Larks, but more crooked. 
 The figure of the body is rather long thanround. 
 In the year of our Lord, 1673. 1 faw many of thefe birds (in the houfe of a 
 certain Citizen of London ) that had been brought out of the Eaft Indies, kept all 
 
 ? 
 
 Doétor of Phyfic, who alfogaveme the firft notice and information of them. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >. 
 lee ee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 it i in 
 
— —_—_—— 
 
 ee A NY 
 
 pce 
 Boox Il. ORNITHOLOGY. | 267 
 eee 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 A Bird called by the Bolognefe, Petronia Marina, by * Aldrovand, Oenanthx * 13 17. 
 congener. Sea 
 
 He length of this Bird, taken fromthe tip of the Bill to the end of its Claws, 
 
 i was little lefs than feven inches: Its breadth between the extremes of the 
 
 Wings diftended twelve and a quarter. Its Bill {trong, fharp-pointed, like 
 that of a Chaffinch, from the tip to the angles of the Mouth fomewhat more than half 
 an inch long: The upper Chap black, the lower about the angle yellow. The angle 
 itfelf isround : The fides of the Bill tharp-edged. The Head is of a dusky afh-co- 
 lour, but for the moft part through the middle of the crown is a line drawn of a 
 whiter colonr. The Neck is afh-coloured. Below, between the Shoulders the fed- 
 thers have their outer edges of a pale afh-colour, their inner black. The Rump 
 from dusky inclines to green, but the tips of the feathers next the Tail are white. 
 The prime feathers in each Wing are in number eighteen, of which the firlt or out- 
 moft is fhorter than the fecond, the fecond equal to the third, and longeft of all, 
 Thefe three feathers are of a dark brown or blackifh, only their outmoft edges of a 
 pale green. . The fecond, thitd, and fourth rows of Wing-feathers have white tips, 
 but elfe are black. The Plumage on the bafe or ridge of the Wing is of a fordid 
 green. The feathers covering the underfide of the Wing are white. The Breatt is 
 of a fordid white. The feathers next the Tail have pale yellow tips, elfe they 
 are brown. The Tail is two inches and an. half long, and made up of twelve 
 feathers. 
 
 This fort is diftinguifhed from all other {mal] Birds, 1. That it hatha very fair, 
 lovely, yellow {pot about the middle of its Throat. 2. That all the feathers of the 
 Tail on the interiour Web near the tip are marked with one great round white fj pot, 
 being elfe all black, fave the edges, which are greenifh. The outer half of the out- 
 moit feather on each fide is alfo white. 3. It is diftinguifhed from the Hortulane 
 by a moft certain note, that its Bill is far bigger, and ftronger, and equal ‘to a Greene 
 finches Bill. 
 
 Wefaw many of thefe Birds at Bologna in Italy tobe fold. The Bird which Aldro- 
 vandus faith is called Petrone at Bologna, and Petronello at Genua, and defcribes un- 
 der the title of * Alaude congener, feems to be no other bird than the Ezebcriza alba * i.e. bird of 
 of Gefzer, orour Bunting, as will appear to him that fhall take pains to compare the a. = 
 defcriptions. ; | 
 
 
 
 Cuapr. . XVI. | 
 
 The Hortulane kind, whofe charaéteriftic is.a hard knob in the upper Chap of 
 the Bill. 
 
 . 2 
 
 The Bunting called by Gefwer Emberiza alba. J take it alfo to be the Calandra of Aldrow. 
 and Bellonivs, moreover the Alaudx congener of Aldrovand, and the 
 Cenchramus of Bellonius: The Strillozo of Olina. 
 
 T weighs about an ounce and half: Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end 
 | of the Tail was feven inches and a quarter, and fo much to theend of the Claws. 
 Its breadth between the tips of the Wings fpread eleven inches arid an half. Its 
 
 Bill is great and thick,having a hard knob or eminency tn the upperMandible or Palate, 
 wherewith. it is thought to bruife Wheat, Oats, and other Grain. The fides of the 
 lower Chap rife up in an angle on each fide, [ as may be better reprefented by a fi- 
 gure than exprefled in words ] and incline to one another under the Tubercle of the 
 Palate. The Tongueis harp, and flitintwo. The Clawsare of a pale dusky co- 
 lour, Theback-toe is great, armed with a leffer and more crooked Claw than in 
 Larks. The outmott fore-toe is equal to the inmoft, a grows fat to the yer 
 
 | m 2 mo 
 
 
 
ee 
 
 
 
 a” OR NCIT HOLOGY. | Boox U, 
 © i a ee rca 
 
 moft at bottom, as in other birds. This birds Head fomewhat refemblesa Rails. The 
 colour of the whole body teftaceousor earth-like.. The Chin, Breaft, Belly are of 
 a yellowifh white. The Throat hath oblong, black fpots.. The quil and covert- 
 feathers of the Wings are dusky, having their outer edges cinereous, The Back (as 
 we faid ) of a teftaceous colour, the middle parts of the feathers being blacker. ‘The 
 Neck beneath the Head behind is afh-coloured. The fhaftsof the Head-feathers are 
 of a dark browns the outfides or edges being of a reddifh afh-colour. The Tail 
 ;5 more than three inches long, of a dusky red colour, without any whitenefs, 
 fave thata kind of dark fhadow or appearance of white may be difcerned inthe out- 
 moft feathers, It fings fitting upon the higheft twigs of trees and fhrubs. It feeds 
 upon Corns: | 
 
 Boththe figure and defcription of the Bird called Stri//ozo in Olina agree exatly in 
 all points toour Bunting, fave only that he attributes to it the bignefs of the common 
 Lark, thanwhich our Bunting 1s {omething bigger. I my felf alfo, when I was at 
 Rome, fave and defcribed a {mall bird called Strillozo, fomewhat lefs ( as it then 
 feemed to me ) than the common Lark, Seeing therefore Olina befides the Stril/czo 
 deferibes alfo the Calandra, making itfomewhat bigger than the common Lark, and 
 not much lef than a Thrujb,l do fufpect that the Calandra is thefame with our Busting, 
 and the Striozoa different kind of bird,defcribed by none befides him, at leaftclearly 
 and exactly. | 
 
 The ae cain of the Alande congener of Aldrovaud agrees exactly to this Bird, fo 
 doth alfo that of the Cenchramus of Bellonius, fothat of one bird Aldrovandws makes | 
 four,giving us the Bunting under the title of 1. Emberiza alba: 2. Of Alauda conge- 
 ner: 3, OF Cenchramus Belloni: 4. Alto ( if we benot much miftaken ) of Calandra 5 
 all which he exhibits for diltinct Species. 
 
 6. I. 
 
 The Yellow-hammer, Emberiza flava of Gefner ; Hortulanus of Bellonius, Latex 
 alterum genus of Aldrovand Chloreus feu Lutea Ariftotelis of Turzer. 
 
 
 
 T is equal to a Chaffinch, or alittle bigger 5 weighs 1% ounce: From the tip of the 
 
 Bill to the end of the Tail is fix inches and an half long; to the end of the Feet 
 
 but fix. Its Billis of a dark dusky coloun»half an inch long, having a hard knob in 
 
 the upper Chap.to break the-gfains o corn, and the fides of the nether Chap turned 
 
 inwards, and bent together, like the Buntings. The Tongue fhorter than is ufual in 
 
 ~ other birds, not reaching beyond the knob, its tip horny and fharp, flit into filaments. 
 
 ~.. Phe Eyes hazel-coloured: TheFeet of a horn colour; the Claws black... The like 
 cohefion between the outmoft and middle toe at the bottom, asin other birds, 
 
 The Throat and Belly are yellow: The Breaft hath fomething of red mingled , 
 withit, asalfo the fides under the, Wangs. The Head is of ‘a greenith yellow, a | 
 ted withbrown. Above the Shoulders in the lower part of the Neck isa certain co 
 lour between green and.cinereous, or compounded of both. Themiddle parts.ofthe 
 covert-feathers of the Back and Shoulders are black, the edges from green incline to 
 red. The Rump ts reddith. . 
 
 The Female isall over paler, lefs yellow onthe Head, lefs red on the Breaft and tn- 
 der the Wings. | 
 
 The quil-feathers of the Wings are dusky, having their exteriour edges from 
 green inclining to.afordid white, The Tailisthree inches long, compofed of twelve 
 feathers, fomething forked, of a brown colour 3. the middle two having their edges 
 on both fides, the reft.only thei outfide-edges green. The two outmoft on the 
 infide the fhaft near the tip are marked with a whitefpot cutting the feather ob- 
 liquely. 05 5. i Far E 01 ET wT 
 
 Tt bath a Craw anda mufculousStomach or Gizzard like the granivorous birds, It 
 hath alfo.a Gall-bladder. The blind:guts, as in almoft all {mall birds, are very ‘little 
 and fhort. » Thefe birds build upon the ground, being every wherein Bugland moft 
 common. = cs Ee tN 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 §. Ii Ss " 
 
 
 
tt 
 
 Booth ORANGE ya 
 ee 
 
 
 
 —_~_— 
 
 
 
 §. IL. 
 ‘“Aldrovand us his jirft fort of Yellow-hammer, which be cali; Cirlus ? Zivolo of Okina, 
 
 y Tis of the bignefs of a Sparrow 3 hath a fhort thick Bill. The Breaft and Belly 
 fl are yellowifh, {fprinkled with brown fpots. The Head, Back, Wings, and Tail 
 from tef{taceous inclining toa brown or dusky colour : but in the Tail] there are two 
 feathers on each fide partly white, and partly of the fame colour with the reft.  Be- 
 tween the Male and the Female thereis this difference, that the Male hath more yel- 
 Jow about him than the F emale, efpecially in the upper part about the Eyes, and in 
 the Throat,and under the Neck on the fides, where are feen good large {pots of yellow, 
 Whichare wanting intheFemale. It abides tor the moft part on the ground, feeking 
 its food there of Seeds, and other things, and therefore when it is new taken it is 
 wont almoft always to have its Bil] dirty. Whether this Bird be {pecifically difting: 
 or no from the precedent TI am not fully fatisfied ; but becaufe both Aldrowandys and 
 Oliva make it diftin&, I would not omit it. 
 Olina calls it Zivolo, fom its note Zi; 27, Which it often ingeminates, 
 
 @. IV. 
 
 The Reed-Sparrow. Pafler torquatus in arundinetis nidificans. Perchance 
 the Pafler arundinaceus of Turner. 
 
 Fs is bigger than the Linnet, equal to the Chaffinch. The Cock weighed three quar: 
 
 ters of an ounce: Was from Bill-point to Tail-end fix inches and an half long: 
 Broad between the extremes of the Wings {pread teninches. The Bill fhort, ‘black 
 [ Mr. Widughby makes the upper Mandible black, the: nether whitith | like the Billof 
 the Hortulane, [ Mr. Willughby compares it to the Chaffinches Bill, "] the lower Chap 
 having its edges on both fides bent inwards, is hollow in fafhion of a Funnel; and 
 contains the Tongue within it. Befides, near its bafe it rifes up into a dent. or 
 angle on each fide, to'which there isa notch ot furrow correfpondent in the upper 
 Chap to receive it, as in the Buntings Bill. The Head is black: The Cheeks about 
 the Eyesred. A ring of white encompafies the Neck, which on each fide is ftretched 
 forth to the corners of the Mouth. ‘The Chin and Throat are black: The Breaftand 
 middle of the Belly white. The Back and covert-teathers of the W ings are partico- 
 Joured of red and black 5 wz. the middle part of each feather black, the outfides red. 
 TheRump red, with a mixture of ath-colour: The quil-feathers of the Wings are 
 dusky, having their exteriour edges red; The tips of the feven firft or Outmott are 
 fharp, of the reft-blunt, indented, and of an afh+colour. Thelefler rows of Wing- 
 feathers have their outer edges and tips red, being elfe of an ath-colour. The 
 Plumage on the bafe or ridgeof the Wing bluith, underneath the Wing white: The 
 Tail is two inches and an half long, and: made upof twelve feathers, of which the 
 two middlemoft are fomething fhorter than the reft; and black, their outward edges 
 red: Fhe three next’ on: each fide were dark coloured, and almoft black. The ex- 
 teriour edge of the fifthis white::The interiour al not far from the tip is {potted 
 with white. - The outmoft feather is wholly white. All end in fharp points. 
 
 The Feet from flefh:colour decline'to black. -' The Claws are black: The outmoft 
 and middle Toe joyned-at bottom. The back-toe great and ftrong. The blind guts — 
 fhort and thick. Ttehath a Gall-bladder, The Stomach is mafculous : Init opened — 
 we found feeds, ee... 
 
 The'Hen, asin moftBirds, is not fo fait-cdloured: The ring about her Neck is 
 darker, ‘and {carce appearing. The Head, Back; Shoulders, and covert-feathers of 
 the Wings are patticoloured of black and dirty red; viz. the middle parts of the 
 feathers are black, and the outfides’red. At the bafe of the Wing are red feathers. | 
 The Throat is particoloured, of red, black, and cinereous. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 2 JO 
 
 Se eS + So es fey a 
 ORN ITHOLOGY. Book Il. 
 oo reais. as shblalieeless i a eee emma e A eT e— 
 
 
 
 Q. V. 
 The Hortulane of the Italians. Hortulanus Aldrov. Tordino Berluccio at Venice. 
 
 T is equal and very like to the Yellow-hammer { That which I 7. R. faw and de- 
 (cribed at Florence feemed to me fomewhat lefs, and longer-bodied. The Hen 
 meafured from Bill to Tail exceeded feven inches length; being in our u ual way of 
 meafuring tenandan halfbroad. Its Bill was fhort, vz. from the tip to the corners 
 of the Mouth fearce half an inch long, thick atbafe, fharp at point 5 of a red or flefh 
 colour in the Cock. Inthe Hen theupper Chap is black, the lower blue. The knob 
 onthe upper Chap is mnch lefs than in the Yelow-hammer. The fides of the Bill are 
 fharp. The upper Mandible hath on each fide an angle or furrow imprefled, to 
 which anfwereth a tough or angular eminency 1 the lower, as in the Bunting, the 
 figure whereof for the clearer apprehenfion and underftanding of what we fay” 
 isto be viewed. ‘The Feet are of a pale dusky: The Claws black. [ In the Cock 
 the Legsarereddifh.'] The back-toe is great. The inner and outer fore-toes are of 
 equallength. The outmoft from the bottom to the firft joynt fticks faft to the mid- 
 dlemoft without any membrane intervening, as ‘n moft {mall birds. The Throat and 
 Breaft are afh-coloured, the reftof the un erfidetothe very Tailis red. The Rump 
 of adeeper red. The Head of abrown or dusky afh-colour, the middle parts of the 
 feathers being black: Asthey are likewife on theBack, having their edges of ared- 
 dith ath-colour. [In the Cocks the Breaftsare more red. ] Under the Bill isa yellow 
 foot. The Head is of a colour mingled of green and cinereous: The middle parts 
 
 of the Back-feathers are black, the edges of acolour mingled of red and cinereous, or - 
 
 red and green; the Rump Is green. 
 
 The quil-feathers of the Wings, as ‘nalmott all fmall birds, are eighteen in num- 
 ber, of which the greater have their edges of a greenith white, the leffer or interi- 
 ourofared. The tips of all the feathers of the fecond row have their tips white, 
 and exteriour edges red. . The'tips of the third row are alfowhite. The edges of 
 the lefler covertsarecinereous. The Tail 1s almoft three inches long, and made up 
 
 of twelve feathers : Of which themiddle and outmolt afe fomething fhorter than 
 
 * Ornithol. 
 lib.13, cap.24. 
 
 thereft. For colour the two middlemoft are ot 4 dark brown, with red edges : 
 The three next on both fides blackes=#ne mott but one have the upper half of their 
 snteriout Webs white.--The outmoft have more white on the interiour Web, and 
 fome alfo on theexteriour. The Gall-bladder is little, and the Gall within yellow. 
 
 It is very like our Reed-Sparrom, with a white ring about its Neck, yet differs ma- 
 nifeftly from it in fome marks, fo that thereis no doubt but it isa diftiné kind. 1. In 
 its place, this abiding chiefly among Reeds: Whereas the Hortulane frequents Gar- 
 dens efpecially, as the name imports. 2. Incolour: The Hortulane being more red, 
 and wanting the ring about the Neck, which thishath: And befides, having a yellow 
 {pot under the Throat, which this wants. | 
 
 * Aldrovand fets forth fix kinds or varieties of thisbird. 4. The firrft was all yel- 
 low, almoft of a ftraw-colour, excepting the ridges of the Wings, and tips of the 
 
 nilefeathers, which were white. 2. The fecond was allover white. 3. The third, 
 called alfo by the Fowlers a Hortulane, 1s indeed a bird wholly of the fhape of a 
 Hortulane, but fomething different incolour. Its Head from cinereous inclined to 
 yellow : Its Neck was cinereous, but f{peckled with black: Its Belly, Legs, and Feet 
 
 
 
 yellow. The ridges of the Wings and the quil-feathers white the other parts part-_ 
 
 ly black, and partly cinereous. The whole Tail brown, but yellow on the fides. 
 4. The fourth hada green ead and Neck; a red Bills, afh-coloured Legs 5 elfe it was 
 lack, Yet hath it on the crown of the head, and alfo in two of the quil-feathers 
 only an oblong white fpot. 5: The fifth I may call a white-tail'd Hortulane: For tts 
 Tail was white, elf it was like the common Hortulanes, but in all parts paler. 6. The 
 laft fome of our Fowlers reckoned a kind of’ Spipola, others a kind of Hortulane 5 and 
 indeed I fhould make it congenerous rather to the Spipole than the Hortulanes. For 
 its Bill islonger, and its Legs and Feet dusky, which in the Hortulanes are wont to 
 
 be yellow. Its whole body alfo is dusky, the Breaft only and ends of the Wings be- 
 
 ing white. 
 
 | | §. VI. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | ae 
 
 
 

 
 Sek eS Pp APIS te atest Sa 
 Boox II, ORNITHOLOGY. 271 
 . VI. 
 a A Bird called by = Aldrovand, Cirlus {tultus. * Ornithal. 
 
 lib. 18. cap.ult, 
 
 T is equal in bignef$ to the Vellow-hammers above defcribed of the fame make 
 | and habit of body, the very fame figure and fhape ( though it differs in colour. ) 
 {t will alfo willingly fly to, and company with them fhut up in Cages, as to birds of 
 its own feather : And befides, it cont{tantly no lefs than they, as well flying as refting, 
 ingeminates this word Ci, Ci. Whence alio in fome places, as at Genoa, it isnot unde. 
 fervedly called Cia, or for diftin&ion fake, Cia felvatica, or Cia montanina 5 and by 
 our Bolognefe, Cirlomatto. The upper part of the Head behind, and all the Back are 
 adorned with a * ferrugineous colour, diftinguifhed with pretty large black {pots, * Ruy. 
 From the Bill over the Eyes to the end of the Neck is extended an afh-coloured line 
 tending to white. The Breaft and all the Belly are wholly taken up with a ferrugineous 
 colour. The prime feathers of the Wings and Tail are blackith, yet their outmoft 
 borders terminate in a ferrugineous colour. Befides, the Wings have fome white {pots. 
 In the Tail are one or two featheré on each fide, partly blackith, and partly white. 
 
 We have fubjoyned this Bird tothe Telow-hammers and Hortulanes, to which it is 
 of kin; though whether or no it Properly pertain to this Family, the figure of the 
 Bill being omitted in Aldrovands defcription we cannot certainly determine. 
 
 THE. 
 
 
 

 
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 Sites Sa gi ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 WATER-FOWL are either {uch as 
 
 . 
 | 
 
 eA Table of Water-Fovl, Page 273. 
 
 (fT he greateft of this kind, anomalous Birds, as the Crane, ‘fabiru, Kc. 
 Part 1. Sect.1- 
 
 ¢ Frequent waters and | 3 
 watery places, to ¢ Pifetvorous, that feed upon Fith, as the Herow, Spoon-Bill, 
 feck thew food, it &c. Part 1.Sett.2. 
 and are all dlo-4 Crooked,as the Curlew, ee 
 
 x &e. P Sect 
 — The fers vumiiaes 
 a enh ZA whether Sireight, as the Woodcock, 
 Mudjuekers and Godwit, &¢c.Part I. Sect.3 >° 
 | , infedivorous 3 Middle-frzed Bills, as the Sea-Pie, Red- 
 | | with :  fhank, &c. Part I. Sect.5. 
 4 Short Bills, as the Lapwing and Plover. 
 
 , Part 1.SeQ.6. 
 
 “6 Cloven-footed, as Morehens, Coot, &c. Part.2. Sect.1. 
 
 ¢ Long-leg’d; anomalous birds, The Flammant, the Avofetta and Corrira. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wing,called GuLs. 
 t Part 2. Sect 6. 
 
 = 
 Fo 
 
 toe 
 
 | 
 | | Part 2. Sed. 2. 
 | Swint in the wa- | ¢ But three toes ineach foot, The Penguin, the Razor-bill,&c. Part 3. 
 | ter sthefeares |. | Sect.1. 
 Le _éither E: f ‘CAL conneited together by ee membranes, The Pelecan, 
 pt | | the Soland Goofe,&c. Patt 3. Sect. 2 
 34 fSerrate, DIVERS, 
 ' 2. Seti. 
 \-3 | e | ( Blunt and hatleid Bate 3+ See 
 ies | ed at tip, 3-5 Noy toothed, The 
 } ~ ther | Puffin, Ke. "Part 3. 
 13/2 | ie z Se ~3- 
 |BIe Ec (Narrow-bil'd , the! (Short-winged and 
 LS | s Ve | Bill either | Tisers called 
 S\'o DOUCKERS. 
 | S = | Sharp-pointed | Part 3. sett.5. 
 Siw | and ftreighter, 3 
 | 3 a | i are Cl | Long-winged, and 
 8 ZY La much upon the 
 I 
 = 
 | 
 
 € Goofe-kind, which are the bigger, P. 3. 
 
 nie Sed. 7. 
 
 38 | Broad-bil’d, which | 
 
 ; 2 may be ‘divided¢ Sea-Ducks, that dive 
 Us | intothe | | Duck-kind, the\ much. 
 
 leffer, which 
 ‘are either River and Plafh 
 } Ducks. 
 
 
 

 
 273. 
 
 
 
 THE” 
 
 ‘THIRD BOO K- 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY 
 
 FRANCIS WILLUGHBY Ely; 
 
 
 
 Of W ial! 
 
 Wiz Ater-fowl are either Cloven-footed, which, are much converfant 
 in or about waters, and for the moft part feek their Food in 
 
 watery places. -[ Almoft all thefe have long Legs, naked;or 
 fam) bate of feathers for a good. way above.the Knees, that they, 
 yee may more conveniently wadein waters | or Whole-footed,which 
 {wim in the water, and are for the moft part fhort-leg’d. ; 
 
 Thofe that live much. about. waters are either, firlt, of great 
 fixe, the biggeft of this kind, ‘having each fomething fingular, 
 | and being not reducible to any other tribe, which therefore as 
 {traglers and anomalous birds we have placed by themfelves, though they agree in 
 nothing but their bignefs : Or fecondly, of leer fize. Thefe leffer are either * Pifci- * That feed 
 vorows, or fuchas fuck a nourifhing fat juice or moifture out of muddy and bogey "Pon 
 ground, or + Infectivorows. The Pifcivorous are Herons, Storks,&c. The Limofuga t That feed :. 
 or Mud-fuckers may be diftinguifhed by their Bills mto fuch as have very long Bills, mets 
 either crooked, as the Curlew, or fireight, asthe Woodcock. The Iufedivorows Water- 
 birds have either Bills of amiddie fize for length, as the Hieantopws ; or {hort Bills, 
 as the Plover, Lapwing, &e. | i, 
 
 We call thofe Birds Mudfuckers, which fuck out of the Mud or Channels fome oyly 
 flime or juice, wherewiththey are nourifhed : Whence they have delicate, fleth, and 
 their very guts not emptied or cleanfed from the Excrements are ufually eaten: 
 Thefe have very long Bills for this purpofe, broad near the tip,and finely chamfered 
 or wrought with lines:- Speckled bodies; two toes fomewhat joyned 5 all broad, that 
 they may not eafily fink as they walk upon muddy and boggy grounds. Tiel 
 
 ut becaufe we are not fo skilful, as that we can certainly determine what Birds 
 
 belong to each of thefe kinds, we fhall chufe rather to diftinguifh Cloven-footed 
 Water-fowl, not Pifcivorous by the different length of their Bills, into three kinds. 
 The firft fhall be of thofe that have the longeft Bills, whether freight, as the Wood- 
 cock, &c, or crooked, as the Curlew, &c. whe fecond of fuch whofe Bills are of a 
 middle length, as the Himantopws, &c.. The third of fhort-bill'd birds, as the Plover, 
 Lapwing, &c. Thofe we call long-bill’d, whofe Bills exceed two inches and an half 
 length : thofe #iddle-fized, whofe Billsare of any length between two inches and an 
 half, and one and an half: Thofe frort-bill'd, whofe Bills exceed not an inch and 
 half. 
 
 Molt Water-fowl have a {hort Tail; none of them have their Feet fo difpofed as 
 Woodpeckers and Parrots, that istwo forward, and two backward; none having more 
 than one back toe. Among Water-fowl of all kinds thofe that feed upon fifh have 
 "the ranker and {tronger-fented fleth. 
 
 
 
 Nn THE 
 
 
 

 
 274 
 
 * Exceptin | 
 thofe one 
 utmoeft joyne, 
 
 
 
 ORNCITHOLOGY. Boox IIL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 THe Firsr Parr. 
 Of Cloven-footéd Water-fowl, wading m 
 ~ ‘Waters, or frequenting watery places. 
 
 Tre FIRST SECTION: 
 
 The greateft Cloven-footed W ater-fowl of a fingular kind. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuar. LG i 
 
 The Crane: Grus, Téeav@. Grecis. 
 
 Ts: is alarge-bodied Fowl, weighing fometimes ten pounds. Meafuring from 
 
 the beginning of the Bill to the end of the Tail it is well nigh five foot long. 
 
 That it hath a very long Neck is fo well known that ‘it is néedlefs to Write it: 
 Its Legs alfo are very long. SOBs! ‘ 
 
 Its Bill is ftreight, fharp-pointed, ofa dark greenith colour, ‘near four inches long, 
 comprefled fide-ways: Its Tongue broad and horny at the tip. The top of the Head 
 black ; from the Bill to the hinder part covered with black hairs or briftles rather 
 than feathers. On the back of the Head it hath a {pace or bed of the figure of a 
 Crefcent, bare, or thin fet with hairs, and of a red colour: Below which, on the up- 
 per part of the Neck is a triangular {pot of afh-coloured feathers. ‘Two white lines 
 or {troaks, one from each Eye, are produced backwards, and mecting behind the 
 Vertex of the now mentioned triangular {pot, are thence'continued as far asthe Breatt. 
 
 The Throat and fides of the Neck are ‘of black hue. The Back, Shoulders, covert- 
 
 feathers of the Wings *, Breaft, and all the Belly and Thighs areafh-coloured; only 
 the quil- feathers of the Wings, and thofeon the utmoft Pinion are black. - 
 ~ The Wings are very large: The quil-feathers are in number twenty four, and ( as 
 we faid )black, yet the lefler of them from black incline to red or ruflet, as do alfo 
 the primary covert-feathers which are on the utmoft joynt or Pinion. TheTail for 
 the bignefs of the bird 1s (mall and fhort, round when fpread, confifting of twelve 
 feathers, all cinereous, with black tips. 
 
 The Legsare black, bare of feathers for an hand breadth above the Knees: The 
 
 Toes black, and very long. The lower joynt of the outmoft and middle Toe con- 
 
 nected by a thick membrane. | 
 But that which is moft rate, and efpecially remarkable, yea, wonderful in this 
 bird, is the conformation of the Wind-pipe. For entring far into the Breaft bone, 
 
 _ which hath a great cavity within to receive it, and being there thrice reflected (as 
 
 the figure adjoyning to the fculp of the Crane reprefents ) goes out again at the fame 
 hole, and fo turns down to the Lungs, 
 
 The blind guts ate five inches long. The Stomach or Gizzard mufculous as in gra- 
 nivorousbirds. The fiefh is very favoury and well-tafted, not to fay delicate. 
 
 We faw many Cranes to befold in the Poulterers fhopsat Rome in the Winter time, 
 which Ifuppofe had been fhot on the Sea-coaft. | 
 
 They come often tous in England : And in the Fen-Countries in Lincoluzfhire and 
 Cambridgefbire there are great flocks of them, but whether or no they breed in Exg- 
 land ( as Aldrovandus writes, he was told by a certain Englifh man, who faid he had 
 often feen their'yourig ones’) I cannot certainly determine either of my own know- 
 Jedge, or from the relation of any credible ‘perfon. The delicate tafte of the flefh and 
 the mufeulous Stomach are fufficient arguments to evince, that this bird feeds not at 
 all upon fifh, but only upon herbs, grain, and feeds of diverstorts, and it is likely up- 
 on Infet&ts too: Asthe Authorsalfo that have writtenof itunanimoully report. 
 _ Cranes differ from Herons, 1. Inthatthe Claw of the middle toe is not ferrate as 
 in Herons: 2. In bignefs, wherein they exceed them: 3. In having a fhorter Bill ; 
 ‘And 4. a mufculous ftomach or Gizzard: 5. Two Appendices or blind guts, 
 whereas Herons have but one: 6. In the {trange revolution of the Wind-pipe within 
 the Breaft-bone. §, I, 
 
 
 

 
 a eg 
 
 ee ww ees ee 
 
 ook Tl. — ORNAITHOLO a 275. 
 SO 
 
 pr $l 
 The Indian Crane. 
 
 Hisis leffer than our common Crane, but of the fame ath-colour, Its Tail 18 fort; 
 
 and {carce confpicuous, being hidden by the Wings. Its Bill is {treight, nar- 
 
 row, and longer in proportion than the Bill of the conmon Crane: Its Nofthrils obs 
 
 long. The chief difference is, that! in this: the top of the Head from the Bill to the 
 
 Crown is bare of feathers | only fet with thin hairs] rough-skind, and of a red co- 
 
 i This wefaw among his Majefties rare Birds Kept in St. Fames’s Park near Weft- 
 winfter. | 
 
 §. IL. 
 
 Lhe Balearic Crane: Grus Balearica Aldrov. Pavo marinus * Cluf. oe 
 Or the fhape of its body it islike toa Stork: Yet its Bill is fhorter not only than 
 a Sforks, but than aCrames. It hath upon its Head a thick, round Creft, made 
 up Of Briftles {pread every way,like to Hogs Briftles,of the colour of the prickles of a 
 common Hedghog: By which note it'may at firft fight be eafily known and. diftingui- 
 {hed fromall other birds. In both Cheeks it hath a white {pot terminated above with 
 aredline: The leffer quil-feathers of the Wings are white :. the whole Bird befides is 
 black, of the colour of a Coot, the Tail not excepted. - Under the Bill hangs down 
 a red * excrefcence on each fide like a Gill or Wattle. The Legs are lang; bare of * Or Lobe of 
 feathers from the knees upward almoft tothe fecond joynt. We faw a bird of this — 
 kind in the Royal Aviary in St, James's Park near Weftminfter. a 
 Aldrovandus his detcription, which he took from a’ Pidure he faw of this Bird, 
 differs in fome particulars from ours: For 1. He makes the briftles of the Creft of a 
 *Gold colour: 2. All the underfide of 4 dusky afli-colour, the Back of a dark * “i 
 : , : ; ‘ makes them 
 green, asin Lapwings > 3. He mentions fome ferrugineous feathers in the Wings. alfoofa yel. 
 Thefe Birds are found) in the Country near Capo Verde, For bignefsthey may match low colous, 
 our Country Cranes. « As they run they ftretch. out their Wings, and fo run very 
 {wiftly, otherwife they walk foftly; »: They never rooft in houfes, but about night 
 when they-havea mind'to go to their reft, they fearchoout high Walls whereon to 
 pearch, after‘the manner of Peacocks; whofe voice and conditions they alfo. imitate, 
 They feed upon green herbs, and together with Hews and Peacocks devour Barley and 
 other grain. This out of :Aldrovandys.. “ aS == 
 In the Tables of Birds, engravenbyVieher, itis figured by the title of Struthio ex 
 China, 1. €. A China Oftrich. : PS | 5 
 
 
 
 * Margeraves Jabiru of the Brafilians, called by the Low Dutch, Negro, 
 
 ‘Es Bird in bignefs exceeds a Swai. Its body is fourteen inches longs its Neck 
 
 asmany, and of the thicknefs of a mans arm.. Its Head fufficiently great; its 
 
 Eyes black 5 its Bill alfo blatkifh, extended {treight forward, and above to- 
 
 ward the point a little bending,. eleven inches long, two and an half broad, edged 
 “verfus exteriora: Thé tipper Chap’ of the Bill ia little higher [, 6r deeper } and big- 4 ie wnt 
 ger than the nether. It hath no Tongue? under the’T hroat is a Crop of a moderate frend bb ae 
 bignefs. “The Legsaré very long, vis. two’ foot. For the upper Legs [ or Thighs ] thors mean- 
 are one foot and ai méhtong, and half way ‘bare of feathers; the lower eleven rnd 
 inches : Thefe are {treight} black. ‘arid-48 it were fcaled, half an inch thick. In each fore t have 
 foot are four toes, three ftanding forward; and one backward, as is ufual in moft ee 
 birds. The whole bird all over i8 covered ‘with: white featherslike a Sway or Goofe. Language he 
 The whole Neck almott, viz. for eight inches length; counting from the Head, is wrote them 
 deftitute of feathers; and one half of this bare part; together with the Head, js co-'™ 
 
 vered witha black skin, the other half witha white. - But I fuppofe the feathers had 
 
 _ been pluckt off, and that the white down ftuck imthe skin. The Tail is broad; ending 
 
 with the end of the Wings, Nn 2 CHAP. 
 
 ims | 
 i 
 | 
 
 ‘ 
 
 a. 
 Be 
 Pe 
 
 — 
 — 
 ee eo as . : 
 
 : 
 - - > a - Pl -=—-s —_ = —— 
 i = ree ~_> a 
 Sr emet —Sa-on tla as — 
 — ~~ = = — = ~ 
 =e so a - ~ = — 
 _ _— = A — z= > —* ou = i = 
 ——— te te id - —s > - _ " ~ = ~ 
 os 
 
 Le Date ft eet 
 
 
 
id 
 
 7 “= 4 
 
 i; 
 i oH 
 ; i 
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 =e 
 i 
 | | 
 $i i 
 ir 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Spurs they 
 may more 
 properly be 
 called, 
 
 ~ORNATHOLOGY.  Boox Il. 
 
 ED 
 ——— - 
 
 Cuapr.- III, 
 
 ¥ Jabiru guacu of the Petiguares, Nhandu apoa of the Tupinambi, Scurvogel 
 of the Low Dutch, 
 
 downward. “It wants the Tongue, and the lower Bill is grey. On the top of 
 
 the Head it hath abony Miter or Crown, of acolour mixt of white and cinereous. 
 The Eyes areblack, and behind them large Ear-holes. The Neck is ten inches long, 
 the upperhalf whereof, together with the Head, is not covered with feathers, but 
 witha {caly afh-coloured skin, whofe feales are white. In bulk of body it equalsa 
 Stork: It hatha fhort, black Tail, reaching no further than the ends of the Wings. 
 The upper Legs [ or Thighs | are covered partly with white feathers, elfe the whole 
 Legs are afh-coloured; the upper being eight inches long, the lower fix, or a little 
 more. There are four Toes in each foot, fo difpofed asin the former. The whole 
 Body and Neck are covered with white feathers. . Long feathers hang down from the 
 Neckand about it. .The Wings are white; their quil-feathers black, with a glofsof 
 
 T hath a great Bill, feven inches and an half long, round at the end, and bending 
 
 a Ruby colour. They flay the skin off this bird, and eat the flefh boiled or roafted, 
 
 It is fat, dry, and well-tafted, efpecially if itbe fried with butter. I have eaten of it 
 often. 
 
 oa 
 CrHar. IV. 
 
 
 
 The Brafilian Cariama of Marggrave. 
 
 His is a Water-fowl] of the bignefs of the greater Herm. On its Head abovethe 
 rife of its Bill it carriesa creft or tuftof feathers, ftanding upright, ofa black 
 
 mingled with an afh-colour. | The Bill is hort, the upper part a little hooked, | 
 
 brown, with atinéture of dark yellow. It hath clegant golden Eyes, with a black 
 Pupil, and long, black Eye-brows. The Wings end little behind the rife of the 
 Tail. It hath long'Legs, above covered half way with feathers, elfe naked, and of 
 a dark yellow colour: Three Toes in each foot, the middlemoft the longeft, the 
 outer fhorter than that, and the inner the fhorteft ; connected’ partly bya skin inter- 
 vening. Behind, or on the backfide the foot it hatha finall Toe, fet higher than is 
 ufual, and a round heel like an Ofirich. The Claws arethort, hooked, dusky. The 
 whole Body is covered with grey or afh-coloured feathers, waved with brown, asin 
 Falcons, and adark yellow intermingled. The endsof the Wings and Tail are brown, 
 waved witha dark yellow and grey. In the Breaft and lower Belly it hath more 
 grey. Itcarries its Tail low, its Neck high. {ts cry 1s like a Hen-Turkeys, and is heard 
 afar off. It is very good meat. | 
 
 ‘ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuap. Y. , 
 The Braftlian. Anhima of Marggrave. 
 
 like a Hens3 its Bill black; the upper Chap whereof 1s fomething longer than 
 
 the nether, and turning downward at the tip. It hath fair, golden Eyes, witha 
 black Pupil, anda black circle without. .On the Head near the rife of the Beak tt 
 earries'an erect horn, bending forward at point, alittle more than two inches long, of 
 the bignefs of the greater ftring in a bafe Viol; round as though it were turned, of 
 awhite orbone colour. About the horn ftand. up very fine, fhort, black and white 
 feathers, Its Neck is {even inches long, the,reft.of its Body tothe rife of its Tail al- 
 mofta foot and half... It hath very large Wings;,.the greater feathers. bemg above a 
 foot and half long. Inthe forepart of each Wing are two ftreight triangular *horns, 
 {pringing from the very bone of the Wing, as thick asthe tp of ones little finger, 
 3 and 
 
 T isa Water-fowl of the rapacious kind, bigger than a Swan. Its Head 1s not great, 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 ——— en. Sent Foret aera 
 
 ll. ORNITHOTL OGY. 
 
 Boox 
 
 
 
 pene ar ee 
 
 and of a Conical f more. properly Pyramidal triangulate figure, The foremont of 
 
 thefe goads or {purs are an inch long; the hindmotta little fhorter, and of a dusky 
 colour. It hatha Tail ten inches long, and broad like that of a Goofé. The upper 
 Legs [ Thighs ] are four inches long, and for the lower half bare of feathers. The 
 lower Legsare five inches long, and-almoft two thick. In each foot it hath four toes 
 fo fituate as in Hens: The middle of the three fore-toes is four inches-and an half 
 long ; the other two. three and an half; the back-toe almoft. two. Each hath a 
 crooked, black Claw an inch long, butthe back toes a little longer. Both Feet and 
 Legs, as far asthey be naked, are covered. with a brown (caly skin. The crown of the 
 Head is variegated with black and white feathers. The fides of the Throat and up- 
 per halfof the Neck are black. The lower half .of the Neck and Breaft are varies 
 gated with white,cinereous,and black feathers. The lower Belly is all white. On the 
 fides under the Wings,and on the Back the Plumage is black,white feathers being here 
 and there intermingled. The Tail is black > The Wings alfoare black, excepting the 
 outmott borders( near the bones ) where they are covered with yellowith white fea- 
 thers. It hatha terrible cry, founding fomething like Vyhu, Vybu. Tt isnever found 
 alone, but always a pair, Cock and Hen, walk together, and when one is dead, the 
 other never departs from its carkafs.. The hornthat grows on its Head is held tobe 
 a remedy againtt poyfon, being infufed a whole night in Wine. The fame is reputed 
 
 a remedy again{t the fuffocation of the Womb, and-in hard travel. This thatIde- - 
 
 {cribed-wasa Hen : The Cock is of twice the bignefs. | It makes its Nett of clay by the 
 bodies of trees upon the ground, of the fhape of anOven. Thus far Margeravius. 
 This is abird of a fingular kind, none likeit : Perchanceit may be the Cuntur,{o much 
 talked of. Here we may notebytheby, that thefe {pursin the Wings are found only 
 in fome Avérican birds, but innone of our Continent.. 
 
 Boox Ill, Part ld, Section Il, - 
 
 Of Cloven-footed Pifcivorons W ater-fowl. 
 
 Hefe have very long Necks ‘Their Bills alfo are long, ftrong, ending .in a 
 arp point, toftrike fith, and: fetch them from under ftones or ‘brinks : 
 Long Legs to: wade in Rivers and Pools of water : Very long Toes, efpe- 
 
 cially the hind-toe, to ftand more firmly in Rivers: Large, crooked Ta- 
 
 lons, and the middle ferrate on the infide, to hold Eels and other {lipperyfithesthe _ 
 
 fatter, or becaufe they fit on trees 5 lean and carrion bodies, becaufe of their great fear 
 and watchfulne(s. th) TOW Se MASSA: ead1560 3 
 
 The Heroz-kind is diftinguifhed from all other tribes of birds by this moft certain 
 note, that they have but one’ fingle blind gut a-piece, after the manner of Quadru- 
 peds; whereas all other birds known tous have twain. ) ab 
 
 : : : en 
 
 Cuap. I, 
 Of Herons, 
 
 The comuon Heton-or Heronflaw: Ardea cinerea majorfive Pella, .'» 
 
 He Female ( whicly I defcribed.) weighed almoft four pounds: Being from 
 f the tip of the Bill tothe end-of thé Claws four foot long, to the end of the 
 Tail thirty eight inches and amhalfii'oi yp tody ot ; Reeeeaio 
 
 The foremoft feathers on the crown of the Head. were white,then fucceeded a black 
 creft four inches and an halfhigh. The Chin was white. The Neck being White and afh- 
 coloured was tinctured with red. The Throat white,being delicately painted with black 
 {pots ; and on its lower part grew {mall,long,narrow,thar , white feathers, The Baek 
 (on which grows nothing but down) is:covered with:thofe long feathers that Heng 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 eee | 
 
 oe —_- ..-- 
 
 ~~ = 
 pone 
 
 oa Tie-~ peel > 
 
 / 
 ) 
 
 _— a 
 ae 
 
 Ss > 
 —— 
 
 > ————- — 
 
 
 
 278 | ORNIT HO LO G q. Boox III. 
 gee AF eS 
 
 DO erlang 
 fromthe Shoulders, and are variegated with whitith ftrakes or lines tending down- 
 svards. The middle partof the Breaft, and lower part of the Rump, 772. that under- 
 neath the Tail inclines to yellow. Under the Shoulders isa’ great black {pot, from 
 which a black line isdrawn to the Vent. 
 
 The prime feathers of the Wings are about twenty feven in number, the laftof 
 which are afh-coloured, all the reft black, excepting the outer-edges of the eleventh 
 and twelfth, which are fomewhat cinereous. The underfides of all of them is cine- 
 reous. Lhe feathers of the baftard Wing are black. Under the baftard-wing is a 
 great white fpot. Alfo white feathers cover the root of the baftard wing above. 
 Then a white line is continued all along the bafis or ridge of the Wing as far as its fet 
 tingon. . Ten of the fecond row of Wing-feathers are black, then four or five have 
 their exteriour borders white: All the re{t are afh-coloured. The Tail alfois afh-co- 
 loured, feveninches long, and made up of twelve feathers. 
 
 Its Bill is great, ftrong, ftreight, from a thick bafe gently leflening into a tharp 
 point; from the tip tothe angles of the Mouth five inches and an half long, of a yel- 
 lowifh green colour. The upper Mandible is a thought. longer than the nether, and 
 thereina furrow or groove imprefied, reaching from the Nofthrils to the utmoft tip: 
 Its fides towards the point are fomething rough, and as 1t were ferrate, for the fafter 
 holding of flippery fithes. The lower Mandible ismore yellow: The fides of both 
 arethinned into very fharp edges. The Mouth ‘gapes wide. The Tongue 1s fharp, 
 long, but not hard... The eye-lids, and that naked {pace between the Eyes and Bill, 
 are green. The Nofthrils are oblong narrow chinks. 
 
 The Legs and Feet are green: The hind-part of the Legs and foals of the Feet 
 greener. The Toes very long. The outmoft foretoes are joyned to the middle by 
 amembrane below. ‘The inner edge of. the middle claw is ferrate, which is. worthy 
 the notice taking. 
 
 Its Stomach is large and flaggy, rather membranous than mufculous,..as-in carnivo- 
 
 *Letieda yous birds, in which diflected we found * Ivy-leaved Duckmeat. The Guts towards 
 
 Bera i the Vent, where the blind guts are fituate, are larger than in other birds. It hath not 
 twoblind guts, one on each fide, like other birds, but only one, like Quadrupeds, but 
 that bigger and thicker than ordinary. The, Gullet under the Chin is dilated into a 
 great widenefs.. In the middle of the Merry-thought 1s an Appendix. It hath a long 
 Gall-bladder. Gefwer counts but eleven Vertebres in the Neck; I obferved fifteen, 
 
 *Inanother of which the fifth hatha contrary pofition, ‘vinwis* reflected upward. It feeds upon 
 
 ede Fithes, Frogs,¢c. Oftentimes alfoit {trikes and wounds greater fifhes than it can draw 
 
 amonghis Out andcarry away. Young Herons may be fatted with fifh guts and entrails, flefh,ec. 
 seat wne- Tt fits fometimes with its Neck fo bent up, that its Head is drawn down to ftand be- 
 upper verte- tween its fhoulders. 
 
 bres in the Thefe Birds build fometimes on the tops of great trees, and for the moft part many 
 
 et vase together. But whether they are wont to build in old Rooks Nefts, as Aldrovandus out 
 
 &ed the con- of Polydore relates, Lleave to further enquiry: nt 
 
 Peete We have Heronries. in Evgland fach.as they have in France, however Bellonius de- 
 nies it: In which Herons are.fo well inftruéted and accuftomed to breed, that the 
 
 owners make yearly a good profit of the young. 
 (Fhe 
 Aldrovandus his third fort-of ajh-coloured Heron. 
 
 His Heron which I make congenerous to the common cinereous, from the tip 
 
 of the Bill tothe end of the Feet wasthirty fixinches, or four foot long : Had 
 
 “A Fippols he a Bill an inch thick, of the length of a* Palm; near the Nofthrils of the breadth of: 
 meafure, nor ONES little finger, channel'd within; beneath of a hormand rofe colour. ‘The Iris of 
 an hand the Eye yellow, the Pupil black. The Neck wasa full {panlong. The feathers of 
 breadth, the ‘Head, | Néck, Back, and-upper fide ofthe Wings! of .a dusky afh-colour: All 
 theirends marked with a red {pot : But the great Wing-feathers are variegated with 
 
 white at their tips; and alfo thofe which make up the Tail, which 1sa Palm and half 
 
 long: -Thofe which cover the Breatt are-fptinkled with: longer marks of black, ted, 
 
 | and white. (The Belly is of a pale ath-colour; almoft, white. The Hips: or Thighs 
 . a are fomewhat red; and forthe fpace.of an.inch above the™ knees bare.of feathers. 
 which may be Fromthefe tothe endsof the Claws remains, the meafure of two Palms: The Legs 
 a Se greenith, andthe Feet cloven, into Toes, which yetoat the beginning of the 
 | divarication 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 Boox II, OR NITHOLOGY. 
 
 divarication are joyned together by a fhort membrane, becaufe it muft needs be cons 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 279 
 
 verfant about waters. The Claw of the back-toe is greater than the ref. Upon the 
 
 tips of the feathers of the Head fuck certain fmall, tender, white capillaments ; 
 which argued this to bea young bird. 
 
 §. Il. 
 . Lheleffer afh-coloured Heron, called by the Germans, The Night-raven, 
 
 I’ is much leffer than the precedent, and hatha fhorter Neck. Its Back and thé 
 crownof its Head are black 5° its Neck ath-coloured, Its Throat and Belly tine 
 ctured with yellow. . A white line js extended from the Eyes to’ the Bill.’ From the 
 hinder part of the Head it hath a Creft of three feathers five itches long hangin 
 down over the Back, whereby it is differenced from all other bids, Its ‘Wings ind 
 ail are cinereous : Its Bill black : Its Legs and Feet of a yellowith green. | 
 At Sevenhuys, 'a Village in Holland ina fenny Country, not far from Leyden, we 
 defcribed a: young bird of this kind (as I fuppofe ) taken out of the Neft, thus, Its 
 
 Legsand Feet were — and thofe bare of feathers for about an inch above the 
 
 Knees. The outmoft Toe connected with the middle one by an intervening mem- 
 brane from the divarication tothe firft joynt : The Claw of the middle Toe ferrate 
 on the inner fide, as in the common Heron. The Eyes of a lovely yellow. Inthe 
 colour of its body it comes nearer to a Bittour than to the common Heron-fhaw. Two 
 rows of the greater Wing-feathers are black, with white tips. The Tail is of a dusky 
 ath-colour, the tips of its component feathers being alfo white. The Back and Neck- 
 feathers are black, with red fhafts, or red lines in the middle. In the Neck the red 
 
 lines are broader. The tips of the lefler covert feathers of the Wings decline from . 
 
 white to red. The Belly is white, with black {pots : The Chin white: The fea- 
 thers onthe Throat on one fide white, onthe other bl. 
 
 feathers without doubt it changes'its colour, asmoft other birds do. It hatha great 
 Gall 5 a large Stomach, glandulous within, but not flefhy or mufculous' ¢ which kind 
 wein Exglifh call a Gizzard ) in it wete the fhells of Beetles. In the middle of the 
 bone called the Merry-thought is ari Appendix. ‘This Bird lays white Egos, 
 
 The Germans callit, Nacht rab, that is, Night-raven, and under that title it is figu- 
 red and defcribed by Gejner, whence * Aldrovandys propounds it under the title of 
 Nw ht-raven for a diftinc fpecies of bird, {ub joyning it to the Corvws Sylvaticus of Gef- 
 mer. Itis called Night-Raven, becaule in the might time it cries with an uncouth voice, 
 like one that were {training to vomit. | | , 
 
 6. TVS 
 The great white Herow. Ardea alba major, 
 
 T weighed forty ounces. — Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the 
 | Feet was fifty three inches and anhalf; to the end of the Tail no more than forty. 
 its breadth, as we reckon it, between the tipsof the Wings extended fixty inches and 
 an half: 
 
 Itscolour was allover as white asfaow. The number of the main feathers of its 
 Wings was about twenty feven; of its Tail twelve: The length of its tail fix inches 
 and an half. “Ithad no Creft. Its Bill, as in the common Heron, was yellowith, The 
 edges of its Eye-lids, and that naked {pace between the Eyes and Bill green. The 
 Eyes of a pale yellow. The Legs for fome {pace above the knees bare of feathers. 
 The Feet and Talons black : The outer fore-toe connected with the middle one from 
 the divarication to the firft joynt by an intervening membrane. The Claw of the 
 middle toe had its interiour edge * ferrate. 
 
 lack. After it hath mew’d its firft — 
 
 * Ornithol. 
 lib. 19. capsg9; 
 
 * Sawed oF 
 
 The figure of the Breaft-bone was arcuate Lbending like a Bow ] as in other He- toothed, 
 
 rons, The vertebres of the Back were fix o¥ feven: Thofe of the Neck to the 
 fourth were bent downwards, all the reft upwards. It hada greatGall: A triangus 
 lar Appendix on the Merry-thought. Of its fat is made Oil good forthe wind, ec. 
 
 This differs from the common Heron, 11n magnitude, as being leffer than that. 
 2. Inthe length of its Tail. 3. Inthat it wants a Creft. A certain nglifh man( faith 
 Aldrouand ) affirmed, that he had fen white Herons, though but rarely, which nei- 
 ther in bignefs of body nor fhape differed at all from the common Heron, a in 
 
 colour. 
 
 
 

 
 280 ORNAT HOLOGY. Boox Ill 
 colour: . [fafpeé this Relator whofoever he was, was miftaken, accounting the bird 
 sithis article defcribed by. us not to.differ from the common Heron-fhaw but only in 
 colour, For Mr. Johnfon, who hath feen the white Heron in England, puts it down for 
 
 @ diftind kind in his Method of Birds communicated to us. } 
 
 
 
 ne Me 
 The leffer white Heron: Ardea alba minor. 
 
 Eing weighed it fcarce amounted to one pound. From:the tip of the Bill to 
 B the-end of the Tail-it was twenty four inches.and anhalf long, to: theend of 
 the Legs thirty two and an half. It is all over of. a pure white colour, like:the 
 bigger. . From the hinder part of the Head hangs down backward a fhort: Creft. 
 About the Eyes the skin 1s bare of feathers, andof a green colour. The Billis four 
 inches and an half long, and black..: The Eyes are of a pale yellow. TheTongue 
 fhort: The Feet green; but fometime covered with a black, fealy.bark, which ma 
 eafily be rubbed orfcraped off. , The Legs are bare of feathers fomething above the 
 knees, and up higher than inthe former kind. The outer fore-toe is connected with 
 the middle from its rife to the firft joynt by an intervening membrane. The: middle 
 Talon is toothed, asin the reft of .this kind. It hath alfo but one blind gut, like thenrs 
 anda great Gall. |. | | ; 
 
 It differs from the precedent white Herox in being much lefler,and in having a creft, 
 which that Wants. 2° ~ snip s9iday fate. sd bivncis ys 
 
 We take this to be the fame with the {mall white Herex or Garzetta of Gefzer and 
 Aldrovand, and with Bellonius his Aigretta of the French, although the defcriptions 
 differ in fome particulars. | 
 
 Gefyerfaith, that the feathers of the Creft axe long,» and fold ata great rate. But - 
 Bellonius and Aldrovandys write, thatthefe feathers, ' which Noblemen and great Com- 
 manders are wont to {lickin their-Caps and Head-pieces for ornament, and which are | 
 fold very dear in the Cities fubje& to the Turk, ; do, not grow, on the Head, but onthe . 3 
 Back, at the ridge of each Wing... Qur’Bird,. which we bought in the Market at Ve- — | 
 nice, had nofuch feathers ;. perchance they had been before pluckt off, and concealed 
 by the Fowler that fold us the bird. 43.0" >> so yor 
 
 The fecond lefler white Heron of Aldrovandus isthe very fame with this, called alfo 
 Garzeita inthe Valleys of Malalbergo, as will mantfeftly appear to him that will bug 
 take the pains to compare the defcriptions. Aldrovand. tom. 3. pag.93. defcribes it 
 thus. It isabirdall over white, excepting the Legs and Bill, which are black.’ Its 
 Bill is long, flender, very fharp-pointed, all of one colour. Between the Eyes and 
 Bill is a certain {pot of green. The Pupil of the Eyes is black, encompaffed with 
 a yellow or golden ciréle, and that again with a black. The Neck and Legs, as in 
 other Herons, are long 3. fo are alfo the Toes, but yellow. The back-toe is the leaft 
 of all: The middlemoft of the fore-toes longeft, and that on the right fide of it next \ 
 inlength. The Clawsblackand fharp. . The Wings. very great 5 the Tail fhorts the 
 Body flender and little. - : sia 
 ‘This, [fay, is without all doubt the fame with our fmall white Herow 5 neither (asT - 
 judge ) doth it differ from the Gurzetta of Aldrovand, before defcribed, in any thing 
 
 ut in age, for that wasa young bird. Inthisthere is no mention made either of the 
 
 Creft,. or of thofe rare feathers growing on the Back. Perchance they were by | 
 et ee ( who knew well enough their value) plucked off from both Aldrovands _ 
 
 irdand ours. 
 
 
 
 
 
 O. Vib 
 * The third fmall white Heron of Aldrovand. 
 
 T isleffer than the precedent, but more flefhy.. Its Bill {mall, thick, fharp-pointed, 
 all yellow. The top of the Head and Neck arealmoft of a Saffroncolour 5 which, 
 though more remifs, is feen alfo in the Breaft. The Neck is fhorter than in ‘other 
 Herons. The Eyes are {ituate as it Were in acertain yellow {pot: Their [rides are 
 
 yellow, encompafled with a black circle... The Thighs and Legsare long, of a yellow 
 
 
 
 a 
 Hy 
 4 a 
 r 
 - 
 pa <p ary 
 qa - 
 a ad 
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 me othe (C3 
 aa #, 
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 ian? ES 
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 b colour, inclining to Saffron. The Toes are, in proportion to the body, bigger than 5 
 Pi in other, Hérons, very long, dusky, encompafied alfo with whitifh annulary fcales. 
 IB | 
 la 4 
 L : le: F | 
 SE 
 
 
 
ee 
 
 Book I, ORACITHOLOGH neg gael 
 
 ee 
 
 
 
 Two of the fore-toes are joyned together by a {mall membrane, as in the reft. Its 
 Claws are long, very fharp, and hooked: That of the middle toe, longer than 
 the reft, is ferrate, asin the Bittour. The Tail isnot very fhort. | 
 
 Belides this Aldrovand figures another with.a fhort, thick, fharp Bill, very long toes, 
 the fore ones dusky: The head inclining to Saffron-colour : The Bill and Legs yellow. 
 Elfe the whole bird 1g white. | : | 
 
 §. VI. | 
 * The red-leg’d Heron; or Cirris of Virgil according to Scaliger. Aldrovtom.3 p.3 98, 
 
 His is lefier than all other Herons, and hath alfoa very fhort Neck : The whole 
 
 | # ~~ bird almoft from Saffron inclining to a Chefiut colour;on the underfide deeper, 
 onthe upper fide and Wings paler. The Tail is (0 little that it feems altogether to want 
 one. Lhe Pupil of the Eye is encompafled with a yellow circle, that with a * fcarlet » The word ié 
 one, and this again with a black, Very. beautiful feathers, partly yellow, and part] ree : 
 black, arifing from the forehead hang down all over the upper part of the Head and the colour of 
 Neck. The Bill is ftrong, long, fharp, of two colours, where it joyns to the hedd red lead, 
 green, or from green inclining to blue; and this colour reaches as far or farther than 
 the middle of the Bill, the remaining part being black. The Legs and Feet are of a 
 deep red colour asin many Pigeons: The Talons black. The Toes very long, and 
 joyned with a {mall membrane, or fome rudiment of it. . 
 
 Befides, he fets forth the figure of anotherin all things like this, fave that the fame 
 colour in the body is more remi(s, the Feet yellowith, the Neck on the fides befprink- 
 Jed with many black {pots ; which are not in the other. 
 
 §. VIII. 
 * ‘The Heron which they call Sguiacco in the Valleys of Malalbergo. * Aldrov. * Ornithol. 
 
 C0m.3.P-400, 
 Thath tufts of feathers on the head almoft of the famecolour with the immediately 
 ] precedent; to which alfo it is in bignefs almoft equal, ora little lef. Its Billts 
 fhorter than in that,but ftrong,ofthe fame colour with the whole Back,viz.of a yellow 
 ferrugineous. The Iris of the Eyeis of a golden colour, encompafied with a black 
 circle. The whole Headand Neck are particoloured of yellow, white, and black. 
 Underneath on the belly it is white, .as is alfothe Tail, and better part of the Wings. 
 The Thighsare yellow: The Legs.and Toes are greenifh,as infome Vater-hens. They 
 fay it is a bold and couragiousbird. . | | 
 
 §. IX. 
 The Heron called Squaiotta at Malalberco. Aldrovand. 
 
 T hath a yellow Bill, black at point, afhort Tail, greenfeet. The tuft on the Head 
 | confilts of thirty feathers, the middlemoft of which are white, and the outermoft 
 - black. There grow alfo on itsBack of that fort of elegant feathers before mentioned, 
 of a red colour, and black at their roots. * Both perchance have their names. from ¥ sguacto oi 
 their cry. Squatotta, 
 
 §. X. 
 * Another fiall Heron with a bow-bill, Atdrovand. 
 HeBillof this is more * arcuate than in any of the precedent. On the nether « Bending 
 fide the Neck and Breaft ( which isfpirinkled with black {pots tending down- "ke 4 Bow, 
 wards ) are white. Elfethe whole bird is of an-ath-colour, underneath paler, above 
 
 deeper. The Thighs inthis Bird, contrary to what they arein others of this kind, are 
 covered with feathers. 
 
 Oo | @. XE 
 
 
 

 
 LO eC iC CC ttt tt 
 
 182 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox Ill. 
 
 
 
 
 
 | For it hath a long Neck, long Legs, very long Toes, fharp Talons, and finally, a fhort 
 
 ail §. XL 
 
 : | * The Bird of kin to the Heron defcribed by Aldrovand, t.3. p.412- 
 
 a | | * OF the fame His fort of Bird, though it hath a much fhorter Bill, Thavemade * congenerous . 
 | | ae nee rather to the Herons thanother birds, and am wont to call it the black Heron, 
 Ht z becaufe in itsmeen,and the fafhion of the reftof its body, it refembles the Herov-kind. 
 
 | | Tail, Its colour is all over uniform, 272. blackifh, except the Neck, which is com- 
 | pafled with a whitering, and the Bill which is yellow, inthe middle, and at the end, as 
 | | well above as below, marked with a black fpot. weft. 
 
 an] 
 
 It hath not as yet been our hap to fee thee fix laft birds, and fo we have nothing to 
 add to their defcriptions, which wehave borrowed of Aldrovandys. 
 
 §. XII. 
 
 | The Bittour or Bittern or Mire-drum : Ardea ftellaris, Taurusof Pliny, called by later 
 | Writers Butorius avd Botaurus, and by Ariftotle alfo Ocnus. | 
 | 7 N bignef it falls not much fhort of the common Heron-fhaw. Its length from the 
 
 I tip of the Bill to the end of the Claws is thirty eight inches, to the end of the 
 | , Tail twenty nine. ‘Its Head is {mall, narrow, or comprefied at fides : The crown 
 | 
 
 
 
 black : At the angles of the mouth on each fide isa black {pot. The Throat and fides 
 of the Neck are red, with narrow tranfverfe black lines. The Neck being cloathed 
 with very long feathers, feemsto be both fhorter, and much greater than indeed it is, 
 The long feathers on the Breaft are black in their middles. The inner part of the 
 | _ Thighs and the lower Belly are white, with a light tin@ure ofred. The outfides of 
 | _the Thighs are variegated with black {pots. The Back is particoloured, of pale red, 
 | or feuille mort andblack, {| with cinereous alfo mingled, ] theblack {pots being greater 
 there than in the reft of the body. The bottoms of the feathers on the Throatare * 
 | white. The great or quill-feathers of the Wings are fhorter than in the common 
 Beige Heron. The tips of the greater feathers are black, elfe they are all variegated 
 | _ with tranfverfe red and black lines. Thelefler rows of Wing-feathers are of a paler 
 be red. The Tail is very fhort and little, made upof ten feathers of the {ame colour with 
 | u/ oe | the Wing-feathers. | : 
 4 =) "The black ftroaks or marks between the fhoulders are broader, and tend down- 
 | “wards ; but the red colour is paler, languifhing into a yellow. Its Bill is ftreight * 
 | {trong, thick at the Head,and growing {lenderer by degrees tothe point, of a greenith 
 | colour, and having fharp fides or edges, _ The'fides of the lower Mandible fall within 
 | _the upper, when the Mouth 1s fhut. © The upper Chap hatha long cranny,or furrow 
 | or channel excavated on each fide,wherein are the Nofthrils. The Tongue is tharp, 
 | not cloven, reaching {carce to the middle of the Bill. The Irides of the Eyes from 
 hazel incline toyellow. [ In another bird they were red.] The flit of the Mouth is 
 | 
 
 l 
 ( 
 ! 
 ‘ 
 \ 
 
 Very wide, running out beyond the Eyes toward the hinder part of the Head, fo 
 | that the Eyes feem to be fituate as it were in the very Bill.. Under the Eyes the 
 skin is bare of feathers, and of a green colour. The Ears are great, and wide 
 open. 
 
 : 
 : 
 
 | The Shanks are bare a littleabove the knees: The Feet green: The Toes great 
 _ and very long, armed alfo with long and {trong Talons ; that of the middle Toe fer- 
 rate on the interiour edge, in like manner, and for the fame purpofes, viz. of holding 
 faft Eels, and other flippery fith,as in the reft of thiskind. The back-claw, which is 
 remarkably thick and long above the reft, is wont to befet in Silver fora Pick-tooth, 
 es = is thought to havea fingular property of preferving the teeth. The outmoft fore- 
 ee, toe isjoyned to the middlemoftat bottom by a membrane. | 
 | ey fay, that it gives always an odd number of bombs ata time, viz. three or 
 five; Which in my own obfervation I have found to be falfe. It begins to bellow 
 about the beginning of February, and ceafes when breeding time isover. The com- 
 mon people are of opinion that it thrufts its Bill intoa Reed, by the help whereof it 
 makes that lowing or drumming noife. Others fay, that it thrutts its Billinto the wa- 
 ter, ormud, orearth, and by that means imitates the lowings of an Ox. It hides it felf . 
 commonly among reeds and rufhes, and fometimes lies in hedges with its Neck and 
 Head erect. eg i eR aie an 
 
 eet 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
, 
 
 rous | 
 ‘On, 
 ind. 
 hort 
 ‘on- 
 d, as 
 
 ng to 
 
 by latey 
 
 mn the 
 f the 
 ‘own 
 fides 
 ithed 
 it is, 
 the 
 3 of 
 red, 
 ater 
 t are 
 mon 
 ited 
 aler 
 vith 
 
 wn- 
 ht, * 
 mi 
 thin 
 ‘OW, 
 arp, 
 from 
 ithis 
 1, fo 
 the 
 ide 
 
 ‘eat, 
 fer- 
 ling 
 his 
 th, 
 
 [ee 
 
 
 
 ing like a flagging Collar, and hath fuch a kind 
 
 
 
 _ORNITHOLOGY. es 
 
 Inthe Autumn after Syn. 
 afcent fo high till they get quite out of fight : Inthe 
 of noife, nothing like to lowing. 
 
 As for the interiour parts, The annular 
 rication, are not entire [ or perfedly rou 
 of the circle being fupplied by a thin, loofe membrarie : They fta 
 
 diftance one from another than before. vided. j 
 hath its Gall-bladder annexed 
 
 and full of papillary glandules, Beneath the lower Orifice of the 
 
 Bellonius right] y compares it, 
 this kind, half’an inch long 
 as to admit a mans fift. 
 
 Inftead of thetran{verfe ribs are only {mall Appendices. The Vertebres next the Head 
 are bent downwards, all the ret upwards. > The Breaft-boné is * arcuate. 
 
 Or aperture of the Breaft-bone isfilled up with a thin, loofe, pellucidmembrane. The 
 
 - Ithathalfoa bony 
 
 | » but lefSthan the common Heroz, 
 Tt is called by later Writers, Butorixg and 
 
 tui tauri, the bellowing of aBull. The Author of Philomela calls it Butio : But his 
 miltakes are {o many, that no account js 
 
 made itto be the Oxocrotalus,becaule Of its voi 
 much more to imitate the braying of an Af 
 fo exactly defcribed the Onocrotalus: that no man that fhail compare the notes with 
 the bird, can poflibly doubt that it is that we commonly call the Pelerzy + Though 
 thofe that have feen and obferved it; never heard it make any fuch braying noife 
 when kept tame: Which is fomething {trange ; unlefs perhaps being difcontented with 
 its captivity, it delights not to make that norfe it doth when at liberty, The Bittern 
 is {aid above all other birds to {trike at mens eyes. It builds upon the ground, com- 
 monly in a tuft of Ruthes, lays four or five Eggs, of a round figure, and whitith 
 colour, inclining to cinereous or steen, not {potted atal]. 
 
 This without doubt is that bird our common people call the Night-raven, and have 
 fuch a dread of, imagining it cry portends no lefs than their death, or the death of 
 fome of their near Relations + Forit fliésinthe night, anfwers their defcription of be- 
 
 of hooping cry as they talk of. 
 
 $6. XI 
 
 = * *£ 
 
 * Aldrovandus his third fore of peckled Heron, 
 
 “¥ His Bird, fent from Epidaurys, was all over. of one and the fame colour, to wit, 
 i reddith, deeper above, lighter underneath. ‘This fame, or at leaft one very 
 like to it,taken in our F ens, hada Bill a palm long,of a horny colour, {treight,and tharp- 
 pointed. The upper Mandible was a little hooked at the end, and longer than the ne- 
 ther, with fome blacknefs. The crown was black: The Ne 
 long :. The Back was black, and fo wasthe Tail, which was 
 neath white: The Wings partly ferrugineous, partly white. 
 The Iris of the Eyes was yellow. 
 mewed its firft feathers. 
 
 very fhort ; the Rump be- 
 The Legs nine inches long. 
 This feemed as yet to bea young bird,that had not 
 
 §. XIV. 
 The greater Speckled or red Heron of Aldrovand: 
 
 “g His feems to be a baftard kind between the Bittour and the common Heron, but 
 ; to partake more of the common Feroz, Whence it would be more rightly inti- 
 tuled, The afh-coloured or blue Heron with red breaft and fides: , 
 
 In ing bigne(s, fhape, and ferrate Claw It agrees with the common Heron. The 
 crown of its Head is black, adorned with a long Creft: Its Back ath-coloured, but 
 darker than the common Heroxs. On the fhoulders sTow long, red, briftly ha 
 
 Io 2 
 
 4 
 
 rss 
 
 Fhe 
 
 fetthefe birds are Wont to {oar aloft in the air with 4 {piral 
 mean time making a fingular kind 
 
 - The Gullet jult below theBill may be vaftly dilated, fo 
 In the ftomach difleGed we found the fur and bones of Mice. 
 
 y cartilages of the Wind+-pipe after ifs diya. 
 nd ] but only femicireular - The other part 
 nd alfo at 4 greater 
 The Liver is divided Into two Lobes, and 
 + The interiour membrane of the Stomach is wrinkled, 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Bending 
 The angle fine eae 
 
 a Bow, 
 
 a 
 
 mn» h. nt li lh I sll 
 ‘ —- _—— = 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 + The gall- 
 dué or vein 
 conveyin 
 
 
 
 ee me we ee 
 
 . 
 
 ORNAITHOLO Y. Book Ill. 
 at Or a ee a Rb a cameo nee 
 The lefler covert-feathers of the inner fide of the Leg are red. The Thighs are 
 white, dafhed with red. Near the Breaft on both fides isa broad red ftroke. The 
 middle of the Throat is particoloured, with black and pale red fpots. Down the 
 fides of the Neck is a black line in the middle of tworedones. The lower part of 
 the Neck under the long feathers was of adeep red. In other particulars it agreed 
 with the common Heron. It had but one fingle blind-gut: A huge Gall-bladder. 
 The Ribs tend ftreight downwards from the vertebres of the back, like thofe of 
 Quadrupeds. - The Guts are fmall and flender. The remnant of the paflage convey- 
 ing the Yolk into the Guts is plainly to be feen inthe form of a blind gut, about the 
 middle of the inteftines, the Pipe conveying Gall from the Gall-bladder to the gut, 
 and the * porws bilarivs do not concur in one common paflage, but continue their 
 channelsfeveral and diftina, and perforate the Gut in two places, but near one to the 
 
 —— 
 
 
 
 gall from the Other. 
 
 Liver. 
 
 @. XV. 
 * The Brafilian Soco of Marggrave. 
 T is a Water-fowl, of which here [in Brafil’] many forts may be obferved. Itis 
 
 of the bignefS of the lefler Heron: Hath a ftreight, black, and fharp-pointed Bill, 
 two inches and an half thick where itis thickeft. Its Head is like a Heroxzs, as is alfo 
 
 * 1 fuppofe he its Neck, being a foot long ; Its Eyes black with a * golden circle. The Wings and 
 
 means the 
 Pupil black, 
 and the Iris 
 golden, 
 
 Tailare equally extended, ending together. For the Tail is fhort, being not of above 
 fiveinches length. The Legs are fufficiently long, above the knees four inches, and 
 asmany below. Each foot hath four Toes, three ftanding forwards, and one back- 
 wards. The Thighsabove the Knees are above half way bare of feathers, covered 
 with a dusky skin. The Head and Neck are cloathed with brown feathers, varie- 
 gated with{mallfpecks. Along the lower fide of the Neck down as low as the Breaft 
 * aline drawn of whitefeathers, mixt with black and brown ones. The Back and 
 Wingsare indeed black, but variegated ot powdred with very {mall yellow fpecks or 
 points. . The Belly is of the fame colour with the Back. Under the Wings are black 
 feathers, {potted with white. wid nae 6) Z @ 
 
 PQs KVL 
 * The Brafilian Heron called Cocoi of Marggrave. 
 
 T isan elegant bird, of almoft the bignefs of a Stork : Hath a ftreight, fharp Bill, 
 | about fix inches long, which is of a yellowith green at its rife: Cry{tal Eyes, with 
 a golden circle 5 the skin about the Eyes bare, and afh-coloured. The length of the 
 Neck is fifteen inches, of the Body ten, of the Tail five. The Tail and Wings 
 equally extended. The upper Legs are feathered half down, being eight inches 
 long ; the lower are but fix and an half, covered with an afh-coloured rio. The 
 Feet have four Toes, difpofed in the ufual manner ; the middle the longeft, the reft 
 fhorter, all armed with crooked. dusky Claws. The Throat and all the Neck are 
 white: The top of the Head and fides of a black colour, mixt with cinereous. It 
 carries [ on the Head} an elegant, erect creft of the fame colour, from which two 
 neat feathers hang down backwards, of a black colour, inclining to cinereous, each 
 five inches and an half long. The forefide of the Neck is {potted longways [ or 
 down its length] with feathers mixt of black and cinereous. In the lower part of 
 the Neck before, it hathlong, white, fine delicate feathers hanging down, which we 
 were wont to wear inour Caps. The whole Back, Wings, and Tail are of a pale 
 afh-colour, mingled witha little white. The upper half of the Legs upper is inve- 
 {ted with white feathers. Along the length of the Back are extended fine elegant, 
 
 afh-coloured feathers, for their figure and ftructure like thofe onthe Neck. Itisgood 
 meat. 
 
 d. XVII. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 En aanlires et os —— — a 
 Boox Ill. ORNITHOLOGY. By 
 I—— ene ae 
 
 , §.. XVIL. 
 
 “ The Brafilian Heron, with aferrate Bill, of Margera 
 
 Tis of the bignefsof a tame Duck, ora little bigger: Hatha {treight, fharp Bill, 
 I the fore-half, as well above as beneath, doubly ferrate, four inches and an half 
 long. It haththe Head and Neck of a Heron 5 a black Pupil, witha golden circle: 
 its Neck is a foot long 5 its body fiveinches and an half 5 its Tail four, wherewith the 
 Wings end. The whole Legs are nine inches and an half long: The upper, to the 
 middle part only, covered with feathers, the lower half being bare. In each Foot 
 four Toes, after the ufualmanner. The upper Bill is dusky, but toward the rife of a 
 yellowifh green. The whole Head, and upper fide of the Neck are covered With 
 _ long feathers, of a pale yellow colour, waved with black. Under the Throat it js 
 
 White. The Neck beneath, the Breaft and lower Belly have white feathers, waved 
 with brown, which | brown ] is round about edged with yellow. The whole Back 
 and Wingsare covered with dusky feathers, waved with yellow. The quil-feathers 
 of the Wings are mixt of equal parts of black and green, their tips being white. The 
 Fail confifts of fach feathers as the ends of the Wings, but croffed with white lines, 
 The Legs and Feet are of a dark greycolour. The Claws dusky. Its fleth is eaten,’ 
 and taftes like that of other Herons. 
 
 §. XVIII. 
 * Guiratinga of the Brafilians,called by the Portugues Garza, that is, a Heron. Margerave. 
 
 T is of the bignefs of the Spoon-bills or Pelecan of Gefner, and the fame fhape of 
 | body. It walks erect, with its long Neck and extended Bill, which is ftreight, 
 fharp, yellow, four inches long, the upper part thereofblack, thelower white. Te. 
 hath long Legs like a Heron, of about fix anchor The Toes are after the ufual man- 
 ner. The Legsoutwardly, as alfo the Feet, are yellow, inwardly mixt of greenand 
 dusky. The whole body is covered with milk-white feathers. On the neck are moft 
 elegant white feathers, more fine than Oftriches. It is a Water-fowl, and its upper 
 Legs are [ for fome {pace ] bare of feathers. 
 
 d KIX. 
 * A fmall Brafilian Heron of Marggrave. 
 
 Tis fcaree fo big as acommon Pigeon: Hatha very long Necks a {treight, fharp 
 Bill, dusky above, of a yellowith white beneath, two inches and an half long : 
 
 A fhort, {harp Tongue: Eyesofa mean fize, with a black Pupil, and a yellow circle : 
 A fall Head ; a {lender Neck, but feven inches long, whereas the length of the Body 
 is {carce four > Long Legs, each five inches; the * upper half bare of feathers half ¥ Th part of 
 way: Four Toes in each Foot, placed the common way, with crooked and thar bo a 
 
 Talons. As for its colour, near the Eyes, where the Bill is inferted the skin is of @ though ins 
 : yellow [ melini..| The Head above is covered with feathers of a fteel-colour, with iy - = 
 pale brown ones intermingled. _ The whole Neck, with the Breaft and lower Belly properly to 
 have a white Plumage, mixt with cinereous and pale feathers, fo that they appear thelegs in | 
 variegated. The Back is black, and partly of a Steel colour, with pale brown fea- ete 
 thers intermingled. The long Wing-feathers are greenth, having a white {pot on ternodium 
 their tips. The reft of the Wing is elegantly variegated of brown, fteel-colour, ‘fom the foot, 
 wax-colour, and afh-colour. The Tail is twoinches long, covered with the ends of 
 the Wings, which are equally extended with it. The Legs above are mingled of afh 
 and wax-colour. The naked part and the Feet are covered with a yellow skin. The 
 Clawsbrown. Thisbird walks ereé& and ftately, : | 
 
 © HA P. 
 
 
 
~ “ = < - oo ss a = = - 
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 << —~ a = = - ana ee - tooo = 7 = 
 a26=— - ow _ as = - a TT) _ 7 “ —e é - - = ~ - — 
 cS bs a : —— —— . ~ - ae . — Se 7 
 ee eee ted ~ . 4 > —~ — - -_ a = = ees = - — - a -_- 
 2 - ns é aa : 7 a . me, Vv eee ae + ~ » 
 ed el ae = - po = 
 S os = a Hy = 
 e >i; ew pe! i Mp Sage - — —— ae > ae . ——— 
 — os ee = » % = r Bs as — ——" = 
 —z-. c= = 7 = ae - zt Sa es ee SE a = anos = ee ae mes — _- —s -* ——— = = = a _——- = = 
 a " = _ — - * 
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 < , SS 
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 gene a eNO 
 2 ee gly i 
 
 
 
 286 
 
 * Ofared 
 lead colour. 
 
 * Tn his An- 
 notations on 
 Recchus his 
 Animals, 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox Ill. 
 
 Cuapr. II. " 
 
 Of the Stork. De Ciconia. 
 
 d. 1. 
 
 The common or white Stork: Ciconia alba. 
 
 rons a 1tsHead, Neck,and fore-part white : The Rumpand outfide ofthe Wings 
 
 black : The Belly white. The quil-feathers of the Wings black: The Tail 
 white: The Bill long, red, like a Herons Bill, The Legs long, red, bare almoft to 
 the Knees or fecond joynt fromthe Foot. ‘The Toesfrom the divarication to the firft 
 joynt connected by an intervening membrane. The Vertebres of the Neck are four- 
 teeninnumber. Its Claws arebroad, like the nails of a man 5 fo that rAaqwyvy@. 
 will not to be fufficient to difference a man froma Stork with its feathers pluckt off. 
 N. B. Herodotws attributes fuch like Clawstothe white Atgyptzax Ibs. The Claw of 
 the middle Toeis not ferrate. It is feldom feen in Exgland, and not unlefs driven 
 over by a ftorm of wind, or fome other accident. My honoured Friend Sir Thomas 
 Brown of Norwich, a perfon defervedly famous, for his skill in all parts of learning, 
 but efpecially in natural Hiftory, fentmea Pictureof one of thefe birds taken on the 
 Coatt of Norfolk, drawn by the life, with a fhort defcription of it, as follows. It 
 was about a yard high: It had * red Bill and Legs; the Claws of the Feet like hu- 
 mane Nails. The lower parts of both Wings were black, fo that when the Wings 
 were clofed or gathered up, the lower part of the Back appeared black. Yet the 
 Tail, which was wholly covered and hid by the Wings (as being fcarce aninch long ) 
 was white, as was alfothe upper part of the Body. The quills were equal in bignefs 
 to Swans quills. Itmadea {napping or clattering noe with.its Bill, by the quick and 
 frequent {triking one Chap againft the other.. It readily eat Frogs and Land-fnails 
 which we offered it; but refufed Toads. It is but rarely feen on our Coafts. 
 So far Sir Thomas Brown: Whofte. defcription agrees exactly with ours in all 
 
 oints. as —" | | EY. 
 . The white Stork, faith ~Joannes Faber, is very rare in Italy: All thefe twenty 
 eight years that [have {pent at Rome, I never but once faw a white Stork, and then 
 but one, onthe top of the Tower, called Torre deContz, 1 know not by what wind 
 driven thither. Aldrovandws al{o himfelf an Italian born, and then a very old man, 
 confeffed that he had never feen a white Stork, for that the Territory of Boloewa did 
 neither breed nor feed them. But fith it is moft certain, that Storks before the ap- 
 proach of Winter fly out of Germazy into more temperate and hot Countries, very 
 {trange it is, Italy being contiguous to Germany, and hotter than it, thatthey fhould 
 not fly thither, at leaft pafs over it in their flight Southward. 
 I know them (faith the fame Faber ) who have learned by ocular infpection, that 
 
 Storks and Peacocks, when {uch Serpents as they {wallow pafled alive through their 
 
 ’ iS bigger than the common Heroz : Its Neck thicker and fhorter than the He- 
 
 bodies, ( as they will do {everal times, creeping out at their Fundaments ) ufe to fet | 
 
 up their Rumps, and clap their Tails againft a wall fo long, till they feelthe Serpents 
 dead within them. | 
 
 d. IL 
 The black, Stork. Ciconia nigra. 
 
 Tis equal to the white Stork, or but littlelefSthanit. Its Head, Neck, Back, and 
 Wingsare black, with a certain glofs or mixture of green, not unlike the colour 
 of a Cormorant: Its Breaft, Belly, and fidesare white. The Bill green : The Legs 
 alfo green,and bare of feathers up to the Knees or fecond joynt fromthe Foot. The 
 membrane connecting the Toes reaches on the outfide as far as the firft joynt of the 
 middle Toe, not onthe infide. The young ones when they want meat make a noife 
 not unlike to Herons. We faw this Bird firft near Frankefurt on the Main, after at 
 Strasburgh: We fappofe thofe we {aw were young ones, for that their Bills and Legs 
 were green, whereas inthat which Faber defcribed they were red. _ ; 
 
 | Fo. Faber 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 ae 
 

 
 - 
 
 
 
 jo. Faber* defcribes this Bird very diligently and exadly thus + Its length from the 
 
 Boox If. ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 287, 
 
 * Tn his An- 
 
 point of the Bill to the Feet was fix ¢ {pans and an half : The meafure was the fame of tions up- 
 
 the Wings extended. The Bill alone ( wherein was feen a fhort reddith Tongue ) was 
 _ a Roman foot long: The Legstwofpans. The Guillet was of that capacity or wide- 
 nefs, that the Bird being hanged ip by the Feet, a great F rog dropt out of the mouth 
 of its own accord, without any force, and four more were found entire in its {to- 
 mach. In which ftomach, made of hard flefh, were many Frogs bones, and a certain 
 dry lump not unlike dung. The Neck was a {pan and half long: The Legs and Feet 
 meager. Thecolourof the Wingsand all the Back blackith, as far as the lower Bel 
 ly. This black is mixt with a dark bluifh and purple, the dusky colour being predo- 
 minant, efpecially in the greater feathers of the Wings. The Neck recedes further 
 from the colour of the Back, and doth wonderfully delight the Eyes with a moft 
 grateful mixture of blue, purple, and green fuch as is obferved in the necks of P;- 
 geons and Mallards. And becaufe only the lower region of the Belly, beginning far 
 below the Breaft, hath white and foft feathers; the whole Bird is rather to be deno- 
 minated black than white. The orbits of the Eyes, the whole Bill, Legs, and Feet 
 are of a moft pleafant fcarletred; or * vermilion colour. All which things put toge- 
 ther, wiz. the ftately ftruéture of the whole body, and that fymmetry of various and 
 pleafant colours, render this Bird very elegant and beautiful to behold. — It is not al- 
 together whole-footed like a Duck, yet the three fore-toes are joyned together half- 
 way by a toughmembrane ; the back-toe or keel being pretty Jong, and armed with 
 aftrong Talon. Thefebirds frequent Fens, Lakes, and Sea-fhores 5 into thefé wa- 
 tersthey run, intent upon their prey, fometimes alfo diving winder water, ‘maintain 
 themfelves by fifhing, as lam aflured by our Fowlers upontheir credit. This Bird is 
 not very frequent at Rome, yet isit fometimes expofed to fale among other Sea-fowl. 
 Its fleth hath fuch a fithy tafte and {tench, that being thrown to our Cat, the refuted 
 it, and would nottouch it. He endeavours to prove this Bird to be the Mergus of Ovid. 
 See the Author. | 
 All Storks make a clattering or {napping noife with their Bills, by clapping one 
 
 On Recchus his 
 
 Animals. 
 T The Latine 
 
 * Refembling 
 the minium of 
 the Ancients, 
 or our Cine~ 
 Radar. 
 
 Mandible nimbly againft the other. ‘They are faid to live only in Republics and free- 
 
 States ; but this we found by experience to be falfe, obferving them in the Territories 
 of fome Princes in Germany. There is a tradition alfo that they feed and nourith their 
 Parents in their old age, when they are unable to feek their own food : Whence 
 the word avk meAapyic, fignifying the duty of Children in requiting and maintaining 
 their aged Parents, 
 
 6. TL 
 * The American Stork, called by the Brafilians Maguari of Marcerave. 
 
 T is a Bird lik to the Stork in figure, and bignefs, and partly alfo in colour. Te hath 
 j a Neck a foot long: A ftreight, fharp Bill, of nine inches lengths long,naked 
 Legs, like the Stork; a fhort Tail reaching no farther than the Wings. Its Bill at bos 
 tom half way up is of a yellowith green: The other half being of a bluifh afh-co. 
 lour. It hath fmall, {ilver-coloured Eyes witha black Pupil, and about them a Ver- 
 milion-coloured skin, and the like alfo below, near the rife of the Bill, or between 
 the Billand the Throat,which when the is angry fhe lets hang down under the Throat 
 after themanner of the Sexembi. The whole Head, Neck, and all the body is cos 
 vered with pure white feathers ; and onthe lower part of the Neck thofe white fea- 
 feathers are of a good length. The Tail alfo is white, but above covered with cer- 
 tain black feathers. The Wings at fetting on are covered with white feathers, but 
 near the Back with black; which. black hath a glofs of green. It Legsand Feet are 
 red and like a Storks. It {naps alfo with its Bill like our Country Stork. Its flethis 
 efculent. 
 
 CH A P, 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 + Elovius. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pecan AE 
 
 ORNCIT HOLOGY, Boox Ill. 
 
 C HA Prat 
 HT Ibis. of Belloni. 
 
 
 
 its mannetsand conditions, we found it not to be the Hematopws, ‘butthe black 
 Ibis, which’ Herodotws firft mentioned, and after him Ariffotle. It isof the 
 bulk of the* Cyrlew, or.a littlelefs; alloverblack: Hath the Head of a Cormorant. 
 The: Bill where it is joyned to the Head. isabove an inch thick, but pointed toward _ 
 the end, anda little crooked and atched, and wholly red, as are alfo the Legs; which 
 ate long, like the Legs of that Bird which Pliny calls) Bos taurus, Ariftotle names 
 Ardea fiellaris. At hatha long Neck like a Heroz, fo that when we firft faw the 
 black bis, it feemed to us inthe manner and make [ habitu }.of its body like the 
 Bittour. Zoiid. big 
 This kind of Birdis faidto.be fo proper to Egypt, that it cannot live out‘of that 
 Country, and thatifit be carried out it dies fuddenly.. | es itlt .ceits 
 The Ibes are birds very ufeful to the Egyptians, for deftroying Serpents; Locutts, — 
 and Caterpillars, with which that Country 1s greatly infefted ; and therefore divine 
 honourswere given them. The Ibes (faith Cicero ) difpatch a: power of Serpents. 
 They turn away a great Plague from Egypt, when they kill and confume thofe flyin 
 Serpents that are brought in thither by the Welt wind out of the Deferts of Libya. 
 Whence it comes to pafs, that they dono harm either alive by their biting, ordead b 
 their ftench. . For which caufe the Ibes are invocated by the Egyptzams. What elfe the 
 Ancients have delivered concerning the Ibis, fee in Aldrovandus. 
 
 Poise ( faith he.) we took the black Ibis to be the Hematopus : But obferving 
 
 a ade eel ee ee ce a 
 Cut A py Dy Rd ee 
 
 The Spoon-bill. Platea five Pelecanus of “Gefner. ~ Leucoredius. five 
 Albardeola. of Aldrovaud. Lepet: x of the Low Dutch. Ey 
 
 - 
 °F 
 * oe? 
 
 
 
 
 
 . spree 10 wets pete oor Bi e3 | ’ 
 ae which we defcribed wasa young one taken out of the Neft. It weighed 
 
 forty five ources and an half. Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end 
 of the Claws was thirty four inches, to the end of the Tail twenty four. 
 The colour of the whole body was Snow-white like aSways. Beyond the Eyesto- 
 ward the Bill grow neither feathers nor down, ‘as /inthe Heroz and: Cormorant. The 
 angle alfo of the lower Chap is bare, which perchance is peculiar and proper to this 
 Bird. “i Gil abun’ é | 6s ail etn a 
 The firft quil-feather of the Wing is black ; of the fecond only the exteriour Web, 
 or outer half from the fhaft 5 and the tip of the interiour are black 3,of the third only 
 the top, and of thefourth yet lefs. In like manner the tips-and fhafts of the inferiour 
 feathers of thefecond row were black. The Tailis very fhort, vz. three inches’and 
 an half,;made up of; twelve feathers: fs 22 pf 
 _ The Bill is of a fingularand unufual figure, plain, deprefled, and broad, near the 
 end dilated into.an almoft circular figure, ef the likenefs of 'a Spoon, whencealfo the 
 Bird it felfis called by the Low Dutch, Lepelaer,that is, Spoon-bill, The broad part of 
 the Billis graven with twelve or fourteen lines; or creviles 5 but its inward furface is 
 {moothand even, without.any fuch {culptures or gravings. The Billin the young 
 ones before they be grown up is. white, or of afleth-colour, in old ones black. » The 
 Tongucis fharpandlittle. ‘The Legs half way.up the fecond. joynt are bare of fea- 
 thers;,in the young ones of a whitifh colour. The Feet ftrong: The fore-toes 
 joyned. together by a membrane 5 the outmoft and middlemoft.to the fecond joynt, 
 the middlemoft and inmoft no further than the firft. The Toes and Claws black. 
 Wedid not obferve in our Bird thofe reflections of the Wind-pipe, which Aldro- 
 vandus mentions,delcribes, and figures. It had a large Gall: The Guts had many re- 
 volutions.. Aibove the Stomach the Gullet was dilated into a Bag, whofeinward fur- 
 face was rough:and.uneven, with many papillary glandules. = 
 __ Its Eggs are of the bignefs of Hens Eggs, white, and powdered with a few {an- 
 guine or pale-red pots. | er: ‘ 
 | In 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Book IL ORNITHOLOGY, - 289 
 Ina certain Grove, at a Village called Sevexhuys, not far from Leyden in Holland 
 
 they build and breed yearly in great numbers, ‘on the top of high trees 3 where alfo 
 
 build Herons, Night-ravens, Shags, Cormorants, 8c: In this Groveevery fort of Bird 
 
 ( as they told us ) hath its feveral quarter, where they build all togéther. « When the 
 
 young ones areripe, thofe that farm the Grove witha hook on the top of a long pole 
 
 catch hold of the bough on which the Neftis built arid thake out the young ones,’ but 
 
 fometimes Neft and all downto the ground. | | TBH) 
 
 §. IE. | 
 * Tlauhquechul, oF the Mextean Spoon-bill of Hernandez: 
 
 T’ is a Bird ofa ftrange Palate : Tt feeds'only on Jiving ‘fift, “and will not touch 
 dead ones. It delights in ravin: In’ fhape of body is like to' the Spoor-bill or Pe- 
 lecan, but almoft all over of a moft beautiful {Carle or pale red colour. Its Byll is 
 broad, round toward the end; and of an afh-colour : The Pupilof itsEye black, the 
 fris red, and wrinkled+ Its forehead like that of a Turkey or Aura: Its Head alimoft 
 void of hairs or feathers, of a white colour, with tear the whole Neck, and part of 
 the Breaft: A broad black ring, diftinsuifhing the Head from the Neck, It lives about 
 the Sea-fhores and Rivers. ote 
 
 §. Ih. 
 
 * The Brafilian Spoon-bill, called Aiaia, and by the Portughefe; Colherado, Maréerao. 
 the fame I fufpet with the precedent. SEE 
 
 nefs of a Goofe: Its Bill broad lik€a'Spoon;and white : Its Neck long: Its Feet 
 broad. It is all white, fave that the Back and Wings are of a pale carnation colour. 
 Its flefiisedible. Itis very comm6n about the River of St. Fravcis, and ellewhere 
 in Fenny places. Probably this Bird is the fame with the precedent. We have a Bill 
 of (I f{uppofe ) one of thefe American Plateas, which is almoft twice as big and long 
 as that of the common Earopean. 
 
 E figure it agrees with the Exropean Plated, differing only in colour. Of the big- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boox I, Part L Section Ill, 
 Water-fowl not Pifcrvorons with very long flender fireight Bills. 
 
 
 
 —_—_- 
 
 CHAP.) 8. I. 
 The Woodcock : Scolopax Aldroy. tom. 3. pag. 472. 
 
 WT is fomewhat leffer than a Partridge : The upper fide of the body particoloured 
 To red, black atid grey; very beautiful to behold. From the Bill almoft to the 
 tniddle of ‘the Head it is of areddifhath-colour. The Breaft and Belly are grey, 
 with tranfverfe brown lines. Under the Tail/it is fomewhat yellowifh: ~The-Chin 
 iswhite, with atinéture of yellow. A black line on each fide between the Eye and 
 Bill. The back of the Héad is moftblack, withtwo of three crofsbars of ateftaceous 
 colour. ae re . 
 * The prime feathets inéach Wing are about twenty three, black, crofléd with red 
 bats. The feathets under the Wings até curioufly variegated with grey and brown 
 lines. The Tailis 3 ; inches lorig, confilting of twelve feathers, the tips whereof are 
 cihtreous above, and white underneath; their borders or outfides as it were inden- 
 ted‘with red; the remaining part black. ) 
 The Bill is three inches long, or more, dark brown’ toward the end, near the Head 
 paletor flefh coloured : The upper Mandible avery little longer than the nether? 
 
 The Tonguenervous: The Palaterough : The Ears very gréat and open. >The Eyes 
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 ftand higher or nearer to thestop of the Head than in other birds, that they be 
 not hurt when fhethrufts her Bill deep into the ground.. The Legs, Feet, and Yoes 
 are of a pale brown or dusky colour: The Claws black: The back-toe very little, 
 
 ing alfo but alittle Claw. 
 Dre Saves divided into two Lobes, having a Gall-bladder annexed : The Guts long, 
 
 -flender, and having many revolutions. The blind Guts very fhort, not half folong 
 
 as that fingle blind gut the remnant of the Yolk-funnel. rattan: 
 Thefe are Birds of paflage coming over into England in Autumn, and departing 
 again in the beginning of the Springs yet they pair before they go, flying two 
 together, a Male and a Female. They frequent efpecially moift Woods, and Rivu- 
 lets near hedges, They are faid both to. come and to fly away inaMift. At Nuren- 
 berg in Germany 1 {aw of them to be fold in Avgu/?, whence I fuppofe they abide 
 thereabout all the year. On the Alps and other high Mountains they continue~all 
 Summer. I my felf have fluthed Woedcocks on the top of the Mountain Fura in June 
 and Fuly.. Some ftraglers by. fome accident left behind when their fellows depart re- 
 
 main alfo in Exgland all Summer,-and breed here. Mr. Feffop faw young Woodcocks 
 
 to be fold at Sheffield, and othershave feen themelfewhere. Their Eggs are long, of . 
 
 a pale red colour, {tained with deeper {pots and clouds. es 
 
 ‘OF twothat I defcribed, one vat a Male, and the other a Female ; the Female was 
 heavier than the Male by an ounce and half; the Female weighing eleven ounces and. 
 an half, the Male but ten: The Female alfowas of a darker colour. 
 
 The fleth of this Bird for the delicacy of its tafte is in high efteem. The Leg efpe- 
 cially iscommended, in refpe& whereof the Woodcock is preferred before the Par- 
 tridge itfelf, according to that Englifh Rhythm before recited in the Chapter of the 
 
 Partridge. 
 
 If the Partridge had the Woodcocks thigh, 
 “Lwould be the belt bird that ever did fly. 
 
 The length of this Bird, meafured, from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail, 
 was thirteeninches and an half: The breadth between the tips of the Wings extended 
 
 twenty, A Ieaes famous for its fimplicity or folly ; fo that a Wood- 
 
 
 
 ~ Among us in England this Bird is i fam 
 cock is Proverbially ufed for a fimple, foolifh perfon. 
 
 §. IL. 
 The Snive or Svite : Gallinago minor. 
 
 Tete about. four ounces. * Itslength from the tip of the Bill to the end of 
 the Toes is thirteen inches; to the end of the Tail eleven and an half. The 
 Wings {pread were feveninchesand an half wide. | 
 
 A pale red line divides the Head in the middle longways, and on each fide parallel 
 thereto a lift of black, and without the black over the Eyes another line of the fame 
 colour with that drawn alongthe middle of the Head. Between the Eyes and the 
 Bill is a dusky brown line. . The Chin under the Bill is white : The Neck is mingled 
 of brownand red. The Breaftand Belly are almoft wholly white. The long fea- 
 thers fpringing from the fhoulders reach almoft. to the Tail, having their outward 
 halfs from the fhaft of a pale red, the inner black and gliftering, their tips red; which 
 colours fucceeding oneanother maketwo lines down the Back. The covert-feathers 
 of the Back are dusky, with tranfverfe white lines: Thofe incumbent on the Tail are 
 red, croffed with black lines. The greater covert-feathers of the Wings are dusky, 
 with white tips, the lefler are particoloured with black, red, and grey. The infide co- 
 verts are curioufly variegated with brown and whitelines. — | 
 ‘The Quil-feathers arein each Wing about twenty four in number 5 of which the 
 outer edge of outmoft is white almoft to the tip: of the fucceeding the tipsare fome- 
 thing white, but more clearly from the eleventh to the twenty firft elfe they areall 
 brown. But the laft fiveare variegated with tranfverfe black and pale-red lines. The 
 Tail is compofed of twelve feathers, two inches and an half long. It feems to be 
 fhorter ‘than it is, becaufe it is wholly covered and hid by the incumbent feathers. 
 The tips of its outmoft feathers are white, the reft of the feather varied with crofs 
 bars or lines of brown, and grey, or pale red colour. The following ea a 
 
 middlemo 
 
 
 
Boon, ORAITHOLOGY. ay 
 
 _— —> 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 middlemoft are of likecolour with thefe outmoft, fave that their tips are lefs white, 
 their bottoms more black, and the uppetmoft crofs bar reddifh. OF the two middle 
 feathers the tips are white, next beneath the white isa brown bar, under the brown 
 a red one, with fome dusky: {pots in the: middle. ©The reft of the feather is black, 
 fave thatin the outer Webs are fometimes {een one or two reddith {pots. [I fuppofe 
 the coloursof the Tail’ vary; andaté riot exactly alike in all birds. | 
 
 The Bill is almoft three inches long, ‘black at the tip, and fomewhat broad’ and 
 chamferd : The Tongue harp: ‘The Jrides of the byes hazel-coloured. The Legs 
 are of a pale green, the Talons black: °“The Toes long,and {eparated from the firit 
 rife, without any conneétion or cohefion: | The back-toe is very finall. 
 
 The Liver is divided into two Lobes; with a large.Gall appendant. . The Stomach 
 not very flefhy. Its flefh is tender, {weet; ‘and ofaniexcellent rellith. bat 
 
 it lives efpecially on the fatty unctuous humour it fucks out of the earth 5 but feeds 
 alfo upon Worms and othe, Infects. ~~ 
 
 some of thefe Birds abide with us all the Summer and build in our Moors and. 
 Marthes ; laying four or five Eggs ata breeding time. The greateft part leave us, 
 and fly into other Countries. It feeks its food in moilt and fenny places, and in Rivu- 
 lets and Gills of water, where alfo it: hides it felf, that it i very hard to find or 
 efpy it. , , 
 
 Q: Il. ay 
 The Gid or Jack-Snipe or fudcock : Gallinago minima feu tertia Bellonii. 
 
 ] T weighed two ounces“ Its length fromthe tip of the Bill to the éndof the Claws 
 was ten inches and a quarter, to the end: of the Taileight and ahalf. It is about 
 half fo big asa Snipe 5 whence it is called by the French, * Deux pour un, as Bellonins * it. Two fot 
 witnefies. The colourof the Rump 1s%a ‘{hining blaith purple, like the feathers on ao" 
 Stares back; the tips of the feathers being white. -'The capular feathers covering the 
 Back have their outward border yellow, the middle part brown, with red fpots, their 
 inner border of a fhining blue, yet without any mixture of purple. - The Neck is 
 particoloured of brown,. white, and pale red. The top of the Head black, with a 
 red tincture : Above either Eye patles a broad line of a pale yellow. The Fhroaéis 
 of a pale red,painted with white and brown fpots. The Breaftand Belly white, Be2 
 tween the Eyesand Bill is: drawna black line orborder. TheMalesin this kind differ 
 from the Females neither in colour, nor in magnitude. The prime feathers of the 
 Wings were in number twenty four, of which the ‘firft or outmoft ten were brown 
 or dusky : The tips of the next ten white. - The three laft or inmoft onthe outtide 
 the fhaft were {traked with red andblack. The tips of the greater covert-feathers 
 are white: The lefler rows of Wing-feathers. are black, but partly tpt ‘with 
 red. : a r Byte 
 The Bill is almoft two inches long : The upper Chap a little longer than thie nether, 
 toward the end broad and rough with* points, [chamfered] yet the very utmoft'tip * as itit werg 
 {mooth. The Legs bare fomewhat higher than the Knees, pale-coloured, with a “arvedor =~ 
 dafh of green. “The Toes divided tothe bottont: ‘The back-toe fimall : The Claws 
 ~ black. It hatha Gall-bladder, a mufculous'Stomach: The fingle blind Gut ot Appen~ 
 | diz being the remainder of thé Umbilical funnel conveying the Yolk into the buts, 
 fhrunk up. <: It feeds upon Beetles, andother Infects. | aS Md 
 It hides it felf among Ruthes, not rifing fometimes’ till you are juft ready 'to' fet 
 your foot uponit : It is a fimpler bird than the Swipe, and lefs frequent withus. I 
 fometimes following the vulgar error, thought it not to-differ from the Swipeinkind, 
 but only in Sex, taking it to be the Cock-Snipe. But afterward being advifed by esiond 
 Mr. M.Liffer,1 found it to differ {pecifically : For diflecting-everal of thefe {mall ches 
 fome proved to be Males, fome Females. = | | , 
 
 > 
 ' " c 4 s 
 : 
 
 Pp 4 4. 1V. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 292 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox Ul. 
 
 
 
 * Tom.3, 
 p4s-439- 
 
 © A {mall 
 Curlew. 
 
 bs IV. 
 * The Brafilian Guarauna of Marggrave. Rufticula aquatica Brafilientis. 
 
 T is of the bignefsof the Facu ;\ hath a ftreight Bul, a. little inclining downward, 
 | yellow, but dusky at thetip, four inches and an half long. Its body 1s alfo of the~ 
 fame length. Theupper Legs are feathered down half way, fix inches long. Each 
 Foot hath four Toes fo difpofed at is ufual, the middle of which is three inches long, 
 the reft fhorter. The whole bird is:covered with brown feathers, mingled with much 
 fhade. The Head.and all the Neck are indeed of the fame colour,but befides, {peck- 
 led with white, asin the facu. Itis pretty good meat. 
 
 LE 
 Gigante s hik 
 The Godwit, called: in fome places the Yarwhelp, or Yarwip, in others, the Stone- 
 
 Plover : The Barge or Agocephalus of Bellonius, as Itake it. An Fedoa. 
 Gefneri ? An* Rufticula Aldrov ? 
 
 Claws feventeen inches and an half long: Between the tips of the Wings 
 fpread twenty'eight and amhalf broad, Thefeathers of the Head are grey or 
 ™ cinereous, with{ome tin@ure of red.) their middle parts being black 5 above the 
 Eyeswhite. _The Neck and Throatare reddifh. TheBrealtof a fordid white. The 
 Back is. particoloured of red, black; and white; the middle parts of the feathers be- 
 ing black, the edges ofa palexed. In the Cock the Throat and Brealt are crofled 
 with black lines:, In the Hen.the Throat and Neckare grey | orafh-coloured,’] The 
 wholerump almoft is white,, powdered with blackith fpecks.. [In the Bird that I de- 
 {cribed a triangularfpotof white, took up the Rump or lower part of the Back, the 
 vertex refpecing the birds Head.) The great feathers of the Wings are black, with 
 white fhafts: The xeft of the/firft row, as alfo thofe of the fecond row have reddifh 
 afh-coloured tips and edges. The lefler covert-feathers of the Wings are of like 
 colour withthe body. The Tail-feathers are in number twelve, all crofled alternate- 
 ly with black and white lines ; the middlemoft, ,which are the longeft, of 3 } inches 
 length: The. reft,on each fide in order fomewhat fhorter, the exteriour than the 
 interiour. ! | 
 The Billis white at the Bafe, black toward the point, longer for the bignefs of the 
 bird even than the Swipes or Woodcocks ; the upper Mandible a little longer than the 
 lower :, The Tongue fharp,:| The Nofthrils oblong: The Ears great. 
 The Legs are-not very long 5-naked to the middle of thefecond joynt :, The Claws 
 black., The Claw. of the middle fore-toe onthe infide isthinned into anedge. The 
 
 L is like and equal to a Woadeock, or, a) little bigger:,From point of Bill to the 
 
 - outer Loe is joyned tothe middle one from therife to the firlt joynt by a pretty thick 
 
 membrane of adusky ordark greencolourn.. oy it 
 
 It lives and feeksit food on the fandy fhores by the Sea-fide,. which for a great {pace 
 are uncovered when the Tide is out, where it hides not itfelf, like the Woodcock, ,but 
 walks.up and down,the Sandsin open view, like a Gul.) *\ - 
 
 Barge of. Belloniue, which he faith they in F rench eall,.* Petit Corlieu. 
 
 It livesin Meadows likethe Curlew, and in like mannet frequents the Sea. It isia 
 timorous bird, not abiding the approach of a man It hatha cry like a Goat; whence 
 we guefs it was named by Ariftotle, Atgocephalus, or Goathead. But left perchance 
 this my conjecture may feem rafh and groundlefs, I willdefcribeit. It is lefler than the 
 Curlew, but for colour not much unlike it, hath alfoa fhorter Bill, and {treight. Ari~ 
 ftotle writes thus of it. It altogether wants a Spleen, anda little after, For m fome 
 birds the Gall {ticks to the Stomach,in fometothe Guts, asinthe Dove, Raven, Quail, 
 Swallow, Sparrow; infome to the Liver and the Stomach, as in the :gocephalus, and 
 laftly, in others to the Liver and the gut, as inthe Hawk and Kite. But in our Barge 
 
 diflected we found the Gall {ticking both to the Liver and Stomach, as any onc that — 
 
 g (ea will 
 
 2) 
 
 
 

 
 Boox Ill. ORNITHOLOGY. 293 
 will be content to take the pains to cut it up, may obferve. It is efteemed a delicate 
 bird by the F rench, but feldom appears in places far remote from the Sea, fecking its 
 food moft willingly in fale Marfhes. ‘A, good part of Marth-birds are nocturnal, as 
 this alfo is, intent upon feeding by night rather than by day. Wherefore we {hall 
 receive it for the Aigocephalug till fome other more Kr Name be found out for it. Thus 
 far BeLoniys. . | | 
 I take this bird of Beoniys tobe the fame with our Godwit, which in Cambridec- 
 fhire and the Ifle of Ely they call Yarwhelp..1 6 7 
 
 Seed. 
 
 | Lhe fecond fort of Godwit, which Seems to be the fante with the Totanus of . 
 of” Aldrovand, called at Venkce, Verols. ie | me 
 BT weighs above nine ounces: Its length from Bill to Tail is full feventeen inches ; to 
 | the feet twenty one : Its breadth frorh Wings-end to Wings-end twenty eight, 
 Its Billis like a Woodcocks, three inches three quarters long, black at the ehd, elfe 
 reddith : Its Legs long, and ‘bare above thé Knees The outmott Toe joyned to the 
 middle by a membrane as far as’ the ‘fir(t joynt: ‘The middle Claw excavated on the 
 inner fide. | 7 
 
 The Chin is white, witha tin@ure of red: The Neck *cineréous: The Breaft.and * ath-colou.- 
 Belly white: The Head of 4 dusky afh-colour, whitifh about the Eyes: The Back t4 or grey- 
 brown: The Rump encompafied with a white ring, asinthe Pyeardys. | aot 
 a The quil-feathers in each Wing weretwenty fix ; The firtt o¢ outmott the longeft, 
 all-black, as were alfo the fix next. ‘The reft to the nineteenth wete half white: In 
 the twentieth and twenty firftthe outer edges were alfo white. The ti s of the fea- 
 thers of the fecond row were white, and'togethet made a white line cro ng the mid- 
 dle of the Wing. Its Tail was three ‘inches long, ' made up of twelve feathers. The 
 two middlemoft of which were almoft wholly black: ‘The outmott, ef} pecially, on the 
 outfide Web, white almoft up to the tips : ‘In the reftin order the white part was lefs 
 and lefs to the middlemoft. | } 
 
 This bird hath thick blind-guts, £ of ah inch long,and befides that fingle one about 
 the middle of the guts.. It differs from the precedent, ¥. In the colour of thé Tail « 
 2. Inthe colour of the Back and upper fide, which in that is Various, inthis 6né and 
 the fame: 3. Inbignefs, being lefs than that. 
 
 : * + §.. Bite 7 ' 
 
 The third fort of Godwits P 
 Efides the two already deferibed’ Mr. Willughby acknowledges a third fort’ of } 
 Godwit, which in Cormwall they call the * Stone-Curlew, differing from the PYe- * Others ay} 
 
 cedent in that it hath a much fhorter and flenderey Bill than either of them. meee. 
 . L CLOnE- 
 us the Stone 
 Curlew, 
 
 
 

 
 Bie Ul. Partl. Secrion IV. 
 Waterfowl not pifcrvorous with very long, lender, crooked Bills. 
 
 
 
 Crar.dereSi 7 
 
 The Curlew : Numenhius five Arquata. 
 
 \He Female weighed twenty eightounces; the Male, which is fomewhat lef, i 
 
 i 4nd commonly called, The ‘Jack Curlew, twenty five and a quarter. The _ 
 length of the Female from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Claws was ; 
 
 twenty nine inches: To the end of the Tail twenty three and anhalf- The diftance | 
 of the tips of the Wings {pread forty inches... , | : | 
 The middle parts of the feathers of the, Head, Neck, and Back. are black, the 
 “borders or outfides afh-coloured,. with a mixture of red. In the Throat and Breaft 3 
 the middle parts or thafts of the feathersareblack, the borders or edges, in the Breaft — b 
 white, inthe Throat white, witha tincture of red. The Chin is not fpotted. Fhe = 
 Rump and Belly are white. . : 
 
 The feathers invelting the underfide of the Wing are all white ; the firft or outmoft # 
 
 guil-feathers all over black, the reft {potted with white... The farft feather of the fe- 
 
 cond row is all black: the tips. of the eighth or ninth next are white. This Bird a 
 
 hath a fmall, fharp-poited, black feather at the end of the Wing, which whether or ee 
 
 no it is to be reckoned among the quil-feathers one may juftly doubt. | qi 
 
 * in fome Its Bill is * very long, narrow, bowed,ofa dark brown or black colour : Its Tongue | 
 hve ances, _fharp, and very fhort, extending not furtherthan the angle of the lower Chap : The 
 in fomeabove Notthrilslong: The Legs long, of a dusky blue colour, bare of feathers half up the 
 
 fix, fecond joynt : The Claws fmall and black: .That of the middle Toe thinned into an 
 
 edge on the infide: All the Toes connected by a thick membrane from the divaricati- 
 onto the firft joynt.. It hath-a great Gall-bladder, with along neck, extending to the  - 
 * rors bila- gut, which concurs not in one.common pailage with the * Gall-pore, but. enters the 
 
 it hath amu(fculousStomach or Gizzard like granivorous birds: In the Stomach of 
 one we found Periwinkle fhells, {mall ftones, and grit, @c. in anothers Frogs, @c. F 
 The fingle blind gut is verylong : The common blind gut three or four inches long, ii 
 and full ofexcrements. Above the Stomach the Gullet is dilated into a bag, granu- 
 lated within with thick-fet papillary glandules... . 5 
 This bird for the goodnefs and delicate tafte of its flefh may juftly challenge the 
 principal place among Water-fowl : Of this: our Fowlers are not ignorant , arid 
 therefore fell themdear. They havea Proverb among themin Suffolk « | | 
 ACurlew, be fhe white, be fhe black, | : it 7 : 
 She carries twelve pence on her back. — | | 
 It is a Sea-fow!, feeking its food on the Sands and Ouze, andin falt Marfhes: It is 
 
 found on the Sea-coafts on all fides of Exgland. 
 
 
 
 §. i. 
 The Whimbrel > Arquata minor, at Venice Taraniolo. 
 
 His bird, the bignefs excepted, is very like the Curlew. It weighs twelve 
 
 ounces. The meafure from Bill to Tail was feventeen inches, to the end of 
 
 the Feet twenty : Ofthe Wings f{pread thirty three and an half. The Bill three inches 
 
 long: The blind guts two: The gutstwentynine. ItsLegs were greenith : The quil- 
 
 feathers marked with great, femicircular, white fpots, The lefler rows of covert- 
 
 feathers had their edges white, their middle parts of a reddifh black. The Belly 
 and Thighs were white. 
 
 Mr. Johufon of Brignal, in his Papers communicated to us, defcribesthis Bird by the 
 name of a Whimbrel thus. It 1s lefs by halfthan the Curlew, hath a crooked Bill, but 
 fhorter by aninch and more : The Crown deep brown without fpeckles: The Back 
 
 ' _ under the Wings white, which the Curlew hath not. _ Befides, the colour of the whole 
 body is more duskifh or dull. [tis found upon the Sands in the Teez mouth. | 
 
 The 
 
 
 
a ree Sm scarier apse cae wee 
 Book I. ORNITHOLOGY. ~ 
 
 SL : a 
 ee eee 
 
 los 
 INS 
 wi 
 
 
 
 The Gallinula Phzopus of Gefuer, which I Supe to be the Same with the precedent. 
 
 This Bird about Strasburgh is called Brachvogel : It hath a black body, fprinkled 
 witha few red and yellowith {pots ; a flender, long, black Bill, moderately bending ; 
 a whitifh Neck, its underfide about the middle and. below tending to yellow or 
 “red: A white Belly ; dusky or afh-coloured Legs, as the Pi@ure réprefents.? This * The word is 
 defcription was taken from a Picture, and therefore the lefsto be credited, Sirdey, 
 rniier, 
 
 The other Pheopus or leffer Curlew of Gefner 5 the fatae with our Whimbyrel 
 
 This Bird fome call( asthey do the greater Curlew) Regenvogel, that is, Ruin-forl ; 
 andin Italy, Tarangolo. Itis almott like the laft defcribed, hath alh-coloured ‘Legs 
 like that, anda whire Belly and Chin: A like Bill alfo, fave that it {Cems a Jittle 
 longer. The Wings are {potted with whiteelfe of a dusky red ; buttheir long feathers 
 and the upper fide of the Back are blackith, The Throat and Breaft have fomething of 
 an ob{cure and very faint red, and are {peckled with many black {pots. 
 I fee noreafon to doubt but this is our Whimbrel,tith the * names agree, and the de- * Zaraniolo 
 
 
 
 {criptions differ not in any confiderable note. ia tale 
 Cuap. II, 
 * The Falcinellus of Gefner and Aldrovand, which we may Englifh, The Sithes 
 ll. | : 
 
 E have thought fit ( faith Aldrewand ) to place this next after the Herons, 
 becaufe that both in magnitude and the whole fhape ofits body it refem- 
 bles a Heron, the Bill only excepted. This Gefzer fometime {aw alive at 
 
 Ferraria in Italy. Its body was bigger that a Pigeons, of an elegant colour, almoft 
 
 green, with fomething of purple here and there mixt, asin the Back of the Lapwing, 
 
 the colour varying, as it is varioully expofed to the light: The Head and Neck 
 brown: But the upper part whitifh, {potted with black. Its Bill was {lender, long, 
 
 aud bending downwards like that of the Curlew or Corvus Syluaticus + Its Legs long, 
 
 and Feet cloven. Some call it, “The black Herow. But this that I {aw was not STOWN * Aron negrd 
 _ up: They fayitcomes tobe bigger, and perchance al may change fomething in co- Malian, 
 Jour by age. Among all the Birds that I have hapned to fee, none feems to me to 
 
 come nearer the [bs. Thus far Gefner. Now € proceeds Aldrovandys -) whether this 
 
 be that Bird which our Country-men call Falcinellys, ¥ do not well know. For it 
 
 differs not a little from Gefers defcription. But it may happen (as he well notes ) 
 
 that this kind of bird may vary, according to the difference of age, both in bignefs 
 
 and alfoin colour. Our Falcinellys comes well up to the bignefs of the Herons, and 
 refembles themin the whole fafhion and fhape of the body, excepting the Bill. Its 
 
 Head, Neck, Back, Breatt, Belly, Thighs, Rump are of a {padiceous colour, tend- 
 
 ing todusky: Butthe Neck and Breatt are {prinkled with certain oblong dusky {pots. 
 
 In the middle of theBack isa kind of {pot, of a dark green colour: Which fame co- 
 
 lour is alfo feen in the WingsandTail. ‘The Bill ic blackith, very long, and falcate. 
 
 The Thighs as far as they arenaked, the Legs and Feet are of the fame colour with: 
 
 the Bill. _ The Legs and Toes are extended toa conf{picuous length. 
 
 2 nearest, 
 CHap. Iii. 
 
 
 
 * Curicaca of the Brafilians, called by the Portughefe Mafarino. 
 
 T'ts a Bird,in the judgment of Clufivs like to the Curlew : Of the bignefs of a hand- 
 I fom Goofe : But its Head about as big asa Ducks, Its Neck'fix inches long, three 
 thick, oralittle more: Its Bill fix inches long, crooked like an Hungarian Sword, 
 of a dusky firecolour. . The length of its body from Neck to Vent eleven inches, 
 the thicknefs one foot. . The length of the Wings fixteen inches, of the Tail 
 ( which ends with the Wings )- n 
 
 ine: Its Legs are eight inches long: Its Feet 
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 296 
 
 eee 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. — Boox Ill. 
 
 aif: red like a Ducks, but not flat, having four Toes with black Claws, 
 che asting forward, and one backward. Its Head and Neck have a white Plu- 
 mage, mingled with yellow, intheupper fide pretty long. Its Eyes are black, with 
 a yellow circle. Aboutthe Eyes and the beginning of the Throat there 1s a black 
 ékin, The whole body is covered with black feathers, excepting the Back; Head, 
 and Belly, where are fome of a dark afh-colour, and inthe middle of the Wings 
 others white, mixt with grey, asin Storks. The reft of the feathers of the body, of 
 the beginning and end of the Wings and of the whole Tail are black. The upper 
 Legs to the middle are void of feathers 5 for itisa Water-fowl. Its flefh 1s good, 
 which [have often eaten roafted and fried with butter. , ‘ 
 There is found alfoanother fort like to this, but much lefs, about the bignefé of a 
 hich is called Matuituz. 
 ese about the River of S. Francis, in Itapuama, and elfewhere. 
 
 
 
 Crap. IV. | 
 % ‘The Acacalotl or Water-Raven [ Corvus aquaticus | of Hernandez. 
 
 long; and of amoderate bignefs. The Legsa {pan and half: ‘The Bill bend- 
 
 ing like a Bow, two Palms long, and pretty flender: The Feet cloven into 
 four Toes, armed with very black Claws. The Legs are not fo black as the Claws: 
 The Billis blue, and the Head fmall. The lower feathers are dusky, with red inter- 
 mingled : But the upper promifcuoufly purple, black, green, and fhining. The 
 Neck is fevenincheslong. The Head and Neck are covered with dusky, white and 
 green feathers, and fome a little yellowifh. The Eyes are black, but the Iris of a 
 fanguine colour. From the outer angles of the Eyes as faras the Bill for the {pace of 
 one inch the skin is bare of feathers and {mooth, of areddifhcolour. The or 
 underneath areof a fhining changeable colour, which varies according asit varioully 
 
 Ti Cock from the end of the Tail to the point of the Bill was almoft four {pans 
 
 
 
 -heams : but above near their fetting on firft then of a lovely 
 eas sabe Saaesiae ane tive of the Coaltof Mexico : It livesabout Lakes, 
 ) a Reeds ‘upon Fithes. Itbreeds and brings up its Young in the Spring time in fenny 
 
 Tt yields a good nourifhment, and not very unpleafant, ut grofs, and (as 
 ee aaibirds ) or afithyfent. ThisBird doth not much differ from the Falcinel- 
 lwsof Gefner and Aldrovand. 
 
 
 
 CArTa P...¥- 
 *% The Brafilian Guara of Marggrave: The Indian Curlew of Clufius,Exot. 
 
 T’ isa Land and Water-fowl, of the bignefs of the Spoon-bill ; It hath a Bill of the 
 
 figure of a Polontan Sword, long, of a whitith afh-colour; black Eyes; a Neck 
 
 and Head like the Spoon-bil. The Wings end with the Tail,which is fhort,and car- 
 
 ried low. The Legs are long,the upper half whereof covered with feathers, the reft 
 
 bare. In each footfour Toes, fituate asisufual, long, with fhort Claws, at bottom 
 joyned together byaskin. The Feet and Legsas far as naked are of a light grey, as 
 is alfothe Bill. Thewhole Bird is covered with feathers of an elegant {carlet colour : 
 Only the quil-feathers of the Wings, have their ends black. This Bird, when firft 
 hatch’d, is of a blackifhcolour 5 next it becomes afh-coloured; then white: After 
 by degrees it begins to grow red, and in the fecond year of its age is all over of that 
 colour they call Columbin; andasit grows older it acquires that elegant fcarlet co- 
 
 lour. It feeds upon fifh and flefh, water always added. | 
 ~ That Bird which Clifivs froma Picture fent him by the Duke of Arefchot, defcribed 
 by the title of the * Izdian Curlew, is without all doubt the fame with this. It ap- 
 proached well to the bignefs of a Curlew: Had a eee along and fharp Bill, 
 but crooked like a Sithe : Long and {lender Legs, furnifhed with four Toes, of which 
 the three foremoft are longeft, the hind-toe fhort: All armed with black Claws. 
 The Thighs for half that part that is above the knee are deftitute of feathers: Which 
 | } note 
 
 
 
te Reese 
 
 Sl nena a 
 Boox III. ORNITHOLOGY. 297 
 
 a ee 
 
 
 
 ee et ee. 
 — 
 i _ 
 
 . ° Pp Hikeccicis... ee % 
 Hote 1s common to it with all other birds which are wont to frequent watery and 
 fenny places. _ its Tail was fhort, not exceeding the ends of the Wings. But the 
 feathers invefting the whole body were of another colour than thofe of our common 
 Curlew, for they were Wholly red like Vermilion, excepting the ends of the quil- 
 
 pacts of the Wings, which wereblack. Its Bill and Legs were yellow, almott like 
 er. 
 
 ~~ - 
 
 SECTION VY. 
 W. ater-fowl not pifctvorous, with [lender Bills, of amiddle leneth, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuap. I. 
 
 * The Himantopus of Pliny, Aldroy. lib. 20. Cap.30. 
 
 Head beneath the Eyes: For above the Eyes it is black, and fo is it too on 
 the Back and Wings. The Bill islikewife black, a Palm and more long, flen- 
 der, and fit to ftrike Wood-lice, and other Infeéts. The Tail from white inclines to 
 ath-colour, but underneath is white. On the upper fide of the Neck are black {pots 
 tending downward. The Wingsare very long. The Legs and Thighs are of a won- 
 derful length, very fmall and weak, and fo much the more unfit to ftand upon, be- 
 caufe it wants a hind-toe, and the fore-toes for the length of the Legs are fhort; fo 
 that well and of right may it be called Himantopus, or Loripes, its Legs being foftand 
 flexible like a thong or (tring. The Toes are of almoft equal length, and of a fan- 
 guine colour, yet is themiddle toe alittle the longeft. The Claws are black, {mall, and 
 a little crooked. 
 See Gefners defcription of’ this bird, and what elf he hath concerning it in the 
 Author himfelf, or in Aldrovandus, who repeats it out of him, Orzithol.lib.20. Cap.30. 
 To fay thetruth, it hath not been our hapas yet to {ee this bird. 
 
 : c : | : ; - 
 ; ; PR capeige’ , 3 ory 12} ' e 
 Crap. I: ae ea eT Teh 
 
 * The Crex of Bellonius. 
 
 Tt whole Belly, Breaft, and under-fide of the Neck is white, as is alfo the 
 
 
 
 — —_—_—_———=-— Oreo 
 mn ee ne eee - + 
 
 yetlefierthan the Curlew. It hatha long, black Bill like the Curlew; and alfo 
 black legs and Head, the Neck, back, and Breaft white. The reft of the upper 
 partsof the body incline to ath-colour. The Wings aré blackith, croffed on both 
 fides by a white line near the * ridge. It {eeks its food on the ground, and in the airalfo * a Lating 
 purfues and preys upon flies, in like manner asthe Lapwing. Whenit flies it makes ese eens 
 reat noife. 
 . This Bird BeVonius {aw about the River Nile; and thence gueffed it to be the Crex 
 of Ariftotle, becaufeinits cry it often repeats this word Crex, Crex. 
 
 I hath long Legs like the Limofa, called by the French, Chevalier, but is bigger 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuape. MII. 
 
 The Sea-Pie : Hzmatopus. Bellonii. 
 
 T is of the bignefs of a Magpie or Crow : of the weight of eighteen ounces : From 
 | Bill to Tail, or Claws ( for it isall one) eighteen incheslong. 
 Its Bill is {treight, three inches long, narrow, or compreffed fideways, end- 
 
 ing fharp, of ared colour, [ In another bird, perchance ° young one, the rit 
 , 4 
 
 
 

 
 298 ORNOIT HOLOGY, Book III. 
 
 half black from the tip.]. By its figure the Billfeems to be framed by Nature;to thratt 
 
 * patella.  wnder* Limpets, and to raife them from the Rocks, that foit may feed upon their 
 meat. The upper Chap isalittle longer thanthe nether. The Irides of the Eyes, and 
 edges of the Eye-lids of a curious red colour, [in another bird they were from 
 yellow hazel-coloured. ] The Legs and Feet red. It wants the back-toe. ‘The out- 
 mott and middle toe are for a good way up joyned together by a membrane: So that 
 this Bird feems to be of a middle nature between whole and cloven footed. { Infome 
 we obferved the feet tobe of a pale dusky colour, perhaps thofe alfo were young 
 ones. | The Claws were black. 
 
 The Head, Neck, Back, and Throat to the middle of the Breaft were black. The 
 re{t of the Brealt and Belly white, as alfothe Rump. From this likenefs in colour it 
 took the name of Sea-pie. In one bird there wasa great white {pot under the Chin,and 
 another leffer under each eye. 4 : 
 
 The Tail is made up of twelve equal feathers, of four inches long, the lower half 
 white, the upper black. The prime feathers of each Wing-are about twenty eight, of 
 which the firft isblack, having only the interiour edge white: In the reft in order the 
 white part isenlarged, till in the twentieth and three following it takesup the whole 
 feather. The fucceeding from the tweenty third grow gradually black again. The ° 
 covert-feathers of the middle quils are white, and together make up a tranfverfe bed 
 of white in the Wing. 
 
 The Stomach is great, not mufculous, but membranous, in which diffle&ed we 
 found Limpets entire, upon which it feems chiefly to feed and live; as from the make 
 of its Bill we gathered before. It hatha great Liver, divided into two Lobes, with 
 a Gall annexed: A {mallSpleen : Huge Ureters. The Cock differs not from the Hen 
 in colour. . Its flefh is very black, hard, having a rank tafte, in a word very bad 
 meat ; which we cannot but wonder at, feeing it feeds chiefly upon Shel-fifh ; asdo 
 alfo the beft rellifhd and moft favoury of Water-fowl. On the Coaft of Wales 
 and elfewhere onthe Weftern Shores of Exglaud we faw abundance of thefe birds. 
 
 — Care is to be taken that the Hewatopus be not confounded with the Himaxtopus or 
 
 ~ Lovipes, fo called from the weaknefs and flexibility of its long legs, as we faid 
 before. = Univin) a a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bY 32 Seti Baisia. ———— —e : bias 
 —GBOsOSS GIA TS, AREAS FF A P. lV. S. I. 
 +omitna,  ‘The.greater Plover of * Aldrovand: Ihe Venetian Limofa of Gefner : As alfo 
 lib. 20.cap.66. the Glottis of the fame Gefner and Baltner: Called at Venice Totano, a 
 
 name it [hould feem common to this and the following bird. 
 
 T weighs near feven ounces : In Jength from the tip ofthe Bill tothe end of the 
 I Claws it exceeds. feventeeninches 5 tothe end.of the Tail fourteen; in breadth 
 . from tip to tip.of. the Wings expanded it.is about twenty four and an half. Irs Bill, 
 isblack, yet at theangle of the lower Mandible.red, {lender, ftreight, two inches 
 and an. half long. . Itscolour on the upper fide. of the Head, Neck, Wings, Shoul- 
 _ ders,.and forepart of the Back is mixt of brown and whitifh,. we commonly call it 
 -£ grey. On the Head theouter borders of. the. feathers are white, the middle parts 
 black. A white line paffes above the Eyes. Theunder fide of the body is all white 
 and‘alfo the lower part of the Back or Rump. | | —B | ) 
 _ The quil-feathers of the Wings arein number about, twenty fix, all dusky or dark 
 brown. The five outmoft darker than the reft, their interiour Webs being powdered. - 
 with white{pecks: Theinner quils are paler, fpeckled with white. The Tail isthree” 
 inches long, compofed of twelve feathers, waved with crofs lines or bars of brown 
 and white alternately placed. A ED 
 Its Legs are very long, bare of feathers for two inches above, the firft joynt [ or 
 ¥ Lead colour KNees |] of a middle colour between‘ greeri and livid, or * plumbeous: The back- 
 toe fall: The Claws black. The outmoft Toe joyned to the middle at bottom. Its 
 Stomach finall, lef lefty than ingraniverousbirds...... 9 « ) fore 
 This bird feemed to. me in bignefs to exceed the Redfhank:x Its Legs: are alfo lon- 
 ger. Gefuers defeription.of the Liwof2, which youhave sg Aictteiaaitl Ornithology, 
 [b.20, cap.28, anfwersinall. points exaGly to this bird., The deferiptionalfo - the 
 Fis po | ottis 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
a99 
 
 ——-4+ 
 
 Book II. ORNITHOLOGY. 
 Glottis in Gefzer and its figure in Baliner agree to it, I believe ali that this ‘ithe 
 
 bird,which the French call Chevalier aux pie 
 / ( pieds verds,or the green-le d Horfeman, fro, 
 the length and colour of its Legs. At Venice in Italy we law mati of them. eR 
 
 d. I. 
 
 The other Totano, perchance Gefners Totanus, Aldrov. lib.20.cap.24, 
 An Callidrys rubra BeWonii 2 
 
 W* law and decribed at Venice another bird, we think different from the pré 
 Cedent : though the main difference were in the colour. of its Legs, which 
 were of a pale yellowith-red. Its Bill alf feemed tobefomething fhorter. ~~ 
 We take this to be the bird the Frezch call Chevalier anx pieds rowges, the red-leo’d 
 Hor feman ; the precedent ( as we faid before ) that they denominate, Chevalier aux 
 pieds verds. And perchance they may differ only in Sex 5 for this wasa Male, that a 
 Female, For in other birds alfoof this kind, as for examples the Erythra of Gefuer 
 . Which he puts among the Water-hens, the Female differs from the Male both in bignefs, 
 and inthe colour of the Legs. The red Callidrys of Bellonivs is either the fime with 
 this or very like it: Itdiffers in that the Neck and feathers under the Wings and Rum 
 are afh-coloured,and that on the Temples on each fide it hath two black {pots, which 
 SiVe as it were a fhadow tothe Eye-brows, which themfelves alfo are marked with 
 a white {fpot. . His figure of the red Callidrys doth not anfwerto the defcription, for 
 the Bill and Legs are drawn too fhort. 
 
 Fado | 
 C rar-V.-- G.I. 
 The Redfhank or Pool-Snipe > Gallinula~ Erythropus major Gefneri 
 
 * Aldrov. Totanus of the Jame Gefner, as it feems to ws, Aldroy. tom. 3. : Ornithet 
 pag. 439. An Bellonii Pardali congener longiore roftro >? _ Chap.26. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tisof a middle fize for bignefs between a Lapwing and a Swipe, approaching to 
 the quantity of a Plover. The Head and Back are of a dusky afh-colour, {potted 
 with black [In fome I obferved the Back to be of a dusky or brown colour, 
 inclining to green. } The middlé of the Neckis more cinereous. The Throat par- 
 ticoloured of black and white, the black pene drawn: down longways the feathers. 
 The white colour feems> to have fomething of red mingled with it. The Breatt is 
 whiter with fewer {pots, and thofe tranfverfe. 
 The'Tail, and feathers next to it are variegated with tranfverfe waved lines of 
 white and black alternately. The number of Tail-feathers is twelve; the length \of 
 the Tail two inchesthree quarters. ~The quil-feathers in each Wing are twenty fix,’ 
 of which the firftis brown, only its fhaft white: The five next of a black: brown;: 
 onthe inner fide white, and as it were {prinkled or powdered with white. The tip 
 of the feventh is white, with one or two tranfverfe black lines. In the following fea- 
 thers the white fpreads it felf further, till in the nineteenth it takes up the whole fea- 
 ther: The * foremoft covert-feathers are-black; the middle varied with white linés. * Underftana 
 The other rows of covert-feathers are of the fame colour with the Back, that is of a Sita 
 dark afh-colour. 3H | | a3 TE : 
 The Bill-is two inches long, {lender, and like a Woodcocks, of a dark red at bafe; 
 black toward the point. 'The Tongue is tharp, flender, and undivided $ the upper 
 Mandible longer, and fomething crooked at the very tip: The Eyes hazel-coloured: 
 The Nofthrils oblong: ~ The Legs ofa fair, but palered': The Claws (mall and black, 
 The back-toe is very {thall; having a very little Claw. Of the fore-toes the inmottis 
 the leaft : All are connected by a membrane below’; but the outmoft with a larger, 
 extending to the fecond joynt. SiRsees EI V? | 
 _ It is. common on the fandy fhores about England every where. 
 It breeds in Marfhes,- and if any one comes near its Neft ic flies about, making a 
 great noife like the Lapwing. ere oe | = 
 _ Itdiffers from the Totanws of Aldrodandws, a. In that it ismuch lets 2. Thatit> 
 hath fhorter Bill andFeet.:) 3. In the:dusky colour of its Back. 4. In the red colour 
 
 f ats Legsand Feet. 
 of ts. Legsand Fee Sen The 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 ee age ee ee 
 300 ORNCITHOLOGY,. Boox Til, 
 
 ER ERR ie 8 EN AE a 
 
 * Gallinula The figure of the * greater red-leg’d Water-hen in Gefuer and Aldrovand Aailiver: 
 
 exythropus agree well to this bird: For theBillis drawn too fhort and thick at the Head. Gefners 
 
 tj0". defcription of his Totazws doth fo well agree toit in almoft all particulars that I doubt 
 not but it is thefame bird. Only in the length of the Billand Legs, and inthe bignefs 
 of the body is fome diverfity. } ) 
 
 4. IL. 
 * Lib,20, .26. | | The Gambetta of * Aldrovand. 
 
 : He Gambetta of Aldrovand is alfo near of kin to the Redfhank, which he thus | 
 deferibes. Its Head, Neck, and Breaft are cinereous, all over fprinkled with | 
 
 
 
 * Fuftit,i.e. gaany *brown fpots, greater on the Back, lefler on the Neck and Breaft, leaft of all f 
 dark or on theHead. The mafter-feathers of the Wings are black : The body cinereous, on | 
 = the Wingsand Back inclining a little to red: The: Belly white : The Bill black. The : 
 Trides of the Eyes of a yellowifh green, encompafied with a black circle. The legs 
 
 and feet from yellow incline to red. es 
 
 This Bird we faw at Milaz in Italy, and thus defcribed. It is fomething lefs than a 
 Lapwing. The upper furface of its body is grey, of fuch a kind of colourasisfeen in ~ a 
 the Backs of Hen Ducks and Teal, or of the Curlew. Its Legs and Feet are long and 
 yellow,its Claws black.It hath the back toe. Its Bill is fhorter than the Red/hanks,longer 
 than the Lapwings; near the Head of a flefh-colour, near the tip black. The prime 
 feathers are twenty fivein each Wing. The Tailhalf a hand-breadth long, not reach- 
 ing fo far as the ends of the Wings clofed. It hath the Head and Neck of a Tringa, 
 
 
 
 = - 
 
 
 
 er ee 
 
 
 
 C HA Re ig Wide | 
 Of the Birds called Tring. peor mith 
 
 * Tom.3. The Tringa of * Wipsodn: “The Cinclus of Belloxiws: The Gallinula rhodopus gr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pear i. phoenicopus, and alfo the Ochropus.media of * Gefner. 
 nithol. tom.3. The Steingallel’ of Leonard Baltner. 
 Pp. 461. 
 
 * Or brown, 
 with a tin- 
 ture of green, 
 
 * dusky green, and fhining like filk, The feathers growing on and between the 
 
 Shoulders, as alfothe quil-feathers next the body, and moft of the covert-feathers . 
 of the Wings are {potted on the edges with many white {pecks. Thofe on thetopof — 
 the Head and upper fide of the Neck want thefe {pots.. | N. B. That this Bird 
 wasa Female, for in the Males there are many and thick fet {pots on the Head, 
 fo that they make up certain lines or ftrakes. ] The Circumference of the Eyes 
 and the Chin are white. The Throat is white, and {potted with brown. The fea- 
 thers on the middle of the Back are blackifh, with white edges: Thofe next the 
 Tail milk-white. The colour alfo of the Breaft and whole Belly is purely white. 
 
 The quil-feathers, twenty four,ineach Wing, are all dusky, fave only the fore- 
 mentioned, three innumber. The Tail is more than two inches long, confifting of a 
 twelve feathers of feathersof almoft equal length. The outmoft of thefe are wholly 
 white; the next near their tips. marked with a whitefpot. The third in order from 
 the outmoft have one broad tranfverfe white line not far from the point; the fourth 
 twas the fifthtwoandan half; the middlemoftthree or four. > The covert-feathers 
 of theunderfide of the. Wingare brown, with white edges. The interiour baftard 
 wing makes a lovely fhew.—. For its feathers being of a dark brown, or black colour, 
 are curioufly varied with many white lines, drawn not directly crofs each feather, but 
 obliquely, yet parallel one toanother in each Web of the feather, and by pairs con- 
 curring at the fhaft inan obtufe angle allalong thelength of ae 
 
 The Bill is an inch and half long, ftreight, {lender, comprefled at the fides, of a 
 dark green, black atthe point : The upper Mandible a little longer than the nether : 
 The Tonguetharp, not cloven. The Eyes of a greater fize, with hazel-coloured — 
 Iyides. TheLegs are long, lead-coloured, with atincture of green: The Toes alfo 
 
 | | 5D. | long ; 
 
 l bignefs it equals or exceeds a Blackbird. _ [he colour of the upper fide is of a 
 
 
 
Boox III. ORNITHOLOGR — Or 
 
 long ; the two outmoft connetted ‘by a membrane almoft to the firlk joynt > Theback- 
 toe little : The Claws black, | (tM 
 
 Thisis afolitary bird; yet in breeding time they fly two together, Male and Fe- 
 male, about the banks of Pools, Lakes, and Rivers. 
 
 The Galinula rhodopus or phenicopus of Gefner, which he faith the Germans call 
 Steingallel, differs from the Steingallel of Baltner in the colour of the Legs, which in 
 Gefuers Bird was like that of a Rofe or Amethyft, in Baltvers a dirty greens. But fee- 
 ing the other notes agree, I judge it to be the fame Bird, different perchancé in Sex: 
 ae C : Baltner hath obferved_) infome of thefe Birds the Sexes differ in the colour 
 of their feet. 
 
 6.1. 
 * The third Tringa of Aldrovand, called by the Italians, Giaroncello & Pinirolo, 
 
 aes Bill of this ismuch blacker than that of the precedent, and a little fhorter; 
 the upper Chap fomewhat longer than the nether. [tis the fame for fhape of 
 body, only fomewhat different in colours: For whereas both-are chiefly of a dusky 
 and chefnut-colour in the Head, Neck, Back, and Wings, that in all thefe parts hath 
 more of dusky, this more of the other colour. The Tail in like manner, though it be 
 fomething fhorter, is white underneath, above approaches to the fame chefnut co- 
 lour. Inthe Breaft, Belly, Thighs, Legs and Feet it differs little or nothing. 
 
 §. UL 
 
 The leffer Tr inga or Sandpiper : An Cinclus fecundus feu minor * Aldrow 2 Gallinula + Ovnithol. 
 hypoleucos Gefzeri, Aldrov.tom.3. pag.469. Ein Phifterlein Leon. Baltner. tom. 1.p.492, 
 
 T weighs near two ounces; and is from Bill to Feet eight inches three quarters in 
 length. 
 
 Themiddle of the Neck is afh-coloured, elfe the whole upper furface of the body 
 is of a dusky fordid green, elegantly variegated ‘with darker tranfverfe lines; only 
 there is {omething of red mingled with the feathers on the middle of ‘the Back, and 
 thofe that {pring out of the Shoulders. The Head is aler, not varied with crof lines, 
 but ble eee aye downward along the fhaftsof thefeathers. The Sides, Breatt, 
 “and” Belly 8 white" Above the Eyes is a white line. The Throat is of a fordid 
 white, the fhafts of the feathers being darker. The three or four guil-feathers next 
 to the body are of the fame colour with the body: The outmoft is-dusky, [ or dark 
 brow] the inner edge of the fecond, about the middle of the feathers length, hatha 
 {potof white: Of the reft to the tenth the inner Webs in order have larger white 
 {pots. After the tenth the white fpreadeth beyond the fhaft into the other Web of the 
 feather. The tips alfo of the feathers, from the fourteenth to the twentieth, are (xg. 
 white. The primary covert-feathers of the Wings, or.thofe of the firlt. row; as well M3, TP eety auett- Bl " 
 the upper, as thenether, have white tips: Of the upper, thofe e{pecially from the K<//17 unbe¥ Wing) at Ve 
 tenth to the twentieth: Of the nether, thofe next the body, which indeed are whol- neater iinet aa ae 
 ly white, and not varied with lines: The ridgeor bafe of the Wing is white. They e«/7 the of plant Vi: ] ih 
 feathers of the third row are white almoft to the bottom. — But between the third W444 Ot-« agt+iroury! 4s 
 row andthe bafis of the Wing is a broad lineof brown. The middle feathers of the. <1 9 4 Hen. 7 fhe 1 ork) Ne 
 
 | 4 nee halt Ajokpere hs 
 Tail are of the fame colour with the body: The third on each fide from the two mide 5.74) AF. Jez | A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cy TOG 
 | $} 
 
 dlemoft have theirtips white : The fourth are more white: Of the fifth all the exte- 2-afer pce.” | 
 nour Web ts white, and a little alfo of the interiour: In the outmoft the white fpreads * /ce @ 45, The (i nod 
 further into the interiour Web. jhe ¢a8 of Pub b thei, ramiuerse Gel Vhike eblac hs bit bert ing! te | j f 
 The top of the Billis of a dusky blackifh colour, the bottom whitifh:'The tip,a ua 
 little bent downward :” TheEyes hazel-coloured: The Fars great. The F ect of a 7 
 palégreen: The Claws blackijh.'The ona ipieztos Joyned at bottom to the middle | 
 oné by a membrane; the back-tde fmall : tomach th mufculous than in gtanivo- 
 rous birds, in which difleted we found water-inleds, ec iame ss ¥ eee 
 Thefe are alfo folitary birds, living fingly, except in eee when they fly 
 together by pairs, the Male and his Female. Ifuppofe this Bird is the fame with that 
 Gefzer defcribes under the title of Pilvenckegew, eteckitty for that he faith it makes a 
 noife by night, like one crying orlamenting, which thing ( as wehave been informed) 
 is trucof our bird. Only it feems tobe fomething leffer, and of a darker colourabove. 
 See Aldrovand, tom.3. p.485. 7 , — They 
 {f4. thar biorh- wt + fe AuUfi cd fy ore is, he ‘Cd ah We 4G GE. lind tihag a hi pe, 
 
 ii 
 t i} 
 Ni 
 ab 
 
 J 
 + i 
 a Pa 
 
 Z 
 
 —— 
 

 
 302 
 
 * ‘Tom. 3s 
 P-4t3. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boor dll. 
 
 They frequent Rivers and Pools of water. Lhavefeen of them about the River 
 Tame in Warwickshire, the Lakeot Geneva, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 een, 
 
 Cuap. Vil. 
 The Knot : Canuti regis avis. An Bellonii Callidrys nigra : 
 
 T weighed four ounces and an half; from the tip of the Bill to the end of the 
 Feet was ten inches long ; between the ends of the Wings {tretcht out twenty 
 inches broad. 
 
 As for the colour, the Head and Back were of a dusky afh-colour, or dark 
 grey: The Rump varied with white and black lines: The Breaft and Belly white : 
 The fides under the Wings {potted with brown. [In fome Birds we obferved a white 
 line between the Eyes and the Bill. e or rege 
 
 The greater quil-feathers of the Wings were black, with white fhafts: The outer 
 edges of the next after the fifth white: Of the fecond row of Wing-feathers, . the 
 foremoft were black, with white tips ; From the fourth the white increafed, or {pread 
 it felf further down the feather. The leffer covert-feathers of the Wings were of the 
 {ame colour with the back, only fringed as it were with white. Ihe Tail was two 
 inches and a quarter long, madeup of twelve feathers, the outmoft whereof on cach 
 fide was white. | | 
 
 The Bill was near an inch and half long, black, as in the Woodcock , bigger and 
 ftronger than in the Swipe-kind: The Tongue extended to the very end of the Bill. 
 [ Some Birds have a knob or eminency.under the Bill like Gui/s..] . The Eyes great, 
 and hazel-coloured. The feet greenifh: The back-toe {mall: The fore-toes divided 
 from the very beginning of the divarication, no membrane intervening. The Liver 
 divided into two Lobes, with aGallappendant. §;... . posse yp 
 
 About the beginning of Winter they are faid to come into Lincolnfbire, where they 
 continue two or three months about. the Sea-fhores; and away again. They fly in 
 flocks. [ Inthe month of Februazy,.in the yeat of our Lord 1671, on the Coaft of 
 Lancafhire about Leverpool, Loblerved many of this fort_of birds flying in company 5 
 fo that they arenot peculiar to Lincolnfhire. | Bemg fed with white bread and milk 
 they grow very fat, andare accounted excellent meat. King K~wout is reported to 
 have been fo fond of them, that from him they got the nameof K~wots or Kxouts. 
 
 They may at firft fight be eafily diftinguifhed from the Tringe by the line of white 
 
 crofs their Wings, were other notes wanting. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ee ee wires VE | 
 The Ruff, whofe Female is called a Reeve. Avis pugnax* Aldrov. 
 
 _ the tip of the Bill tothe end of the Feet was fifteen inches. Its Neck was 
 - “aflh-coloured : Its Head of a dusky afh-colour, {potted with a dark brown. 
 The Back and {capular feathers particoloured, of cinereous, black, and white: The 
 Breaft and Belly white: The Throat white and cinereous: The Chin white.. The 
 outmoft ten Wing-feathers of the firft row were black: Of the following the tips 
 began to be white: From the fourteenth to the twentieth the edges were alfo white. 
 The five next the body were of the fame colour withit, having darker {pots. The 
 tips of the fecond row of Win -feathers were white ( of the foremoft more obfcure- 
 ly ) the remaining part of the fame colour with the Back. The covert-feathers of the 
 under fide of the Wing were white. Thofe of the exteriour baftard wing purely 
 white. “The Tail was two inches a quarter long, made up of twelve feathers, of a 
 dusky colour, with whitifh tips. pene, 
 In the Cock birds a circle or collar of long feathers, fomething refembling a Ruff, 
 encompafies the Neck under the Head, whence they took the namé of Raffs. This 
 fhaft in fome is white, in fome yellow, in fome black, in fome afh-coloured, in fome 
 of a deep blue, or black, witha glofs of blue fhining like filk. For thereis OO 
 
 oT ee defcribed Was a youn ‘one. It weighed five ounces: Its length from 
 
 ol 
 
 Oe 
 
 = og ae 
 
 i 
 + poo 
 
 2 
 
 - a 
 <7" ian 
 
 on 
 ~~ 
 . 
 
 —_ < 
 a er ; 
 - a . =F 
 “Re” i 5% 
 Fe => ’ 
 oe gee —- oad > 
 — = a a7 > 
 P + 
 ~~ “ - 
 + ; i= © 
 a ten 
 eS ae ot eS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ee ete no: tebe Soe me lea. e 
 Book III, ORNITHOLOGY, 303 
 ful andalmoft infinite variety in the colours of the feathers of the Cocks, fo that in 
 the Spring-time there can fcarce be found any two exactly like one to another. 
 After Midfummer, when they have moulted their feathers they fay they becotne al] 
 alike again. | 
 
 The Hens are fomewhat lefs than the Cocks; they change not their colours, and 
 are like the Bird here deferibed : They feldom or never fight. | 
 
 Their Bills are like the Tringa's, black, but fomewhat red about the Nofthrils, 
 The upper Mandible a little longer thanthe nether. The Tongue reaches tothe end 
 of the Bill. The Eyes,are hazel-coloured,. The Legs from yellow incline to red : The 
 back-toe fmall: The outmoft fore-toe joyned to the middlemoft below with a mem- 
 brane: The Claws black, pretty long, and almoft f{treight. The Stomach within 
 yellow: The Gall large. . 
 
 They breed in Summer-timein the Fens of Lincolufbire about Crowland. They aré 
 fatted with white bread and milk, like Kvots, beimg fhut up in clof dark rooms - 
 For let in but the light upon them, prefently they fall a fighting, never giving over 
 till one hath killed the other,. efpecially if any body ftand by. The Fowlers when 
 they {ce them intent upon fighting, {pread their’Nets over them, and catch them be- 
 fore they beaware. | 
 
 In the Spring time they come over alfo to the Low Countries: And itis reported, 
 that at their firft coming in the beginning of the Spring there are many more Cocks 
 than Hens, but that they never ceale fighting till there be fo many Cocks killed, ‘as to 
 make the number of both Sexes equal. 
 
 The Hens never have any Rufis, the Cocks have none immediately after moulti 
 time. When they begin'to moult, white Tumours or Warts break out about thei: 
 Eyes and Head. ts | | 3 — 
 
 Cr #352 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 Lhe Sanderling, called alfo (urwillet about Penfance in Cornwal. 
 
 T is fomthing bigger than the Sand-piper, though both take their. names from fand. 
 
 I It weighs almo{t two ounces. — Its os from the Bill to the end of the Fect is 
 
 eight inches and an half, to the end of the Tail eight. The breadth of the Wings 
 {pread fixteen. It is rathet long than round-bodied. } 
 
 Its Bill 1s ftreight, black, flendér, an inch long’; for its figure and make like to a 
 Tringa's Bill: The upper Mandible a little longer than the nether. The Tongue CX 
 tended to the end of the Bill: The Nofthrils oblong.’ The Ears gteat. The Légs, 
 Feet, and Claws black : And, which is efpecialiy remarkable, it wants the: back-toe : 
 The fore-toes disjoyned from the very rife, nTR: 
 
 The Head is fmall, particoloured of cinéreous and-black. The Netk more cime- 
 reous. “The middle of the Back,’ the Shoulders, and‘eapular feathers aré of 4 lovely 
 colour; in fome varions, of black and whites in others of black and afh-colour, 
 each feather being black about the fhaft, and cinereots’ about the edges. The reft of 
 ‘the Back tothe Tail is of the fame colour, but more faint and dilute. But the edges 
 of the feathers have more of a reddith afh-colour. Soares GN ae 
 
 Each Wing hath twenty two quil-feathers : The four outmoft (excepting the fhafts, 
 which are white ) all of a dark brown, or dusky colour. The reft have their upper 
 halves, as far as they appear, above the fecond row brown, the tower white. ow- 
 beit, thefe colours donot divide all the feathersequally, but front the fifth the white 
 is gradually increafed; {6 that in the twentieth it takes up almoft the whole feather. 
 The next following after the tenth have alfo their'tips white. The firft row of covert= 
 feathers [ ‘next the quils] have white tips, which when the Wing is fpread make a 
 long tran{verfe white line, broader and broader by degrees from the beginning. The 
 feathers near the ridge of the Wing, and on the outmoft joynt, are all dusky, in the 
 Cocks almoft black, of the fame colour with the middle of the Back. The Wings, 
 when clofed, reach as far or further than the Tail it felf ; which is fhort, of about an 
 inch and half, or two inches, confifting of twelve feathers, of an afh-colour: The 
 two middlemoft darker than the reft; and almoft black. ) — 
 
 The whole Belly and underfide of the Wings as white as Snow. The Breaft in 
 fome fpotted or clouded with browns; in others € perhaps thefe are the — 3 
 
 | pots 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 * Lib.20. 
 Cap.45« 
 
 ' which fignifies Black-foot. Forthere is no bird I know of this kind that hath blacker 
 
 * The Rotknuflel of Baltner, Rotkmillis or Gallinula Melampus of Ge/ner, 
 
 
 
  ORNCITHOLOGY. Boos Il. 
 
 {pots appear, yet the Breaft is darker than the Belly, and inclined to red. The blind 
 
 guts are an inch and half long. The Stomach not very mufculous. Thefe birds live’ 
 
 upon the fandy fhores of the Sea, and fly in flocks. We faw many of them on the 
 
 Sea-coafts of Coruwall, . — . 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHAP. AS , 
 
 * Aldroy. 
 TT: German name Rotkmillis ( faith Gefner ) feems to be compounded of the 
 
 colour. For this Bird is of a red or ruifet colour, with dusky {pots in the 
 
 | Neck and about the Eyes. _ But Kills (1 know not whence derived’) is a : 
 more common or general word ; fith another Water-hen of this kind 1s. alfo called 
 Matkhmillis. We fromthe colour of the Legshave impofed on it the name Melampus, 
 
 feet. Thebody is dusky, with fome fpotsof a fordid and dark colour. The Billalfo 
 is black: ©The Wings marked with black fpots. | | 
 ~ To this Bird ( faith Aldrovand ) that which [here give you, called by our Fowlers 
 Giarola, a name common to many birds, is very like, if not the fame: For on the 
 Head, Neck, and Breaft, down to the middle of the Belly it is red, fprinkled with 
 brown, and fometimes alfo white fpots. Its Feet [ and Legs] arecole-black. The 
 {mall Wing-feathers are diftinguifhed with cinereous and black: The great ones are 
 black. The Bill is long, and a little bending, fharpat point. The Belly is white, 
 with a tincture of red, and curioufly tpotted with black {pots. The Tail allo is white, 
 but black at the end. | 
 
 
 
 MSs ‘ieee OF 27S _ Ge} : . 
 CHAP. XI. 7 
 » aeeabeealinaeer <a rheaes | 
 of Baltner :.Gallinula Erythra of Gefner. . 
 EP tL, 7 ; yA | 
 Dx Bird the Germans call Matkern, but for what reafon ( faith Gefzer ) IT know | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - é - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 not. 1 from the colour of its whole body have called it Erythra. But 
 
 though almoft the whole body ( I except the Belly, which 1s whitifh, with a 
 faint tin@ture of red, and the Legs,which are afh-coloured ) be red, yet isthat rednefs 
 darker on the Back, and intercepted with white {pots : Brighter in fome of the Wing- 
 feathers ; the longeft whereof approach to the colour of red Oker. In the Neck be- 
 neath are fome white fpecks. TheBill is black, not without fomewhat of red, fhor- 
 ter than in moft others of this kind. It is taken among Reeds with fnares. It hatha 
 cry fomewhat refembling the found of Fullers ftriking of Wool. 
 
 Leonard Baltner defcribes his Matkweltzel ( if at leaft it be the fame bird with Ge/- 
 ners Matkern thus: It isa very fair beautiful bird. From the tip of the Bill to the 
 end of the Claws it isa full Strasburgh Elllong. It weighs fix Lots and an half, that 
 is, three ounces a quarter: For a Lot isabout half an ounce, It Gutsare an Ell 
 long. It frequents Waters, and fecks its meat in watery places. ‘Ihe Cocks are 
 adorned with beautiful feathers, like thofe of Partridges, and have pale-red Feet. 
 The feathers of the Hens are lefs beautiful, and their Feet grey. Some alfo vou 
 thirteen Lots, and are three quartersof a Elllong. Thefe birds im figure, magnitude, 
 and_colour do very nearly refemble the Female RurFs, which they call REEVES. 
 Whether they be the Jame or not let the Vertuofi at Strasburgh, where they are found, 
 
 CXAMITNE. 
 
 
 
 
 
Boox III, ORNITHOLOGY. | 305 
 I eater tee ae esoaa 
 
 Cuar. XI. 
 The North-Country Dunlin of Mr. Johnfon. 
 
 black Bill, a little broader at the end 5 oblong Nofthrils; a blackifh Tongue. 
 
 The Throat and Breaft white, {potted with black. The middle of the Belly is 
 
 blackifh, waved with white lines. The lower Belly, and feathers under the 
 Tail white. All the upper fide is red, every where {potted with pretty great black 
 {pots witha little white. Yet the Wings from a * grey incline to a brown or dusky * cefy 
 colour. The Legs and Feet are of a+ competentlength, and black. The back-toe + Longiufcula 
 the fhorteft. The Tail confifts of twelve feathers, of which the two middlemo(} are é. ¢. rather of 
 dusky [ brown’] with one or two ted {pots: the reft from brown incline to white, the longett 
 It getsits food out of the mud. 
 
 The Rotkuuffel or Gallimila melampus of Gefner and Aldrovaned differs not much 
 
 from this bird. 
 
 I is about the bignefs of the Jack-Suipe or Fudcock, hath a {treight, channell’d, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuap. XI. §. I. 
 
 The Stint which the French call the Sea-Lark : Scheeniclos feu Junco Bellonij : 
 An Cinclus prior Aldroy 2 
 
 dy like toa Swipe. From Bill to Feet eight inches and an half long. Its Bill is 
 {treight, flender, black, an inch and half long, and like to a Swipes bill. The 
 Tongue extended tothe end of the Bill. The Feet dusky or blackith, with a 
 tincture of green. Thetoes not joyned by any membrane. The back-toe fmall. The 
 colour of the upper fide of the body, excepting the prime feathers of the Wings,and 
 firft row of coverts, is grey, or cinereous, with black fpots, or lines in the middle 
 of each fingle feather. The feathers in the middle of the Back and upper fide of the 
 Wings have a tincture of red. | Mr. Willughby defcribes it a little differently thus : 
 The si parts of the feathers onthe Head are black, the edges red or ruflet. The 
 
 I: is equal to the common Lark,, or but very little lef « For the fhape of its bo- 
 
 Neck is more of an afh-colour. The Back-feathers of a * dark purple, with reddifh + or black | 
 afh-coloured edges. Thofeon the Rump ofa lighter red, with black linesor firoaks ee 
 down their fhafts. ] Less 5. Bias | — 
 The Wings are long, and when folded up reaching to the end of the Tail... The 
 quil-feathers of each Wingtwenty four, of a dusky colour as far as they appear above 
 the covert-feathers, for their bottoms are white, andthe interiour in order gradually 
 more than the exteriour to the nineteenth, which is almoft wholly white. [ Mr. Wil 
 lughby in the bird he defcribed obferved the tips.of the fecond row of Wing-feathers 
 to have been alfo white, in the fame proportion asin the Sanderling, making together 
 a white line crofs the Wing, yet narrower than in that. The exteriour edges of the 
 fifth, counting from the outmoft, and of the fubfequent to the eleventh are white. 
 The four next the body are wholly dusky, and by little and. little ftreightned into 
 fharp points,and when the Wing isclofed reach almoft to the end of the Tail. The Tail 
 is {carce two inches long, not forked, made up of twelve feathers, of which the two 
 middlemoft are longer than the reft, {harper pointed alfo, and darker-coloured. All 
 the reft are of a pale afh-colour, without any crof lines or bars, only their outmoft 
 edges whitifh. All the under-fideof the body is white, only the Throat and upper 
 part of the Breaft cloudeda little with dark-coloured {pots. Mr. Willughby oblerved 
 {mall brown {pots under the Wings, and the Throat to be of an a(h- colour, thick-fet 
 with black {pots, down fometimes to the Breaft. - ‘ 
 The Liver divided into two Lobes, of which the right ismuch the bigger. The 
 Stomach mufculous. | 
 : Thefe Birds live about the Sea-fhores, and fly together in flocks. At Weftchefter 
 they callthem Purres. BO | 
 *S onius his defcription of his Funco agrees inall points with this bird. His figure 
 reprefents the Billtoo fhort. The Bill of the Ginclws alfo in Aldrovands figure ig 
 drawn too fhort. Ror §. Ik 
 
 
 

 
 ORNCITHOLOGY. Boox Ill, 
 
 >. i 
 * The third Cinclus of * Aldrovand. 
 
 T is of the fame colours with the precedent, favethat it hath a white Tail, adorned 
 with tranfverfe black lines: It hath alfo the fame fhape and make of body. It 
 differs inthe Bills for that hath it of almoft an even bignefs, this thicker where it 1s 
 joyned to the Head, and by degrees flenderer tothe tip. Itfeemsalfo to differ in the 
 Legs, they being fomewhat longer and thicker. In bignefs it agrees, and hath alfoa 
 common name withit, being called by our | the Bolognefe | Fowlers, Giaroncello. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ae 
 
 CuHuaP. AIV. 
 
 The Stone-Curlew: The Oedicnemus of Belloniws: Charadrius of Ge/ner, 
 * Aldroy. called at Rome, Curlotte. 
 
 points of the Claws twenty : Its breadth from tip totip of the Wings extended 
 
 thirty fix inches. The length of the Bill, meafurmg from the tp to the angles 
 
 of the mouth, two inches.. The Bill isnot much unlike a Gul/s, but ftreight, 
 {harp-pointed, black as far asthe Nofthrils, then yellow. ‘The Irides of the Eyes and 
 edges of the Eye-lids are yellow. Under the Eyes isa bare {pace of a yellowith green 
 colour. TheLegsarelong and yellow. The Claws {mall and black. It hath only 
 three fore-toes, wanting the back-toe. The outmoft Toe a little longer than the mid- 
 dlemoft ; All joyned together by a certain membrane, which on the infide the middle 
 toe begins at the fecond joynt, on the outfide at the firft, and reaches almoft to the 
 Claws of the outer Toes. The Legs ( as Bellonius obferves) are very thick below 
 the Knees, as if they were fwoln, by reafon ofpthe bones, which are there great 5 
 - wherefore that he might render the Bird more eafie to be known, he named it, Oedie- 
 nemus. The upper Legs are above half way bare of feathers ; which note alone, 
 were there no other, arguesthis Bird to be a Water-fowl. The Chin, Breaft, and 
 Thighs are white : The Throat, Neck, Back, and Head covered with feathers, ha- 
 ving their middle parts black, their lateral or bordersof a reddifh afh-colour, like that 
 of a Curlew: Whence they of Norfolk callit, The Stone-Curlew. 
 
 In cach Wing are about twenty nine quil-feathers; the firft and fecond of which 
 have a tran{ver(e white fpot, elfe their exteriour furfaceblack : The fournext to thefe 
 black : The three following have their bottoms and tips white: Then fucceed thir- 
 teen black ones; thelaft or nextto the body are of the fame colour with it. The 
 firft feathers of the fecond row are black: The reft have white tips, and under the 
 tipsa crofs line or border of black. Inthe leffer rows of Wing-feathers is a tranfverfe 
 bed or bar of white. The coverts of the under-fide of the Wings, efpecially thofe 
 {pringing from the fhoulders, are purely white. The outmoft feathers of the Tail for 
 the fpace of an inch are black, then white: The next to thefe, one on each fide, are 
 variegated, with one or two brown bars crofling the white part: Ihe reft, the white 
 by degrees fading and difappearing, become of the fame colour with the body. The 
 tipsof the middlemoftare a little black. The Tail is five inches long, confilting of 
 twelve feathers. The guts great: The blind guts three inches long : The fingle um- 
 bilical blind gut half aninch. We bought this bird in the Market at Rome, and there 
 defcribed it. | i | 
 
 It breeds very late in the year ( faith Be/oxius ) for we found of the Young about 
 the end of OGober, which could not yet fly. _ Beoniws when he travelled firft in 
 Bele obferved this Bird here; for the feathers and the Feet very like to a 
 
 Hjtard, 
 
 Thelearned and famous Sir Thomas. Brown Knight, Phyficianin Norwich, informed 
 us, that itis found about Thetfordin Norfolk, where they call it the Stoxe-Curlew, and 
 _ thatits cry is fomething like that of a gree Plover. 
 
 Another bird congenerous to this, wanting alfo the back-toe, ( which Aldrovandus 
 _ defcribed from the intuition of a bare Piéure) but. different in that its Thighs are 
 _ feathered, and its Toes without any intermediate membrane, {ee in his Oreithology, 
 
 = ee ems , Book 13. 
 
 [; weight is eighteen ounces: {ts length from Bill to Tail eighteen inches, to the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Boox Ill. ORNITHOLOGY. 307 
 
 Book 13. Chap.15. I fufpeé& it to be the fame with the Oedicnemus, and thofe diffe- 
 rent notes, to be but miftakes of the Painter. , 
 
 The Charadrios of Gefner, which Aldrovand judges to be the fame with our Ocdic~ The charadyi: 
 vemus, 18 a foolith and ftupid bird. Being {hut up in any room, it walks up and % %fS#. 
 down, fometimesin a round about a Pillar or any other thing for a long time, arid if 
 any block or impediment be in its way it will rather leap over it, than decline from 
 the right way. * It fhuts not its Eyes though you put your finger to them. It isea- « It winks 
 fily made tame, for when itis at liberty in the fields it isnot much affaid of a man, 20 
 {t is a Water-fowl, and lives in fenny Meadows, or about Marthes. In houfes allo 
 it catches Mice in the nighttime. I hear that it abounds in the Low Countries; that it 
 Wanders up and down in the night, and makes a noife likea Whiftle, or Pipe. 
 
 ; SECTION VI. 
 Cloven-footed W ater-towl with fhort Bills,that feed upon Infetts. 
 
 a re, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dis = tne = ‘ 
 
 CHaP—kh 
 The Lapwing or Baftard Plover : Capella five Vannellus, 
 
 His Bird isin all Countries very well known’ and every where to be met 
 with. In the North of England they callit the Tewit, from its cry. It is 
 of the bignefs of a common Pigeon, of eight ounces weight; thirteen 
 
 | inches and an half length, meafuring from Bill to Claws, and not much 
 Jefs from Bill to Tail: Its breadth, taken between the tips of the Wings {pread out, is 
 twenty one inches. 
 
 The topof the Head above the Creft is of a fhining black. The Crett {prings 
 from the hind part of the Head, and confifts of about twenty feathers, of which the 
 three or four foremoft are longer than the re{t, in fome birds of near four inches 
 length. The Cheeks are white ; only a black line drawn under the Eyes through the 
 Ears. The whole Throat or under fide of the Neck, from the Bill to the Breaft i 
 black, which black part fomewhat refembles a Crefcent, ending in horns on eachfide 
 the Neck.. The Breaft and Belly are white: As are alfo the covert feathers of the | 
 underfide of the Wings. The feathers: under the Tail are of a lovely * bright Bay = + pitute (pas 
 Thofe above the Tail are of a deeper bay : The feathers next them are dusky, ‘with 4 dice. | 
 certain {plendour. The middle of the: Back and the fcapular feathers are of a deli< 
 cate fhining green, adorned with a purple fpot on each fide next the Wings. The 
 utmott edges of the tips of the middlemoft of the long fcapular feathers are whitifh. 
 The Neck alfo is of an afh-colour, witha mixture of red and fome black lines néar 
 the Creft, "= 
 
 Of the mafter-feathers of the Wing the three or four outmoft are black; with 
 white tips : The following to the eleventh areblack. ° From the eleventh they “are 
 white at bottom, the hindmoft more and more in order than the foremoft. \ Yet ‘this 
 white doth not appear in ‘the upper fide of the Wing, but is hid bythe covert-fea- 
 thers. Thofe'next the body from the twenty firft are green. The leffer covert=fea- 
 thers are béautified with purple, blue, and green colours, varioufly commixt..’ ‘The 
 outmoft feather of the Tail on each fide is white, faving a black {pot in the exteriour ~ 
 Web. The tipsof all the reft are white, and beneath the tips the upper half black, 
 and the lower white. The Bill is black, hard, roundifh, of an inch length.” ‘The 
 upper Mandible a little more produced : The Tongue ‘not cloven § ‘but ‘its fides re- 
 flected upwards make a channel in the middle. . The Nofthrils oblong; and furnifhed 
 with a flexile bone. -The Ears feem tobe fituate lower inthis than other Birds : The 
 Byes are hazel-coloured. SS penih ive “ool einem | 
 
 The Feet are long, reddith [in fome Birds brown. ] The back-toe fmall. The out- 
 moft of the fore-toes joyned to the middle one at the bottom. . 
 
 The liver is large, divided intotwo Lobes, with a Gall annexed. The Gizzard not 
 fo thick and flefhy as in granivorous birds, therein we found Beetles like to Meal 
 worms. It is infefted with Lice like the Tetrae. & The 
 
 r 2 | 
 
 
 

 
 308 
 
 * That black 
 ring,repre- 
 fenting a cre- 
 ‘fcent, we 
 fpake of. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox ll, 
 
 The Hen isa little leffler than the Cock : Her throat is all white as low as the * col- 
 lar: The bay colour under the Tail paler. Moreover, the outmoft feather of the Tail 
 is wholly white, wanting that brown {pot. The colours alfo in the Cocks do fome- 
 what vary, not anfwering always exactly in all things to our defcription. 
 
 It lays four or five Eggs, of a dirty yellow, all over painted with great black fpots 
 and ftroaks. It builds its Neft on the ground, in the middle of fome field or heath, 
 open, and expofed to view, laying only fome few {traws or bents under the Eggs, 
 that the Neft be notfeen. The Eyes being fo likein colour to the ground on which 
 they lie, it 1s noteafie to find them though they liefo open. The Young fo foon as 
 they are hatcht inftantly forfake the Nett, running away (as the common tradition 
 is ) with the fhells upon their heads, for they are covered with a thick Down, and 
 follow the old ones like Chickens. They fay, that a Lapwing the further youare 
 from her Neft, the more clamorous fhe is, andthe greater coil fhe keeps, thenearer 
 you are to it, the quieter fhe is, and lets concerned fhe feems: That fhe may draw you 
 away from thetrue place, and induce you tothink it is where it 1s not. 
 
 Thefe Birds are wont to be kept in Gardens in the Summer time, in which they do 
 good fervice in gathering up and clearing thé ground of Worms and other Inicts. 
 Their flefh is indifferent good méat. In Summer time they {catter themfelves about 
 the Country to breed: In Winter time they accompany together, and fly in flocks. 
 
 
 
 ., GHAR, Il. 
 Of the Plover: De Pluviali feu Pardale. 
 
 $a 
 The green Plover. Plavialis viridis. 
 
 in length mae Bill to Tail eleven inches, in breadth between the tips of the 
 
 Wings extended. twenty four... | | 
 “ls nails on the top of the a Neck Shoulders, Backs, and in general the whole 
 upper fide is black, thick fet with yellowifh green {pots. If you heed cach fingle 
 feather; you will find the middle part to be black, the borders or edges round about 
 {potted with a yellowifh green colour. The Head for the bulk of the body is grea- 
 terthan in the Fringe ; the Bill ftreight, black, of an inch length, furrowed aoa 
 the Nofthrils. The Neck fhort, equal to a Lapwings, The Breaft brown, {potted 
 with a yellowith green. The belly white; yet the feathers on the fides tipt with 
 brown, and crofied alfo with brown lines. 
 
 Of the quil-feathers in each Wing the eleventh ends in a blunt point, thofe before 
 it running out into fharp points on the outfide the thaft, thofe behind it on the in- 
 fide, Allbut thefive next the body arebrown. The thafts of the outmoft eight or 
 nine are half way white.. The exteriour edges of the fifth, and thofe following it 
 are.a little white toward their bottoms.. The inmoft five next the body are of the 
 fame colour with the Back. |The fecond row of Wing-feathers are brown, [ or duf= 
 ky ] with whitetips, The reftof the covert-feathers ate on the upper fide of the 
 Wing of the fame colour with the Back, onthe under-fide with the Belly. The Tail 
 is fhort, made up of twelve feathers, of the fame colour with the Back, when {pread 
 terminated in a circular circumference. 
 
 The Feet and Claws are black. It wants the back-toe: By which note alone it is 
 abundantly diftinguifhed fromthe other birds of its kind. -Its Legs are long, as in all 
 other birds which liveabout waters, and bare of feathers for fome {pace above the 
 knees. _ Its flefh is {weet and'tender, and therefore highly efteemed, and accounted a- 
 choice dith, as well in Exgland as beyond Seas. | 
 
 This Bird from its fpots, fomething refembling thofe of a Leopard, is called Pardalis. 
 
 [: bignefs it equals or exceeds the: Lapwing, weighing about nine ounces ; being 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 6. 41. 
 
 
 
3°9 
 
 
 
 Book III. ORN ITHOLO G Yr ' 
 ——— rr ER 
 
 §. ID. 
 The grey Plover : Pluvialis cinerea, called at Venice, Squatarola, 
 
 I’ is from Bill to Tail twelve inches long, tothe Claws fourteen: Between the tips 
 of the Wings fpread twenty four inches broad. Its Head, Back, and lefler co- 
 verts of the Wings are black, with tips of a greenifh grey. The Chin is white 5 the 
 eae {potted with oblong, brown | or dusky) {pots. The Breaft. Bell y,and Thighs 
 white, 
 
 The quil-feathers in each Wing about twenty fix: Of which the firtt or outmoft 
 are black: In the fourth the middle part of the outer edges is white, the white part 
 in the five following being enlarged gradually. The outmoft of the cond row of 
 Wing-feathers are alfo black. The tips of thofe next after the fourth are white,and the 
 edges too after the tenth. Of the third row the foremoft ten are black, with white 
 tips. The Tail is three inches long, not forked, varied with tranfverfe bars, or beds 
 of black and white. © . | 
 
 Its Bill is black, above an inch long, like to the reft of this kind : The Tongue not 
 cloven: Theback-toe very {mall: The fore-toes joyned by a membrane at the be- 
 ginning of their divarication; that between the middle and inmoft leffer : The Feet 
 of afordid green: The Claws littleand black. It hath a Gall. 
 
 The flefh alfo of this Bird is very tender, favoury, and delicate; and in no lefs 
 elteem than that of the former. 
 
 
 
 ————————————— 
 Cuap. III. 
 
 The Dottrel: Morinellus Anglorum. 
 
 He Males in this kind are leffer than the Females, at leaft they were fo in tho 
 E we hapned to fee : For it might fall out to be fo among them by fome acci- 
 dent. . The Female was almoft ten inches long, the Male but nineand an half; 
 the Female nineteen inches ard anhalf broad, the Male but eighteen three quarters : 
 The Female weighed more than four ounces ; the Male fcarce three and anhalf. The 
 Bill, meafuring Foal the tip to theangles of the mouth, was an inch long: The Head 
 elegantly variegated with white and black {pots, the middle part of each fingle fea- 
 ther being black. Above theEyes wasa long whitih line: The Chin whitifh.. The 
 Throat is of a pale cinereous or whitifh colour, with oblong brown {pots. The 
 Breaft and underfide of the Wings of a dirty yellowith colour, the Belly white. Each 
 Wing hath about twenty five prime feathers, of which the firft or outmot is the 
 longeft, the tenth the fhorteft; from the tenth to the twentieth they are almoft equal: 
 The reft to the twenty fourth are again longer the foregoing than the following. The 
 firft or Pinion-quil hath a broad, {trong, white fhaft : The three outmoft are blacker 
 than thereft, which are of a dusky [ or brown } colour, having the edges of their 
 tips whitifh. The lefler rows of the Wing-feathers are brown, with yellowith white 
 tips, but thofe next the quils blackeft. The middle of the Back between the Wings 
 is almoft of the fame colour with them. ‘The Rump and Neck are more * cinereous: * Grey, 
 The Tailis compofed of twelve feathers, two inches and an half long, but the mid- 
 dlemoft fomething the longer : The bottoms of all are cinereous, the tips white, the 
 remaining part black : In the outmoft feather the white part isbroader, in the middle 
 ones narrower : The edges alfo of the outmoft feathers are whitith. The Legs are 
 bare fora little {pace above the Knees, of a fordid or greenifh yellow; the Toesand 
 Claws darker coloured thanthe Legs. ‘The inner Toe joyned to'the middle only at 
 bottom, the outer by a thick membrane as far as its firtt joynt. It wants the back- 
 toe, wherein it agrees with the greew Plover, from which yet itis fufhiciently diftin- 
 guifhed by its colour, magnitude, and other accidents. Its Bill is freight, black,and 
 in figure like that of the Plover. It hath a flefhy ftomach, in- which difle&ed we 
 found fragments of Beetles,&c. Its guts were fourteen inchesand an half long. The 
 Cock and Hen can fcarce be known afiinder, they are fo like im fhape, and colour. 
 ftis a very foolifh bird (faith Dr. Key in his Letter to Gefirer ) but excellent meat, 
 and With usaccounteda great delicacy. Teds taken in the night time by the tt a 
 | | andle, 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 310 
 
 
 
 * Flemmings. 
 
 % Or greys 
 
 are of thefame colour with the Back, or alittle darker. The Tailis two inches and - 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox Ul 
 
 iii Ne i a i 
 Candle, by imitating the geftures of the Fowler: For if he {ftretches out an Arm, 
 that alfo ftretches out aWing3 if he a Foot,»that likewife a Foot: In brief, what- 
 ever the Fowler doth, the fame doth the Bird; and ‘fo being intent upon mens ge- 
 {tures it is deceived, and covered with the Net fpread forit. . Icall it Morinellus tox 
 two reafons, firft, becaufe it is frequent oe the* Morini: And next, becaufe it 1s a 
 foolith bird, even'toa Proverb, we calling a foolith dull perfon a Dotterel. 
 
 Of the catching of Dotterels, my very, good Friend. Mr. Peter Dent, an Apothe- 
 cary in Cambridge, a Perfon well skill’d in the Hiftory of Plants and Animals, whom 
 I confulted concerning it, wrote thus to me. A Gentleman of Norfolk, where this 
 kind of {port is very common, told me, that to catch Dotterels fix or feven perfons 
 ufually go in company. When they have found the Birds, they fet their Net in an 
 advantageous place; and each of them holding a ftonein either hand get behind the 
 Birds, and ftriking their {tones often one againft another roufe them, which are natu- 
 rally very fluggifh; and fo by degrees coup them, and drive them into the Net. The 
 Birds being awakened do often ftretch themfelves, putting out a Wing or a Leg, and 
 in imitation of them the menthat drive them thruft out an Armor a Leg for fafhion 
 fake, to comply withanold cuftom. But he thought that thisimitation did not con- 
 duce to the taking of them, for that they feemed not to mind or regard it. 
 
 ‘ ’ 
 
 Cuap. IV. | 
 The Sea-Lark: Charadrius five Hiaticula. 
 
 
 
 N bignefs it fomewhat exceeds the common Lark : From the point of the Bill to 
 the end of the Tail or Legs( for they are equally extended ) being eight inches 
 
 and an half long, a line of black compaties the bafe of the upper Bill. This_ 
 
 black line from the corners of the mouth is produced through the yes as far as the 
 Ears, and then turns up and pailes crofs the middle of the Head, encompafling a 
 broad bed or fillet of white drawn from the inner corner of one‘Eyeto the mner 
 corner of the other. The hinder part of the Head is afh-coloured :. The Chin white. 
 The Neck encompafled by adoub. ering or collar, the upper white, which under- 
 neath reaches as far as the Bill, an under. the Chinis dilated almoft to the Eyes 5 the 
 lower black, which is broader in the middle, and takes up part of the Brealt, before 
 alfo runs out toward the Bill. The Back and lefier covert feathers of the Wings are 
 * afh-coloured. The Breaft and Belly white. 
 
 The outmoft of the quil-feathers of the Wings isblack, on the middle of the fhafe 
 only {potted with white, which colour, {preads it felf gradually and continually 
 more and more inthe following feathers, infomuch that the twentieth andtwenty firft 
 are wholly white. . Thofe next the body are of the fame colour with the Back. The 
 feathers of the. fecond row have white tips, excepting the foremoft or outmoft. 
 Hence, and from the white of the firft row arifes a long tranfverfe white line in the, 
 Wings. The outmoft feather of the Tail oneach fide is white, a$alfo the tip and ex- 
 teriour half of the next ; of the three following only the tips: The two middlemoft 
 
 anhalf long, made up of twelve feathers, of which the outmoft are the Jongeft, of 
 
 thereft the interiour are a little fhorter inorder than theexteriour. [_ The Tail-fea- 
 
 - thersindivers birds vary in colour, forin fome the two  outmoft feathers are wholly 
 
 white, and the tips.alfo of the middlemotlt. |] | : 
 
 The Billis fhort, {carce aninch inlength, of two colours: For beneath toward the 
 Head it is of a deep yellow or gold-colour more tham half way, toward the point 
 black. The upper Mandible a little longer, and fomewhat crooked. [ In others 
 ( perhaps they were young, ones) we obferved the whole Bill to be black. The 
 Tongue is not divided : The Eyesare hazel-coloured : The Legs and Feet of a pale 
 yellow: The Claws black. It wantsthe back-toe. The outmoft of the fore-toes 1s 
 joyned. to the middlemoft by a membrane reaching to the firft joynt. The Stomach 
 ras mot very thick mufcles, in it diflected we found Beetles. ‘The Gall-bladder ts 
 sarge. 7 | | 
 It buildsonthe Sea-rocks, making its Neft.of graf, ftraws, and ftalks of Plants ; 
 Its Eggs are of a greenith colour, {potted with brown, all the blunt end being 
 dusky. It runs very fwiftly on the fhores, and makes fhort flights, finging or crying 
 
 Sere | continually 
 
 
 
 +) et 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Se > he _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
eee 
 
 Book IL ORKN WWiHOnGeS ae 
 
 continually asit flies. It is withus in England every where very common uponthe 
 Sea-coafts. We faw it alfo about the Lake of Geneva, and it hath been brought to ug 
 Killed upon the banks of the River Trent, not far from Notineham, 
 
 This Birdis the very fame which Marg cravius defcribes, Book 5. Chap.s. by the 
 name of Matuitui, ashe faith the Brafilians call it, as will clearly appear to him that 
 {hall but compare them together. So that it feems there are fome Birds common to 
 Europe, and. even the Southern part of America. Leonard Baltyey deferibes and 
 pictures two forts of this bird. Perchance his lefier kind is that which the Well call 
 Goligod, and fay islikea Sea-Lark, but lets. | 
 
 
 
 Se 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 The Turn-ftone, or Sea-Dottrel: Morinellus marinus of Sir Thomas Brow). 
 An Cinclus Furneri 2 Xo iy | 
 
 the tip of the Bill to the pointsof the Claws ten inches: In breadth between the 
 
 extremities of the Wings extended twenty. {tis long-bodied, and hath but an 
 indifferent Head. The Cocks and Hens differ not in colours. Its Bill i ftreight, 
 black, an inch long,from a thick bafe lefiening by degrees into a {harp point,{omething 
 
 flat, ftronger and {tiffer than in the WV, oodcock kind. 
 
 The colour. of the Plumage in the Head, Neck, Shoulders, Wings, and upper part 
 of the Breaftis brown. [ Mr. Willughby makes the feathers covering thefe parts to 
 be black, or purplith black in the middle, cinereous, or of a white ruffet about the 
 edges. | All the under-fide, but the Breaft, isas white as faow. The Plumage on 
 the middle of the Back is white; but'on the very Runip' is a'great; ‘tranfverte:: black 
 {pot. The long {capular feathers are brown, with edges of an afh-colour, or dirty 
 white. The quil-feathers of the Wings are about twenty fix, of a brown or dusky 
 colour: But from the outmoft three or four their bottoms are white, continually 
 more and more, till in the nineteenth and twentieth the white {preads almoft over the 
 whole feather. Inthe fecond row the foremoft feathers are wholly black: The tips 
 of the following being white, together make a broad line of white cro{s the Wing. 
 Theedges of thelefler rows arered. Near the fecond joynt of the Wing is a white 
 {pot. The Tail istwo inches and an half long, confifting of twelve feathers.of which 
 the lower half is white, the upper black, yet the very tips white. 
 
 The Legs are thort, of a Saffronor Orange colour. The Claws black: The Toes 
 divided almoft to the bottom, but the outmost and middle toe coupled by a mem- 
 brane as far as the firft joynt, It hath the back-toe. | et IIe | 
 
 The Liver is divided into two Lobes, of whichthe * dextep is much the bigger. 1 * That on the 
 found no Gall, yet dare not fay that it wants one. Upon the Weftern fhores of Exe- = s 
 land, about Penfans in Cornwal, and Aberdaren in Merioneth:(hire in Wales, We ob- 
 ferved many of them, where they fly three or four in company : Nor are they lef 
 frequent on the Sea-coafts of Norfolk. 
 
 Our honoured Friend Sir Thomas Brown of Norwich fent us thé Picture of this bird 
 by the title of the Sea-Dottrel. | 
 
 T is lefler than a Plover, and fomething bigper than 4 Blackbird * in length from 
 
 
 
 CuHarp, VI. 
 
 * The firft Junco of * Aldrovand: 2 an 
 T isof the bignefS of a Sparrow, hath a black; channelled Bill, fufficiently hard, 
 and crooked attheend; the Tongue alfo channelled, and at the tip hard; and 
 cloven. The upper part of the Head, Neck, and the Belly are of a chefnut- 
 ; colour. All theunderfideof theNeck and Breaft white. All the other parts | 
 of the body from* dusky incline to black. © The Tail is three inches long, confitting ass ae 
 of ten feathers: TheLegsand Feetdusky.  The'Cock differs from the Hen only in . 
 this, that in her the colours are more dull, in him more lively. | 
 
 To 
 
 
 

 
 312 
 
 * Zp. Little 
 Hens. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox Ill. 
 
 ee A 0 i a 
 
 To this Aldrovand adds another, which being altogether of the fame bignefs, the 
 fame fhape and fafhion of body, and make of Bill and Feet, he. thinks to be of kin 
 to it, but to differ onlyincolour. For its Throat and Breaft indeed are white, but 
 its whole Belly from cinereous inclinesto dusky Lor brown.] The reft of the Plumage 
 
 is dusky. 
 
 
 
 
 
 BOOK Ill PART IL. 
 
 Birds of a middle nature between Swimmers 
 and Waders, or that do both Swim and Wade. 
 
 Of thefe there be two kinds, the one of cloven-footed Birds that fwim, 
 
 the other of whole-footed with long Legs. 
 
 
 
 SECTION I. 
 Cloven-footed Birds that {wim in the W: ater. — 
 Ai 7 
 
 Such whofe Toes have no lateral membranes, called WateER-HENS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHiAare Se 
 
 | OF Water-bens or More-hens in general. pre. 
 icy Of ger g 
 
 , - 
 
 He Characteriftic notes of Water-hens or More-hens, by which they may be 
 diftinguifhed from other kinds of Birds, are a {mall Head, a flender, com- 
 prefled, or narrow Body: A fhort Bill, moderately bending 5 {hort con- 
 cave Wings, like to Hens ; a very fhort Tail; long Legs; very long Toes: 
 
 Short flights. | $riise 
 
 They are called * Galinule by modern Writers, a diminutive word from Galina, 
 which fignifies a Hen, for, the likenefs of their bodies, ( efpecially their Bills and 
 Wings ) and conditions to Hexs. 
 
 
 
 On ea 4. 
 
 Of Water-bens in particular. 
 
 Q. 1. 
 
 The common Water-hen or More-hen : Gallinula chloropus major Aldrovandi. 
 
 N fhape of body it 1s like a Coot, but {mallet : Narrow-bodied, or very much com- - 
 prefled fideways ( whichis common to all thiskind ) contrary to the Dack-kind, - 
 whofe bodies are broad, flat anddeprefled. The Hen weighed twelve ounces, 
 
 the Cock fifteen. Thelength of the Hen from the point of the Bill to the end of the 
 Feet was more than feventeen inches, to the end of the Tail thirteen and an half; of 
 the Cock fourteen and anhalf. The extremesof the Wings extended were twenty 
 two inches and an half diftant: PR ac | 
 
 The 
 
 i « 
 - 4 eee Se ee al Piss) 2 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Boor Ill, ORNITHOLOGY ai; 
 
 -_—-_eoe COCO + SS a ge teeing 
 
 Se 
 
 
 
 The Bill from the tip to the corners of the mouth was more than an inch long, The Bill. 
 
 {treight, or but little bending : The nether Chap, as far as the angle, ofa pale yellow, 
 
 thenred ; the upper lefs yellow at the end; about the Notthrils, and to the end of the 
 
 bald part red. The bald part is round, and ends at the top of the Head, being like 
 
 that of a Coot, fave that the Coots is white, but this birds red. The rednef$ on the Bil! 
 
 Is as it were plaiftered on, and may be fctaped off. The red part of the Bill is fepa- 
 
 rated from the yellow by a round circumference a little elevated, {6 that in the mid- 
 
 dle of the Bill it is produced further thanon the fides... The Tongue is pretty broad, The Tongue, 
 
 not cloven, rough atthe end. The Irides of the Eyés are red. — The lower Eye-lid Eyes, 
 
 isnot feathered. [Inthe young birds neither the Bill, nor the bald {pot in thé fere- 
 
 head are red.| The Legs are green: The Claws of a dark brown, near black, indiffe= Legs, 
 
 rently long. The Toes long, as in the Coot; the middle the longeft, next thé out- ae 
 
 mott, all broader and plainer below than in the other cloven-footed birds for the ufe 
 
 of {wimming: The back-toe broad, as in Coots, ferving them perchanceas a Rudder, 
 
 to {teer and direét their courfe. The Legs are feathered almoft down to the knees, 
 
 between the feathers and the joynt marked witha red {pot. | 
 From the Shouldersor fetting on of the Wing all along its bafe or ridge, and tothe The colour of 
 
 very ends of the feathers runsaline of white. The longer feathers under the Wings the feathers. 
 
 are curioufly adorned with white f{pots, or lines tending downwards. The Breaft js 
 
 ofa lead-colour: The Belly inclining to grey or ath-colour. Under the Tail are white 
 
 feathers ; as it {wims or walksit often flirts up its Tail, and fhews the white, e{peci- 
 
 ally when it puts down its head to pick up any thing. The Back and lefler rows of 
 
 Wing feathers approach to a* ferrugineous colour : Elfe it isall over blackith. In the * Rufy. 
 
 Male the feathersunder the Tail are w hiter, the Bell y more f cinereous, and the Back + Ath-coldir: 
 
 more ferrugineous. red or grey. 
 Its Liver is {mall 5 Gallbladder reat3 the Gall within being of a greenith black The Liver 
 
 colour. It will feed very fat. Its fieth is well tafted, and even comparable to that of ee 
 
 : ; : | ts lefh 
 
 Teal. It gets its food on graffie banks and borders near Waters, and in the very Wa- good meat, 
 
 ters, efpecially if they be weedy: Feeding (I fuppofe ) upon the water-Inleéts it Its foods 
 
 finds among the weeds. It builds upon low trees and thrubs by the water fide; 
 
 breeding twice or thrice in a Summer, and when its young ones are grown up it drives tts breeding, 
 
 them away to fhift for themfelves. Its Eggsare {harp at one end, white, withatin- Eaggs, 
 
 Ctureof green, {potted with reddifh {pots. It ftrikes with its Bill like a Hen: It fits Manners, 
 
 upon boughs, but thofe only that are thick and near the water. Tt lives about Motes Place, 
 
 and great Pools of water near Gentlemens houfes. It flies with its Feet hanging 
 
 down. 
 
 hs TT... 
 The other green-footed Water-hen of Aldrovand, perehance our Water-Rail, 
 
 T ‘His Bird fromthe tip of the Bill to the end of the Tait is almoft eighteen inches 
 long. It hath a Bill two inches long, both above and underneath for me 
 fpace yellow, the remaining part being black. The Neck and Headare black: The 
 . Back and upper part of the Wings of a chefnut-colour: The nether part of a dark 
 cinereous : Only the extremes of the Wings are white. The lower Belly alfo is al- 
 mott all white. On the fides towards the Wings it is covered. with thick feathers. 
 The Tail ends * fharp, being above of a cheftut-colour, underneath white. The * The Latins 
 Thighs are covered with afh-coloured feathers, | varied lightly with tranfverfe white A anum,but 
 borders; not altogether down to the Knees.] The Legs are green: The Toes long, alec hes “ 
 furnifhed with Clawsa little crooked, broad, and plain underneath perhaps that it for és acutsws 
 may {wim withthem when there is need or occafion. The Female is imal! parts paler 
 than the Male. | re 
 This Bird, if it be not our Water-Rail, is, I confefs, to me unknown. I do indeed 
 fufpectit to be the Rail, though, to fay the truth, the marks do not agree. Where- 
 fore I would not omit its defeription, that the Reader, comparing it with that of the 
 Rail, may himfelf judge. 
 
 Sf §. HL. 
 
 Y 
 
 
 
' 
 | 
 1 
 i 
 it 
 ' 
 : 
 mio) 
 nk 
 miei 
 re 
 1 : 
 ei ae 
 ' art 
 HH 
 ; ee 
 : . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 314. | ORNCITHOLOGY, Boox Ul. 
 
 
 
 §. TIL. 
 Another green-footed Water-hen of Bellonius like to 4 Coot, perchance our Grinetta. 
 
 E haveneceflarily feparated the Water-hew |_ la Pouletie d’ ean) from the lefier 
 
 and greater Coot [de la Poule @ Macronle | becaufe it {wims not in the wa- 
 
 ter, nor is Web-footed. We have impofed the name of Water-hen upon this Bird 
 from its likenefs, though it be much lefs 5 yetis it bigger thana Ra#/, fo that it feems 
 to partake of both. The Fowlers to whom we fhewed it, feeing it to be like a Coot, 
 would needs perfwade me that it differed only in bignefs, being not yet come to its 
 full. age and growth. Whereupon I did more diligently fearch out fome difcrimi- 
 nating notes: Among which this was the chief, that this Water-hew had green Legs 
 and Feet, not unlike to a Bitterns, and not fo plain, nor having fuch broad appen- 
 dant membranes asinaCoot.. The Tail alfo of this Water-hew is longer, and the bare 
 {pot upon its forehead lefs. In colour it 1s indeed like to a Raz/, but tending to 
 that of a Coot: Wherefore at firft fight I took it tobe a Rad/, but viewing ic more 
 carefully, I obferved that it had white Eye-lids, which neither Raz/ nor Coot have. 
 In the Tail were two white feathers, one on each fide. Under the Breaft it inclined 
 a little toblue. The Back is of a deep chefnut colour. Some alfo are blacker than 
 others, and have the foldsof their Wingswhite ; and moreover, another white line 
 
 * In minore In the * lefler Wing, which its firft feathers longways of the quil or fhaft compofe. 
 
 ws ve ae The fame meat was found in “ Stomach as inthe Railsand Coots. It hath a Breaft- 
 
 following Ido bone anda Hip-bone different from other Birds, yea, even from the Coot. 
 
 = oe Pet its flefhis like that of the Morehen, tender, and of eafie digeftion : Its bones eafie 
 
 Sur author to be broken : Its Liver alfo brittle : Its Craw large : Its Guts and Entrails as ina Coots 
 
 means; . When roafted alfoitis of thefametafte with aCoot. It builds, breeds, and brings up 
 its young like the Ravi. 
 
 *Thelefer This Bird in many things refembles our Grimetta, or *Gallinula poliopus minor of 
 
 2 Asi Aldrovand, fo that I doubt not but. it is the fame ; Howbeit, I thought fit to infert 
 
 an its defcription in this work, that 1 might leave the Reader to the freedom of his 
 judgment. mae = | 
 
 * Ovnithol. The Water-Rail, called by fome the Bilcock or Brook-Ouzel: Pallus aquaticus* Aldrev, 
 etd P455* —-3,e, Ortygometra BeLonii: Alfo the Gallinula chloropus altera, Aldrov. And 
 perchance the Gallinula Serica of the fome : So of ove fpecies he makes three. 
 
 T is like the common Water-hen, but lefs 5 bigger thana Quail 5 of a flender, nar- 
 | row or comprefied body: From point of Bill to the end of the Claws fixteen 
 inches lorig, tothe end of the Tailbut twelve:. Aiccording to our ufual way of mea- 
 {uring fixteen inches broad. | 
 
 {ts Head is{mall, narrow, or comprefied fideways. Its Bill, like the Ruffs, about 
 two inches long, ftreight,-comprefied likewifle fideways, red, efpecially the lower 
 Mandible, and lower part of the upper, for toward the top or point it is black, 
 
 -fmooth, andhard. The Tongue reaches to the very end of the Bill, and is white 
 and rough atthetip. It hatha round, black, bald {pot or naked skinin the forehead, 
 but much lefs than that of the Coot, fo little that it is {carceobfervable. The colour 
 of the Head, Shoulders, Back, covert-feathers of the Wings, in brief, the whole up- 
 per fide is various of black or dark brown, and olive colour ; each fingle feather ha- 
 ving its middle pat black, and its edges olive-coloured. [ Mr. Wil/ughby makes the 
 colour of the borders or edges of the feathers a yellowith red orruflet 5 and attri- 
 butes white {pots to the Head, which were not, or at Jea{t not obferved in the birds 
 
 {een and defcribed by. me. ] The Chin is white, the Throat red, with a mixture of | 
 
 afh-colour; the extreme edges, and as it were fringes of the feathers beinga little 
 
 grey. The Breaft ismore blue, with a bed of white in the middle. On the Thighs 
 
 | and fides under the Wings grow black feathers, elegantly variegated with tranfverfe 
 
 white lines. The Belly isruflet, with white feathers under the Tail, like the common 
 
 Morehen, marked with one or two black fpots. The Wings are hollow, the quil- 
 
 at om feathers thort, black, or very near it, in number twenty two. Along the bafis of 
 length. the Wing isa line of white, asinthe Morehen. The Tail is* fhort and black, on! Y, the 
 edges 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 de 
 

 
 Boox III, ORNITHOLOGY. 319 
 
 edges of the twomiddle feathers are red. The Legs-and Feet are of adark Alefh-co- 
 lour: The Legs ltrong : The Toes, as in the relt. of this kind, very Jong, divided 
 ftom the very rife, except that the outer Toe is joyned tothe middle by amembrane 
 at the bottom. The Claws are of thefame colour with the Toes, 
 
 It had a great, long, crooked Gall-bladder; and a large Gall-pore befides; Long 
 ee guts, filled with Excrements; a mufculous Stomach, in which we found a fhell- 
 
 nail. , } 
 
 it runs very fwiftly, and hides it {elf about the banks of Rivers: It walks rather 
 than fwims in the water. It flies with its feet hanging down... It is called at Venice, 
 Forzane, or Porzana, a name commonto other Water-hens allo. ren 
 
 G5 Vi 
 > * The Velvet Runwer : Gallinula Serica Geineri. * Aldrov. Perchance *Tom 3, 
 the fame with the precedent. Ps 470% 
 
 His is a remarkable bird ; very handfomly particoloured of black and red al- 
 
 moft all the body over, ( as far as I remember) except that the Belly is white, 
 
 And becaufe the black colour in its feathers fhines like Velvet, I thought fit to make 
 
 and impofe upon it the German name Samethunle. Its Legs are long and dark-colou- 
 
 red : Its Toes very long, but the back-toe fhort : Its Bill long... Thus far Gener, and 
 
 again in his Epitome : This Bird may be called Galiza Serica, becaufe in it the black 
 
 colour fhines like filk, uére whether this be not the Ortygometra of Bellonins 2 
 
 And we truly hitherto have been of that opinion, but then Gefner hath not well 
 
 defcribed it: Which yet is not at all ftrange, {ith (as we fee) hedefcribed it by 
 memory. 
 
 Q. Vi 
 
 A finall Water-hen, called Grinetta iz Italy ; and at Milan Gillerdine: 
 Poliopus Gallinula minor, Aldro», 
 
 T is lefs not only than the common Water-hen, but than the Razl, but in fhape of 
 RL. body like. Its Legs and Feet are of the fame, both figure and colour, with the 
 common Water-hens, viz. a fordid green. The Toes very long, divided to the bot- 
 tom: The Bill thorter than either the Rails or common Morekens, comprefled or nar- 
 row, fharp-pointed, of a yellow colour, brighter at the head, darker toward the 
 tip. Theupper part of the upper Chap near the Head above the Nofthrils is cru(ted 
 over with a kind of yellow plaifter. The Head, as in the reft of this kind, is little. 
 The colour ofthe feathersin the middle of the crownis darker : From the Bill above 
 the Eyes on each fide is drawna line of grey or pale afh-colour: Beneath about the 
 Ears the feathers are of thefame colour with thereft of the body $ under the Throat 
 again they are afh-coloured or blue. The Neck, both above and beneath, and all 
 the Breaft are particoloured, viz. of a middle colour between green, yellow, and 
 dusky, elegantly {prinkled with black {pots. | Mr. Wilughby makes the Breatt white 
 or cinereous, the bottoms of the feathers bein’ black, the Throat black, with white 
 {pots, the Chin of a dark ath-colour without pots. ] The feathers on the crown of 
 the head have their middle parts black, their edges red: Thofe on the Shouldersand 
 middle of the Back their middle parts about the fhaft black, their fides and tipsof a 
 fordid red, their utmoft edges on each fide white. 
 
 The quil-feathers of the Wingsare all of a dark brown, with a certain tin@ure of 
 red - The covert-feathers red, with tranfverfe waved lines of white at intervals. The 
 lateral parts covered by the Wings,are cloathed with brown feathers, variegated with 
 tranfverfe waved lines of white. The Tail js fhort, confifting of twelve eathers, of 
 the fame colour with the quils of the Wings, fave that the middlemoft on their lateral 
 edges have fomething of white. But whatis efpecially remarkable in the Tailis, that 
 when fpread it is not plain, asin moft birds, but notably concave. The middle fea- 
 thers are longer than the reft. Moreover,the Wingsare very hollow,asin mott Land- 
 fow] of the Boultry-kind, _ The Gall is large, the Stomach mufculous : In it we found 
 feeds of Plants. : . 
 
 This fort of Water-hex we firft faw and defcribedat Milan, then at Plorence,where 
 the Fowlers call it Tordo Gelfemino, unlefs Perea nt be a diftin® kind ane 
 
 2 Y> 
 
 
 

 
 * T with Ga 
 ner had feen 
 
 the bird from For befides the yellow ie 
 
 cesses alt Laan appear meena 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. 
 
 lattly, at Valence in Spain. ‘That*this is the Galinula poliopys of Aldrovand the names 
 
 impofed on it do perfwadeus, though the defcriptions do notin all points agree. - 
 ~The Bird that I deferibed:at Florence was of the bignels of the lefler Tringa, long- 
 bodied, with afmall Head, Wings of a mean fize, a fhort Tail, Legs bare for a little 
 above theknees, very long Toes except the backone, which is fhorter in proporti- 
 on than the reft, and fituate higher. The Bull, for the bignefsof the bird, isof a good 
 length, ftreight, narrow, or comprefied fideways3 of a greenifh yellow colour: But 
 the upper Mandible both at the bafe:and toward the tip is darker coloured, and as it 
 were of a dusky green.‘ The Legs und Feet are of a fordid green} neither is the co- 
 lour of the Claws different.’ In the colour of the feathers it agrees moftwhat with 
 the deferibed, fave that inthe middle of the Back between the Wings a black lift runs 
 down befprinkled with white fpots, of a confiderable length and breadth: to which 
 alfo are two lines adjacent, one on each fide, in the covert-feathers of the Wings, 
 not parallel tothe middle one, but running out wider toward:the Tail. The Eyes 
 are {mall, and their Irides of a greentfh yellow. “In the bird that Mr. Wilughby mea- 
 fured the length from Bill to Claws was thirteen inches, from Bill to Tail nine and an 
 half: The breadth between the tips of the Wings fixteen. The Bill, like that ofthe 
 common Water-hen, from the point to the angles of the mouth fcarce an inch long: 
 The Tail two inches. ' Along theutmoft edge of the Wing from the Shoulders to the 
 very tip of the outmoft’ pinion feather runs a lineof white, asin the common Water- 
 hen. This line of white was notin the Bird we defcribed at Florence: Yet I perfwade 
 my felf that both thefe deferiptions are of one and the fame Species of bird, differing 
 either in Age or Sex. | | | 
 
 §. VIL. 
 * The Water-hen called by Ge{ner Ochropus : Schmirring, Aldrov. lib. 20. cap. 42. 
 
 C° he denominates it from the pale yellow or Brimftone-like colour of its Legs, 
 ._) (which appears alfoin its Bill to the middle part or further, for the forepart of it 
 is black.) Itis called in High Dutch Schmsrring, aname asI guefs’) framed in imita- 
 tion of its voice or the noifeit makes. It hath the greateft variety of colours of any 
 bird of this kind 5 cliced oopeaa a diftinct ones ( as the * Pidture fhews.) 
 
 ri fpake of, every where all over the whole body appears 
 
 
 
 which the Pi- g puflet, [ruffvss] In the ends of the fhorteft feathers of the Wings a red, like red 
 
 ture was ta- 
 
 ken,we fhoula Oker : A white both on the Head and about the Eyes, and alfoin the middle feathers 
 
 have had a 
 better and 
 truer defcri- 
 ption of it, 
 
 of the Wings, and in the Belly. The longelt feathers of the Wings are black, and 
 elfewhere in the Back, Tail, Neck, and Wings are {pots of black. The edges of the 
 Eye-lids are tinured witha Saffron-colour.. There is alfo fomething of brown and 
 cinereous in the Wings. The Feet want the back-toe, unlefs the Picture deceives 
 me. It buildsamong fhrubs with mofs and grafs. ‘Thus far Gefner. This Bird (if it 
 
 be rightly defcribed, of which weare very doubtful ) we have not yet feen. 
 
 §. VIL 
 *, The Wyn-kernel or Gallinula ochra of Gefver, Aldrov. lib.2e. cap.48. 
 
 ( faith Gefuer )namedthisOchra, fromthe greenifh, but fordid and dark colour of 
 | almoft the wholebody, more dusky on the upper fide. The Head, Neck, Breaft, 
 and Wings are adorned with points and {pots of white. The Tail is in part white. 
 The Bill partly purple, partly black. The Legs pale yellow. | 
 
 | Soa 
 * The Land-hen : Gallinulaterreftris of Aldrowand. Perchancethe Land-Rail. 
 
 W* fafpect this Bird (however 'Gefner contradicts it }) to be the Land-Rail or 
 IV Ortygometra of Belloniws, howeverthe Toes in the figure are drawn too too 
 long. But that the Reader may fatisfie himfelf whether or no we judge aright, we 
 fhall here put down Gefwers defcription of it. | | . 
 ‘In the whole habit and fafhion of its body it is very like the Water-fowl, if you. 
 except only the Bill. © Gefwer having no Greek or Latime name for it, it may, faith 
 cittlss SEES. | @ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
seinen Se 
 Book I ORNITHOLOGY 
 
 317 
 
 be called * Trochilws terrefiris 5 ( for there are alfo other Water-Trochili, likewife of * ie. The 
 
 the Hen-kind ) fith it is of the fame Tt common kind, and runs {wiftly, whence the 
 Grecians gave it that name ; howbeit fome do call that very {mall bird the Regulus alfo 
 by the name of Trochilws. This Bird runs very {wittly through fhrubs, and fome- 
 times leaps fideways. It flies il], and with great difficulty raifes it felf from the ground 
 upinto the Air. So he. And in his Epitomy again-he namies It, the Land-Trochils or 
 Land-Rail, to difierence it from that which lives about Waters, and adds, that! Bel/o- 
 wiws his Land-Rail is another bird. About the Dagoimaggiore ( forhe goes. on ') fome 
 call it Pole, which is as much asa Pullét ot Hen, tbya namé too general: . ‘The Gey 
 man Fowlers call it, Eegenfehar; Hegeefchar, and Hevefar, becaule they run in .com- 
 pantes near hedges, where they aré’ found ‘after Hay-harvett.)' For the German} calf 
 ahedge'Heega, or Haga} and’a flock’ or troup Schataz Or perchance becaufe they dig 
 the earth about hedges, ‘for the wotd Svbarren withus lignifiesto-dig: or {crape with 
 the feet, as Hens are wont: Which whether oro thele birds dois to meé uncertain. 
 There are fome who call it periphraftically, Eiz grofe waffer Hunle, that is, a great 
 Water-hen. This Bird he thus briefly deferibes; It is thick and fhort-bodied, and 
 fhaped otherwifé like its Pi@ure, [ of which he there gives a draught, |] {carce any 
 bird hath longer Toes for its bignefs. \ The hind-toé alfo is about half as long as the 
 fore ones. ThecoloursI do not well remember, but I think their Legs were greenith. 
 The Back and Wingsfrom a reddifh colour inclined to‘brown;:- Its note (as they fay ) 
 isharfh, Ger, ger, ger, fomething like a Serpents.) And therefore: it is alfo.taken by 
 Fowlers imitating its voice by a knife drawn through dry wood. : But whereas he 
 - faith, that the Exgljh, accounting it a very delicate: bird, ufe feveral fnares and de-« 
 _ Vices to:catch it among the ftanding corn, he was certainly deceived by a falfe relatié 
 on 3 for'that Eglawd neither breeds nor feeds any fuch bird befides the Land and 
 Water-Rail. 13 oily 23 | , 
 §- Xe o- 
 
 The Brafilian Water-hen, called Yacana: 
 
 Land Runner: 
 Genus: 
 
 od molt elegant Bird 1s of the bignefs of a Dove, but hath much longer Legs, Oitof Margi 
 , of a yellow colour mixt with green. The lower Legs are more than two S4u 
 
 inches long; the upper ( for the greateft part baré, as in Water-birds ) a little le. Te 
 hath four Toes in each foot, the middle of thofe three which ftand forward ‘two 
 inches long, the other’ twova little fhorter; thé fourth or back-toe a foot ot moré 
 long ; all armed with yellow Claws, half’ an inch'long. Its Tail isfhort likea Water- 
 hens. The feathers onthe Back, Wings, and Belly are mingled of green and black : 
 Thofe under the Tail white: Thofe near the Neck, and on the whole Neék 4 at 
 Breaft of the fame colour with the feathers that. are feem onthe Necks of Peacocks 
 and fome Pigeons. It hatha {mall Head like a Water-hen, covered with a certain hak 
 membranous tegument, of the colourof ‘a Turco ftone. Its. Bill is {treight, like a 
 
 Hens. above an inch long, from the beginning to the middle of a rare * fcarlet colour, ¥ Or red-lead 
 the remaining part being of an excellent yellow, wherewith fomething of green is colour, 
 
 mixt. It is very frequent every where in the fenny places or Marifh grounds of Brafil, 
 {ts flefh is edible, but notmuch valued. , 
 
 §. XI. 
 The Brafilian Water-hen, called Aguapecaca. 
 
 Tis inbignefs equal, and in fhapeliketo the precedent, but different and inferiout 
 | to itin colour. © Its: feathers on the Back are like thofe of the former; the Wings 
 browner. It wantsthe Capor Miter on the Head, and hath in each Wing on the in- 
 fide a{treight horn or fpur, wherewith itdefends it (elf. | 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 318 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Ill. 
 
 §. XI. 
 The third Braftlian Water-hen of Marggrave. 
 
 T is for figure and bignefslike and equal to the precedent, but different in colour. 
 ] The whole Head, Neck, Back, and Tail areblack, thebeginning of the Wings 
 brown: The remaining part green 5 the ends of the quil-feathers brown: Moreover, 
 the Breaft and lower Belly are of a brown colour, as alfo the upper half of the upper 
 Legs. . The Bill isftreight, of a Saffron-colour, with a red skin at its rife, and on 
 the fore-part of the Head. The Legsare bare, the Feet afh-coloured. Inthe fore- 
 partof each Wing it hath the like horn or {pur as the former, of a yellow colour. 
 « Thehorned  Thisisthe * Avis cornuta of Nierembergiws, or rather Hernandez, which the Indians 
 bird. (faith he } call Yobualcuachili, or Caput nocurnum. 
 
 §. XiIll. 
 The fourth Brafilian Water-hen of Marggrave. 
 
 T is of the fame figure or fhape with thereft. Its Bill is yellow. Ithatha red 
 
 skinny Miter or Cap on its forehead near the rife of its Bill: It hath alfo procefies 
 
 *Galline Ni extended down the fides after the manner of the * G#iny Hens. Its whole Head, 
 
 erie Neck, Breaft, and lower Belly are covered with black feathers. TheBack, Tail, and 
 
 maymean beginning of the Wings with red, or light brown. The quil-feathers of the Wings 
 
 —— are of a Sea-green, with black tips; but they are covered with thofered [, or ruflet | 
 
 ones forementioned, and cannot be feen unlefs when the bird flies. Its Legs arelong; 
 
 * I fuppofe he jts Toes alfo long: Each hath * four joynts, of an afh-coiour. Each Wing in the 
 neces. bi fore-part hath a very fharp horn[_ or fpur of aSaffron colour. | 
 
 no bird we 
 
 ever faw hath , §. XIV é skate 
 
 an equal num- 
 ber of joynts | | i i : 
 in every toe A Water-hen, called by the Brafilians, Tamatia. 
 
 fave the Swift. 3 a: Ress | 2 
 ets Srey 5 229 ee ene . 
 
 T hath the Billof a Sparrow-hawk,, is of the bignefs of Ya/ana afu, walking with 
 -acrooked Back, and crooked Neck. It hath a great Head, great, black Eyes, fi- 
 tuate near the rife of the Bill: A Bill two inches long, more than one broad, like a 
 - * The Latine Ducks indeed, but * {harp toward the tip: Its upper. part black, its nether yellowith. 
 womeare 2 The upper Legsare bare of feathers, and of a good length. . It hathin each foot four 
 natum. Toes, three {tanding forward, one backward, long, as in Water-hens. The Legs 
 and Toes are of a yellowifh green colour. The Tail very fhort, not longer than in the 
 Yaffana. . Its Headis covered with black feathers, the reft of its body with brown: 
 
 But in the Belly fome white feathers are intermingled. 
 
 —_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuar. IL. §. I. 
 * Of the Porphyrio, or purple Water-hen. 
 
 but Pictures of it only. It is( if the Pictures deceiveus not ) of the Water- 
 
 > ben kind. Its body is all over of a bluecolowr. The extreme half of the 
 Tail is.a whitith afh-colour:. The Bill and Legs of a fhining purple. So Gefver de- 
 {cribes it bya Pidure fent him from Montpellier. Aldrovandys defcribesit otherwife, as 
 may be feenin Book, 20. Chap. 28. of his Ornithology. Seeing therefore the Pictures 
 of this Bird do fo much vary, and none of thofe who have compiled Hiftories of Ant- 
 mals do profefs themfelves to have feen the Porphyrio, we did fometimes doubt, whe- 
 ther there were any fuch birdin nature, efpecially feeing fome of thofe things which 
 the Ancients attribute to it, as for example, that it hath five Toes in each foot, are 
 without doubt fal and fabulous. But becaufe all the Pictures of it do agree in the 
 figure of its Bill, Legs and Feet, and indeed the whole body, we have now changed 
 our minds, and are more apt tobelieve the affirmative, viz. that there is fucha 
 ee, Porphyrio 
 
 TL Bird neither Gefwer, nor Aldrovandws, nor we truly have hitherto feen, _ 
 
 " 
 
 
 

 
 Book IIL ORNITHOLOGY, 
 
 —_. ¥ _ oe akin to = Coots or Water-hens. Let others, who have the 
 2 > ibe it more exactly, and forem | : 
 ing this matter out of the mindsof theleamel ie and {cruple concern- 
 
 §. Il. 
 * The Quachilto or American Porphyrio of Nieremberg, 
 
 He Quachilto doth imitate the watchi d ) ae 
 ae ' ng and crowings of laCock. Some: 
 #4. pager Late at night, and early in the rdoetiid it crows a the at 
 a4 0¢ e Le of a dark purple colour, withfome white feathersintermixt.: The 
 ; is pale atthe beginning, Inthe young birds the bald part at the rife of the Bill 4s 
 jee It is likea Coot. Its Legs are yellow, inclining to green, ending in four O! 
 oe — — os ay te The Eyes areblack, with/a fulvous lee (or 
 Metin or aren pei isa Marth-bird, feeding upon fithes, it {elf being no.un- 
 
 eee 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuap. IV. 
 * Aldroyands Italian Rail. 
 
 His Rail ( as Gefner defcribes it) is more a Water thana Land hed 
 
 ; Mefire, a Village not far diftant from Vewice, it is taken, eure 
 toil and expence, wz. 1n Palcous, or other Hawks, and a troup. of Siimanes 
 who wearing Buskins or high-fhoos, do, in the room of hunting Dogs, wade up and 
 
 down the {hallow waters thereabouts, and put up thofe Birds with certain Clubs the 
 carry, fhaking and beating the fhrubs and bufhes where they lie ; that {0 the ae 
 afterwards become a prey tothe Falcons that wait for them. This isa ver an 
 Bird in that City, but in my judgment much inferiour for tafte both to a Thrujp anda 
 Quail. Aloyfiws Mundella, principal Phyfician at Brefcia, in his Letters to me, writes 
 
 thus. This Bird differs fro * Bulirn ao 
 from our * Fulica, in that ithath more white m the Wings, * Coot, 
 
 and about the Eyes. Its Bill isblack = its Leos reenifh. It hatt {Te 
 Sesliciaaal 5 5 gs g 1 Ithath nofuch diffeced or 
 = Oe panes between the Toes, no baldnefg on the Head, as far as I gather 
 What Bird this is, and whether -we have ever feenit, be; : ; 
 eme) fo brief 
 afew, and fome of thofe negative notes, we cannot commnialy Milas eetguibed with 
 
 a ; ; 
 TT eee re eee ee 
 ‘ 
 
 Cr ne ie a ee err oe ee a eer 
 — 
 
 Memes. II. 
 Cloven-footed, fin-toed Birds, of kin to the Waterhens. 
 . 1. 
 
 The Coot: Fulica. 
 
 to the Clawstwenty two. The Billis an inch and half long, white, witha light 
 tincture of blue, fharp-pointed, a little comprefled or narrow 3, both Mandibles 
 equal. The feet bluith, or of a dusky green: The back-toe little, with one only 
 membrane adhering, and that notfcallopd, but extending all the, lengthof the Toe. 
 The inner fore-toe 1s a little fhorter than the outer : All the Toes longer than in 
 whole-footed birds. About the joynts of the Toes are femicircular membranes ap- 
 pendant, on the inner Toe two, the middle three, the outer four. Thefe circular 
 membranes are bigger, and more diftin@on the infide of the Toes, fo that the inter- 
 mediate incifures or nicks reach to the very joynts,_ [ This may be thus briefly ex- 
 efied, Thethree fore-toes have lateral membranes.omeach fide, {calloped, the inner 
 with two, the middle Toe with three, and the outer with four {callops.] From the 
 Bill almoft to the crown of the Head arifes an Excrefcency or Lobe of fiefh, bare of 
 t feathers, 
 
 [' weighstwenty four ounces: From Bill-point to Tail-end is fixteen inches long 3 
 
 ' 
 acemlagniats Siem ~ —_ pint — —_ ~ iinet, 
 
 = . ba aa - 2 y A = n —_ > ‘é = = <a 5 Lex aie = <= a : 
 i, aa am = ait 5 Ae —, — _—" = oe med _ — _ 2 —s - ayn “ a“ 7 
 7] ann = be te ee as ene 5 ot a : —_ a ~ - _ —= : —=—- => — / —. a = =a : = = : - 
 0 es aca ~— < aol = ee ae _— ee - ~— ae - 7 a : = — 7. as 
 
 - . - " —_—- — _ ~~ oy Gatien . - = rs = ns a ~ -- 
 
 - — = a <— a - = - ——— <n — oo — pans * = 
 ~ = - rat — arS 4 — . " = 
 ; > , aml . - a a — ~< = 
 ‘ ‘ ” 4 7 — s ’ = 
 2 = > = es 2 ee ee ee 
 
 — tm tyr a ta ail. itt lina ti 
 
 ve 
 a 
 
 ———— ~ m 
 —_ aw wad ° 
 . -~ 
 - - > Cad 
 = . --= —- 4 PP ° 
 5 x = A 22 = 
 
 — 
 Pa 
 
 - 
 e~ 
 2 A. 
 
 A ee ee Be ed 
 
 - i i | oe 
 * es a 
 
 5 > te vf" 
 ee ee 
 rr = 
 
 [ae : = ‘ 
 > ite a 
 
 Sn 
 — 
 
 es 
 
 a ep emy ee ow ee ? 
 - - a a 
 7 le i < Se ~ 
 
 Sees... eee ge tng 
 
 er  ——— ——- — —< 
 - Ps . 
 
 
 
— en tt at —_————_ + = 
 A 
 
 52 ORNITHOLOGY. Boor Ul. 
 
 — Se ee 
 
 
 
 ee 
 
 ae “a es A iki 
 
 ¥ calvities. feathers, foft, {mooth, round, which they call the * baldnefs.. The feathers about the 
 Head and Neck are low, foft, andthick. ‘The colour allover the body black; deeper 
 about the Head. The Breaft and Belly are of a lead-colour. The Thighs cove- 
 red with feathers almoft down to the knees : Juft beneath the feathersis a ring of yel- | 
 low about the Leg. The firft ten quil-feathers are of a dark, dusky, or black colour, 
 the eight next lighter,with white tips; the laft or next the body are of a deeper black. 
 The Tail confilts of twelve feathers, and is two inches long, : 
 
 The Liver is great, divided into two Lobes, having alfo a large Gall. The blind 
 guts are nine inches long, their ends for an inches {pace being reflected or doubled 
 backwards. Itbuildsits Neft of grafs, broken reeds, cc. floating onthe top of the 
 water, fo that it rifés:and falls together with the Water. The Reed, among which 
 it is built: ftop it that it be not carried down ftreams. This Bird in the figure and 
 make of its body refembles a Water-hen, to which genus it ought without all doubt to 
 be referred. It feldom fits upontrees.. The fleth of it with us isaccounted no good 
 meat : In Italy it is more efteemed: 
 
 §. II. 
 * Belloniws his greater Coot, called by the French Macroule, or Diable de mer. 
 T always dives in frefh waters, and is of a colour fo exquifitely black, asif it were | 
 laid on with aPencil. The white bald {pot on the Head is broader than in the 
 
 common Coot: And it is fomewhat bigger-bodied. It draws up its Legs, and hath 
 broad Toes, divided from each other, likethe common Coot. 
 
 
 
 
 
 SECTION LI. 
 W. hole-footed long-leg’d Birds. 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 putt 
 
 Gaxp: © I. 
 
 % The Flammant or Phenicopter : Phoenicopterus. 
 
 T hath extraordinary long Neck andLegs. The Bill isbroad, of fingular,{trange, 
 unufual figure. For the upper Mandible is flatand broad,crooked,and toothed: 
 The lower thicker than it:. The tip of the Bill black, elfe it is of a dark 
 blue. | | 
 The Neck and.body are. white: ‘The quil-feathers of the Wings black : The covert- 
 feathersare wholly died with a moft beautiful bright purple or flame-colour, whence 
 it took the names Phenicopter and Flammant. ; 
 
 It is whole-footed ( as Gefner rightly hath it ) from whom Aldrovandus, deceived 
 CI gases ) by the Piure of it diffenting, affirms the contrary, viz. that it is cloven- 
 ooted. | | 
 
 In Winter-time in hard weather it comes over to the Coaft of Provence and Lan- 
 guedoc in France, and is often taken about Martignez in Provence, and Montpellier in 
 Laneuedoc. We faw feveral cafes of it dried at Montpelier. 
 
 The French callit Flanbant ot Flammant, rather from the flammeous colour ofits 
 Wings and Feet, than becaufe it comes from Flanders inthe Winter-time to the Coatfts 
 of Languedoc. For I believe there was {carce ever feen about Flanders a bird of this 
 kind, fo far are they from being common there, and flying from thence into other 
 ‘Countries. Howbeit, the Provencals might perchance through miftake think fo. 
 ‘Whence it comes, or where it breeds, istome unknown. | 
 
 - It feeds upon Periwinkles and fifhes. The Ancients reckon the Phenicopters Tongue 
 among the choiceft dainties. Apitius, the moft profound gulph of gluttony and riot, 
 (as . liny relates) wrote, that a Phenicopters Tongue 1s of an excellent tafte and 
 
 rellifh. 
 
 | alas aaa 
 
 
 
 Be 7, yee ore tk Det on / | ae: 2 7 
 Weis enh He 2 Sipe oe OOS 
 PLGA ro ino SEK, My Cook Ge cheep podaubel wwhyia) Thay 
 
 | pare AME . SetB-ourr, (Cy Sha wn Gro tir gen, 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 A 
 
 Book Ill, ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 Cuapv. II. 
 
 * ‘The Trochilus, commonly called, Corrira, * Aldrov: 
 
 ‘TT < Bird hath long Legs, yea, the longeft of any whole-footec + Fowl ex- t Here he is 
 
 cept the Avofétta : Wherefore becaufe it runs very {wiftly they call it Corrira 
 
 | Courier] whence I conjecture it to be the Trochilus, which, as they write, hath longer, 
 
 runs along the fhores with that celerity many times, that its running is {wifter than its 
 flying. It is a particoloured Bird, hath a ftreight yellow Bill, black atthe tip: A 
 wide flit of the mouth 5 black Eyes, compafled about with a white circle, which js 
 environed by another {padiceous one. Underneath on the Belly it is white. Two 
 white feathers, which yet have black tips, cover the Tail. The upper fide, Head, 
 Neck, Back, and Wingsare moftly of a ferrugineouscolour. It hath C asl faid ) long 
 Legs, fhort Thighs, Toes joyned together by membranes. Having not fen this Bird 
 we have no more toadd concerning it. Its figure fomewhat refembles a Lary. 
 Aldrovandys is miftaken in that he writes his Trochilys hath the longeft Legs of any 
 whole-footed bird but the Avofétia: For the Phenicopter hath much longzr Legs than 
 
 the Avofettait{elf. But Aldrovandwsis hereinto be excufed, for that he held the Phe- 
 nicopter tobe a cloven-footed bird. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuapr. IKI. 
 
 The Avofetta of the Italians : Recurviroftra: 
 
 N bignefs it fomewhat exceeds 4 Lapwing, weighing ten ounces and in half; be: 
 
 ] ing extended in length from the tip of the Bill to the end of theToes twenty 
 three inches and an half’; to the end of the Tail but eighteen: In breadth, taker 
 
 between the tips of the Wings {pread, it is full thirty one inches. TheBill is three 
 inches and an half long, flender, black, flat or deprefled, refletted upwards, whith 
 is peculiar to this Bird, ending ina very thin, flender, weak point. The Tongue is 
 fhort, not cloven. Ihe Head isof a meanfize, round, likea ball or bullet, black 
 above, ( fave that the fore part of the Head is fometimes grey ) whick colour alfo 
 takes up the upper fide of the Neck extending to the middle of it. The colour of 
 the whole under fide of the body is a pure {now-white; of the uppe: fide partly 
 white, partly black, v7z. the outmoft quil-feathersof the Wings are above half way 
 black, the reft white, asare alfo the feathers of the fecond row. The ieft of the co- 
 vert-feathers almott to the ridge of the Wing are black, which make a broad bed of 
 black, not directly crofs the Wing, but a little oblique. On the Back again it hath 
 two black ftrakes, beginning from the point of the Shoulder or fettirg on of the” 
 Wing, and proceeding tran{verfly tillin the middle of the Back they doalmoft meet, 
 being thence produced ftreight on to the Tail. The whole Tail is white, three inches 
 and an half long, made up of twelve feathers. TheLegs arevery long, of a lovely 
 blue colour, bare of feathers for almoft three inches above the Knees. The Claws 
 black and little. It hath a back-toe; but a very {mall one. The blind guts are flen- 
 der, almoft three inches long. The whole length of the Guts is three foot. It hath 
 a Gall-bladder, emptying it {elf into the Gut by its own proper dué or channel, and 
 a Gall-pore befides. The Stomach is {mall, in which diflected we found nothing but 
 Jittle {tones, fo that thence we could not learnon what it feeds. _ Indeed, the Bill be- 
 ing fo{lender, weak, long, and of fo inconvenient a figure, turning upwards,one would 
 wonder how it could gather its food, be it what it will. a 
 
 Mr. Willughby defcribesthe Wings thus. The interiour fcapular feathers are black, 
 which make a long black fpot in the middle of the Back, The cover:-feathers of 
 the upper part of the Wing, from the fetting onthereof to the firft joynt, are white; 
 from the firft to the fecond joyntthe lefler covert-feathers are black 3 fron the fecorid 
 joynt to the roots of the greater quil-feathers white again. The firft quill or pinion 
 feather is wholly black, the fucceeding have by degrees lefS and lefs black, till in the 
 eight only the exteriour tip remains black. 
 
 Te We 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 maa “ORNITHOLOGY. Boor Il, 
 
 We faw many of thefe birds both at Rome and Venice : They do alfo frequent our 
 Eaftern Coafts in Suffolkand Norfolk in Wintertime. But there needs no great pains 
 be taken or time {pent in exa@ly defcribing this bird: For the fingular figure of its Bill 
 reflected upwards is fufficient alone to characterife and diftinguifh it from all other 
 birds we have hitherto feen or heard of. | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boox Ill. Parr IIL. 
 
 Of Wiote-rooTed Birps with fhorter Legs. 
 
 % Of fuch as ‘ X p Prole-looted birds with fhorter Legs we diftinguifh into *fuch as want the 
 
 have but three back-toe, and {uch as haveit: Thefe latter into fuch as have all four toes 
 poe netag web‘d together, and fuch as have the back-toe loofe or feparate from the 
 re{t.: Thefe latter again we fubdivide into narrow-bill‘d and broad-bill'd The nar- 
 row-bill’d have their Bills either hooked at the end, or {treighter and fharp-pointed. 
 The hook-bill'd have their Bills either even, or toothed on the fides, Thofe that 
 have {treighter and fharp-pointed Bills are either fhort-winged and divers, called 
 Douckers and Loous ; or long-winged, and much upon the Wing, called Gulls. The 
 broad-bill'd are divided into the Goofe-kind, andthe Duck-kind. The Dauck-kind are 
 either Sea-ducks, or Pond-ducks. | 
 
 The general marks of whole-footed birds are, 1. Short Legs;, Here we mutt ex- 
 cept the Phenicoptter, Corrira, and Avofetta: 2. Legs feathered downto the Knees: 
 3. Short hind-toes: 4.T heoutmoft fore-toe fhorter than the inmoft : 5- Their Rumps 
 lefs erect, than other birds: 6. Moft of the broad-bill’d kind have a kind of 
 hooked narrow plate at the end of the upper Chap of their Bills 5 their bodies flat or 
 -deprefied. | | | 
 N. B. Under the name of whole or web-footed we comprife fome birds, which have 
 indeed their Toes divided, but membranes appendant on each fide, fuch are fome of 
 the Divers or Loons. Thefe might more properly be denominated jit-toed or jin-footed 
 
 than whole-footed. pete nag thee | 
 
 
 
 
 iF 
 Whole-footed Birds that want the Back-toe. 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 Seta mee pei 
 _ 
 
 Senden 
 
 Cuarpes od. 
 Lhe Bird called Penguin by our Seamen, which feems to be Hhiers Goifugel. 
 
 N bignefs it comes near to atame Goof. Thecolour of the upper fide is black, 
 of the under white. Its Wings are very fmall, and feemto be altogether unfit for 
 flight. Its Bill is like the Avks, but longer and broader, comprefied fideways 
 
 graven In with feven or eight furrows in the upper mandible, with ten in the lower. 
 
 The lower Mandible alfo bunches out into au angle downward, likea Gu//s Bill. It 
 
 differs from the Avks Bill in that it hathno white lines, From the Bill to the Eyes on 
 
 rs ues is extended a line or {pot of white.It wants the back-toe, and hatha very 
 ort tail. 
 
 I faw and deferibed it dried inthe Re ofitory of the Royal Society. 1 {aw j 
 Lradefcants Cabinet at Lambeth near aati: m oS ee a BA 9 
 
 The Penguin of the Hollanders, or Magellanic Goofe of Clufivs. 
 
 The Birds of this kind, found in the Iflands of the ftrait of MageBane, the Hol- 
 landers from their fatnefs called Penguins. [1 find in Mr. Terries Voyage tothe Eaft 
 Indies mention made of this Bird. He defcribes it to be a great lazy bird, With a 
 
 white 
 
 “ee 
 
 » = age at 
 2 Re: eet : 
 ae ¢ en . 
 ek . 
 
 | > © 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Boox Ill, _ ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 ~ ~~ a 
 
 a. 
 
 white Head, and coal-black body. Now feeing Penguin in the Welfh Tongue figni= 
 fies a white head, \rather think the Bird was {o called from its white head ; though I 
 confefs that our Peguiz hath not a white Head, but only fome white about the 
 Eyes.] This( faith Cluftws ) is a Sea-fow] of the Goofe-kind, though unlike in its Bill, 
 Itlives in the Seas is very fat, and of the bignefs of a large Goojfe, for the old ones 
 in this kind are found to weigh thirteen, fourteén, yea, fometimes fixteen pounds ; 
 the younger eight, ten, and twelve. The upper fide of the body is covered with 
 - black feathers, the under fide with white. The Neck (which in fome is fhort and 
 thick) hath as it were a ring or collar of white feathers. Their skin is thick likea 
 Swines. They want Wings, but inftead thereof they have two {mall skinny fins, 
 hanging down by their fides like two little arms, covered on the upper fide with 
 fhort, narrow, {tiff feathers, thick-{et ; on the under fide with lefler and ftiffer, and 
 thofe white, wherewith in fome places there are black ones intermixt; altogether 
 unfit for flight, but fuch as by their help the birds fwim fwiftly. I underftood that 
 they abide for the moft part in the water, and go to land only in breeding time, and 
 for the moft part lie three or four in one hole. They have a Bill bigger than a Rz- 
 vens, but not{o “high 3 anda very fhort Tails black, flat F eet, of the form of Gee/e- * Elated. 
 feet, but not fo broad. They walk ereé&t, with their heads on high, their fin-like 
 Wings hanging down by their fides like arms, fo that to them who jee them afar off 
 they appear like fo many diminutive men or Pigwies. 1 find in the Diaries [or Jour- 
 nals of that Voyage ] that they feed only upon fith, yet is not their fleth of any un- 
 grateful relifh, nor dothit tafte of fith. They dig deep holes in the fhore like Cony- 
 burroughs,making all the ground fometimes fo hollow, that the Seamen walking over 
 it would often fink up tothe knees in thofevaults. Thefe perchance are thofe Geef, 
 which Gomora faith are without feathers, never come out of the Sea, and inftead of 
 feathers are covered with longhair. Thus far Clufivs, whofe defcription agrees wel] 
 enough to our Pexgwin 5 but his figure is falfe in that it is drawn with four toes in each 
 foot. ae . 
 Olaus Wormiws * treating of this bird, to Clufiss his defcription adds of his own * *#uii.lib. 3 
 obfervation as followeth. This Bird was brought me from the Ferroyer Iflands i aa 
 Kept it alive for fome months at my houfe.. It wasa young one, forit had not arrived 
 to that bignefs as toexceed a common Goof. It would {wallow an entire Herring at 
 once, and fometimes three fucceflively before it was fatisfied. The feathers On its 
 back were {o foft and even that they refembled black Velvet. Its Belly was of a pure 
 white. _ Above the Eyes it hada round white fpot, of the bignefs of a Dollar, that 
 you would have {worn it werea pair of Spectacles, ( which lufiws obferved not ) nei- 
 ther wereits Wings of that figure heexprefles; but alittle broader, witha border of 
 white. | | ) } 
 Whether it hath or wants the back-toe néither Clufivs nor Wormins intheir de- 
 {criptions make any mention. In Wormsiws his figure there areno back-toes drawn. _ ; 
 This Bird exceeding the reft of this kind in bignefs juftly challenges the firft place 
 among them. 
 
 
 
 CuHuarv. Ii, 
 
 The Bird called the Razor-bill in the Weft of England, the Auk in the North, 
 the Murre in Cornwal: Alka Hoieriin Epift. ad Clufium. Worm.muf, 
 
 the tips of the Wings {pread it was twenty feven inches bread. . Its Head, 
 Neck, Back, and Tail, in general its whole upper fide is black. Its. Belly 
 and Breft as far asthe middle of the Throat white. The upper part of the Throat 
 under the Chin hath fomething of a dusky o¢ purplifh black. Each Wing hath 
 twenty eight quil-featherss the tips of all * to the eleventh are white. . The Fail is : Hartke, sie 
 threeinches long, confifting of twelve feathers, the exteriour fhorter by degrees than 
 the interiour: The excefs of thetwo middlemoft above the next them is greater than 
 shat of the reff. 7 - 
 The Bill from the tip to the angles of the mouth istwo inches long, of 4 deep black, 
 narrow or comprefied fideways. A littlebeyond the Nofthrils in the upper Mandible 
 there isengraven a furrow or incifion deeper than that in pa Coulter-neb. As at 
 
 To isis lefs by half than the Penguin, being not fo big asa tame Duck: Between 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 pi er ce ee 
 324. ORNITHOLOGY. Book Ill. 
 
 this groove the Bill is covered with a thick, fhort, foftdown, like the nap of Velver, 
 The upper Chap 1s crooked at the end, concave and overhangs the lower : Both ate 
 of equal length, channelled with two tranfverfe furrows or grooves [| the upper for 
 the moft part with three, | that next the Head, which is the wideft, and almoft 
 crofies the whole Bill, being white. In thefe furrows there isfome diverfity in feveral 
 birds, for fome have more thantwo: Yet are the white lines like and equal in all. 
 Befides from each Eye to the corner of the upper Mandible is a narrow white line 
 drawn. ‘The Mouth within is of alovely yellow: The Eyes hazel-coloured. The 
 Legs are fituate as inthe Penguin and Coulterneb, of a black colour,as are alfo the Feet 
 and Claws. It wants the back-toe. re 
 
 It lays, fits, and breeds up its Young on the ledges of the craggy Cliffs and fteep 
 Rocks by the Sea-fhores, that are broken and divided into many as it were f{tairs or 
 fhelves, together with the Coulternebs and Guillemots. The Maznks men are wont to 
 compare thete Rocks, with the Birds fitting upon them in breeding time to an Apo- 
 thecaries fhop, the ledges of the Rocks refembling the fhelves, and the Birds the pots. 
 About the Ifle of Maz are very high Cliffs, broken in this manner into many ledges 
 one above another from top to bottom. They are wont to let down men by ropes 
 from the tops of the Cliffs to take away the Eggs and youngones. They take alfo the 
 birds themfelves when they are fitting upon their Eggs, with {nares faftened to the 
 tops of long poles, and fo/put about their Necks. ‘They build no Nefts, but lay their 
 Eggs upon the bare Rocks. They fetch many circuits in getting up to their Nefts, and 
 if they havenot aimedright, andto mifs of them, they drop'down into the Sea, and 
 afcend up again by degrees. *. 
 
 ANl the birds of this kind that we know lay extraordinary great Eggsin proportion 
 totheir bodies « This birds are two inches three quarters long, the leffer ends ‘not fo 
 fharp as inthe Guiemors, white, varied with black {pots, as Hozerws rightly detcribes 
 them. They feedaltogether upon fith. 
 
 
 
 CG wal Pejohlivietes tem 
 *tTom3i ‘The Mergus of Bellonins, % Aldrov. Perchance the fame with the precedent. 
 Pag-240. qn a coupon iil whe seam | Is 
 
 7 ‘diver in Candy, differing from the * Phalacro+corax, and other divers, which 
 : Ke thinks tobe the Aéthyia of Ariftotle. “The Inhabitants of ‘the Cavdy-fhores 
 C faith he ) call it Utamania. It isofthe bignefs of a Teal [_ d'une Sarcelle |} hath a white 
 Belly, a black Head and Back, as alfo Wings and Tail. This‘alone among whole- 
 footed birds wants the back-toe. [, Herein Bellonivs is miftaken. |] Its feathers are 
 like down, fticking faftin the skin. Tts Bill hath fharp edges, ishollow, and‘almoft © 
 plain, for a good part of it covered with downy feathers; the upper Chap being 
 black, the lower white: the crown of its Head is broad. 
 ‘This bird in many things refemblesthe Avk, and perchance it may be the fame, for 
 
 its figure is not unlike: but if it be/indeed, ast is defcribed, no bigger thana Teal, 
 and the lower Mandible of its Bill be white, it muft be different. | 
 
 * The Coot. 
 
 Bem inhis Book Of Objervations writes, that ‘there is a peculiar fort of Sex- 
 
 
 
 Cuap. IV. 
 
 The Bird ‘called by ‘the Welfh and Manks-men, a Guillem, by thofe of 
 Northumberland and Durham, a Guillemot, or Sea-hen ; in Yorkshire about 
 e icis another Scarburgh, a *Skout ; by the Cornifh,.a Kiddaw : Lomwia, Hoieri in 
 Bird which’ -Bpift. ad Clufium. sc, | | 53 
 about the Bafs~ , 
 Tiland, and~* gee ss ; . ao 
 the Novthum- I L islikethe Avk, but greater, coming ‘near to the bignefs of a Duck: In length 
 Ta from Billto Tail eighteen inchesand an half; in breadth the Wings being {pread 
 calla Skout, Out thirty. “Its Head, upper-lide of the Neck, Back, Wings, and Tail, and be- 
 es the Alka fide, the naga far as the middle of the Throat are of a dark brown, or black 
 of Hot, —_ afh-colour 2 "ItsBelly,Breaft, and the re(t of its Throat are white,as in the Auk; The 
 Pe, , tips 
 
 
 
 
 
 aS 
 
 BIND: ( 
 
 eels sy, | 
 ays Yes j 
 
: ee 
 
 
 
 ScuSEEEEEEEEEEEeneereennene 
 
 Boor I. ORNITHOLOGH ~~ sx 
 
 
 
 tips of the eleven foremoft or ovitmolt Wing-feathers of the fitft,tow date white, asin 
 the Avk, The Tailistwo inches long, confifting of twelve feathers, the middlemoft 
 the longeft, the reft by degrees fhorter and fhofter to the outmoft 
 
 The Bill is ftreight, fharp-pomted, black) fiom the tip to the angles of the mouth, 
 almoft three inches long, round; The upper Chap near the point hath on each fide 
 a {mall angular procefs or tooth which'is not récéived in the lower, but overhangs it 
 on both fides when the mouth isthut. - The Totigue undivided : The mouth within 
 yellow. The Feet fituate very backward near the Tail, asin the precedent, ofa black 
 colour, as are alfo the Claws. It wantsthe back-toe. 
 
 The skin of the ftomach within is yellow : The Gall-bladder large: The Tefticles 
 in the Males great, from which the feminal veflel with various winding and refleGions 
 tend ‘to the vent. | 
 
 It livesand companies together with the Avks and Coulternebs : ‘Breeding after the 
 ae manner, and in the fame places : Butit is a (fimpler bird, and more eafily 
 taken. 
 
 It breeds yearly ou the fteep Cliffs and inacceffible Rocks of the Ifle of Man, as 
 do the Awks, &c. Likewife on an Iland or Rock called Godreve, not far from St. Ives 
 in Cornwal: Alfo on Preftholw Wand, about a League diftant from Beaumaris inthe 
 Ile of Axglefey, where for want of freth water no body at prefent dwels, nor are 
 there any buildings remaining, fave an old tumous Chappel dedicated to St. Siri- 
 cian. My Lord Bulkley 1s proprietor of this Mand. ) Moreover, this Bird frequents 
 and builds on the Farz Ilands near the coatt of Northumberland ; and the Clifis about 
 Scarburgh in Yorkshire, inthe Summer-months. 
 
 Thislays the biggelt Eggs of all thiskind, more than three inches long, very fharp 
 atone end, and bluntat'theother, of a bluith ereen colour, fome vatied with black 
 {pots or ftrokes, fome without any. : 
 
 Mr. Johnfox hath obferved thefe birds to vaty fomewhat in colour, fome having 
 black backs, {ome brown or bay: Perchance thefemay be Hens, thofe Cocks. 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuarp. V, 
 
 The Bird called Coulterneb atthe Farn Tlands, Puffin in North-Wales, in 
 South-Wales Gulden-head, Bottle-nofe, and Helegug, at Scarburgh 
 Mullet, im Cornwal Pope, at Fer{ey and Guernfey Barbalot : Anas Arctica 
 Cluf. Pica marina vel Fratercula Gelneri* Aldroy, } s Tome 
 
 > Fro ane eHoTSn bere: 4 bE heeccA\ a : ? $ 
 
 ~~ His is lefler than the tame Duck, extended im Jéength from Bill to Feet twelve 
 
 | Inches. Its Billis fhort, broad, and comprefied fide-ways, contrarily tothe 
 Bills of Ducks, of atriangular figure, and ending in a'fharp point, theupper 
 
 Mandiblearcuate, and crooked at thepoint. Where it is joyned to the Head acer- 
 
 tain callous fub{tance encompafies its bafe, asin Parrots. Between this callous body 
 
 and the firft furrow, anonto be deferibed, are long holes for the Nofthrils produced | 
 
 by the aperture of the mouth. . The Bill is of two colours,near the Head * cinereous f Afi-colow. 
 
 ~ or livid, toward theyoint red 5 it haththree furrows or grooves imprefied in it, one “ 
 
 in the livid part, two inthe red. TheMouth‘is yellow within. The Eyes grey or 
 
 afh-coloured. . The Eye-lids are {trengthened with a black cartilage : in the lowerisa 
 
 carneous protuberance of a * livid colour, in the upper a fatal) triangular excrefcenicy Black and 
 of the fame colour. Bar ite vte 
 
 TheFeet of fome are yellow 3 I fuppofe thofe are'young ones; of othefred, fituate skin after a 
 backwards almoft_ inthe fame plain with the Belly, as they are in Donkers or ‘Loons, tiroke OF coft. 
 fo that the Bird ftands and walks almoft perpendicularly erected upon the Fail. [re “""™ 
 wantsthe back-toe. » The immott of the fore-toés1s the ‘fhorteft, the middiemott the 
 Jongelt.. The Claws are of a dark blue, inclining to black. The topof the Head, 
 the Neck, and Back are black: The Breaft and Belly white.” A ring or ‘muffler of | 
 
 black produced from the Neck encompafies the ‘Phroat. The fides of the Head from il 
 ‘the crown, to the now, mentioned muffler are white, ‘or of a’very pale afh-colour, fo . 3 
 that the Eyesand Ears are included in thefe white fpaces. | “3 ) : 
 Their W ings are {mall, made.up of fhort feathers, nevetthelefs near the faperficies 
 of the water they fly very {wiftly: They fay that out of the fight of the er es 
 
 ee 
 
 
 

 
 er ce 
 
 
 
 AD 
 -— —— ——— 
 
 ITH OLOG Y. ~ Book Il. 
 
 age eg A th AE ELE LEAL A 
 _—————— 
 
 536 “ORN 
 
 ——_— 
 
 
 
 cannot fly at all, nor unlefs they do ever and anondip their Wings in the water. The 
 Tailistwoinches long, madeup of twelve feathers, all black. TheStomach within 
 is yellow: The Liver divided into two Lobes, with a Gall annexed. 
 
 They build no Neft, but lay their Eggs upon the bare ground. They breed in 
 holes under ground, which either they dig for themfelves, or borrow of the Rabbets, 
 whom they drive out and difpoflefs of their burrows. They lay but one Egg apiece 
 ( which is efpecially remarkable ) but if you takeaway the Egg out of any Nett, that 
 Bird will lay afecond ; if you remove that, a third, and fo on tothe fifth. It lays 
 huge Eggs forits bignefs, even bigger than Hens or Ducks, of areddith orfandy co- 
 Jour, much {harper at one end than Hews Eggs, and blunter at the other. 
 
 Inthe [lands of Maz, Bardfey, Caldcy, Farn, Godreve, Sillies, and other {mall de- 
 fert Iflets near the Sea-fhore they breed yearly in great numbers: And not only in 
 Iflands, but alfo on Rocks and Clifis by the Sea-fide, about Scarborough, Tenby, and 
 elfewhere. 
 
 In the Summer time they abide in the places mentioned, being bufie in breeding 
 and feeding their Young : In the beginning of Autumn they fly away, returning again 
 the next Spring. Whitherthey fly, and where they {pend their Winter we know not. 
 It isreported, that in the latter end of March, or beginning of April there come over 
 firft fome Spies or Harbingers, which ftay fome two or three days as it were to view 
 and fearch out the places they ufe to breed in,and fee whether all be well: Which done 
 they depart, and about the beginning of My return again with the whole troup of 
 theirfellows. Butif that feafon happen to be ftormy and tempeftuous, and theSea 
 troubled, there are abundance of them found caft upon the fhores lean and perifhed 
 with famine. For they cannot, unlefs the Sea be calm, either proceed in their jour- 
 ney, or fith for their living. In Avgujt they all depart, nor are they {een any more 
 any where about our Coatts till the next Spring. The Young which cannot then fly 
 they leave to fhift for themfelves. . All thefe things are to be underftood alfo of the 
 Auk, and Guillemot. Fox thefe three kinds do for the moft part fly together,and build 
 inthe fame places. 
 
 A certain Fifherman told us, that in the middle of Winter he once found a Puffiz 
 
 *ThisIland is under water, torpid, amongthe Rocks not far from * Bardjey (land, which being 
 not far diftant again caft into the Sea {treightway fank tothe bottom. Believe it that will. Mr. fr. 
 
 from th . 
 momery of Feffop fent us one killed in the frefh waters not far from Sheffield in Yorkshire, much 
 
 * 
 
 carnarvanfbire’ Jefsthan this we have deferibed, which ye [think differed only in age; forall marks 
 
 a reed. pacts TPT Seer ts " 
 
 "OF all the birdsof this kind hitherto defcribed I think it to be true which Mr. Fohz- 
 fon hath obferved, that the underfide is fo far white as itis immerfed in the water in 
 {wimming, the upper fide as far as it is extant above the water being black. 
 
 The Avk, Guillemot, this Bird, and perchance all the reft of this kind and the So- 
 Jand-Goofe lay but one Egg, and bring up but one young oneat once, which is a thing 
 very remarkable and worthy the obfervation: But that Egg for the bignefs of the 
 birdsis an extraordinary great one. | 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHar. VI. 
 The Greenland-Dove or Sea-Turtle : Columba Groenlandica dicta. 
 
 Ither alfo is tobe referred that bird which in Holand they call the Greexland- 
 Dove, for that alfo wants theback-toe. It is like the Coulterneb, but lefs: Its 
 : Legs alike red: Its Bill longer, not comprefied fideways, fharp-pointed, a 
 little crooked atte end, and prominent. | 
 It hatha large "white {pot on the upper furface of each Wing, elfe it is all over 
 rates ee colour of aCoot. We counted in each Wing twenty fix or twenty feven 
 quil- ers. | | 
 
 Teutis this bird to be the fame with the Puffinet of the Farz Ilands, which they 
 
 - told us was of the bignefs of a Dove: Its whole body in Summer-time being black, 
 excepting a white {pot in each Wing,.. but turning white in the Winter : That it had a 
 narrow,{harp Bill,that it built inthe holes of the Rocks,and laid two Eggs. I perfwade 
 my felf alfo,that it is the fame with the Turtle-dove of the Bas Ifland near Edzuburgh in 
 Scotland, being thereto induced by the agreement of names. 3 
 
 aS oe Why 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 ee ene eesti stereos, nn 
 Book IL ORNITHOLOGY. 
 W hy they call it a Dove or Turtle l cannot certainly tel]. It is indeed about the 
 
 bignefs of a Turtle, and la 
 ) ys (they fay ) two Eggs at once like them, and poflibly 
 there may be fome agreement in their voice or Bod ‘ Pater 
 
 lo 
 
 St ect —_—— — 
 aerial “ 
 I a -_———- = 
 
 SEC Prcpe If 
 Whole-footed Birds with four fore-toes, or four toes all 
 webd together. 
 pS bee 
 CHar. £ 
 
 
 
 The Pelecan: Onocrotalus five Pelecanus, Aldroy. 
 
 [“S He length of this Bird from the point of the Bill to theend of the Feet or 
 of the Tail was fixty inches : OF the Billit {elf from the tip tothe angles 
 
 of the mouth fourteen. The {pace between the Eyes and the Bill is * na- * Bare of fea: 
 ked. _ Its feathers are almott like a Goofes : Thofe on the top of the Head ‘¢" 
 
 longer than the reft, {tanding up likea Creft. The colour of the whole body white : 
 Yet the Neck is yellowith. The fhafts of the back-feathers are black. The Tailand 
 covert-feathers ofthe Wings are of a dusky afh-colour, as in Geefe: The endsof the 
 quil-feathers black, The Tail is about {even inches long, made up of twenty or 
 twenty two feathers, of almoft equal length, fave that the outmoft area little fhorter 
 than the middlemoft. Each Wing hath twenty eight quil-feathers. The Bill toward 
 the Head is of a Lead-colour, the end being yellowifh: The upper Mandible broad 
 and flat, the nether as1t weretwo long ribs or {pars joyned at one end, witha thick 
 yellow skin Interceding, which reaches backwards to the Throat beyond the Bill. At 
 the end of the Bill isa little knob or protuberance, but the utmoft tip of the Bill is 
 hooked. The Nofthrils are fituate at the bafe of the Bill near the Head; above the 
 cranny or furrow running along the length of the Bill, as in the Soland-goofe, and are 
 round. . The Eyes are of a yellowith ath-colour, or rather whitith : The Legs and 
 Feet of alead colour. Thefhanks bare above the knees. All the four toes are web'd 
 ogee as a hath rightly obferved. 
 
 We faw and defcribed this Bird in the Royal Aviar in St. Fames Park near Weftmine 
 fier. The Emperour of Raffia by his reef, fent 2 his Majefty in —— 
 166 among other rarities prefented the King with two birds of this kind. 
 
 Francifews Stellutus, in a Letter to* Jo. Faber at Rome, defcribes a Pelecan he faw * Sce his Ari. 
 at Fabriavothus. This Bird is much bigger than the biggelt Goole, yea, equal to, or fotationson 
 bigger than a Swan. | That which Gefner defcribed weighed twenty four pounds, 4 nimale 
 
 of twelve ounces the pound :. Of Aldrovands two one weighed eighteen pounds, the 
 other twenty five.] Of a whitith colour, yet not purely white, but clouded with 
 fomething of dusky or red. Nor is this colour uniform all the body over, for the 
 Wing-feathers are darker thanof the reft of the body. Its Feet aremade up of three 
 Toes joyned together by a membrane, and a Heel behind. [ Here by inadvertency 
 I fuppofe SteVutws is miftaken, for all four toes are web’d together.] The Bill almoft 
 as long as onesarm, but nottoothed. The tip of theupper Chap is bent downward, 
 with a hook likethe claw of fomebird.. I could not fee any Tongue, [neither could 
 Faber, who faw this fame bird afterward at Rome, find the Tongue, though he 
 {earched diligently for it] but where the root of the Tongue was fixed I obferved 
 certain perforate bodies, On the crown of the Head there {tood up {ome feathers 
 elevated above the reft, imitating aCreft. The bag which hangs down under the 
 Bill, and which makes the Pelecay greatly different from other birds, is membrana- 
 ceous, which it fometimes contraéts and draws up foto the Bil], that it 1s {carcecon- 
 {picuous, other times it fuffers to be fo dilated ag to receive and contain many ( Faber 
 faith thirty ) pounds of water: The membrane being fo ftretcht and diftended, that 
 it appears tran{parent, many fibres and veins running.up and down through it, I 
 wondered molt (they are Fabers words ) when the Bill being opened very wide, 
 I faw the whole head of a man of great ftature received in that vaft gulf of the 
 
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 der the Bill, 
 
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 I LOE 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Ul. 
 
 ae nce Nia a eiiaginane abate ne a algae GL se ei eae ae ore 
 * Craw, Th the Head I difcovered two manifeft but {mall holes reaching to the brain, 
 whichferved for fmelling. Wantinga Tongue it muft make that uncouth found, like 
 the braying of an Afs, by the help of its Larynx only. I heard not this, but the 
 Keeper of this Bird, that carried it up and down to fhew, when he provoked it, 
 {triking it on the Bill, and the Bird {eemed angry, and ready to peck or {trike with its 
 Bill, fo thatit would fometimes catch hold of his hand, it madea noife fomewhat like 
 the cry of a Goofé, and that a {mall and hoarfe one. | 
 
 The noble Lord Fo. Carolus Schaad related to me,that a great while fince there were 
 three Pelecans fhotin the River Daxow running through Bavaria, two of which were 
 kill’d,the third brought alive to theDuke of Bavaria’sCourt,where it lived forty years. 
 It was much delighted in the company and converfation of men, and in Mufick both 
 Vocal and Inftrumental.. Forit would willingly ftand by thofe that fung or founded 
 the Trumpet, and ftretching out its Head, and turning its Ear to the Mufick, liftened 
 very attentively to that {weet harmony, though its own voice Is faid to be like the 
 braying of an Afs. [his confirms what weread in Aldrovand of the age of the Pelecan. 
 which was kept fifty years at Mechlin, and was verily believed to be eighty years old. 
 Thus far Faber. 
 
 It is fingular in this Bird, that its bones are pellucid, folid, without any marrow at 
 all within; and thatthe divifion of the Wind-pipe into two branches is near about 
 the middle of the ftomach, which I never obferved in any other bird, faith Al- 
 drovand. - 
 
 This bird feeds upon fith, as do all the reftof this kind. Faber faw it {wallow two 
 freth Hake s, that weighed about four pounds, whole. 
 
 Many of them frequent the River Danow, butbreed not there. Bellonius faith he 
 {aw flocks of Oxocrotali in Egypt : Olaws Magnus writes, that they are frequent in the 
 NorthernCountries. Oviedws reports, that there 1s often feena great flock of them 
 about Panama in the Weft Indies, where they breed on the adjacent Rocks and 
 fandr. There are faid to be of them likewife on the Cafpian Sea. Of old time it 
 feems they have frequented the Coatt of Italy about Ravenna, for Martial hath it, 
 Turpe Ravennatis guttur Onocrotali. Matthiolws makes them very common in the Sea- 
 coafts of Tufcany, efpecially about the Cape Argentaro, being frequently found 
 about Port Hercole, and the Lake of ‘Urbicello, where the Inbabitants call them Agrot- 
 +i. What credit this deferves ( faith Faber) I know not, this I know, that many of 
 Maithiolws his Country men have {Ca ‘ce ever feen fo much as the Picture of an Oxzo- 
 crotalus, which if they were {o commion there, would ‘not fure be accounted fuch 
 
 {trange things as to be carried about to fhew at Rome, andin other places of Italy, 
 
 elie ltr TT rr a ne aE ale 
 C mapa ds 
 The Soland Goofe.: Anfer. Baflanus. 
 
 of theFeet thirty four inches long : To the end of the Tail thirty nine. Its Wings 
 
 are of an extraordinary length, for being extended their extreme tips are feventy 
 two inches diftant. 
 
 Its Bill is long, ftreight, of a dark ath-colour, a little crooked at the point, having 
 
 T: bignefs it equals a tame Goofe. Itis by meafure from the tip of the Bill to the end 
 
 on each fide not far from the hook an angular Appendix or tooth, like the Bills of 
 
 fome rapacious birds. Beyond the Eyesthe skin on thefides of the Head is bare of 
 feathers, asin theCormoraxt. The Palate, and all the infide of the Mouth is black: 
 The flit of the Mouth huge wide. At the angle of the * Opfilon-lke bone is a very 
 {mall Tongue: The Ears of ameanfize: The Eyes hazel-coloured. [In another bird 
 they were yellow.] By a diligent fearch we could findno Nofthrils, but in their ftead 
 a furrow or crariny extended on each fide through the whole length of the Bill. If 
 one view them attentively the edges of both Mandibles appear ferrat, that it may 
 
 _ more firmly hold the fith thatit catcheth. It hath four fore-toes 5 for allits four toes 
 are web'd together, and f{tand forward. TheLegs are feathered down to the knees - 
 
 The Feet and Legs, as faras they are bare, black: The Claw of the middle Toe is 
 broad, and peGtinated on the infide as in Herons. The Plumage is like that of a 
 Goofé. The colour of the old ones that have moulted their Chicken-feathers 1s all 
 over white, excepting the greater quil-feathers of the Wings, which are black, a 
 
 the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . = ¢ Se Sais 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Boox II, ORNITHOLOGY. 
 the top of the head, which with age grows yellow. The young ones are partico- 
 Joured of white and dark brown or black, efpecially on the upper part of the body. 
 The number of quil-feathers in each Wing is. about thirty two. .The Tail is white, 
 about feven inches long, confifting of twelve feathers. The skin is very full, {ticking 
 loofe to the fleth. | | 
 
 The Bird we defcribed was taken alive near Colefhil, a Market Town in Warwich- 
 fiire, not being able by reafon of the length of his Wings to raife himfelf from the 
 ground, on which, I know not by what chance, he had fallen down. The blind guts 
 were very fhort: Scarce any foot{tep remaining of the channel conveying the ¥olk 
 into the guts. | 3 
 
 In the Bajs Ifland in Scotland, lying in the middle of Bedinburch Frith, and no 
 where elfe, that I know of, in Britany, a huge number of thefe Birds doth yearly 
 breed. Each Femalelays only one Egg. Upon this Ifland the Birds, being never thot 
 at or frightned, are fo confident as to alight and feed their young ones clofe by you. 
 They feed only upon fifh, yet are the young Gee/é counted a great dainty by the Scots, 
 and fold very dear, fo that the Lord of the Iflet makes no fmall profit of. them y¢ar- 
 ly. They come in the Spring, and go not away again before the Autumn. Whither 
 they go, and where they Winter is to me unknown. 
 
 
 
 ee 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHape. IIL. 
 The Cormorant : Corvus aquaticus. 
 
 N bignefs it isnot much inferiour to a Goofe. The colour on the upper fide is 
 i dusky, fhining with an obfeure tingture of green 5 exactly like that of a Shag. 
 The Breaft and Belly are white. Each Wing hath about thirty quil-feathers, the 
 extreme tips whereof,as alfo of thofe of the fecond row, area little afh-coloured. The 
 Tail is extended beyond the Feet, being an hand-breadth and an half long, when 
 {pread ending in a round circumference, being concave on the underfide, confilting of 
 fourteen {tiff hard feathers, not being in any part covered with feathers incumbent 
 on it either above or beneath. The Bill is like that of the Shag, three inches and an 
 half long, hooked at the end; the upper Mandible black with {harp edges; the fides 
 of the lower Mandible comprefled and broad. The Tongue fmall, and almoft none. 
 The Eyes fituate nearer the aperture of the Mouth than in moft other birds, having 
 cinereous circles round the Pupil. | The Legs are ftrong, thick, but ver y_ fhort, 
 broad, and flat, at leaftin the young ones. The Feet and Claws black, covered with 
 a skin not divided into perfect {eales, butcancellated. It hath four Toes in each foot, 
 all web'd together by a broad black membrane, and ftanding forward, the outmott the 
 longeft, the reft inorder fhorter, The Claw of the middle Toe is ferrate onthe in- 
 fide.. But what is e{pecially remarkable in this Bird, wherein it chiefly differs,the big- 
 nefs excepted, from the Shag, is, that the balis of the nether Chap is covered witha 
 naked yellow skinor membrane, like the El&s. | 
 Its ftomach is membranaceous,but its upper part thick and glandulous: Within were 
 bones of fifhes which it had devoured, and alfo one fith entire; that was a {mall Cod- 
 fis alfomany little, long, blackifh worms of the figure of Earthworms. Such like 
 worms alfo Mr.Wiluehby found in the ftomach of a young one, which he gotat Se- 
 venhuys in Holland, where many birds of this kind build upon trees. The Guts are 
 Jong, having many revolutions : The blind Guts very (mall: The Liver large,divided 
 into two Lobes, theright one the bigger. It is infelted with Lice of 4 pale red co- 
 lour, having a great black {pot in the middle of their Backs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 —_———__ 7 
 
 They are wont (faith * fo. Faber ) in Eneland to train up Cormorants to fithing, * tn his An. 
 When they carry them out of the rooms where they are kept to the fith-pools, they Hotationsupon 
 
 hood-wink them,that they be.not frightned by the way. When they are cometo the 
 Ravers they take off their hoods, and having tied a leather thong round the lower 
 part of their Necks that they may not {wallow down the &th they catch, they throw 
 them into the River. They prefently dive under water, and there fora long time 
 with wonderful {wiftnefs purfue the fith, and when they have caught them they arife 
 prefently to the top of the water, and prefiing the fith lightly with their Bills they 
 {wallow them 5 tilleach Bird hath after thismanner devoured five or fix fifhes. Then 
 their Keepers call them to the fift, to which they — and little by little = 
 
 u after 
 
 R ecchus his 
 Animals, 
 
 
 

 
 + Lib. TO. 
 chap. $4. 
 
 * This mark 
 agrees alfo 
 tothe Cormo- 
 t dite 
 
 ORNCITHOLOGY. Boox fl. 
 after another vomit up all their fith a little bruifed with the nip they gave them with 
 their Bills. 'Whenthey havedone fifhing, fetting the Birdson fome high place they 
 
 
 
 
 
 Joofe the {tring from their Necks, leaving the paflage to the ftomach free and open, 
 
 and for their reward they throw them part of their prey they have caught,to each per- 
 chance one or two fifhes, which they by the way as they are falling in the air will 
 catch moft dextroufly m their mouths. This kind of fifhing with Cormorants is 
 s+ feems alfo ufed in the Kingdom of China, as * Nierembergivs out of Mendoza 
 relates. 
 
 This Bird builds not only on the Sea-Rocks, but alfo upontrees. For ( faith a 
 certain Exglifhwan mentioned by Aldrovand ) I have feen their Nefts on the Rocks 
 nearthe mouth of the River Tie, and in Norfolk upon high trees together with the 
 Herons. Which famething we alfo have obferved. For on the Rocks‘of Prefiholm 
 Ifland near Beanmaris we {aw a Cormorants Neft, andon the high trees near Sevenhuys 
 in Holland abundance. Which thing is worthy the notice-taking: For befides this 
 and the following, we have not known ot heard of any whole-footed bird that is 
 wont to fit upon trees, much Jefs build its Neft upon them. 
 
 a fag agin CE A EE atdinat <cystittiialanintiathe ctteiadiensiee TOOT A 
 
 Cuap. IV. 
 
 ~~ 
 
 
 
 The Shag, called in the North of England; the Crane : Corvus aquaticus minor 
 five Graculus palmipes. 
 
 T is bigger than a tame Duck, weighing almoft four pounds. | Its length from 
 Bill-point to Tail end was two foot and an half. Its breadth the Wings being 
 {pread forty fourinches. Its Bill ftreight, {lender, neither flat, nor comprefied 
 fideways, but rather round, from the tip to the angles of the mouth four inches 
 
 long; the upper Mandible black, hooked at theend, thenether from green of a pale 
 yellow. Ithathawidegape. The Tongucis {mall, and almoftnone. The Nofthrils 
 were not confpicuous, at leaft I could not difcover any that it had. The Eyes {mall, 
 fituate lower and forwarder thanis ufual in otherbirds.” Its body is fall, flat and ¢e- 
 preffed like the duz Divers: The upper fide of a black purplifh colour, or black,with 
 a dark tinéture of green, fhining like fitk: The under-fide is dusky, but in the mid- 
 dle of the Belly inclining to ath-colour. Under the Chin itis white, behind the 
 Vent blackerthan thereft of the Belly. The Tail isan hand-breadth andan half long 
 compofed of twelve feathers, hard and {tiff, the middlemoft being the longeft, and 
 the outmoft the fhorteft, fo that being fpread it feems to refemble an hyperbolical cir- 
 cumference. Each Wing hath thirty feathers in the firltrow. “The Wings when 
 clofed reach no further than the bafe or beginning of the Tail. The Legs are fhort 
 broad, comprefled, feathered down to the Knees. Theskin of the Legs is cancella- 
 ted, notfcaly. It hath four Toes, all connected by intervening membranes, armed 
 with black Claws; the outmoft Toe the longeft, the reft in order fhorter. The 
 {foals of the Feet and backfides of the Legs are black: The membranes connecting 
 the Toes dusky. The Claw of the middle toe is ferrate on the infide. It hath a huge, 
 long, membranous ftomach, which in the birds we diflected was full of {mall fifhes. 
 It {wims in the Sea with its Head ereét, its body almoft immerfed inthe water. When 
 a Gunis difcharged at it, as foon asit fees the fire flafh, immediately it pops under wa» 
 ter like a Doncker, fo that it isa very hard thing to {hoot it. | 
 
 It differs from the precedent, 1. In bignefs, being muchlefs: 2. In the colour of 
 the Belly, whichin this 1s blackifh, in that white: 3. Inthenumber of the feathers 
 of the Tail, whichis this are but twelve, whereas in that they are fourteen: 4. In 
 that the claw of the middle toe in this 1s ferrate, as in Heros, in that only fharp- 
 edged. [ Mr. Fohnfon givesthe Cormorant a ferrate Claw, and denies it tothis. Per- 
 chance herein theremay be variety, Nature ( as they term it ) {porting it felf, and not 
 obferving conftantly the famerule:] 5. That in this there is not fo much bare skin 
 at the bafe of the Bill as in that, nor of the fame yellow colour: 6. La(tly, in the flen- 
 dernefg and length of the Bill. | 
 
 This Bird alfo builds on trees - ItsEggsare long and white. 
 
 ! 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 ei 
 Cee a, . 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Boox Ill. ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 Cuaprp. YV. 
 
 * The Sula of Flier * Cluf. near of kin to,if not. the [amé with the Soland- goi/e. 
 
 Rom the bottom of the Neck to the Rump, meafuring along the Back, it-was 
 E a Roman foot long. From the topof the Head tothe Back were eleven inches. 
 The Neck was as much about. The ee of the Bill ( which was very fharp- 
 pointed and {trong ) was five inches and an hal » The thicker part of the Bill, and 
 that about the Eyes was black. ‘The conipa{s of the body was fill twenty four inches, 
 that is, two Roman feet. The Wings were more than a foot long ; but the longer 
 feathers of the Tail did not exceed the length of {even inches. It had but flendér and 
 infirm Legs, and thofe not more than two inches long, and wholly of ablack co- 
 Jour, as were alfo the Feet, which were very broad, confittingof four Toes, of which 
 the outermoft, and. that next it ( which were the longeft ) confifted of’ three articy- 
 lations, the third of two, the leaft of one, each armed with a {mall claw, except the 
 fecond, the Nail whereof isa little broader than ‘the reft, and ferrate on one fide ; 
 but they are all joyned together by a black membrane.’ The longer prime feathers of 
 the Wings areall black, as are alfo thofe three, which are longeft, and lie uppermoft, 
 and take up the middle part of the Tail. Thereltof the body was covered with 
 white feathers, which yet in the Back were fomething yellowith, as if they ‘were 
 {trowed with clay or duft. | 7 
 This Bird in many things agrees with the Soland-goofe, yet in fome it differs, viz.the 
 fharpnefs of the Bill, the black colour about the Eyes, the finalnéfeof the Legs, and 
 the black colour of the middle feathers of the Tail. But I fuppofe Clufius was mi- 
 {taken in the number of the joynts of the outer Toe, for the outer and middle Toein 
 no bird that [have yet hapned to fee, except only the Swift; do agree in the number 
 of joynts: Nor doth the outer Toe confiltof three articulations, but four, the mid- 
 dle of three, the inner of two, and the leaft orback-toe of one. 
 Clufivs took this defcription from a dried bird; 'fent by Dr. Henry Hoier, Phyfician 
 in Bergen in Norwey, to Dr. Peter Panw, firtt Profeffor of Phyfick in Leyden: {tig 
 Che faith } called Sula by the Inhabitants of the Iflands Ferroyer, where it is taken: 
 
 Thofe Iflands, Hozer writes in his Epiltle to Clufis, are faid to be facalled from the 
 abundance of feathers there. | 
 
 
 
 Gh: Cua P. “ eee Py is 
 
 The Tropic Bird, 
 
 — 
 
 Tis of the bignefs of a Duck, hathared Bill, about two inches long, fomewhat 
 . bending downward, and tharp-pointed. ‘A line of black is drawn oneach fide 
 from the corner of the mouth to the back of the Head. The Belly is white: 
 ~The Back alfo is white, but vartegated with. tranfvérfe ‘lines of black thick fet) 
 which make it very'beautiful to behold. The Wings are very long, yet each fingle 
 feather fhort, as in the Soland-goofe.. In the autmott quil-feathers the one Web, 
 z. €, that on the outfide the fhaft is black, the other or inner Web white; inthe next 
 to thefe the middle part of the feather-along the thaft is black, the edges on both fides 
 white 5 the next to thefe are all white 5 thofe next of all to the body black, and longer 
 than the reft. The Feet are black; the Legs white: All the four Toes web'd toge- 
 ther. Inthe Tail( if one may relyuponthe ftuft skin, or credit the relation of thofe 
 thofe that fentit Yareonly two very long feathers, of about eighteen inches, narrow, 
 and ending in tharp points, This defcription I took from the &afe of the bird con- 
 ferved in the Repofitory. of the Rojal Society, 0.0 : 
 
 {t is called the Tropic-bird becaufe it is found aboiit the Latitude of the Tropic 
 ciicles, and no where elfe; f far as hath been by our Englifhy Travellers hitherto 
 obferved. | Wai eal 
 
 My honoured and ingenious. friend, Mr. Martin Lifter of York, takes thisto bé 
 the bird defcribed in the Hittory of the Carribbee Iflands in thefe words - There are 
 feew near thefe Iflands, and Jometimes at agreat diftance from themin the S €4, certain birds 
 
 Unu 2 perfedly 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 GTR MIT HOLOGH,  Boox il, 
 
 perfedly white, whofe Beaks and F eet are as red asCoral. They are fomewhat bigger than 
 Crows : They are conceived to be akind of Herons, becaufe their Tails confift of two long 
 and precious feathers, by which they are diftinguifbed from all other birds frequenting the 
 Sea. This, faith Mr. Lifter, can bemeant of no other than the Tropic-bird: But then 
 it is wrong defcribed, with red legs, and a perfectly white body. 
 
 
 
 CoA Pe. Wa 
 * ‘The Anhinga of the Tupinambz a people of Brafil. Margoray. 
 
 * Meret aqua T asanelegant fort of * Diver. Its body ( excepting the Neck) is of the bignefs 
 
 tick. of a common tame Ducks : Its Bill ftreight, notthick, very fharp, three inches 
 Jong, the foremoft half both above and below having a double row of very 
 *The word is fharp * teeth inclining backwards. Its Head is {mall, oblong, refembling a Ser- 
 
 Hamuli, figni« c ’ rs 
 fing de pents, alittle morethan an inch and half long : Its Eyes black, with a golden circle: 
 
 hooks, Its Neck flender, round, afootilong: Its body but only feven inches. Its Legs are 
 fhort:. The upper two inches long, and feathered 5 the lower fcarcean inch and half. 
 
 It hath four Toes, three turned forwards, joyned together by membranes, after the 
 
 manner of Ducks or Cormorants, the fourth fhorter, extended fideways below, joyn- 
 
 _ edto thereft by amembrane; very fharp, crooked Claws: A broad Tail, ten inches 
 
 long, confifting of twelve feathers. The Wings endabout the middle of the Tail. 
 
 The Billis:grey, and after its rifea little yellowifh. - All the Head and Neck are cove- 
 
 red with very fine feathers, to the touch as foft and fleek as Velvet, onthe upper fide 
 
 of the Head and Neck of a colour from grey inclining to yellow: Under the Throat 
 
 and beneath the Neck of a grey colour, like the fur of thofe skins called Verhfelle, of 
 
 * In Germany which womens * Caps are made, which fur they refemble both to the touchand fight. 
 eae ytee _The whole breaft, lower Belly, and upper Legs are covered with foft feathers of a 
 round fur- filver colour : The beginning of the Back with brown ones, each whereof hath in its 
 ar eeal 1. middle an oblong {pot of a whitifh yellow colour, fothat it appears {peckled: The 
 moftasTur- reftof the Back hatha black Plumage. ° It hath long Wings, at the * fetting on cove- 
 eas be, Vered: with the like fhort feathers as the beginning of the Back. Then follows a 
 ciming per. Low Of half grey, half black ones, that is, on one fide the fhaft Sacer t 
 chancehe black: But the prime feathersareblack. The Tail confifts of black and fhining fea- 
 mye __ thers, whofeendsare grey. The Legs and Feet are of a colour from a dark yellow 
 ridge. incliningto grey. Itisvery cunning incatching of fifh. For after the manner of Ser- 
 
 pents, firft drawing up its neck, it darts forth its Bill upon the fifhes, and catches them 
 
 withits Claws. I haveeaten of its flefh, butit is not much better than the flefh ofa — 
 
 Gull 
 
 
 
 
 
 ger LON. LL. caw de 
 
 Whole-footed Birds, having the back-toe loofe, with a narrow Bill, 
 | | hooked at the end, and not toothed. 
 
 
 
 a — 
 —_ _ 
 
 | | Cuap. I, 
 * Of the Artenna of the Tremiti I/flands : De Ave Diomedea. 
 
 His Bird Aldrovandys {ets forth for the .Diomedea avis, induced thereto by 
 
 this argument chiefly, becaufe the prefent Inhabitants of the Diomedean 
 
 Iflands, called now Tremiti, do affirm thereof what Plixy of old con- 
 
 : cerning the Diomedean Birds, viz. that they are found in no other place but 
 in thofe Iflands. His defcription he partly borrows of Gefwer, partly takes froma 
 
 Picture of the Bird. 
 | They 
 
 5 e ~ 
 te yp a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 They are( faith he ) of the bignefs of a good corpulent hen, but have pretty long 
 Necks and Legs. Their colour is dusky, or a dark afh, and (1f7 be not miftaken ) 
 they have fome whiteunder their Bellies, as wild Pigeons fometimeshave. { My Bird 
 on the under-fide was almoft. wholly white.] Its Billis very hard, and hooked atthe 
 end like an Eagles, but not f much, of a bright red, if I well remember, { Tbe- 
 lieve he did ‘not well remember this, for the Bill in my Bird was of a pale yellow, all 
 but the hook, which was black.] Its Eyes fair, of a fire-colour, not very great. For 
 
 Adid once fee one, which being {mitten with a rod) onthe Head opened its Eyes 
 
 andicried out, but {hut them prefently again, notbeing able to bear the light of the 
 Sup. Axzdagain : Their colour is not fimply white ( as Pliny writes ) but inclining 
 to cinereous, as in Fylice ( he means a Bird of the Gull-kind) to which alfo he com. 
 pares them. Whether they have toothed Bills or not, I did not obferve, but they 
 have them ftrong and pretty long. Thus farGefzer. Which notes (faith Aldrovandus) 
 do for the moft part agree exactly to. my Bird, which hadit nota hooked Bill, one 
 might not unfitly judge to be of the great Gull-kind : It doth fo refemble them in the 
 whole body, but efpecially inthe Wings. The Feet are of the fame colour with the 
 Bill, asare the Legs alfo. 
 
 But this defcription isnot much to be confided in, being partly borrowed of Gef- 
 ner, ( whohad it from the relationof a certain friend, who defcribed it by memory 
 partly took from a Picture,or a dried cafe of the Bird {ent him out ofthe Iland. Thole 
 who happen to travel to the Mlands called Tremti, would do well to enquire dili- 
 gently concerning thefe Birds,or rather themfelves procure and exactly defcribe them, 
 that{o we may not be any longer without true and perfect hiftory of them. 
 
 
 
 ) —“Cuar. IL AS | 
 Lhe Puffin of the Ife of Man, which I take ‘to be the Pufinus Anglorum. 
 
 makes itequal in bignefs to a tame Pigeon. Thole which. I faw dried in the 
 Repofitory of the Royal Society, and in Lradefcants Cabinet, {eemed.to me 
 fomewhat bigger. Its colour on the Head, Neck, Back, and whole upper fide 
 is dusky or black, onthe Breaftand Belly white: - The Bill isan inch and half,-or it 
 may be two inches long, narrow, black, and for its figure fomething like toa Lap- 
 wings Bill, the upper Chap being hooked at the end, like aCormorants. Its bafe is co- 
 vered with anaked skin, in which arethe Nofthrils. From the Nofthrils on each fide 
 a furrow or grooveis produced almoltto the hook, - The Head is blacker than the reft 
 of the Back : The Wings long: The Tail an hand-breadth long, and black. The 
 Feet underneath black; above, thé outer half of each foot is black, the innerof a 
 pale or whitith flefh-colour, fo that the middle toe is partly white, partly black. Te 
 hath a {mall back-toe, and black Clawsi... 61 or 
 For its extraordinary fatnefs its fleth is efteemed unwholfom meat, unlefs it be well 
 feafoned with falt. | ies 
 Atthe Southend of the Ifle of Maz lies’ a little Iflet, divided from Man by-anar- 
 row channel, called the Calf of Maz; on which are no habitations, but only aCot- 
 tage ortwo lately built.’ This Ifletis full of Conies; which the Puffins coming year- 
 ly diflodge, and buildin their Burroughs. They Jay each but one Egg before they 
 fit, like the Razor-bil/ and Guillem ; although it-be the common’ perfwation-that they 
 lay two at a time, of which the one is always'addle. ‘They feed. their young ones 
 wondrous fat. Theold ones early inthemorning, atbreak of day, leave their Nefts 
 and Young, and the Ifland it felf, and:fpend the whole day in fifhing in the Sea, never 
 returning or once fetting foot on the Ifland before Evening twilight : So that all day 
 
 M: Willughby faw and defcribed only ; young one taken outof the Neft, who 
 
 _ the Ifland is fo quiet and ftill from all noife as if there were not a bird aboutit. What- 
 
 ever fifth or other food they have gotten and fwallowed in the day-time, by the innate 
 heat or proper ferment of the ftomach is (as they fay ) changed intoa certain oyly 
 {ub{tance [ or rather chyle’] a good part whereof in the night-time they vomit up 
 into the mouths of their Young, which being therewith nourifhed grow extraordina- 
 rily fat. When they dare come to their ful] growth, they who are intrufted by the 
 
 * Lord of the Ifland draw them out of the Cony-holes, and that they may the MOFe * The Earl 
 readily know and keep account of the number they take, they cut off one foot and-f Darly, 
 
 referve 
 
 
 
 
 
ii ORNITHOLOGY. Boow Ul. 4 
 
 i ll i sh Selig J a gaa i, ha calico 
 _ referve it 5 which gave occafion to that Fable, that the Puffins are fingle-footed. They ' 
 
 * The ee ufually fell them for about nine pence the dozen, a very cheap rate. * They fay 
 
 rprrench their flefh is permitted by the Romifh Church to be eaten in Lext, being for the 
 
 Macreufe,per- tafte fo like to fifh. 
 
 
 
 chan te Gener, and Aldrovand following him, from the relation of a certain Englifh man, 
 adh the rite, that they want hard feathers, being covered only with foft feathers, or a | 
 
 Puffine kind of down: Which isaltogether falfe, they being furnifhed with fufficiently long 
 Wings and Tail, and flying very {wiftly. They fay it is a foolith bird, and.eafily 
 taken. We are told that they breed notonly on the Calf of Man, but alfo'on the 
 Silly (lands. Notwithftanding they are fold fo cheap, yet fome years, there 1s thirty 
 pounds made of the young Puftins taken in the Calf of Maz: Whence may be eathefed 
 what number of birds breed there. Tweed 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHAP. IIL. 
 * The Brafilian Maiague of Pifo. 
 
 | Aiagué, alfo received into the number of whole-footed, edible, but Sea wild- 
 fowl, is of the bignefs and fhape of a Goofe; not unlike to thofe great black 
 diving birds of our Country, having 1n like manner the end of their Bills 
 The Core hooked and fitted for ravin : So'that it feems:to refemble Gefzers * Corvus aquaticws. 
 morant. It hath a thick, round Head; fhining Eyes; a long Neck, decently bowed like a 
 | Swans. The whole Bird is of adusky and blackiflr colour, only the forepart of the 
 Neck adorned with yellow feathers.. It lives in the Sea about the mouths of Rivers : 
 But builds its Neft and lays its Eggson the fhore. Tt is a fwift bird, fwims and dives 
 
 well, and cunning inavoiding and efcaping the {nares of the Fowlers. 
 Its fleth is efculent, and good meat, efpecially 1 it be young, but becaufe: it feeds 
 always|upon fifhit is difapproved and rej: cred by fome. 
 Whether this Bird hath all its four tocs web'd together or ‘not Pifo doth not tell us, there- | as 
 fore we have fubjoyned it to thofe which have the back-toe loofe, although we fufpect that it | 
 
 dloth rather belong to the former genuss lato | ort do-ioiiogesbs Sens, 
 
 Ty * tp haee > ae 
 ot hati: - i_.ghae” > 
 + at on + on , 
 
 Cane. 1V:. 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 The Shear-water. 
 
 and Pidtures of many other birds, fent us‘alfo that of this, with a fhort hifto- 
 of it as followeth. TheShear-waterisa Sea-fow], which fifhermen obferve 
 to refort to theut Veflels in fome: numbers, fwimming {wittly to and fro; backward, 
 forward, and about them, and doth as it were, radere aquam, thear the water, from 
 whencé perhaps it had itsname. It is a fierce and fnapping fowl, and very untracta- | 
 ble. Ikept twoof them five or fix weeks in my houfe, and they refufing to feed, 
 I caufed them to be crammed with fifh, till my Servant grew Weary, and gave them 
 over: And they lived fifteen days without any food. So far Sir Thomas. This Bird, 
 according to the Picture of it, hatha great head like.a Gu: Its upper part[ Head and 
 Back |] were of a dark brown or: blackifh: Its Chin, Throat, and Breaft white: 
 Its Feet of a flefh-colour : Its Bill long, round, hooked at the end like aCormo- 
 rants, and blackifh : Its Wings long, when gathered up reaching to the end of the 
 Tail. 3 ; 
 
 (): learned and worthy friend. Sir Thomas Brown of Norwich among the. defigns 
 
 | 
 ie. Dn 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 
 
Boox IIf, ORNITHOLOGY: 334 
 SECTION. IV. 
 Of whole-footed Birds with the back-toe loofe, having 2 narrow Bill 
 
 hooked at the end,and toothed, called Divers, in Latine; Mera, 
 
 
 
 
 
 et Sette 
 
 
 
 ee eect 
 te 
 
 CHAP. es 
 Lhe Goofander. Merganfer, * A/droy. Harle, Belloni;. — 
 chap 62. 
 
 Ts weight was almoft four pounds : Its length from the tip of the Bill to the 
 end of the Tail or Claws (for they were equally extended ) twenty eight inches: 
 Its breadth, the Wings being {pread, forty. “It is long-bodied : Its Back broad 
 and flat. The Head .and upper part of the Neck is of a very deep fhining 
 green, almoft black : The lower half of the Neck is of a glotiie white. Yetthe up- 
 per fide of the bottom of the Neck, the middle of the Back, and the interiour {ca- 
 pular feathers are black [. the exteriour are white. | The lower part of the Back is 
 of a pale afh-colour. On both fides near the Rump, aiid on the very Rump and 
 Thighs the feathers are variegated with tranfverfe * dusky lines. The Tail ig made +o; grey, for 
 up of eighteen feathers, wholly cinereous. Each Wing hath about twenty fix prime they are made 
 feathers, the ten outmoft black; the four next alfo black, but tipt with white: Ties .. 
 five fucceeding white, with their bottoms black: The remaining fix or {even next ble little black 
 the body white, with their exteriour edges black. In the fecond row of the Wing Pome 
 thofe incumbent on the white quil-feathers are white from their tips to the middle, 7” 
 beneath black. Thence as far as the baftard Wing all are white; But between thofe 
 white ones and the long fcapular feathers fome black ones intervene. Whence if you 
 take the long fcapular feathers, which cover the Back, for part of ‘the Wing, the 
 Wings will be ( as Aldrovandws deferibes them ) black toward the back, next white, 
 witha certain palenefs; then black again, but more remifsly ; after that again white, 
 the extreme feathers at laft being black. © The whole under-fide of the body ( €x- 
 cepting the Wings, which are white underneath ) of a faint yellow or I/abel/a colout, 
 The exteriour feathers of the Thighs are elegantly varied with tranfverle waved lines 
 of a whitifh and blackith colour, alternately placed, 
 The Bill meafured from the tip to the corners of the mouth exceeds the length of 
 a mans middle finger: The lower Mandible black; the upper along its middle or up- 
 per part black, on the fides red; the tip being black and hooked, both upper and 
 lower toothed on both fides like aSaw, the teeth inclining inward. The Tongue and 
 Palate are yellow. 
 It hath not a Creft properly {0 called on the Head, but the feathers are more loofe, 
 and {tand more ftaring upwards than ordinary, whence alfo the Head feems to be bigs 
 ger than indeed it is. The Ears are round ; the Nofthrils large, the Irides of the 
 Eyes ofa fanguine colour. The Legs and Feet are of an elegant red-lead colour. 
 The back-toe broad, with an appendant membrane. It hatha huge bony labyrinthon 
 the wind-pipe juft above the divarications and befides, the windpipe hath twofwels 
 lings out one above another, each refembling a powder-puff. 
 The Stomach is {Carce mufculous; out of it difleted we took a Roch and an Eel, 
 whence it ts manifeft, that the bird feeds upon fifhes. It hath a gall-bladder. .. The 
 blind guts were two or three inches long, and full of Excrements. 
 
 The Dun-Diver or Sparlin-forl : Merganfer foemina. Mergus cirratus 
 longirofter, Gefz. & Aldrow. 
 
 The Sexes in this kind of bird differ extremely from oné another in colour,. fo that 
 both Gefzer and Aldrovand do fet them forth fox different fpecies, calling the Female, 
 Merzus cirratus lougirofter major, | Ga: 
 
 The Head of this ( which we take to be the Female of the precedent ) is of a for- 
 didred. The feathers on the Crown of the Head ftand out fomewhat, and feem to 
 bend backwardin form of acreft or toppin. The Chin is white: Fhe whole ~~ 
 
 oO 
 
 
 

 
 336 
 
 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Ill, 
 of bluithath-colour ; the Fowlers call it Dun, whence this Bird alfo is by them cal- 
 led the Dux Diver. The underfide of the body is of the fame colour as in the Male. 
 The quil-feathers of the Wings alfo do not much differ as to their colours. The Bill 
 and Feet agree with thofe of the Male. ‘The Wings in both Sexesarefhort, and little 
 for the bulk of the body 5 notwithftanding by the very quick agitation of them, it flies 
 exceeding {wiftly near the furface of the water. 
 
 TheStomach of this Bird is as it were a Craw and a Gizzard joyned together. The 
 upper part refembling the Craw hathno wrinkles or folds initsinner membrane, but 
 is only.granulated with {mall papillary glandules, refembling the little protuberances 
 on the third ventricle of a Beef, called the Manifold, or thofe on the fhell of a Sea- 
 Orchin. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Caray. th 
 
 The Bird called at Venice, Setula: Mergus cirratus fufcus: Anas ( ut puto) 
 longiroftra Gefneri,dldroy. t.3. p.281. 
 
 Duck, Allits Head and the upper part of its Neck are of a dark fulvous co- 
 
 lour, but the crown of the head darker or blackifh. It hath a pretty long 
 creft or tufton its head hanging downbackward. The Back is dusky, or of a very 
 dark cinereous. The Throat ee an inch and halfs {pace is white, below grilled of 
 black, white and red. The whole Belly white. ‘The Bill from the tip to the angles 
 of the mouth three inches, flender, and of a round figure: The lower Mandible 
 wholly red, hath in the end an afh-coloured oval {pot, the upper 1s of a dark brown 
 above with fome mixture of green, red on the edges, hooked at the end, and marked 
 with a whitifh oval {pot : Both toothed on both fides along the edges with teeth like 
 thofe of a Saw inclining inwards. The Eyes of a fanguine colour. . The Wingsare 
 very fhort and little for the bignels of the bird, having each about twenty fiveor 
 twenty fix feathersin the firftrow. Of thefe the outmoft tenareblack, the eleventh 
 hath the tip white, and the threenext inorder ftill more, the following fix have their 
 upper halves white : The reft are indeed white, but have their edges black, fome on 
 one fide only, fome on both. Of the fecond row thofe that cover the white ones of 
 the firft are themfelves white halfway. Above toward the bafe of the Wing is a great 
 white fpot, beginning from the baftard Wing. The coverts of the underfide of the 
 Wing, and the interiour baftard wing are white; but thole under the ontmott quil- 
 feathers are dusky; The Tail is thort, confilting of eighteen feathers. Ihe Legs 
 fhort :. The Feet red, or ofa deep Saffron colour. The Wind-pipeat the divarication 
 hath fucha veflel as the precedent, and befides above {wells out into a puff-like cavity. 
 In the ftomach we found a Mulet. 
 
 This Bird is not much more than half fo big as the precedent: It differs alfo in its 
 colour, its creft, the white {pot below the baftard Wing, and other accidents. We 
 fufpect the Bird defcribed wasa Female, and that its Male reprefents the Goofander, 
 though we have not as yet hapned to fee its unlefs perchance it be that whofe skin 
 fiuft we faw in Sir William Fofters Hall at Bambergh in Northumberland, which had 
 on each Wing a white fpot, and two fmall trantverfe black ftrakes. We cannot but 
 wonder ( if the Male of this Bird be fucha one as the Goofander ) that among fo many 
 Females at Venice we fhould not fee one Male. Mr. Wibughby faw and defcribed at 
 Venice another Bird of thiskind, perchance fpecifically different from this, under the 
 name of Cokall; for 1.1t was lefs: 2. It had no Labyrinth. This makes us doubt 
 again concerning the Sexes of thefe birds; forin others of the Duck-kind the Females 
 have no labyrinth; whereasin the daw Diver, which we take to be the female of the 
 Goofander we found a large labyrinth; and yet in this letler Diver, called Cokal/, it 
 
 {eems there was none; {fo that we will not be very confident that the Goofander and 
 ‘Dun Diver differ no more than in Sex. This Bird Leow. Baltner calls Klein Merch, 
 2. ¢.a little Diver. 
 
 Gejner befides thete {ets forth four or five fpecies of this kind of birds, whofe de- 
 feriptions were fent him by a certain German. But thofe defcriptions are fo fhort, 
 general, and obfcure, that we cannot thence certainly learn what birds the Author 
 means. | 
 
 TT: Bird is very common at Venice. In bignefs it comes near to the common 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 
 

 
 | 
 er, 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 
 ten are white, of the hindmoft inorder more than the foremoft. Then follow two 
 
 Book IL ORNCITHOLOGY, 337 
 
 aH AP. ° Th 
 The * Mergus Rheni of Gefner, Aldrov. tom.3. pag. 175. ) * Diver of the 
 
 River Rhine. 
 T is in bignefs equal to a Duck, and the moft. Duck-like of any of the Mergi : 
 Its body all over particoloured of black and white: Its Bill and the {pace about. 
 the Eyes black. On both fides the back of the Head, are black fpots: The reft 
 of the Head is partly black, partly dusky or cinereous. The lower or fore-part of 
 the Neck with the Belly are ofa white colour,but varied here and there with cinere-_ 
 ous points or{pots, whichin the lower part of the Belly and fides being drawn out in 
 waved lines, makea very pretty thew, and pleafanttobehold. The Legs grow back- 
 wardsabout the bottom of the Belly. . The Feet and/Toesare dusky, the membranes 
 on the infide black. The Tail black : The Wings and whole back diftinguifhed 
 with feveral black and whitefpaces-alternately. Some call this Bird a White Nuz. 
 Ifufpecthat this Bird wasno other than our Albel/ws, next to be defcribed : Only 
 the bignefsand want of a creft forbid it... Perchance Ge/ver might deferibe it from the 
 relation of others, or froma PiGure. Iam fure Leonard Baliner, a Fifherman and 
 Fowler of Strasburgh, who did very diligently obferve, gather together, and caufe 
 to be painted all the birds frequenting the Rheve thereabouts; gives us no other bird 
 of this kind but the Albel/ws,to which alfo he gives the title of White Nuz. 
 
 
 
 
 
 —— 
 poe _ 
 
 eae. TV. 
 
 The other Albelluis of Aldroyand, tom. 3._p. 179. the Mergus major cirratus. 
 of Gefner, Aldrov. tom. 3. p.276. We may call it with the Germans the White 
 
 N bignefs it comes near toaWigeor ; weighing about twehty four ounces. From 
 | the point of the Bill to the end of the Tail, or of the Feet it was by meafure 
 eighteen inches and an half long : between the tips of the Wings extended twen- 
 
 ty feven inches broad. The Billaminchand half, or near twoinches long. 
 
 Its Headand Neck were white, excepting a black {pot under the Creft ¢ which it 
 hath hanging down backward from behind its Head ) encompafling the Creft, and 
 ending in anacute angle below, and another on each fide extending from the angles 
 of the mouth totheEyes. The Breaft,; Belly, and whole under-fide is purely white. 
 As for the upper fide, all theBack isblack. The long fcapular feathers incumbent on 
 the backare white. Atthe fetting on of the Wing on each fide there is a crooked line 
 of black, half encircling the Neck juft above the {houlders, and higher up the Neck,,. 
 where the black we mentioned in the middle of the Neck begins, there is another 
 fuch like arcuate line on each fide, refembling half a collar... 
 
 The ten outmoft quil-feathers of the Wings are wholly black; thetips of thenext 
 
 half white, vz. ‘on the outfidethe fhaft, the other half being black : The reft of ‘the 
 feathers are cinereous: The number of all twenty feven. “The feathers of thefecond. 
 row growing on the middle of the Wing are black, only their utmoft tips being 
 white. Above, a broad and long {pot or bed of white beginning from the baftard 
 wing reacheth to the twentieth quil-feather. The interiour baftard wing is white. 
 The fide-feathers under the Wings variegated with tranfverfe waved black lines are 
 very pleafant to behold. The Tail is dusky, or between afh-coloured and black, 
 compofed of fixteen feathers, a quarter of a yard, or three inches and an half long, 
 the middle feathers being the longeft, the re{t on each fide gradually fhorter to the 
 outmott. | 
 The Bill is of a cinereous or lead colour, [ butat the tip of each Mandible isa {pot | 
 of fordid white ] thickerat the Head, growing {lenderer by —_ toward the point, zx 
 narrower, and lefs than in the Duck-kind. The upper Mandi le hooked at theend, : sy 
 toothed on the fides: The Nofthrils oblong, open, ata good diftance from the fea- 
 thers: The Eyes of adarkcolour. The Legs and Feet of acinereous or lead colour, 
 
 the Toes being joyned by adusky membrane. The foremolt Toe and a. 
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 338 
 
 
 
 - % Have the 
 
 Tail. 
 
 ORNITHOLOG?. Boox Ill. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Toe have lateral appendant membranes, reaching their whole length. 
 
 The Wind-pipe at the divaricationends ina certain great, ftrong,bony vefiel, which 
 we are wont to call a Labyrinth; whence proceed the two branches tending to the 
 Lungs. a | | 
 
 This Bird hath not two blind guts, after the manner of other Birds; but only one 
 fhort blunt one, [ yet inone bird of this kind we found two.] The Wind-pipe is 
 faftned to the upper angle of the Merry-thought by 4 tranfverfe ligament, and then 
 afcends upward to the Labyrinth. It feeds upon fithes: | J 
 
 The Albellys aquaticus of Aldrovand, asit feems tome, differs not from this bird, 
 for both the figure, and all the marks he gives of it, agree; only he makes no niention 
 of thecreft, perchanceit was a young bird he defcribed. 
 
 There is in this kind alfo fo much difference between theSexes, that the Writers of 
 the Hiftory of Birds have taken the Maleand-Female for difterent forts. The Fe- 
 male is defcribed by Gefwer under the title of Mergus glacialis, which: Mr. Fohulon 
 Englifheth the Lough-diver. It wasfent us by Mr. Dent from Cambridge by the name 
 of a Smew. | | 
 
 In the Female the whole Head and the Cheeks are red or fulvous : The Throat 
 white. Onthe beginning of the Breaft above.the Craw there is feen as it were a col- 
 lar of a darker or brown colour : It hath no Creft. All:the-upper fide except the 
 Wings is of a dusky afh-colour or brown. About the middle of each Wing are two 
 tran{verfe white lines. In other particulars it agrees well enough with the Male. 
 
 It hath a great Gall; oblong Tefticles: The’ Guts have many revolutions. The 
 Stomach larger thanin granivorous birds, lefsmufculous, filled with fifhes,in the birds 
 
 we opened. 
 
 
 
 SECTION VY. 
 
 Of Doucxers or Loons, called in Latine, Coty m x1. 
 
 ee eet il i ene : 
 - es 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 weet Oy apie k 
 Of Douckers in general. 
 
 Ouckers have narrow, f{treight, fharp-pointed Bills: Small Heads, and alfo 
 fmall Wings: Their Legs fituate backwards near the Tail, for quick fwim- 
 ming, afid eafier diving broad flatLegs 5 by which note they are diftin- 
 guifhed from all other kinds of birds : Broad Claws like humane nails, 
 
 Of thefe Douckers there are twokinds, The firft is of fuch as. are cloven-footed, but 
 fin-toed, having lateral membranes all anes the fides of their Toes, and that want 
 the Tail; the fecond isof thofe that are whole-footed and *caudate, which do near- 
 ly approachto thofe birds we call Tridad/yle, that want the back-toe, Thefe are not 
 without good reafon called Douckers, for that they dive much, and continue long 
 under water, as foon as they areup dopping down again. 
 
 GHA P. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 Book IL OR ACITHOLOGY. 339 
 
 CHarv. I geek 
 
 Cloven-footed Douc'KE rs that have nb Tiils: 
 
 MM Orne Ws 3081 2: 
 | 4. I... if Or 30: 
 Lhe greater Loon or Arsfoot : Colymbus major, Aldreu, 
 
 B@D 
 
 the extremities of the Wings {pread twenty three and anhalf broad. The Bill 
 
 from the tip to the angles of ‘the mouth was twounches J@ng. The feathers in- 
 vefting the whole body were fine, foft, and thick: The Head and Neck brown: The 
 Back blacker: The fides and lower Belly dusky:>"The Breaft of ai filver colour: It 
 wholly wants the Tail. Each Wing hath about thirty quil-feathers! Of which the 
 outmoft twelve are black; the tip of the thirteenth. is white’; :and the tops of ithe 
 following in order more and more to the twentieth, after which the next four are 
 wholly white: The twenty fifth towatds the tip is brown, and in the eo fixth 
 
 IT’ weighed a pound: Was from Bill to Claws twenty three inches long: Between 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the whiteends. The lefler rows of Wing-feathers underneath are whit 
 Its Billis black, narrow or compretled fideways.) about’ the angles of the mouth 
 and on the nether Chap yellowifh. The Tonguelong, anda little cloven: The Eyes 
 of an afh-colour with fome mixture of red: Its Claws are broad like thenails of a 
 man, black on one fide, onthe other of a pale blueor ath-colour: The outnioft toe 
 thelongeft. The Legs broad, flat, ferrate behind -with a:double row:of afperities : 
 The Toes are broad, bordered. on each fide with appendant: membranes, ‘but-nét 
 web-d together. ‘tal 9th Gi Semel ot son-2i at | bobruoad 
 It hath no Labyrinth on the Wind-pipe: That we defcribed had a greatGall pA 
 large Stomach, almoft round, and therein we found Sea-weeds and fifh-bones,« »!!»: 
 
 §. TE 
 The greater crefted or copped Doncker of Aldrovand, lib.gvcap.s2. 
 
 Oth Mandibles of the Bill, where it joyns to the Head, are tinétured with aSaf. 
 BR fron-colour.. The Head is black on the crown, beneath cinereous 5 which co- 
 lours meet near the ends of the aro which are yellow.) From the back of the 
 Head hangs downa tuft of black feathers. The upper part ofthe Neck isalfoblack,  . 
 the remaining part of a middle colour between * ferrugineos and role. _ The Breaft * Rufty. 
 and Belly are of a whitifh afh-colour, The Back and Wings black, but of thefe the 
 ridges and extremes are white. It hathno Tail at all: The Rump from cinereousis 
 black. The Legs, Feet, and Claws are of the fame make and fhtape as an the 
 former. 
 
 §. Il. 
 Of the Water-Hare, or crefied Mexican Doucker of Hernandez. 
 
 “J Hat kind of Duck [ fo he calls it J which Ariffotle calls Colymbus, but Gaza ren- 
 ; ders Orinatrix; the Mexicans are wont to call Acitl; or the Water-hare, - This 
 would be altogether the fame with that deferibed -and delineated by {ome of the later 
 Writers, werenot the Head adorned with a greater and black ereft; the Belly of a 
 {hining filver colour, and the Neck beneath of a pure white, above of a dark brown. 
 It frequents Lake’, either {wimming in the water or abiding near it: For it can ‘nej- 
 therfly, nor conveniently walk on-the Land, its Thighs being —— and as it 
 were * united to the body, thatthey ferve only for {wimming, not: orwalking. Tt * coalitir; 
 feeds upon the fifhes it catches, and they are its fuftenance. “Itbreeds up its YOunE Coonan 
 among rufhes and reeds; and exceeds not the bignefs of our common Dicks. The 
 Male is fomewhat longer-bodied, and hatha larger neck and creft: The Bill of the 
 Female is fhorter, black, and on both fides néar the Eyes covered with fulvous fea- 
 thers, whereas the Males is with white. This isthat Bird which the Indians faba- 
 loufly report to call. forth or conjure up winds, whem he perceives the Fowlers aim ° | 
 Xx 2 catc 
 
 
 
 Si ae Se 
 
 eee let tt. oe te eer yr rere 
 
 Pe a has Rae he a 34 ke ke Be 
 
 
 
 "3? } * £ 
 

 
 340° 
 
 
 
 Fic saa ean A a it penne ee 
 ORNITHOLOGY ~— Boox Ill. 
 catch him, which blowing trouble the waters fo that their Canoes are overturned and 
 the men drown, if they do not happen to kill him in the fhooting of fivearrows out 
 of abow. They fancy that in his heart diflected is or may be found a Jewel, ufetul 
 for many things, and: highly prized, not to be confecrated to any but God. But 
 thefe are idle {tories and lies, proceeding from the credulity of thefe people. Its flefh 
 isnot pleafant, nor very wholefome, like that of other fenny birds, and therefore 
 not to be ufed for food by any one of a-critical palate. 
 Between this and the precedent Doucker there is fo little difierence, that I fcarce 
 doubt but they are the fame. 
 
 6. IV. 
 The grey or afh-coloured Loow of Dr. Brown. 
 
 ero His Bird Aifiets from the common Douncker, as well crefted as not crefted, in the 
 grey colour of its body, being much rarer with us. The Picture reprefents 
 the feathers on the crown of the Head ftanding up in form of a creft or toppin. 
 
 -— 
 
 3 §. V. 
 aoe E. The greater crefied and horned Doucker. 
 
 
 
 er 
 ‘? 
 
 T is fomething lefSthan that defcribed in the firft place,but hath a thicker and longer 
 ] Bill, approaching to a ferrugineous colour. Itis both crefted and horned, ha- 
 ving long feathers ftanding out about the crown. of the Head and upper part of the 
 Neck; black above, and red onthe fides. The Chin and {pace about the Eyes is white, 
 bounded with red. The Neck is not folong asin the firft kind.’ The upper or back- 
 fide of ‘the Neck is partly blackifh,and partly fhews fomething of red. The Breaft and 
 Belly are almoft of the fame colour with the fpot we mentioned encompafling the 
 Eyes, viz.white with a mixtureofred. On the Back fome long downy feathers of a 
 cinereous and areddifh colour are mingled with the black ones. The Wings are lon- 
 ger in proportionthanin the firft, their ridges and almoft all their quil-feathers being 
 whitifh,elfe ofa footy colour. In the Bird we faw the Wings wereof a dusky or brown 
 colour, but the lefler quil-feathers were white, as alfo thofe {mall featherson the bafe 
 orridge of the Wing. |] The Legsare not fituate fo backward as in the firft. 
 
 d. VI. 
 The Didapper, or Dipper, or Dobchick, or firall Doucker, Loon, or Arsfoot : 
 
 Colymbus five Podicipes minor. | 
 
 Or the fhape of its body it is like to a Teal, but leffer by almoft a third part : Of 
 f the weight of fix ounces: From the tip of the Bill to the end of the Claws ten 
 inches and an half long : between the tips of the Wings diftended fixteen broad. Its 
 Bill from the point to the anglesof the mouth isone inch, ftreight, fharp, almoft like 
 a Thrufhes Bill, thicker at the Head, and leflening by degrees to the point : The upper 
 Chap black, excepting only its very tip and fides, which are of a white or pale yel- 
 low, as isalfo the whole lower Mandible. The Tongue is long, fharp like the Bill, 
 and.cloven. The Nofthrils are a little remote from the feathers ; ‘The Eyes great, 
 with hazel-coloured Jrides. The whole body ts invefted with a thick and foft Plu- 
 mage or down, efpecially on the under-fide. Its colour on the Back is a dusky or 
 dark brown, on the Belly a white, or rather filver-colour. The Chin white: 
 The Head and Neck darker than the Belly, lighter-coloured than the Back. The 
 Throat and fides of the Neck are a little red: The lower Belly of a fordid dusky 
 
 colour. The Thighs have a little mixture of red. The Neck is {lender, f{carce an 
 
 hand-breadth long. Its Wings are {mall and concave: Each having about twenty 
 fix quil-feathers : Thetwelve outmoft are of a Moufe-dun, or black brown, theinte- 
 riour to the twenty third particoloured, the outer Webs being dusky, the inner 
 partly white, the white part being in the nearer to the body broader, in themore re- 
 mote feathers narrower. As for the lefler rows of Wing-feathers, thofe above are 
 black, thofe beneath white. It hath no Tail at all, but yet hath the rump-glandules, 
 though leffer than ordinary, out of which alfofprings a brufh or tuft of feathers, as 
 
 rs | 1n 
 
 
 
_ ee — 
 
 a . 4 a aad -- i — oe 
 is 4 . 7 - SS — 7 ii, 
 
 Boox III. OR NCITHOLOGY. 341 
 in other Birds. The Legs are fituate very backwards at the end of the body, made 
 rather for {wimming than walking, (fo that it cannot.walk, but with the body ere& 
 almoft perpendicularly ).comprefied or flat, of a fordid green colour, ferrate behind 
 with a double row of afperities. Thefoals of the feet are black. _The Feet are divi- 
 ded into three broad Toes, finned on each fide with lateral membranes, having thin, 
 broad, blunt Claws like humane nails. Yet are the Toes joyned together by-inter- 
 vening membranes from the divarication to the firtt joynt. It hath alfoa fmall back- 
 toe finned in like manner oneach fide: Two blind guts ofa moderate length : No La- 
 byrinth onthe Wind-pipe: A membranaceous ftomach : Strong mufculous Thighs,by 
 _ the help whereof it {wims very {wiftly, diving down tothe bottom, and rifling again 
 at pleafure. Fromthe makeand conformation of -its parts it moves with more eafe 
 and expedition under water, than either upon the furface of the water, or upon the 
 Land. So foonas it is rifen above water it holds up its Head, looks about it, and 
 with wonderful celerity plunges it {elf under water again. It can hardly raife it (elf 
 up out of the water, but when it is once gotten upon the Wing it can hold out flying 
 alongtime. The ftomach of that we diffected was fullof grafsand weeds. Belloni- 
 ws faith, that it feeds moft willingly upon fithes. Being rofted it {mells very ftrong. 
 
 Both Gefrer and Aldrovand defcribe two kinds of {mall Douckers, but they differ 
 fo little one from the other that I fuppofe the diverfity is rather in Age or Sex than in 
 Species. 
 
 = 
 Ct A pi. tk 
 Whole-footed Douckers with Tails. 
 
 coh 
 
 The greateft fpeckled Diver or Loon: Colymbus maximus caudatus : Mergus max. 
 Farrenfis five Arcticus, Cluf. | 
 
 ‘TL is a fingular kind of Bird, and as it were of amiddle nature between 
 
 
 
 
 
 ¥ SS ~ = ~ ae 4 
 “ans x = sa ea FE Peed es . P 5 — = - 
 
 7 : al 
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 : 5 le ld eae led 
 
 a] 
 ie eco eee ot tee 
 
 
 
 ~~ ee = 
 es 
 epee: cael 
 
 i a — 
 oO P te SY eee Te Cee. 1s Pee 
 
 whole-footed birds with four fore-toes and with three. In bignefs it exceeds 
 atame Duck, coming near toa Goofe. It is long-bodied, hath a round Tail, 
 and afmallHead. The upper part of the Neck next to the Head is covered with 
 _ feathers fo thick fet, thatit feems tobe bigger than the very Head it felf., a 
 The colour of the upper part, vz. the Neck, Shoulders, covert-feathers of the 
 Wings, and whole Back, is a dark grey or dusky, pointed or fpeckled with white 
 {pots, thinner feton the Neck, and thicker on the Back. Thefe white {pots are big- 
 ger upon the long fcapular feathers and coverts of the Wings, and fimaller in the mid- 
 dle of the Back. Thelower part of the Neck, the Breaft and Belly are white. Ina 
 bird I faw that was killed inthe Ifle of Farfey the Head was black and alf the Neck, 
 which had a white ( or rather grey ) ring, about the middle of an inch or inch and 
 half broad, confifting of abundance of {mall white {pecks. We counted in the two * Intevtodia, 
 outmolt * joynts of each Wing thirty quil-feathers, but they are fhort, all black, or si 
 of adarkbrown. It hatha very fhort Tail, of the figure of a Ducks, made up Of and joynt, 
 at leaft twenty feathers. Its Bill is ftreight, fharp, like that of the Guillem, almoft 
 three inches long; the upper Mandible black or livid, covered with feathers to the 
 very Nofthrils, reflected a little upwards; the nether is white. The Nofthrils are 
 divided in the middle by a skin hanging down from above. It is whole-footed, and 
 hath very long fore-toes, efpecially the outmoft. The back-toe is very fhort and 
 little. Its Legs are of a mean length, but flat and broad like the etids of Oars; the 
 exteriour furface being brown or black: The interiour livid or pale-blue. The 
 Claws broad like the nailsofa man. The Legs in this bird are fituate almoftin the fame 
 plain witli the Baek 5 fo that it {eems not to beable to walk unlefs erected perpendi- | 
 cularly uponthe Tail. It hathno Labyrinth upon the Wind-pipe. The Liver is di- 
 vided into two Lobes, and hath a ‘bladder to contain Gall: Above the {tomach the 
 Gullet is dilated into a kind of Craw, the interiour furface whereof is granulated 
 with certain papillary glandules. The Throatisvatt, loofe, and dilatable. The guts 
 large, {pecially towards the {tomach: The ftomach lefs flefhy and mufculous than in 
 
 granivorous birds. 
 The 
 
 
 

 
 —— ee 
 
 342 ORNITHOLOGY: | Boox il, 
 
 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 The Bird defcribed wasfhot on the River Tame in Warwickshire, Lhave {een four of 
 them, 1. One at Venice in Italy: 2. One in Yorkshire at Dr. Hewleys; thot near Ca+ 
 wood: 3. Athirdinthe Repofitory of the Royal Society: 4..A fourth in the houfe of 
 
 my honoured friend Mr. Richard Darley in London, takenin the Ule of Furfey They 
 differ fomething one from another in colours. For fome of-them have a xing about 
 their necks, their Back, Neck and Head blacker, and painted With Jittle white lines: 
 Others want the'ring, and have the upper fide of their bodies more afh-coloured or 
 grey, varied with white{pecks, and not lines. : Perchance thefe -are the Hens, thofe 
 the Cocks. | | 
 
 ; That which Clufws defcribed was bigger thana tame Goo/e, or at leaft equal to it. 
 
 For from the Neck, where it joyns to the Breaft, to the Rump it was two foot Jong. 
 The compafs of the body round was more thantwo foot. _ [he Wings were fourteen 
 inches long : The Tail {carce three : The Tongue almoft three: Phe Bill:more than 
 four: The Neck neareight, and fomewhat more im compafs;:  Ehe Head fhort, three 
 inches broad : The Legs fomewhat longer than three inches: The Feet four inches 
 wide. SofarClufiw, Of that which Mr. Willughby defcribed:at: Venice the meafures 
 were asfolloweth: The weightthirty fix ounces: The length from Bill to: Claws 
 thirty one inches ; from Bill to Tailtwenty eight. The Billfrom the tip to ‘the an- 
 gles of the mouth was almoft threeinches long > The Tail two The fecond» bone of 
 the Leg four and a quarter; the third two and an half; the outmott fore-toe three 
 inches andan half. The Tongue long, fharp, having a tranfverfe bed of afperities 
 not far from the bottom, beneath which it is toothed on each fide, as this figure re- 
 prefents. ““p==> In the Palate, on each fide the fiffure, are five rows of prickles 
 or afperities. Theblind guts were threeinches and an half long. Hence 1t manifelt- 
 ly appears, that the bird deferibed by C/ufivs was bigger than ours. But perchance 
 Clufius his was a Cock, oursaHen. For thofe I faw at Dr. Hewleys and Mr. Darleys 
 were nothing at all lefs than that of Clufivs, fent him by Hoierws. But what Hozer 
 writes of them, that they cannot fly at all, is a miftake; for though they never 
 breed in England, yet in hard Winters they come over hither. [ {carce believe 
 they fwim fo far. Whence it ismanifeft, that they not only flie, but make great 
 
 flights. 
 
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 * Gefuers greateft Doucker: Colymbus maximus Getneri. 
 
 N the Lake of Cowftance 1 hear there 1s taken, though but feldom, a‘certain bird 
 congenerousto the aforefaid, but bigger thanaGoofe, called Fizder, from its un- 
 couth fluttering motion on the furface of the water, for that it can neither fly well, 
 nor walk conveniently, unlefs it leansboth upon Feet and Wings, as do alfo the other 
 Douckers, by reafon of the pofition of the Legs fo turned backwards: That it hath a 
 jong, fharp Bill: A loud, fhrill cry, of a fingular kind: That it dives exceeding 
 deep, fo that itis fometimes taken twenty yards deep under water, 272. with a Net,or 
 an fron-hook baited witha fifh: that they are commonly fold for two drachms and an 
 half of filver a piece. 
 
 Leonard Baltner, a ¥Fifhermanof Strasburgh, defcribes this bird thus. In bignefs it 
 equals a Goofe: Itslength from the point of the Bill to the end of the Toes is one 
 Strasburgh yard and an half. Its Bill from the point to the Eyes is five inches long: 
 The Legs from the Claws to the feathers (that is the bare part.) ten inches: The {pace 
 of the Wings extended two yards and a quarter. The Stomach {mall: Itfeeds upon 
 fifth: The Bill fharp: The Feet broad, thetoes web'd together. The upper fide of 
 the body is cinereous and black, the under-fide white. The Tail three inches long. 
 It dives very far, a Piftol-fhot before it rifesagain. Its flefh is commended for good 
 meat, and is of no unpleafant tafte. 
 
 This Bird if it be different from the above defcribed, is I confefs hitherto to me 
 unknown. Mr. Joho, in hisPapers {ent us, writes, that he hath feena bird of this 
 Kind without any fpots in its Back or Wings,but yet thinks it not to differ {pecifically, 
 but accidentally. ae 
 
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 * Wormius his Northern Doucker, called, Lumme. 
 
 T is common among the Norwegians and lakers, who in ified Sivn\Country Lan- 
 guage callit* Lumme. Carolys Clufiws mentions it in his Auttarinz, pag.367._Itis * 1 fappore 
 
 an elegant bird, of the bignels of a Duck, witha black, fharp Bill, two inches Jong. par Engl?h 
 Its Head and Neck are covered with grey f cinereous | feathers, ending jn a {harp borrowed of 
 point, asif it had a Monks hood onits Back. Its Back and Wings are black, f prink- them. 
 led over with {quare {pots of white; which'\yé atte bigger on the Back than the 
 Wings. Under the Neck is a {quare oblong black {pot like to a fhield, five inches 
 long,,and two broad, compafted. ‘on, all fides with feathers: variegated Of black~and 
 white as witha * Girdle. The whole Belly and lower parts of}: the. Wines are white, % ong, dbors 
 The Legs are ftretcht forthbefide the Tail [,as if they grew out.ef rhe Vent | fitted not der or fringe. 
 fo much for walking as. for {wimming, not flender, but flat, and. broad. FackSot > gan 
 hath three Toes,tharare black,and joyned together with black membranes, arnied, with : 
 
 fharp and crooked Claws. The Thighs are alfo hid in the, Belly. Itis of the Mergi a 
 { Diver |] or rather Colyabi [ Doucker | kindy. fi diving it-can; bold isibreath-a fon a0ge 
 time, and no bird can plunge under water more} nimbly and..f peedily than, ity as, they 
 experience who {hoot them.For fo foon as the powder flathes;it prefently.ducksiunder 
 water, before the bullet can come atit.. It builds its Neft foinear the Waterthanis 
 
 can, if need be, {peedily caft it {elf into it: But, when it betakes. it felfagaintoits bo! 
 Net, faftning its Billinto the earth, it hangs its whole weight upon it, till it raifesup — 
 its body, and fo by degrees reaches its Neft. _ It perceives before by a peculiar natu- 
 ral inftin@ when there are about to fall great fhowers and fhots of rain, and fearing 
 left the flouds fhould deftroy its Neft and Young, its makes a querulous noife and 
 cry : On the contrary, when it prefages fair woe. it exprefies its joy by chearful 
 acclamations, and another more pleafant note. It Jays yearly. three or four Fegs as 
 big as Geefe Eggs, ofa * green colour, and {potted. hey fay, thatat fet times of the » Prafiti, iba 
 year they depart into hotter Regions, and return not until the Spring be well come leek colour, 
 on. . Whence they think it ominons for any one:to hear theory of this bird AHe4att- 
 ing. The Norwegians think it *a fin to kill or difturb this Bird, which they account 
 holy. They fometimes catch it in their Nefts againft their wills, and fometimes fhoot 
 itwithGuns. The Iflanders becaufe they eat it, take it either witha fare, or with 
 an angle-line. They faften two ftakes at the entrance of the Neft, upon which they 
 _ hang, and fo accommodate the Snare, that the Bird going to her Neft may thruft her 
 head intoit. Or they ¢rofs the Pool where fhe. frequents at its Nartoweft part With a 
 fifhing line, fo that one on each fide holds it, raking therewith the furface of the wa- 
 ter, till the bird fearing fome danger towards dives:down to the bottom ; then ob- 
 {erving the place where the is rifing up again by the circles there made in the watersthi¥ 
 ther they dire¢t and there hold a fnare fa{tned to the line,that coming up out ofthewa-~ 
 ter, {he may put her head into it, and fo be caught by the Neck. L. sbaisterdts Io 
 Its skinis ufed to defend the Head and Breaft from the injury of cold, arid: pre- 
 ferred before a Swans. This Bird Befler hath ff ured in his Gasxophylaviun by this 
 title, A fingular kind-of exotic Water-Swallow, But it hath nothing almoft cozimory 
 witha Swallow, 42 io 1923 
 
 * Nefas. 
 
 6. IV. 
 °§ 
 
 * The fall black and white Diver with a fhort, flarp-poiuted Bilt. Se | ie 
 
 He Picture of this Bird was communicated ‘by that worthy. perfon Sir Thomas 
 
 i Brown, It hath a fhort Bill, alittle bending at the end, [| both: Mandibles, 7 
 The top of the Head, the Back, Wings, and in general the whole upper part is black, 
 excepting a tran{verfe line of white in the Wings. The Chin, Throat, Breatt, ‘as fay 
 asthe middle of the Belly, and fides of the Ta;l white: The Tail fhort : The Legs 
 of a fordid green. The Toesweb’d together. The Pidure dorky not fhew any hind 
 toe. This Bird( faith Sir Thomas’) is not ufual with us; Thave met with but two of 
 them, brought me by a coafter,who could give it noname. | eee 
 
 SECTION 
 
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 44. ORNITHOLOGY, — Boox Ill, 
 
 SECTION VIL. 
 Of Sea-Guits, called in. Latine, La Rt. 
 
 ee 
 
 
 
 oe 
 - 
 Ley 
 
 Cuape. I. 
 Of Gulls in general. 
 
 Zs area whole-footed: fowl, with an indifferent long, narrow, fharp- 
 pointed Bill,’ *a little crooked at the end ; oblong Nofthrils; long and 
 {trong Wings: fhort Legs,: {mall Feet ( for they do not {wim much)a light 
 body, butinvefted with many and thick-fet feathers, acarrion carkafs, the 
 fat that is {ticking to the’skin, [ as in other birds’s J much upon the Wing,very clamo- 
 rous, hungry, and * pifcivorous. | } | 
 
 “'Thefe we divide intotwo kinds, Firlt, The greater, which have Tails compofed of 
 feathers of equal length, and’ an angular prominency ot knob on the lower Chap of 
 the Bill underneath} to ftrengthen it, that they may more ftrongly hold fithes. 2.The 
 leer, which have a forked Tail, and no* knob on thé Bill. Both kinds may be divi- 
 ded into pied or particoloured, and grey, or brown. 
 
 
 
 
 Sis yiet kT se y 
 
 Cuarp. I. 
 "The greater Gulls with Tails of equal feathers. 
 _», And firft [uch as are pied or particoloured of white and cinereons or black. 0 
 
 The great black and white Gull: Larus ingens marinus Clufi. 
 
 four pounds and twelve ounces. Its length from the tip of the Bill to the 
 endof the Tail was twenty fix inches: Its breadth from tip to tip of the 
 Wings diftended fixty feven. Its Bill was yellow, comprefied fideways, more than 
 three itches long; fomething hooked at the end, and like in figure to thofe of the reft 
 of thiskind. Thelower Mandible underneath bunched outintoa knob, marked on 
 each fide with a double fpot, the lower red, the upper black. The edges of the Eye- 
 lids roundabout were of a Saffron colour. . The Head great, flat-crowned. Both 
 Head, Neck, Breatt, Belly, and Tail white. The middle of the Back and the Wings, 
 excepting the tips of the quil-feathers, were black. Each Wing had about thirty 
 four feathers in the firft row, all black, with white tips. Its Tail was fix inches long, 
 madeup of twelve fnow-white feathers: Its Legs andFeet white: ItsClaws black. 
 It had a {mall back-toe; a wide Mouth, a long Tongue, a large Gullet. It preys up- 
 on fithes : For out of its ftomach diffected we took a Plaife entire. It had a great Li- 
 yer divided into two Lobes, witha Gall adhering: Short and {mall blind guts: A 
 mufculous Stomach, and an oblong Spleen. Lo al 
 Inanother bird of thiskind, ( which was I fuppofé a young one ) both the top of 
 the Head and the Neck were particoloured of black and white: The Back and Wings 
 paler than in that defcribed. I fiippofe that this 1s the very fame bird which Clufiw 
 
 T* Bird, the biggeft by much of all the Gus we have hitherto feen, weighed 
 
 + rarus inges defcribes inthe fifth Bookof his Exotics, Chap.9. under the title of a * huge Sea-gull, 
 
 
 
 though his defeription be not fo full and exact, as being taken only from a Picture. 
 This Bird we faw and defcribed at Cheffer, being not rarely found on the Sea-coatts 
 near that City. . In the Feroe I/lands it is called, The Swarth-back. 
 
 §. II. 
 
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 Cae ven 
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 Boox III, ORNITHOLOGY. ae 
 
 §. IL 
 : 
 Ihe Herring-Gull, Larus cinereus maximus. 
 
 e is well nigh as big asa tame Duck: From tip of Bill to the end of the Toes 
 
 twenty four or twenty five inches long,to the end of the Tail twenty two.or twen- 
 ty three : Between the terms of the Wings ftretched out fifty, and in fome fifty five 
 inches broad. The weight was different in feveral birds, one weighing only twenty 
 fix ounces, dhother thirty, another thirty four. The Bill was yellow, two inches long, 
 harrow, as in the reft of this kind, but pretty deep: The lower Mandible not 
 {treight, as in other birds, but the upper edges convex or arcuate; underneath it 
 bunches out into an angle or knob, on the fides of whichisa large {potof red. The 
 Irides of the Eyes wereof a lovely yellow. The edges of the Eye-lids in fome yel- 
 low, in fome, ( perchance thefe were Cocks ) of ared-lead colour. The Legs in 
 fome yellow, bare of feathersfor fome {pace above the knees, in others white, or of 
 a pale fiefh-colour : The hind-toe {mall : The Claws black: The inner edge of the 
 middle Claw fharp. Its Head, Neck, Rump, Tail, and whole iden white + 
 Its Back, the covert-feathers of its Wings, andthe quil-feathers alfo, except the out- 
 molt five, of adark ath-colour. The two outmoft quils were marked with a white 
 {pot near the tip, theoutmott witha greater, the inner with a lefler, but the very tips 
 of both were black. The tips of the fifth and fixth were dusky. All thereft had 
 white tips... [ Thefe colours in feveral Birds vary fomething : Yet in general the quil- 
 feathers in all Birds of this fort are particoloured of white, black and cinereous. ] 
 The Tail was about five inches long, not forked, made up of twelve feathers of equal 
 length. The Wings when gathered up reached beyond the end of the Tail, and 
 crolied one another. It hada large Craw,- a mufculous Stomach, in which were 
 fifh-bones. They fay that is preys upon Herrizegs, whence it took the name Herring- 
 gull, It lays Eggs as big as Hens Eggs, fharp at one end, whitifh, but {potted with a 
 few black {pots. 
 
 In the young ones the Back and Head are afh-coloured, with black {fpots, the Bill 
 black, but white at the tip. 
 
 This fort, though it be very.common with us, yet hath it not hitherto, that I know 
 of, been detcribed. 
 
 ¢. Il. 
 The common Sea-Mall : Larus cinereus minor. — 
 
 Hat which I defcribed was a Hen-bird. It weighed a full pound of fixteén 
 ounces : It was from the beginning of the Bill to the end of the Toes fifteen 
 inches andan half long, totheend of the Tail fixteen and an half The tips of the 
 Wings extended were forty one inches diftant from each other. It is fomething lefs 
 than the greater Gul/ defcribed by Aldrovand 3 like tothe Herring-Gull, but much lef. 
 Its Bill was like to thofe of the re{t of this kind, narrow, but deep, fharp-pointed, 
 of a whitifh colour, but yellow toward the tip. The knob under the lower Chap 
 {mall, and fcarce confpicuous, the upper Chap fomething hooked or bending at the 
 point. . The Tongue cloven: The Nofthrils oblong. The Eyes were great, and 
 furnifhed with membranes for niGtation; the rides of a pale hazel-colour : TheEars 
 of amean fize: The Feet of a pale green: The Claws black 5 that of the middle Toe 
 | fharp.on the inner fide: The back-toe very {mall, yet armed with a Claw. The 
 membranes connecting the Toes reached as faras the Claws. The Head and upper 
 part of the Neck were clouded with brown {pots, the nether part white : The Back 
 afh-coloured, but the feathers covering the Tail-white. The Throat and whole un- 
 der-fideof the body was as whiteas{now : The Tail alf purely white. The Shoul- 
 ders and upper covert-feathers of the Wings ath-coloured, the coverts of the under- 
 fide white. ) ) | 
 
 In each Wing were about thirty quil-featherss; the firft of which. at the tip in the 
 
 F inner Web had ablack {pot, and on the outer edge a black line, {carce appearing, 
 
 i. then followed a white bar about two inches broad, the reft of the feathers to the bot- — 
 1 tombeing black. The tip of the fecond. was white ¢ Under the white a crofs bar of 
 , black, half aninch broad, beneath that a white bar of an inch breadth, the reft of the 
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 feather to the bottom being black, but the very bottom afh-coloured. The tip alfo of 
 the third was white ; from the tip the upperhalf of the feather was black; the lower 
 afh-coloured. The three next hadalfo whitetips, butthe black part was {till fhorter 
 and fhorter, or narrower and narrower in the followmg than the foregoing feathers, 
 till in the fixthit became fcarcea quarter of aninchbroad. ~All the reft of the quils 
 were ath-coloured, with whitetips. The Tail was fixincheslong, not forked,made 
 up of twelve feathers. ; 
 
 The Liver was large, divided into two Lobes: TheGall yellow: The *.Panereas 
 great: Themufcles of the Gizzard not fo thick and ftrong asin granivorous birds 5 
 within which we found grafs and Beetles. Its a gregarious ‘bird, frequenting Mea- 
 dows, andthe banks of Lakes. That which we deferibed weihot onthe bank of 
 the Lake of Bala in Merioneth-/bire 0 Wales, commonly called Pimble-mear, through 
 which the River Dee, on which Chefter 1s built,, uns, and they fay mixes not its 
 waters with thofeof the Lake. 
 
 It differs from the Herring-eul/, 1. In that it is Jefs. 2. Inthe colourof the Bill : 
 From Belonivs his afh-coloured Gui, 1. In that itis bigger : 2. That at hath aback- 
 
 toe armed with a Claw. 
 §. IV. 
 * Baltners great afh=colonred Sea-Mem, perchance our Pewit. 
 
 “- He whole body (at leaft on the upper fide is of a dark afh-colour or bluith, as 
 are alfo the Tail and lefler quil-feathers, ‘for the greater are black. The 
 crown or top of the Headis-black, with an obfcure tincture of green (1f the * Picture 
 
 Pidure is falle deceive usnot.) The Bill ftreight, of a red-lead colour: The Legs and Feet black : 
 
 in this,for no- 
 
 ching ofgreen Lhe Wings very long, and whengathere 
 
 appears in 
 any Gull we 
 ever yet faw. 
 
 d up reaching beyond the end of the ‘Fail. 
 
 The length of the Birdfrom the tip of the Bill tothe end of the Tail was.a t Strafe 
 burehYard or more? The breadth from tip to.tip of the Wings extended two yards. 
 
 +A Strasburgh The Leg fo far as it was bare [_ from the feathers to the end of the Claws ] .a quarter 
 
 yard js not 
 much above 
 half a yard 
 
 Englifh. 
 
 * Or Adams * 
 as Beloniys hath obferved. The Tailis five inches ‘long, made up of twelve almott 
 
 Apple, 
 
 of a yard long: The Guts feven quarters. I fiifpe& this Bird was no other thanthe 
 Cepphus of Turner and Gefzer, that 1s, our Pewit : But then the Legsare painted of a 
 wrong colour; forin the Pew7t they are red : fois alfo the Tail. 
 
 §. V. 
 Bellonius his alh-coloured Gull, called i~ Cornwal, Tarrock. 
 
 N bignef it exceeds not a common Pigeon, neither isit much different in the fhape 
 ] of its body, fave that its Head is bigger. “It weighs fevenounces : Its length from 
 the point of the Bill’ to the end of the Tailiisalmoft fixteen inches.: Its Wings ex- 
 tended were by meafure full thirty fixinches. “Its ‘Tail almoft five inches long, not 
 forcipate, confifting of twelve feathers. The under+fide of the body wasall purely 
 white: As for the upper fide, the Head and Neck. were white, fave that_at the Ears 
 ‘on each fide was a black {pot : The lower part of the Neck was black : The middle of 
 the Back and theShoulders afh-coloured : The Fail white,only thetips of the feathers 
 for about aninch black: Yet the outmoft feather on each fide was all-white. . The 
 ‘four-outmoft quil-feathers were above half way black: The two next to thefe had 
 only black tips; being elfe white. The feventh had only a black {pot near the tip: 
 All the reft werewhite: Inbrief, theridge, upper or fore-part of the Wing extend- 
 ed. was all-along black 5 which colour near the Back was dilated into large and. 
 ‘broad ftroak, [or fpot.] The'Bill was more thanan inch long, fomething arcuate 
 ‘or beriding downwards, efpecially toward the/point, which is. tharp, of a black :co- 
 Jour, ‘Thelower Mandible, nov far from the tip, bunched out into an angle under- 
 neath, asin the reft of this kind. « itsLegs and Feet were of ath or livid colour: Its 
 ‘Glawsblack. <It hath fome rudiment of a’hind-toe rather than perfect toes for it 
 is only a carneous knob without any Claw. The Legs allo are deftitute of feathers 
 ‘for about the length of animecnh abovethe knees. 3B 
 The colour of the Mouth within and the Tongue is like thatof an * A/fprian Apple, 
 
 equal feathers : The number of-quil-teathers im-each Wing twenty eight, or twenty 
 AAine? 1) SEE OSS Lou: | 
 
 pede oe | gg This 
 
 
 
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 \ 
 
 Bea sv ain, sana 
 
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 a . . e ‘ “y vy 
 
 
 
 Boon Nk  ORNCITHOHOGR 3477 
 
 _ This Bird is eafily known and diftinguifhed from all others of this kind,that we have 
 hitherto obferved by its wanting the backttoe? It is common on our Sea-coatts. 
 
 §. Vi. ; 
 The Pewit or Black-cap, called in fome places, The Sea-Crow and Mire-Crow.c Larus 
 cinereus, Ornithologt * Aldrow.)) Allo the Lax‘us cinereris tertius, Aldro®, 0} Fx * Tom.>. 
 | >» Dhe Cepphhs of Turner dud Gener. , he PAB 73. 
 
 | is aboutthe bignefsof a tame Pigeon... That, which.we defcribed weighed about 
 
 ten ounces: Its length from tip.of Bill to,énd. of Tail was fifieen-inches: Its breadth 
 thirty feven.: Its Billwas of 4 fanguine-colont, behing fomething downwards, from 
 the point to the angles -of_ the Mouth two inches longs The \Palate was of a red-lead 
 colour ‘Phe Eyes hazel-coloured , The,edges of the Eye-lids reds, Both! upper and 
 lowerEye-lids towards the hind-part of, the Head were compatled, with white fea- 
 thers.:> The ‘Head and Throat were black, but dilutey:-..The middle-of the Back. afh- 
 coloured >:The Neck, Tail, Breatt, and Belly white? The number of quil-feathers.in 
 each Wing twenty nine’ »The tip.and extreme edges of the firft were white, the reft 
 of the feather black; the following: feathers to the tenth had black, tips, yet with; 
 fome diverfity in feveral birds; elfe the whole Wings were afh-coloured., .The 
 Fail all {now-white, of about five inches length, not forked, confilting of twelve 
 feathers. “The Wings gathered up reach beyond the end of the Tail. The Legs were 
 of a dark fanguine colour: The back-toe {mall:'. The Claws little, and black. . The 
 Males differ little from the Females'in colout dr oftward appearance. Near Gravef- 
 end a huge number of thefe birds frequent the River Thames. 
 
 Weflaw and defcribed at Cheffer\a Bird ‘of this kind, which there they called the 
 Sea-Crow, whichditftered fromthe precedent in fome accidents of lefs moment,v7z. The 
 crown or top of its Head only was blaék, not its Throat. Each Wing had twenty 
 eight quil-feathers, the outmoft of which had its tip and exteriour edge black; the 
 three next in order had their outer Webs white, their tipsand interfour edges black 5 
 the three fucceeding had only their tips black. [ The third, fourth, and fifth, and in 
 fome alfo the fecond feathers -have.a {pot of white on their tips. |, Of this kind alfe 
 are thofe birds which yearly build and breed at Norbury in Staffordfbire, in.an Ifland in 
 the middle of a great.Pool, in the Grounds. of’ Mr. Skrimbew, diftant at leaft thirty 
 miles fromthe Sea. About the beginning of March hither they come; about theend 
 of April they build, They lay three, four, or five Eggs, of a dirty green,colour, 
 {potted with dark brown, two inches long, of anjounce and. half weight, blunter at 
 one end. The firlt Down of the Young is afh-coloured, and {potted with black : 
 The firft feathers onthe Back after they are fledg’d are black. _When. the Young are 
 almoft come to their full growth, thofe entrufted by the Lord of the foil drive then 
 from off the Ifland through the Pool into Nets {et on the banks to take them. When 
 they have taken them they feed them: with the entrails of bea{ts, and when they are 
 fat fell them for four pence or five pence apiece, They take yearly about a thoufand 
 two hundred young ones : Whence may be computed what profit the Lord makes of 
 them. About the end of Julythey all fly away and leavethe Ifland. 
 
 Some fay, that the crowns of thofe Birds are black only in Spring and Summer. A 
 certain friend of mine (faith Aldrovand ) did fometime write to me from Comachio, 
 that the feathers on their Heads grow. black in March, and that that blacknefs con- 
 tinues forthree months, viz. fo long as they are breeding and rearing their Young, 
 and that the other nine months of the year they are white. Which thing if it be true 
 
 for to me indeed it feems not probable) no wonder that of one and the fame Species 
 of Bird defcribed at feveral times of the year there fhould be three or four made. A/- 
 drovandus writes, that the defcription of Gefzer agrees in other things to his ath-co- 
 loured Gu#,dilagreeing only in thecolour of its Billand Feet. But perhaps (faith he) 
 the colour of the Bill and Feet may, vary in birds. of the fameipecies, which I will 
 _ noteafily grant, unlefs they differ in Age or Sex. 
 
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 TRNITHOLOGY. Boor Ill, 
 
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 §. VIL. 
 
 * The greater white Gull of Bellonius, which we judge not to be fecifically 
 _ different from our Pewit. 
 
 T is, faith he, leffer than the afh-coloured Mew, anda veryhandfom bird, as fair to 
 fee to as. a white Pigcow, though it feem to be bigger-bodied ; and yet being {tript 
 
 * Tfuppofe it of its feathers it hath far lefsflefh. It is as whiteas fnow, yet * under the Wings it 
 
 fhould have 
 been upon 
 the Wings. 
 
 hath fomewhatof afh-colour. The Eyes are great, and. encompafled with a black 
 
 circle. Near the region of the Ears on both fides is a black fpot. It is. well winged, 
 
 for the Wings exceed the Tail in length. Its Legs and Bill are red, which they are 
 
 not inthe afh-coloured Gu//, 1t ftands ftreight upon its Legs, carrying the hinder 
 part of the body more elevated, fo that the lower parts feem to be bent like a bow. 
 The Billis round and fharp-pointed, the ends of the Wingsblack. This Bird in moft 
 things approaches to our Pewit laft defcribed, it differs im the colour of the crown, 
 andin the black {pots about the Ears. Aldrovandws makes the lefier white Larus of 
 Bellonivs to be the fame with the Cepphws of Turner, that 1s, our Pemit, I rather 
 think it to be the Sea-Swallow, becaufe he writes, that it frequents fenny places,and the 
 
 banks of Rivers. | 7 
 Cu wey -lk | 
 
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 Great brown and grey Gulls. 
 
 gL 
 Our Catarracta, I fuppofe the Cornifh Gannet. Skua Hoier, Clu/. 
 
 | He skin of this ftuft was fent us by our learned and worthy friend Dr. Walter 
 Needham, who found it hung up ina certain Gentlemans Hall. The Bird it 
 ~ felf living, or newly kill’d we have not as yet feenat hand. Itis of the biggeft 
 of this kind, equal to, or bigger than a tame Duck, Its Bill isf{tronger, bigger, and 
 fhorter than in other great Gus, black, hooked at the end, and {cemed to be covered, 
 with askin from the bafe tothe Nofthrils,as in Land-birds of prey. Its Legs and Feet 
 were black: Its Toes armed with ftrong, crooked Claws, fuch as we never before 
 obferved in any whole-footed Fowl. The colour of the Back isa rufty cinereous or 
 brown, like that of a Buzzards: Its Belly and underfide paler. The greater quil- 
 feathers of the Wings are black: The Tail alfo is black, about feven inches long, 
 made up of twelve feathers, of which the two middlemoft are fomewhat longer than 
 the reft. Thebottomsof the feathers as well of the Tail as Wing-quils are white. 
 The length of the Bill from the tip to the angles of the Mouth was no more thantwo 
 inches andan half. The angular prominence on the lower Chap is {mall and fcarce 
 con{picuous. Se 
 
 Hapning toread over the defcription of Hoiers Skuain the AuGarium of Cluftws his 
 Exotics, pag. 367. I find it exactly to agree with ours, fo that I do not at all doubt 
 but this Birdis the Skwa of Hoier. Clufiws his defcription being more full than ours I 
 fhall here fubjoyn. 
 
 The Bird fent me by Hoier was ( faith he }) of thebignefs of a great Gul, from the 
 bottom of the Neck to the Rump nine incheslong. The compais of its body, mea- 
 furing under its Wings, was fixteen inches. The Neck from the crown of the Head 
 to the Back wasfeven incheslong. The Head not very great, nor the Bill flat, but 
 rather Jong and narrow, on the part next the Head rugged and rough, towards the 
 point fmooth, black, andcrooked, almoft like thofe of rapacious birds or Gulls, not 
 exceeding thelength of two inches. ‘The Wings werealmoft feventeen inches long, 
 reaching fomething further than the end of the Tail. The fourgreater quil-feathers 
 of the Wings were black, not whiteat thetip, as Hoser wrote, unlefs perchance he 
 had obferved that mark in other birds of this kind. From the quill or naked part I 
 found them to be white half way up the feather, as were alfo the three greater and 
 
 uppermoft Tail-feathers below where they were inferted into the Rump, the upper 
 | part 
 
 
 

 
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 Book Ill, OR NCITHOLOGT. 
 
 part being black asin the quil-feathers, AS for the reft of the feathers invelting the 
 
 ody they were of a colour between black and cinereous, but the black predominant, 
 
 and did nearly refemble the feathers of a bald Buzzard or Kite. The Legs were 
 placed backward, in the hindmoft part of the body, atin moft Water-fowl, above 
 the Knee they were very fhort, below the Knee down to the toot almoft three inches 
 long. The Feet were flat, having three Toes and a fhort Heel. The outmoft Toe 
 € next in length to the middlemoft ) confifted of four joynts 5 themiddle( which 
 was the longeft ) of three; the inmolt ( which was the fhorteft ) of two} and the 
 heel or back-toe of one. All ending in fharp, crooked Claws, and joyned together 
 by ablack membrane or cartilage tothe very Claws. 
 
 _Uhe characteriftic notes of this {pecies are, 1. The thicknefS and thortnefs of its 
 Bill. 2. The uniform black colour of its Tail fas far as it appeats beyond the in- 
 cumbent feathers."}_ 3. The bignef$ and crookednefs of its Talon¢. | 
 
 Hier writes, that it preys not only upon fith, but on all kinds of fall birds. 
 
 The Corwifh Gannet ( as they told us’) doth conftantly accompany the fholesof Pj}. . 
 
 chards, {till hovering over them inthe Air. It purfues and ftrikes at thefe fith with 
 that violence that they catcht it witha {trange artifice. They faftena Pilchard to 4 
 board, which they fix a little under water. The Gaxwyet efpying the Pilchard, catts 
 himfelf down from on high upon it with that vehemence, that he {trikes his Bill clear 
 through the board, and dathes out his brains againft it, and fo comes to be taken, We 
 faw many of thele Gazwets fiying,but could not kill one. They feem to be very ftrong 
 birds, long-winged, and fly {wiftly. 
 
 g. Ik 
 
 a. Aldrovandus his Catarracta. 
 
 i comes near to the bird laft deferibed. It (faith he ) exa&ly refembles a Gofhawk, 
 
 [| to which our Bird alfo anfwers very well, both in bignefs and figure, and in the 
 colour of the upper fide of the body, ‘] fo that you can fcarce diftinguifh them ; for 
 onthe upper fide, like that, 4tis variegated with brown, white and yellow mingled ; 
 on the under fide it isall white, {potted with brown, as the Picture fhews. Arifiotle 
 alfo writes, that it is lefS than a Hawk, and that it hath a large and broad Throat of 
 Gullet; which laft note agrees exactly to my bird, though indeed other Gwi/s alfo 
 have a wide throat as well as this. But] think Ariffotle likened it toa Hawk, not 
 only for its bignefs, but becaufe it was alike {potted, and efpecially becaufe it preys 
 after the manner of a Hawk ; and for that purpofe is endued with a Bill for the bigne(s 
 of its body very great and ftrong, fharp-pointed alfo, and the upper Chap more than 
 
 , ordinarily hooked. Itis an inch thick, and ofa deep black. The Neck alfo is pret- 
 
 ty long: The Head lefferthan in Gzs. The Wings in length are even with the Tail. 
 The Tail is a Palm long, and black : The Hips covered with feathers to the Knees, 
 which in other Guds are not fo, but bare a little higher.” Its Legs, Feet, and inter- 
 vening membranes cinereous : The Claws black, crooked, and fiall. 
 
 Itdiffers from our Catarraéa chiefly, 1. Inthe colour of the underfide of the body : — 
 
 2. In thecolourof the Feet: 3. Inthe {malnefSof the Claws. But thet things not- 
 with{tanding, perchance it may bethe fame. For Aldrovandys (as I gather from his 
 words ) took hisdefcription froma Pi@ure. But Painters are pot wont to be very 
 exad either inexprefling of the colours, or delineating the parts. 
 
 This defcription alfo doth in many things agree to that Gu# which we fhall next de- 
 {cribe under the title of the Cornifh Wagel. 
 
 §. IIL. 
 
 The great grey Gull, which we take tobe the Cornifh Wagel, called at Venice, 
 Martinazzo, at Amfterdam, the Burgomafter of Groenland : 
 An Larus albo-cinereus torque cinereo of Aldrov ? 
 
 T weighed twenty two ounces; being ftretcht out in length from the point of the 
 i Bill to the end of the Feet twenty one inches and an half, to the end of the Tail 
 twenty one: its breadth was fifty threeinches. Its colour as well in the lower as up- 
 per fide was grey, fuch as is feen in the back of a wild Duck, or a Curler, being mixed 
 of whitifh and brown. [ Mr. Willughby gives alfo fome mixture of ferrugineous both 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 349 
 
 
 
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 —_— — -—-- - 
 
 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boox lil. 
 
 tothe brown, and to the afh-colour in the Wings and Back. ’} The feathers of the 
 Back are black in the middle, and afh-coloured about the edges. “The Rump-feathers 
 incumbent onthe Tail are for the moft part white, only {potted in the middle with 
 brown. The Chinis white. Each Wing hath thirty quil-feathers, all black. The 
 tips of the lefler rows of Wing-feathers in fome are black, in fome cinereous. The 
 Tail is fix inches and an halflong, confilting of a dozen feathers, the outmoft tips of 
 which are white; then fucceeds acrofs bed or bar of black, of about two inches 
 broad : The lower part is varied with tran{verfe bars of white and black, the white 
 alfo {potted with black. | 
 
 The Bill is almoft three inches long, all black, the upper Chap bending a little 
 downward, ahd’as it were hooked: The lower between the angle and the tip under- 
 neath bunches out intoaknob. The Nofthrils oblong: The Eyes grey: The Neck 
 fhort: The Head great, which in walking or {tanding {till it always draws down to its 
 fhoulders, as do alfo other Gzl/s, fo that one would think they had no necks, of a 
 whitith grey colour..,.Its Legs and Feet are white, or white with a little duskith- 
 nefs: The hind-toe {mall: The Claws black, that of the middle toe fharp on the 
 infide. | 
 
 It hath a huge Liver, dividedintwo: a Gall annexed to the right Lobe. The Sto- 
 mach more mu{culousthan incarnivorous birds:; Theblind. gutsfhort and Jietle; ‘yet 
 turgid, and full of Excrement. | as DO | 
 
 The Cornifh men related to us for 4 certain truth, that this Bird)is wont to’ perfe- 
 cute and terrifie the Sea-Swallows, and other {mall Gulls fo.long, till they mure for 
 fear; and then catches their excrements before they fall into the water, and greedily 
 devours them asa great dainty: This fome of them affirmed themfelves to have 
 feen. 
 
 The Larwys albo-cinercws torque cinereo of Aldrovand.is very \ike to, if not the fame 
 with this. Onthe Breaft and Belly itis of acolour from white inclining to cimereous, 
 as alfo on the upper. fide of the Wings. . It hath’a very great Head; encompafled with 
 a kind of afh-coloured:wreath, ‘which yet reaches not to the Neck behind, but turns 
 up. to. the middle of the crown., , Along the Neck, and Back it declines from grey to 
 blue.. The covert-feathers of the Wings are of a colour mixt of white and cine- 
 reous.. The longer, quil-feathers are, black, reaching an inch further than the Tail. 
 The Tailisath-coloured, and black,attheend.. The Legs, Bill, and Eyes red, yet the 
 
 A cee One 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 [oh 
 .§. IV. 
 d be Winter-Mew,called 72 Cambridge-fhire theC oddy-moddy. Larus fufeus five Hybernus. 
 
 T weighs wellnigh feventeen ounces. In length from the tip of the Bill to the 
 end of the Claws or Tailit was by meafure eighteen inches and better. The ex- 
 tremes of the Wings extended were forty five inches diftant. The lower part ofthe 
 Throat about the Craw. is a! little dusky, elfe the under-fide of the body is all white. 
 The Head iswhite, {potted with brown: The Neck brown: The middle of the Back 
 cifereous. The long feapular feathers varied with’brown {pots. The Rump is white. 
 The Tail more than five inches long, madeup of twelve feathers. _ The extreme tips 
 of the Tail-feathers are white; then fucceedsa black bar aninch and an half broad, 
 the reft of the Tail being white. The outmoft quil-feather of the Wing is of a dark 
 brown or black colour ; the fecond ath-coloured on, the inner fide : In the following 
 the black part is leflened by degrees, tillinthe fixth and feventh the tips only remain 
 black. The tipsof the eighth and all the following are white. The eleventh fea- 
 ther is wholly cinereous, yet in the middle of the fhaft, not far from the tip,darker: 
 Inthe two next isa brown fpot. The fucceeding have alfo their exteriour edges 
 black. Inthe twenty, third the blacknefs difappears again, fo that the twenty fourth 
 and twenty fifth are wholly cinereous.. Of the.laft or thofe next the body the one 
 halfis black. The lefler covert-feathersin the upper part of the Wing are of a mixt 
 colour of cinereous and black: Thofe onthe underfide of the Wing are white. 
 
 ‘The Bill ismore than two inches.long 5 from the Nofthrils to the-end whitifh: The 
 upper Mandible longer and crooked, the nether underneath bunches out intoan angle 
 or knob, asin other great Gus: The Tongue white, cloven, reaching to the end 
 of the Bill: TheEyes hazel-coloured, .and furnithed. with niGtating membranes: The 
 Ears great: The Legs and Feet of a dusky or greenifh white: The back-toe little, 
 
 ; | armed 
 
 
 

 
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 Boox IIf, ORNITHOLOGY. , 351 
 armed witha {mall Claw: the inner fore-toe the lea(t : The Claws black ; that of the | 
 middle Toe tharp on the inner fide. 
 
 The Guts were long[ twenty eight inches J having many fpiral revolutions: The 
 {tomach mufculous: The Liver divided into two Lobes: The Gall-bladder large... It 
 frequents moift Meadows, Fens, and Rivers, and fometimes plowed Lands too many 
 miles diftant from the Sea. | | 
 
 This Bird in many things comesnear to the Larus major of * Aldrovand, but differs * Ornithol. 
 from itin the colour of the Eyes, Bill; and F ect, the Bill and Feet in Aldrouanads bird fon a 
 being yellow. But the defcription of this greater Gu// | Larws major) in Aldrovand . 
 an{wers exactly to that bird: which Leonard Baltner hath painted under the title of 
 Lin Winder-Meb : wherefore we will here fabjoyn his defcription. | 
 
 §. V. 
 
 * The Larus major {| Greater Gull] of Aldrovand, called by Leonard Baltuer, Ein 
 Winder-Meb, ‘that is, .A winter Mew. 
 
 RS the point of the Bill to the end of the Wings it was almoft two {pans Jong: 
 Had a very great and thick Head, particoloured of white and cinereous: Alio 
 a large full Breaft of the famecolour, but more dilute, efpecially. towards the lower 
 
 belly : A thick yellowifh Bill, black at the tip, and very fharp, in the upper Chap 
 
 whereof are long Nofthrils. It.gapes very wide. The Pupil.of the Eye isblack; the 
 
 {ris yellow, ox {hining like gold; the yellow is encompailed with a circle of black, 
 
 the black with a white, and lattly, the white witha grey or afh-colour. The Wings 
 
 are of a colour mingled of white, * grey, and brown, or chefnut, to.the guils, which * Cinereow, 
 onthe outfide are dusky or blackith; on the infide for the moft part cinereous, and 
 
 t exceed the Tail by am hand-breadth:’The longeft of them are more than a f{pan, + Reach be. 
 The Tail it felf 1s four inches and anhalf long and better, all cinereous, except a cro{g)°" 
 
 bar or border of black, near theend,. of more than aninch broad... The Fhichs are 
 cinereous, and near the Legsbare of feathers: The Legs of a good length, and flen- 
 
 der, as became a light, bird, of ja.pale yellow colour. . The Feet,. Toes; and. ;inter- 
 veningmembranes alfo yellow : The Claws black, fhort and crooked: The back-toe 
 con{picuous enough, armed alfo witha claw. 
 
 C : 6. VL 
 
 ‘* Baltners great grey Sea-Mew, the fame perchance with ours defcribed in the third place. 
 
 SE tat _ te ‘ 
 
 Romthe point of the Bill tothe end of the Wings it was 1+ of a Strasburgh Elk 
 long: Between the tips of the*Wings extended two Ellsbroad. It weighed 
 {carcea pound. The length of its foot from the feathers to the Claws wasa quarter 
 of a yard: Ofits guts feven-quarters. Its Billand-F eet were brown | brannlecht. | The 
 Picture reprefents them of a dark purple. Thecolour of the whole body was grey 
 | grau, | I takethis to be no otherthan the great grey Gul/ defcribed in the third place, 
 but then the colour of the Legs 1s miftaken. | 
 
 
 
 438 
 " dilcouends Cepphus. 
 
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 JT's not like.a Guin any thing fave:the Bill. and fhape .of the. Legsoandok eet, tor in 
 
 | other-things 1t-rather refembles.a' Duck, . From the Bill tothe end of the Failatisa 
 
 {pan and-half long,! and:becaufeit hath abundance ofsfeathers it. feems tobe corpulent, 
 whereas the matter is nothing fo; ;,.. The Bill isidf a moderate, both Jength iandothick- 
 
 nefs,, of, a horn colour, on the fidesiofthe: Mandiblesred, at the tip «whichis hooked) 
 black. - The Eyes ttle, forthe moft partred,:encompatied with a whitecircle, “The 
 Head. whichis fomethinglefsthan imGulls ) together. with the Neck, Breatt, Belly, eee 
 - Thighs, and Rumpare vartegatedwith white and'* brown {pots, | with, a mixtute’ of Dusky 
 bay and.yellow. The! Wings ate; black; the ends -of the feathers ‘being yellowith. 
 
 -The greater feathers of the Tail aréalfo:blacki:.he Legs and {hanks greenifh 5! the 
 ‘Feetand membrane connecting the Foes duskysis 9 = 7 danas 
 
 
 
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 —_— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 352 — ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Ill. 
 
 This Bird is as yet to us unknown, and therefore we have no more to add concern- 
 ingit. What the Ancients have left us concerning the Cepphws fee in Aldrovand. Tur- 
 ver thinks that bird which we call the Pewit to be the Cepphus of the Ancients, as we 
 have already told the Reader. | 
 
 §. Vill. 
 The brown Tern = Larus cinereus minor Aldrov.called by Baltner, Ein Keffler: 
 I’ is about half fo big as BeZonivs his afh-coloured Mew, for it fcarce exceeds a 
 
 {pan inlength. Onthe Back and Wings it is of an ath-colour, but far deeper than 
 in that,inclining toa blue. The quil-feathers of the Wings are on the outfide cinereous, 
 
 ®Theword buton the infide black; on both fides at * the endswhite. The Bill is {lender [ or 
 
 ieee a {mall} for the proportion-ef the body, a little bending andblack. The crown of 
 well fignife the head towards the hind-part black. The Feet, Legs and membranes uniting the 
 edgesorex- Toes of a Safiron-colour: The Claws black. All the other parts purely white. 
 tremiticss "This is the bird which Leow. Baltner defcribes and paints under the title of Eiz Ke/fler, 
 of the bignefs of a Blackbird, with long Wings, fhort legs, a {mall Head, and black 
 
 for the moft part ; the Backand quills of the Wings brown, the covert-feathers cine- 
 
 reous, yellow or Saffron-coloured Feet 5 a black, fharp Bill, moderately bending. 
 
 _ It flies up and down continually over the water im purfuit of Gnats and other water- 
 
 Infetts. It feeds alfoupon fifth. This is alfo the brown Tern of Mr. Fohufon, (if Tbe 
 
 not miftaken) whofe underfide is all white, the upper brown: The Wings partly 
 
 brown, partly afh-coloured : The Head black: The Tail not forked. The Birds of 
 
 this kind are gregarious, flying in companies. 
 §. IX. 
 * Margeraves Brafilian Gull, called Guaca-guacu, Gaviota of the Portughefe. 
 
 T isof the bignefs of a common Hens hath a‘*ftreight, long, thick, yellow Bill. 
 | Its Head above is covered with black feathers, as are allo the hinder moieties of 
 the Wingsand Tail. The Throat, whole Neck,Breaft, and lower Belly, and fore-part 
 of the Wingsare white. It lays its Eggs in the fand, which are like toa Hens for 
 figure, bignefs, andcolour: They are indeed well tafted, but the flefh of the Bird 
 is nothing worth. 
 
 
 
 Cu s-Pew Ally | 
 The leffer Gulls with forked Tails... 
 a ds ods rect | 
 
 The Sea-Swallow : Hirundo marina, Sterna of Turner, Speurer of Baltzer. 
 
 He weight of this Bird was near five ounces: Its length from Bill to Tail Gx 
 3 ‘ teen inches; itsbreadth from Wings end to Wings end thirty two inches. 
 
 It isa {mall bird, flender, and long-bodied: Hatha forked Tail, whence 
 it got thename of a Swallow: A black crown, the black being terminated by a line 
 drawn-from'the Nofthrils through’ the Eyes to the Neck, fo that above the Eyes the 
 Head is black; under the Eyes»white. The Cheeks, Chin, lower Belly; under- 
 fide of the Wings are-all white: The Breaft hath fomething of cinereous ming- 
 
 ledio’ The Rump is white : The Back and upper fide of the Wings are of a darkafth- . 
 
 colour: » Each Wing hath twenty nine quils; the outmoft ten whereof have their 
 outer Webs running out into fharp points, the reft their inner. ‘The exteriour Web 
 
 of the firft or outmoft featheris black, the {haft white, and of a notable thicknefs : 
 
 The tips of the following till the tenth, and the infide of all white, and moreover 
 
 half the interiour Web of the four or five foremoft.: | The Tail is compofed of twelve 
 
 feathers, the outmoft being half a foot long-and better, and having their‘ exteriour 
 
 Webs from cinereous inclining to black: The two middlemoft f{Carce: three inches 
 
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 Book Il. ORNITHOLOGH 
 
 ance ti see -ORS = 
 par: and white: The reft having their outer Webs cinereous, their inner 
 white. 
 
 Its Bill is long, almoft ftreight, black atthe tip, elfe red. Its mouth is.red within : 
 Its Tongue fharp : Its Legs red; the back-toe{mall: The fore-toes web’d together 
 as far as the very Claws. The craw was large, out of which we took aGudgeon : 
 ane Gizzard full of fith-bones : The Guts twenty inches long: The blind guts very 
 
 ort. 
 
 Thefe Birds flock together, and build and breed on Iflands uninhabited near to 
 the Sea-fhores many together in the fame quarter. In the Ifland of Caldey, adjacent 
 to the Southern fhore of Wales, they call them Sparreh; [ a name (as appears by 
 Balter’) common to them with the Germans about. Strasburgh, ] and thar little let 
 where they build Spurre I{land. In other places of Bugland they are called Scrays; 
 a name, I conceive, framed in imitation of their cry: For they are extraordinarily 
 clamorous. Inthe Northern parts they callthem Terzs, whence Turver calls them in 
 Latine, Sterne, becaufe they frequent Lakes and great Pools of water, which in the 
 North of Exgland are called Taras. Fe to -9 | 
 
 They lay three or four. Eggs, either upon the bare ground, or ina Neft, made of 
 Reeds. Their Eggs arelike the great Gulls Eggs, though much lefs: The Young are 
 alfo {potted with black like theirs. They fly up and down over the water, intent up- 
 on their prey, and when they efpy a fith, they caft themfelves down with wonderful 
 {wiftnefs mto the Water, and catching it up, fly away withit ina trice. They frequent 
 Rivers far remote from the Sea, as for example, the Rhexe about Strasburgh, where they 
 were taken, defcribed and painted by Leonard Baliner, by the title of Ein Speurer, 
 who tells us alfo thatthey build in gravelly and {andy places by the banks of the Ri- 
 ver 5 fo thatif it happen there be a floud in their breeding time,their Eggs are marred, 
 and Nefts deftroyed. | 
 
 This Bird for itslong Wings, fmall Feet, forked Tail, continua) flying, and final- 
 ly, for the figure of its whole body, is commonly, and not undefervedly, called, the 
 Sea-Swallow. | 
 
 §. IL. 
 
 The leffer Sea-Swallow : Larus Pifcator of Gefuer and Aldrov, Fin Fifcherlin of Baltner, 
 
 Efuer defcribes this Bird thus. They fay that it is white, witha black crowm 
 
 Cc It is lefier than the afh-coloured-Gw#/; witha black head like the Sterva, Bill 
 and Feet of a pale dusky colour: Of fwift flight, and when it catches fifh, plunging 
 it felf into the water, which the afh-coloured Gw// doth not. | 
 
 Leonard Baltner defcribes his Fifcherliwafter thismanner. Itis a very little kind of 
 Speurer, that is, Sea-Swallow, even lefs than a Blackbird. It hath long afh-coloured 
 feathers: Billand Feet of a Saffron-colour : A black crown: The nether fide of the 
 body all white, in like mannerthe Tail. It preys upon fmall fifhes, whence it had its 
 name: Itsgutsare half a yardlong. The Females are lefsthanthe Males. Their fleth 
 is good to eat. The Picture reprefents the Tail forked, and the point of the Bill 
 black : The greater quil-feathers of the bbe deaitlas black. | | 
 
 It differs from the greater Sea-Swallow chiefly in bignefs, and the colour of the Bill 
 and Feet. 3 
 
 Mr. Fohnfon thus briefly defcribesit. It hath the Wings, Tail, and fwiftnefs-ofa 
 Swallow : Ared Bills a black crown ; brown Legs ; a forked Tail fix incheslong. In 
 the colour-of the Legs he agrees with Gefwer: but perchance the colour may yary 
 with Age, or differ in the Sexes. 
 
 §. Ill. 
 
 353 
 
 The Scate-crows Larus niger Gefneri ;* Aldrov. Ein Brandvogel or Megvogel of Baltner. + tom.3: 
 pag. 81, 
 
 His {mall Gui hath black Bill, Head, Neck, Breafty Belly, and Back, (¢ as far as 
 7 one can judge by the Picture ) afh-coloured Wings, reaching beyond the Tail. 
 The Legs have a light dafh of red. About Strasburgh it 1s called Megvogelin, that is, 
 the May-fowl, becaufe ( faith Baltner) it comesto them in the month of May. Baltner 
 defcribes and paints it under the titleof Brand-vogel. It is ( faith he ) of the bignefs 
 ofa Blackbird; hath long Wings, {mall and fhort Legs and Feet, partly cloven, a 
 black Bill, of which colour is alfo the whole body. They ny in flocks for the moft 
 
 Z part 
 
 
 
ee a —— ne Pe ee 
 _ - tw oe i -? = = — 
 
 
 
 Sh ””CO RCITHOLOGY. Boox Il. 
 
 part, twenty orthirty together. Theycatch Gnats, and other water-Infects. Their 
 flefh is good to eat. 
 
 This is (Ifuppofe ) the fame with that which Mr. fohufon faith, they in the North 
 eall the Scare-Crows and ‘thus briefly defcribes. It cannot abide the: prefence of men: 
 Its Head, Neck, aiid Belly are black ; its Wings afh-coloured sits Tail a little forked : 
 Its feet {mall and red. The Male hath a white {pot under his chin. 
 
 d. IV. 
 
 
 
 Our black, cloven-footed Gull. 
 
 T islefS than the Sea-Swallow : In length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the 
 Tail ten inches: in breadth from Wingsend to Wings end twenty four. The Bill 
 
 from the point to the angles of the mouth is an inch and half long, tharp-pointed, and 
 black: The Tongue fharp, and flit atthe end: The Head black: The back and up- 
 per furface of the Wings of a dark cinereous : The Throat atid Breaft black: But the 
 feathets of the lower belly under the Tail pure white. The number of quils in each 
 Wing twenty feven: The Tail forked, made up of twelve feathers, the outmoft 3; 
 inches long, the middlemoft two and an half. The outmoft on each fide is all white, 
 all the reft afh-coloured. The Legs are bare up to the middle of the fecond joynt : 
 The Feet (mall, of a reddifh black colour: The Claws black: The hind-toe little 5 
 the middle fore-toe thelongeft, and next to that the outmott. The membrane con- 
 necting the inmoft and middle toes in the inmoft 1s extended to the Claw, in the middle 
 toe proceeds not beyond the firft joynt; fo the upper bone of the Toe is altogether 
 free and loofe. That which joyns the outmoft and middle Toes, though it begins in 
 both from the very Claws, yet is it depreffed in the middle, and as it were hollowed 
 into the form of aCrefcent, whofe horns are the Toes. The Claw of the middle 
 toe on the infide is thiiined into anedge, Its cry is hardly diftinguifhable from that 
 of the Sea-Swallow. It builds among the Reeds, and laysthree or four Eggs, like to 
 thofe of other Gul/s, of afordid green, fpotted with black, compaffed with a broad 
 black girdle about the middle. The blind Guts, asin the reft of this kind, are very 
 fhort. In the Stomach were Beetles, Maggots, &c. © ne 
 
 ‘This Bird comes very near to the black cloven-footed Gull of Aldrovand: But its 
 Tail isforked, of which remarkable fiote he makesno mention, which fure could not 
 have efeaped him, if it had been m the birds he defcribed. 
 
 It frequents Rivers, Mears, and Plathesof Water far from the Sea. 
 
 §. V. 
 * Aldrovands cloven-footed Gull, with longer Wings. 0 eh 
 
 ‘ote Bird onthe Witigs and Breatt is all afh-coloured,’ hath very large Wings, ex- 
 
 ceeding the Tail three inches in length, and towards the end black. The Tail 
 is hort, and cinereous : The part under the Tail white: The Toes are of a good 
 length, atidarmed with notable Claws; the Legs fhort; both black. The Eyes very 
 black, as is the whole Head, and alfo the Neck, and the Bill befide, which is pretty 
 long, aiid a little crooked at the end. | 
 
 Os MA. 
 * The other cloven-footed Gull of Aldrovand, with florter Wings. 
 
 ie is almoft of the fame bignefs with the precedent, but hath far fhorter Wings, and a 
 onthe contrary a much longer Tail. Its bignefs is equal tothat of a Blackbird ;its 
 colour cinereous; its Head black. Its length from the Head to the Rump is nine 
 inches : The Tail isa full Palm[ hand-breadth long. The ridges of the Wings are 
 white : The Bill black, flender, alittle crooked. The feathers under the Tail are 
 white. The feet are reddifh, {mall, asin Swal/ows, It hath four Toes, with fome 
 oe of a membrane between them. The Claws are black, and fmall, however 
 rodked. | 
 Thefe Birds ¢ faith Aldrovand) becaufe they do inthe fhape of their bodies fome- 
 thing refemble Swal/omssare called by us Romdini marini. 
 
 §. VIL. 
 
 
 

 
 Book. ORNITHOLOGY. 
 §. VII. 
 Mr. fohnfons faall clover-footed Gull. 
 
 
 
 T is of the bignefs of a Blackbird, orfomething lefs. Its Bill is flender, ftreighr, 
 § tharp-pointed, black, round, having no knob in the lower Mandible. Thecrown 
 of ablack ordark red... The fides and under-fide of the Neck arered: The Belly and 
 wholenether fide white : The Back and Wings brown, {potted with yellowith {pots. 
 In the Wings isa tran{verfe white line inthe tips of the feathers. The Wingsare long 5 
 the Tail fhort. The Toes not web’dtogether, but bordered on each fide with lateral 
 membranies {calloped,and elegantly ferrate : Whence when I firft faw the skin of it ftuft 
 at Mr. Fohufons at Brignalin Yorkshire, from the make of its Feet I judged to be of the 
 Coot-kind.But afterwards being informed by Mr.Fohufox that it is muckuponthe wing, 
 hath fharp Wings, and cries like a {mall Gull, ditfers alfo in the fafhion of the Bill, [ 
 changed my opinion, and think that it ought rather to be referred to the Gus, to. 
 which I have fubjoyned it. 
 
 
 
 
 
 SECTION VIL 
 Of Whole-footed Birds with broad Bills. 
 
 Hefe may be divided into the Goofe-kind, and the Duck-kind. The marks 
 
 of the Goofe-kind, of which we (hall firft treat, area bigger body : Large 
 
 Wings ; a long Neck 5 a large, and round-ended train: A white ring about 
 
 the Rump: A rounder Back, not {0 flat and deprefled asin the Duck-kind : 
 
 A Bill thicker at the bafe, {lenderer toward the tip, and not fo flat and broad at the end 
 as in Ducks: To which might beadded fhorter Legs. 
 
 OO A 
 
 MEMB. I. 
 The. Goofe-kind. 
 
 a lt ee ee 
 
 CHa se 
 
 Of the Swan: De Cygno. 
 eS LL 3 ae 
 The tame Swan: Cygnus manfuetus. 
 Pen Fis Bird 1s much the biggeft of all whole-footed Water-fow! with broad Bills. 
 
 k An old one we made trial of weighed twenty pounds: From the tip of the 
 | Billto, theend of the Tail was fifty five inches long, to the end of the Feet 
 fiftyfeven. The diftance between the tips of the Wings extended was feven foot and 
 eight inches. 
 
 The whole body is covered with a foft, delicate Plumage, in the old ones purely 
 white, in the young ones grey. The quils of the greater Wing-feathers in this Bird 
 dre greater than in the wild Swan. | | | 
 
 The Bill in the young ones of the firft year is of a lead colour, having a round 
 nail as it wereat the tip, and a blackline on each fide from the Nofthrils to the Head. 
 From the Eyes to the Bill is a triangular {pace, bare of feathers, of a black colour, 
 the bafe whereof refpects the Bill, the vertex the Eyes. In old ones the Bill is red, the 
 hook or nail at the end being black. Above at thebafe ofthe Bill grows a great Lobe 
 of tuberous flefh of a black colour, bending forwardor downward. The {pace un- 
 der the Eyesalwayscontinues black. The Tongue isindented or toothed : The Feet 
 
 Az 4 | Q 
 
 
 

 
 hl LLL LLL ALLE 
 
 s6~C~*~*C*«é«CO RCT OLOGY. Box il. 
 
 eee 
 —- 
 
 of alead colour, bare a little above the knee. The inmoft Toe hath a lateral mem- 
 brane appendant. TheClaws areblack. | 
 
 The ftomach is furnifhed with thick and ftrong mufcles : The Guts have eight or 
 nine revolutions, and are large. The Wind-pipe in this kind enters not the Breatt- 
 bone. Wherefore Aldrovand doth not rightly infer that Ariffotle never diflected this 
 Fowl, becaufehe makes no mention of this ingrefs, and of the f{trange figure of the 
 Wind-pipe. For thisis proper to the wild Swan, not common to both kinds; we 
 having not obferved fuch a conformation of the Wind-pipe in any of thofe tame 
 Swans we havedifle&ed. Aldrovandws therefore thinking there was but one kind of 
 Swan, viz. that which he difiected, did erroneoufly attribute what was proper to that 
 one kind, to the Swan in general. We have opened two wild Swans, and in both 
 have obferved the Wind-pipe foto enter the cavity of the Breaft-bone,and to be there 
 {o reflected as Aldrovandus hath exprefied both in words and figures: Of tame Swans 
 we have anatomized many, andin all have obferved the wind-pipe to defcend ftreight 
 down into the Lungs without any fuch digreffion or reflection. : 
 
 It isa very long-lived fowl, fo that it is thought to attain. the age of three hundred 
 years: Which ( faith Aldrovandys ) to me feems not likely. For my part, I could 
 eafily be induced to believeit: Forthat Ihave been afiured by credible petfons that 
 a Goofewilllivea hundred years ormore. Butthata Swaz is much longer-lived than 
 a Goofe, if it were not manifeft in experience, ‘yet are there many convincing argu- 
 ments to prove, viz. that in the fame kind it is bigger: That it hath harder, firmer, 
 and more folid flefh: That it fits longer on its Eggs before at hatchesthem. For, that 
 I may invert Plixies words, Thofé creatures live longeft that are longeft born inthe 
 Womb. Now incubation an{wersto geftation. For the Egg 1s asit were an expo- 
 fed Womb with the young enclofed, ‘which in viviparous Animals are cherifhed, and, 
 as I may fo fay, hatched within the body, in oviparous Animals without the body, by 
 the warmth of theold one fitting upon them. , 
 
 The Swan feeds not upon fifh, but ‘either upon herbs growing in the water, and, 
 their roots and feeds, of upon Worms, and other Infects, and fhell-fith. Albertws 
 writes truly, that its flefh is black and hard. As the Bird it felf is far bigger than a 
 Goofe, foits flefh is blacker, harder, and tougher, having grofier fibres, hard of di- 
 geftion, of abad and melancholicjuice: Yet for its rarity ferves as a difh to adorn 
 great mens Tables at Feafts and entertainments, being elfe in my opinion no defirable 
 cat It lays feven or eight Eggs;-andfits'near two months before its young ones 
 
 ehatcht. “aa ae 
 
 They make ufe of the skin, the groffer feathers pluckt off, and only the Down 
 left, and fo dreft, as a defenfative againft cold, efpecially to cover and cherifh the 
 Breaft andStomach. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 din Maced ie a 
 Awild Swan, called aljo ain Elk, and in fome places a Hooper. 
 
 T weighs lefs than a tame Swan, not exceeding two hundred fixty five ounces, or 
 } fixteen pound three quarters, Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the 
 Feet was fixty inches, to theend of the Tail fifty fix. “The figure of the body is the 
 fame with thetame. Swans : The colour white, yet not all over fo white as the tame 
 Swans : For themiddle of the Back, and the fmaller covert-feathers of the Wings are 
 cinercous; Sometimes alfo here and there a brown feather is mixt with the white ones 
 in the Back. ‘Each Wing hath thirty eight quils. The firft feather of the baftard-wing 
 is longer than ordinary, 4s in the tame Swaz: The quils much lefs than that. “The 
 Bill cowards the tip, and as far as the Nofthrils, is black: Thence to the Headcovered 
 witha yellow membrane. [ Mr.Wilughby defcribes the Bill a little differently thus. 
 _ The upper Mandible is moveable, from the Eyes to the Nofthrils bare, and of a fair 
 yellow colour, beyond the Nofthrils black. The lower Mandible is black, but the 
 membrane under the Chin yellow.]. The Legs are bare of feathers a little above the 
 knees, of a dusky yellow, as arealfo the Feet. The Wind-pipe after a ftrange and 
 wonderful manner enters the Breaft-bone in a cavity prepared for it, and is therein 
 refleGted, and after its egrefs at the divarication is contracted into a narrow compats 
 by a broad and bony cartilage, then being divided into two branches goes on to the 
 Lungs. Thefe branches beforethey enter the Lungs are dilated, and asit were fwoln 
 Out intotwo cavities, = | | | 
 | | On 
 
 
 
| 
 | 
 
 
 
 Boox I. ORNITHOLOGY. ¢ 
 
 eee 
 
 
 
 ee 
 
 On the fides of the Rump grow two huge glandules, out of which by a hehe 
 prefiure may be {queezed a certain glutinous fubftance like to ear-wax, Wherewith 
 ike anoints and compofes her feathers. But thefe glandules are not peculiar to this 
 Bird, though perchance greater and more remarkable in her, but commomtocall. The 
 itd we decribed was a Female. The knot or bunch of Eggs was fituate far within 
 the body, between the very Lobes of the Lungs. The Wind-pipe enters the breatt- 
 bone, and comes out again below the Merry-thought : The ftomach is very. flefhy, 
 and furnifhed with thick mufcles. Above the Stomach the Gullet is dilatedinto a 
 bag, thick-fet, and as it were granulated within with many papillary olandules, ex- 
 cerninga kind of Saliva, which feryesasa menfirunue to macerate the meat, 
 
 The Wind-pipe reflected in form ofa Trum pet feems to be fo contrived and formed 
 by nature for modulating the voice. _Hence what the Ancients have delivered con- 
 cerning the finging of Swans (if it be true, which I much doubt ) feems chiefly to 
 agree tothis bird, and not to the tame Swan. 
 
 For my part, thofe {tories of the Ancients concerning the finging of Swaws,viz.that 
 thofe Birds at other times, but efpecially when their death approaches, do witha moft 
 {weet and melodious modulation of theit vorce, fing their own Newia or funeral long, 
 feemed to me always very unlikely and fabulous, and to have been therefore not un- 
 defervedly exploded by Scaliger and others. Howbeit Aldrovandys, weighing on both 
 fides the Arguments and Authorities of learned men, hath (he faith ) obferved 
 them to be equal; wherefore to caft the{cale, and eftablith the affirmative, he'thinks 
 that wonderful ftruGure of the Wind-pipe, by him firft obferved, is of weight fuffi- 
 cient. _ Butthis Argument though it be very {pecious and plaufible, yet doth it not 
 concludethe controverfie. For we have obierved in the Wind-pipe of the Crave the 
 like ingrefs into the cavity of the Brealt-bone, and refleion therein, or a more re- 
 markable one 5 yet no man, that I know of, ever commended the Crave for finging, or 
 mufical modulation of itsvoice. But if you ask me, to what purpofe, then doth the 
 Wind-pipe enter into the breaft-bone, and is in that manner reflected there > Tmutt I= 
 aaa 8 confefs, Ido not certainly and fully know. Yet may there be other rea- 
 
 ons afligned thereof; as that which * Aldrovand alledges in the firft place, 4. That * Ovnithol, 
 whereas fometimes for almoft half an hours {pace the Swan continues with her Heels *3:P1% 
 
 up, and her head under water, feeking and gathering up her food from the bottom of 
 the Pool or River fhe fwims in, that part of the Wind-pipe enclofed in the brealf- 
 bone may fupply her with air enough to ferve her allthat while. Sotheue of it will 
 be tobe a ftore-houfe of air, for the advantage of diving and continuing long- under 
 water. 2. This kind of ftruture doth undoubtedly conduce much to the incréafing 
 the {trength and force of the voice. For that the wild Swan hath a very loud and 
 fhrill cry, and which may be heard along way off, the Exglifh name Hooper, impofed 
 upon it (as I fuppofe }) fromits hoopingand hollowing noife doth import. 
 
 Hence it appears how uncertain and fallaciousa way of arguing it is from the final 
 caufe. For though Nature, Gods ordinary Minifter, always acts for fome end, yet 
 what that is we are often ignorant, and it doth not rarely fall out to be far different 
 from what we fancy : Nay we may be deceived when we think’ we are moft fure, and 
 imagine it can be no other than what we have prefumed. | 
 
 Wherefore I make more account of the teftimonies he alledges; as of Frederick 
 Pendafiws chat affirmed he had often heard Swans finging fweetly inthe Lake of May- 
 tua, as he was rowed up and down in a Boat. © But as for the teftimony of George 
 Braun concerning flocks of Swans in the Sea near London, meeting, and as it were 
 welcoming the Fleets of ‘Ships returning home with loud and ¢hearful finging, is with- 
 out doubt moft falfe :. We having never heard of any fuch thing. 
 
 * Olaus Wormius of late confirms the opinion of Aldrovand, and the reports of the * A“/z. 
 
 Ancients concerning the finging of Swans, producing the Teftimonies of fome of his 
 familiars and Scholars who profefled themfelves'to have heard their mufic,  Théte 
 was ( faith he ) in my Family a very honeft young man, one Mr. John Rofiorph Stadent 
 in Divinity, a Norwegian by Nation. This man did upon his credit, and with the 
 interpotition of an Oath folemnly affirm, that himfelf in the Territory of Droxter 
 did once by the Sea-fhore early in the Mosning hear an unufual and mot fweet 
 murmur compofed of mott pleafant whiftlings and founds: Which, when as he knew 
 not whence it came, or how it wasmade, for that he faw no matinear which might be 
 the author of it, looking round about him, and climbing up the top of a certain Pro- 
 montory, he efpied an infinite number of Swams gathered together in a Bay of the 
 Sea near hand, making that harmony 5 a fweeter than which in all his lives = s 
 
 : : a 
 
 book 3. 
 chap. 12 
 
 
 
—_—_ 
 : - = 
 a 
 aid ‘+ — i 
 ee Sm, e 
 nes 
 id 
 
 et 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 i = 
 
 358 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 OR NCIT HOLOGY. Boox IL. 
 had never heard. By fome Iflanders, my Scholars, I have been told, that nothing is 
 more frequent with them than this harmony, in thofe places where there are-Swavs; 
 This I therefore alledge, that it may appear that the report of thofe famous ancient 
 Authors concerning the finging of Swans is not altogether vain, but attefted and 
 proved by modern experiments. Thus far Wormius. Let the Readers judge whe- 
 ther his witnefles be fufficient. 
 
 This Bird hath notas yet, that I know of, been delcribed by any Author. 
 
 
 
 eU> - —--* een ~ ——e ee ee ee we ee ere ~ 
 
 Cees aT. 
 Of the Go0/e. 
 
 Baki 
 Of the tame Goofe. 
 
 T is lefs than a Swan, bigger than a Duck; weighing fometimes when fatted ten 
 pounds. Its length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail, in that we 
 meafured, was thirty five inches and an half; to the end of the Feet thirty feven 
 
 and an half: The Wings extended were fixty inches and an half over. The length 
 of the Neck from the tip of the Bill to the fetting on of the Wings feventeen inches. 
 The Bill it {elf from the tip to the angles of the Mouth was two inches three quarters 
 long, tothe Eyes three andan half, The Tail was fix inches and an half long, com- 
 pounded of eighteen feathers, the outmoft the fhorteft, the re{t by degrees longer to 
 the middlemoft, which are the longeft. The colour in thefe, as in other tame Birds 
 is various, in fome brown, in fome grey, in {ome white, in fome flecked, or partico- 
 loured:of white and brown. The Bill and Legs in young ones are yellow, in old 
 ones for the moft partred.. The Bill is thick atthe head, and {lenderer by degrees 
 to thepoint. Each Wing hath twenty feven quils or feathers in the firft tow. When 
 it is angry it hiffes like aSerpent. It 1s verylong-lived. A certain friend of oursof 
 undoubted fidelity told us that his Father had once a Goofe that was known to be 
 eighty years old, which for ought he knew eee have lived the other eighty years, 
 had he not been conftrained to kill it for its mifchievoufnefs in beating and deftroying 
 the younger Geefe. 
 
 - But of the Goofé, aBird fowell known in all Nations, more than enough. 
 
 §. IL 
 The counton wild Goofe: Anfer ferus. 
 
 N bignefs it equalsa tame Goofes is for the fhape of its body very like it, and not 
 ] much differentincolour. Its Head, Neck, Back, generally its whole upper fide, 
 excepting the feathers incumbent on the Tail is of a dark grey or brown. Yet the 
 uppermoft covert-feathers of the Wings are paler. The fecond, third, and fourth 
 rows of Wing feathers, and likewife the fcapular ones have white edges about their 
 tips. The feathers alfo next the Tailare purely white. The quils of the Wings are 
 twenty fevenin number, of adark brown, almoft black. The Tail is fix inches long, 
 compofed of eighteen black feathers, having their tips and exteriour edges white. 
 The colour of the underfide of the body is a light grey, by degrees lighter from the 
 Head to the Tail, whereunder itis perfectly white. The Bill 1s more than two inches 
 long, fromthe Head almoft half way black, then of a Saffron colour, the tip again 
 being black. The upper Mandible all along is toothed or indented withmany rows 
 of {mall teeth; the nether only with one row oneachfide. The Tongue alfo hath 
 on either fidea row of Teeth in its bordering membrane. Its Legs and Feet are of 
 a Saffron colour: Its Claws black or livid. Under each Eye isa whitifh line. That 
 wedefcribed weighed feven pound and a quarter. : 
 
 §. IIT. 
 
er te TT et a 
 
 Boox Ili. OR ACITHOLOGY. 399 
 
 erst 
 
 6. 10. 
 Lhe Bernacle or Clakis > Bernicla feu Bernacla. 
 
 Tis leflér thana tame Goofe. Its length from the tip of the Bill tothe end of te 
 Claws or Tail ( for they are equally extended ) is thirty one inches. Its Bill 
 
 black, muchleffer and fhorter than a Goofés, from the tip to the angles of the Mouth 
 {carce aninchand half’ The Chin, Cheeks, and what of the forehead touches the 
 Billis white, excepting only aline or bed of black between the Eyes and Bilk The 
 Neck and fore-part of the Breaft to the * fternum both above and beneath js blade, * Breaft: 
 The under-fide of the body is white, with fome mixture of cinereous, yet the lower 
 feathers on the Thighsa little above the Knees are black. The feathers next the Taj] 
 are white, thofe above them black, elfe the Back fs particoloured of black and cire- 
 reous. The Tail black: The quil-feathers of ‘the Wings brown: The leffer rows of 
 covert-feathers of the Wings have white edges, then they are black for a good way, 
 the remaining part of the feather being afh-coloured : which colours fo fucceeding 
 one another make a very fair fhew. The hind-toe is very {mall. 
 
 It frequents the Sea-coafts of Lawcafhire in the Winter-time: This is the Bud 
 which BeWowiws defcribes under the title of Cravant or Oye Nounette, which he thinks 
 to be the Chevalopex of the Ancients, See Beloniws his defcription in * Aldrovand, * cae 3 
 which agrees exactly to this bird. We have fometimes thought the Berzacle and Brem- 073 P*1°° 
 Goote to differ only in Sex, not in + Species, but afterwards more diligently confi- + Kind. 
 dering and comparing both their cafes we changed our opinion, for there are re- 
 markable notes by which they may be diftinguifhed, as will eafily appear to whofo- 
 ever will take the pains to compare their defcriptions. For in this the Chin and 
 Cheeks are white, in thatthe whole Head and Neck black, fave only a black line cn 
 each fidethe Neck 5 which in the Berwacle are wanting. Befides, the Berwacle feemcd 
 to us bigger, and much fairer, for thofe cinereous and black colours alternatel y difpo- 
 fed in the feathers of the Back and Wings make a very lovely thew. 
 
 This alfo feems to be the fame with the Brenta or Bermicla of Gefner, although his 
 defcription be not very exa&. Perchance alo the Banmgan{z or tree-goofe of Gefne 
 may be the fame, although he make them different birds: For the defcription of this 
 he took from a Picture, as it feems, not exadtly drawn: Unlefs his Baumgan{z be the 
 fame with Baliners, i.e. the Brenta, next tobe defcribed. 
 
 What is reported concerning the rife and original of thefe birds, to wit, that they 
 are bred of rotten wood, for inftance, of the Mafts, Ribs, and Planks of broken 
 Ships half putrified and corrupted, or of certain Palms of trees falling into the Sec, 
 or laftly, of a kind of Sea-fhels, the figures whereof Lobel, Gerard, and others havz 
 {et forth, may befeen in Aldrovand, Sennertys in his FE iypoutnemata, Michael Meyerw, 
 who hath written an entire book concerning the Trce-fowl, and many others. Buit 
 that all thefe {tories are falfe and fabulous Iam confidently perfwaded. Neither do 
 there want fufficient arguments to inducethe lovers of truth tobeof our opinion, and 
 toconvince thegainfayers. Forinthe whole Gers of Birds (excepting the Phenix 
 whofe reputed original is without doubt fabulous ) there is not any one example of 
 equivocal or {pontaneous generation. Among other Animals indeed the lefler. and 
 more imperfect, as for example many Infeéts and Frogs, are commonly thought eithe: 
 tobe of {pontaneous original, or to come of different feeds and principles. But the 
 greater Animals and perfectin their kind, fuch as is among Birds the Goofe, no-Philo: 
 fopher would ever admit to be inthis manner produced. Secondly, thofe thells in 
 which they affirm thefe Birds tobe bred, andto come forth by a {trange metamorphofs, 
 do moft certainly contain an Animal of their own kind, and not tranfmutable into 
 any other thing: Concerning which the Reader may pleafe to confult that curiou: 
 Naturalift Fabzws Columna. Thefe thells we our felves have feen, once at Venice 
 growing in gteat abundance:to the Keel of anwld Ship; afecond time in the Med}. 
 terranean Sea, growing to theback of a Tortoife we took between: Sicily and Malta. 
 Columua makes this fhell-fifh tobe akind of Balayws warinys. Thirdly, ‘that thefe 
 Geefe do lay Eggs after the mamner of other Birds, firon them, and hatch their Young, 
 the Hol/anders m their Northern Voyages affirm themfelves to have found by €xe 
 perience. | ) 
 
 §. IV, 
 
 
 
eC R NMITHOLOGY. Boor iil. 
 
 — 
 eed 
 
 
 
 §. IV; 
 The Brent-Goofe : Brenta. 
 
 T is a little bigger thana Duck, and longer-bodied. The Head, Neck, and up- 
 | per part of the Breaft areblack. But about the middle of the Neck on each fide 
 isa {mall {pot or line of white, which together appear like a ring of white. The 
 Back isof the colour of a common Goo/e, that 1s, adark grey. Toward the Tail it 
 is darker coloured : But thofe feathers which are next and immediate to the Tail are 
 white. ThelowerBelly is white: TheBreaft of a dark grey: The Tail and greater 
 quils of the Wings black, the lefler of adark grey. The Bill is fmall, black, dn inch 
 and half long, thicker at the head, flenderer toward the tip: The Eyes hazel-co- 
 loured: The Notthrils great: The Feet black, having the back-toe. The length of 
 the Bird from Bill to Tail wastwenty inches. 
 
 Iam of opinion that the Brant-Goofe differs {pecifically from the Berzacle, howevet 
 Writers of the Hiftory of Birdsconfound them, and make thefe words Synonymous: 
 
 We have feen both alive among his Majefties Wild-foml kept in St. Fames’s Park, 
 The Cafe of the Brent-Goofe ftuft we have feen with Mr. fohbufow at Brignal in York- 
 foire, of the Bernacle in Sir William Fofters Hall at Bamburgh in Northumberland : 
 Mr. Feffop alfo fent us them both out of Yorkshire. | 
 
 This is the Bird whofe figure Aldrovandws gives us in the third Tome of his Oruitho- 
 logie, Chap. 37. which Brancioz fent him painted out of the Low-Countries: The 
 whole Head, and Neck befidesa certain imperfect white circle in its upper part, the 
 Back and infide of the Thighs were black, the Eyes yellow: The Bill thorter than in 
 that of BeZonius [our Bernacle and thicker where it joyns to the Head: The Wings 
 from afh-colour inclined to brown. 
 
 Both the defcription and the figure of the Riag-Duck_ Anas torquata’| of Bellonius 
 agree in all pointsto this Bird of ours, fothat [doubt not butthey are thefame. See 
 Aldrovands Ornithologie, Book 19. Chap. 37. It is painted and defcribed by Leonard 
 Baltner under the title of Bawmgan{s, that is, Tree-Goofe 5 and perchance may bealfo 
 the Baumgan{z of Gener. ar iat 
 
 Mr. Fohnfon, in his Letterslately fent us, writes, as if he thought that this were only 
 the Female of the precedent, sodugadetttefly by this argument, that the Fowlers ob- 
 fervethefeto company and fly together with them, as themfelves told him. | 
 
 ah f 
 The Swan-Goofe: Anfer cygnoides Hifpanicus feu Guineenfis. 
 
 He Back, as in other Geefé, is of a dark grey: The Belly white: The Throat a 
 
 and Breaft of a reddifh brown. A lineor liftof dark brown runs all along 
 
 the ridge of the Neck from the Head tothe Back. The Bill is black, from the root 
 
 whereof arifesa knob or bunchover-hanging it, which in the Males and old Birds is 
 
 bigger than in the Hensand Young, A line or fillet of white between the Eyes and 
 
 Bill adorns the Head. The Tail is of the fame colour with the Back and Wings, the 
 
 tips of the feathersbeing whitifh. The Feet are red, and in fome the Bill too. The 
 
 Cee islittle. Itis a ftately Bird, walking with the Head and Neck decently 
 erected. : 
 
 §. VI. 
 The Gambo-Goofe, or Spur-wing’d Goofe. 
 
 T is for fhape of body like tothe Mufcovy Duck, and of equal bignefs: Hath 
 long red Legs: A white Belly ; the Back of a dark, fhining, purple colour. Its 
 . cee pro- Billis red: Its Cheeks and Chin white. Its Head hath a red * Caruncle. But what 
 mberanes* 1s moft remarkable in it, is a {trong Spur proceeding from the firft joynt of the Wings : 
 The like whereto Maregrave hath obferved in four or five fortsof Bra/lian Birds: But 
 
 no European Fow), thatI know of, hath them. 
 
 §. VII. 
 
 
 
1 
 i 
 bs 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 Book ll, ORNMITHOLOGH ner 
 oe’ ORMRISHOLIGR ae 
 
 §. VIL. 
 The Canada Qoofe. 
 
 Ts length from the point of the Bill to the end of the Tail, or of the Feet is forty 
 | twoinches, The Bill it {elf fom the angles of the mouth is extended two inches, 
 and is black of colour: The Nofthrilsare large. . Infhape of body it is like toa tame 
 Goofe, fave that it feems to bea little longer. The Rump is black, but the feathers 
 next abovethe Tail white: The Back of a dark rey, like the common Goofs. The 
 “lower part of the Neck is white, elfe the Neck black. Ir hath a kind of white ftay 
 or muffier under the Chin, continued on each fide below the Eyes to the back of the 
 Head. The Belly is white: The Tail black, as are alf> the greater quils of the 
 Wings, forthe leffer and covert-feathers are of a dark grey, as in the common tame 
 Geefe. TheEyes are hazel-coloured, the edges of the Eye-lids in fome, I know not 
 whether in all, white : The Feet black, having the hind-toe. 
 
 The title thews the place whence it comes. We faw and deferibed both this and the 
 precedent among the Kings Wild-fowl in St. Janies’s Park. 
 
 §. VIII. 
 The Rat-Goofe, or Road-Goofe: Bretithus fortafte. 
 
 M RK. Johnfon, who thewed us this Bird at Brignal in Yorkshire, thus deferibes ‘it, 
 A It is lefs by half than a tame Gooje, about two foot long 3 its Bill (arce an 
 inch, black of colour, as are alfo the Feet. The top of the Head and part of the 
 Neck black: The feathers next the Bill, the Throat and Breaft brown: The reft of 
 the under-fide white: The upper-fide grey, but the ends of the feathers from grey 
 darken into a brownifh colour, the edges changing into white, asis ufual alfo in the 
 common tame Goofe. The quils of the Wings, and the Tail are black, but this hath 
 white feathers oneach fide. The Kump is alfo white. 
 
 __Itisa very heedlefs Fowl, (contrary to thenature of other Geefe) fo that if a pack 
 of them come into Tees, it is feldom one efcapes away, for though they beoften 
 fhot at, yet they only fly alittle, and fuffer the Gunnerto come openly upon them. 
 
 Se : . 
 SECTION WaT: 
 Menme. § II. 
 Broad_-billed Birds of the Duck-kind. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Guar. tf. 
 Of the Duck in general. 
 
 He Duck-kind have fhorter Necks and larger Feet in proportion to their 
 bodies than Geefe : Leffler bodies: Howbeit, the biggeft in this kind do 
 
 equal, if not exceed the leaftinthat. They have fhorter Legs than Gee/e, 
 
 and fituate more backward, fo that they go wadling: A broader and flat- 
 ter Back, and fo a more comprefied body ; and laftly, a broader and flatter Bill. 
 Their Tongue is pettinated or toothed on each fide, which is common to them with 
 Geefe. 
 
 Phels are of two forts, either wild or tame. The wild again are of two forts, 
 t. Sea-Ducks, which feed moft what in falt-water, dive much in feeding, have a 
 broader Bill, ¢ efpecially the upper part ) and bending upwards, ( to work in the 
 flem ) a large hind-toe, and thin, ¢ likely for a Rudder ) a long train, not fharp- 
 pointed. 2. Pond-Ducks, which haunt Plafhes, have a =e and narrower Bill, a 
 ; aa very 
 
 * Bottom. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 362 
 
 * The foft- 
 feathered 
 Duck, 
 
 en 
 
 “ORNITHOLOGY. Boox Il. 
 
 ane 
 ——— ee 
 
 
 
 very little hind-toe, 2 fharp-pointed Train, white Belly, fpeckled feathers, black, 
 
 with glittering green 10 the middle Wing, with a white tran{verte line on either fide. 
 For thisdiftinction of Sea-Ducks and Pond-Ducks we arebcholden to Mr. fohujax. 
 
 
 
 Guikp. ie set 
 Of Sea-Ducks. 
 
 d. I. 
 * Wormius his Eider or foft-feathered Duck. 
 
 tainfort of Duckthey call there Eider: What name the Latines give tI know 
 
 not, I have thought fit to intitle it, * Anas plumis molliffimis. The Cock 
 differs from the Hen in many things, though the lineaments of the body are much 
 what the fame. The Cockin figure or fhape exactly refembles a tame Drake or Mal- 
 lard hatha flat, black Bill, coming nearer the figure of a Goofés than a Ducks 5 per- 
 forate inthe middle with two oblong holes, ferving for refpiration 5 of the length of 
 three inches, pectinated on the fides, From the Nofthrils through the crown of the 
 Head above the Eyes two very black {pots or {trokes confifting of foft feathers tend to 
 the hinder part of the head, divided by a narrow white line ending inthe upper part 
 
 Ts hath been brought me ( faith Wermiws ) from the Ferroyer Wlands a cer- 
 
 Upper part of the Neck, * which from green inclines to white. The whole Neck, the lower 
 
 of the Neck, 
 
 * A back-toe 
 he means. 
 
 part of the Head, the Breaft, the upper fide of the Back and Wings are white: The 
 quils of the Wings black, as alfo the whole Breaft and Rump, The Tail, which is 
 three inches long, is alfo black: The Legs fhort and black: The Feet confift of 
 threeblack Toes, joyned together to theends bya black membrane: The Toes armed - 
 with fharp, crooked Claws. They havea * Spur behind, fituate at the beginning of » 
 the Leg, furnifhed alfo with the like membrane and claw. 
 
 The Hen is of the fame bignefs and figure, but all over of one uniform colour, 
 viz. brown, {prinkled here and there with certain black {pots : mits other lineaments 
 and parts agreeing with the Code aa , 3 
 
 They build themfelves Nefts on the Rocks, and lay good ftore of very favoury and 
 well-tafted Eggs; for the getting of which the neighbouring people let themfclves 
 down by ropes dangeroufly enough, and with the {fame labour gather the feathers 
 ( Eider dun our People call them ) which are very foft,and fit to {tuff Beds and Quilts. 
 For in afmall quantity they dilate themfelves much ( being very {pringy ) and warm 
 the body above any others. Thefe Birds are wontat fet times to moult their feathers, 
 enriching the Fowlers with this defirable merchandize.T his fame defcription Wormiwus 
 repeats again in the third book of his Mu/exm, pag.3 1e- 
 
 ee 
 The Cutbert-Duck: Anas S.Cuthbertifeu Farnenfis. 
 
 T is bigger than the tame Duck, The Male is particoloured of white and black, 
 | the Back white, the Tail and feathers of the Wings black. The Bill is f{carce fo 
 
 - Jong asa Ducks : The upper Mandible a little crooked at the end, over-hanging the 
 
 lower. The Legsand Feet black ; havinga back-toe. but, what is moft remarkable 
 in this kind is, that on both Gdes the Billin both Sexes the feathers run down in an 
 acute angle as far as the middleof the Nofthril below [ under the Nofthrils.] The 
 Female is almoft of the colour of a Hen-Groufe. This Fowl! builds upon the Farz 
 Iflands, laying great Eggs. I fufpec, nay, am almott confident, that 1t is the fame 
 with Wormius his Eider. Ufaw only the Cafes of the Cock and Hen ftuft, hanging up 
 in Sir William Fofters Hall at Bamberghin Northumberland. \t breeds no where about 
 England buton the Farx lands, that wehaveever heard of. When its young ones 
 are hatcht it takes them to the Sea, and never looks at Land till next breeding time, 
 nor is feen any where about our Coatts, | 
 
 9. Il. 
 
 
 
Book IL ORNITHOLOGY. «4384 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q. ITIL. 
 Aldrovindw his black, Duck. 
 
 T is bigger than the common Duck. | Tes Bill is broad and fhort, yellow on both 
 | fides, black inthe middle, with a red’ hook at the tip. The Head and part’of the 
 Neck are of a black green; or black, with a tinéture of green: The Legs and Feet 
 are red on the out-fide,. of acitron-colour on the infide: The Web of the F oot and 
 the Claws of adeep black. All the reft of the body is black, faving a crofs lineof 
 whitein the middle of the Wings, anda white {pot behind each Eye. The featherg 
 of the whole body are fo foft and delicateas nothing more, fo that it might be norun- | 
 defervedly called theVelvet-Duck. «In the Stomach ‘and Guts, almoft down to the 
 {treight Gut, I found {mall indigefted fragments of Cockle and Periwinkle-hells + Bur 
 in the ftreight gut they were all concocted, and reduced intoa fine powder or fand. Tt 
 is feldom {een with us, unlef$ driven over by a ftorm, but on the fhores of Norway 
 there are great flocks of them, hundreds together. et ) 
 
 This is that Duck which Wiliam Mafcereline a. Phyfician of Collen, {ent to Aldyo- 
 vandus, giving itthistitle: The black Duck with a black, red, antl yellow Bills who 
 figure, though not very elegant, we have borrowéd. The defcription of this Bird 
 we owe to Mr. Fohufon, with whom alfo we faw its Cafe ftuft. 
 
 §. IV. 
 
 The Sheldrake o+ Burrough-Duck. gelled by fome, Bergander 3 Tadotha Bellon. 
 | | Vulpanfer quibufdani: 
 
 Tisof amean bignefs, between a Goofé and a Duck, Its Bill is thor, broad, fomées 
 ] thing turning upwards, broader at the tip; of a red colour all but the Nofthrils, 
 and the nail! or hook at the end; which are black. At the bafe of the upper Man- 
 dible near the Head isan oblong carneous bunch or knob. The Head and upper part 
 of the Neck are of a black, or very dark green, fhining like filk, which to one that 
 views it at a diftance’ appears black: ‘The reft of the Neck and re ion of the Craw 
 milk-white. |The upper part of the Breaft and the Shoulders are ofa very fairorange 
 or bright bay-colour. . { The fore-part of the body is encompafled with a broad 
 ring or{wathof thiscolour. ] Along the middle of: the Belly fromthe Brea to the 
 Vent runs a broad black line. -Behind:the Vent under the tail the feathers are of 
 the fame orange or bay colour, but paler. - The reft‘of the Breaft and Belly, “as alfo 
 theunderfide of the Wingsis white “Phe middlecof the Back white: The long fea- 
 pular feathers black. All the Wing-feathers, as well quils as coverts, excepting thole 
 on the outmoft®* joynt, are white. Yas Th WO! vid! vos U* Bond, 
 
 Each Wing hath about twenty eight quil-feathers, the ten foremolt. or outmoft 
 whereof are black, as are thofe of the fecond row incumbent on them, fave: their 
 bottoms : Above thefe toward the ridge of the Wing grow two feathers, white be- 
 low, having their edgesround about black. The next twelve quils, as far as they 
 appear above their covert-feathers, are white on the infide the fhaft, on the outfide 
 tinctured with a dark fhining green... The three néxt.dn the infide the fhaft are white, 
 onthe outfide have a black line next the haft, the remaining part being tinctured 
 with anerange colour. The twenty fixth feather is white, having its outer edge 
 black. «. i ; 
 
 The Tail hath twelve feathers, white, and tipt with black, all. but the outmott, 
 which are wholly white. | to 
 
 The Legs, and feet are of a pale redoor fleth-colour, the skin being fo pellucid 
 that the,tract of the veins may eafily be difcerned through it. | 
 
 It hath as st were a double Labyrinth atthe divarication of the Wind-pipes - 
 
 Its fleth tsnot very favoury or delicate, though we found neither fith nor fifh-bones 
 in its {tomach. oS sal 29) <i | 1g-8 52H 
 
 They are called by fome,Burrow-Ducks;, becaule. they. build. i: Coney-burfoughs: 
 By others,Sheldrakes, becaufe they are particoloured :* And by othets; it fhould feem, 
 Berganders, which name I find in Aldrovand, Book.19. Chap. 19. > | | 
 
 We have {een many of them on the Sea-coafts’of Walesiand Laneaphire, nor arethey” 
 lefs frequent about the Eaftern fhores of Exgland, syodeant 
 
 | Aaa 2 §. Vs 
 
 
 

 
 304 
 
 
 
 + Gilvos 
 
 * Or dusky, 
 fufca. 
 
 * Ruff us 
 
 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY:  Boox Il. 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 §. V. 
 The fharp-tail'd Ifland Duck of Wormius, called by the Iflanders, Havelda. 
 
 'T is lefs than the broad-bill’d Duck, called by Gefwer Schelent : From the crown 
 ] of the Head to the Rump of a foot and ‘three inches length. Its Head is. fmall, 
 comprefied, having white feathers about theEyes; on the crown black ones incli- 
 ning tocinereous. The Neck is of the fame colour: The Back down to the Rump is 
 black, withamixture of * J/abella colour, The Plumage onits Rump is mingled of 
 black and white... Out of the end of the Rump {pring four fharp, black feathers 5 
 two of which are nine inches long, the other two of the fame colour and figure, 
 being but one third of the former inlength. The underfide of the Neck and the bel- 
 ly half-way are black; the other half, and the fides, fo fat as covered by the Wings, 
 white. ‘The feathers on the upper furface of the Wings are of a purplifh black, on 
 the under fide cinereous. The Billis broad like the common Ducks, toothed; the 
 tip, and the part next the Head black, the middle part of an elegant red-lead-colour : 
 It is {mall and proportioned to'the body. The Feet are * brown; the Claws and 
 membranes between the Toes black... The fourth .( which: ftands backward, and re- 
 fembles a Spur ) hath a broad membrane annexed. 
 
 d. VI. 
 The Swallow-tail’d Sheldrake of Mr. John{on. 
 
 He Bill is fhort and fimous, black at the root to the Nofthrils, and at the end, 
 the re(tred : The Head and Neck all white, which colour reacheth toa good 
 part. of the Breaft, but further on the Back almotft tothe Scapule, fave that, there and 
 behind the Ears there is a mixture:of dusky Plumage: The Back and Wings black, as ' 
 isthe Breaft tothe mid-belly ; but the Wings are lighter than the Back, efpecially the 
 middle Pens, which inclineto aruflet. .On either fide the Back from the Scapule go 
 down. divers long, fharp-pointed white feathers, which make’an area of about four 
 inches long, and.one broad: The-teft of the Belly and under the Tail, is all white : 
 The Tail hath fixteen-pens; the two outmoftall white, the four middle all black, and 
 two. of thofe longer than the neftby'three inches atleatt,: and very fharp-pointed, the 
 reft black onthe out edge, and white on the inners the Legs whitifh blue, with blac 
 Webs. She isa great diver, and ofithefize of aWigeon. ; 
 Lfhould have taken this to be the Male, and. that defcribed by Wormiws the Female 
 Havelda, in re{pect of fome common notes in Tail and Neb 5 but that the Female was 
 with this of mine ( as may be prefumed, a pair ‘only feeding together, feveral.. days’ in 
 Tees River, below Barnards-Caftle ) and did not much differ in colour... Thus far 
 Mr. Fohnfon : Lam almoft perfwadedsthat it is fpecifically the fame with Wormius his 
 Havelda, differing only in Age‘or Sex, or perhaps both. [Ste 
 
 | —§. VEL: 
 The preat red-headed Duck: Seeniand de foribed at Rome. 
 
 T is fullas big or bigger than the'tame Ducks weighing two pounds and ten ounces 
 Roman. Its Bill is broad, asin the reft of this kind, thicker and broader at the 
 bafe, flenderer, ahd :narrower'toward the point, ftreight, ofa light fanguine colour. 
 Each Mandible is pectinated or toothed with lowteeth. The Tongueis thick;broad, 
 ais 1s ufual in Ducks, of aflefh:colour; cut inon each fide with black teeth,: like thofe 
 of aSickle. The Head feems greater and thicker than in proportion to'the body. 
 The crown of the Head is covered with a curious filken Plumage of a pale red co- 
 lour.<) Thefe feathers are longer than ordinary, and more ere@, fo that they appear. 
 like a great creft or tuft. The Eyes are red like the Bill, or rather of a ‘red-lead co- 
 lout, ~ Beneath the Eyes on each fide and under the Throat the feathers are of a deep 
 xed, \ The whole: Neck, thé Breaft, Shoulders and whole Belly are black. The 
 fides under the Wings, and the interiour furface of the Wings white, with a very 
 ileight tin@ure or'dafh of red. Each Wing had’ twenty fix quilsof the fame colour 
 alfo above, excepting only the fix next the body, which are grey, of afh-cofoured. 
 | ae f | | Yet 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 enema nlp elasniaAipitigeleeblidenltterseeinnieianersey- opinions cat ee 
 Boox III, ORNITHOLOGY, 6 
 eerie eigetari 
 
 Yet the tips of all are black, andinthe four or five outmiof' the exteriour Webs alfo sit 
 Inthe middle quils the extreme tips are again white. All thecovert feathers are grey, 
 excepting a white line in the uppermoft ridge of the Wing..! Theimiddle of the Back 
 is of a grey or afh-colour, with a light tin@ureof red. Of the fame'colour are thofe 
 long feathers growing at the fetting on of each Wing, and covering the Back +» Above 
 which appear in the Back two broad white {pots ‘of the figure of the feementof a 
 circle. The hinder part of the Back to the very Tailis black... The Tail it lf very 
 thort, compofed.of fixteen feathers, their upper fidesigrey, theit under white, with 
 
 a light tincture of red. The Legs and Feet, as in other birds of this kind, red, yet 
 here and there, efpecially about the joynts, clouded iwith fble. The: membranes 
 connecting the Toes, and all the foals. of the Feet black. The Bird I defcribed was'a 
 Cock, and had.a Labyrinth at the divarication:of the Wind-pipe. The Wind-pipe 
 it {elf was greater at thehead, flenderer in the middle, and‘above the Labyrinth again 
 {woln into a piece tube. Its Stomach or Gizzard) very large, and provided with 
 very thick and {trong mufcles, filled with very {mall ftones mingled with graf. Its 
 Liver pale; Gall-bladder little, blind guts long. | 
 
 This BirdI found inthe Market at Rome, thot, Ifuppofe, upon theSea-coaft. — Ine- 
 verhapned to fee it elfewhere, neither dol find any defcription of it, or fo muchas 
 
 any mention made of it in any book. Whereitlives and breeds know not. 
 §. VIIL. 
 The Scanp-Duck: Perchanee the Fuligula of Gefwer. 
 
 I" is fomewhat lefs than the common Duck, about two footlong. Its Bill is broad, 
 and blue; the upper Mandible much broader than thenether. The Head and 
 part of the Neck ate of a black green: The Breaftand underfide of the Neck black, 
 the lower part of the Neck hath fomething of white mingled. - The Belly is white, 
 with afprinkling of yellow in its lower part, about the Vent of black. ' The upper 
 art of the Back is of a footy or'fable colour 5 the middle white, waved with trant 
 verlelines of brown; the lower, together withthe Tail, brown. The Fuilis Carce 
 two inches long:' The Wings brown, adorned on ‘the upper fide with white fpots, 
 having alfo a crofs line of white. The Legs and F Get,together'with the Web and Claws, 
 are of a dusky blue colour. 
 This Bird is called the Scanp-duck, becaufe the feeds upon Scaup, z.c: broken'thel- 
 fith : She varies infinitely in colour}. efpecially in’ Head and Neck, fo that among a 
 — of forty or fifty you hall not find two exaly alike: A thing not ‘ufual in this 
 This Bird we have not as yet feen: We owe this defeription and hiftory of it to 
 Mr. Fobnfon. GB Sis rRIST] Ti : towns ass QITS +P 
 
 bk. 
 
 The tufted Duck : Anas Fuligula prima Gefxeri, * Aldrow. Metmis cirratits minor Gefia. * Ornizhol. 
 Querquedula criftata five Colymbis Belonii, Aldrovand. p:2¥O. ° © .3.p.217% 
 } as we think, Capo negto at Venice. BEL 
 
 "I: He Bill from the tip to the corners of the’ Mouth is abotit two ‘inches long,broad, 
 of a pale blue colour all but the tip, which is black! The ‘feathers Gn the 
 forchead defcend down the middle of the Billina peak or'angle. The Nofthtils dre 
 great, ata pretty diftancefrom the Plumage. The [rides of the Eyes of a’ yellow ot 
 gold colour: The Ears fmall, as perchance<n all Water-fowl.'"'The Head, ‘efpecially 
 the crown, of a dark purple inclining to black, or rather Black with -fome mix- 
 ture of purple 5 wherice at Venice, and elfewhere in‘Italy, itis called, Capo'néero. “Tt 
 hath a creft or cop hanging down backwards from the Head, of atinch ‘and half long, 
 The colour of the Neck, Shoulders; Back, ‘in fine the ‘whole upper partis a dark 
 brown, almoft black. i tee Fee ee 
 The Wings are fhort, all the covert feathers blaék : The four Sttmoft ‘qtils OF the 
 fame colour with the body § the fucceeding little by little whiter, the fubféquent 
 thanthé antecedent. The fecond decador middle clean purely white, all but their 
 tips, which are black. “The next fix are wholly black. “The Pail is very fhorrjcon 
 pofed of fourteen’ black feathers.’ “et ot | a ~ 
 | é 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 366 
 
 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Book Ill, 
 
 The nether fide of the Neck and forepart of the Breaft areblack,; the reft of the 
 Breaft and Belly, as far as the Vent, ofa white or filver-colour, the lower the darker. 
 Behind the Vent itisblack. The lateral feathers covered by the Wings when clofed, 
 thofe on the Thighs, and the under-coverts of the Wings are white. The interfour 
 baftard-wing confifts of fix whitefeathers. 
 
 The Legs are fhort and fituate backwards: The Feet of a livid or dark blue éo- 
 lour, the Web black: The Toes long. 
 
 The body isfhort, thick, broad, and fomething comprefled or flat, weighing about 
 two pounds. 
 
 cae angle of the lower Mandible fome have a white fpot, which in others is 
 wanting. , 
 
 The Wind-pipe hath its labyrinth. The Liver is divided mto two Lobes; having 
 a Gall annexed. TheGizzard is compofed of thick mufcles : Therein we found no- 
 thing but fall {tones and Sea-wrack. 
 
 We faw a Bird very like this, perchance the fame, in his Majefties Poolsin S.Fames’s 
 Park. 
 
 Its Bill and Legs were of a lead-colour: Its Head black. Its Wings little, but 
 above. the Wings the fides white. | A long creft hangs down backward from behind 
 the Head. [To me, beholding the Bird at a diftance, the whole Wings feemed 
 white, but perchance that colour was proper to the covert-feathers, not common to’ 
 the quils. ] 
 
 
 
 Xs Sins. 
 The black Diver ot Scoter: Anas niger mmotr. 
 
 T is almoft as big as the common Duck, but rounder-bodied., The whole body alj 
 over isof a black or fablecolour. From the Shoulders in fome-birds {pring blacker 
 feathers. Inthe Chin and middle of the Breaft fome. afh-coloured or whitifhy fea= 
 thers are mingled with the black. The Wings ateof the famecolour with the body, 
 without any diverfity of. colours at all.:., The Bill fuch as in the Duck-kind, yellow 
 about the Nofthrils, elfe black; pe&imated. about the fides, yellow within, with- 
 out any bunch in the upper Mandible... Its Feet are black. This defcriptionis:of a 
 Hen. ‘ f ' ; », ) 
 
 Inthe year 1671. Ifound the Maleof this kind at Chefter, killed on the Sea-coatts 
 thereabouts, and bought inthe Market/by my Lord Bithop Wilkzs: his Steward,. and 
 def{cribed itin thefe words. * 
 
 It is fomething lefs thana tame Duck, fhort-bodied for its bignefs, and broads 
 all over black both upper and 'under-fide : Only the Head had a dark tincture of pur- 
 ple, and the under-fide of the firft, fecond, and third rows of Wing-feathers inclined 
 tocinereous. The wings were fhort; the quils in each twenty five. The Tail more 
 than an hand-breadth long, confifting of fixteen feathers, the outmoft of which were 
 the fhorteft, the reft in order longer to the middlemoft, which were the longeft, fo 
 that the Tail runs out into an acute angle, more acute than I remember ‘to have ob- 
 ferved in other Sea-ducks 3 and eachfingle feather is very fharp-pointed. _ 
 
 The Bill in this Bird 1s efpecially remarkable, being, broad, blunt, as in the reft of 
 this kind, of about two inches length, having no Appendix or nail at the tip, contra- 
 ry to the manner of other Ducks: ... Fhe upper Mandible above the Noftrilsy next the 
 forehead, bunches out intoa notable protuberance,. being fo divided inthe middle as 
 to refemble Buttocks, diftinguifhed by a yellow intercurrent Jine...,.Now the, colour 
 of thisupper Mandible is black aboutthe fides, yellow in the middle, the yellow part 
 being fo broad as to contain the Nofthrils, and about.an inch long.. The Tongué.is | 
 very great. The Eye-lids yellow.;.. The Irides of the Eyes dark. . The Legs, and 
 Feet dusky -_ The Toes very long, and web‘d together, fo that its oars are broad and 
 large... The fhorter Toe hath a membranous border extant along its outfide. . This 
 had no labyrinth on its Wind-pipe. . The blind-guts for a birdof this kind were vety 
 fhort: The Gall great. It weighed two pounds and nine ounces: , Its length. from 
 Bill to Tail was twenty two inches : It breadth from Wings end to Wings end thirty 
 fourandanhalfi | | , : ee a iolo> Se 
 
 This Bird hath not as yet been deftribed by any Author extant in Print that we 
 know of: It abides conftantly at Sea, gets its living by diving, and is taken. in Nets 
 
 placed under water. Inthe walh in Lixcolnfhire it 1s found plertifully. Its'Cate 
 | fe {tuft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ne ast 
 Boox II. ORNITHOLOGY. 267 
 {tuft was fent us firft by Mr. Fr. Fe op out of Yorkshire: Next 'we got it atChefter, as 
 
 we have faid : ThenSir Thoneas Brown fent us a Pidure of atrom Norivich 5 and Jaf. 
 
 ly, Mr. Fohufox fent adefeription of it in his method of Birds, in. which defcription 
 
 are fome particulars not obferved by us, wz. that. the Male hath.on'the upper fide 
 
 fome tincture of fhirting green, and that’ in the Hen the Neck and Head on both fides; 
 
 as far as the Eyes, is white. 
 
 — 
 
 §. XI. 
 
 The Poker, or Pochard, or greatvead-headed Wageow: Anas fera futca of Gefner, Aldr ou. 
 t.3.p,.221. Penelops veterum & Rothalf of Gefner, Aldrov. p. 218. 
 Canea la tefte rouge of Bellonius. 
 
 pag we defcribed weighed thirtytwo ounces: From tip-of Bill to end of Tail 
 | was nineteen inches long, to the Claws points twenty one. It is bigger than 
 the common Wigeox, and for its bignefs fhorter and thicker. The leflér covert-fea- 
 thers of the Wings, and thofe.on the middle of the back are moft elegantly vaticga- 
 ted with dark brown and cinereous waved lines L or afh-coloured, with very narroyy, 
 waved, crofs, dusky lines. | The Rumpand feathers under the Tailate black, fothat 
 the Tail iscompafied with aring of black. The Jower part of the Neck is likewife 
 black, fo that the forepart of the body feems alfo to be encircled witha ring or {wathe 
 of black. The Head and almoft the whole Neck areof adeep fulvous or red colour : 
 the middle part of the Breatt white, the fides and lower part, and Belly all of the 
 fame colour with the Back, and varied with the like tranfverfe undulated lines, but 
 both colours paler: Toward the Vent. it is by degrees darker coloured. The Tailis 
 very fhort, not exceeding two inches, made up of twelve feathers, of a dark grey, 
 the outmottthe fhorteft,the reft. radually longer to the middlemoft 5 yet the excéfs is 
 not confiderable, fo that notwit ftanding itis not to be reckoned among thofe that 
 have tharp Tails. The quils of the-Wings are about twenty five, all of onecolour, 
 vim. a dark cinereous, though if they be carefully heeded, there will appear fomie 
 diverfity, for the tips of the exteriour and greater feathers are marked with black, 
 of the middle ones with white. . The interiour baftard-wing and lefler covert-fea- 
 thers of the underfide of the Wings are white. 
 
 The Bill is bigger and broader than in.the Wigeon. . The feathers divide the middle 
 of the upper Mandible coming down, from the. forehead in form of a peak or acute 
 angle. The upper Mandible is of a) lead-colour, but its tip black: The nether is 
 wholly black. The Irides of the Eyes are of 4 very beautiful colour, from yellow 
 inclining to a fparkling red: The Feet lead-coloured : Themembranes connecting the 
 Toesblack : The inmoft toe the leatt, having a membranous border annexed to ir 
 outfide. The back toe hath likewife an appendant membrane or fin, 
 
 The charatteriftic note of this Bird;:is.one uniform colour of its Wings, without 
 any feathers of different colour in the middle. of the Wing, as is ufual in moft Birds 
 of this kind. 
 
 In another Bird of this kind, ( which we take to be the Female of this ) the Bill 
 was black with anafh-coloured {pot of the form of a crefcent a little above the tip. 
 The back feathers and.coverts of the Wings had nofuch tran{verfe waved lines as 
 thofe of the Male. In other points itagreed moftwhat with the Male. 
 
 §. XI. 
 
 The leffer red-headed Duck: Perchanece the Anas Filigulaaltera of Gener, Aldrov, p.227. 
 The Glaucium er Morillon of BeHonins : Ca po roflo at Vexice. 
 
 T is bigger than a: Tea/,and fomething lefs than Wigeon. Its Bill two: inchég andar 
 | halflong, of a moderate breadth; of adark blue colour, paler about the edges; 
 and toward the tip. The.very tip or nail'is round and black. Fhe Nofthrils {mall long, 
 fituate almoft in the middle of the. Bill.. The Jridesof the Eyes of acreanror Ivory co- 
 Jour. The Head 1s pretty great,all over red: But in the very angle of the lower Mandi- 
 ble is a {mall white {pot. The Neck, asin others.of this kind} is fhort, encompafied in 
 the middle with.a. ring of brown. The whole Back and covert-feathers of thé 
 Wings are of adark: brown.ordusky colour. _ All the quilsofthe Wings ( whichiare 
 in €ach about twenty fix ) except. the three or four owtmolt; and. the three or ee 
 
 inmotlt 
 
 
 
eee re tell 
 ?. 
 
 ‘ 
 
 
 
 368 ORNITHOLOGY Boo Ill. 
 
 inmoft are white with brown tips, fo that when the Wing is {pread they reprefent a 
 broad tranfverfe lineof white. The Tailis very fhort, the middle feathers which are 
 the longeft being about two inches and a quarterin length, the outmoft fhorter ; of 
 a brown or dusky colour, the number of feathers fourteen. The Breaft below the 
 ring down to the Merry-thought is red, which colour above alfo reaches to the mid- 
 dle of the Shoulders. The reft of the Breaft and the upper Belly is white, the lowet 
 v to the Vent dusky or dark grey. The feathers under the Tail are white, thofe long 
 ones onthe thighs red. The Legs and “Feet black, efpecially the joynts and mem- 
 branes connectingthe Toes, The back-toe hath abroad appendant membrane or fin, 
 as in the reftof this kind. The Wind-pipe hath a labyrinth at the divaricdtion, and 
 befides above fwells out into a puff-like cavity. The ttomach is mufculous. Thefe 
 Birds vary fomething inthe colour, efpecially of their Wings. 
 A Bird of this kind weighed twenty one ounces 5 was in length fromthe tip of the 
 Bill to the end of the toes feventeen inches and an half; in breadth between the ex- 
 tremes of the Wings expanded twenty fix and three quarters : The length of theguts 
 forty two inches. 
 * Ornithol, The defcription of the Azas Fuligula altera of Gefner in™ Aldrovand agrees well to 
 Pa this Bird : So dothalfo the defcription and figureof the Morillous or Glanéium of Bel- 
 lonivs, efpecially inthe colgur of the Eyes. But becaufe there is fome difference, wé 
 will fubjoyn his defcription that the Reader himfelf may judge. , 
 
 The Glaucium or Morillon of Bellonins. 
 
 There is (faith he ) alfo another Water-fowl, called in our common {peech Mo- 
 rillon, very liketoa Duck, andof the fame bignefs, having its Bill cut in the edge 
 like a Saw ; its Legs and Feet red on the infide, dusky on the out : Its whole Head 
 to the middle of the Neck of a deep ferrugineous. ‘ Below the ferrugineousa whitifh 
 circle encompaffeththe Neck. The Breaft is of an afh-colour, the Belly white: The 
 Back and Wingsblack. Butinthefe, if they be {tretcht out appear feven white fea- 
 thers, which render the Wings particoloured as in a ‘Pie.’ The reft of the Wings, 
 
 * corous aqua- as alfo the Tail ( refembling that of a * Cormorant ) are black. Getting its food for 
 
 ticus the moft part out of the water, it lives upon little vermine and creeping things,which 
 it finds in the bottom of the water: Diving‘alfo; and continuing long under water, 
 it catches {mall fifhes, and water Milepedes or'Lice, which 'the French call les Ejcron- 
 elles. It feeds alfo upon the feeds of herbs ‘which grown River-banks, and upon 
 young Cray-fifh and Snails. - It hatha Tongue fo flefhy, that near the root it feems 
 double: A broad Breaft, like the reft of the Duck-kind :Short Legs,ftretched out back- 
 wards, like the Divers [ Mergi-] Inthe inward parts this only is peculiar toit, that 
 no Gall appearsin it. The Liver ts divided. into two Lobes,one whereof is incumbent 
 on the {tomach, the other on theguts. {iz } 
 
 This defcription in moft notes, the magnitude-excepted; agrees to our Bird. For 
 though Bellowivs in his defcription affirms,that the-ring about the Neck is white,yet in 
 his figure he reprefents it black. — 
 
 §. XII. 
 The Golden-eye Anas platyrhynchos mas,Aldrov. p. 225. Clangula Gefneri, Aldrov. 
 * That i, p-224. * Quattro occhii Italis : Weifler Dritvogel of the Germans about Strasburgh. 
 our eyes, 
 
 T is thickand fhort-bodied 5 and hatha great head. Its Neck, as in the reft of this 
 ] kind, is fhort: Its Bill broad indeed, but fhort’; more elevated, and not fo flat or 
 deprefled as in the reft of this kind, thicker at the head, leffer and narrower toward 
 the tip; all black, fromthe tip to theangles of the mouth an inch and three quarters 
 long. - The Head is of avery dark green, or of a changeable colour of black, pur- 
 ple, and green, as it is varioufly expofed to the light, fhining like filk. At thecor- 
 ner of the Mouth on each fide 1s a round white fpot, as big asathree pence, whence 
 it got itsname Quattr’ occhizin Italian. The Irides of the Eyes are of a lovely yellow 
 or gold-colour.The whole Neck both above and underneath,the Shoulders, Breaft,and 
 whole Belly are white : The {pace between the Shouldersand all the lower part of the 
 Back are black. The Wings particoloured of black and white, viz. the middle fea- 
 thers,both quils and-coverts,are white; the outer and inner black.To {peak more exact- 
 ly. The fourteen outmoft Quils are black ; the feven next white; the four inmoft aoa 
 ack. 
 
 
 
CC —————<— ae - * 
 ° - 
 
 = 
 
 ri 
 
 ee = 
 —_— rere 
 » 
 
 ne tc 
 
 BookIIL ORNITHOLOGY. nor 
 
 Le oe Se ee 
 black. .;The covert-feathers above the feven white ones are white; all but thofe near 
 
 the ridge of the Wing. But the bottoms of thofe of the fecond, row are black half 
 way up. The long fcapular feathers, are alfo mixt or particoloured of black and 
 white. . The Tail.is three iches and an half long, made up of fixteen feathers, from 
 the outmott by degrees longer, yet ismot the Tail fharp, but rather round-pointed,al} 
 of one uniform black colour. ) } 
 
 The Legs are very hort, of a Saffron or yellowith red colour, as are alfo the Feet. 
 The Toes are long, dusky about the joynts 5 theoutmoft thelongeft ; the inmoft hath 
 a broadiappendant membrane. The membranes connecting the Toes, and the Claws 
 are black. The back-toe is {mall, having alfo a broad appendant membrane or fin. The 
 Wind-pipe hath a labyrinth at the divarication, and befides, above {wells out into a 
 Belly or puffi-like cavity. 
 
 Its weight was about two pounds, its length from Bill to Claws nineteen inches : ite 
 breadth thirty one. | 
 
 Thete Birds are very common at Vezice in Italy, and not rare upon our Sea- 
 coatis. ; 
 
 Our faaller reddifh-headed Duck, which it feems is no other than the Female of the 
 precedent : Perchance the Anas Schollent of Gefzer, or the Anas fera 
 futca alia of Aldrovand, p.222. 
 
 It is about the bignefs of the Avas fuligula prima of Gefner : Weighs twenty four 
 ounces; is from Bill to Claws feventeen inches long. It hath agreat Head, of a for- 
 did red colour: A fhort Neck of a grey or hoary:,A white Breaft and Belly: Its 
 Back, Tail, moft of the covert-feathers and ten outmoft quills of the Wings are of a 
 dark brown or black. . The quil-feathers from the tenth to about the twentieth are 
 white. In the lefler rows of covert-feathers is alfo a great {pot of white. |. The 
 fecond row of Wing-feathers, as many as are incumbent on the white quils, are 
 white, but tipt with black. ] In the lefler rows of wing-feathers there is alfoa large 
 white or afh-coloured {pot: So that in fome the whole Wing almoft{eems to be 
 white. The Wings are {mall for the bignefs of the Bird, their feathers being fhort. 
 The Tailis made up of fixteen feathers, and is for this kind long. The Billis fhorter 
 and narrower than that of the tufted Duck, thick at the head, fharper toward the 
 tip, the extreme hook or nail being black, and encompafled by a broad yellow fpace, 
 very clegant to behold 5 the reft of the Bill black.. The Eyes were of a lovely yellow 
 or gold-colour. The Feet large, fituate backwards, of a yellowith red colour, the 
 Web of the Feet dusky 5 the foal black.  obferved no labyrinth on the Wind-pipe, 
 It hath a {mall Gall-bladder of an oval figure. In the Craw we found a Crab- 
 fifh. | 
 
 Since the finifhing of the Latize Hiftory we have been informed that this Bird is no 
 diftinct kind, but only the Female Golden-eye. And truly, the fhape of the body, 
 the make of the Bill, the length, number of feathers, figure and colour of the Tail, 
 the fafhion and colour of the Feet, and other accidents induce us to think fo, neither 
 is there more difference in weight than ts ufual between different Sexes. _Befides that, 
 this was a Female the want of the labyrinth proves; but in the nex¢ Article I fhall 
 fhew fome veafon to doubt whether of the Golden-eye or not. Mr.Willughby alfo was 
 fufpicious thatit might be the Hen Golden-eye. 
 
 §. XIV. 
 
 The greater reddifh-headed Duck , perchance the fame with the laft decribed, or the Mle 
 thereof: An Anas Schellent dittaGelnero > Aldrov. p.223. 
 
 T weighed twenty four ounces, being mlength from the tip of the Bili to the end 
 of the Tail eighteen inches and an half,to the end of the Toesnineteen; inbreadth 
 the Wings being {pread out, thirty, The Bill two inches long, yellow, not only 
 about the tip, like the precedents, but alfo of a fordid or dark yellow all along the 
 middle beyond the Nofthrils; The Jrides of the Eyes are of a brightlovely yellow: 
 The Head of a fordid red: the Neck grey. For that chefnut orred colour of the 
 Head extends not tothe middle of the Throat. The Back and whole upper fide are of 
 a dark brown or black.. The Throat; Breaft, Belly tothe very Tail white ; but at the 
 
 Ventis a crofs bar-of brown. es | 
 : | Bbb ach 
 
 3609 
 
 
 

 
 <A 
 
 
 
 ” 
 
 + Tom. 3. 
 P4g.224- 
 
 # Blackith. 
 
 RNITHOLOGY. Boox Ill. 
 i ee prmeereg Satie rh PNR ala ll lil ieee oO 
 Each Wing hath about twenty fix quils; of which the outmoft ten are black , the 
 tip of the eleventh white 5 in the fiucceeding the white increafes, till after three or 
 four it reaches to the bottom.’ The twentieth or twenty firft hath its exteriour half 
 white, its interiour black. [ There is fome variety infeveral Birds in the colours of 
 thefé feathers. ] The feathers immediately above the white feathers are alfo white : 
 Befides, in the lefler covert-feathers is a great {pot of white in fome birds, of grey in 
 others. TheLegs and Feet areof an ob{icure, fordid yellow, but about the joynts 
 black. The web of the Foot isalfo black. The Legs are fituate backwards, as in the 
 reft of this kind, feathered down almoft tothe knees, the Shanks fhort, but the Feet 
 large : The inmoft Toe hath a membrane bordering on the outfide of it. The hind- 
 toe hath alfo its membraneannext. The Tail is three inches and an half long, made 
 up of fixteen feathers, of the fame colour with the Back. 
 
 Ifhould take this Bird to be the very fame with the precedent, not only in Species, 
 but inSex, notwithftanding its difference in bignefS, were it not that it had a labyrinth 
 onthe Wind-pipe, which I fuppofeis proper only to the Males. So that either this is 
 the Male of the precedent, and both different in fpecies. from the Golden-eye - Or, 
 which [rather incline to believe, this muft be a young Cock-Golder-eye, that had not 
 moulted its chicken-featherss and the precedent anold Hex-Golden-eye: And fo thefe 
 two fuppofed Species are reduced to the Golden-eye 5 they being all three the fame. 
 
 g. XV. 
 
 The Shoveler. Anas platyrhynchos altera five clypeata Germanis dicta: Tafchenmul 
 * Aldrev, Anas latiroftra major, Gefzer. Aldrov. p. 227. Breitfchnabel Germanis. 
 
 T is fomething lefs than the common tame Duck, weighs twenty two ounces, being 
 ] in length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail twenty one inches. Its Bill 
 is three inches long, coal-black, much broader toward the tip than at the bafe; exca- 
 vatedlike a Buckler, of a round Circumference. At the end it hath a {mall crooked 
 hook or nail. Each Mandible is pectinated or toothed like a comb, with rays or 
 thin plates inferted mutually one into another when the mouth isthut. The Tongue 
 is flefhy, thick, broad, efpecially toward the tip; but the tp it felf is thinner 
 and femicircular. The Eyes are of adeep yellow : The Legs and Feet of a Ver- 
 milion colour: The Claws black: The hind-toe little. The membrane con- 
 necting the Toes ferrate about the edges. The Feet are lefs than inothers of this 
 kind. 
 
 The Head and Neck almoft half-way are of a fair blue. [In the Bird which I de- 
 feribed at Rome, and in another which Mr. Willughby {aw at Crowland it was very 
 * dark, lightly tinctured with a deep fhining green.] The under-fide of the Neck and 
 region of the Craw arewhite 5 the upper-fide and Shoulders particoloured of white 
 and brown. ‘The reft of the Breaft and the whole Belly to the Ventarered. Be- 
 hind the Vent the feathers under the Tail are black. The Back is brown, witha light 
 dath of a fhining green, blue or purplecolour. The feathers covering the outfideof 
 the Thighs are adorned with tranfverfe dusky lines, as in many others. 
 
 The number of quils in each Wing is about twenty four : The ten or twelve out- 
 moft whereof are wholly brown: The next nine have their outer edges of a deep 
 fhining green: The four next the body are varied in the middle and about their edges 
 with white lines. The feathers of the fecondrow incumbent on the green quil-feathers 
 have white tips, which together taken make a crofs line of white in the Wing. The 
 lefler covert-feathers of the Wing, excepting thofe on the outmoft bone, are of a 
 pleafant pale blue, inclining to afh-colour. The Tail is about three inches and an half 
 long: confifts of fourteen feathers, particoloured of white and black, the out- 
 moft feathers being wholly white, the middlemoft, except the extreme white edges, 
 seme black, the reft black in their middle parts, white about the borders orout- 
 
 ides. 
 
 At the divarication of the Wind-pipeit hath a fmall labyrinth: A largeGall: Ob- 
 long Tefticles : A fall mufculous Stomach or Gizzard: Guts many times reflected, 
 verylong. TheFemalein refpe& of colours both in the Head and Neck, and alfoin 
 the whole body, upper-fideand under-fide, excepting only the Wings, is very like to 
 a wild Duck. “The Wings are of the fame colours with the Wings of the Male, but 
 more dull, and not fo bright and pleafant. The Fowlers affirm, that thefe birds 
 change their coloursin Winter. Gefner and Aldrovand fet forth this kind twice or 
 
 thrice 
 
 i 
 
 
 

 
 . 
 a . . 
 , 
 
 ——- 
 
 Boo IL ORNITHOLOGY. | = re 
 
 thrice under feveral titles, \ It'isafficiently charaGterized and diflinguilhed fi. 
 deve { y characterized and_ diftingifhied f 
 others of this kind by thebreadth and bignefs of its Bill. Bree PP 
 
 @. XVI. | 
 * The broad-bill'd, red-footed Duck of Aldrovand, which Itake to be the Hen-Shoveler, * 42: ple 
 
 tyrbynchos ery 
 
 He Legs and Feet wholly are of adeep red.. The Bill is almoft hiceeeee 
 
 long, very broad, and * turning up. after the fafhion of a Buckler. of a dark, * Recurcum, 
 chefnut colours yet the lower Mandible, which almoft enters the upper r being re- | 
 ceived into it |] 1s infome places of a {padiceouscolour, and hath a remarkable ftrake 
 running through its middle long-ways. . The Bill hath fuch teeth on both fides a¢ 
 Gejner attributes to his * Muggent. The colour of the feathers, almoft. the whole * 4ncti maf. 
 body over, comes near to that of pulveratricious birds [| Partridge and Quail, &c. BW Bges 2 
 called. xeeazuyes, that is, teftaceous or pot-theard colour. [ Their pots were paler 
 than ours now adays.] The whole Head and middle of the Neck were of a * Wea. * Muftelini 
 fel colour, fprinkled with greater and lefler {pots, partly white, and thofe very {mall ©" | 
 and {carce confpicuous, partly brown, and thofé moft in the crown and hinder part 
 of theHead. The Neck underneath is of a pale whitifh cinereous colour, with {e- 
 milunar brown {pots. . The fame {pots, but greater, are dilperfed over the fore-part 
 of the Back, the Breaft, the Belly, the Rump, and the Tail, all which parts are of the 
 fame colour withthe Head, or yellowifh. The middle and lower part of the Back 
 are covered with feathers of a dark {padiceous colour, only white about the outnioft 
 edges. The ridges of the Wings are of a Woad colour. A line of the fame colour 
 crofies the middle of the Wings, above which is likewife {een a tranfverfe white line. 
 The remaining parts of the Wingsare of a dark {padiceous colour. 
 
 §. XVII. 
 * A broad-bil’'d Duck with yellow Feet, of Aldrovand. 
 
 T differs little from the precedent in magnitude, unlefs perchance it be fomwhat 
 4 bigger. Its Billis partly brown, partly yellowifh. Over the whole body, which 
 is of a yellowifh afh-colour, are brown fpots diffeminated, thick-fet, and little in the 
 Head, greater, and thinner, ormore {catteringin the Neck, Breatt, Belly, Rump, and 
 Tail, but much greater yet and thicker in the whole Back. The Wings to the middle 
 part are brown. ' A white line croffes them in the middle; after which is {eena 
 * {quare blue fpot, three angles whereof end in a black line: To this fuccceds a * Or four 
 white line. Its Legs are yellow; its Toes alfo yellow, but connected by dusky comer. 
 membranes, | ——— 
 
 This feems to be fome Hen-bird of the Duck-kind, not hitherto obferved by 
 
 us. 
 
 ; 
 eee eo 
 
 
 
 Cuap. III. 
 Pond-Ducks, frequenting chiefly frefh waters: 
 
 I. 
 
 The common wild Duck and Mallard : Bofcas major 5 Ands torquata minor * Aldrov. + Tom.4; 
 pag. 212, 
 T weighs from thirty fix to forty ounces; being about twenty three inches long, 
 | meafuring from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail. The Wings {tretcht 
 out reacht thirty five inches.. The Bill isof a greenifh yellow, from the angles 
 of the mouth produced two inches and an half, of about an inch breadth, not very 
 flat. The upper Mandible hath at the end a round tip or nail, fach as is feen in moft 
 Birds of thiskind. The lower Eye-lids are white: The Legsand Feet of a Saffron- 
 colour; the Claws brown; butthat of the back-toé almoft white: The inmoftfore- 
 toe is the leaft. The membranes conneing the Toes are of a more fordid colourthan 
 the Toes. The Wind-pipe at its divarication hath a veflel we 4% labyrinth. | 
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 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox Il. 
 
 TheLegsare feathered down to the Knees. | In the Mel/ard the Head and upper 
 part of the Neck are of a delicate fhinihg green: then follows a ring of white, which 
 yet fails of being an entire circle, not coming round behind. From the white ring 
 the Throat is of a Chefnut colour down to the Brealt. The Breaft it felf and Belly 
 are of a white afh-colour, bedewed or fprinkled with innumerable dark fpecks, as it 
 were fall drops. Under the Tail the feathers are black. The upper fide of the 
 Neck from cinereous isred, {prinkled in like manner with fpots. The middle of the 
 Back betweenthe Wings isred, the lower part black, and {till deeper on the Rump, 
 with aglofs of purple. The fides under the Wings, and the longer feathers on the 
 Thighs are adorned with tranfverfe brown lines,making a very fair fhew. In them the 
 white colour feems to have a mixture of blue. 
 
 The lefler rows of Wing-feathers are red: The long fcapular feathers are filver- 
 coloured, elegantly variegated with tranfverfe * brown lines. In each Wing are 
 twenty four quils, the outmoft ten of a dusky or dark brown: The fecond decad 
 have white tips, then their outer Webs are of a fhining purplifh blue colour: but 
 between the white and blue intercedes a border of black. The tip of the twenty 
 firftis white, the exteriour Web of a dark purple: The middle part of the twenty 
 fecond is alittle filver-coloured: The twenty third is wholly of a filver-colour, yet 
 the edges on each fide are black: ‘The twenty fourth is likewife of a filver-colour, 
 only the exteriour border black. The outmoft covert-feathers ate of the fame colour 
 withthe quils; but thofe immediately incumbent on the purple-blue quils have black 
 tips, and next the tips abroad line or crofs bar of white, fo that the blue {pot is ter- 
 minated with a double line, firft black, and above that white. ‘Fhe Tail hath twen- 
 ty feathers, ending in fhatp points. The four middle of thefe are reflected circularly 
 toward the Head, being black, with a glofs of purple. The eight next to thefe on 
 each fide are white, efpecially the outer ones, and on their exteriour Webs, the nearer 
 tothe reflected ones, the greater mixture of brown have they. The covert-feathers 
 of the infide of the Wing, and the interiour baftard Wing are white. ; 
 
 In Winter time they company together, and fly in flocks; in the Summer by pairs, - 
 
 Duck and Mallard together. They build theis Nefts among Heath or Ruthes, not 
 far from the water, feldom in trees 5 laying twelve, fourteen, or more mS before 
 they fit. _The Female or Duck hath ee, head, nor rifiged Neck, but both 
 patticoloured of white, brown, and dark red. ‘The middle parts of the. Back-fea- 
 thets are of a datk brown, the edgesof a pale red. 
 Ks for the great Ring-Duck of Gefner, he being very brief in defcribing of it, 
 and ufing only genétal notes, and my felf having never feen any fuch bird, I know not 
 Whatto makeof it, and dodoubt whether there be any fuch Bird in nature 5 efpect- 
 ally becaufe the defcription he brings of tt, made by a certain German, doth in all 
 things anfwer to our Mallard above defcribed: | 
 
 In the Fensin the Ifleof Ely, Norfolk, and Lincolnfhire, about Crowland, and elfe- 
 where, ‘Ducks, Wigeons, Teal, and other birds of this kind, at what time they moult 
 their feathers and cannot fly, are taken yearly in great numbers in Nets placed after 
 this manner. 
 
 
 
 A. . 
 
 
 
 Soo es AB, CD 
 

 
 Boor I. ORNITHOLOGY a7, 
 
 a ean eens tnnsltreen cenestineess latest cmetitieteraibiiid ened ne nS 
 Ab, © Dare Nets extending a great length in form of a wall of hedge; inclining 
 one to another, at the further end of which, before they concur inan angle are placed 
 f, 2, 3, Or more conoideal Nets, like tunnelling Nets for Partridges. Which :things 
 ‘ being fo prepared, and the day for fowling fet, there is a great concourfe of mien and 
 t boats. Thefe drive the Birds, now. unable to fly, into the grounds enclofed:in the 
 Nets with long Staves and Poles, and fo by degrees iito thofe Conoideal Tunnels, 
 t, 2; 3, difpofec, as we {aid in the angle. Bythe way many are knocked down by 
 the Boatmen and other Rabble with their Poles, others aid more are drivén upon 
 thefideNets AB, CD. Thefe belong to them who own the Nets ( for the Nets 
 for the moft part have feveral owners ) thofé fall to their fhares that killed them. 
 Thofe which’ are cooped up, and driven into the end-tunnels 1, 2, 3, belong to the 
 Lord of the Soil. To one Fowling fometimes you fhall have four hundred Boats. 
 meet. We have heard that there have been four thoufand Mallards taken at one 
 driving in Deepizg Fen. | 
 The Mallards change their feathers ( wecall it Moulting, a word derived from the 
 Latine, muto, fignifying to change ) when the Hens begin to fit ; the Ducks not be- 
 fore their youngones are grownup and ready to fly, at what time.they come hither 
 for that purpofe. wiz. the Malards about the end of May, the Ducks not before the 
 end of June, when the Mal/ards have recovered their feathers and begin to fly again. 
 The Cock-Teal and Wigeons accompany the Ducks, and moult together with them. 
 The Hens of thefe Birdsmoult fomething later. Sothat thiskind of {port or( if you 
 pleate ) exercife lafts from the middle of Fuse till the end of Angnf?. Ina Weeks 
 time all the old feathers fall off; the new ones come not to their full growth in lef 
 than three Weeks fpace. When they begin to moult they are all very fat and flethy ; 
 but before their feathers be perfe&tly grown, they becomelean. The Ducks and Mal- 
 lard are called whole fowl 3 the Wigeons and Teal half fowl, becaufé they are fold for half 
 the price of the other. Yaa 
 Here it may be worth the whileto enquire, why Birds do yearly moult their fea- 
 thers ? Mr. Willaghby fappofes that there is the fame caufe of the cafting the feathers 
 in Birds, that there is of the falling off of the hair in Men and other Animals upon 
 recovery froma Feveror other difeafe, or upon refection after long abftinence. For 
 in Cock-birds the heat and turgency of luft, is, asit-were, akind of Fever, and {fo in 
 the Spring-time their bodies being exhaufted by the frequent ufe of Venery,they be- 
 come lean: Butin the Hens the time of fitting and bringing up their Young anfwers 
 toa difeafe or long abftinence, for at that.time they macerate themfelves by hunger 
 and continual labour: When thefé times are over, both Sexes returning to mind their 
 own bodies andfeed for themfelves, .do in a fhott time recover their Heth and prow 
 fat again, whereupon the pores of the skin being dilated the feathers fall off. . 
 Our Country-men ( imitating, asI fuppofe, the Low Dutch, who were Authors of 
 the invention ) in maritime and fenny places, in’ Pools prepared by a new Artifice 
 and fitted with their Channels and-Nets, and ftored with Coy-Ducks, take yearly in, 
 the Winter-time Dick and MaWard, Wigeon, Teal, and other Birdsof the Buck-kind 
 in great number’, | 
 A place is to be chofen for this purpofe far remote from common High-ways, and 
 all noife of people, and in which thofe Birds are: wontin great numbers to frequent. 
 Having pitchd upon a convenient place, prepare a large Pool A, {et rourid with 
 Willows and Reeds. On the South fideN, or ? 
 the North fide § of this Pool draw as many ff 
 Ditches or Channels 111 ( Pipes they call 
 them) as you pleafe or think needful; let them 
 be broadiat the Pool, and by degrees narrower 
 till they end in 2 point,. Along thefe Channels 
 on each fide at little diftances thruft intothe banks rods or «wands of wood; and 
 bending them over-head bind themtwotogetherby pairs.all along in form of an Arch 
 or Vault from the beginning of the Channel to the end. - Asthe Channels grow nat- 
 rower and narrower fo the bows are made lowerand lower: The Poles thus bent in 
 fafhion of Bowsare to be covered with Nets caft over them,and do the Pipes are made: 
 Thefe Arches 0: Vaults endin Jong Cylindrical Nets kept ftretcht by hoops like 
 bow-nets, that end which refpects the Arch being open, the other fhut. Along the 
 banks of the Pipes are made many hedges or walls nnn of Reeds woven thick toge- 
 ther, parallel to cach other, but {tanding obliquely to the Bank, the acute angles re- 
 {petting the Pocl,atid along the bank of the Pool, at the exit of the Pipes is er a 
 edge 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 * Lies in their 
 
 faces, or on 
 their backs, 
 
 * Anas media 
 magnithdinis. 
 
 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. Boor lll. 
 
 hedge of Reeds(1m )to be drawn. The Coy-Ducks are to be fed at the mouth or 
 entrance of the Pipes, and to be accuftomed ata token given them by a whittle to ha- 
 {ten to the Fowler. The Fowler firft walks about the Pool, and obferves into what 
 Pipe the Birds gathered together in the Pool may moft conveniently be enticed and 
 driven, and then cafting Hemp-feed, or fome fuch like thing at the entrance thereof, 
 calls his Coy-ducks together by a whittle. The wild fowl accompany them, and when 
 the Fowler perceives them now entred into.the Pipe, he fhews himfelf behind them 
 through the interftices of the hedges n, n,n, which being frightned, and not daring 
 to return back upon the man, fwim on further into the Pzpe, then by other interftices 
 the Fowler fhews himfelf againbehind them, till at laft he haththus driven them into 
 the Cylindrical Nets. If any Birds rife and endeavour to fly away, being beaten 
 back by the Nets {pread over the Pipe they fall down again into the Channel. The 
 whole art confifts in this, that the Birds within the Pipes may fee the Fowler, thofe 
 in the Pool not feeing him. Sothofe only {eeing him, thefe notwithftanding often 
 enter the Pipes, and fo fometimes hefides thofe the Fowler drives before him there are 
 others taken the fecond or third time. The Coy-ducks go not into the Cylindrical 
 Nets, but ftay without and entice others, Some train up a Whelp for this fort of 
 fowling, teaching him to compafs the hedges, and thew himfelf behind the Birds, to 
 which purpofe there are holes made in the hedges for him to pafs freely. The Whelp 
 in compafling the hedges ought always to keep his tail directed. toward the Pool, his 
 Head toward the Pipe, and fo he terrifies the Birds before him, and drives them for- 
 ward: Thofe behind him he alluresand tolls forward, they following him to gaze at 
 himas a new and f{trange obje&. When the wind blows fideways the Birds are more 
 eafily driven whither the Fowler pleafes; than when its blows * directly contrary to 
 them, or withthem. For when it is directly contrary the Birds are very hardly dri- 
 ven to bear up agaimft it: When it blows juft behind them, it brings the fent of the 
 
 Man or the Whelp into their Nofthrils. Wherefore ( as we faid ) the Channels are 
 
 drawn either on the North or Southend of the Pool, becaufe the Weft- wind withus 
 as it isthe moft boifterous, fo is it by far the moft frequent of all. 
 
 OF the Coy-ducks fome fly forth:and bring home with them wild ones to the Pool, 
 others have the outmoft joynt or pinion of their Wings cut off, fo that they cannot, 
 fly, but abide always inthe Pool.’ The Fowlers houfe isto be covered with trees and 
 reeds, and hid as much as poflible’ = 0 
 
 —_— 
 
 o* th Ay ees ger ; 
 v- =f 5 a 2. j - 7 
 
 The Gadwall or Gray, perchance the * Mitelenten of Gefner : Anas platyrhynchos roftro 
 nigro & plano. ‘Aldrov. p.233. forte Anas ftreperaGefneri, Alarov. p.234. 
 
 WN bignefS it equals or exceeds the Pochard, and comes very near the Duck. Its 
 | length from Bill to Tail was nineteen inches: Its breadth thirty three: Its Bill from 
 thetip tothe cornets of the mouth two inches'long. \ It is long-bodied: Its whole 
 Rump black : Its Back brown, the edges of the feathers being of a whitifh red: Its 
 Chin and Cheeks white, fpeckled with {mall brown fpecks. Its head from blue in- 
 
 clines to black, the edges of the feathers being of an afh-colour in the Throat, and 
 
 of a whitith red neéar:the Breaft.. The lower part of the Neck and. upper part of 
 the Breaft and Shoulders are covered with a moft beautiful Plumage particoloured of 
 black and white. Thé,extremeedges and:as it were fringes of the feathers are red- 
 difh, then-a black Jine of a:femicircular figure encompafles the tip of the feather, 
 running parallel to its edges;-within this is included another femicircular. white line 
 parallel toit, and in the'white againa black. The Breaftis white : The Belly darker, 
 with’ tranfverfe black fpots. Under the Tail the feathers are crofled with brown. 
 The léeffer covert-feathers under the Wings and the interiour baftard Wing are purely — 
 white. _ The fides are curioufly variegated with alternate black and white lines. The 
 -Tail is fhort, {carceappeating beyond the feathers incumbent on it, round-pointed, 
 madeup of fixteen feathers with fharp tips, of a white colour, efpecially on the un- 
 der fide, for the two middle ones above are of a dark afh-colour: Inthe reft, efpe- 
 cially the Outmoftt,there is {omething of red mingled with the white: The edgesof all 
 are whitith. Br | ; ie bn 
 
 Bach Wing hath twenty fix quils, of which the firftten are: brown; the three next 
 tipt. with white : The four following have their outer Webs black, their tips alfo 
 being whitifh: Inthe three fucceeding the inner Web of the feather is wholly “la ; 
 
 | e 
 
 
 

 
 Boor Hl, ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 paenti sable eiecate, |e ras a Nae a ill a 
 Phe four next the body are of a cinereous or reddifh brown. The feathers of the 
 
 fecond row, incumbent on the white quils, have their exteriour Webs of a black pur- 
 plifh fhining colour. In the third row are {pots of red feattered. 
 
 Its Bill is like that of the common Duck or Teal, flat, broad, with a hook or nail at 
 theend : The lower Mandible inclines toa Saffron colour; of the upper the fides are 
 of the famecolour, the middle part black: The Nofthrils great. | 
 
 The Legs are feathered tothe Knees: The Feet whitith : The hind-toe final: The 
 inner fore-toe fhorter thanthe outer: The membranes connecting ‘the Toes black. It 
 hath a huge Gall-bladder. wl 
 
 The Female hath the fame {pots in the Wings, but far duller colours 3 'wantsthe 
 black colour on the Rump, the feathers there growing having pale red edges, as 
 have alfo thofe on the Back and Neck, It wholly wants thofe elegant femicircular 
 black and white lines and {pots in the Neck and Breaft'feathers,' and the ttrakes under 
 the Wings. 
 
 This Bird may be diftinguithed from all others of the Duckikind by this characte- 
 riftic note, that it hath on hi Wings three {pots of different colour, one above ano- 
 ther, viz. a white, a black, anda red one. 
 
 §. TL. 
 * Gefuers Muggent : Anas mutcaria; Aldrov. lib.19. cap.41. 
 
 Tis fo called becaufe it catches flies flying upon [or above} the water. Ttis 
 of the bigne(g and fhape almoft of a tame Duck, The Bill is broad and flat, its 
 upper Chap being wholly of a Safiron-colour, in length beyond the feathers ‘two 
 inches ; it is ferrate on both fides with broad and in a manner:membranaceous teeth, 
 pretty high or deep; but thofe of the nether Chap are lower, and * rife not much 
 
 fiery colour, and white, with a mixture of Weafel colour in.fome places,’ or in thort litle. 
 
 almoft like that of the Partridge, that is, teftaceous, asof moftof the pulveratricious 
 kind, butyet differing. Its Feet are yellow : Its Toes joyned by blackifh membranes: 
 Its Neck both on the upper and under fide js {peckled[ cxov ) withthe colours we 
 mentioned, The crownof the Head is blacker than the other parts, which colour 
 alfo is {een in the Wings, which are fhorter than the Tail. Thus far Gefver. This Bird, 
 if itbe different from the Gadwall, as the colour of the Bill and Feet might perfwade 
 one, is to me unknown. 
 
 Q. IV. 
 
 The common Wigeon or Whewer : Penelope Aldravandi, toxs.2, p.218.lin.20. Anas 
 fiftularis, Argentoratenfibus Ein Schmey. 
 
 T weighs twenty two ounces : Its length from Bill to Feet is twenty inches. The 
 | Head and upper end of the Neck arered. Thecrowntowardsthe Bill is of a di- 
 lute colour, from red inclining toa yellowith white. The upper part of the Breaft 
 and fides as far as the Wings is beautified with a very fair tincture of ared Wine co- 
 lour, with fmall tranfverfe black lines. The {capular feathers, and thofe on the fides 
 under the Wings are very curioufly varied with narrow tranfverte black and white 
 waved lines. The middle of the Back is brown, theedges of the feathers being cine- 
 reous, e(pecially towardsthe Tail. The feathers behind the Vent, next the Tail are 
 black : The Breaft and Belly white, with alittle mixture of yellow. Onboth fides 
 under the Legs are {pots of a reddifh brown: Under the Tail are white feathers alike 
 {potted, mingled with the black. The Tail is {harp pointed, and confifts of four- 
 teen feathers, of which the fix outer on each fide are brown, their exteriour edges 
 being whitifh 5 thetwo middle onesareblack, witha mixture of afh-colour. _ pe 
 
 Of the quil-feathers the ten outmoft are brown: The next ten have white tips, 
 and among them the fifteenth, fixteenth, feventeenth, and eighteenth have their 
 outer webs firft of a black purplifh colour, then as far as they appear beyond the 
 covert-feathers of a lovely blue. Inthe eighteenth feather the exteriour half of the 
 outer web ts of a purplith black, the interiour toward the bottom is cinereous: But 
 
 along the border of the black are fmall white fpots from the white tip to the bottom. 
 The twentieth feather is all of a pale or white afh-colour: The twenty firft and 
 twenty 
 
 > * Stand 
 making long ftrie. The Plumage almoftall the body overis particoloured of blackith, out but very ] 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY, —Boowdil. 
 
 twenty fecond are white about the edges, black i the middle along the fhafh! The 
 (nll covert-feathers ofthe Wings are of a light brownor dark afh-colours butthofe 
 that cover the quils from the tenth to the twentieth are patticoloured of ‘brown, 
 
 white, and cinercous. 
 
 Vir. Wiluebby in this and other Birds is, in my, opinion, more particular and minute 
 indefcribing the colours of each fingle feather of the Wings and Tail than isneed- 
 fal; fithin thefe things nature doth as they fay {port her felf, not obferving exactly 
 the fame ftrokes and {pots in the feathers of all Birds of the fame fort. t 
 
 in the ftru@ure of the Mouth, Tongue, and Head, it differs, little from the com- 
 mon wild Duck, unlefs perchance the Head be lefs in proportion tothe body.» The 
 upper Mandible of. the Billis of a lead-colour,witha round black nail at the end. The 
 Feet from.a dusky white incline to a lead-colour. The Claws are black : The outimoft 
 Toe longer than the inmoft : The back-toe fhort. Aad 
 
 it feet upon grafs and weeds growing in the bottoms of Rivers, Lakes, and Chan- 
 nels of water, alfo upon Whilks, Perrwinkles, @c. that it finds there. The Males in 
 this kind at Cambridge are called Wigeons, the Females Whewers.' , 
 
 The flefh of it for delicacy is much inferiour to that of Teal, or indeed: Wild- 
 
 Dick, 
 a 
 
 The Sea-Pheafant or Cracker : Anas caudacuta,. Aldrov. tom.3. pag. 23 4. 
 
 Coda lancea at Rome. 
 
 I is of the bignefs of the common Wigeons of twenty four. ounces weight: 
 twenty eight inches long from Bill to Tail: From tip to tip of the Wings extended 
 thirty feven inches broad. ! 
 Its Head is flender, its Neck long for this kind : Its Bill from the tip to the angles of 
 the mouth two inches and an half, of equal breadth almott throughout 5 the nether 
 Mandible, wholly.black, the upper partly blue, partly black, viz. black in the middle, 
 or the fides beneath the Nofthrils blue: Black alfo.at the corners of the mouth, at 
 the very tip, andin the lower edges near the tip. The colour of the Plumage on 
 the wholé Head is ferrugineous or brown, behind the Ears tinctured with a light pur- 
 ple. . Beyond the Fars on each fide from, the hinder part of the Head begins a 
 line of white which pafies down the fides of the Neck to the Throat. All 
 the feathers between or adjacent .to thefe lines are black: Under the black the 
 Neck is afh-coloured, then curioufly varied with tranfverfe black and white lines, as 
 ssalfo almoft the whole Back. ‘The long fcapular feathers are black in their middle 
 parts, but the exteriour have their outer Webs almoft to the fhafts black, their inner 
 ( which are much the narrower ) varied with white and black [| brown ] lines. Allthe 
 nether part, Neck, Breaft, Belly, to thevery Vent iswhite. Yetin the lower Belly 
 the white is a little darkned with a mixture of cinereous. The feathers under the Tail 
 are black. 
 
 As for the Wings, the ten outmoft quils and moft of the covert-feathers are of a 
 dark cinereous [ In fome Birds the interiour edgesiof the feventh, eighth, ninth, and 
 tanth quils are white. ] The fecond decad of quils is particoloured ; for the tips of 
 all are white, [ or from white red ] then in the outer Web fucceeds a black line, the 
 remaining part thereof, as far as appears beyond the incumbent feathers being of a 
 gliftering purple, or purplifh bluecolour : The interiour Webs of all are of the fame 
 colour with the reft of. the feathers. Of the following the exteriour Webs are cine- 
 reous, the interiour black. The covert feathers of the fecond row immediately in- 
 cumbent on the fecond decad of quils have their tips ofa fair red or Liow-colour. The 
 long feathers covering the Thighs are elegantly varied with black and white tranfverfe 
 lines, beneath which the Plumagets yellow. 
 
 The Tail is made up of fixteen feathers, all afh-coloured excepting their exteriour 
 elges, which are whitifh. The two middlemoft run out into very long and tharp 
 points,beinig produced two inches and an half beyond the reft: Whence alfo this Bird 
 i: in fome places of England called the Sea-pheafant. ) 
 
 Its feet are of alead-colour, darker about the joynts. It hath a {mall Labyrinth, and 
 agreat Gall. — . | 
 
 _ The Hen is like in colour to the common Wild- Duck, but fairer, ‘and variegated 
 with more full and lively white and browncolours, The Wing-feathers agree in co- 
 lour with thofe of the Cock, fave that they are duller and lefs lively. The Belly F 
 | % reddith, 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 Book i. ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 readith, the middle part of each fingle feather being black. The Chinis white, with 
 a ticiure of red. Te Back of a dark brown, with tranfverfe lines and beds of a pale 
 red. The Breaft of a fordid white, and the Belly yet darker, | 
 
 This Bird may be dittinguifhed from all others of the Duck-kind by the length of the 
 middle feathers of its Tail as by certain and characteriftic note, 
 
 
 
 dg. VI. 
 The Teal, Querquedula fecunda;Aldrov. p.209. 
 
 oh cae to the Summer-Teal,is the leaft in the Duck-kind ; weighing only twelve 
 
 ounces, extended in length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Feet fifs 
 teen inches; in breadth, meafuring between the ends of the Wings {pread, twenty 
 four. Its Bill is broad, black, at the end fomething reflected upwards: The Eyes 
 from white inclineto hazel-coloured.. The Nofthrilsare of anoval figure.. The top 
 of the Head, Throat, and upper. part of the Neck of a dark bay or {padiceous co- 
 four. From the Eyes on each fide to the back of the Head is extended. a line of a 
 dark, fhining green. Between thefe lines on the back of the Head.a black {pot inter- 
 venes. Under the Eyes a. white line feparates the black from the red. . The feathers 
 invefting the lower fide of the Neck, the beginning of the Back, and the fides under 
 the Wings are curioufly varied with tranfverfe waved lines of white and black. 
 The region. of the Craw in fome is yellowifh, elegantly fpotted with black {pots, 
 {o fituate as fomewhat to refemble fcales. The Breaft and Belly are of fordid 
 white or grey colour, Under the Rumpis a black {pot encompafied with a yellowith 
 colour. 
 
 Each Wing hath above twenty five quils. Of thefe the outmoft ten are brown ; 
 the next five have white tips under the white the exteriour Web of the Feather is 
 black: Inthe fixteenth begins the green, and takes up fo much of the feather as we 
 {aid was black in the precedent three, The exteriour Web of the twenty third is 
 black, with fome yellownefs on the edges. ‘The covert-feathers of the black quils 
 have white tips, of the green ones have tips of a reddifh yellow : Elfe the Wings are 
 all over brown [ dusky.] The Tail is fharp-pointed, three inches long, made up of 
 fixteeen feathers, of abrown or dusky colour. | 
 
 The Legs and Feet are of apale dusky colour, the membrane connecting the Toes 
 black : The inmoft Toe the leaft. The Back-toe hath no fin annexed. The Wind- 
 pipe in the Cock 1s furnifhed with a Labyrinth; in the Hen we found none. 
 
 The Female differs from its Male. in the fame manner almott as the wild Duck, does 
 from the Ma/ard, having neither red nor green on the Head, nor black about its 
 Rump: Nor thofe fine feathers variegated with whiteand black linesomthe back and 
 fides. se 
 This Bird for the delicate tafte of its flefh, and the wholfom nourifhment it affords 
 the body, doth defervedly challenge the firft place among thofe of its kind. 
 
 §. VII. 
 The Garganey : Querquedula prima Aldrov. t.3.p.209. Kernel at Strasburgh. 
 
 ¥N bignefs it fomething exceeds the common Teal; yet that Mr. Wilughby defcribed 
 j weighed no more than the common Teal. viz. twelve ounces. Its length from 
 Bill to Claws was feventeen inches: Its breadth from tip to tip of the Wings ex- 
 tended twenty eight. For the fhape of its body it was very like to the common Teal : 
 Its Bill alfo black : Its Legsand Feet livid with a certain mixture of green, [ Mr. Wil- 
 lughby hath it from dusky inclining to a lead-colour. 1] The back-toe {mall. 
 
 The crown of the Head is almoft wholly black, but the Bill befprinkled with fmall 
 reddifh-white fpecks. _Fromthe inner corner of the Eye on each fide begins a broad 
 white line, which paflmg above the Eyes and Ears is produced to the back of the 
 Head, tillthey do almoft meet. The Cheeks beneath thefe white lines and the be- 
 ginning of the Throat wereof .a lovely red colour, as if dafhed with red wine, ha- 
 ving white {potsor lines along the middle of cach feather about their fhafts. Under 
 the Chin at the rife of the lower Mandible is a great black{pot. The whole Breaftis 
 curioufly varied with black and dutty, tranGamte arcuate {_ elliptical] waved linesin 
 each feather. The Belly in fome is white, in others tin@ured with yellow: ee 
 
 Cec toward. 
 
 
 
= a ed 
 
 : 3 RY ts 
 
 (i 
 i 
 P| 
 ii 
 } 
 i. 
 re 
 Pt 
 fe 
 
 
 
 rer 
 
 
 
 AE — 
 
 Boos LH. 
 
 —_—_—— —+—_—_ 
 
 ITHOLOGY. 
 
 ee ee Ss 
 
 378 —ORN 
 
 —— 
 
 
 
 
 
 toward the Vent are brown lines, and bigger {pots under the Tail. The colour of 
 the Back is brown, with a purplifh glofs. The Thighs are covered with feathers 
 
 handfomly variegated with tranfverfe black and white lines. The fcapular feathers 
 
 next the Wings are ath-coloured, thereft are of a very beautiful purple colour, with 
 white lines in the middle. : | 
 Each Wing hath twenty five quils, the outmoft tenof which are brown on the out- 
 Gde the thaft, on theinfide of a Moufe-dun : The eleven next have white tips, be- 
 neath the tips, as far as they appear beyond the covert-feathers, their exteriour Webs 
 * Mrwilughly of a * fhining green, the mteriour and the bottoms of the feathers being of a dusk or 
 eee - Moufe-dun. The reft are brown, only the exteriour Webs edged with white. The 
 2 purplifh co. 1efler rows of Wing-feathers are afh-coloured excepting thofe immediately incumbent 
 jour, witha onthe quils, fome of which have white tips. 
 ae. The Tail is fhort [ three inches} and when clofed ending in a fharp point, of a 
 dusky or dark brown colour, confifting of fourteen feathers ; the outmott feathers 
 are varied with {pots of a pale or whitifh red. The foal of the foot is black. 
 The Cock had a Labyrinth at thedivarication of the Wind-pipe, the Hen none. 
 The Hen islefgthan the Cock, and duller-coloured, wants the black fpot under 
 the Chin, and the red colour of the Cheeks. The Wangs underneath are as in the 
 Cock; above more brown. The Back coloured like the Cocks; but the fcapular fea- 
 
 thers have not thofe beautiful colouts. 
 §. VIL. 
 * Of the Suummer-Teal, called by Gefuer Anas circia. 
 * Teal. ; Ener takes that Duck they call Carcia to be ofthe kind of the lefler * Querquedula: 
 
 A certain German rénders it in High Dutch, Ein Birckilgen, and faith it is {0 cal- 
 led from the found of its voice; that it is like a {mall Duck, but differs inthe colour 
 
 of the Wingsand Belly. For the Wings want thofe gliftering feathers, and the Belly 
 
 is more {potted. 
 
 This kind ( fo he proceeds ) I think is alfo found in our Lakes, for Ifaw not long 
 fince a {mall fort of Dack taken inthe beginning of January, little bigger than a Dob- 
 chick, brown all over, having the Bill of a Duck, that is broad and brown: Alfo 
 dusky coloured Legs and Feet 5 the Neck an hand-breadth long, the reft of the body 
 fixinches. But it was a Hen, and had Eggs in the Belly. The Cock, I guefs, hath 
 more beautifulcolours. In the Stomach I found nothing but {mall ftones, and the 
 feeds of fome water-plants, almoft of the fathron of Lentiles ( but leffer and thicker) 
 and reddith. Thus far Ge/zer. 
 
 From this fhort defcription, and that too of a Hen bird, we cannot certainly ga- 
 ther, whether it be a diftin& Species fromthe precedent. But we fufpect it was of 
 that bird which our Country men call the Summer-Teal, which Mr. Fohufon intorms us 
 is of that bignefs; for we have not as yet feen it. | 
 
 Its Bill is black: The whole upper fide of a dark grey or light brown; the edges 
 [ or extremes ] of the feathers in the Back are white. Inthe Wings isa line or {pot 
 of an inchbreadth, partly black, partly of a fhining green, terminated on both fides 
 with white. In the Tail the feathers are fharp-pointed. The whole under fide 
 feems to be white, with a flight tin@ure of yellow 5 but on the Breaft and lower Bel- 
 ly are many pretty great black {pots. The Legs are of a pale blue, the membranes be- 
 tween the Toes black. This is the leaft of all Ducks. Inits ftomach diffected I found 
 nothing but grafs and ftones. This defcription we owe to Mr. John{on. 
 
 §. IX. 
 * Awild Brafilian Duck, of the bignefs of a Goofe. Marggrave. 
 
 T hath a black Bill, dusky Legsand Feet. It is all over black except the beginnings 
 
 | [ fetting on of the Wings, which are white; but that black hatha glofs of fhi- 
 Ninggreen. It hath a creft or tufton its head confifting of black feathers, and a cor- 
 rugated red mafé or bunch of fleth above the rife of the upper Mandible of the Bill. it 
 
 hath alfoa red skinabout the Eyes. Itis very flefhy, and good meat. They are com- © 
 
 monly fhot fitting on hightrees: For after they have waht themfelvesin cold water, 
 they fly up high trees, for the benefit of the frefh air and Sun. 6.x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 ttt 
 
 -_—-. ee 
 
 Book WI, ORNITHOLOGY 379 
 
 
 
 ee 
 
 
 
 
 
 §. x. 
 
 “ A Wild Brafilian Duck, called, ipocati-Apoa, by the Portughefe, Pata, that is, 
 A Goofe. Marggrav. 
 
 Tis of the bignefs of a Goofe of eightor mine months, of thevery fhape and figure 
 | of ourcommon Dacks. The Belly, lower part of the Tail, the whole Neck and 
 Head are covered with white feathers 5 the Back. tothe Neck,, the Wings and top of 
 the Head withblack, having a mixtureof green, asinthe Necks of our Ducks. Yn 
 the Neck and Belly are black feathers, all about fparfedly mingled with the whiter fe 
 differs from our Country Duacksinthefe particulars: 1. Thatit is bigger. 2. Ie hath 
 indeed a Ducks Billy’ but black and: hooked at theend. ; 3. Upom |. or above] the 
 Billit carries a flefhy creft, broad,-and»almoft round; ofa black colour, remarkably 
 {potted with white: © The Creft is of equal height: ’ Between ithe Crelt, and the Bill 
 _ (vig. on the top of the Bill ) is atranfverfe hole of, the bignels; of; 'a Peafe, .confpicu- 
 ous on both fides, which ferves inftead of Notthrils. -:q.. The colour of the Legsand 
 Feet is not red, but of adusky afhscolour: » Its full of flefh, and good meat... Tt is 
 found every where about the Rivers. 
 
 [had another in all things like this; excepting that thofe long feathers’ in. the, Wings 
 were of a fhining brown colour.:: Ifuppofe this isthe Male; the other theFemale. 
 
 §: Xe 
 * The firft Brafilian wild Duck , called Mateca, of Murgerave. | 
 
 T hath a Ducks Bill, of abrowmncolour, at the rife whereof on each fide is a red 
 | {pot. The Head above is of a grey Hare-colour: The fides.of the Head: under 
 the Eyes all white. “The whole Breaftand lower Belly hath an ob{cure refemblance of 
 the colour of Oaken boards ; and is befides variegated with black points [_ {pecks. ] 
 The Legs and Feet are black 5 the Tail'grey!»! The Wingselegant, at the fetting on of 
 a dark grey colour. * The quil-feathers onone fide are of the former colour, but all * I fappofe he 
 the outer half of them [ medietas extrema] of a-pale brown : In the middle they are 70" = 
 of a fhining green, with a border of black 5. like the colour of the Mal/ards Neck. quils, or thot 
 
 Its Heth is very good meat. The outmolt of alight brown, and the middlemoft of a oe 
 
 fhining green, witha tringeor border of black. dark grey, as 
 ’ | was before in~ 
 - § XI ! | timated. 
 
 * The fecond Brafilian wild Duck, called Mareca, of “Margeraves 
 
 T is of the fame bignefs and figure with the precedent, hatha black fhining Bill. 
 The top of the Head, the upper part of the Neck, and the whole Back are of an 
 Umber colour mixed with brown{[_fujco. ] Under the Throat itis white. . The Eyes 
 are black, and before each Eye 1s a {mall round {pot of a yellowith white colour. 
 The whole Breaft and lower Belly are of adark grey, witha mixture of golden. 
 The Tail is black : The Wing-feathers dusky, witha glofs of fhining green, and the 
 middle feathers of the Wings are of a rare green and blue fhining in a dusky-:, Here 
 alfo they have a waved line of black: But the * end[_ extremitas | of the quil-feathers * Or border, 
 is wholly white. The Legsand Feet are of a bright red or !vermilion colour... The eta 
 Bird roafted coloursthe hands of thofe that touch it, and linnen cloth witha fanguine 
 colour. It hath well tafted flefh, but a little bitter. 
 
 Coc 2 CHAP, 
 
 
 
380 ORNITHOLOGY.  Boox Il. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cua Pct. TNs | . | ' 
 Of ‘Tame Ducks. | 
 
 O. -cBed 
 
 The common Tame Duck: Anas domeftica yulgaris. 
 
 ; 
 
 Tis called bythe Greeks, Nias or Nizla, from the Verb vey, fignifying, to fwim : 
 ] As Anas alfo by Varro is derived from 70, vas, to{wim. It 1s a Bird every where 
 known, and therefore it would not be worth while to beftow many words.in ex- 
 adtly defcribing it. It is lefs than a Goofe, almoft as big asa Hex, but much lower, ha- 
 ving abroad, flat Bill, a broad Back, fhort Legs, fituate backward, that in fwimming ) 
 it may more firongly firike the water with the finny oars of its Feet > As Ariftotle rightly. ? 
 Hereupon they becomele{s convenient for walking, fo that this Bird goes but flowly, + 
 and not without fome difficulty.!'. Ducks vary infinitely in colours, as do Hens, and 
 other tame fowl. 
 ~ Between the Duck and the Drake there is this difference, that he hath growing on 
 his Rump certain erect feathers reflected backwards toward the Head, which the 
 hathnot. The Duck laystwelve, fourteen, or more Eggs as big as Hens Eggs, and 
 white, with a light tincture of blue or green, the Yolk being of a deeperand redder 
 colour. - | 
 The beft Phyficians ( faith Aldrovand ) difallow. the flefh of thefe Birds, becaufe 
 they are hard and of difficult concoétion, and agree not with the {tomach: We rather 
 think them difagreeable to the ftomach, for their moi(tnef$ and clamminefs than for 
 their hardnefs, whence alfo they areapt to produce excrementitious, grofs, and me- 
 lancholic humours. The fleth of wild Ducks is preferred before that of tame, as be- 
 ing more favoury and wholfom. | 
 The Drake hath a certain bony vefiel or buble at the divarication of its Wind- 
 pipe, which we are wont to cali ‘a Jabyrinths of the ufe whereof we have {aid as 
 much as we thought fit, in the firltBook at the end of the fecond Chapter. 
 Of the vertues and ufe of the Duck, and its parts in Phylic, ont of Schroder. 
 1. Alive Duck afiwages Colic «pains, the feathers being pluckt off, andthe naked 
 part applied to the Belly. 
 >. The Fat heats, moiftens, mollifies, digefts, difcuffes. Therefore is of ufe in 
 snward and outward pains, viz. of the fidesand joynts, in the cold diftempers of the 
 Nerves, cc. 
 Note. This Fats preferred before all others, efpectally that of the wild Duck, 
 *Good againtt 3. The bloud is * Alexipharmacal, and hereupon is fometimes recetved into Anti- 
 poifen and dotes.  Itis a known hiltory which A. Gel/ivs in the feventeenth Book of his Nodes 
 Attice, Chap.16. relates. The Poxtic Duck is faid to maintain her felf by feeding 
 *Afreea commonly upon Poifons. Tt is alfo written by Leneus Cn. Pompeys * libertus, that 
 aes Mitbridates, that King of Pontws, was skilful m Phyfie, and cunning in remedies of 
 that kind: And that he was wont to mingle their bloud in Medicaments, which 
 were of force to digeft and carry off Poifons and that that bloud was the moft 
 effeGtual ingredient infuch Confections. Moreover that the King himfelf by the ufe 
 of fuch Medicines did fecure himfelf againft the fecret practices of fuch as fought to 
 poifon him at Feafts and Banquets. « Yea, that he would wittingly and willingly for 
 oftentation fakeoftentake.a draught of violent and quick poyton, and yet received 
 no harm by it. Wherefore afterwards when he was overthrown in battel by the 
 Romans, and had fled intothe furtheft parts of his Kingdom, and refolved to die,and ; . 
 had in vain made trial of the ftrongeft Poifons to haften his death, he ran himéfelf | 
 through with his own Sword. " 
 4. Itsdung isapplied tothe bites of venemous beafts. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Boox IIL. ORN ITHOLOGY,. 
 
 reteset stn seh etiam At 
 
 
 
 §. If. 
 The hooked-bil’d Duck. 
 
 \ ay thape of body and outward lineaments it is very like the common tame Duck: 
 differs chiefly in the Bill, which is broad, fomething longer than the common 
 Ducks, and bendingmoderately downward. ‘The Head al® is lefler and flenderer 
 than the common Ducks. It is {aid to be a better layer, 
 
 d. IL 
 The Mufcovy Duck: Anas mofcata,anCairina,Aldrow 2 
 
 T is inthis kind the biggeft of all wehave hitherto een. ~The colour both of Male 
 and Female is for the moft part a purplifh black. Yet I once faw a Duckof: this 
 
 kind purely white. About the Nofthrilsand the Eyesit hath red *Caruncles. It hath + Tuberous 
 a hoarfe voice; and {carce audible, unlefs when it is angry. Its yes are rounderthan ®aked fieth, 
 
 ordinary: Thofe of the young ones at firft are of a fordid green, afterwards become 
 continually whiter and whiter. 
 
 REV. 
 The Cairo- Duck of Aldrovand. 
 
 Hefe Ducks Aldrovand thus briefly defcribes. They exceed ours in bignefs of 
 
 body. The Male alfo inthiskind is bigger than the Female. It Bill where i 
 joyns to the Head is very thick and tuberous ; thence to the very tip it is continued|y 
 narrower, till itends in a fharp and crooked hook: Itis of a black colour excepting 
 ‘toward the end, where it hath a good large red {pot,and in its beginning another {mall 
 one of the fame colour, but more dilute. Its Head was black and tufted : Its Throat 
 ju{t under the Bill was powdered. with whitifh {pecks. The Eyes yellow, wherein 
 appeared many little {anguine veins. The whole body almoft was alfoblack. The fea- 
 thers of the Back ‘in the beginning, and alfo in the middle, were black, in the end 
 green, or at leatt black, witha tincture of green. In the Wings alfo and ‘in the Tail 
 werefome green feathersto be feen, and one or two white ones, which madeakind 
 of white {pot. The Legs were very firong, but. thort, coming near to a Chefnut 
 colour, as didalfo the feet. The Female was lefs than the Male, and had a lef tube- 
 rous Bill, where it was joyned to the Head, marked with a pretty broad line, » part! 
 white, and partly red. _Befides, that {pot we mentioned, which in the Bill of the 
 Male was red, inthe Bill of this was of an afh-colour,wherewith fomething of ted was 
 mixt: Elfeit was of acolour from black inclining to cinereous, if you except two 
 whitifh {fpots, which in the middle of the Bill turning one to another, each by at felf 
 formed the letter C. It had no tuft on its black-Head. Its Breaft alfo was of the fame 
 colour,{potted with white pricks. The Backasin the Male,but the Wings were much 
 greener thanhis, and {potted alfo with two white {pots. Inother particulars it ditfe- 
 red little or nothing from him. 
 
 §. V. 
 
 * The Guiny Ducks Anas Libyca, Aldrov. and Bellon. which we take to be the fame — 
 with the Mufcovy and Cairo Duck. 
 
 His kind of Duck BeVowins thus defcribes. A few years agone a certainkind of 
 
 t= Ducks began to be kept in France, of amiddle fize, between a Goofe anda 
 Duck, having a broken voice, as ifiit had diftempered or ulcerated Lungs. “Now 
 there isfo great plenty of them inour Country, ‘that they:areevery where kept in Ci- 
 tics, and publicly expofed to fale : For at great entertainments and Marriage Featts 
 they are fought for and defired. They have fhort Legs: The Male is bigger than 
 the Female; and, asis ufualin other Birds , of a different colour, fothat it is hard to 
 afcribe any certain colour to it, unlefs one would fay that it Comes near to a Dyuck- 
 colour. They are for the moft part either black or particoloured. hey have a Bill ina 
 | manner 
 
 ; 
 ¥ 
 
 
 
a Be a = 
 ea * me 
 
 . 
 
 i 
 i 
 HH i 
 ‘| 
 ih 
 { 
 
 
 
 * African or 
 Guinny Duck, 
 
 0 re ns een 
 
 
 
 Ma I ~~ 
 
 OR NITHOLOG?, — Boow ill, 
 
 ol ss hi gos sca ete seiatoeaae 
 manner different from Geefe and Ducks, hooked at the end, alfo {hort and broad. In 
 the Head rifesup fomething of a red colour like a Creft, but much ditierent from 
 a Cocks Comb. For itis a certain tuberous eminency, fituate between the Nofthrils, 
 exactly refembling the figure ofa red Cherry. The Temples near the Eyes are 
 without feathers, the skin fhewing like a red hide; of the fame fubftance with that 
 Gherry-like bunch between the Eyes: By which Marks [think it may be certainly 
 knownand diftinguifhed from other Birds. But this one thing may feem very {trange 
 in this Bird, that it hath{o greata privy member, that it is ananch thick, and.oF tour 
 or five inches length, and red like bloud. > Iftit were not very chargeable many 
 more of them would bekept than are: For if you give them but meat enough they 
 will lay many Eggs, ahd ina fhort time hatch a great number of Ducklings. Their 
 fAlefh isneither better nor worfe than that of a tame Goole or Duck. 
 
 This feems to me to be the very. fame Bird with. Aldrovands Cairo-Duck, for woft of 
 
 the marks do agree,as will appear to him whowill take the pains to compare the defcriptions 5 
 
 - and alfa the fame with our Mufcovy Duck, For Séaligers Indian Duck, which Aldro- 
 
 vand waitkes the {ame with his “ Libyc, # the fame. with our Mufcovy- Duck, or we are 
 very much deceived. So that I ftrongly fufpect onr. Mufcovy-Duck, the Guinny Duck of 
 Bellonius, avd Aldrovands Cairo-Duck, yea, awd Gelners Indian Duck too, to be all 
 one and the fame bird, more or le{s accurately defcribed. Perchance alfothe Birds themfelves 
 may differ one front another in thofe tuberous exinencies and waked skin about the Bill, and 
 
 upon the Bill between the Nofthrils. 
 Q. VI. 
 * Gefners Indian Duck, which perchance way be alfo the fame with our Mufcovy. 
 
 | Here is with us (faith he who fent us[ Gefrer |] the figure and defcription ofthis 
 | Bird out of England) a Duck brought out of India, of the fame thape of bo- 
 dy, the fame bill and Foot with the common Duck, but bigger and heavier by half 
 thanit. Its Head is red like bloud, and fo isa good part of the Neck adjoyning, on 
 the back+fide. All that red isa callous flefh, and divided by incifures 5 and where it 
 endsiat the Nofthrils, it lets down a Caruncle of a different figure from the reft of the 
 fleth; like that of a Swazs, contiguous {_ or joyned ] to the Bill. Its Head 1s bare of 
 feathers; and that part alfo of the Neck whichis red, fave that on the top of the Head, 
 through the whole length of it, there isa creftor tuft of feathers, which when it is 
 
 angry it {ets up. » Under the kyes at the beginri‘ig of the Bill the skin 1s {potted with 
 
 black {pots placed in no order: Above the Eyealfo are one or two {pots tending up- 
 ward. ‘The Eyeisyellow, feparated from the re{tof the Head by a circle of black. 
 Under the farther end of the Eye backwards is afmgular {pot feparated from the reft. 
 The whole Bill isblue, only it hath a black fpot.atithe tip. The feathers all. along 
 the re{t of the Neck are white. At the fettingon of the Neck isa circle of black, 
 {potted with a few white {pots, and unequal, narrower below, broader above. 
 Behind this circle the Plumage of all the lower Belly is white, of the upper fide of 
 body brown, but the white Plumage. 1s divided at thetop by thatblack circle. The 
 ends of the Wings and the Tail are of a fhining green like Cantharides. The skin of 
 the Legsis brown, with light, citcular incifures. The membrane between the inter- 
 vals of the Toes is more pale, fprinkled with two or three brown {pots, placed in 
 noorder, except in the left foot, where there are fix {et ina row along[t the outmolt 
 Toe. It walks foftly by reafon of thé heavinefs of its body. Its voice isnot like 
 that of other Ducks, but -hoarfe, like a mans that hath his Jaws and Throat fwoln 
 witha cold. The Cock is biggerthanthe Hen. The Henislikethe Cock, but hath 
 not {uch variety of colours. It gets its living out of muddy waters, and delights 
 in {uch other things as the common Duck, doth, | 
 
 There are many things in this defcription, which do perfwade me, that this Bird alfo #s 
 nootber than our Mulcovy Duck: As, equal bignefs, naked tuberous ficfh about the Bill, 
 a boarle voice, ihe Cock being bigger than the Hen, &c» Noris the diverfity of colours a 
 Sufficient argument of the contrary: Lor that they (as we have often faid ) in tame. Birds 
 of the jamekind vary inpaately. | ! 
 
 §. VIL. 
 
 4 a io 
 >: ee —— 
 eee sie. 
 aE ~ eg yy J 
 ~ . Se ves a >= ys : in . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
¢. 
 
 Ss 
 
 Book If. OR N ITHOLO G Y | 54 
 
 
 
 a eee ee eee 
 
 3° 3 
 
 Belen viva 
 
 ~~ —— 4 
 
 §. VII. 
 Lhe Braflian Ipeca-guacu of Pifo. 
 
 Tis a domeftic} whole-footed bird, reputed for the goodriefs of its flefh. As <a 
 I the bulk and fhape of its body it is of a middle proportion between our Country 
 Ducks and Geefe ; but in the beauty of its feathers and colours excells them both. irs 
 Bill from the end to the middle is yellow: The middle of its Head is curioufly tinéu- 
 red with red 5; the whole body from the crown to the Tail being of a delicate white 
 colour like a Swans. It hath Ducks Feet, of a yellowifh red. It feeds fat as wel] 
 upon Land, asin Pools. For the goodnefs of its fleth it is not inferiour to our Dy, ks, 
 and had in efteemby perfons of quality. It isa fruitful bird, lays great Eggs, and a 
 great many, almott all feafonsof the year, difpatching its fitting ina fhort time. It is 
 alfo falacious 5 its pex#s and other internal parts ferving for generation, being more ° % 
 than ufually ftrong and great. As for itsbowels and entrails, they are of like contti- 
 tution and make with thofe of our Duweks. 
 
 AN 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . Ti yA, Sy wi + Gs St Se ~~. WS an = * é v7 - 7 Fa = = sr @ a7 7. 7 ji = Tea = \ om, # 
 4 ~~ . . » 4 + 4 a 
 7 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 tte Ne eee 
 Se | ts eseneeernae peepee a 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 TO THE 
 
 Hiftory of Birds. 
 
 | Containing | | 
 Such Birds as we fufpect for fabulous, or fuch as are too briefly and 
 unaccurately defcribed to give us a [ull and fufficient knowledge 
 of them, taken out of Franc. Hernandez efpecially. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ee Se te 
 
 Of the foolifh Sparrow. 
 
  EMBSDCSG His Bird is defervedly famous for its notable folly. Itis not afraid 
 © of them that go to catch it, but fits {till witha great deal of con- 
 fidence tilkthey lay their hands upon it, not offering to fly away, 
 but only feeming to wonder what they intendtodo. It is a Sea- 
 fowl, and feedsupon fith. It hath the cry of a Fay 5 is of thebig- 
 nefs of a Mag-pie; of the fhapeand colour of the Gull, excepting 
 that partof the forehead next the Bill, which iscinereous ; whole- 
 footed. Its Bill is three inches long, flender, round, and fireight, 
 only a little crooked near the tip: Its Legs and Feet ( which are like thofe of other 
 whole-footed Birds ) black: Its Pupil is alfo black, but the membrane about the Pu- 
 il grey. 
 : The caiienes of the Birds of the {land Cerze is well known and celebrated. They 
 alight upon the heads and fhoulders of the Mariners that go afhore there, as it were 
 upon trees, and fuffer themfelves without difficulty to be caught, coming readily to 
 hand. | 
 
 
 
 Of the Bird called Date laying great Evgs, 
 
 “W~ He Bird called Daie is remarkable for. the extraordinary and unufual nature of 
 manner of its Eggs and oe It is not bigger than a Pigeon, and tolerablé 
 good meat. For its Neftit ferapes a hole with its Feetand Tail in fandy grounds four 
 {pans deep ;. where when the rains fall it lays its Eggs, ( which are bigger than Goofe- 
 eggs, almolt as broad as ones filt, called by the Natives Tupax ) fifty or more in num- 
 ber, being of agrof$ and fat fub{tance, without any Yolk in them, which roafted or 
 boiled are good wholfom food, but fried * tough, bad,and of hard concoétion, 
 It is very ftrange{_ more ftrange I dare{ay than true ] that fo little a Bird thould lay 
 fo great Eggs, and fomany together, and infuch deep vaults under ground, and that 
 being there hidden they fhould be hatched without being ever fitten upon or che- 
 rifhed by theold ones; and that the Young once hatched fhould of themfelves pres 
 fently fly away. 3 | 
 I dare boldly jay that this Hiftory is altogether falfe and fabulous. For though fome 
 Birds lay very great Eggs ( as for example, Puftins, Guillemots, Razor-bills, ec.) fome 
 alfo buildin holes under ground. Yet fuch lay but one Beg, not a great many before they 
 fit. Neither do I think that there is any Bird in the world whofe Evvs want the white. 
 
 Of the Guitguit that fetsupon Ravens. 
 
 A Little body contains ‘a great {pirit and courage. There is a very fmall Bird 
 
 
 
 i * Coarfes 
 
 (Guitenit the Izdians call it) like the Wren,of a green colour, and (weet-tafted 
 
 flefh. Such is the wonderful force of nature, that this Bird, as little as it is, and 
 Ddd next 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 — 
 
 tere 
 
 An APPENDIX. 
 
 next to nothing, dares fet upon and purfue whole flocks of Ravens, and forces them 
 to hide themfelves from it, and to take fhelter among the Reeds. 
 
 I fuppofe that this flory is feigned in imitation of what the Ancients have delivered con- 
 cerning the Wren, viz. that with great courage { indeed fool-hardine{s | fhe dares enter 
 combat with the Eagle. : 
 
 Of the Bird called Maia. 
 
 Here ‘is another fort of {mall Birds, efpecially in the Ifland Cybz, that fly in 
 flocks, and wafte the fields or plantations of Rice, ( which grain g-ows abun- 
 dantly, and is of much ufe in thofe Countries ) called Maia, of a fulvouscolour, its 
 fleth pleafant, of eafie concoction, and yielding a plentiful nourifhment: Whofe 
 Stomach, ( or rather Craw ) and firft receptacle of nourifhment, is onthe back fide 
 of the Neck: A wonderful and fingular thing, of which there is not another inftance 
 
 in nature. 
 Of the Yayauhquitotl or long-tail d Bird. 
 oe proceed from the end of the Tail [ or Rump ] of this Bird two feathers 
 
 longer than the reft, below naked, without any lateral hair-like bodies, adorn- 
 ed at the tips with blue and black Vanes. The body of the Bird is as big asa Stares, 
 particoloured of blue, green, fulvous, andgrey. Perchance this may be the fame Bird 
 which Marggrave hath accurately. deferibed under the title of Guira-guainumbi. 
 
 Of another fort of Xochitenacatl, that 7 the Toucan or Brafilian Pie. 
 
 His Bird breeds and feeds on the fhores of the Southern America, being of the 
 bignefs ofa Pigeon, with a thick, fharp-pointed, black Bill, black Eyes, and 
 a yellow Iris. The Wings and Tail are particoloured of black ‘and white, a black 
 lift reaching from the Bill tothe very end of the Breaft, yetisthere fome yellow about 
 the forepart of the Wings. ‘The reft of the body generally is of a pale colour, ex- 
 cepting the Feet and Legs, which are brown, and the Claws, which from white in- 
 cline Cccawi to a pale yellow. It lives about flowring trees, feeding upon the 
 honey it fucks out of their flowers, It breeds its Young in the Spring, and is much 
 e{teemed by the Tototepecenfes, imwhofe Country it 1s very frequent. 
 
 Of the Bird called Momot. 
 
 His abides and delights in hot Countries, It isof the bignefsof a Dove; hath 
 {carlet-coloured Eyes, with a black Pupil: A crooked, blackith 3ill, almoft 
 
 three inches long, fharp-pointed, thenether Chap fhorter, the upper ferrate : A blue 
 Head, likea Peacocks ; brown Feet, the reft of the body. green. What is rare and 
 extraordinary in thisBird is, that. it hath in its Tail one quil longer than tke reft, and 
 whichis feathered only at the end, [ This is, I dare fay, more ftrange than true : For 
 the Tails of all Birds Tever yet faw have their feathers growing by pairs, that is, two of a 
 fort on each fide one, | and that fo beautiful a Bird fhould be of no ufe, but for its 
 
 eathers. 
 
 Of the Verminows Bird or Tuputa. 
 
 “His Bird feems to be of aftrange nature; as we gather from its note, from 
 which it took itsname Tuputa; but it is, and defervedly, more famous for its 
 fingular putrefacion. For whileitis living it is wholly {tuft with worms inftead of 
 flefh, all ics members andmufcles being full of them. Nothing of fleth. befides thefe 
 and the skin. Yet.they do noteat or make their way through theskin,whichis ador- 
 ned with thick-fet feathers. It abides among Sedge, and in‘graflie places. For fhape. 
 of body itis like a Pheafamt, but ledler. 
 
 What is here delivered concerning this Bird, if under fiood generally of all the indivi- 
 duals of this fort we are fo confident to be fale, that we think it needlefs to flend time in 
 the confuting of it. This however we thought fitto fignifie to the Reader, left he fhould ima- 
 gine we gave any credit to the ftory. a 
 
 Of 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 Sannin 
 
 
 
 
 
 . Of the Moxambick Hens. 
 
 He feathers, fleth and bones of thefe Hens are black that being boil'd one 
 
 would think they had been fodden in ink; yet are they thought to be very 
 
 a and far better than thole of other Hens. © This biftory is as true as the pre- 
 ceacnt, 
 
 Of the laughing Bird or Quapachtototl. 
 
 | Irth is often unfecure. Quapachtototl or the fulyous Bird imitates humane 
 A laughter, and yet isdreaded and hated by the Indians as. inauf picious and omi- 
 nous, fore-boding {ome evil or mifthief. The body [ from Bill.to Tail ] is eight 
 inches long; and the Tail'asmuch. The Bill from blue inclines to black, being pretty 
 long and crooked. The circle about the Pupil of the Eye is white ; The Breatt ci- 
 nereous : The Belly from thence to the Tail black. TheTail of a dark fulvous : But 
 the Wings,Neck, and Head fulvous, whenceit got its name among the Indians. They 
 fay it is pleafant and wholfom meat. 
 
 
 
 Of the Water-Quail or Acolin. 
 
 A Certain brown Bird of the Lake of Mexico is called Acolin, becaufe it is of the 
 bignefs of a Quail, It hath a long Bill, bending downward; and long Legs, 
 it runs very fwiftly near the top of the water: And. {eldom or never flies. It. feeds 
 upon fifh : And it felf is made food by man. 
 
 Of the Cornet Bucks, 
 
 paee is a certain fort of Ducks in Afia, which one may not undefervedly reckon 
 
 among Cornets or Horn-winders: Their voice doth fo nearly refemble the found 
 of a horn fuch as Poft-boys ufe. | ThisYame Bird though it be feeble and weak, yet Is 
 it bold and ftout, and the Turks havea perfwafion that it frightens and drives away 
 evil fpirits. Certes it is fo conftantly defirous.of liberty,. that though it be kept up 
 and fed three whole yearsin a Cage, if it get an opportunity of efcaping, it will pre- 
 fer its liberty before its eafe, and fly away toits natural and ufual haunts and manner 
 of living. | 
 
 Of Birds that cannot ftand. 
 
 He Indians calla fort of Duck with a black’ Bill, indifferently broad ; tho whole 
 body almoit being white, black, and grey, but about the Head and Neck pur- 
 ple, white, blue, green, and changeable according as it varioufly reflects the Sun- 
 beams, like the Heliotrope ftone, ora Peacocks head, Yxtadzon Tayaubqui, or the Bird 
 of a particoloured Head. Its Legs and Feet are red : Its food like that of other marth: 
 birds. It isa Bird of paflage, coming to the Lake of Mexico at a certain feafon. 
 We mult not omit to tell you, that this Bird like the Acitlz or Water-Hare cannot 
 walk but only {wim 5 the Legs of both growing in like manner at the very end of 
 their bodies. 
 
 Of the broad-bill’d Bird or Tempatlahoae. 
 
 Here ig a certain fort of wild Duck among the Indians, called by them Te#- 
 
 | patlaboac, |_ the Spaniards, Natives of Awerica, call it a Swallow | of the big- 
 nefs of a tame Duck, and therefore called among the Indians by the fame name. It 
 hath abroad, long Bill, all over black; A white Tongue: Pale-red Legs and Feet ; 
 Its Head and Neck fhine with green, purple and black colours, like thofe of a Pea- 
 cock, or the heliotrope ftone. Its Eyes are black, and Irs pale : Its Breaft white: 
 But the reft of the body beneath fulvous, and adorned with two white {pots on both 
 fides near the Tail; above beautified with certain femicireles, the circumference of 
 which from white tended to brown, the middle or inner part from black toa thining 
 gteen. The Wings at the fetting on [ or beginning }are blue, next white, and then 
 laftly of a fhining green. Yet their extremesare on one fide fulvous, on the other fide 
 Ddd2 fhining 
 
 
 
— aaa 
 
 é 
 ——. ae eee 
 
 << * urrEROMm 79a 
 
 
 
 sister poem arog nena aa atta alparlnaa annie 
 fhining and green. The circumference of the Tail both aboveand beneath is white, : 
 el{eit is black underneath, and of a Peacock colour aboye. This alfo isa {tranger 
 coming from fome other Country to the Lake of Mexico, and its flefh is fuch kind of 
 meat asthat of other marth Birds. | ie ati! at SK] 
 
 Of the crefted Eagle. iid Yenod | ba e , 
 
 His i$ a beautiful kind of Eagle, and as it were crowned like a Kingly Bird; the 
 Indians call it Yzquauhtli. Its Bill is yellow: at the root, then black; Its Talons 
 black : Its Feet of a pale colour: Its Legs and Belly mingled of black and white: Its 
 Neck fulvouss its Back and Tail black and brown: Its-creft or;crown black.} ®*It fs 
 about as big as a common Ram 5 and is as {tout and hardy as the fierceft creatiires, fo 
 that being reclaimed and kept tame upon a fleight provocation, it) will affault and: fly 
 upon even men themfelves. Yet isitvery tame atid gentle, and becomes.as fit-and fers 
 viceable for hawking as other Hawks; of whichit isa kind, 9; { eae | 
 
 
 
 Of the Bird having three tunes, or notes. 
 
 » ft 
 
 Small Bird that fings very fweetly is found in Hifpaniola. It fings in three feveral 
 A voices or notes, varying its‘tune with-almoft indivifible- modulations: froma 
 {harp note prefently falling down to others, that it feems to utter them all together, 
 and with one breath'to fotm feveral notes, as.if they proceeded from: three throats. 
 An anonymous: manufcript Author, ~who affirmsthat himfelf hath heard, thinks that 
 there is no bird in the World fings. more pleafantly;) yea, that, 1t clearly excels the 
 Nightingale in the almoft inexplicable fweetnefs of its accents.. _This Bird he’ faith he 
 faw not, only heardit: But from the teftimony of others he declares that it is very 
 beautiful, and adorned with wonderful variety of lovely colours. 
 
 a le ee ee. 
 
 Of the Water-Sparrom. | ‘ 
 
 at. hd Soe Oe: .* 
 
 
 
 ' A Cototloquichitl or the Water-Spartow, the Gock fings pertinacioully without in- | 
 termiffion. From Sun-rifing toSun-fetting it chirps and cries {tify with a noife 
 like the {queaking of Mice.. It-gratifies. the Palate more than the Ear. It fitsupon 
 Rufhes and Seggs, and: among them 1t builds. For bignefs and fhape it refemblesa 
 Sparrow, yet its Billis blacks. its Legs and Feet fulvous.. The lower or underfide of | 
 the body is for the moft part white: The reft fulvous, varied with a kind of white 
 and black. It is found in the coafts of Mexico. 
 This Bird is not much unlike that we have intitled the Reed-Sparrow. 
 
 Of the hoarfe Bird. } | 
 
 T He ludicrous motion and contraction of its Neck at pleafure hath ennobled the 
 Acaca cabucad li, ox water bird that cries hoarfly : For the hoarfenefs of itsvoice 
 hath given it its name, It is ofthat kind of Halcyons'{ King-fifhers’] which our 
 Country-men [ Spaniards |] are wont to call Martinet Pefcador, which naturally. fre- 
 
 quents Rivers and Streams of «water to get its food. ‘It 1s a little lefs than a wild Duck , 
 
 having its Bill and.Neck of afpanlong: Its Billisabout three fingers breadth long, of 
 
 a moderate thicknefS, ending inafharp point, and very fit to {trike and peck withall; 
 
 black above, white underneath, and pale about the fides. The Pupil of the Eyeis 
 
 black, the Ir# next the Pupil red, then palé, and at-laftwhite. From the Eyes to 
 
 * Or Swathe, the rife of the Bill proceeds a * line[ fafcia] of a pale green. Its Legs and Feet ( which 
 are cloven into toes, aregreen on the out-fide, on the infide incline to palenefs. The 
 
 colour of the wholebody isfor the moft part white, with fulvous feathers intermixt : 
 
 But the upper fide inclines moreto brown, the underfide is whiter. The Wings un- 
 derneathare grey 3 above about the extremes black, next from fulvous inclining to 
 
 red, then from fulvous declining to pale, and laftly near the Back fulvous. It feeds 
 
 and lives upon fifhes, very eafily becomes tame, and fings not unpleafantly; but mutt 
 
 be carefully and tenderly fed with worms, and. water-infects. You may alfo -for 
 
 wantiof other more natural food give its: flefh to eat. It yields a grofs nourifhment, 
 
 
 
 
 
 not unliketo that which wildDucks afford. It is native ofthe Country of Mexico, us 
 and breedsim the Springamong the Rufhes. Whereas the Neck, in comparifon with d 
 the reft of itsbody, isvery long, it is wonderful ftrange into whata fhortnefs it can 
 
 | gt. ¢5 contract 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 tn APPENDIX. 
 
 ——— — 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 ——— 
 
 contract it 3 which it is commonly wont todo. Its Tail is little and black, fhewing 
 
 — —- i = ell 
 
 __ 3989 
 
 genes 
 
 fomething of fplendour, and Widening into a greater breadth. "They éall it by its * Here feeme 
 
 Country-name Tolcomoli. This Bird would be altogether like its fellow, were not 
 its Bill black above and red underneath, as alfO its Legs and Feet: Aind the colour 
 of its whole body fulvous and black promifcuoufly, : 
 
 Of the Hoa&zin. 
 Tsufe in Phyfic recommends the bird Hoadizin, that- utters: found like its namie: 
 Jow: Wings and Tail. fpotted. at intetvals of an inch diftance - Ofsa white and: pale 
 
 colour 5 the Back and upper part of the Neck fulvous,. but both iriclining to browns 
 as do alfo the temples of the Head as far -as the Bill and byes. It hath black-Claws; 
 
 and dusky Legs. It hath a creft made up of feathers from white inclining toa pale * 
 
 colour, but their back-fide black. It feeds upon Snakes. It hath’ @ great voice, re- 
 prefenting a kind of howling. It appears in the Autumn, and is by the Natives ac- 
 counted an unlucky bird. Its bones aliwage the pain of any.part of mans body by 
 launcing.. The fmoak or fuffumigation of its feathers brings them to their right mind 
 who grew diftracted by any ficknefs, The athes of its feathers taken inwardly cure 
 the French Pox, giving marvellous help. _Itlives inhot Countries, as is Yautepec, and 
 very oftenis found fitting upon trees near Rivers. isd 9 
 
 Of the dry Bird or HoaQlix 
 
 1 Either is the Hoadli or Lobattli, that is, the dry bird, feeding about:the:Lake 
 
 of Mexico, a contemptible {pectacle. » From the point of the Bill to the end of 
 
 the Tailit is three fpanslong, and of the bignefs of a commom Hen.’ ts Legs«are:a 
 footlong.: Its Bill is five inches long, [) perchance’ he may mean 1}of an inch, the 
 words are, Cum uncia trientem, J and an inch thick, black above, pale onthe fides; and’ 
 underneath black and brown. © Its Eyes are great’; its Iris yellow, :and Eye-lids red; 
 The crown of the Head is covered with black feathers, and adorned with -dcreft in 
 like manner black, Its Neck, Breaft, Belly, and whole body: are white,; but its-Tail 
 afh-coloured, as are alfo its Wings above, for underneath they are whiter. Theup- 
 per partsot its Wings fhine with a kind of greennefs.. ‘The Back though it be cove- 
 red with white Plumage [ or down ] yet is wont to be invefted with black feathers, 
 inclining to a fhining gréen. ‘The Feet which are cloven into Toes, and alfo theLegs 
 are pale. Its Head is compafled with a'white wreathior ring proceeding fromthe rife 
 of the Bill to the Eyes. It is a ftranger to the Lake of Mexico; coming ‘from fome 
 other place; and is called by Spaniards; Natives Martinete pefcador, from its catching’ 
 
 of fifh,zupon which it feeds. It breeds among the Reeds; it bites fhrewdly 5 and-hath: , 
 
 a great flat voice, 
 Of the Wind-bird, Heatototl. 
 
 Eatototl or the Wind-bird is alfo worthy to be beheld. _It is adorned with a great 
 H orbicular creft, {tanding up like acrown, anda little whitith. Its Breatft from 
 brown inclines tocinereous : ItsBelly is white, and Feet flat : Its Legsand the feathers 
 growing about them fulvous. Its. Tail is round underneath varied with whité and a 
 footy colour, but above brown: Its Wings underneath are white, alh-coloured and’ 
 footy, above black, yet withfome white feathers inter{perfed. . In other refpetts it is 
 of the fame nature with other Water-fowl, and like to the other Heatototle; whichis 
 fomething lefsthen a tame Diack, with a black, {lender round Bill,,and near the end 
 wreathen: Its feathers. underneath, white, but above near the Thighs fulvous. Its 
 Wings underneath areafh-colour, but above brown, black, and white... Its Head is 
 black and crefted; but from the hinder part of the Head. black: ftroaks proceed on 
 both fides to the Eyes, which areblack, withayellow Jr. In othenthings they.are 
 like to birds frequenting Fens and Marthes. 
 
 Of 
 
 fome 
 fault in the 
 Copy, the fol- 
 lowing fen- 
 tence arguing 
 the word Tof- 
 comoltli to be 
 the name of 
 another 
 though like 
 It isalmoft as big asa Turkey 3 hath>a crooked: Bill, a white Breatt inclining to yel: B¢. 
 
 
 
element eo eed ee —— —EE 
 
 Ke 
 
 y 
 . 
 | 
 
 a — 
 Aig 
 
 ( ' ‘if : tM 
 
 cz 
 ; 
 
 ce } : 
 i) i 
 
 te 
 pi 
 
 : a EI LL 
 
 490 In APPENDIX. 
 eae ene 
 
 Of Achalalactli avd Amalozque, birds with rings about their necks. 
 
 T's lver-coloured ring adorns the Neck of Achalala@li, or the Bird that tofles and 
 
 throws fifhes about. Some call it Michalalaiéli. is of the bignefs and fhape 
 
 of a Dove, hatha black, fharp Bill, three inches long, and thick for the proportion 
 
 ofitsbody. Its Head is adorned witha long creft, from blue inclining to black. Its 
 
 Belly 1s covered with white feathers, and its Neck beautified with a white ring. Its 
 
 Wings ‘underneath are white, but their ends brown, {potted with white: Above, 
 
 like the reft of the body, blue, but their extreme parts black, and fpotted every 
 
 where with white fpecks. Its Tail 1s partly black, partly blue, but at intervals alfo 
 
 varied with white fpots. Its Legs are red; its Feet divided into Toes, ending in black 
 
 * Not native Claws: Its Eyes black, and Irides white. It is a * ftranger to this Country of 
 
 io Mexico, and frequents Rivers and Fountains, feeding upon little fifh and water 
 
 fage. Infects.. “It is edible, but of like tafte and nourifhment with other Fen and Marfh 
 birds. 
 
 Nor is the Amalozque or red-neckt bird of lefs beauty. Itis alfo a Marfh-bird, of the 
 bionefsof our common Turtle-dove: Its Legs and Feet ( which are divided into Toes) 
 being of a delayed red, [or white dafhed with red :} Its Claws black : Its Bill of a mo- 
 derate length, flender, and black: ItsEyes black, and Irides red. ‘The lower parts 
 of the Breaft, Belly, and Wings are white: But its Tail, which is of a moderate big- 
 nefs, is fprinkled with fulvous and black: But, what is mo{t remarkable, two black 
 collars, diftant by the breadth of ones: little finger, encompa{s the Neck and Breatt; 
 the foremoft whereof incircles it round, the hindmott fails and difappears in the 
 upper part, [ orabove the Neck. ] On both fides are two white {pots of equal big- 
 nef{s, above the Eye toward the Neck, and reaching almoft to it. The upper part of 
 thebody aid alfo thé tail are of :a white, black, and fulvous colour. But the Wings 
 above fulvous and:brown. This Bird is native of the Lake of Mexico, breeding and 
 bringing upiits young there inthe Spring-time. Its fleth is eaten, and afiords like nou- 
 rifhment withthat of other Water-fowl. It feeds upon little fifhes, Gnats, and other 
 Water-Infetts: It hath alouder and ftronger cry than futes to the proportion of its 
 body::! yet isitnot to be numbred among the ¢clamorous birds. 
 
 BE r The healing Wood-pecker, or Tleuquecholtototl. 
 
 His Tlenquecholtototl or Bird with a Head like the Spoon-bill [| Platea.] Itisbig- 
 i ger thana Blackbird, hath a long black Bill, but the nether Chap much the 
 fhorter. Thecrown of the Head, and almoft the whole Neck above is red, the 
 lower parts being altogether cinereous. The Wings and Back are black, varied with 
 tranfverfe white lines. It lives in the fields of Pavatlaz, in the Province of Totonxa- 
 capa. It is a kind of Wood-pecker, that perforates trees, the red feathers of whofe 
 Head being applied and glued tothe Head are reported to cure the Head-ach : Whe- 
 ther they came to beof that opinion, becaufe they grow on the birds Head, or found 
 it to be fo by fome experiment. © | 
 
 Of the Wood-pecker that breeds in the time when the rains fall. 
 
 DVatotoni is a kind of Woodpecker of the bignef s of a Hoopoo, varied with a black 
 
 and brown colour. — Its Bill, wherewith it perforatestrees, is three inches long, 
 
 {trong and white, the nether Chap the fhorter.. Its Head is {mall, covered with a 
 
 red’ plumage, adorned alfo with a red creft, three inches long, and black at top. | 
 
 On each fide the Neck goes down awhite ftroke [| facia | as low as the breaft. Its | | 
 
 _ Legs and feet are of a livid or tead-colour. It lives not far from the South Sea : Builds | 
 
 upon high trees? Feeds upon Cicade, or Tlaolz, Worms, and other Infects. It 
 
 breéds in the time that the rains fall, that is from the month of May to September. 
 It is neither good toeat, norufeful for any thing elfethatI have heard of. | 
 
 Of the Queen of the Aure. 
 
 Oxcacoayhili the Indians calla Bird, which they fay is the Queen of thofe fowl 7 
 the Mexicans call Are. It doth not lefs deferve that name from its con{tancy | 
 
 or firmnefs againft all the force of blafts, and impulfe of winds, It grew P. 
 | ignefs 
 
 
 
 tt. (Seite en oh 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 di APPENDIX = 
 
 bignefs to the Groffian Eagles. its whole body belides the Neck and thofe parts which 
 are near the Breatt is from a black purple, fulvous and dark or fad-coloured. Its 
 Wings underneath about theit rife black, elfe cinereous 5 but above mixed of fulvous 
 and black, and fomething inclining to purple. . Its Legs are ted, and Claws hooked. 
 The extremes of the Bill ( whichone would think wete thofe of a Parrot, they are {o 
 undifcernably like) are white, the reftof the Bill of a fanguine tincture. The No- 
 {thrils are large ; the Eyes black, but Iris fulvous; the eye-lids red: The forehead 
 died with a fanguine colour, and frowning or wrinkling, which wrinkles. it doth 
 fometimes explicate and fmooth. In which particular, and alfo in fome thin, feattered 
 hairs, frifled, not unlike Blackmores hairs, it {eems to refemble the Turkey. Ithath 
 a Taillike an Eagle, grey beneath but black above. It feeds upon Snakes, Mice, and 
 Lizzards that it catcheth; but efpecially upon Carrion, or dead beats, and inans 
 dung. It foars aloft, flying high with its Wings fpread, and almoft without inter- 
 million. Itisnative of the Province of Mexico, and breeds in the Spring. With an 
 incredible force it refifts the Winds, bearing up {tify again{t them, and perfifting in 
 the {ame place immovable, let them blow never fo boifteroufly. Its Hefh is unufefal 
 for food, not being tafted of by any man, that I have yet known cf, but only for 
 Phyfic. Ihear that the Indians do heal Ulcers by applying to them the feathers of 
 this bird outwardly, and giving the Patient its fleth boiled to take inwardly for his 
 food during the diftemper: Which they fay alfo isa prefent remedy for the French 
 Pox. 
 
 Of the Garagay. 
 
 Aragay is faid to be a Bird of prey, of the bignefs of a Kite: Having its Head 
 G and the ends of its Wings white: Being oF fhort fight, a great deftroyer of 
 Crocodiles and TortoifesEggs. Tt fmellsthem out though hidden under the {and in the 
 banks of Rivers, f{crapes them up and devours them. It isa folitary bird, fave that 
 the Aure follow it that they may partake of its prey: For they cannot {crape inthe 
 ground to dig up Eggs. 
 
 Of the Hoatton. 
 
 He Female of this Bird, called Hoaéfon, is a little bigger than the Male called 
 
 Hoadli, akin to, or like the common Herows.white on thé Neck and Belly, 
 
 with brown feathers intermixt. The reft of the body is brown, fet here and, there 
 with white feathers. Its Eyes great, and’black, with a pale Iris. . | 
 
 Of the Scarlet-feathered Indian Bird. 
 
 ot luftre of its Wings commends the Acolchichi or red-fhouldered bird, and ob- 
 
 | tained for it of the Spanéards an honourable name, who call thefe Birds Cows- 
 wendadores, becaufe they refemble the badge or cognizance of thofe Knights, who 
 
 wear on their fide the like thining red. They feem to bea’ fort of Stares, which the 
 Spaniards call Tordos, agreeing with them in bignefs, colour, and fhape, and every 
 
 where companying with thems although their fhoulders at firft appear fulvous, in- 
 
 clining to red, and as they grow older are wholly changed into a * fulvous colour. «1 fuppofe 
 Being kept in Cages they learn toimitate humane {peech, and prattle very pleafantly. ae yaa ‘ 
 They eat any thing you offer them, but efpecially Bread and Indian Wheat... You -h- Copy or 
 may find thefe Birdsboth in hot and cold Countries: By’ their numerous flocks they hd 
 are very troublefome to people livingin Towns, efpecially in hotand maritime Coun- ree 
 tries. They yield a bad and unpleafant juice; and build in trees not far from Towns 
 
 and the commerce of men, wating and deftroying the corn-fields where they light. 
 
 They fing and play whether they be fhut up in Gages; or fuffered to walk freely up 
 
 and down the houfe. 
 
 Of fair-feathered Birds. 
 
 ‘Ts feathers have made the Quetzaltototl more precious. thai gold; and therefore it is 
 ocalled the bird of feathers. It hath acreft, and is in good part adorned with Pea- 
 cocks feathers, of the bignefs of a Pie or Pigeow, having a crooked yellow Bill, and 
 Feetfomething yellow. The Fail 1s compofed of very long feathers, of a fhining 
 green, 
 
 
 
os 
 
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 392 An CAPPEN DIX. 
 gteen, and of a Peacock colour; like for fhape to the leaves of Flower-de-luce 5 and 
 covered above with other black ones, but beneath and. where they touch the Pea- 
 cock-coloured or purple ones; ( which are in the middle + inclining to green, as if 
 nature took care of the beauty of themiddle feathers. The Creft confilts of thining 
 and verv beautiful feathers. The Breaft and Neck underneath are covered with a 
 red and fhining Plumage 5 and witha purple [ pavowind | as is allo the Back and the 
 fides under the Wings, and the Belly between the Legs; but the feathers in this Jaft 
 
 laceare of a faintercolour, flender, and foft. The feathers of the Wings are very 
 icin tinG@ured witha dilute green, and ending infharp points. The feathers grow- 
 ing on the fhoulders are green, but black underneath 5 but thofe between the Wings 
 
 % Theword are fomething crooked, and of thecolour of the * Claws. The feathers of this Bird 
 
 is wigvivm, it are highly efteemed among the Indians, and preferred even before Gold it felf; the 
 
 ae ies longer ones for crefts, and other ornaments both of the head and whole body, both 
 mean humane for War and Peace: But the reft for fetting in feather-works, and compofing the fi- 
 = gures of Saints and other things 5 which they are fo skilful in doing, as not to fall fhort 
 of the moft artificial Pi@uresdrawnin colours. For this purpofe they alfo make ufe 
 of, and mingle and weave in together with thefe the feathers of the humming bird. 
 Thefe Birds live in the Province of Tecolotlan beyond Quauhtemallam towards Hon- 
 duras, where great care is taken that no man kill them : Only itis lawful to pluck off 
 their feathers, andfo let them gonakeds; yet not for all men indifferently, but only 
 for the Lords and Proprietors of them; for they defcend to the Heirs as rich pofief- 
 fions. Fr. Hernandez in fome pretermitted annotations adds concerning the manner 
 of taking thefe Birds fome things worth the knowing. The Fowlers ( faith he ) be- 
 take themfelves to the Mountains, and there hiding themfelves in {mall Cottages, 
 
 {catter up and down boil'd Ixdiaz Wheat, and prick down in the ground many rods 
 
 befmeared with Birdlime, wherewith the Birds intangled become their prey. ) They 
 
 fly inflocks among trees, on which they are wont to ht, making no unpleafant noife 
 
 
 
 . 
 —_—_——~ + +o 
 a ian 
 _o 
 
 with their whittling and finging in confort.. They have by the inftinct of nature fuch | 
 
 knowledge of their riches, that once fticking to the Birdlime, they remain {till and 
 guiet, not ftrugling atall, that they may not mar or injure their feathers. The beauty 
 whereof they are fo inlove with, that they chufe rather to be taken amd killed, than 
 by endeavouring to get their liberty doany thing that may deface or prejudice them. 
 They are faid to pick holes in trees, and therein to build and breed up their Young. 
 *Tfuppofe ‘They feed upon Worms, nd certain wild * Pine, of that fort which the Mexicans 
 thiswordis are wont tocall Matzatlz. They love the open air, nor hath it been yet found, that 
 pe cert 2! ever they wouldbe kept tame, or brought up in houfes. They make a noife not much 
 frloslires hewn unlike Parrots: But they havea chearful and pleafant whittle, and they fing thrice a 
 iknow not. day. to wit, in the Morning, at Noon, and about Sun-fet. 3 
 Next to the Quetzaltototl the [zinitzian 1s moft e{teemed. Itis a {mall bird, almoft 
 as big as a Dove, clothed with feathers of many colours, with which the Natives com- 
 pofe Images and Figures of wonderful fubtilty and curiofity : For from this artifice they 
 are become known and famousallthe worldover. Thefe they ufe and make thew of 
 on Feaft days, in War, in their Temples, and public Merriments and Dancings. Its 
 Bill isfhort, crooked, and pale; its Head and Neck like a Doves, but covered with 
 green and fhining feathers. Its Breaft ana Belly are red, excepting that part which is 
 next the Tail: For that is died with blue and white promifcuoutly.Its Tail greenabove, 
 and black underneath: Its Wings partly white,and partly black. The iris ofits Eye is 
 yellow, but inclining to fcarlet : The Legs and Feet cinereous. It lives in hot Coun- 
 tries near the Southern Ocean. It is nourifhed up in Cages, and fed with fruits. Itis 
 as beautiful and lovely a Bird asany is, but neither dothit fing, nor isits flefh ¢ thatl 
 ow of ) good. 
 Etat alfo (as Antonis Herrera writes ) isa lefler-fized bird than a Pigeon, all 
 ovet green. The feathers of its Tail are very long, highly prized, and a {pecial 
 commodity ufed in commerce. It was a capital crime to kill this bird ; wherefore they 
 
 only plucktit, and let it go. 
 
 Of the Thrujbes of Chiappaand Artificer-Sparrows. 
 “w-Here isa fort of Thrufles found in Chiappa, which they call Artificer-Sparrows. 
 ‘They are black only on the Breaft,and red on the Head. They feed only upon 
 Acorns.With their Bill they perforate the barks of Pine-trees; and in each hole fitly ac- 
 
 commodate or ftick in an acorn,{o that by the handit cannot be pluckt out;and fo very 
 | elegantly 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ab.) *. 3 eee 
 
 es, = 
 rT 2 see QWretis 22. 5. . 
 
= 
 
 279 
 
 iD 
 
 
 
 An APPENDIX. 20? 
 aN a ee ae — ac -- te 4 
 clegantly fet the Pine-tree round with Acorns. Then fticking tothe bark withtheir 
 Feet, they ftrikethe Acorn with their Bill, and devour the kernel. . 
 
 Of the long bird or Hoitlallotl. 
 
 Oitlalotl or the long bird is more taken notice of for its runnitig than for its 
 i feathers. Fromthe tip of the Bill tothe end of the Tail ( which alfo isa fpan 
 long ) itis extended nine inches. Its Bil] is black above, cinereous underneath, thtee 
 inches long, and moderately thick. Its Tail is green, but with a purplith {fplendotr. 
 The feathers of the whole body from white tend to fulvous, but toward the Tail 
 from black to the famecolour. Yet the feathers on the upper fide of the body are 
 black, {prinkled with white {pots, It flies near the ground, and makes but fhort 
 flights ; but runs fo {wiftly that it far exceeds the {peed of the fleeteft horfes. It lives 
 in hot Countries, and yields no very defirable nourifhment. 
 
 Of Indian Quails. 
 
 an of New Spain call Quails Colin. Thefe are like our Country Quails, 
 though they be without doubt to be referred to the kind of Partridves. There 
 are found many forts of them in New Spain: Some brown and crelted, which they 
 call Quanhtzonecoliw s of a moderate bignefs, and a remarkable, but. mournful cry: 
 Others brown in like manner, but without crelts, anda little lef: Others, the big- 
 geft of all, of a fulvous colour, but their Heads varied with white and black, the 
 ends | extremis } of their Wings and Back white, their Bill and Feet black. They 
 are all (as Ifaid ) like to the Spanifh Quails, very good and pleafant meat, provided 
 you kill them two or three days before they be rofted and ferved up. Phyfician’s 
 allow fick perfons to eat of their fle(h: Neither is there any Fow] among the Indi- 
 ans, next to tame Poultry, whofe fleth is to be preferred before it, either for whol- 
 fomnefs or tafte. They have a tune like our Quails, and fome a more pleafant one 
 than others. They arekept in Coops, and fed either with common or Ivdiay W heat; 
 and are common in many parts of this Country. 
 
 The fame Author [ Fr. Hernandez | of the Coyolcozene or founding Quail in ano- 
 ther place writes thus. It isone among many other forts of Colix or Mexican Quails, 
 of which we fhal] {peak fingly : like to our Quails for bignefs, note, feeding, flighr, 
 and conditions, but of a different colour; above mingled of fulvous and white, un- 
 derneath only fulvous ; yet the crown of the Head andthe Neck are {et with black 
 and white feathers ; which make feams or {trakes on each fide from the Neck to both 
 Eyes. The Eyes are black, andthe Legs fulvous. Itis native of this Country, and 
 frequent in the open fields, as is the common Quail, and yields a like nourifhment, 
 coming next to the Spanij/h Partridee, of which it isa fort. | 
 
 Colcuicuiltic or the Quarls Image is alloa fort of Quail varied with white, black, and 
 {carlet Plumes; above rather produced in lines than round fpots, underneath ditt 
 pofed rather into thick-fet {pots than lines. Its Feet and Legs are blue: But for its 
 note, bignefs, conditions, and all other qualities, it is altogether like the prece- 
 dent. 
 
 Acolin ts of the bignefs of a Stare, hath pale-green Legs and Feet, divided Intofour 
 pretty Jong Toes. Its Billis yellow, and of the longeft for the proportion of its body, : 
 {lender alfo, and fharp-pointed : Its Eyes black, its [rides fulvous, and Head {mall, 
 The under fide of the body is white, the fides {potted with brown: The upper fur- 
 face of the body and the Tail ( which is fhort ) are fulvous, but {potted with black ; 
 lines of white encircling all the feathers, fprinkled or powdered fometimes’ with 
 {pecks of thefame colour. It frequents Lakes, and hatha fifhy tafte, yet is it no un- 
 pleafant meat. It feeds ufually upon Worms, Flies, and other Infects flying about the 
 Fens. It breedsin the Lake of Mexico. Its Head glifters with a wonderful variety 
 of colours, a black line dividing it in the middle, and others of a grey or afh-colour 
 diftinguifhing the fides: The exteriour corners being pointed with {mall white {pors, 
 The Neck and Breaft aregrey [ cinerea, ] the relt of the Plumage from fulvous rather’ 
 incline to green. 
 
 Eee OF 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 _—— eee 
 
 Mn APPENDIX. 
 
 
 
 * Of many 
 notes, 
 
 Of the Suow-bird or Ceoan. 
 
 T is alittle bigger than a Thrufh + Efteemed of for Imitation of humane {peech: 
 | About the Breaft, Belly, and fetting on of the Wings fulvous; near the Tail are 
 rey feathers mingled with the fulvous. The ends of the Wings and the Tail it felfun- 
 derneath are cinereous: But above, all the body 1sof adark brown. The Bill, 
 ( which is {mall and {lender ) and the Legs are fulvous: The Chin is white, yet having 
 {ome black feathersintermixt. It imitates humane f{peech, mocking, and as it were 
 deriding thofe that pafs by : Whom yet if itmay it will follow. 
 
 Of the Cenotzqui or Snow-calling bird. 
 
 T deferves itsname, becaufe before it fnowsit cries, afterwards isfilent. It is re- 
 markable for variety of colours: Having a fulvous Breatt, pale Legs, black Claws, 
 a Belly fpotted with black and white. Under the Wings it is white and afh-coloured ; 
 above fulvous, black, and then cinereous {potted with black, and near the ends or 
 tipsf{peckled with white. Its Tail underneath is black and white, above fulvous, 
 {potted with black. Its Head is black, encircled with a wreath of grey : Its Bill {mall, 
 rey both above and beneath, but above near Its rife encompafied with a yellow line. 
 its Eyes are black, and Eye-lids pale. It endures any kind of air or weather, but 
 abides in mountainous places, and in the Spring-time breeds and brings up its Young. 
 It fo turnsits Head up and down, winding its Neck every way, that abiding immova- 
 ble in the fame fite it can look round about it. 
 There is alfo another fort of this Bird differing in fome varieties of colour, having 
 its Head fulvousand grey, its Neck partly black, and partly white, which fome call 
 Locete. 
 
 Of the Bird called Pauxi. 
 
 Take this to be the fame with the Mitu of Marggraviws, and with the Mountain 
 ] Bird or Tepetototl above defcribed. The whole difference 1s in the Creft, inftead 
 whereof this Bird hath a certain tumour at the root of its Beak, of the figure of a 
 Pear, and the hardnefs of a ftone; of a blue colour like that of the Turco# f{tone. In 
 another place he faith, that this tumour called a {tone, though it be not over-hard,is like 
 an Ege or bigger, of arufty colour. 
 
 Of Picicitli. 
 
 He finall Bird called Picicitli appears after fhowers : It is noted for the obfcurity 
 
 of its original. The Tetzcoquenfes donot yet know where it breeds. It isa 
 
 mute Bird, brought up in the houfeit foon dies and decays. It gratifies both the Pa- 
 
 late and Stomach: It is all over afh-coloured, except the Head and Neck, which are 
 both black: Only a white {pot encompaiies its black Eyes. 
 
 Of ihe *Polyglott Bird. 
 
 ] Saw; heard, and admired a {mall Bird brought to Madrid, the Queen of all finging. 
 
 Birds, that could command any voice or tune. The Indians from its multiplicity 
 of notes call itCecontlatol/i or four hundred tongues. It is not bigger than a Star- 
 ling, white underneath, brown above, with fome black and white feathers inter- 
 mixt; efpecially next the Tail, and about the Head which is encircled with the like- 
 nefs of a filver crown. It 1s keptin Cages to delight the ear, and for a natural rarity 
 or rather wonder. It excells all Birds in fweetnefs and variety of Song, and perfect 
 command of its voice; imitating the note of any fort of Bird whatfoever, and ex- 
 cellingits exemplar. It goes far beyond the Nightingale. I my felf kept it a long time, 
 It is content with any meats it loves hot Countries, but canabide temperate. 
 
 Tzaupanis like to this. Some fufpect that it is only the Hen of the fame fort, they 
 being equalin bignefs, finging alike, and agreeing in fhape, faving that the feathers 
 underneath are white, cinereous, and black, thofe above fad-coloured, black and 
 
 - white, 
 
 Of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 7 
 n 
 
 Of the finging Night-bird. 
 
 Hicuatli or the Night-bird is of the bignefs of our Woodcock , hath a long, flen- 
 ce der, black Bill, and crooked yellow feams near each Eye. The lower parts of 
 the body are of a pale colour, with a few black feathers intermixt about the Neck, 
 The Eyes are black, with yellow Irides. The reft of the body isof a mingled colour 
 of fulvous, brown, and grey. Itlives in the Mountains, and flies low - Being kept in 
 a Cage it prattlesor chatters prettily. It is eafily brought up, for it is wont to teed 
 upon bread made of Tlao//i, Worms, Gnats, and other Infeds. It is taken both in hot 
 and cold Countries; it feeds fat, and affords no contemptible nourifhment. Some 
 there are that call it Chiquatototl from the Owl, being a Bird not lefs Augural and omi- 
 nous than that. 
 
 Of the Xomotl. 
 W E owe the protection and coverture of our nakednefs not to Sheep and Qua- 
 
 drupeds only 5 for the Indians weave the feathers of this Bird into their Gar- 
 ments. It is whole-footed, hath its Back and Wings above black, its Breaft brown, 
 When it is angry it ruffles up the feathers uponits Head like a Creft. 
 
 Of-the Rabihorcado, A- y. un 4 Wor bird, 
 
 os Bird divides its forked Tail into two parts, fornetimes opening, fometimes 
 fhutting or drawing them together like a Tailors Sheers : Therefore it is called 
 Rabihorcado, and by the Portughefe, Raboforcado, . - = - 
 
 An account of fome Birds of the Ferroe or Ferroyer I/fands, out of Hoiers Epifile to Clut 
 
 He Birds of the firft and fecond Claffis are inferted already into this work in their 
 { proper places. | 
 
 in the third Claffis or rank ( faith the Author ) I place three Species different in 
 fhape, butin this quality very nearof kin that they prefage ftorms and tempefts, and 
 abide only far out atSea. The biggeft of thefe is much about the bignefs of an ordi- 
 nary Pullet, [ or middle-fized Hen, ] of the thapeof a Falcon. It is commonly, and 
 not improperly, called Haffhert, .e. The Sea-horfé, tis all over of an afh-colour, 
 and every where fpotted with white; it hath a crooked Beak like a Falcons, but 
 fhorter. At the fight thereof the Fithermenare horribly afraid, as they are alfo at the 
 appearance of the two following, and make to the Shoar as fa(t as they can; being 
 {ure that there is a dangerous tempeft at hand. 
 
 The fecond, called Stormfinck , isa little bigger thana Sparrow. This alfo is all grey, 
 but without {pots, having avery flender Bill. You might with better reafon term 
 this Pegafws than the former : For that you fhall to admiration fee it with incredible 
 velocity run upon the very Waves, croffing of them as {wift as the Wind, being ear- 
 ried on like a ftorm, as its name imports. If flocks of thefe draw near to any Vef- 
 fels at Seas experienced Mariners know they mutt prefently lowr their Sails. This Bird 
 
 {eems to have fome affinity with that which Oviedys mentions in his fourteenth Book ; 
 of the watural and general Hiftory of the Indies, about the beginning of the firft 
 
 Chapter, telling us, that the Mariners call it Patines = It being of equal velocity in 
 flying even in a troubled and tempeftuous Sea, fo that one would think it ran witha 
 {wift courfe over the tops of the Waves. 
 
 The third Species named Barxfiard, is equal toa Sparrow, white under the Breaft, 
 withthe Neck-and Back black: Its Beak is alfo black, and fomewhat broad: Its Feet 
 red: This is as fwift in fwimming as the Stormfinck in running. Where thefe three 
 kinds breed their Young is not known. Whence, in my opinion, among all that we 
 have enumerated they feem to come neareft tothe defcription of the Halcyox 5 though 
 in colour they do not altogether agree with Plinies defcription. 
 
 5- Inthe fifth rank remain to be defcribed two different forts of wild Geefe 5 the 
 former whereof, called Helfingeguags, hatha black Head and Neck encompatled with a 
 white ring, a white Brea{t, grey Wings, a blue Back, and red Feet. In bignefs it an- 
 {wers toa Duck: The other fort [ Erandgaas is a little lefs than a wild Goofe. Its 
 Head is grey : Its Neck compafled with a circle of red: Its Brea(t grey, in like 
 
 ) mee 2 manner 
 
 
 
— oo hadttixDlXk | 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 mariner its Wings and Neck: Its Feetred. Thefe kinds of Geefe arevery rarely feen 
 inthe Ferroyer Iflands, nor do they breed there, Whence they come, and whither 
 Rabb they gono manknows. but the Inhabitants have a fuperftitious conceit, grounded 
 
 Wee | upon long experience, that when they do appear they portenda change of Magiftracy 
 
 or Government. Befide thefe here 1s alfo plenty of common wild Geeje. 
 
 Gefners Wood-Crow. Aldrov. lib.19. cap.57. 
 
 Ur Wood-crow is of the bignefs of a Hen, black all the body over, if you behold 
 () it ata diftance. “But if you view itnear hand, efpecially in the Sun, the black 
 feemsto be mingled with green. Its Feet arealmoft likea Hens, but longer : Its Toes 
 divided: Its Tailnotlong. It hath a Creft hanging down backwards from the Head, 
 which I know not whether it be in all Birds of this fort, and always. Its Bill is red, 
 long, and fit to thruftinto the narrow chinks and holes of the Earth, Trees,Walls,and 
 Rocks, to fetch out Grubs and Infects lurking there, upon which it feeds. Its Legs 
 are long, and of a darkred. [hear that it feeds upon Grafhoppers, Crickets, little 
 Fifhes, and Frogs. It builds for the moft part inthe high Walls of demolifhed or 
 ruinous Towers,which are common in the mountainous parts of Switzerland. In the 
 {tomach of one diffected, befides other Infects I f{ometimes found very many of thofe 
 which eat the roots of corn,efpecially Mz/et sthe French call them Curtil/as,our Coun- 
 trimen [the Germans | Tuaren, from the fite of their Feet,as T conjecture. They eat alfo 
 thofé Grubs of which the May-fiies are bred. They flie very high: They lay two or 
 three Eggs. The firft of all ( as farasI know ) fly away about the beginning of Fuze, ce 
 if I benot miftaken. Their Young taken out of the Neft before they can fly may | 
 eafily be fed, and made fotame, as to fly out into the fields and return of their own , 
 accord. The young ones are commended for good meat, and counted a dainty : 
 Their fleth is {weet, and their bones tender. Thofe that take them out of the Nefts 
 are wont to leave onein each, thatthey may the more willingly return the following 
 year. Theyare called by our Country-men, Wald-rapp, thatis Weod-Crows, becaufe 
 they are wont to live in woody, mountainous, and defert places: Where they build | 
 in Rocks, or old forfaken Towers: Wherefore alfo they are called Steimrapp, and 7 
 elfewhere [ in Bavaria and Stiria | Claufzrapp, from the Rocks, or Crags, and {traits | 
 between Mountains, which the Germans call Claufex, that is, enclofed places, wherein 
 they build their Nefts. “siete | 
 
 Mr. Willughby fafpects this Bird to be no other than the Coracias or Pyrrhocorax: : 
 But if it be rightly defcribed its bignefs and the creft on its head forbid it. | 
 
 
 
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 397 
 
 
 
 SUMMARY 
 FALCONRY 
 
 Colle&ed out of feveral Authors. 
 
 3 
 
 g Alconry is ufually divided into two parts : The firft concerning the re- 
 i claiming and managing of Hawks : The fecond concerning the difeafes 
 of Hawks, their figns, prevention, and cures. Which method I fhall 
 allo obferve. . 
 : Inthe firft part T fhall give r. An Expofition of fome words and 
 terms of Art. 2. Some general obfervations. 3.1 {hall proceed to themanaging and 
 reclaiming of 1. Long-winged Hawks, viz. The Falcon, Ger-falcon, Lanner, Merlin 
 and Hobby. 2. Short-winged Hawks, viz. The Gofhamk, and Sparrow- hawk. : 
 
 
 
 AS 
 ~ > 
 . 
 a 
 ; > 
 \ 
 Ls » <_— . 
 - — , 
 ™ BO 
 
 ING 
 
 
 
 Palio? iO ssi ulbvic¥ yosten teams 
 Cuap. I. | 
 
 Terms of Art ufed in Falconry explained. 
 
 a 
 
 from the French word Battere. 
 Bathing needs no explication. 
 Bowfieg is when a Hawk drinks often, and feems to be continually thirfty. 
 A Brancher, Vide A Ramage Hawk, 
 
 B Ating, is endeavouring to fly off the Fift or Pearch to which the Hawk ic tied : 
 
 — 
 
 Rabbing is when Hawks, ftanding too near, fight one with another. 
 . A Creance isa fine {mall long line of fine and even twined Packthred, which ie 
 faftned to the Hawks Leafe. 
 
 The Cere is that skin which covereth the bafe of a Hawks Bill, from the Latine 
 word Cera, fignifying Wax, becaufe it isin moft birds of prey of the colour of Bees 
 Wax The skin of the Legs and Feet, as farasit is baré of feathers, is alo fo called. 
 
 Check, or to kill check ts when Crows, Rooks, Pies,° or other Birds coming in the 
 view of the Hawk, fhe forfaketh her natural flight to fly at them. 
 
 Cafiing is any thing you give your Hawk to cleanfe her gorge with, whether it be 
 Flannel, Thrums, Thiftle down, Feathers, orthe like. _ What ever you give them of 
 thiskind, over-night, or at any othertime, itisthe nature of thefe Birds to caft it up 
 again the next morning, or after a convenient time, made up intoa lump or pellet. 
 
 A Cadge is that on which the Falconers*carry many Hawks together, when they 
 bring them to fell. 
 
 To Cope a Hawk istocut her Beak or Talons. 
 
 D, 
 
 boro is newly hatcht. 
 
 : Dropping is when a Hawk mutes ditecily downward, and jerketh it not long- 
 ways from her. 
 
 
 
 
 
r 
 
 : 
 eA Summary of Falconry. 
 
 a lc eae 
 
 BE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a Excdew is when a Hawk digefteth her meat,not only putting it from her gorge, 
 
 butcleanfing her pannel. | | 
 An Eyas or Nyas Hawk tsa Hawk taken out of the Neft, or brought away in the 
 
 Weft. ; 
 The Eyrie is the Neft, or place where Hawks build and breed their Young. 
 
 G. | | 6 
 
 ay 
 i ~ 
 
 ee ee = es 
 : ee ee 
 
 ‘Ex Gorge is that part of the Hawk which firft receiveth the meat, called in other 
 
 fowls the Cram or Crop. | eeuell 
 Gurgiting is when a Hawk is ftuft or fuffocated with any thing, be it meat or ought 
 
 elfe. 
 
 4 eae 
 — 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 oe 
 . | | 
 fr ’ 
 TER 
 ee 
 tie 
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 - 
 
 es He Ink, whether it be of Partridge, Dove; or any other prey, isthe Neck from 
 
 the Head to the body. | aie ee 
 Intermewdis fromthe firft exchange of a Hawks coat, or from her firft mewing till 
 
 fhe come to be 4 white Hawk. wee 
 Fefes are thofe fhort {traps of leather, which are faftned to the Hawks Legs, and fo 
 
 to the Leafe by Varvels, Anlets, or fuchlike. 
 To Impis to put a feather into Wings or Train, inftead of one loft or broken: from 
 
 the Latine impono. 
 L. 
 
 T He Leajé isa {mall long thong of leather, by which the Falconer holdeth his 
 i Hawk faft, folding it many times about his finger. 
 
 The Lure is that whereto Falconers calltheir young Hawk, by cafting it up in the 
 air 5 being made of Feathers and leather, in fuch wife that in the motion it looks not 
 
 unlike a fowl. 
 
 -—? 
 mH eos : 
 7 “M 
 ° 
 
 a Su _— oad 
 - woes 
 
 eee 
 a I i OO . ae 
 — ee ie eae _~ on 
 
 a Se. a 
 
 T He Muil of a Hawk is the Breaft or Plumage of the Breaft in reference to its cos 
 lour : So they fay a Hawk changes the mail, or is white-maild, ce. 
 To mail a Hawk is fo to wrap her up in a handkerchief, or other cloth, that fhe 
 
 may not be able to ftir her Wings or,ftruggle. | 
 Muting is the excrement or ordure that comes from a Hawk, and contains both 
 
 dung and urine. 
 A make-hawkisan old ftaunch flying Hawk, which being inured to her flight will 
 
 eafily inftru& a younger Hawk. } 
 To make or manage a Hawk, isby Artto prepare, fit, and inftruct her to fly atany 
 
 me. | 
 
 The Mew isthe place, whether it be abroad, or inthe houfe, where you fet down » 
 your Hawk during the time fhe changes her feathers. The word mew fignifies to 
 change, being derived of the Latine muto. 
 
 N. 
 a Nares, i.e. The Nofthrils: Itis a Latine word. 
 
 P, 
 
 Luming is when a Hawk feizeth on a Fowl, and plucks the feathers from the 
 _§° body. 
 Plumage are {mall downy feathers,which the Hawk takes,or are given her for cafting. 
 The Pelt is the dead body of any fowl however difmembred. Th 
 ‘ S 
 
 
 
ee eet ene led tl ttt 
 
 A Summary of Falconry. 
 
 The Pil and pelf of a fowl is th: ich ar 
 das nett a f Sen that broken remains or refufe, which are left after 
 TheP/ume is the general colour or mixture of feathersin a Hawk,which fheweth her 
 conttitution. | 
 oe Pearch is that whereon you fet down-your Hawk when you put her off your 
 The Pannelis that part of the Hawk next her fundament. I take it, they mean the 
 {tomach [ wentriculus ‘| by this word. 
 
 Q. 
 aaaus Quarry isthe fowl which is flown at, and flain at any time, efpecially when 
 young Hawks are flown thereto. 
 
 R. 
 
 A Ramage-Hawk or Brancherisa young Hawk that hath juft left the Neft, but flics 
 not far from it, only leaping from bough to bough, and: following the old 
 one. 
 
 Ramage is alfo {aid of a Hawk that is wild, coy, or difdainful to the man, and hard 
 to be reclaimed. | 
 
 Reclaiming isto tame, make gentle, or bring a Hawk to familiarity with the man. 
 — Kufier-hood is the firlt hood a Hawk wears, being large, wide, and open be- 
 hind. | 
 
 S. 
 
 ‘T He Sarcel is the extreme pinion feather in a Hawks Wing. 
 Seizing is when a Hawk takes any thing into her foot, and gripeth or holdeth it 
 fait. 
 
 Slicing, is when a Hawk muteth from her long-ways, in one entire fubftance, and 
 doth not drop any part thereof. 
 
 Stouping is when a Hawk being on her Wings at the height of her pitch, bendeth vio- 
 lently down to ftrike her prey. 
 
 Summed is when a Hawk hath all her feathers, and is fit to be taken out of the 
 mew. 
 
 Setting down is putting a Hawk into the mew. 
 
 A Sore-hawkis trom the firfttaking her from the Eyrie till fhehath mew’d her fea- 
 thers. 
 
 To Seel'a Hawk isartificially to fow up her Eyes, fo that fhe may fee but little, 
 
 A 
 
 "YT He Train of a Hawk is her Tail. 
 Truffing is when a Hawk rafeth a fowl aloft, and fo defcendeth down with itto 
 
 the ground. ; 
 To #rajs a Hawk is to tye her Wings fo asthe cannot ftir them. 
 
 U. 
 
 Nfummed is when a Hawks feathers ‘are not come forth, or not come to their 
 L full length. , 
 Varvels joyning the Feffes to the Leafe. 
 
 W. 
 
 Fathering is fetting abroad your Hawk to take the air either by day or by 
 night, in the froftor in the Sun, or at any other feafon. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 399 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 4.00 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 ‘ 
 
 
 
 ae 
 
 eA Summary of Falconry. 
 
 
 
 aed 
 
 
 
 Cuar. Ih 
 
 Some general Rules and Obfervations for a Falconer or Oftrager to remark and 
 prattife, colleéted out of Carcanus and other Authors. 
 
 know which he fhall fly with early, and which late. 
 2. He mutt be fond of his Hawk, patient with her, and careful to keep 
 her clean of Lice and Mites, ec. 
 
 3. Hemuft rather keep his Hawk high and full of fieth than poor and low, being 
 when poor much more {ubject to infirmities. 
 
 4. Every night after flying he muft give her Cafting, fometimes Plumage, fome- 
 times pellets of Cotton, or thelike : Sometimes alfo he muft give her Phyfic, as by 
 her cafting and mewts he fhall perceive her to need tt. 
 
 5. Every night he muft make the place very clean under her Pearch, that he 
 may know affuredly whether fhe hath caft or not; and by her cafting whether fhe 
 needs fcouring, Stones, or the like. | | 
 
 6. He mult remember every day to weather his Hawk in the Evening ; excepting 
 fuch days wherein fhe hath bathed 5 after which in the Evening fhe fhould be put ina 
 warm room, ona Pearch with a Candle burning by her, where fhe muft fit unhooded 
 if fhe be gentle, to the end fhe may trick her felf, and rejoyce by enoiling her after 
 the water, before fhe flyagain. In the morning early he mult alfo fet her out to wea- 
 ther, where fhe may caft, if fhe hath not doneit already, and there keep het hooded. 
 till {uch time as fhe goes into the field. 
 
 7. In feeding his Hawk he muft beware of giving her two forts of meat at one time 5 
 and have a care that what he give her be perfectly {wect. 
 
 8. If he have occafion to goabroad, let him not leave his Hawk tied on too high a 
 Pearch, for fear of bating and hanging by the heels, whereby fhe may {poil her telf. 
 Two Hawks muft not be fet fo near as to approach one another, for fear of 
 crabbing. 
 
 9. He ought to carry intothe field with him mummy 1n powder, with other medi- 
 cines; for Pcnaeticly the Hawk meets with many accidents, as bruifes at encoun- 
 ters, +c. nor mult he be unfurnifhed with Aloes wafht, Cloves, Saffron, Cafting, 
 Cryance, and fuch like neceflary implements, as coping Irons to cope the Beak and Ta- 
 lons, if need be. 
 
 ro. He mutt be able tomake his Lures, Hoods, Jeffes, Bewets, and other needful 
 
 furniture. 
 
 f. : Falconer out to learn and mark the quality and mettle’ of his Hawks, to 
 
 oot , 
 
 Cuarv. Ii. 
 
 
 
 _ Of the reclawming and managing long-winged Edawks, and firft of the Falcon. 
 
 §. 1. ; 
 Of thereclaiming and making a Falcon, out of Furbervile, according to Tardiff,as I fuppofe. 
 
 toflacken, fhe may fee forwardsthe meat that is {treight before her, for fhe is 
 better content when fhe fees it fo, than if fhe faw it fideways,or looking back. 
 And the fhould notbe feel’d too ftreight. , 
 Such a Hawk fhould have all new furniture, as new Jeffes ( maild ) a Leafe made 
 with a button at the end, and new Bewets. You mutt alfo have a little round {tick 
 hanging in a ftring, with which you muft. frequently ftroak your Hawk. For the 
 more fhe is handled, the fooner and better will fhe be reclaimed and manned, fhe 
 muft have two good Bells, that fhe may the better be found and heard when fhe ftir- 
 reth orfcratteth. Her Hood mutt be well fafhioned, raifed and bofied againit her 
 Eyes, deep, and yet ftreight enough beneath, that it may better abide on her head 
 without hurting her. You muttalfoa little cope her Beak and Talons, but not fo near 
 as to make them bleed. = The 
 
 . f Falcon newly taken fhould be feel’d in fuch fort, that when the feeling begins: 
 
 ‘vests . Seon 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TE Sar 
 
 
 
 eA S ummnary of Falconry. . 
 
 . De 7 
 The Soar-Falcox, which hath been timely taken, and already pafled the Seas, is 
 
 held by fome to be the bet Falcon,and alfo hard to be won and manned : Such an one 
 you mutt feed with warm meat, as Pigeons, and {ich like quick birds, until the be fiy}} 
 gorged, twice a day for three days. For you mutt not all at once break her off her 
 accuftomed diet, which was warm meat. 
 
 When you feed her you mutt whoop and lure as you do when you call a Hawk,that 
 fhe may know when you will give her meat. | 
 
 You muft unhood her gently, giving her two or three bits, and putting on her 
 Hood again give her as much more. Be {ure that fhe be clofe fecled. Afier three 
 days, if you perceive her feed with a good appetite, begin to abate her meat, giving 
 her but little atonce and often till Evening, and bear her late on your fift before you 
 go to bed, fetting ler near you, that you may wake her often in the night. Be- 
 fore day take her on your fitt again, with fome quick bird. After two or three 
 nights, when you find fhe begins to grow gentle, and feed cagerly on good meat, 
 change her diet, giving her {heeps heart, often, but little at once. 
 
 Late at Even let her feeling thread a little loofe, {pouting water in her face, that 
 fhe may jeouk the lefs, and watching her all night hold her upon your fift unhooded, 
 But if fhe fee any thing fhe miflikes, and makes thew of being afraid, carry her inte 
 fome dark place, where you have no more light but to hood her again. ‘Afterwards 
 give her fome beaching of good meat; and watch her divers nights together till the 
 be reclaimed, and jeouk upon the fift by day. Although to let her jeouk alfo fome- 
 times in the night will make her the fooner manned. In the Morning by break of day 
 give her warm meat. When fhe begins to be acquainted you may unhood her in the 
 day time far from company ; at taking off, and after putting on the Hood, giving her 
 a bit or two of meat. For to unhood her in ‘a place where fhe may be frayed ig 
 
 enough to mar her at firft. When the begins to be acquainted with company, and is 
 
 fharp-fet, unhood her, and give hera bit or two, holding her right again{t your face, 
 for that will caufe to dread no company. At night cut the thread wherewith the was 
 fecled. You need not watch her, but only fet her by you, and wake her two or three 
 times inthe night. For over-watching is not good, if fhe may be reclaimed other- 
 wife. When yoti have brought her thus far, then give her wafht meat, laid inclear 
 water half a day, and beach her in the morning, that fhe may always have fomewhat 
 inhergorge. Caufe her to feed in company, giving her about Sun-rifing the wing of 
 a Hen or Pullet, and at Evening take the foot of a Hare or Coney, chopt off above 
 the joynt, and flay it, cutting away the Claws; fteep the skin in fair water ( preffing 
 and wringing it alittle _) the which you fhall give her with the joynt of the pinion of 
 a Hens wing. Give your Hawk no feathers till the be throughly reclaimed: For till 
 then fhe dares not caft en the fift : and on the fift you muft bear her till the be through- 
 ly manned. When fhe makes femblance to caft, unhood her gently by the taflel of 
 the hood. [ You may give her two days wafht meat, and the thir Plumage, as fhe 
 is clean or foul within.] When fhe hath caft, hood her again, giving her nothing to 
 eat till fhe hath gleamed after her calling 3 but when fhe hath caft and gleamed give 
 her a beaching of hot meat in company, by two or three bits at once: And at Evening 
 make her plume a Hens wing, peng In company alfo. 
 
 If the feathersof her cafting be foul or flimy, and of a yellowith colour, befure 
 to cleanfe her with wafht meat and calting : If fhe be clean within, give her not fo 
 {trong cafting as Hares feet, but the pinion of an old Hens wing, or the neck-bone 
 chopt four or five times between the joynts, wafhed and {teeped in fair water. 
 
 §. Il. 
 How to lure a Hawk lately manned, 
 
 Aving well reclaimed her, throughly manned her and made her eager and fharp- 
 H fet, then you may venture to feed her on the lure. 
 
 But before you fhew herthe lure you muft confider thefe three things: 1. That fhe 
 be bold and familiar in company,and no ways afraid of Dogs and Horfes. 2. That the be 
 fharp-fetand hungry, regarding the hour of the Morning and Evening when you will 
 lure her. 3. That fhe be clean within. The Lure mutt be well garnifhed with meat 
 on both fides, and you muft abfcond your felf when you would give her the length 
 of the Leafe. You mutt firftunhood her, giving her a bitor two on the Lure, as the 
 fitteth on your fift: Afterwards taketheLure from her, er hide it that fhe feeit 
 
 not ; 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 4.0 ie 
 
 ome es 
 
 A Summary of Falconry. 
 
 not; and when fhe 1s unfeized, caftthe Lure fonear her that fhe may catch 1t within 
 the length of her Leafe; ufe your voice according to the cuftom of Falconers, and 
 feed her upon the Lure on the ground, with the heart and warm thigh of a Pullet. 
 Having fo lured her at Evening give her but a little meat, and let this luring be fo time- 
 ly that you.may give her Plumage, and the jack of a joynt. 
 
 In the Morning betimes take her on your fift, and when fhe hath caft and gleamed 
 
 give her alittle beaching of warm meat. Afterwards when it is time to feed her, 
 
 take a Creance, and tie it to her Leafe, and go into fome pleafant field or meadow, 
 and give her a bit or twoon the Lures and if you find that fhe is {harp-fet, and hath 
 {eized eagerly on the Lure, then give her fome one to hold, to let her off to the 
 
 Lure. Then unwind the Creance, and draw it after you a good way 3 and lethim . 
 
 which holds the Hawk hold his right hand on the Tafiel of the Hawks hood in readi- 
 nefs, fo that he may unhood her as foon as you begin to lure: And if fhe come well to 
 the Lure, and ftoop upon it roundly, and feize it eagerly, then let her cat two or 
 three bits thereon. Then unfeize her and take her off the Lure, hood her, and deli- 
 ver her again to him that held her, and going further off lure her, feeding her as be- 
 fore with the accuftomed voice. Thus lure her every day further and further off, 
 till the ig accuftomed to come freely and eagerly to the Lure. After this lure her in 
 company, but havea care that nothing affrighther and whenyou have ufed her to the 
 Lure on foot, then lure her on horfeback, which you may effect the fooner, by cau- 
 fing horfemen to be about you when you lure heron foot: Alfo youmay doitthe 
 fooner by rewarding her upon the Lure on horfe-back among horfemen. When this 
 way fhe grows familiar, let fome body on foot hold the Hawk, and he that is on horfe- 
 back mutt call and caft the Lureabout his head. “Then muft the holder take off the 
 hood by the Tafiel : Andif fhe feize eagerly upon the Lure, without fear of manor 
 horfe, then take off the Creance, and lure her loofeata greater diftance. Andif you 
 would have her love Dogs as well as the Lure, call Dogs about you when you feed 
 her, or give her Tiring or Plumage. 
 
 §. Til. 
 Of bathing a Falcon lately reclaimed, and how to make her flying, and to hate the Check. 
 
 Hu Aving weaned your Hawk from her ramagenefs, fhe being both ways lured, 
 throughly reclaimed, and likewifein good cafe, offer her {ome water to bathe 
 her felfin, ina Bafon, wherein fhe may {tand up to the thighs, chufing a temperate, 
 clear day for that purpofe. Having lured your Hawk, and rewarded her with warm 
 meat, in the Morning carry her to {ome bank, and there hold her in the Sun till the 
 hath endewedher gorge, taking off her hood; that fhe may preen and pick her felf: 
 That being done hood her again, and fet her near the Bafon, and taking off her hood 
 let her bathe as long as fhe pleafes: After this take her up, and let her pick her felfas 
 before, and thenfeed her. If fherefufe the Bafon to bath-in, fhew her fome {mall Ri- 
 ver or Brook for that purpofe. By this ufe of bathing fhe gains ftrength and a fharp 
 appetite,and thereby grows bold: But that day wherein fhe batheth give her no wafht 
 meat. 
 
 If you would make your Falcon upwards, the next day after fhe hath bathed get 
 on horfe-back, either in the Morning or Evening, and chufe out fome field wherein 
 are no Rooks or Pigeons : Then take your Lure well garnifhed on both fides, and 
 having unhooded your Hawk give her a bit ortwo onthe Lure, then hood her: Af- 
 terwards go leifurely againft the Wind, then tnhood her, and before fhe bate, or find 
 any Check in her eye, whiftle her off from your fift fair and foftly. As fhe flieth about 
 you trot on with your horfe, and caft out your Lure, not fuffering her to fly long 
 
 about you at firft: Continue thus doing Morning and Evening for feven or eight _ 
 
 days. Butif you find your Hawk unwilling to fly about you, or ftoop to the Lure, 
 then muft you let her fly with fome Hawk that loves the company of others, and will 
 not rove at any Change or Check: And that mutt firft be done at a Partridge,for they 
 will not fly far before the Hawk. If fhe hath flown twice or thrice, caft out the 
 Lure, and reward her on horfe-back, feeding her up toa full gorge, onthe ground, 
 with good hot meat, to make her more couragious and refolute in flying, and to 
 return toyou witha better will. If the fowl you flew her at be killed by another 
 Hawk, let her feed with him a little, and then fuither reward her on the Lure. 
 
 reo 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 eA Summay'y of Falconry. 
 
 If you would have your Hawk prove upwards and high-flying; you muft let her 
 fly with fuch as are fo qualified. “If fhe love the company of others, and is taught to 
 hold in the Head, then if the Fowl be in Pool, Pit; or Plath, caft off your high- 
 flying Hawk, and let himthat hath your new-lured Hawk get under the Wind, and 
 when he feeth his advantage let him unhood her, andif fhe bate, itis out of defire to 
 get up to the other Hawk. Let him then caft her off, and before fhe get up to the 
 other,now near his full pitch,lay out the Fowl. If fhe kill her Game reward her with 
 the heart, and let her partake of the Breaft with the other Hawk. 
 
 To: take your Falcon from going off to any check, thus you muft do. — If the hath 
 Killed a check, and hath feed thereon before you could comein, rebuke her not fevere- 
 ly at firft, buttake her downto the Lure, give hera bit or two, hood her, and fly 
 her not in three or four days; and if you do, let it be whereno checks are: Butif you 
 come in before fhe hath tafted the check fhe hath killed, then take'the Gall of a Hen 
 and anoint the breaft of the fowl fhe hath killed [ any other bitter thing will do, but 
 you mutt not put on too much J and this will make Her hate to go at Cheek again, 
 hving little lift to fly at fuch a fowl. 
 
 d. IV. 
 How-to enfeawt and make a Falcon, with her caftings and fcowrings, &e. 
 
 THe: longer a Falcon hath been in theFalconers hands the harder fhe is to be ens 
 
 feamed: Becaufe a Hawk that preyeth for her felf feeds cleaner and better ac 
 cording to her nature and hath the benefit of open air, and more exercife. When 
 you draw your Hawk out of the Mew, if fhe be greafie, ( which you hall know by 
 the roundnefs of her thighs, and fulnefs of her body, the fleth being round, and as 
 highas her Breaft bone, ) and if the be well mew d, and haveall her feathers full {yma 
 med, then give her in the Morning~a bit or two of hot ‘meat: at night give her but 
 little, unlefsit be very cold. If the feed well and freely, then give her wafht meat 
 thusprepared : Take the Wingsof a Hen or Pullet for her dinner, and wafh them in 
 two waters; and if you give her Hares fleth or Beef, let it be wathed in three wa- 
 ters: On the morrow give her the Leg of a Hen very hot, and:at Noon meat tem pe- 
 rately warm, a good gorge, then let her faft until itbe late in the Evening; andif fhe 
 have put over her meat, then giveher a little warm meat, as you did in the Morning, 
 and thus let her be dieted till it be time to give her Plumage: Which you fhall know 
 by three tokens, “1. By the tendernets and fofine($of the fleth at the end of the pi- 
 nionof the Wing, above what it was before fhe eat wafht meat.. 2. By the mewts 
 being clean and white,the black thereof being right black, and not mingled with any 
 foul thing or colour. 3. If fhe be fharp-fet and plume eagerly. You may give her 
 cafting of a Hares or Conies foot, as was before prefcribed, or thefimall feathers on the 
 pinion of an old Hens Wing. 7 
 
 Having fet her on the Pearch, {weep clean underneath, that you may fee whether 
 the mewt be full of ftreaks, or skins, or flimy : If it be, then continue this fort of 
 calting three or four nights together 5 but if you find the feathers digefted and foft, 
 and that her cafting is great, then take the Neck of an old Hen, and cut it betweer 
 the joynts;, then lay itin cold water, and giveit your Falcon three nights together : 
 Inthe day-time give her wafht meat after this calting or plumage; as you {hall {ee re- 
 quifite: And this will bear all down into the pannel. 
 
 When you have drawn your Falcon out of the Mew, and her principal feathers be 
 not yet full fummed, but fome in the quill, dio not give her wafht meat, but quick 
 birds, and good gorges thereof, and fet her as much as may be in open places, for 
 otherwile her feathers may chance to fhrink in the quil and come to nothing. 
 
 When you feed your Falcon call. and lure as if you called her to the Lure, and eve- 
 ry day profer her water, and every night give her caftings accordingly as fhe en- 
 deweth. Take off her hood frequently in company, that you may hinder her from 
 bating, holding the hood always ready by the Taffel in your hand. ; | 
 
 Inthe Evening by Candle-light take off her hood among company, till fherowze 
 and mewt; then fet heron the Peareh, and not before, fetting a light before her. 
 
 Every Falcon ought to havea Make-Hawk to teachiher to hold in the head’: If that 
 will not do, cut off fome part of her two principal feathers in each Wing, the long 
 one, and that next te it, which will force her to holdin. 
 
 F ff 2 | Be 
 
 4.03 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 404 
 
 A Summary, of Falconry ’ 
 
 RoE Se ye ne cpr 
 
 
 
 Be fure to reward your Hawk well at thebeginning, and Jet he feed wellon the 
 Quarry, which will fo encourage her that fhe will have no fancy to go out to the 
 Cheek. When fhe is well in bloud and well quarried, then let her fy with other 
 Hawks. ) 
 
 If you would make your Falconto the Crane,her Lure fhould be a counterfeit Crane. 
 If you would make her to the Hare, her Lure fhould be then a Hares Skin ftuft with 
 fome light matter; When fhe 1s well lur‘d, and you would enter her, tie the Hares 
 Skin fo {tuft to the end of a Creance, and faften it to your Saddle-pummel, by which 
 
 means when you gallop it will refemble a running Hare: Then unhood your Hawk, ~ 
 
 andcry, Back with the Dogs,Back with the Dogs. When you find fhe hath feized it,let 
 go your Creance, and fufier her to faften thereon; then inftantly reward her upon ir, 
 and encourage her as much as is poflible. ict 
 
 When the is well entred after this manner, take aliving Hare and break one of her 
 hinder Legs, and having before well acquainted your Falcon with your Dogs by cons 
 tinual feeding among them, I fay then put your Hare out in fome fair place with your 
 Dogs, and the Falcon will ftoopand ruff her until the Dogs may take her ; then take 
 the Hare from the Dogs, and caft her outto the Falcon, crying, Back , back there. 
 
 If you would make your Hawk flying to, the Partridge or Pheafant after the is re- 
 claimed and made, then every time you lure her caftyour Lure into fome low Tree or 
 Bufh, that fhe may learn to take the Tree or Stand: If fhe take the Stand before fhe 
 fees the Lure, let her ftanda while, and afterwards draw the Lure out before her, 
 and cry with what words you have acquainted her to underftand you by, and then re- 
 ward her well. After this manner fhe will learn to. take fiand. 
 
 Feed her always on the ground, or infome thick place, forinfuch places fhe mutt 
 incounter with the Pheafant at Pearch. 
 
 At firft fly with her at young Pheafant or Partridge, to encourage her by advantage, 
 and afterwards at the old. 
 
 If a Falcon will not take ftand, but keep onthe Wing, then muft you fly her in plain 
 places where you may always fee her upon you. 
 
 Draw your Falcon out of the Mew twenty: days before you exfeam her: If the 
 irufs and carry, the remedy isto cope her Talons, her Powlfe and petty-fingle. 
 
 _ Never reward your Hawk upon River-fowl, but upon the Lure, that the may the 
 better know, love, and efteem thereof. _ ea ; | 
 
 The Crane ought to be own at-before Sun-rifing,for fhe is a flothful Bird,and you 
 may caft off to her aCaft or Leafe of Falcons, or a Gofhawk from the Fift, without 
 Dogs. You muft fly but oncea day at the Crane, after which you mutt reward your 
 Hawk very well, ever fuccouring her with the Greyhound, which ts the beft of Dogs 
 for that purpofe. | | 
 
 G ive your Falcon aBeaching very early inthe Morning, and it will make hervery 
 
 - eager to fly when it is time for it. 
 
 If you would have her a high-flying Hawk, you muft not feed her highly, but fhe 
 fhould be fed nine. days together before Sun-rifing, and at night late in the cool ofthe 
 Evening. TF 
 
 The Falcon will killthe Hernnaturally if fhe be aPeregrin or Traveller : Yet you 
 will do well to give her Trazus, 
 
 A Falcon may fly ten times ina day ata River, if the Seafon be not extreme, but 
 more is inconvenient. 
 
 A Hawk ought to have forty Caftings before fhebe perfectly made. And indeed 
 all Hawks ought to have Caftings every night, if you would have them clean and 
 found; For Hawks which have not thiscontinual nocturnal Cafting will be furcharged 
 with abundance of fuperfluous Humours, which afcending to the Brain, breed fo 
 great a difturbance that they cannot fly fo high as otherwife they would. And it is 
 good to give them Tiring or eee at night, efpecially Field-Hawks, but not Ri- 
 ver-Hawks, for fear of weakning their Backs. | 
 
 When your Hawk hath flown or bated, feed her not fo long as fhe panteth, (but 
 es her be firft in breath again; ) otherwife you may bring her into a difeafe called the 
 
 antés. ? 
 
 Ifa Falcon or other Hawk will not jefe nor gorge, take the Quill of a Wild-goofe, 
 and tieit under her long-Sz#gle; then will the feife and gripe. When the beginneth to 
 feife, takeaway the {aid Quill, and the will {ere long afterwards. _ 
 
 If you cannot give Covert to your Falcon or Gofhawk, then caft her off with the 
 Sun in her back. 
 
 CHAP, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 ee 8 
 
 ee ee me 
 
 Cin sk: ly. 
 
 £dow to man, hood, and reclaim a Faléon according to ait Italian Falconer, quoted by 
 Turbervile. 
 
 Et his fefes and Bemets beof good Leather, having Bells big and (hril according 
 to the proportion of the Hawk, withia'Hood that is boiied at the Eyes, and 
 fizable for the Head. : 
 
 He mutt ufe his Hawk in fuch manner that he may make her crow familiar with him 
 alone, or in company, and to that end he mutt often unhood'and hood her a gain. 
 
 In nine nights the Falconer ought not to let his Hawk jowkat all, nov faticr her to 
 pearch, ‘but keep her during that time continually’ on his Fift. 
 
 When the Falconer would call his Hawk, let him fet heron the Pearch, unhood 
 
 her, and thew her fome meat within his Fift;-call her fo long till fhe come toit, then 
 feed her therewith: If the come not, let her ftand without food till the be very fharp 
 fet. Obferve this order for about nine days. 
 _ When you would lure her, give her fome man to hold, and call her with a Lure 
 Wellgarnifhed with meat on both fides, and give her a bit: Ufe-her to this fix or {c- 
 ven days, then caufe her to be held farther from you, and caft the Lure about'your 
 head; and throw it 6n the ground a little way from you: if fhe come toit roundly, 
 reward her bountifully, walking foftly about her while the is feeding on the Lure, 
 and ufing your voice: Having ufed her tothis fome certain days, take your Lure gar- 
 nifhed asaforefaid, and every day call her to you as far asfhe may well fee or hear you, 
 and let her be loofe from all her furniture, without Loins or Creance. If fhe come free- } 
 ly, reward her, and {top hernow and then in her feeding, for that will make her come 
 the better. Call her alfo fometimes on horfeback. After you have thus ufed hera 
 month, or till fhe will come freely to. you, youmay do well to {top the Lureuponher 
 fometimes, and let her fly upon you. ' Here note, it is requifite to bathe her before 
 you take this courfe, left when fhe is at liberty fhe rangle to eek water, and inthe 
 mean time you lofeyour Hawk ; wherefore bathe her every feven or eight days, for 
 her nature requireth it. 
 
 When you have thus manned; reclaimed, and lured your Hawk, go out wither 
 into the Ficlds, and whittle her off your Fift, ftanding {till to fee what fhe will do, and 
 whether fhe will rake out or not: But if the fly round about you, as a good’ Hawk 
 ought todo, let her fly a Turnor two, ‘and fling ‘her out the Lure, and Jet her foot a 
 Chicken or Pullet, and having killed it, let her feed thereon. ® Ls | 
 
 Unhood he often as you bear her, continue fo doing till fhe hath endewed and 
 mewted fufficiently. ; eee ay 
 
 Your Hawk being thus made and mann’d, go abroad with her every Morning when 
 it is fair, and let the place where you intend ‘to ly her beplathy, or fome:narrow 
 Brook ; and when you caft her off, go into the Wind fo far that the Fowl may not 
 difcover you. When fhe is caft off, and beginneth to recover her Gate, make thento 
 the Brook or Plath where the Fow] lie, always making your Hawk to /eax in upon 
 you: And when you fee her ata reafonable pitch, ( her Head being in ) lay out the 
 Fowl, and Jand it if you can; and if you cannot, take down your Hawk, andilet 
 her kill fome Train, to which end you mutt always carry fome live Fowl se a 
 asa Duck,@c. And having flipt one of her Wing-feathers,thruft it through her Nares, 
 and caft her upas high as you can underneath your Hawk, that fhe may the better 
 know yourhand. Never fly a young Hawk without {ome Trai, that if fhe fail to 
 kill the wild Fowl, you may make her kill that, | 
 
 If you would have your Hawk fly at one particular Fowl! more than at another, 
 you wutt then feed her well upon a Train of the fame kind, asthus: Take a Creance 
 _and tie that Fow] you would accuftom her to fly to by the beak, with meat onher 
 back, and caufe one to f{tand clofé that fhall Hold the Creance ; then ftanding afar of 
 unhood your Hawk, and let the Fowl be ftirr’d and drawn with the Creance until 
 your Hawk perceive it ftir; and if the foot it, make another Train thus: Take a 
 living Fow] that can fly; half fel it, and caft it out then let your Hawk fly to ir; 
 and if fhe kill it, reward her well upon it. | 
 
 CHAP: 
 
 . 
 ee 
 
 ‘A Summary of Falcom, on Sey 3 
 
 
 

 
 teen - — 
 
 i een A CR 
 
 eo Summary of Faleoivy. 
 
 
 
 Cauate i's 
 
 Tow to man and make a Falcon according to Carcanus the Vicentine abbreviated, 
 
 0. 
 Of the Eyafs or Nyafs Falcon. 
 
 Hefe, he faith, feldom prove well, and requite much pains and patience’ to 
 
 \ ‘ make them kill and ftoop a Fow] well, or fly toa high pitch, “ 
 But if any one will needs be doing with them, he. advifes him, firft to 
 make them to the Herow from the Filt,; orto other fuch greatfowls 5 for thatthey are 
 
 bold and hardy birds, and good feifers. 
 
 After they are entred to thefeand well in bloud, you: may make them to the River 
 going into fome large field, where therebe Crows, or fome other great Fowl, with 
 your Hawk on your fift; loofe her hood ina readinefs, drawing as near the Fowl as 
 you cans and the firft fowl that {prings unhood her and let her fly from the filt toit 5 
 that it may draw the Hawkupwards. When fhe is at a reafonable pitch, throw her 
 out a Duck or Mallard feel’d, with a feather through the Nares, and if fhe kill it, then 
 reward her well, and feed herupon it with as much favour as youcan, always luring 
 and crying to her to encourage her. W 
 
 §. I. 
 Of the Ramage-Falcon. 
 
 F aFalconer chance to recover a Ramage-Hawk that was never handled. before, 
 let him immediately feel her, and at that inftant put on her Jefles made of foft 
 
 Leather, at the end thereof fix two Varvels, the one may bear your Coat of Arms, 
 the other your Name, that if fhe chance to beloft, they that take her up may know 
 whereto return her: Put her onalfo a pair of Bells with two proper Bewets.  Ha- 
 ving thus furnifhed her, you muft begin her manning’ by gentle handling. - To avoid 
 the danger of her Beak, you muft have a {mooth ftick about half a foot in length, 
 with which you mu({t ftroak your Hawk about the Pinions.of her Wings, and fo 
 downwards thwart her Train. If fhe offer to {nap at the Stick, withdraw not your 
 hand, and let her bite thereon, the hardnefs whereof will foon make her weary of 
 that {port. | 
 
 If 8 would man her well,you fhould watch all thenight, keeping her continually 
 on your Fift. beotd | ahi 
 
 You mutt teach her'to feed feel’ds and having a great and eafie Rufter-hood, you 
 mutt hood and unhood her often, feel’d as fhe is, handling her gently aboutthe Head, 
 coying her always when you unhood her, tothe intent fhe may not be difpleafed with 
 her Keeper. ; , | : 
 
 Lether plume and tire fometimes upon a Wing on your Fift, keeping her fo day and 
 night, without perching, until fhe be weary, and will fuffer youto hood her with- 
 out f{tirring. 
 
 if your Hawk be fo rammage that fhe will not leave her {napping or biting, then 
 takea little Alves focotrina, and when fhe offers to (nap, give it her to bite; ' the, bit- 
 terhefs whereof will quickly make her leave that ill quality. Garlick I have heard 
 will do the like, the {trong fent thereof being equally offentive. itu 
 
 %. Il. 
 How to hood a Hawk, 
 
 HAw feel’d. your Hawk, fit her with a large eafie Hood, which you muft take 
 | off and put on very often, watching her a night or two, handling her frequent- 
 ly and gently about the Head as aforefaid. When you perceive fhe hath no averfion 
 tio the Hood, unfeel her in an evening by Candle-light, continue handling her foftly, 
 often hooding and unhooding her, until fhe takes no offence at the Hood, and will pa- 
 tiently endure handling. Take 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 se lle erip siceedineceiducss 4 Aa 
 A Summary of Falconry. 407. 
 
 Take this Obfervation by the way, that it is the duty of a Falconer to be endowed 
 with a great deal of Patience ; andin the next place he ought to have a natural Jove 
 and inclination to Hawks : without thefe two qualifications all the Profeflors of this 
 Art will prove Mar-Hawks inftead of good Falconers, 
 
 But to return where! left off: If your feeled Hawk feeds well, abides the Hood 
 and handling without ftriking or biting, then by Candle-light in an Evening unfeel 
 her, and with your finger and {pittle anoint the place where the Seeling-thread was 
 drawn through ; then hood her, and hold her on your Fift all night, often hooding, 
 unhooding, and handling her, ftroaking her gently.about the Wings and Body, giving 
 her fometimes a bit or two, alfo Turing or Plumage. «Being well reclaimed from 
 ftriking and biting at your hand, let her fit upon a Pearch ; but every night keep her 
 on the Fift three or four hours, ftroaking, hooding, and unhooding, cc. as afore- 
 faid: And thus you may do in the day-time, butin a Chamber apart, where the may 
 {ce no great light, till fhe feed furely and eagerly without dread. 
 
 §. IV. 
 How to make a Hawk know your Voice,and her own Feeding. 
 
 Hv mann'd your Hawk fo that fhe feeds boldly, acquaint her with your 
 Voice, Whiftle, and fuch words as Falconers ufe: You may do it by fre- 
 quently repeating them to her as the is feeding on your Pit, ec. But Ithink the beft 
 way of making her acquainted with them is by your experience and practices!’ If 
 your Hawk be not eager or fharp-fet, wath her meat fometimes in fair water, and 
 other whiles in Urine, wringing it alittle, and feeding her with it for two or three 
 gorges, intermitting a day or two. 
 
 When fhe feeds boldly, and knows your Voice and Whittle, then teach her to 
 _ know her Feeding, and to bateat it, inthis manner. Shew her fome meat with your 
 right hand, crying and luring to heraloud: if fhe bate or ftrike at it, then let her 
 quickly and neatly foot it, and feed onit for four or five bits. Do thus often, and 
 fhe will know her Feeding the better. 
 
 After this give her every night fome Cafting either of Feathers, or Cotton with 
 Cloves or Aloes wrapt up therein, Gc. Thefe Caftings make a Hawk clean and 
 eager. 
 
 §. V. 
 How to make your Hawk bold and venturow. 
 
 N the firft place, to make her hardy, you mutt permit her to plume a Pullet or 
 | large Chicken ina place where there is not much light : Her Hood ina readinefs, 
 you mult have either of the aforefaid alive in your hand; then kneeling on the 
 ground, luringand crying aloud to her, make her plume and pull the Pullet a little ; 
 then with your teeth drawing the Strings, unhood her foftly, futiering her to pluck it 
 with her Beak three or four times more; then throw out the Pulleton the ground, 
 and encourage her to feife it. When you perceive the breaksitand takes bloud, you 
 mutt lure and cryaloud to her, encouraging her all the wayes imaginable : Then hood 
 her gently, and give her Tiring of the Wing or Foot of the faid Pullet. 
 
 i oe: VE 
 How to make a Hawk kvow the Lure. 
 
 Our Hawk having three or four times thus killed a Pullet or large Chicken in 
 fome fecret place, then thus teach her toknow the Lure. 
 
 Having faftned a Pullet unto your Lure, go apart, giving your Hawk unto ano- 
 ther, who mult draw loofe the firings of her Hood in readinefs': Being gonea little 
 way, take half the length of the String, and caft it about your Head, luring With 
 your voice at the fame time; then let your Hawk be unhooded as you are throwing 
 your Lure alittle way from her, not ceafing luring all the while. . If fhe ftoop to the 
 Lure and feize, fuffer her to plume the Pullet, ftill coyimg and luring with your voices 
 then let her feed on the Pullet upon the Lure: After that take her on your Fut sl 
 
 er 
 
 
 

 
 s 
 
 4.08 
 
 3 A flight for a Haggard. 
 
 
 
 
 
 eA Summary of Falconry. 
 
 ther with her meat, then hood her and let her tire as aforefaid. And thus you may 
 teach her to come by degreesto avery great diftance. 
 
 §. VIE 
 
 
 
 How to make a Hawk flying. 
 
 W Hen your Hawk or Haggard- Falcon willcome and {toop to the Lure round- 
 
 ly without any fear or coyne(s, you muft put her on a great pair of Luring- 
 bells; the like you muft do to a Soar-Hawk: By fo much greater muft the Bells be 
 by how much your Hawk 1s giddy-headed, and apt torake outat Check. 
 
 That being done, and fhe fharp fet, goin a fair morning into fomelarge Field on 
 Horfeback, which Field mutt be very little incumbred with Wood or Trees : Having 
 your Hawkon your Fift, ride up into the wind, and having loofned her Hood whi- 
 {tle fofily,to provoke her to fly; and then you wil] obferve {he will begin to bate,or at 
 leaft to flap with her Flags and Sails, and to raife her felf on your Fift: Then fuffer 
 her until fhe rouze or mewt: When fhe hath done either of them, unhood her, and 
 let her fly with her Head into the wind, for thereby fhe will be the better able to get 
 uponthe Wing; then will fhe naturally climb upwards,flying in a circle. 
 
 When fhe hath flown three or four Turns, then cry and lure with your voice,cafting 
 the Lure about your head, unto which you mutt firft tie a Pullet: And if your 
 Falcon come in and approacheth near you, then caft out the Lure into the wind; and 
 if fhe ftoop to it, reward her asbefore. 
 
 There is one great fault you will often findin the making of a Hawk flying, and 
 that is, when fhe fiteth from the Fift fhe will not get up, but take {tand on the ground 5 
 a frequent fault in Soar-Falcons. You muft then fright her up with your Wand, ri- 
 ding in to her; and when you have forced her to make a Turn or two, take her 
 down and feed her. But if this. do no good, find out fome Chough, Starling, or 
 fuch likebird, and making ready your Hawks Hood, draw as near them as you may 
 till they rife. Then unhood your Hawk, and no doubt if fhe will fly them, they 
 will train her well upwards. Then you mutt have in readinefs a Duck {feel’d fo that 
 fhe may fee no way but backwards, and that will make her mount the higher. [his 
 Duck you muft hold by one of the Wings near the body in your right hand, then 
 lure with your voice to make your Falcon turn the head : When flie is at a reafonable 
 pitch, caft up your Duck juft under her, that fhe may perceive it: If the firike, ftoop, 
 or trufs the Duck, permit her to kill it, and reward her, giving her a reafonable 
 Gorge. Ufe this cuftom twice or thrice, and your Hawk will leave the Stand, de- 
 lighting on the Wing, and will become very obedient. 
 
 Here note, that for the firft or — time it isnot convenient to fhew your Hawk 
 great or large Fowl, for it often happéns that they flip from the Hawk into the winds 
 the Hawk not recovering them, raketh after them, which puts the Falconer to much 
 trouble, and frequently occafions the lofs of his Hawk. 
 
 But if it fo chance that your Hawk fo rake out with a Fow! that fhe cannot reco- 
 ver it, but gives it over, and comes in again directly upon you, then caft out a feeled 
 Duck; and if the ftoop and trufsit, crofs the Wings, and permit her to take her plea- 
 fure, rewarding her alfo with the Heart, Brains, Tongue, and Liver. For want of 
 a quick Duck, take her down with thedry Lure, and let her plumea Pullet, and feed 
 her upon it. 
 
 By fo doing your Hawk will learn to give overa Fowl! that rakes out, and hearing 
 the Lure of the Falconer, will make back again to the River, and know the better to 
 holdinthe Head. — 
 
 §. VIII. 
 
 W Hea you intend a Flight for a Haggard, for the firft, fecond, and third time 
 make choice of fucha place where there are no Crows, Rooks, or the like, 
 totake away all occafion of her rakimg out after fuch Check, | 
 
 Lether not fly out too far on head at the firft, but runafter and cry, Why lo, why lo, 
 to make her turn Head. When the iscome in, take her down with the Lure, unto 
 
 which muftbe faftned a live Pullet, and let her tire, plume, and feed as aforefaid. 
 Sometimes 
 
 
 
 > > 2. . 
 

 
 Ritts 
 
 eA Summary of Falconry: 
 
 Sometimes a Haggard out of pride and a gadding humour will rangle out from her 
 Keeper: Then clog her with great Luring-bells, and make her a Train or two With a 
 Duck feel’d, to teach herto hold inand know her Keeper: Take her down often with 
 the dry Lure, and reward her Bountiful! y, and let he be ever’tvell jn blond, or you 
 may whoop for your Hawk tono purpofe. | 
 
 
 
 §.° ° EX, 
 How to make a Soar-Falvon by Haggard kill he¥ Gime at ike very firff. 
 
 F fhe be wel] lured, flieth a good Gate, and {toopeth well, then cat off a well 
 | quarried Hawk, and let her ltoop.a Fow! on Brook or Plath, and watch her til 
 fhe put it tothe plunge ; then take down your Make-Hawk, reward her, hood her; 
 and fet her : So you may make ufe of her if need require. 
 
 Then take your Hawk unentted, and going up the wind halfa Bow-thot, loofe her 
 Hood, and foftly whiftle her off your Fift, until fhe have rouzed or mewted - Then 
 det her fly with her Head into the wind, having firlt given notice or warning to the 
 company to be in readinefs againft the Hawk be in a good Gate, and to thew Water, 
 and to lay out the Fowl. 
 
 When fheis at a good pitch, and covering the Fowl}, then notifie that al] the com: 
 pany make in at once to the Brook uponthe Fowl, toland ber: If your Falcon trike, 
 {toop or trufs her Game, runin to help her, and crofling the Fowls W ings, let her take 
 her pleafure thereon. | 
 
 If fhe kill notthe Fow] at firft {tooping, give her then re{pite to recover her Gate. 
 When fhe hath got it, and her Head in, then lay out the Fowl as aforefaid, until you 
 land it atlafts not forgetting to help her as foon as the hath feized it, giving alfO her 
 due Reward. You fhall do well always to have a quick Duck in readinefs, thatif 
 the Hawk kill not the Fowl! {tooped you may {eel and throw it up to her being at her 
 pitch. | 
 
 §. &. 
 Remedy for 2 Hawks takine Stand in a Tyee. 
 
 N the firft place you muft chufe fuch places where are no Wood ot Trees, oras Iit- 
 1 tleasmay be. If youcannot avoid it, then have two or three live Trains, and 
 give them to as many men, placing them cofveniently for to uf them. When there- 
 fore your Hawk hath ftooped, and endeavours to go to Stand, lethimto whom the 
 Hawk moft bends caft out his Train-Duck feeYd = If the Hawk kill her, reward her 
 therewith. If this courfe will not remedy that fault in her by twice of thrice doing, 
 my advice is then to part with the Buzzard. 
 
 §. XI. 
 How to help a Hawk forward and coy throneh pride of greafe. 
 
 Here isa {curvy quality in fome Hawks proceeding from pride of greafe, or be- 
 
 ing high kept, which is a difdainfal CoynefS. Such a Hawk therefore mutt 
 
 not be rewarded although fhe kills Yet give her leave to plume a little ; and then let 
 
 the Falconer take a Sheeps Heartcold, or the Leg of a Pullet, and whilft the Hawk 
 
 is bufie in plumiag, let either of thembe conveyed into the body of the Fowl, that it 
 
 may favour thereof; and when the Hawk hath eaten the Brains, Heart,and Tongue of 
 
 the Fowl, then take out your Inclofure, and call your Hawk with it to your Fift, and 
 
 feed her therewith : After this give her fome Feathers of the Neck of the Fowl to 
 {cour and make hercaft. © 
 
 Gey §. Xf. 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 4d 
 
 
 
 
 
) 
 
 
 
 4.10 ig A Summary. of Falconry. 
 ee Oe eS 
 §. Xi. 
 
 {Vhat muft be done when a Hawk will not hold in the Head. 
 
 F you find your Hawk rake after Checks, and lean out fo far that neither Whooping, 
 Luring, nor cafting of the HawksGlove is any way available, but fherather gads 
 out more and more, and at laft fiesaway3 [know not how toadvife otherways, than 
 to follow after with Whooping and Luring: If fhe turn. and come.to the Lure, thew 
 her allthe kindnefs imaginable. This fault 1: frequently found in Soar-Hawks, or 
 Hawksof the firft Coat. 
 
 §. XII. 
 How to keep a Hawk high-flying. 
 
 F your Hawk be a ftately high-flying Hawk, you ought not to ingageher in more 
 Flights than one in a morning: For often flying brings her off from her ftately 
 pitch. If fhe be well made for the River, fly her not above twice n'a morning yet 
 feed her up though fhe kill not. ; re} | 
 “When a high-flying Hawk, being whiftled to, gathers upwards, to.a great Gate, 
 you muft continue her therein, never flying her but upon broad waters and open 
 Rivers; and when fhe is at the higheft, take her down with your Lure; where when 
 fhe hath plumed and broken the Fowl a little, then feed her up; And by that means 
 you fhall maintain your Falcon high-flying, inwards, and very fondof the Lure. 
 
 Some will have this high-flying Falcon feldom to kill, and not toftoop: Yet if fhe 
 kill every day, although fhe ftoop froma high Gate, yet if fhe be not rebuked or hurt 
 therewith, fhe will, I can aflure you, become a higher Fler every day than others 
 but the will grow lefs fond of the Lure. Wherefore your high-flying Hawks fhould 
 bemadeinwards, it beinga commendable quality inthem to #ake iz and turn Head 
 at the fecond or third tofsof the Lure, and when fhe poureth down upon it asif fhe 
 had killed. 
 
 And as the teaching of a Falcon, or any other Hawk, to come readily to and love 
 the Lure, is an Art highly commendable, becaufe it is the effect of great labour and 
 induftry : So it is the caufe of faving many a Hawk, which otherwife would be loft 
 urecoverably. - ane 
 
 Mark this by the way, that fome naturally high-Hiying Hawks will be long before 
 they be wade upwards, {till fifhing and playing the {lugs: And when they fheuld get up 
 to cover the Fowl, they will ttoop before the Fowlbe put out, And this may pro- 
 ceed from two caufes. Inthe firft place, fhe may be too fharp fet; and in the next 
 place, itmay be fhe is flown untimely, either too foon, or too late. 
 
 When you fee a Hawk ufe thofe evil Tatches without any vifible caufe, caft her out 
 a dead Fowl for adead Quarry, and hood her up inftantly without Reward, to dif- 
 courage her from pra¢tifing the like another time: Half an hour afterwards call her 
 to the Lure and feedher, andferve her after this manner. as often as fhe fifheth inthat 
 fafhion. 
 
 Befides, to correétthis error, the Falconer ought toconfult the natures and difpofi- 
 
 tions of his Hawks, and fhould carefully obferve which fly high when in good plight, 
 and which beft whenthey are kept low, which when fharpeft fet, and which on: the 
 contrary in a mean between both, which early at Sun-rifing, which when the Sumis 
 but two hours high, which fooner, and which later in an evening. 
 - For know that the natures of Hawks are different ;, fo. ave the timestofly each one: 
 For to fly a Hawk in her proper time, and to fly her out of it, 1s.as difagreeable asthe 
 flight ofa GerfalconandaBuzzard. Therefore the Oftrager mult fly his Hawksac- 
 cording to their natures and difpofitions, keeping themalways im good order. 
 
 Where by the by take notice, all Hawks, as well Soar-Hawks as Mew d-Hawks 
 and Haggards, {hould be fet out in the evening two or three hours, fome more, fome 
 lefs, having re{pect to their nature as it is{tronger or weaker 5 and in the morning alfo 
 according as they cait, hooding them firft, and then fetting them abroad a weathering, 
 until you get on Horfe-back to profecute your Recreation. 
 
 
 
 6. XIV. 
 
 
 
eA S; ummary of Falconry. 
 
 
 
 §. XIV. 
 To make 4 Falconto the: Beren. 
 
 His Flight hath lefs of Art in it than pleafure to the beholder$; and to fay the 
 | truth, the Flight is {tately and moft noble. ’ 
 
 As it is lefs difficult to teacha Hawk to fly at Fowl than itis to come unto and Jove 
 the Lure, the firft being natural, and not the laft ;. fothercislet: indultry to be ufed in 
 making a Hawk fly the Hern than Water-Fowl. | Tothe firft {he is in{tigated.by a na- 
 tural propenfity and inclination 5 to the latter fhe is brought with Arr, pains,and much 
 diligence. | | 3 | Persie | 
 
 At the beginning of March Herns begin to make their Paflage: If therefore you 
 will adapt your Falcons for the Hern, you muft not let them fly longer at the River, 
 and withal you muft pull them down to make them light : which is done by giving 
 them Hearts and flefh of Lambs and Calves, alfo Chickens: Bue give them. no wild 
 meats. | 
 
 To the intent you may acquaint them one withthe other, fo that they may the bet- 
 ter fly the Hern and help one another, you mutt call a Caf of them to the Lure at once; 
 ae on a care they crab not together, for fo tzey may endanger one another in their 
 
 ight. 
 
 When your Hawk is fcoured and clean and fharp fet, you muft then get a live 
 Hern, upon the upper part of whofe long fharp Bill. you mutt place ajoynt of ahol- 
 low Cane, which will prevent her from hurting the Hawk: That being done,, tie the 
 Hern in a Creance; then fetting her on the ground, unhood. your Hawk, who will 
 fly the Hern as foon as fhe fees her. If the feife her, make in apace to fuccour her, 
 and let her plume and take bloud of the Hern: Then take the Brains, the Marrow of 
 the bones, and the Heart, and laying it on your Hawking-glove give it your Fal- 
 con. After this rip her Breaft, and let your Hawk feed thereon till fhe be well 
 gorgd : This being done, hood her up upon the Hern, permitting her to plume at her 
 pleafure; then take her on your Fift, and let her tire on the Foot or Pinion. 
 
 Becaufe Herhs are not very plentiful, you may preferve one for a Train three or 
 four times, by arming Bill, Head, and Neck, and painting it of the fame colour that 
 the Hern is of: And whenthe Falconfeifeth her, you muft be very nimble to make in, 
 and deceive by a live Pigeon clapt under the Wing of the Hern for the Falcon, 
 which muft be her Reward. . 
 
 The Hawk having thus feveral times taken her Train without difcovery of the de- 
 Jufion, you may then let the Hern loofe in fome fair Field without a Creance, or with: 
 out arming her: When fhe isup of'a reafonable height, you may caft off your Falcon; 
 whoif the bizd with the Hern and bring her down, then make in apace to refcue her, 
 thrufting the Herns Bill into the ground, and breaking his Wings and Legs, that the 
 Hawk may with more eafe plume and foothim. Then reward her as before, withthe 
 Brains, Marrow of the bones, and Heart, making thereof an Italiaxz Sop. 
 
 Thus much of a Train-Hern. Now to fly the wildHern it isthus: If you find.a 
 wild Hern at Siege, win in as nigh to her as youcan, and go with your Hawk under 
 the wind; and having firft loofed her Hood ina readinefs, as{oon as the Hernleaveth 
 the Siege, off with her Hood, and Jet her fly. If fhe climb to the Hern and bring her 
 down, run in (as I {aid before } to refcue her, thrufting her Bill into the ground, 
 breaking her Wings and Legs, and rewarding her as aforefaid on your Hawking- 
 
 love. 
 
 : Now if your Falcon beat not down the Hern, or do give her over; thennever fly 
 your Falcon againat a Hern unlefs with a Make- Clawk wellentred ; for the coward by 
 this means,feeing another fly at the Hern and znd with her,takes frefh courage. And 
 if they kill the Hern flying both together, then muit you reward them together while 
 the Quarry ishot, making for them a Soppaasatorefaid, This isthe only way to make 
 them both bold and perfect Herners. 
 
 Gge 2 §. XV. 
 
 
 
 — 
 ‘ 
 
 
 
; 
 NSA SELES 
 4.12 A Summary of Falconry. 
 
 @: XV. 
 Of merwing of Hawks. 
 
 Alcons may be flown with till St. Georges day 3 then they muft be fet down: And 
 be fure to {earch them for Lice, and if they have any pepper them well. Scowr 
 them alfo before you caft them into the Mew. 
 
 There are two forts of Mewing: 1. At the ftock or fione. 2, Loofe, or at large. 
 
 1. For the Stock, the place fhouldbe a ground-room, far fromall noife or concourfe 
 of people. Place therein ( upon Treflels two or three foot high } a Table, for 
 length according to the number of your Falcons, and five or fix foot broad, with 
 little thin boards of four fingers high nailed along the fides and ends. Fill the Table 
 with great fand, that hath{mall pebble ftones init, and in the middle place fome great 
 free-{tones, a cubit high, made taper-wife, but plain and {mooth above. Then take 
 a Cord of the bignefs of a large Bow-ftring, put it through aring, and bind it about 
 the ftone,in fuch fort that the ring or {wivel may go round the {tone without any let: 
 ‘And thereunto tie the Leafeof the Falcon. If you mew more Hawks than one, you 
 mutt fet your ftones at that diftance, that when they bate they may not reach one an- 
 other, forcrabbing. The great ftones for their coolnefs the Hawks will delight to fit 
 on: The little gravel-ftones are for them to fwallow. The fand is of ufe, that when 
 they bate they mar not their feathers, and for the better cleanfing their mewts: The 
 Cord and Ring, that when the Hawks bate this way or that way they may never tan- 
 
 le, the Ring ftill following them. All day let your Falcons ftand hooded upon the 
 Mone, only when they would feed you muft take them onthe Fift. At night off with 
 their Hoods. To avoid and remedy all ill accidents and inconveniences it were well 
 that the Falconer had his bed in the Mew. 
 
 2. If you would mew at large you can mew but one in a room, unlefs it be fo big 
 that you may divide it into feveral partitions. Twelve foot {quareisfcope enough for 
 oneFalcon, with two Windows a foot and an half broad apiece, each fitted with its 
 fhut, one toward the North, for cool air, the othertoward the Eaft, for the heat and 
 comfort of the Sun. Ifyour Hawk bea great bater your Mew were beft bea ground- 
 room, which if it be, you muft cover the floor with grofs and four fingers thick, and 
 thereupon fet a {tone as aforefaid. Befides,you muftmake her two handfom Pearches, 
 near each Window one, that fitting on the one fhe may have the comfort of the Sun, 
 on the other the benefit of the frefh air. 
 
 Every Week, or at leaft every Fortnight, fet her a Bafon of water, that your 
 Hawk may bathe if the defire it, and if’ fhe doth, then take it away the night fol- 
 lowing. | 
 
 Peni Mew muft alfo have a Portal witha little hole below, to convey in the de- 
 vice whereon their meat is ferved, called among Falconers the Hack, And that mutt 
 be made on this fathion. Take a piece of thick board, a foot and half long, anda 
 foot broad or thereabout, under the which faften two little Treffels, three or four 
 fingers high. Let them be faft pinned or nailed to. Then bore two holes on each 
 fide thereof, and through each of thefe put a thort Cord of the bignefs a Bow- 
 ftring, with the ends downward, and knots faft knit on them under the button of the 
 board, fo ftreight that you cannot raife the Cord above the board above a fingers 
 breadth or thereabouts. And when you would give your Hawks meat, take a little 
 {tick fomewhat longer than the Hack, and as big as your finger, but let it be of {trong 
 wood, as Crab-tree, Holly, orfuch like, and upon that ftick bind your Hawks meat, 
 and put the ends of the ftick under the cords uponthe Hack, and fo convey it into 
 the Mew toyour Hawks, that the Hawk may not trufs or drag away her meat into the 
 Mew, but,and as foonas fhe hath fed and gorged her felf, take 1taway again. It is good 
 to keep one fet hour of feeding your Hawk, for fo fhe will mew fooner and better. 
 
 This Author prefers mewing at the {tock or grate before mewing at large. His 
 reafon is, becaufein that kind of mewing we take our Hawks on the Fift every day, 
 and fo may {ee in what ftate they be; and if they fall into any ficknefs or infirmity, 
 may givethem proper medicines, which cannot be done when you mew at large. Be- 
 fides, if we happen upon Hawks that have preyed for themfelyes, it will be needful 
 to bear them oftenin the cool air in the morning till mid July or thereabout, yea, and, 
 to calfthem tothe Lure, andto ride abroad with them fometimes an hour ortwo. 
 
 Mr. Latham 
 
 
 

 
 _ Mr. Latham is of opinion, that it is better to mew at large, and difapproves mew- 
 ing at the {tock. For (faith he) when the is at large fhe haththe exercife of her Wings 
 in flying up and down, which muft needs be good for her. Alfo the may go to the 
 water if the be difpofed, and takes {tones at her pleafure. She may doall things at 
 her own liking, whereas fhecan do nothing at the {tock when fhe would: Neithe; can 
 you give her that is fitting to her own content but by guefs and imagination, where- 
 i we are many times deceived. And truly upon thefe confiderations I am of bis opinion, 
 thatit is better to mew at large, than at the ftock or fone. 
 
 Ct AP, ee, 
 
 Of the Haggard Falcon. 
 do. 
 
 Something of the name and nature of the Haggard Falcon. 
 
 E makes the Haggard Falcon to be the fame with the Peregrine; and is of opis 
 H nion, that the Falcon-gentle and Haggard are alfo of one and the fame kind, 
 the only difference being, that the former is the Eyafs or Ramage Hawk, the 
 latter the fame taken wild after fhe hath preyed for her felf, making the word Hageard 
 to fignifie as much as wild, oppofite to gentle ortame. The word Haggard gs borromed 
 of the French, Hagar, and fignifies (as Robert Stephen interprets it) az old Falcon of 
 frveor fix years, having its pens worn ort, or otherwifeharmed, and fo taken for 4 price 
 fet on its head. Aldrovandus makes the word Hagar to be originally Dutch, and to 
 fignifte a bunch, whence the Germans call this Falcon Fin Hager-falck, or rather Hoger- 
 falck, that is, a cibbows or bunch-backt Falcon. But this gibbous Falcon he makes to be 
 a fpecies diftind both from the F alcon-gentle and Peregrine. For my part, being not wil- 
 ling unneceffarily to multiply fpecies, I incline to Mr. Lathams opinion, that all thefe are 
 wames of one and the fame kind of Hawk, 
 
 The Haggard-Falcon is now-adays mott e{teemed, not being (as fome write ) a 
 choice and tender Hawk to endure wind and Weather, but for hardinefs far before the 
 Falcon-gentle. It isa bird of great {pirit and mettle, like a Conquerour in a Coun- 
 try, keeping in aw and fubjection moft Fow] that flie,in fo much that the young ones 
 will venture upon Brants and. Wild-geefé, till bein foundly brufht and beaten by 
 thofe {trong birds, they learn their error, and defilt to meddle with fuch unwieldy 
 
 ame. : | 
 : She refts no day, but toils continually, unlefs hindred by extremity of weather, 
 Hence he infers that it is an error in Falconers after a day or two’s flying to give their 
 young Hawks a day or two's reft, andconcludes that whofoever can fly his Hawk 
 every day, {hall have every day a good and perfect Hawk, but hethat covets to fly 
 upon reft fhall feldom have a good and ftaid Hawk. - 
 
 When fhe hath flain and feifed her prey, if itbea Dove, asfoonas fhe hath broken 
 its neck fhe prefently goes to the place we abhor our Hawks fhould fo much as totich, 
 which is the Crop, and takes her pleafure of what fhe finds there, efpecially mus 
 {tard or carlock feed, which he conceives fhe ufes by way of Phyficto preferve her 
 health. 
 
 §. IL 
 
 How toreclain a Haggard Falcon. 
 Aving taken or purchafed one of thefe birds, whether the be full or empty, fet 
 her downas foonas you can,and let her reft quietly the firft night, either {eeld, 
 or ina rufter-hood. The next day taking her up gently, carry her continually on your 
 Fift, ufing a feather to {troke her withal inftead of your hands: ‘When fhe wiil en« 
 dure to be toucht without ——— pluck off her Hood, and quickly and gently put 
 it on again, holding this courfe till fhe begin to feed. Then profer her meat, but 
 fuffer her to take but little at a time, never hooding and unhooding her without a 
 bit or two to quiet her, and win herloveto the Hoodand your felf. Ute your voice 
 ra 
 
 
 

 
 bul Pes ee eee a ae 
 
 eA Summary of Falconry. 
 
 cn neta ae aes ee 
 to her before you take off her Hood, and all the while fhe is feeding, and no longer, 
 that as fhe reclaims fhe may learn to know, that when fhe hears your voice fhe fhall be 
 fed. , | 
 When you have brought her to feedboldly, then teach her to jump to your Fift in 
 this manner. Set her on a Pearch breaft-high [ if it be lower; youmult be on your 
 knees ; for being fo high above her at firft, till fhe be better acquainted, will be apt to 
 fright her. | Then unftrike her Hood, and lure her, ufing your voice, witha bitor 
 two of meat beftowed on her as fhe is unhooded, which will make her to love your 
 voice, being careful that fhe take no fudden fright or diflikes for it 1s hard to work 
 fuch impreflions out again. Be fure to keep her ftomach perfect, fharp, and wel 
 edged. For venter magzrer artis, it is that only that guides and rules her 5 Thatis the 
 curb and bridle that holds her in fubjection to the man, and it is the {pur which pricks 
 her forward to perform her duty. 
 
 By this time you may pull off her Hood, and let her: fit bare-faced, keeping your 
 felfas yet clofe by her. And as you perceive any untoward humour in her, profer 
 her abit of meat with your hand, and ufe your voiceto her, to draw her to you, tll 
 you have brought her boldly to attend, willingly to receive bits at your hand, and 
 jump readily toyour Fift: Then fet her to the Lure garnifht with meat, to which when 
 fhe will readily come in the Creance : ftay not long in that kind, for fhe will foon be- 
 gin to {corn it,and look another way: But let her fee a live Dove at the Lure,and lure 
 her toit: Which when fhe hath killed, and eaten up the head, take her up very gently 
 with a bit of meat, and put on her Hood: Then lure her again to the dead pelt, and 
 fo ufeher two or three times, and nomores for fhe will quickly grow loth to be ta- 
 ken off, and her defire to keep the pelt will caufe her to drag and carry it from you, 
 than which there cannot be a worfe quality in a Hark. 
 
 Often luring at one time at her firft entring is good to make her perfect quickly 5 but 
 ufe it not longer than I have directed, efpecially to a Field-hawk: For the reafon 
 piven. 
 
 Nowitis full time to lure her loofeto live Pigeons, which you muft let her fee at 
 your Lure (to draw her you withlove and courage ) and alfo let her feize on them, 
 and kill them at-your foot, one after another, for fix days together, being fure that he 
 that holds her have skill to let her in with her head right towards yous and lure not 
 fat till her {tomach be perfect, for otherwife fhe may {py {omething by the way which 
 
 ‘fhe hath more liking to, and fo for that time be loft, which would be very hurtful to 
 
 her though fhe fhould berecovered again. V 
 
 Likewife forget not allthis time of her making ( while fhe is on the ground either 
 pluming or feeding ) to walk round about her, uling your voice, and giving her many 
 bits with your hand, till you have won her even to lean and bend her body to your 
 hand, and tobring what fhe hath inher foot toward you. . By this time it will not be 
 amifs to {pring herup fomelive Doves, as fhe comes. unto you between the man and 
 the Lure : And be {ure they be given in a long Creance, that fhe may not killthem 
 far from you, butthat always fhe may trufs them over your head, and fallnear you: 
 For otherwife it may ftrike a timorous conceit into her, making her fit and {tare at 
 you, or carry from you, and fometimes forlake what fhe hath got, and go her way, 
 when fhe fhall fee you coming fo far from her. } | 
 _ By this time you may be bold ( at aconvenient hour in theEvening, when fhe hea- 
 reth your voice, and hath you in her fight ) to hold in your Lure, and fuffer her to fly 
 about you, holding her with yout voice and lure as near you as may_be,,to teach 
 her to do her bufinefS, and work iton your head. Thencaft her up a Dove witha 
 joud voice, ce. 
 
 . eS §. TL. 
 
 How to remedy carryingin a Hawk, 
 
 ‘He reafon of the Hawks carrying isnot the lightnefs of the Dove, as fome pre- 
 |B. tend, but the unskilfulnefs or negligence of the Keeper in not dealing gently 
 and kindly. with them in their reclaiming, or giving them little or no content in their 
 luring, giving them for a reward only the pelt of a Pigeon, or fome other dead thing, — 
 whereas their delight isin fachasare living. For the prevention of this coynels or 
 fugitive defire in your Hawk, at her firft luring unto live Doves, you mutt reftrain 
 her,and draw her gently to you with your Lure or Creance,not fuddenly or aaa 
 
 
 
 b 
 : 
 
 
 
SO  — 
 
 ee ee rere 
 —s rm: . 
 
 A Summary of Falconry. ) oy 
 
 by degrees, and give her fome bitsof mieat with your hand,: being on your kneesy to 
 pleafe and content her : And by this loving ufage you thall: find your fitft Deve to be 
 the worft Dove, and the oftner you ufe her to them, the quieter the will be : And the 
 did not drag: fo faft from you at the firlt, but the will foon come to bring it with as 
 much {peed toward you, yea, meet you with it, and be willing to exchange it: with 
 you fora bit of meatat your hand. rE I 
 
 
 
 $7 IV. 
 Of giving fiones arid cafting. 
 
 W Hen yout Hawk is grown fo gentle that the will endure to fit bare-fac'd in the 
 
 evening or night among{t company, then it is meet to give her ftones. Evety 
 night, when fhe hath put away her {upper from above; before you go to bed, give her 
 half adozen fmall {tones.. Give them above hand if you have the art,if not,then others 
 wife 4s you like beftto caft her. ‘This-do till you find her ftomach good, and. then 
 you may profer her Cafting 5, but be fureat your firft giving it be with her liking: For 
 otherwife I have feen divers Hawks beaten out of lovewith it, fothat they would ne- 
 ver take it willingly after... Add to the ink of a Dove as much clean-watht Hannel ag 
 will make hera reafonable cafting, bearing in mind:this old Proverb, 
 
 As wajh't meat and ftones make.a Hawk to fo : 
 
 So great caftings and long fafting maketh her to die. , 
 Thefe {tones given at night you fhall be fureto have again in the morning: But giver 
 in the morning fhe will either caft them before they have done their work, or keep 
 them all day and the next night. [have learnt by experience that {tones given once by 
 night do more good toa Hawk than twice, by day, for fpéedy inféaming, or removing 
 any glut orevil humour. | | 
 
 He makes account that ftones ferve to cleanfe the flomach, 8c. others: are of opinion, 
 
 that their ufe is to cool the body : Irather think, that they are of the fame ufe to Hawks as 
 to other birds, viz. to help grind their meatin their frowtachs, though I confels there may be 
 difference in this relia between Hawks and other binds Hawks having rather a meme 
 branous than mufeulous ftomach or gizaard: 
 
 g. Vv. 
 Of bathing your Hawk. 
 
 My fclf( faith my Author ) have had very few Haggards that would ever: bathe at 
 
 all, fo long asthey continued found: But whenfoever | proved them bare-fac’d 
 abroad, having fitted them witha reafonable gorge, they did themfelves more hatny 
 by bating, than bathing would have done themgood. Therefore if you find your 
 Hawk not difpofed to bathing, you were better keep her on your Fitt. But after two 
 or three mews, in their declining age, through unnatural heats and furfets they will 
 defire bathing; and then yoware not to néglect the occafion; but-when the weather 
 will permit, fhew her the water, andif fhe do bathe, let her dry her felf abroad if it 
 be fair,-and the weather temperate ; otherwife let her have the air of the fire with 
 mea{ure, and come no more abroad that day nor night, but fet her upon a very warm 
 Pearch, and from the ai. Gige 
 
 Note, This kind of Hawks though you labour them carefully the firft year in their 
 making, having brought them to be fo familiar, that they will fit abroad bare-fac'd 
 hard by you when they are empty 3 yet if you fhall abfent your felf for trial, 
 you fhall find when you come tothem again they will be unquiet,, and’ by bating and 
 {triving do themfelves much harm, if they be full. 7 
 
 §. VE. 
 How to weather your Hawk. 
 
 EY Hawks are much fubject to heat, and therefore much-additted to weathering 
 f and bathing, and will almoft never refufe the water. Youmay boldly fet abroad 
 thefe Hawks at any time of day unhooded to: take the air: For in regard of their 
 fondne(s of, and familiarity with the man, they will take no occafion to bate, thereby 
 to hurt themfelves whenthey are full-gorged. But 
 
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 4.16 
 
 
 
 eA Summary of Falconry. 
 
 ‘f vou intend to weather her, you muft doit im the 
 
 But your SE eveciag calles fhe be fed, alfo you mutt remain clofe by = 
 wate Felean and ready dreft, to take her to your Fift withall. But T rather ad- 
 vil IF: Iconersto weather her in her Hood, which can do her no harm, but is ra- 
 pr aaa to prevent her bating and {triving, by which her {pirit and courage ts . 
 
 taken away- 
 
 g. Vil. 
 
 When it is convenient to fet down, and leave flying of your Haggard. 
 
 1 1 fe Hawks leave ours 
 -day, or fomewhat before, 1s the time when the : ! 
 | sad oho. Senge Countries. They begin to ann gore at =~ a fe 
 : fon is, becaute at tha 
 themfelves thereunto a month before : The rea ‘ ee I 
 : heir breedir:z places. Therefore the o 
 being moved by their luft they repair ae Sa i @dddéody dined: ae 
 Haggard mutt needs then be {et down, and fe << . tana hatihadicnieaiien 
 mewed ardis more able to refift the courte of nature, g | 
 Cec} we may fly her fomewhat lone. Shs comedian 
 s , will upon: 
 flown month longer than any of theother. Alhor them w! ae detenotatin 
 ‘me to fiy quite away; the inclination to cawxihg Pp o 
 ve ‘iciog Goan Bo treag in them, is i deface and obliterate, or at leaftover-rule 
 al] artificial impreffions of fubjection and obedience. Seas 
 
 9. VILE 
 How to diet and prepare your Hawk for the Mew. 
 
 and put herin 
 i beware, when you purpofe to feed up your Hawk; abd: put | 
 Y “fleth, a fhe be not he : sakercacves in her diet, and that ae oe pee eae 
 too greata gorge your felf: For if you do. 1t is ten'to onebut _ cee a: Your belt 
 farfeitof. the fame. ‘The reafon is becaufe fhe wants a to aige a ee cach 
 way thereforeis, to keep your Hawk all the flying time as‘ oa sis a eueaieas you 
 her fetting down,keep your wonted courfe of feeding twice a cay, pal aii Grell able 
 can with hot andbloudy meat, and no more in quantity than a = fad the as 
 to endue and put away: And if after a week or fortnights YT ifith (ble at 
 mended, then you may be bold to er to feed her ret ma ; ae Cott smal ats 
 er have voun Pieeons > Hutiw you give € ? 
 cae Thos biieoving how fhe mends By feeding once a day,and ed ea 
 ftomach doth abate, you may order her accordingly,and you wall fina her thortly | 
 fed in her fleth,and fetled in her health,and fit for the Mew: | 
 
 §. IX. 
 How to order your Hawk while fhe remains in the Mew. 
 
 Ffore you put her in, be fure fhe be free from Mites and Lice: Which elfe vill in- 
 feuponher there, and hinder her thriving. — 
 
 Allo take off her old Jeffes, and put her on a pair of new and oe a that 
 may laft till the time of her drawing, that you be not forced to hol a an : = 
 with her too long, to heat her when fhe is in the prime of her greafe,which may do he 
 oe | fi d cl ith Fonetdiog | 
 
 ur Mew aways {weet, and clean W1 i 
 | Obleeve baw yout Hawk thrives by her caftings — =. for fo you may know 
 diet her, continuing or altering herufage accoramg}y- ( 
 en rout not fail to let your Hawk have fair water always {tanding by her, which 
 fren be thifted. | 
 
 ee ier to Jet her be without {tones lying by her in gravel. He aduifes ae " 
 gather up the fiones fhe cafts, and wafh then, and lay them for her ren ee S 
 fuppofezt mould be better to give her fiefh ftones. For thofe ftones which fhe mn pos 
 caft up, areby muinal attrition im the ftomach worn fmooth, and fo become i Sted 
 grinding of the meat, which is the reafon why fe cafts them up. Ve I ouek 
 before ) Poultry. before they fallow. fiones try theme with their tongues w a 
 or nob 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 eA Summary of Falconry. 
 
 That meat which you do kill for your Hawk with a Piece be fure tofearch 
 out the black and bruifed fleth, which proceeds of the Gunpogaens For rota 
 
 Gun but after one fhot or two, ( efpecially in wet weather ) fends forth the thot as 
 black as ink, : 
 
 §. X. 
 How to take your Hawk from the Mew, infeam her and nake her ready to fip. 
 
 Hen you draw your Hawk, be careful not toftrive lone with her or k : 
 W by {trugling and bating, but with all pallies péditien fet her jownuelll ; 
 Pearch, to reft quietly, til] her anger and turbulent. -humour be aflwa ed; and {6 ler 
 her fit among company, and in theirhearing, without any occafion off dilturbance as 
 near as youcan. Then when you think it convenient, take her gently upon your Fift, 
 
 and carry her up and down, {troaking her with .a feather lightly and gently: And it 
 
 you perceive her begin to ftir or grow unquiet, fet her. down again, ‘and thus. ufe her 
 until by degrees you have drawn her to fome reafonable familiarity, and that fhe 
 will begin to feed: Then give her more carriage, and ufe herto it more and more 
 
 and be fure {till to keep her as quiet as may be, and by. all means prevent bating, 
 For thereis more danger infome one Hawk that isto be reclaimed and infeamed from 
 theMew, than in many other Hawks that havebeen newly taken in Exgland, or fiom 
 the Cage: The reafonis, becaufeby reafon of her eafe and full feeding, and want of 
 exercife in the Mew, no crammed Fow! will be more fat and full than fhe, and fo fhe 
 will be apt to receive much harm by bating or any fudden heat: Whereas the wild 
 Hawk, coming from the labour of her body, and exercife of her Wings: And the 
 Cage-Hawk being tofled and tumbled in her voyage, are feldom Ovet-fat, and fo in 
 lefs danger of over-heating themfelves by bating or otherwife: Biss | 
 
 When you have brought her toeat, you muft feed hertwiceaday, and foorderand 
 diet her continually, and it muft be with new and good meat, which you muft diefs 
 and wafhclean, wringing out the bloud with fair water, that fo fhe’ may fooner come 
 to aftomach: And for the quantity thereof let it be as much as the Wing of an old 
 Dove atonce,or as you fhall find her,to put away the one meal,and make her felffit and 
 ready for theother. And for thefirft week or ten days after fhe begins to feed, give 
 her neither cafting nor {tones, but the week after give her half adozén ftones every 
 night, after fhe hath put away her fupper from forth her gorge, whieh you fhall-find 
 fhe will caft you up again in the morning very early. The third week approaching 
 you muft give her every night a cafting, continuing your former manner of dict till 
 your Hawk be flying, and allher flying time, only adding unto her meals fomewhat 
 in quantity, and forbearing to wath altogether fo hard, with refpe& to the mildne( 
 and hardnefs of the weather, ec. f ks a 
 
 Then prepare your felf tolure her, and let her exercife and have the benefit. of ‘her 
 Wings. + San 
 
 ae give your Hawka piece of Flannel or Cotton for cafting, he advifeth that 
 it be perfectly clean wafht 5 and that when you give thelighteft and eafieft fu ppers, and 
 fome Plumage with it, but never upon a great gorge to the foundeft. Hawk that is? 
 Alfo in a morning, when your Hawk makes a loofe and unwrapped pre of Plu- 
 mage, itis good to give a little knot with {tones, to bring away loofe or ftraggling 
 feathers out ofthe Pannel. Many found Hawks will never brook a woollen cafting ; 
 and therefore my Author advifes not to give your Hawk any fuch, unlefS it be fome- 
 times for trial, but to give her only cafting of Plumage ; and fo you fhall be fare to 
 preferve and keepher fafe, and in continual cafe to do her bufinefs. 
 
 Here my Author enters into along difcourfe about giving of ftones, giving many reafons 
 why it is better to give them over night thaninthe morning 5 which, becaufe I am not of his 
 opinion concerning the ufe of fonts, and think that they may be indifferently given either 
 at night or in the morning, when the Hawk is willing to take them, and that it matters 
 not much how long fhe keeps them, I fhallomit. Ouly I fhall fet down fome of his experi- 
 mental obfervations. 1 have (faith he ) feen.a Hawk in the time of her flying, that 
 hath taken a dozen or more {tones of her {elf in a morning, and hath kept half of 
 them till next morning : The fame Hawk when they were given her would not mifs at 
 her feeding time, or at the fight of meat to caft half ofthem, and keep the reft till the 
 hext day. This he obfervedmany Hawks to do. 
 
 Hhh Another 
 
 417 
 
 
 

 
 418 A Summary of Falconry. 
 
 , Another Hawk when I came ‘nto the Mew with her dinner did caft updtome few 
 {ones at the fight of the meat, and when fhe bad eaten up thefame (being a young 
 Piveon ) the prefently took above a dozen more, which fhe kept tillthe next day. 
 The like ftory he relates of a Tarcel gentle, that after he had eaten a whole’ young P1- 
 
 eon took prefently Gfeen or fixteen{tones, and made it fomething late the next day 
 before he caft them. This Hawk alfo at the fight of his meat would not fail to catt 
 {ome of hisftones. 
 
 No fuch Phyfic ¢ faith he } for a Hawk asto'give her ftontsvin due time. Here he 
 takes a great deal of painsto prove that ftonesdo not, according to the commonly re- 
 ceived opinion, cool; but rather at prefent heat, their ufe*being in hts judgineit to 
 melt and wakte the glut and fatnefs; and. to empty and evacuate thofe gorgitive and 
 {tuffing humours, and {oto infeam and make her clean. But this I onsits: because, as I 
 faid-before, I think the main ufe of the ftones ® to affiftthe flomach in comminution and 
 grinding of the meat, thereby canfing a more fpeedy and perfect concotlion, ‘and fo they 
 comduce much tothe prefervation.and. recovery of health’; the ftomachs wot performing its 
 
 office: well being the foundation and original of vt0/ft difeafes in Hawks and other animals, 
 
 {ith an error in the fir|t concottion és not amended in the fubfequent.’ 
 
 Oné remarkable obfervation he hath; which may feem to argue that {tones have 2 
 purgative quality 1 them, which is this, That upon giving ftones after forbearance 
 awhile, a Hawk: will oftentimes at her beginning to eaft before the {tones, inthe 
 midft;:and at the end of them, ‘gufh out abundance of waterifhj«and yellowifh greafie 
 flime.and glut from forth her body : Which before,though fhe liad cafting daily, flow- 
 ed not forth. | | | | 
 
 He advifes at the begining to make your Hawk perfedily: clean, and fo to keep 
 her without pafipering with great meals, and:to have ‘her. empty, and with a good 
 ftomiach when fhe flies: For if thebe flown fall; it may endanger her lifes and belides, 
 fhe will never fly with regard and attention to her Keeper, if her {tomach be not per- 
 fecstao'For proof whereof, Take any young Hawk out of the Neft ( though newly 
 difclofed’) and. breed her upas fainiliarly as youcan devife : Yet when you fhall come 
 afterwards to fly her, fhe mutt be altogether governed by her ftomach. ~ For let her 
 fil of that never fo little, and every puff of wind will blow her from: you; nay, if 
 there be no wind-ftirring, yet fhe will wheel:and fink away from him and from his 
 voice, ‘that all the time before had lured and trained her up. Contrariwife, if it be 
 his hap to find her again when fhe is hungry, though fhe would ftarve before the 
 ivould prey forher felt, yer then will-the own him or any other man: Nay, the will 
 be ready totake his Cap from him before the will either leave or lofe him. 
 
 Note well, that what fhew’of cleannefs foever you find in your Hawk by her caft- 
 ingy/mutes, OF otherwife; although you have taken never fo.much pains with her, 
 byicafting, clean feed, and ftones to purge’and cleanfe her mwardly; yet will the 
 not be perfectly infeamed till fhe come to the exercife of her Wings, and labour of her 
 body; after which fhe will break greafe, and by degrees infeam throughly.’ And be 
 {ure that her labour at Gr{t be not immoderate, for if it be, it will ingender grief. 
 Alfo you mult give herliberty by degrees to ftir her Wings, and ufe her bedy, that 
 there may be no heat exceflively taken, until fhe be throughly infeamed, and then 
 fheimay be weary with flying, but fhe will never take harm. | 
 
 fe = 
 
 
 
 eae 
 
 
 
 6. Xt. 
 How'to alter fomeill qualities and conditions ina Falcon. 
 
 Ou hall {ometimes meet witha Hawk, that when you have well lured her, and 
 
 > given ali the good content "you can devife to her, yet upon the lea{t feope and 
 
 liberty that fhall be offered, fhe will nottarry with you, but go her way. To reclaim 
 het ‘from fo bad a:condition you mutt take this courfe. 
 
 Abate her pride fomewhat, yet with reafon and refpect to the weather. Then get 
 you a Make-hawk,, andtaking a fit hour in theEvening, upon a convenient and eafie 
 place, and one couple of Fowl with your Make-Hawk flown and {tooped once or 
 twice, oras you fee caufé in managing your flight to your beft advantage in landing, 
 but when fhe is coming forthe latt to kill it overland, be fureto ftand under the wind 
 with your Hawk, and let her fe the Fowl overthrown, and go in to the quarry 5 
 and if you perceive fhe flieth in with a courage, and feifeth with love and heat on 
 
 the Fowl, make in apace and crofs the Wings of the F owl, and make that fafe, 
 . futiering 
 
 
 

 
 ADS ummary of Falconry. 41D. 
 
 en ee EE AE ek ah +e ull oe Si aeac, acen ate ees > Re ee ee eee eet 
 
 fuffering them a while to take their pleafure together ; whichdoneé With meat cleanly 
 
 dreft take up-your old Hawk, but ently, left you fray your young One, and Jet her 
 have the Quarry to her elf, and ake her pleafure thereon, with your own help on 
 
 your knees to pleafé her, and beware fhe take no pill or pelf to glut her Withal, and 
 
 {o reward her with *cleanly feed, giving her fuppér unto her as the fits Upon the * Be carefiss 
 Fowl : Ufe her thus three or four times together, butlet it be with good meéat, clean ‘0 feed clean, 
 wathed and well dreft from your hand. aero ei 
 
 When you have ufed this courfe, at your next coming to the brook, lét your take notice 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Make- Hawk be own, and when the hath {tooped and is wrought to her place again, = 
 at your next fhewing, let your Hawk fee the Fowl thrown in, and fly for the killing of 
 it her felf with the other Hawk, © Mark the manner of that Hight; For if the hotly 
 and kindly entertains the advantage offered her, and with attentive eagernefs follows 
 the Fow] fhe faw thrown in, flying round upon that and your felf’ and with good hap 
 enjoys the Fowl fhe may make you a good Hawk: But ifthis courfe {tay her not,there 
 
 is no hope of her forthe River. 
 
 But to enter a gently and lovingly difpofed Hawk, havinga couple of Fow! that lic 
 fit for your purpole, throw off your Make-Hawk, and when fhe hath once {tooped 
 them upon her point or before at the fetting in of the Fowl, let in your young 
 Hawk: If fhe fix her Eye on the other Hawk and work her, then need you not 
 doubt, but fuffer her-to fly till the hath almoft reacht the other, but then be 
 {ure to fhew the Fowls and then if the ftoop with the other Hawk, and work 
 it again with her, then if it be poffible let them kill it at the next down-come, 
 For the only content you can give to thefe kind of Hawks is to let them have their 
 defires fpeedily, before they be weary, while their courage isinthem. For nothing 
 puts a young Hawk fooner out oflove with the man, and drives her {ooner away,than 
 {uffering her to fly too long before fhe be ferved: 
 
 He lays great ftrefs on this as an excellent rule, That inthe time of her making n6é 
 
 {cope be givento the Haggard, neither to fly high nor wild,but that fhe be held down 
 and near to you. oa 
 
 Cuap. Vii, 
 Of the Ger-falcon. 
 
 He Ger-falcon, Turbervile faith, is of a fierceand hardy nature, and therefore 
 i dificult to be reclaimed, but being On¢ge won, proves an excellent Hawk. 
 Latham faith, that Ger-falcons are for the moft part very kind and lovin 
 Hawks, and will fuddenly be reclaimed and made to love the man. Their Tercele 
 or Males are called Ferkins. . Thefe Hawks do not fly the River, but always from 
 the Fift they fly Herons, Shovelers, forked-tail'd Kites, @c. In going up to their 
 gate they ‘hold not:that ‘courfé which other Falcofs do. For they climb upon:the 
 Train when they find:any Fowl, and as foon’ as they have reacht her, they. pluck her 
 down, if-not at thefirft, yet atthe fecond or third encounter, The Haggard of this 
 kind 1s mo{t commendable,and eafieft to be be made for any pleafure. To réclaim and 
 make her fit tobe fetto the Lure; you mutt take the: fame coutfe 28 ig prefcribed for 
 the Haggard {leight Falcon. (i OB | <— 
 When fhe fhall come to be lured loofe, then would the firft of all be taught to Came 
 unto the: Pelts of ‘Hens, Herons, or any fuch like thing, fo itbedead ;, for thereby fhe 
 will not be over-hot or eager of it, neither mutt you fuffer her to. touch any. part. of 
 the fleth;to draw her love oh your voice and your hand, but to fpend only her. time 
 on it in pluming: ‘All this time You mutt:be clofé by her, and 6n your Knees ufing 
 your voiceto her, with her dinner or fupper cléxn dreft and wafht, giving {till unto 
 her fome ‘part thereof in bits with your hand, that from thence only fhe may be fa- 
 tisfied; and her whole delight be ‘ih that; accounting the other in her foot but as a 
 ftand or means to: {tay‘her by you! while the receives her full reward at your hands, 
 And in ufing this courfe often to her}! the being ‘a’Hawk of néver fuch {trength and 
 ablenefs to carry, it will in the end fo reclaim and win herto your felf, that fhe wilf 
 quite forget the fame: And after if‘you lift totrain her with ‘Doves, fhe will not 
 carry, one feather from you, but draw towards you, and ever defire to have her con- 
 tent at your hand. , 
 Hhh 2 Fe 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.20 
 
 
 
 wa — or - 
 - eee — 
 
 A Summary of . Falconry. 
 
 Itis a {pecial point ina Falconer to take good time at the firft making of his Hawk, 
 and not poft her to another thing till fhe be perfect in one. 
 
 Before you {pring her up any Doves, it ismeet you let her kill halfa dozen at your 
 
 Lure, clofe by your foot, having a pair of fhort Creances at your Lure: For it may 
 beat the fir(t feeing of the Dove to ftir and flutter, fhe may come roy {tingly to twitch 
 or take itaway, fo faras fheis able: Which if fhe fhould do, you have a remedy by 
 reftraining her gently with your Creance, fo that there fhall be no offence commit- 
 ted: Then ought you to get gently into her, and as beforefaid with bits of meat clean- 
 ly dreft and beftowed on her you fhall pleafe her at the full, and take her to the Pift 
 again. 
 P The Heron and the ftately flight and mountee thereto is the thing for which thefe 
 Hawks are moft defired and accounted of: For which purpofe your intermew’d 
 Hawks are fitteft and moft efteemed. NB. Remember tobe favourable. to them the 
 firft year of their making, [ andnotto put them to any toil, but to train them gently 
 with fuch Heronsas youare fure cannot go from them, nor caufe them to labour much 
 before they mafter them, ] and ever after at the drawing: And take good time with 
 them in the infeaming ; For thefe times as yet have ever fhortned their lives and de- 
 ftroyedthem. No man( he faith ).can make one of thefe Hawks from the Mew rea- 
 dy to be lured under fix weeks at the leaft, but he fhall hazard her life if fhe take any 
 heatat all. They are prepared for the Mew, and mew in like manner as the fleight 
 Falcon. Let her havein the Mew Sods or Turfs to ftand on, and thofe often fhifted, 
 that they grew not too hard and dry: For fhe is a very heavy Hawk, and very fubject 
 to infirmity onthe bottom of her feet. He difallows mewing of them at theftock, 
 and approvesof mewingthem loofe. She ought alfo to have very often given to her 
 Plumage, bones, and ftones, to purge and cleanfe her. 
 
 Turber vile faith, they covet to keep their caftings long through floth; and there- 
 fore advifes not to give them cafting of Cotton, but of Tow, Hazel or hard 
 
 things. 
 
 When the is mew’d, Latham faith, that you ought at the leaft three weeks before you 
 take her to your Fift,to infeam her with wafht meat and ftones: For then is the danger 
 of fhortning her life, whereas by good ordering they are as hardy as the Lanner, and 
 will laft as long: He faith, he hath known one hold out andcontinue her goodnefs 
 twenty years. ~ Oe" 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CuHuap. VIII. 
 Of the Lanner. 
 
 He Lauer is not over-dainty of her feeding, but can better brook grofs or 
 f coarfe diet than any other Falcon. 
 mi. —__— Lanners_ of all Hawks are fitteftfor. young Falconers, becauft they will 
 hardly take furfeit, and feldom be over-flown, or melt their greafe. 
 Mew-d Lanners [- and Sacres | are hardly known from the Soar-hawks, becaufe they 
 do not change their lume. a | , | 
 Turbervile faith, that with this Hawk you may fly the River. Letham faith, he 
 — not known any Lanner made for the River, yet prefcribes a way to bake 
 them. psa = 
 They are very flothful and hard-metled, fo that unlefs you keep a hard hand over 
 them they will do haan we 
 You thal not lightly ce a Lanner lie upon the Wing, after the hath flownto mark 
 but after one ftooping the maketha point, and then waits for the Fowl after the mans 
 ner of the Gofkaw , fhe is fo. flothful and dull; and therefore doth commonly ufe 
 uponthe quefting or call of the Spaniels to attend very diligently, and fo to prey at 
 her pleafure. As the Bya/s of phi ib exceeds other Hawks in gentlenef$ and love 
 to her Keeper, fo the Haggard pafles all others in wildnefs, and is. very hard to be 
 wae She muft be managed. and ordered in all re{peGslikethe Haggard fleight 
 . On, 
 The Ramage Lanveris alfa acoy Hawk, and mult. be ordered.as the H aaa Fal 
 con; onlyher diet mu 1 ee ee 
 find her ate ee hardest ees anchlensamone ot 18 a. a 
 
 Above 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 eras z= - 
 = J +4 
 - 
 
 TOIT 
 
 RS — a —— 
 ——_——_ ——_—— ee er 
 
 A Summary of Faleomy. . 
 
 Above all youmuft ufe your utmoft skill and pains to keep her from dragging or 
 carrying any thing from you; which ill quality no Hawk is more fubject to than the. 
 To prevent which, firft you muft beware, that if fhe but once only khoweth the 
 Lure, that you lure her no more than once at one time, though you take the more 
 time to make her > Elfe you hazard the {poiling of her. For as foon a§ the knows the 
 Lure the will fettle her love onitjand defire to hold it,and be loth to be taken up from 
 it to be lured again 5 and outof tear le(t you fhould deprive her of it, will quickly 
 fly you, and drag and carry it from you. Secondly, During the time of her luring 
 and training let her have her.reward.at your hand for the molt part in bits, referving 
 {ome {mall quantity to take her to your Fift withal. Thirdly, All this while haye 
 your Spaniels by you as fhe is onthe ground: For thefe be Hawks of all other matt 
 coy and fearfulto have any Dogs come near them; And therefore at herfirtt entring 
 you ought to have but few Dogs, andthey fuch asbe both cool and gentle, till the be 
 well entred and acquainted. Forif fhe fhould chance to take any fudden fiight with 
 a Dog, fhe would never abide them again: And fo fhe will be for ever marred; for 
 being ableto carry away her prey, whenever fhe hall have a Partridge in her foot, 
 fhe will {uffer neither Man nor Dog to come near her, but carry it away, and prey 
 uponit. Whichif fhedo butonce, it is as good as an hundred times, for fhe willne- 
 ver be reclaimed from it. | 
 
 cL ~ ett em 
 
 —— en. eee. 
 
 Of the Merlin. 
 
 She isa couragious and hardy Hawk, flying with greater fiercenefs and more hotly 
 than any other bird:of prey; fo that the will venture to fly the Partridge, Heath- 
 ty and other birds bigger thamher felf, and purfuethem eagerly even into Villages 
 and Towns. tab 
 
 They are fuch bufie and unruly things, as oftentimes they eat * off their own Feet * This my Au. 
 
 ote 
 
 : 2 ° . thor upon his 
 and Talons very unnaturally, fo as they die of; which is the true caufe why you ae eb peti. 
 
 fhall feldom or never fee an entermew’d Merliz : For that in the Mew they fo {poil ence denies. 
 
 themfelves. 
 A Merlin may bemade both to the Fift and to the Lure. When you have made her 
 
 to the Lure in manner f before defcribed, make her a train with a Partridge, or other t For the 
 
 live bird : If fhe foot and kill it, reward her, fiffering herto take her pleafure on it. 
 This done,fly her at the wild Partridge,if fhe take it at the firft Hight,or if fhe take it 
 at thefecond flight, being-retrived by the Spaniels, feed her upon it with a reafonable 
 Gorge, — her with your voice, that fo fhe may know it. If fhe prove not 
 hardy at the firft train, proveher withanother before you fly her at wild Game. If 
 at the fecond train fhe prove not hard, itisa fign the is nothing worth. 
 
 It is very good {port to fy with a caft of Merlins at the Lark or Liznets for be- 
 fides that they love to fly in company, it is pleafant to fee the one climbing. to the 
 mountee above the Lark, and the other lymg low for her belt advantage, the one 
 {triking the bird at the ftooping, the other at her down-come. When you have 
 found the birds go as nearas you caninto the wind to the bird; and as foon asthe 
 bird rifeth from the ground unhood your caft of Merlins,. and caft them to fly’ until 
 they have beaten down the Lark or Linnet, and let them feed on her for their labour 
 indifferently. He advifes not to fly your Merlim at Cut-Larks, becaufe they not 
 mounting upward, but flying ftreight forward, they afford you but little fport, and 
 befides endanger the lofs of your Hawk. 
 
 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 aicon, 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 ee a LED LOLOL 
 
 eof Summary of Falcomy. 
 
 ee oeneettetnesnneennenenen 
 
 Cuarp. IX. | 
 Of the reclaiming and manning of fhort-winged Hawks, and firft of the Gofhawk. 
 
 9. I. 
 Of the Gofoawk, in general. 
 
 and hard to bedealt with as any. Shemay be won by gentle ufages and will 
 as foon perceive and unkindly refent any rough or harfh behaviour. 
 
 The Offringer mutt bring his Hawk to love and be familiar with the Spaniel. 
 
 Some Gofhawks are {wift of flight, which in purfuing and catching their prey truft 
 to the {wiftnefs of their Wings, others fly flow, and win what they get by policy: 
 None of them but by induftry may be trained up to, and made good for fome- 
 what. | 
 The Gofbawk is of a hotter temper and {tronger conftitution than any other Hawk ; 
 the firft appears, in that her mutingsare always liquids the fecond, in that fhe is fel- 
 dom troubled with thofe difeafes, which be incident to mof{t other Hawks, wiz. tobe 
 liver-fhotten, and to the Filanders. And though the Lanner be accounted the har- 
 dieft Hawk in ufe among us, and:longeft-lived ; yet the reafom is not the firmnefs of 
 her conttitution abovethe Gofhawks, but becaufe the Gofhawkin time of her prideand 
 fulnefs isa froward and unruly bird, and when fhe is infeamed very prone to extreme 
 bating ( wherefore fhe requires more labour and attendance of her Keeper than any 
 other Hawk ) and by thefe extremes fhe often fhortens her days: Whereas the Lan- 
 mer is a meek and gentle Creature, and will feldom bate or be unruly in the time of her 
 infeaming; whichis the reafon fhe la{ts longer. 
 
 Hi of all Creatures are moft fearful of man, and the Gofhawk as coy, nicé, 
 
 §. Il. 
 How to ordera Gofhawk taken from the Mew. 
 
 Ecaufeit is likely thatthe will be fat and full in the higheft degree with reft and 
 B frank feeding in the Mew, therefore it is neceflary that{he be fed in the Mew 
 twice every day with clean drett and wafht meat for fixteen or twenty days: before'the 
 intended time of her drawing, that fhe may be well infeamed of her body, and have 
 {coured forth of her pannel and guts all glut and fatnefs, and foithe wall bein ‘no dan- 
 gcr through her bating, {trugling, orother forcible motion of her body at the! time 
 of her drawing. Then draw her, having a rufter-hood in readinefs. very fit for her, 
 from which time fhe muft be continually fed on the Fift, and have cafting every 
 night. This courfe with continual carriageom horie-back and on foot muft be taken 
 with her in her rufter-hood fome eight or ten dayslonger ; and then take it off; when 
 
 ou fhall find her tobe well reclaimed and infeamed, and free from all danger, and 
 ready to be calleds and with diligence and: pains fhe will be next weekas ready to 
 fly: Andafter twoorthree flights at her firft entring may be put to hard flying, and 
 fhe will receive no harm thereby, cc. Wott ) d 
 
 §. Til. 
 How toreclaim and order a Gofhawk, taken fron the Cage. 
 
 Ew of thefe are fo fat or full-bodied as to take harm by any reafonable bating. 
 
 Give your Hawk {weet meat, clean dreft, and reafonably wafht, and moderate 
 gorges of the fame: By thisdiet you muft bring her to a good {tomach before you 
 pro 
 more than fhe may well and eafily wallow, and when fhe hath done fo, prefently put 
 onherHood, then fuddenly give her one bit or two of meat to pleafe her withal; 
 then makea little ftay, until you perceive affuredly that fhe hath put it down into her 
 Pannel,which being perceived put on her Hood again,and give her a reafonable fupper. 
 By this courfetaken, the Hawk willfoon come to bein love with her cafting, hatting 
 to take it without nicenefs in expectation of her fupper. For 
 
 er her cafting, and then fhe will not be nice or curious intakingit. Let itbeno— 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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 _ For my own part ( faith my Author ) when my Hawk is well infeamed, and in fly- 
 ing I give her Plumage every night when I feed her up: When the reits I feed be 
 very clean, without any cating at all, and fo fet her up to reff, andin the mornin 
 very early give a woollen cafting;-fathioned ‘and (oak’d all night inufairwwater, which 
 fhe will willingly take being ufed te ateAnd imanthour or thereabouts her appetite ta 
 her breakfaft will provoke her to catt it upagain. So he difappreves the giving a wool- 
 len cafting at night :: Bur if any witkneeds givecdt,! then he advilesc the witht final! 
 ftore of meat, andfome P| umage wathit. Alfolhedifapproves of iftones atVvell with 
 Celandine, and caltingsiof hazel, :wnle(s much underkized, becaufe of their iivebling 
 When ever he found:his Hawk to diftatte unnatural Cotton caftings, he fuddenly left 
 them and betook himfelf to Juices, and {omevimes to: Haies of Contes fect. thechones 
 and wooll well brokentogether,which he never found to difagtee with her,but ziways 
 wrought to good purpofe. | rood] ; 
 
 He condemns the giving of bloudymeat, becanfe the Hawk ‘wall not therewith be 
 reclaimed: And therefore, faith he, the unreclaimed and wunelean Hemk of this or 
 any other kind ought to be reclaimed, infeamédy and made to fly with goodimeat 
 clean dreft and wathed, and for thefe Hawks the water dried out again with a fair 
 cloth. And this courfe tobe héld all flying tiie, unle(stherebe juft cauife forthe 
 contrary. » Asto a fick and crafie Hawk, with due re{pect unto theeéyes, or to.a hot 
 and eager mettled Hawk, .as alfo to the foundeft and hardeft Hawk that is, When fhe 
 {hall have continual-/hard flying, andkills.oft, you may with difcretion inthe quanti- 
 ty give bloudy rewards, and three’ orfour times in the week fuppersiof the fame, as 
 Pheafants and Pattridges heads and necks: Always being mindful in time oftwefteto 
 feed:with meat clean dreft, hard wathed and dridd again, to hold the ftomach right 
 and {harp withal, elfe no fubjection to be looked for abroad when fhe is at liberty. ©. 
 
 All the flying time, but cfjeclally when you fly to the covert, ( it being thenufta'- 
 ly cold weather |) fuffer not your Gofhawk to be too long fafting, for it breedeth 
 much wind inher, and isa {pecial means, with cold adjoyned, to take down her fleth, 
 which at that time will not very eafily be put on again, Therefore for every Hawk- 
 ing day provide a reafonable meal of clean-dreft meat, the which you muft keep ina 
 fair cloth : Then in the moriing, faddénly after the hath calt, give one bit when her 
 Hoodison. Alfoif you chance to {pend an hour more before you find your flight, 
 give her anotherbit, and 4o afterthis manner, proportioning her meat to the time of 
 her being abroad, that{he mever.beover-empty, and: yet have a perfect appetite and 
 good courageto fly.» 
 
 Whenever you teed with cold meat»you need not wath it; But I would advike you 
 ws = as {eldom as you may, for:a.continuance of it breeds poverty and many 
 
 eales. ED HP Se CLO . * 
 
 Whenever you have fetdown your Hawkoff your F ift hooded. or unhooded, come 
 
 not to take her up again without ufing your voice in whiftling.or chirping toher, alfo 
 
 without fome bit of meat, ora ftump to pleafe her wathals forfo you thall. workin 
 her an everlatting love and defire of :your coming and companys»: : 
 
 Alfo when you fet her on your Peach hooded, Jet her not know where it! ftandeth, 
 if fhe do, dhe will have a. longing to be there, and will motwett quietly on the Fift 
 after fhe is once withindoors: Whereas till fhe be throughly reclaimed and flying, 
 and tillfhe hath been well flown, your Fift fot the moft part muft-be ‘her Peareh, and 
 fhe muft knownoother. For thefe be Hawks that in heir firft making with a ditde 
 reft wall quickly forget what they were formerly:taught, and return to. their wildnefs 
 again. 
 
 "When fhe is untowardly or frowardly difpofed, endure her wnquietnels withipa- 
 tience and gentlenefs; and evermore have fome {tump ina readinefs-to appeafe her 
 anger. : 
 
 ii the time of her infeaming and reclaiming give her not her dinner at any time all 
 at once, for thereby you fhall prolong the timeof her making: For her {tomaeh.once 
 full fhe will mind you no more, therefore divide it inthe forepart of the day, and let 
 her jump often to the Fift for at. | | 
 
 When fhe is firft to be entred put her upon the highelt pin of hunger, and then fhe 
 will fhew all the mettle that isin her, and when fhe hath once'taken ber prey rather 
 die than forfake it: Whereas if her ftomach be imperfect, the leaft occafion that may 
 be, as the approach of her Keeper, or any other man, theappeatance of either Horfe 
 orDog, oc. will befufficient to caute her to fonfake it and go her way. | 
 
 “EI. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 er ae a 
 
 reaeealithg Min rt tate ith Aste abape ot 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 lets aaammaulabale ein 
 eA Swnmary of Falconry. 
 
 §. IV. 
 
 How to make a Gofhawk like the Hood,that hath with ill ufage been beaten 
 out of love withit. 
 
 Arry a Hood of fome notable colour on your finger, that may well be feen and 
 r viewed by her as it hangeth there, and fo as fhe may feed clofe by it for a week 
 together,but beware you do notas yet fhew it her with your other hand. But then 
 take it gently inyour other hand, and move and ftir it about her meat, thatfhe may 
 touch itas fhe eats. This do another week, {till letting the Hood reft on your little 
 in her fight between feeding times. Ufe this courfe till without fear fhe will but 
 thus endure it. Then you muft hold your meat in the hand fhe fits on, and with 
 the other hand hold the Hood by the Taffel upon the meat, moving and {tirring it as 
 though you would keep her from feeding ; but it muft be done, foftly and-gently : 
 When you fhall perceive that fhe will ftrive to feed befide it, you fhall hold it by the 
 Taffel juft over the meat, fo that fhe muft needs eat clean through it.. Do thus fo 
 long as till you fee that the will feed and fearch boldly through the hood for her meat, 
 and eat it without any fnatching or fear. Then as the is feeding, and doth thruft 
 through the Hood for her meat, do you bear the Hood a little againft her, and fhe 
 will hood and unhood her felf as oftenas you would have her. When fhe hath with 
 your affiftance put on her Hood, let her eat freely until fhe hath done, and take it off 
 no more till feeding time again. Inthis manner, within a month and lefs fhe will be 
 brought to hood her {elf with the leaft ftump»yourcarry about you, as often as you 
 fhall have occafion. . 
 
 Praétife not this till (he be come to a perfect ftomach, for if you do, you mar your 
 Hawk for ever. 
 
 / 
 
 §. V. | 
 To reclaim a Gofrawk from the Cage. ‘3 
 
 Ive her afortnights carriage or morein her rufter-hood, always ftroaking her 
 ae _ with your hand or a feather. . Be careful to feed clean with wathed meat, for fo 
 {he will be the fooner brought to a good ftomach, and be gentle and well pleafed to 
 be handled. This obtained (which you fhall perceive by her liftening to your voice, 
 or eager feeding) fome evening wafh and pepper her well. Then take off her 
 ruftet-hood, having another ready to put on: As fhe grows tobea little dry puton 
 her Hood, and give her a bit of good meat upon it to pleafe and refrefh her. Hold 
 this courfe to hood gently, and unhood now and then, not forgetting her reward 
 ever after it ison, untill fhe be throughly dried, and afterwards the molt part of the 
 night: Then you may fet her down bare-faced to have two or three hoursreft; and 
 be fureit be in a {pecial warm place,and ona dry and warm Pearch on high, for thefe 
 kind of Hawks are very fubje& to take cold, and apt to have the cramp on fuch 
 occafions. 
 
 When fhe and your felfhave taken a little reft, go foftly to her with fhew of meat 
 in your hand, withal chirping or whiftling to her, and take her gently on your Fift, 
 and dividing her meat into feveral parts beftow it on her for the motft part when her 
 Hood isput on: This will make her love and look for the Hood expecting to be fed 5 
 it fhe benice in fuflering your hand or the Hood to come near her head, you mutt 
 feldom do it in the day time, but at-her feeding, and late atnight, when fhe will be 
 more willing totake it. 
 
 _ Next teach her to jump and come to the Fift. For though other Hawks are ufed 
 to cometo the Lure thrown fome diftance from the mans yet fhe being a Hawkof the 
 Fift, muft be taught and ufed tocome boldly to the hand, and without fear to feize 
 and fit uponit during your pleafure, which fhe will never be brought to dowith all | 
 the Artin the world,f her ftomach be any way imperfect. | 
 
 This obtained, let herbe called a little further off, viz. twenty or forty yards at 
 moft : By dividing one meal ( as I faid ) let her come oftentimes ina day if it be pot- 
 fible : Which will quickly makeher-perfeé, that fhe will never check at the Filt, but 
 will comeand draw at any time of the day: Whereas ufing her to one hour for her 
 meal, caufes her not to come or draw till that times whichis an ilk quality. 
 
 = ; | He 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 eA Summary of Falconry. 
 
 (Blas costdts con carshcohee, acca: teri eat 
 |, He wifhes not tobe tao hafty in. flying Gofhawks beforelthe 
 
 claimed. and taught, but to take fuffichent time to: teachrt 
 that if aHawk be too much impover 
 
 {pirit and mettle, how good f{oever fh 
 
 -_—._ 
 
 Now it will be good time to call her loofe. . In doing w 
 Houfes and Towns, to avoid the inconveniences-of her bein 
 try, Dove-houfes, and fuch like places, whichvall thefe: Hawks are fubject tos:and 
 
 aving once caught fuch an ill property they wilkfeldom or never be reclaimed from 
 it, how far foever from: any Town they fhall be flown: Walk thercfore with her to 
 the young Woods betimes in the afternoon, having before prepared her f{tomach, 
 and there put her up into tree, walking along -from: her; ufing your voice fofthy as 
 though you had Spaniels with you, but chiefly to her in chirping and whittling » By 
 which means no doubt, fhe will draw and follow after you with little noife, Then 
 fuffer her not too long, but call her to your fi 
 of meat, or Leg of a Pigeon, cc. to pleafe her. » Then 
 your fofteft voice or whittle draw. her after you again. Toufe a loud voice would 
 bea means to make her fitand loiter behind you fo fat as the camhear you, which ig 
 anil quality: And. befides, to make your Spaniels range far off, and {pring out 
 of the way far ftom you,, which muft needs be much difpleafing both to Man and 
 Hawk. 
 
 To make your Hawk familiar with your Dogs; firft feed her amongft them all very 
 oft upon your Fift: Then. throw oftentimes from you among the thickeft of them 
 the dead Peltof a Pullet or Hen ina thort Cruce, that fhe may fly from your Fift, 
 and eagerly chop among them, and feife upon the fame, {uffering her to plume a 
 while: then take her to your Fift witha ftump. This courfe you mutt ufe every day 
 often, till you find that the will venture boldly among them all. She will foon perceive 
 and underftand by the Dogs giving way with fear unto her, that fhe hath even got the 
 
 uppex hand of them, and fo willnever fear them-inthe field or covert, or be beaten 
 off her Game by them, as otherwife fhe would. 
 
 put her up again, and by 
 
 g* 
 
 d. VI. 
 To exter a Gofhawk to fy tothe field. 
 
 “pRovide three or four hand-Partridges, with a companion, and one couple of 
 ] {taunch Spaniels 5 then gointo the field, having prepared your Hawk with ap- 
 petite and couragetofly. Then one of you fhall go near hand from the other unto 
 {ome bufhes or other covert, whereas he thall {pend his voice to’ the Dogs after the 
 accuftomed manner, and ufing fome blows with his Pole, he fhall-fecretly let the Par- 
 tridge {pring as from forth the fame, with fuch judgment in the delivery as that the 
 Hawk may {ee it, crying with aloud voice, Howe, Howe, Howe, that the may learn 
 to know the.word of warning, when the fhould at any other time look about her,and 
 be watchful at an inftant to take her advantage. | This done, and your Hawk flying 
 after it with {pirit, and taking it, befure with all expedition to get ito her, that‘no 
 Dog or other thing may fright her, or deprive her of it: But fufier her to plume and 
 take her pleafure on it,.and: further to take bloud thereon, {till having the Spaniels. 
 in fightclofe by her. Then you muftteach her totake the head it her foot, andeat 
 it onthe ground: And when fhe hath fo'done, and looketh about:her, having ‘your 
 Spaniels by you, through the Partridges pelt ( as before in her firft teaching’) once 
 among the Dogs, and.let her take it being in her Leath, that fhe: may: not carry it from 
 you: And whillt fhe fitsthere and. plumes make her fupper ready 5 take her gently 
 to your Filt, and there.content her. By thus ordering and ufing of her, you’ will 
 without doubt very fuddenly have anexcellent Hawk: And by allmeans fly ‘her to 
 the field all the firft year, and let her not fee the Pheafant at all; for that will 
 draw her love from the Partridge, and make her give them over ; being a fhorter 
 flight. e | 
 When you havethus entred and blouded her, and al killed: three or four Par- 
 ¢ridges more from the mark at theretrive, and perceive that fhe knows a Partridge by 
 fight, andthe accuftomed terms, and: will go readily from the Pitt thereto; be {ure, 
 that all the fore-part of the year you lether go no more one flight in ten, near. to the 
 rifing of her Game, for that will make her {lothful 5 the ee being then = 
 
 li 2 
 
 yabe throughly re. 
 ' hem! =And he affirmierh, 
 ifhed and:her flefh taken off; fhe owill dofe ‘hey 
 
 € was, and will neithet fly well; morever fat 
 healthful. Be 
 
 hich {hun all places acar 
 g tempted afide byPoul- 
 
 {tagain, and reward her with fome bit 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 A Summary of Falconry. 
 
 and fhe taking them eafily at the fowce in a fhort {pace, fhe will. afterward remember 
 it, and look for the fame order, ‘and without it will not fly towards the latter end of 
 the year, but if the Partridge be {prung far from her, will make as if fhe {aw it not, 
 and fly to the next tree fhe meets with. | 
 
 Some Hawks have an ill property, that when they have flown a Partridge hard to 
 any covert, and takeit not at the firft flight, there will theyfit ftill on the ground, and 
 not getup to any ftand for their better advantage. To amend which fault, when 
 your Hawk hath flown a Partridge, make after her with all thefpeed you can, taking 
 your Dogs with you by your command, and when you have found her, befure to 
 take herup, but not on your Fiftby any means, if there be either hedge or tree near 
 hand, but take her by the body or fhoulders fuddenly with both your hands, and 
 throw her upon either hedg, bufh, or tree, and then beat forthe Partridge, whenas 
 it isimpoflible but fhe mutt fee it; if it doth {pring then, and fhe fty after and kill it, 
 well. This courfe being well followed will certainly reclaim herfrom that fault, and 
 teach her to rife her felf; for the will quickly underftand that elfe fhe fhall be caught 
 and toft up, and alfo that thereby the fhall enjoy fome pleafure and content. This ts a 
 common and lafting fault of the Eyas Hawk or brancher, feldom of the Haggard, and 
 therefore youneed not fear frighting or angring her by fo doing. 
 
 It is in my opinion the moft commendable and fafe way after one of thefé Hawks is 
 firft entred, and only knows a Partridge, then immediately toteach her and ufe her to 
 fly from forth the Hood. Often bating at Partridges pang to other Hawks difcom- 
 
 forts and difcourages her : Befides, fhe will, if carried bare-fac'd, be very {tirring and 
 unquiet on the Fift, not a Dog can ftir, or bird rife, but fhe will offer to be gone. 
 Let her alfo fit and weather in the Hood, and never take it off but when fhe fhall 
 either fly, feed, bathe, or is to take her reft at might. 
 
 §. Vil. 
 How to enter your Gofhawk to the Covert. 
 
 O man is fitto order and manage a Gofhawk to the covert but he that hath a 
 {trong and able body, anda good fpirit and courage to follow her, for in this 
 {port, and with this Hawk he mutt altogether truft to his feet. 
 
 Here becaufe the man cannot follow ES view to fuccour the Hawk, you ought to 
 be chary of what place yowenterher in, efpecially that fhe may be there well guarded 
 and kept from taking any miflike or offence at the Dogs, the which if fhe fhould do 
 at the beginning fhe willnever indure them again: For it 1s the fudden rufhing ofthe 
 Spaniels upon her, ( their fight by means of the covert being obfcured ) that breeds 
 thisoffence. The beft time to enter her is early before the leaf do {tir 5 for then 
 the Pheafant flies not far. Al{o afterwards the nature of them is to leave the young 
 fhootsand finall groves, and draw to the high and thickeft woods. 
 
 Having madegoodchoice of your place, and let your Hawk go unto her flight, 
 you mutt be fure to command your Dogsto youtill you have found her; then if fhe 
 have killed, you have your defire5 if not, and that you chance to find her on the 
 ground, (as it may. well beyoumay, for many of them at their firft entring will be 
 very. hot and eager of that fport, and oftentimes feeking for it on the ground ) if 
 there be any tree near hand, that fhe may well fee from it, put her up into the fame 
 otherwife keep heron your Fift and beat for it agam. Then if fhe ds fly and kill it, 
 you muftbe fure to make {tay of the Dogstill youhave found her: Which done you 
 fhall get gently intoher, and if you diflike the place for the uneafinefs or thicknefs 
 draw her gently.to another more open, where fhe may with more café and quiet en= 
 joy her prey 5 and there fuffer herto plume and take her pleafure on it a while. Then 
 call your Dogs to you, and walk and ftir gently about her, with fome moderate 
 rufling and buftling inthe bufhes, the betterto acquaint her with the fame noife. 
 Then when you fee it convenient ftoop to it on your knees, and rending the Chaps 
 give her bloud in the throat, where it will iffue abundantly, to her great content. 
 Then covering the body with your hat, pluck of the head, and give it her in her foot, 
 tocat onthe oe: And having your Spaniels clofe by you, when fhe hath done, 
 _ and beginneth to look about her, throw the Pheafant as it were in their very mouths, 
 that fhe may, together with {ome words of rebuke from your felf,; make them give 
 way with fear unto her, yet drawing them into her fight again, fo long to remain as 
 fhe is on the ground, and till you make ready her fupper- And when you fee fhe. 
 | et, hath 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 h 
 : 
 ; 
 
 I 
 
 Terres 
 
 QQUVQGQQee 
 
 ee ee Ene a 
 
 ~<_ 
 
 ee 
 
 hath taken her fufficient pleafure, exchange that artificially with her, and let hereat 
 it onthe ground where the quarry lay, only referving fome little thing to take her 
 to your Fift withal : And then put.on: her Hood, not forgetting to beltow fome te- 
 ward on her afterward, which the will be well pleated withal. | | 
 
 To make your Gofhawk with boldnefs take a Pheafant from the Pearch, before you 
 offer to fly her thereto, provide a young Capon or brown Pullet, and take it with 
 you to the Wood, and when you call her to her.fupper, as the is drawing and at- 
 tending after you, having a Pole fit for the purpofe provided, call your Spaniels 
 
 about you, to make them bay, amd fuddenly breaking the neck of the Potilery, lift it 
 
 upon a bough, fo high as the Hawk may well:have: fight of it, there ftirring it, and 
 withal crying, Abay, abay to her: At which noife, and feeing it flutter, no doubt the 
 willcome in, and pull it down : Which if fhe thal] do, befure that the Dogs may with 
 fome rebuke from your felf, make way for her defcending, and then fuffer her to 
 plume and takeher pleafure thereon, ec. as was: before directed’ ‘And in ufing this 
 courfe but a while, fhe will become {o bold and venturous, as that the Pheasant 
 fhall no fooner go to Pearch, but fhe will have him by the ears, and ‘pull him 
 down. Sx yd 
 
 By threatning words and blows,with-reafon,you may bring your Spaniels intd fiich 
 fubjection, as to truft them alone with your Hawk in your abfence:> taking care there 
 be no ftrange Dogs among them : For one {trange unruly Dog is fufficient to mar all the 
 reft, and the Hawk too. , 
 
 Be careful to enter your Gofhawk firftto the Cock-Pheafant, for the verieft daftard 
 that is will kill the Hen; which if you enter her firft to, it'may be afterward with 
 all your Art and Skill you fhall never force her to fly at the Cock. If you find that at 
 firft the is aftaid to buckle with him, then with two or three days reft prepare her {to- 
 mach foundly, and put herto him again. | 
 
 §. VIIL. 
 Of the Hag gard-Gofhawk. 
 
 His being the wildeft Hawk of all, and { requiring more labour, care, and at- 
 tendance in her reclaiming and_ perfeét making than any other, he advifes not 
 todeal haftily with her by peppering, watching, and the like: For many Hawks have 
 fo been fpoil’d, and Joft 5 their bodies being unfit for fuch fudden changes. | 
 It is the nature of thefe Hawks when wild to feed on their prey in covert places, 
 where they may not be defcried »by fach other birds as love them not: Wherefore 
 alfo beapg reclaimed, whenfoever they take it in any Plain or Champain place, they 
 will be apt. to carry it to the next harbour or covert: To reclaim her from this ij] 
 quality you mu(t take this courfe. ‘Though you do call and dtaw her along after you 
 by your chirping and whiftle through the thick and covert places, yet do not there 
 take herto your Fift to be fully fatisfied, but let her {till wait on you, till you come 
 to fome plain place, and there entertain her tothe Fift, and Jet her feed a litéle there- 
 on, then. put to her Leafh, and: let her eat the reft on the ground clofe by you,’ and 
 having referved fome ftump, take her to the Fift. Remember that_you fometimes: 
 {toop gently on your knee, and quietly and foftly convey fome bits unfeen afar off to 
 her, that fhe {trike not at your hand with her Talons, ec. -Thus doing daily with- 
 gentle ulage fo long as-you call her, you will embolden her, ‘and make her {0 familiar 
 as never to offer-to carry any thing from you. 
 _ When the kills, be fure to get in gently to her, having before provided hera meal: 
 read y dreft, and as fhe fits onthe Partridge, be{tow.the fame on her in bits with clean. 
 ly conveyance, which will-prolong her timein piuming, and {tay the fharpnefs of her 
 appetite, and defire to feed, which fhe muft not’do, for it would caufe her 6 love 
 the Bird better than your felf, and to be loth afterwards at arly time to be bereaved. 
 of it, and thereby take occafion to carry it from you, hoping to enjoy it to Her {elf 
 more quietly and fecretly :: Whereas this courfe will fo pleafe her, and dtaw her love 
 ( certainly to you, as fhe will never after offer to carry one feather from you. Alt 
 this while give herno bloud at all, but with fome reverfion take-herto your Fit again. 
 By this means fhe will never break the Prey fo long as there-is one feather left on it; {peak chis 
 but {till attend for your, coming, and to have a reward only at your hand. ‘When by oe 
 you have well nuzled up and inured her herein, afterward when you find her witha credir, 
 Partridge in her foot 5 then after a good time fpent in pining, take off the head = 
 il 2 neck, 
 
 0A Summary of Falconry. 427 
 
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 annie cline a anemia 
 
 4.28 
 
 _and roll your Pearch with Cotton, or fome fuchlikething. Setyour Pearch far from 
 
 A Summary of Falconry. 
 
 neck, and giveit unto her with themoft partof her {upper together, and fo take her 
 ‘our Fift. 
 
 % He Deaibes how toteacha Gofhawk to fly to the Wild-duck, which is by pro- 
 viding three or four hand-fowl; andletting her fy and foot them out of your hand 
 one after another, day after day, and letting her plume and be well rewarded on 
 them: And afterward)getting another like bird, and letting a companion carry it in- 
 toaclofeplace or plump of bufhes, and there throw itup infightof your Hawk be- 
 fore prepared with a good ftomach, ec. In like manner he teaches, how to enter a 
 Hawk to. the Rook, Heron, Wild Gooje, Mew, &c: with a train- Rook or two,&e. which 
 who defires to be particularly informed in, may con rfult the Author. 
 
 65:41 IK 
 
 — 
 
 Certain Obfervatious for an Oftveger imkeeping a Gofhawk. 
 
 Gofhawk that was good inher foarage, many times proves worfe after mewing : 
 A Becaufe in her foarage fhe was not cherifhed to make her take delight in her 
 flight. For the chief skill of an Oftreger confifts in coying and cherifhitig his Hawk, 
 {o as fhe may take pridein her flight... Whereforeat were good at her fir{t entring to 
 have always a train-Partridge in his Bag, to ferve’ her withal if need be, and fo win 
 
 ‘herlove. 
 
 Ply your Hawk with Tiring and Plumage morning and evening 3 for that will Open 
 her head; and caft out.-the moifthumours, wherewith Gofhawks are naturally trou- 
 bled.:. Let her Tiring be a Rump of Beef, or the Pinion of a Wing, or a Chickens 
 Leg, . given by the fire;.or in the warm Sun, which will not only open her head but 
 keep her in exercife. 
 
 Give her everynight cafting either of feathers or Cotton, and in the morning mark 
 whether it be wrought round or not, whether it be fweet ornot, whether it be moitt 
 or dry, and of what colour the water is that drops out of it: For thereby you may 
 judge in what cafe your Hawk ts... You mutt alfo haveregard to the mewts, whether 
 they be clean or not. 
 
 In Winter and cold weather fet your Hawk warm, in fome place where fire is made, 
 the wall, that your Hawk hurt not her feathers when fhe bateth. If it be not cold, 
 fet her every morning im fome’ place where the Sun hath power for an hour or 
 two.1, + we | 
 
 Let no Hensor Poultry come near the place where your Hawk fhall pearch. 
 
 In the Spring offer your Hawk to the water every week, or elfe fhe will foar away 
 whenfhe.fleeth, and. make you feekher. If any. time fhe bathes of her own accord 
 after her flight, if it be Winter, go, prefently to the next houfe, and weather her 
 by afire withher back to it, and. nother gorge, for that would make her fick : Like- 
 wife dry herif you-have.carried her inthe rain. 
 
 Keep. her lufty, and high, and yet her ftomach fo fharp, that the may fly eagerly. 
 The plucking downa Hawk mars her, andmakes het cowardly 3 and liable to ficknefs 
 and infirmity. | yf gee 
 
 _ Keep your Hawk-clean, and her feathers whole, and if a feather be broken or 
 bruifed imp it prefently. 
 
 The firft year itis beft to fly your Gofhawk to the field, and not to the covert. for 
 fo they will learn to hold out and not turntail inthe midft of their flight: And when 
 they aremewed Hawks you may make them do what you wills itis better to Jet them 
 be a littleramage than over-manned... : : | 
 
 Her feeding is befton hotmeats: Andif you would breed her to kill great fow] 
 make her trainsthereof: Andif you would have her continue thofe flights never Ay 
 at lefs,. for that will take her off from them and fpoil her. t 4 
 
 If you would make her to fly with a Dog to aflift her, feed her with great fowl, and 
 your Dogs, with Hefh tied. under their Wings. | If you train your Hawk with them 
 reward her upon the train, and your Dog with her: This will make them acquainted 
 together.; Thus continue doing till your Dog throughly knows his duty: ‘And be 
 fure to keep your Dog tied up; foraif youlet him go loofe, it will fpoil the beft Dog 
 a one never give him a reward but when he makes in at ftich Fowls to refcue 
 
 e Hawk, | ¥ | 
 
 CHAP, 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 eS nes, 
 
 A Summary of Falcomy. 
 
 Crap. X. 
 Of the Sparrowsbawk. 
 
 He Sparhawk ( faith Lathan ) though a demy-creature, yet for her {pirit and 
 
 mettle is worthy to march in the beft company: Nay, there is no better 
 
 Hawk than fhe, if the be kept, ‘as the ought to: be, lufty and ftrong!’” Béfides 
 
 he that knows how to man, reclaim and’ ily a Sparrow-hawk;' may’ éalil y know how to 
 keep and deal withall other Hawks. ; te y 
 
 And herein lieth an excellency in the Sparrow-bawk), {he ferves both for Winter‘and 
 Summer with great pleafure, and will fly at all kindof. Game more than the Fulcoy. 
 If the Winter Sparrow-hawk prove good; the will kilbthe Pie, ‘the Choych, the ay, the 
 Woodcock, Thrufh, Blackbird, F ieldfare: Lathiéw'adds the: Rook’, Mer, aniag 
 Ring-dove, Honje-dove. To be kept ftrongly in the Hood and flown from it, the is 2 
 moft excellent Hawk, ‘atid will kill more Partridge in one’ day than the bef} long- 
 winged Hawk will do in two. | | ne 
 
 Her diet fhould be of the daintieft meat, unlefs in‘times of reft, and then al well 
 wafht and dried again, efpecially if the be mewd: | 
 
 Againtt fhe is to fly fhe mutt be’ prepared witha thort cut)to puta perfect edge 
 upon her, and then the will fly after the beft manner. Alfo fhe thould not be flown 
 in the Morning, unlefs fhe be prepared over night with a fhort and clean fupper for 
 the purpofe. 
 
 Likewife you ought to’ havealways about you a little box fulloffiefh Butter, mixt 
 with a little Satfron and Sugar-candy, to give with her meat now and then; or let her 
 eat it out of the box: Which the will do with ¢reat delight, ‘and it will keep: her 
 head evermore loofé, and in good temper; and: al{o prevent the Cray, and keep her 
 proud and'full of ‘fpirit. ) 0 9 = em : nt 
 
 For the: Eyas or Nyas Sparrow-hawk ( which is of greatelt difficulty to bring ‘to 
 perfection ) you mutt firft feed her infome cool rogm, which hath two Windows, the 
 one to the North,and the other to the Eaft, which muft be open and barred over With 
 Laths, not fo wide foraHawk to getout, or Vermine to come in: Strow the Cham- 
 ber with frefh leaves, and ‘do.in every refpect to ‘this Room, as was ordered fot the 
 mewing of the Falcon. _ 7 
 
 You muft feed your Eyas with Sparrows, young Pigeons, and Sheeps hearts. Whilft 
 fhe is very young and little, you fhould cut her meat; or fhred it ito {mall pellets, 
 and feed her twice or thrice aday; according as you:find her exdew it or put it over. 
 
 When fhe is full fummed and flieth about, then give her whole {mall Birds’ and 
 fometimes feed her on your Fift, faffering her to ftram and «kill the Birds in’ y 
 hand; and fometimes put live Birdsimtothe Chamber where thes, that the may leary 
 to footandto killthem; and let her feed uponthem in your prefence : By this courte 
 you will not only veal hery but take her off fronthat {curvy quality of hiding her 
 Prey when fhe hath {eifed it, anatural property belonging to all Eyalles. Rikewite 
 every morning go into the Room,*call herto your fift, whiftle and ufe fuch terms ag 
 you would have her hereafter acquainted with. When the hath put forth all her Feq- 
 thers and is full fummed, then take her out of the Chamber, and: farnifly Her with 
 Bells, Bewets, Jefles, and Lines. 
 
 It will be altogether requifite to feel her at firft, that fhe may the better endurethe 
 Hood and handling : And let it be a Rufter-hood, that is large and eafie, which you 
 muft pull off and put on frequently, ftroaking» her-often on the Head, till the will 
 ftand gently. e . Be 
 
 In the evening by Candle-light unfeel her,giving her fomewhat to tire upon, handlmg, 
 
 and {troaking her feathers gently,hooding and unhooding herasoften as you think fit. 
 
 Before! proceed any farther, I fhall inform yowhow to feeba Hawk after the beft 
 manner. ‘Take a Needle threaded with untwifted Thread, and cafting your Hawk, 
 take her by the Beak, and put the Needle through herEye-lidy' not right againft the 
 Sight of theEye, but fomewhat nearer the Beak, that fhe may have liberty’'to fee 
 backward; and haveefpecial care that you hurtnot the Web: Ther put your Needle 
 through theotherBye-lid, drawing the ends of the Thread togcthery tre them over 
 the Beak, not witha {treight knot, but cut off the Threads near to the end of the 
 knot, and fo twiit them together, thatthe Bye-lidsmay be raifed fo upwards = = 
 
 | law 
 
 a 
 
 
 

 
 oe 
 
 
 
 JI 
 
 A CL ON 
 st el te > . - et 
 
 aff Summary of Faleomy, 
 
 Hawk may not fee at all, but asthe Thread fhall flacken, fhe fhall be able to {ee back- 
 wards only, which is the caufe thatthe Thread is put nearer the Beak. 
 
 When your Eyas is well won tothe Hood and’to the Fift, let her kill {mall Birds 
 thereon ; then call her two or three days or longer, till fhe will come far off; then take 
 a live Pigeon tied by the foot with a Creance, and {tir’it all your Hawk will bate at it 
 and {eife it, but not far off, that you may quickly help her at the firft, left the Pige- 
 on ftruggling with her fhe prove too ftrong, and fo difcourage your young Hawk: 
 Then let her plume and foot her, and feed her thereupon, whiftling the while, that 
 fhe may know itanother time: Then hood her,and let her plume and tire a little. 
 
 You may ufe her to Trains of Chicken and Quail: And when the will feife readily 
 by often Training, ride out with her in the morning: into the Fields, where. calling 
 your Sparrow-hawk to your Fift, and giving hera bit or two, go with your Spaniels 
 to feek fome Beavy of young Quails, advancing your Fift aloft, that your Hawk may 
 fee them when they {pring, flying her at advantage: Ifthe kill, reward her, @e.if the 
 mifs, ferve her witha Train of a Quail. . 
 
 Let your Dogs hunt on your right hand when they range, but efpecially when they 
 queft and cal/, to the end youmay the better caft off your Hawk. When your Hawk 
 is throughly entred and well soumled, you may then hold your hand low, for the will 
 now bate at the Whurr - But whatever you do, have a quick eye and a good regard to 
 the Spaniels, not coveting to be too near them, but a little above them, that you may 
 let your Hawk fly coafting at the advantage when the Game {pringeth. 
 
 fu nckd, 
 
 
 
 Of the Brancher, Soar, Mewed, avd Haggard Sparrow-hawk, 
 
 Aving {pokenof the firft kind of Sparrow-hawks, viz. the Eyas, the other four in 
 H the title of this Chapter muftconfequently be difcourfed of. | 
 
 I fhall give you but few inftructions, for in effe& the fame precepts that ferve for 
 
 the Eyas will ferve alfo forthe Brancher, Soar, Mew'd, and Haggard Hawks; only this, 
 thefe four laft requirenot fo much pains to be taken to make them know theirGame as 
 the Eyas, becaufe they have been accuftomed to prey for themfelves. | | 
 
 _ Above all things the Falconer muft take them off from their ill cuftom of carrying, 
 and that may be ca by ferving them with great Trains, whereby they will learn to 
 abide on the Quarry. pee 
 
 Be very mindful of ¢oying them as much as you can, for they will remember a kind- 
 
 nefs or injury better than any other Hawk. 
 If the Hawk be newly taken, and willnot feed, then rubher Feet with warm fleth, 
 whiftling to her, and fometimes putting the flefh unto her Beak : If the will not yet 
 feed, rub her Feet with a live Bird 5 if at the crying of the Bird the Hawk feife it with 
 her Feet, it is a fign fhe will feed 5, then tear off the Skin and Feathers of the Birds 
 Breaft, and put the Bird to her Beak, and fhe. will eat. ; 
 
 When fhe will feed upon your whiftle and chirp, then hood her with a Rufter- 
 hood, and feed her betimes in the morning 5 and when fhe hath endewed, give her a 
 Beaching in the day-time, and every time you hood her give her a bit or two; at 
 evening give her theBrains of a Hen for her fupper: and in every thing elfe order thefe 
 Hawks aforefaid as you do the Falcon and the reft. 
 
 6. IL 
 How to mew Sparrow-Hawks. 
 
 Cor ufe to put their Sparrow-Hawk into the Mew as {oon as they leave flying 
 her, cutting off both her Bewets, Lines, and knots of her Jeffes, and fo leave 
 themin the Mew till they are clean mewed. | : 
 
 If you will have your Sparrow-Hawk to fly at Quail, Partridge, or Pheafant Powt, 
 then you muft draw her in the beginning of April, and bear her on the Fift till fhe be 
 cleanand throughly enfeamed. gt” 
 _ Others keep their Sparrow-Hawks on the Pearch until March, and then throw 
 them into the Mew, peppering them for Lice if they haveany. Her Mew fhould be 
 a Chamber aloft from the ground, eight or nine footlong, and about fix foot broad : 
 Her Windows and Pearches mutt be like the Gofhawks. | | 
 dapoks et Her 
 
 
 
 2 —_ m2 - _ 
 - i ee eh ee ie a a i pe tt 
 

 
 SS ae eC 
 
 
 
 | A Summary of Falconry. 
 
 Her Mew being thus provided, in May go into her in an ‘evening by Candle-light 
 and taking her up foftly, pull out all her Train-Feathers one after another : This {hall 
 make her mew the falter, efpecially if you feed her with hot meat and Birds, obferving 
 acertain hour to feed her in. 
 
 Once in fourteen days fet water before her in the Mew : If you perceive the hath 
 any Feathers or Down which ftand {taring upon her Back, fitting as if fhe would 
 rouze, then fet her waterfooner.. If you put water by her continually, it delays her 
 Mewing ; and to keep it always from her caufeth her to mew her Feathers uncleanly’: 
 
 But water oncein a fortnight is the beft medium for her Mewing between thofe two 
 extremes. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ST, 
 
 Pe Peo oT eae, 
 Of Difeafes and dangerous Accidents incident to Hawks, and their feveral Cures. 
 
 fly, imp, and mew his Hawks, with other things pertinent to that purpofe, but 
  alfo to know their Difeafes, with the proper Cures of them, and other Acci- 
 dents frequently befalling Hawks, both in their Flights and otherways. 
 
 Before we fhall characterize their Maladies, and prefcribe rules for their Cures, it 
 will be requifite to tell you that Hawks, as well as men, ( which feemsfomewhat 
 {trange ) have four complexions, the true Indicators of their natures: And asin man 
 his natural Complexion and Conftieution is known by his Skin,fo is the Temperament 
 and natural Difpofition of a Hawk by her Coat and Plume. This opinion hath not 
 been only averred by the Ancients, but confirmed by the modern experierice of the 
 skilful in thenoble Artof Hawking. Take it inthis manner. 
 
 Falcons that are black are Melancholic, and areto be phyficked with hot and moift 
 Medicines, becaufe their Complexionis cold and dry; for which purpofe Aloes, Pep- 
 per, Cocks-flefh, Pigeons, Sparrows, Goats-flefh, and the like, are very good. 
 
 Falcons blank are Phlegmatick, and mutt have Phyfic hot and dry, becaufe Phleom is 
 cold and moift; to which purpofe Cinnamon, Cloves, Cardamum, ‘Goats-flefh, 
 Choughs, @c. are very good. 
 
 Falcons rujet are Sanguine and Cholerick indifferently mixt, and their Phyfic muft 
 be cold, moderately moift and dry, as Myrtles, Caffia fiftula, Tamarinds, Vinepar 
 Lambs-fleth, and Pullets. | DERE F 
 
 Thus much for the Complexions: now forthe Difeafes and their Cures. © 
 
 I is neceflary for a skilful Falconer not only to know how to man, reclaim, keép, 
 
 
 
 Cuarp. I 
 
 Of Caftings and Mewtings, either good or bad, according to their feveral 
 Complexions and {mells. 
 
 ven in Pellets, which muft be about the bignefs of an Hazel-nut, made of fine 
 foft white Cotton: After fhe hath fupt you mutt convey this intoher Gorge. 
 In the morning diligently obferve how fhe hath ro/ed and cat it, whereby you 
 fhall know whether the be in’a bad or good! ¢ondition: For example, if flie caft it 
 round, white, not ftinking, nor very moift or waterith, you may conclude her founds 
 but if the roll it not well, but caft it long, with properties contrary to the former, 
 then fhe is unfound and full-of Difeafes. | 
 Befides, if her Cafting be either black, green, yellowifhy flimy, or ftinking; it de. 
 notes your Hawk to be difeafed. © The former Cafting is remedied by hot nieats; the 
 latter by feeding her well, and wathing her meats’ in cool Watér, as of Endive, &<. 
 and give her one or two Caftings of Cotton, incorporating therewith Incenfe and 
 Mummy. Butif fhe continue notwith{tanding in this condition, give her an upward 
 Scowring made thus: Take Aloes pulverized one feruple, powder of Cloves four 
 
 Cy ren ate of two forts, Plumage, or Cotton - The latter is motk cottimonly gi- 
 
 grains, powder of Cubebs three grains, incorporate thefe, and wrap them in Cotton, | 
 
 and giveit your Hawk empty, having nomeat in her Pannel. Cafting 
 
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 Cafting of Plumage is to be obferved as the former Cafting: That 1s, if in the 
 morning you find them round, and not ftinking, it isa good fign 5 but if long, flimy, 
 with indigefted fiefh {ticking to the fame, and having an ill fent, itisvery bad. Here 
 note, that by how much the more fweet or ftinking the Caftingis, by fo much is the 
 Hawk in a better or worfe condition. 
 
 Mewts mutt beobferved as wellas Caftings, inthis manner : If the Mewt be whrte, 
 not very thick nor clear, having no black {pot init, or but very little, it is a fign of 
 the healthy conftitution of the Hawks; but if it be white and very thick in the mid- 
 dle, though it doth not import ficknefs, yet it fheweth her to be too grofs and over- 
 full of greafe, which you muft remedy by giving her moift meats, as the Heart of a 
 Calf or Lamb,¢c. and for two mornings after give her fome Sugar-Candy, or elfethe 
 Gut of a Chicken well wafht, and filled with Oyl-Olive: Either of thefe will fcour 
 her, and make her to /ii/e freely. 
 
 It is a very bad and mortal fign to fee your Hawks Mewt full of variety of co- 
 
 i et 
 
 lours : therefore you mutt {peedily prevent enfuing mifchiefs by giving her Mummy » 
 
 purified and beaten to powder, wrapping it in Cotton. 
 
 If the Mewt be more yeow than white, then doth fhe abound with Choler pro- 
 ceeding from great Flights in hot weather, alfo from much Bating. ‘T’his is remedied 
 by aaliee her meat in Buglofs, Endive, Borage, and fuch like cold waters,wringing 
 the faid meat after you have fo wafhedit. | | ) 
 
 The black Mewt is a moft deadly. fign, and if it continue four days fhe will peck 
 over the Pearch and die. If fhe mewt, fo but-once, there is no great danger, for it 
 proceeds either from the Bloud or Guts of the Fow! in tiring, or elfe from being 
 gorged with filthy meats : In this cafe give her, good: warm meat and Cotton-catting, 
 with the powder of Cloves, Nutmeg, and Ginger, or Mummy alone. 
 
 If the Mewt be green, itis abadfign, and denotes her troubled with an infected 
 and corrupt Liver, or with fome Apofteme, unlefs fhe be a Rammage Hawk, and 
 then that fign holds not good. ' Her Cure is, by feeding her with meat powdered 
 with Mummy ; if the will not take it with her Food, then giveit her in a Scouring or 
 Cafting : But if this ill-coloured Mewting continue ftill, then give her a Scouring of 
 Agarick, and after that another of Incenfe pulverized tocomfort her. 
 
 Thedark faxguine Mewt witha black in it is the moft deadly fign of all, and dif- 
 fers but little, if any thing, from the former blackMewt. A Hawk mewting after this 
 manner is irrecoverable, and therefore itis needlefs,to prefcribe a Cure. | 
 - ne The grey Mewt like fourmilk isamortal token, yet curable,as {hall be fhewn 
 
 ereaftefee eta 
 
 Thus you fee how requifite itis for a Falconer to obferve diligently every morning 
 his Hawks Caftings and Mewtings, that knowing thereby their Maladies, he may time- 
 ly find out their Remedies. Letusnow proceed totheir particular, Difeafes. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cuap. I. 
 Of the Cataract. 
 
 Ts Catarad in the Eyes of aHawk is a Malady not eafily removed, and fome- | 
 
 _,times incurable, when it is too thick, and of along continuance. 
 
 -.;, It proceedeth from grofs Humours in the Head, which frequently do not 
 only, Sieh but extinguifh the Sight; and fometimes the Hood is the caufe of this 
 mifchief. Fert > 
 
 The Cure mutt be effected by Scouring her two.or three days with Aloesor Aga- 
 rick ; Then take the powder of wafht Aloes finely beaten onefcruple,and two:fcruples 
 of Sugar-Candy ; mingle thefe together,and witha quill blow it into your Hawks eye. 
 afiicted as aforefaid threeor four timesa day. Thisisthe gentleft and moft fovereign 
 medicine of any yet Ihave tried... But if this will not do, you muft ufe ftronger 
 medicines, as the juyceof Celandine roots, bathing her Eyes often with warm Role- 
 Water wherein hath been boyled the feeds of Fengreek. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 
 
 re 
 re se 
 
 a 
 es _—S niccthmemta ia cement 
 
 an ee 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 where to your Hawks rune and deftructon. 
 
 A Summary of Falcomy.. 
 
 Cuap. III. 
 Of the Pantas or Afthma. 
 
 He Pantas is a dangerous Diftemper, and few Hawks efcape which are affli@ed 
 i therewith. It happens when the Lungs are as it were (0 baked by exceffive 
 heat, that the Hawk cannot draw her breath, and when drawn, cannot well 
 emit it again. You may judge of the beginning of this Diftemper by the Hawks Ia- 
 bouring much in the Pannel, moving her Train often up and down at each motion 
 of her Pannel: and fhe cannot many times mewt or flife, or if the do, the drops 
 at faftby her. It is known likewife by your Hawks frequent opening her Clap and 
 Beak, ° | 
 The beft Remedy is, to {cour your Hawk with good Oyl-Olive well wathed in 
 feveral waters till i hesoche clear and white; which you muft do after this manner: 
 Take an earthen pot witha {mall hole inthe bottom thereof, which you mult {top 
 with your finger ; then pour therein your Oyl with a.quantity of water, and ‘coil 
 thefe together with a fpoon till the water grow darkith, after which: remove your 
 finger, and the water will run out, but the Oy] remain behind floating on the top; 
 thus do feven or eight times, till you have throughly purified the Oyl: Then takea 
 Sheeps Gut above an inch long for a Falcon and Gofhawk, but ofa lefs length for 
 letier Hawks, and fill it with this Oy], and faften it with thread at both ends. Your 
 Hawk having firft caft, convey this Gut into her Throat, holding her onthe Fift cill 
 fhe make a Mewt 5 anhour after fhe hath done mewting feed her witha Calves Heart, 
 ora PulletsLeg, giving herevery third or fourth day a Cotton-¢afting with Cubebs 
 and Cloves. I thall only add one Receipt more for the Paxtas or Ajthma, and that. 
 is the Oyl of {weet Almonds poured into a wafht Chickens Gut,and given the Hawk: 
 which is of great efficacy in the cure of this Difeafe. 
 
 
 
 C HK, HA 
 Of Worms. 
 
 Here are a fort of Wormsan inch long which frequently afflict Hawks, pro- 
 
 i ceeding from grofs and vifcous Humouts in the Bowels, occafioned through 
 : want of natural heat and ill digeftion. i eee Ee 
 You may know when fhe is troubled with them by her cafting her Gorge, her 
 ftinking Breath, her Trembling and writhing her Train, her croaking in the night, 
 her offering with her Beak at her Breaft or Pannel, and by her Mewt being {mall and 
 unclean. | Shulones ieee 
 
 You may cure her of them with a Scouring of wafht Aloes Hepatic, Muttard- 
 feed and Agarick, of each an equal quantity 5 or the-Powder of Harts-horn dried s 
 or laftly, a Scouring of white Dittany, Aloes, Hepatic.wafht four,or five times, Cu- 
 bebs, and alittle Saffron wrapt in fome fleth, tocaufeher to take it the better. | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cwiap. -V,- 
 Of the Filanders, 
 
 Tate are feveral forts of Félanders; but I fhall {peak but of one fticking to 
 the Reins. They are Worms as {mall as aThread, and about an inch long, 
 and lie wrapt upina thin Skin or Net nearthe Reins of a Hawk, apart from 
 either Gut or Gorge. 3 | 
 » You thall know when your Hawk istroubled withthem by her poverty, . by rufflin g 
 her Train, by {training the Fift or Pearch with her Pounces, and Iaftly by croaking in 
 the night whenthe F ilanders prick her. You mutt remedy this Malady betim eal be- 
 fore thefe Worms have inlarged themfelyes from their eS a roving gic 
 Low 
 
 LL ee 
 
 a 453 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 a 
 
 eA Summary of Falconry. 
 er lc gence 
 
 You mutt not kill them as other Worms, for fear of Impoftumes from their cor- 
 ruption being incapable to pafs away with the Hawks Mewt ; but only ftupefie them, 
 that they may be offenfive but feldom : And that is done thus; Take a head of Gar- 
 lick, taking away the outmoft rind 5 then witha Bodkinheated in the fire make holes 
 in fome Cloves, then fteep them in Oy! three days, and after this give her one of the 
 Cloves down her Throat, and for forty days after fhe will not be troubled with the 
 Filanders. Wherefore a Falconer will thew himfelf prudent, if, feeing his Hawk 
 low and poor, hegive her oncea month a Clove of this Garlick for prevention of the 
 
 Filanders. 
 
 - —, 
 
 
 
 CHA Pe” VI. 
 
 Of Hawks Lice. 
 
 Hefe Lice do molt infeft the Head, the Ply of a Hawks Wings, and her Train. 
 
 In the Winter you may kill themthus: Take two drachms of Pepper beaten 
 
 to powder, and mingle it with warm water, and with this Lotion wafh the 
 
 places infefted with thefe Lice or Mites : Then fet your Hawk on a Pearch 
 
 with her Back and Train againft the San; then hold in your hand a {mall ftick about 
 
 a handful long, witha piece of foft Wax atthe end of it, and with that ( whilft the 
 
 Hawk is weathering her felf)) take away thofe Vermin crawling upon the Feathers. 
 You may do well to addto the Pepper and Water fome Stavefacre. 
 
 In the Summer-time you may: killthe Lice with Auripigmentum beaten to powder, 
 
 and ftrowed on the places where they lie. 
 
 
 
 
 
 CE A Ped Ve 
 
 How to keep and maintain all manner of Hawks in health, good plight and liking. 
 
 Pork, and fuch as are hard to be endewed and put over. 
 Secondly, never feed them with the flefh of any Beatt that hath lately goneto 
 Rutt, for that will infenfibly deftroy them. 
 
 Thirdly, if yoware conttrained to give your Hawk grofs food, let it be well foaked 
 firftin clean water, and afterwards fufficiently wrung 5 in Summer with cold water 
 in Winter with luke-warm water. | ; 
 
 Ever obferve to reward your Hawks with fome good live: meat, or elfe they will 
 
 Vi the firft place, never give them a great Gorge, efpecially of grofs meats, as Beef, 
 
 be brought too low: However by ferving them with watht meats is the way to keep 
 
 them 1m health. 
 
 I thall conclude how to keep Hawks in perfect health with this moft excellent 
 Receipt. Take Getmander, “Pelamountain, Bafil, Grummel-feed, and Broom- 
 flowers, of each half an ounces Hyflop, Saffifras, Polypodium, and Horfe-mints 
 of each a quatter of an ounce, and the like of Nutmegs5 Cubebs, Borage, Mummy, 
 Mugwort, Sage, andthe four kinds of Mirobolans, of each halt an ounce 5 of Aloes 
 Succotrine the fifth part of an ounce, and of Saffron one whole ounce. All thefe 
 you muft pulverize, and every eighth or twelfth day give your Hawks the quantity 
 of aBean thereof with their meat. — If they willnot take it fo, putit into aHens Gut 
 
 tied at both ends, and let them ftand empty an hour after. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cua pw VIL 
 
 mosh tte | - Of the Formica. 
 r \His is a Diftemper with commonly {eifeth on the hornof Hawks Beaks, which 
 __will eat the Beak away: And this is occafioned by a Worm, as moft menare 
 
 ~ 
 
 y _ Of opinion. | 
 You may perceive it by this, the Beak will stow rugged, and it will begin to fepa- 
 rate from the Head, ~ y 2 , Pie Ber 23 we g To 
 
 x 
 
 Sage ee 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 ; oa ae tg EEA = bea 
 

 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 
 eA Summary of Falconry. 
 
 - 
 
 and add thereto the powder of Aloes Succotrine: Mingle thefe Well together, and 
 anoint the Clap or Beak of your Hawk therewith, and the very place where the Fy;-- 
 mica StOWs, twice aday 5 but touch not her Eyes or Nares: continue thus doing til] 
 your Hawk be perfe@ly cured, and bath her with Orpiment and Pepper to keep her 
 
 from other Vermin, 
 
 CHav. 
 Of the Frownce. 
 
 He Frownce proceedeth from moift and cold humours which defcend from the 
 Hawks Head to the Palate and root of the Tongue, by means whereof they 
 lofe their appetite, and cannot clofe their Clap. This by fome is called 
 
 the Eagles-bane ; for the feldom dieth of age, but of the over-growing of 
 her Beak. | 
 _ You may know if your Hawk be troubled with this Diftemper by opening her 
 Beak, and feeing whether her Tongue be fwoln or no: If it be, fhe hath it. ! 
 There are feveral ways to cure this Diftemper, but the beft that ever yet I could 
 find for it is, only to takethe powder of Allum reduced toa Salve with ltrong Wine- 
 vinegar, and wath the Hawks mouth therewith. 
 
 
 
 Cuarp. X, 
 Of the Pip. 
 yD Pip frequently troubleth Hawks, as it doth Chickens, and proceedeth 
 from cold and moiftnefs of the Head, or from feeding on grof§ meat not well 
 wafht in warm water inthe Winter, and cold water in the Summer. ‘ 
 The Symptoms of this Diftemper are the Hawks frequent Switing, and making a 
 noife twice or thrice inher Sniting. 
 
 For the Cure hereof, you. mutt caft your Hawk gently, and look upon the tip of 
 her Tongue, and if yon find the Pip there, you mu(t{cour her with a Pill made of 
 Agarick and Hierapicra giventwo or three ays together with her Cafting at night 5 
 ‘this will cleanfe her Head, and the fooner if fhe be made to tire againit the Sun inthe 
 morning : Then bind a little Cotton tothe end of a Stick,. and dipping it in good 
 R.ofe-water wath her Tongue therewith: After this anoint it three or four days with: 
 Oy! of {weet Almonds and Oyl-Olive well wafhed as before faid. Having fo done, you 
 will find the Pip all white and foft: Then také an Awl, and with the Point thereof 
 lift up the Pip foftly, and remove it, as women pip their Chickens, but remove it not 
 till it be throughly ripe; and wet her Tongue and Palate twice orthtice a day with 
 
 the aforefaid Oy], till fhe be throughly cured. 
 
 4 : 
 CHAP RE 
 
 Sg 
 
 
 
 Flow to remedy that Hawk which endeweth not, nor putteth over as fhe fhould do. 
 
 His happens either by being foul within, or by a Surfeit ; or elf when thewas 
 
 i low and poor her Keeper over-gorged her, by being too hafty to fet her Ups 
 
 and fhe being weak was not able to put over and endew, and furfeited 
 
 thereupon. 7 
 
 The Cure whereof is this: You muft feed her with light meats, and alittle at once, 
 
 as with young Rats and Mice, Chickens or Mutton, dipt in Goats milk ot otherwife ; 
 or give her aquarter of a Gorge of the Yolk of an Egg. ; | | 
 
 If you feed her with the fleth of any living Fowl, firit fteep it well in the bloud 
 
 of the fame Fowl], fo hall your Hawk mount her flefh Tt ; if you alfo {cour — 
 
 , 2 Win 
 
 To remedy this Malady, you mutt take the Gallof a Bull; and break it in to adi th, : 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 A Summary of Falconry. 
 
 sth Pills made of Lard, Marrow of Beef, Sugar, and Saffron mixt together, and 
 given her three mornings together, giving her alfo a reafonable Gorge two hours 
 
 after. 
 
 i +--+ + ++ Tr -  r 
 
 
 
 Cuap. XI. 
 How to make a Hawk feed eagerly that hath loft her Appetite, without bringing 
 
 her low. 
 
 which fhe cannot well endew 5; orby being foul in the Pannel 5 or fometimes by 
 Colds. 
 
 To remedy which, take Aloes Succotrina, boil’d Sugar and Beef marrow, of each 
 alike, only lefs of the Aloes,incorporate thefe,and make them into Balls or Pills as big 
 ‘as Beans,and give of them to your Hawk,and hold her in the Sun till fhe hath caft up 
 the filth and {lime within her, then feed her not till noon, at which time give her good 
 meat; and. three days after for the fame Difeafe it is good tiring on Stock-doves, {mall 
 
 \ Hawk may lofe her Appetite by taking too great Gorges in the Evening, 
 
 Birds, Ratsor Mice. | 
 
 a 
 
 = — = - —_—_—xX$x< eee ee 
 » ' ~ a. eo 7 on ; 7 . Se 
 —-* 
 
 Cuap. XI. 
 
 How to raife a Hawk that is low and poor. 
 
 Falconer of fome later lurking Diftemper 5 or by her foaring away, and fo 
 being loft four or five days, in which time finding little or no Prey, fhe be- 
 comes poor and Jean. 
 
 To fet her up you mutt feed her, a little at once, and often, with good meat and of 
 light digeftion, as {mall Birds, Rats, Mice, @c. Or thus : Take two fpoontuls of 
 Honey, four of frefh Butter, and boil them together in a_new earthen pot of water ; 
 then take Pork well wathed, and fteep it inthat water, giving your Hawk a reafona- 
 bleGorge thereof twice a day, warming the {aid water when you intend to feed your 
 
 Le Poverty of a Hawk happens feveral ways: either by the ignorance of the 
 
 Hawk: And get fome Snails that breed in running waters, and give them her in the 
 
 morning, and they willnot only fcour away the grofs {limy humours which are with- 
 in, but alfo nourifh her exceedingly. 
 
 
 
 
 
 | Cuarp. XIV. 
 How toremedy a Hawk that is flothful, and is averfe to fying. 
 
 that is, when fhe is kept by thofe who know not how to give her her Rights 
 as bouxing, bathing, &c. or becaufethe Hawk is too high and full of greafe, or 
 too poor and low : By the firft fhe becomes proud and coy, and by the latter fo weak 
 thatfhe wants thoy Se and {pirit to perform it, | 
 For the curing of which Diftemper, fhe ought to be throughly viewed by fome 
 skilful Falconer, by whom fuch Remedies fhould be adminiftred to her as are needful 
 forher: Butaboveall there is nothing like giving her in a morning three or four Pills 
 of Celandine well watht. 
 
 . Hawk frequently hath no mind to fly, either by reafon of her ill keeping, 
 
 CHAP: 
 
 ee at 
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 4 
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 ene ei i eee 
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 rae Se wept 
 —— 
 
 4 Summary of Falcomy. 
 
 
 
 Cat ar. nk, 
 0f Swoln Feet in a Hawk. 
 
 their Feet in flying their Prey, ftriking it, and taking cold thereupon 3; fome- 
 
 times for want of rclling or lining the Pearch with fome foft warm cloth; or 
 elfe through grofs Humoursand Foulnefs within, which through exercile drop down 
 into their Feet, and fo caufé them to {well ; laftly, this Swelling happens by pricks 
 when they “ly fiercely into buthes after Game. ‘ 
 
 Fora Remedy, you muft{cour your Hawk three mornings together with the Pills 
 of Lard, Marrow, Sugar, and Saffron, and fet her in the Sun; two days after this 
 feed her with good meat ; ten take Bole-Armoniack, and half the quantity of Saz- 
 guis Draconis, and having m:de them into powder, temper them well together with 
 the whiteof an Egg and Rof-water, and anoint her Feet twice’a day three ‘or four 
 days together, fetting her onfome Cloth to keep her Feet warm. 
 
 q Pie have Swelling in their Feet upon feveral accounts: Sometimes by chafing 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 a -——_—_ 
 
 Cuap. XYI. 
 Flow to {cour Hawks, before you caft them into the Mew. 
 
 luring and flying-time by foul feeding they engender Filanders and other 
 Diftempers, whereof they die for want of timely care and cure. 
 
 The beft way is, ( when you mean to caft a Hawk into the Mew ) firft to {cour her 
 well according to former directions, to cope her, and fet her up well in fleth, to dif 
 charge her, as nearas youcan, of all Difeafes, alfo to free her from Mites and Lice to 
 fet her water, fometimes to feed her with young Rats, Mice, Dogs-flefh, Pigeons, 
 Rabbets, and now and then vith fome liquid thing and meats laxative. 
 
 Take notice of this {pecia! Obfervation: A Haggard isnot to be caft in loofe to the 
 Mew, but is to be mewed on the Fift, for otherwife fhe will become too coy-and 
 ftrange: Andif the fall tobaiing and beating her felf. for heat, then muft you hood‘her 
 up, or befpout her with cold water, which is the readieft way to make her leave 
 Bating. 
 
 You muft continue her onthe Fift till the begin to fhed her Feathers, thenfet her 
 down and tie her to a Stone or Pearch, as: you do the refts and after fhe hath mewed 
 and comes to fly, then let herftand ona Block or Billet cafed or rolled. In the fame 
 manner mew Gofhawks, Tiercels, and Sparrow-hawks; only they will not be born on 
 the Fift, but be at liberty in the Mew, and very cleanly ferved. | 
 
 Fifteen or twenty days before you draw your Hawk out of the Mew you mutt be- 
 gin to abate her of her diet, the fooner and better to enfeam her. 
 
 Many more Difeafesthere cre incident and Accidents hapning to Hawks, of which 
 with their Cures thereare larve difcourfes written in Italian, French, and Englifh, and 
 therefore I thought fit to infert in this place no other Maladies than what moft ufually 
 occur: If you defire to be farther fatisfied, I fhall refer youto thofe larger Volumes. 
 
 Wie Mewing time come, you muft {cour andcleanfe your Hawks; for in 
 
 
 
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 The Skrabe 
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 The Lunde 
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 An account of fome Sea-fowl out of the Defcription of the 
 
 Foeroe Lflands. 
 
 N the Defcription of the Feroe Iflands, written by Lucas Facobfon Debes, 1 find 
 an account of the manner of breeding and taking of fome Water-fow] defcribed 
 by us, Book 3. Part 3. Sect. 1. Chap. 2, 4, 5. and Se&. 3. Chap. 2. which be- 
 caufe it confirms andilluftrates what we have there delivered, | fhall here fub- 
 
 joyn. Thenames by which thefe Birds are known in the Feroe Hlands are the Skrabe, 
 the Lunde, the Lomwifve, and the Sea-Daw. The Skrabe, that is our Mavk Puffin; 
 comes in February about St. Matthias day, and fareth away about St. Bartholomew 
 tide | Ang.24. | The Lomwifve, that is our GuiVemot ; and Sea-daw, that is our Ra- 
 zor-bill, come about St. Gregories tide, [ March 12. | and fly away at Mary Magdalens 
 
 uly 22. . 
 Lire aforefaid forts of Birds lay every one but one Egg, and get but one Young 
 every year; and though they be thofe that are chiefly fought for, and there be taken 
 of them 100000 every year, there is neverthelefs more of them thanof any other fort 5 
 yea, by the admirable providence of God, they are fo plentiful, that in clear weather 
 they can darken the fhining of the Sun, as it were witha thick cloud, making fucha 
 terrible noife with their Wings in flying, that they who hear tt, and do not know the 
 caufe thereof, would not think otherwife than that it were Thunder. ee 
 
 The Skrabe { Puffin’] builds'on the Land under the earths fcraping with its Beak 
 and Claws, lying onthe Back, ( whence tt iscalleda Skrabe }) it diggeth a hole in tome 
 places a foot deep, infome other eight or ten foot in feveral turnings, fecking e{pe- 
 cially to dig it felf behind a ftone, where it thinketh to lie fecureft. It 1s very re- 
 markable, that this Birdis the whole day away from its Young and never comes to it 
 but inthe night to feed it 5 and if itflies not fromits Young at the dawning of the day 
 it ftays with it the whole day over, and then flyeth out to Sea till the other nighe 
 cometh: And though the Young be fed but oncea day, yet it 1s fo fat, that no Goofe, 
 though it hath been three weeks fed, can be fatter. Thefe. young ones they call 
 Lyers, and by reafon of their fatnefs they do not make prefent ufe of them, but falt 
 them to eat them in Winter, melting their fat, which they burn inLamps. They 
 have totake them out feveral hooks halfanEll,or.anEll Jong, wh erewith they pierce 
 them through and draw themout. They donot ufually takethe Dam her felf, except 
 fhe be fometimes hurt with the hook that fhe cannot live. If they cannot get the 
 young one with their hook, or by thrufting their arm into the birds Neft, by reafon 
 of the many turnings, they dig aholedownto it, asnear as they can gues, and then 
 thru(t about withtheir hooks till they can get.it : Which hole they muft again {top fo 
 clofe, that not one drop of water'can come into it, for elfe fhe will forfake her hole, 
 and never come thither more; which otherwife fhe doth every year in the wonted 
 place; fothat the Inhabitants know. where under the earth to find that Birds Nett 
 yearly. | 
 
 The Lunde, fo called alo by Hoier in his Epiftle to Clufiws, and by Clufius Anas 
 Aréfica, by us Conlterneb and Mullet, hatha {trong crooked Beak, fo that if it biteth 
 aman by the hand it teareth off the flefh.. It wageth war with the Raver, that 
 cometh to take it away and its young ones: It being a wonderful {pectacle to fee 
 theirfight; foras foon as the Rave cometh near, the Lwade catcheth it, under the 
 Throat with its Beak, and grafpeth it about the Breaft with its Claws, fo thatthe Ra- 
 ven cannot hurt it, but muft fly away witha greatcrying. The Lumde holds it faft in 
 the mean time without letting it go, till they come into the Sea, where flipping it is 
 drown’d. Yet the Ravex doth often take the Lunde at unawares, refheth ito its 
 hole, takesand eatsit up. I fufpect there is fomething of fabulous in this Narration. 
 The faid Bird,the Lunde, buildeth its Neft fometimes on the Continent, far from 
 houfes, digging it felf two or three yards, according to the nature of the place, un- 
 der ground 3 fometimes in Ures ( that are places under high Clitis, full of great and 
 {mall ftones, that fall from the Cliffs, and by length of time are filled between with 
 earth, and covered with grafs }) inwhich places they dig themfelves into the earth, or 
 build, where there is no earth, their Neft under and between {tones, where they can 
 come to breed their Young with moft fecurity. The moft part being taken in fuch 
 
 places, fo that a man may often take above a hundred Luwdes in one Ure. Some of 
 
 them 
 
 
 
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 Wwoerr=- 
 
 Se 
 
 =r a & 
 
 2_- eo 
 
 
 
 
 
 them build on the fide of Promontories, where they find great tufts of earth in flat 
 
 places, and when they fly from their Nefts, they firft make themt clean, fcraping all 
 the dirtand old roots out of the holes, arid putting frefh graf$ in them again. The 
 Lundes that make their Nefts in the fields are takenasis faid aboveof the Skrabes But 
 for fuch as are under thofe many ftones, they let run unto themfome little Dogs, that 
 are{fo taught, as to bring outboth Bird and Egg to their Mafters : But when the Birds 
 are flown, the men takethem flying ; which is done in this manner: They havelalone 
 pole, at the end of which there isa Hoop drawn over with a Net, whereof the 
 Mathes are almoft are almoft as big as the quarries of a gla{s-window, being like the 
 
 er ere elie gc 
 
 +P 
 
 Net wherwith they take Shrimps infome places, and this they call a Stang or Staff, 
 
 with this Staff the Fowler fitteth on the Cliff, or inthe Ures among the great’ ftones, 
 where he knoweth moft Fowl to come, which they call flight-places, and wher the 
 Lunde cometh flying either from or to the Land, he lifts up the Staff andthe Net 
 again{t the Fow], and when he hath got it into the Net, he turneth the Staff about, 
 that it may entangle it felf the better therein : A man being fometimes able to take two 
 hundred Luxdesin that manner in a very fhort time. 
 
 The Lummifve, that is Hoiers Lomwia, and our Guilleu ox Skout, layeth her Eggs 
 on the bare Pointsand Cliffs of high Rocks and Promontories, there lying ‘on thefe 
 Clifis fome hundred Eggs, according as the place is large, but three fingers breadth 
 ftom one another, and when the Birds fly away the Egas rowl often down into the 
 Sea. But laying butoneEgg the fitteth {treight thereon, and continueth fo a months 
 time, never ftirring from the place till her young one be hatcht ; in the mean timethe 
 Cock bringeth her to eat. They lay in this ‘manner, fitting clofe one to another, 
 Bird by Bird all over the place, fo that the Cliff feemeth quite black , and the young 
 one being hatch’d, the remains yet three weeks with it, and then taketh it on her 
 back and carrieth it to Sea. When the Fowler cometh to that place, if there have 
 not often been menthere before, it hapneth{ometimes that the old will not leave their 
 young ones, and therefore are taken with the hand as many as they are and killed ; 
 but where they are grown wild by reafonof mens continual hunting after them, they 
 fly away, the young ones running together in a flock, and when the Hen cometh 
 again, fhe feeks the fame place where the fate before, and clacketh fo long till her 
 young one cometh to her, being very well able to difcern its own Dam, though they 
 be all flaped alike, and when the giveth her Young to eat fhe putteth her head back 
 under her Wing, givingitfo to eat backwards. ) 
 
 The Lum: 
 wifve or 
 Guillem, 
 
 The Daw, that is Hoiers Alka and our Awk, (whence I guefs the Author was The Daw ot 
 
 miltaken inthe name ) hatcheth its. young ones in holes and chinks of high Promon- 
 tories. That Hozer was not miftaken inthe name of this Bird I conclude, becaufe it 
 is called by the very famename, wiz. Avk, in the North of England fo that it is 
 manife{t either our Northern men borrowed it of the Ferroefé, or the Ferraefe of 
 them, it being very unlikely that by chance they fhould impofe the fame name’ wpon 
 it. Butthat ours borrowed this name of the Ferroefé feems to me more probable be- 
 caufe in other partsof Exgland, farther diftant from the Ferroyer WUlands this Bird-is 
 called by other names. And yet poffibly itmay be alfo called a Daw in thofe Iands, 
 as either it or the Gyillem is inCornwall. Why they fhould.call it a Daw, I cannotima- 
 gine unlefs from its bignefs, and the colour of its back. 
 it cannot be expreft with what pains and danger they take thefe Birds in thofe high 
 and {teep Clifis, whereof’ many are above two hundred fathoms ‘high, there being 
 men apt by nature, and fit for that work, called Fowlers, who take them ufually in 
 twomanners: For eitherthey climb from below up into thefe high Promontories,that 
 are as{tcep asa wall, orthey let themfelves down into them from above, with athick, 
 {trong, hemp-rope, when they climb fiom below, they have then a pole five or fix 
 Ells long, with an iron hook at the end, which they that are below inthe Boat, oron 
 the Clift, faften unto the mans Girdle, or another Rope that the Fowler hath about 
 him, helping him thus up to the higheft place, where he can get footing : afterwards 
 they alfo help up another man, & when they are fo feveral come up,every one with his 
 Fowling Staff in his hand, and the long Rope between them tied to each others wafte, 
 they climb fo as high as poflibly they can; and where they find difficulty they ‘help 
 each other up by thrufting one another under the breech with theif Poles: And when 
 the firft hath taken footing, he draweth the other up to him by the Rope faftned ‘te 
 his walte, and fo they proceed on tillthey come to the'place where the Birds builds 
 going then after them about the hill as they pleafe, and there being many dangerous 
 places to climb about, having bound themf{elves at the Ropes end, the one feeketh a 
 convenient 
 
 Razor-bill, 
 
 
 

 
 - thence or thereunto, they oppofe the Fowling Staff with its 
 
 convenient place where he can ftand fure, and hold himfelf faft, whillt the other 
 
 oeth about thefe dangerous places 5 if it then happen that he chanceth to fall, the 
 other:that {tands firm keeps him up, and helpshim up again: But if he pafieth fate, he 
 likewife faftneth himfelf tll the other hath pafled that-dangerous places, and fo they 
 go about the Clifts after Birdsas: they pleafe; though it often hapneth, the more is 
 thepitry, that when theone doth not {tand faft, or is not {trong enough to. holdup 
 
 the other in his fall, that they both fall down and: kill themfelves ; in which manner 
 
 fome do perifh every year. 
 
 Mr. Peter Clanfon in his defeription of Normay writeth, that there. was ancienthy.a 
 Law in the Country that whofoever-climbed..fo. on the Clifts, thathe fell down and 
 died, if the body was found to be buried, his next Kinfman fhould go the fame ways . 
 but if he durft or could not do it,the dead was not then:to be buried in Sanctitied earth, 
 asone that had been too fullof teierity, and was his own: bahe. But theress found 
 nothing of that Law now adays. ) ae dae oe ; 
 
 When they thenare come, in the manner aforefaid,:to, the-birds, withinsthe. Clifts 
 where they feldom come, the Birds are fo;tame that they can take them’ with’ their 
 hands, for they will hardly leave their young ones; but where they are wild, they 
 either caft the Net over them on the Clift ;° and again{t thofe that either. fly from 
 
 me and‘intangle them 
 therein. In which manner they take a great multitude of Lumwifves; Daws, and 
 Lundes. Inthe mean time there lieth a Boat beneath on the Sea, wherein they calt 
 their Birdskilled; and in this manner 'they can‘in a fhort, time fill.a Boat with Fowl. 
 When it is pretty fair weather and there is good Fowling; the Fowlers {tay in the 
 Clifts feven or eightdaystogether, for there are here and there holes in the Rocks, 
 wherethey can fafely reft, and they havemeat let down to them with a ‘line: from the 
 top of the Mountain. In the mean time fome go every day to them to fetch home 
 what they have taken. | 
 
 Some Rocks are fo.difficult, that they can inno manner get unto them from below, 
 wherefore they feek to come down thereunto-from above, which they callito.Sie;’ and 
 is the fecond manner to purfue birds, being performed in this.:manner : They shave a 
 
 Ropeeighty or a hundred Fathoms long, and three Fingers thick,the Fowlér maketh 
 
 the end thereof faft about his Wafte, and between his Legs, fo that he can fit there- 
 on, andthus is let down, withthe Fowling Staff-in his hand; fix men hold by the 
 Ropeand let him eafily down, laying apiece of wood on the brink of the Rock, up- 
 on which.the Rope glideth, that it may not be, wornto pieces by the hard and rough 
 edge.of theftone:, They have befides another {mall line that is faftned to the Fowlers 
 body, on whichhe pulleth, to give them notice how they fhould let down the great 
 Rope, either lower or higher, or to hold ftill, that he may {tay 1n the place whereun- 
 to he is come; here the man is.in great danger, becaufe of the Stones that are loofened 
 from the Clift by {winging of the Rope, which often fall upon his head, and he can- 
 not avoid it, wherefore he hath ufually on his head a Sea mans Cap, that 1s thick and 
 very fhaggy, todefend him in fome meafure from the blows of the Stones, if they be 
 not toobig, otherwife it cofteth him hislife..: They put neverthelefs themfelves con- 
 tinually in that danger, for our wretched bodies foods fake, hoping in Gods mercy and 
 protection, unto which the moft part of them do alfo devoutly, recommend themfelves, 
 when they go tothat work. Otherwife they fay there is no other great danger init, 
 but that in it felfitis.a toilfomand artificial labour; for he that hath not learned to 
 be foletdown, andisnot ufedthereunto, is turned about with the Rope, fo that he 
 groweth giddy andtroubled in his head, and can do nothing, but he that hath learn- 
 ed the art takethi3for a {port, knowing how. to {wing himfelf on the Rope, to fet his 
 feet again{t the Rock, cafting, himfelf fai fathoms from thence, whence he fhooteth 
 himfelf.again to what place he will, andknoweth where the Birds are; he knoweth 
 alfoto fit on the line inthe Air, and how to hold.the fowling Staff in his hand, taking 
 therewith the birds that come, or fly away, and when there are holes in the Rock, 
 and it-{tretcheth it felf out, making underneath as a fieling, under which the birds 
 are, he knoweth skilfully ( which is the greateftart ) to fhoot himfelf a great way 
 from the Clift, and {wiftly to {wing himfelf under the roof, and there take footing, 
 making himfelf,when he isin thefe holes, loofe of the great Rope, which he faftens tora 
 {tone of the Rock, that it may not flip from him to the outfide of the Clift ; and then he 
 
 - goeth about in the Rock, taking the Fowl either with his hands, or with the Fowling 
 
 Staff 5 according to the manner aforefaid; and when he hath killed as many Birdsas 
 he thinketh fit, he ties them ina bundle, and faftneth them to the little Rope, giving a 
 - : atee fign 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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 _— —— — 
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 eA Summary of Falconry. 
 
 oe ere ae steps, 
 
 
 
 ee 
 
 lign by pulling, that they fhould draw them up, working thus the whole day: And 
 when he will getup, he fitteth again upon che great Rope, giving anew fign that 
 they fhould pull him up, or elfehe worketh himfelfup climbing along the Rope with 
 his Girdle full of Birds. It is alfo ufval that where there is not folks enough to hold 
 the great Rope, the Fowler drivetha pott floaping into the earth, and maketh the 
 Rope faft thereunto, letting fo himfelf down without any bodies help, to work in the 
 manner aforefaid; {ome Rocks are fo formec that one can goin them from the Land, 
 and there he taketh his Comrades with bim, proceeding in the manner aforefaid, each 
 taking as much Fowl, as the Girdle about his Wafte can hold, and as much as he can 
 carry in a bundle on hisback, carrying them inthat manner home. There are alfoin 
 fome places high fteep Clifts, under the Lanc, that arife above an hundred fathoms 
 from the Sea, that are almoft as bad to come unto as the Rocks, whereunto they help 
 alfo one another in the aforefaid manner, tcking a {trong Rope with them, which 
 
 they faften here and there about the Clift, and let it hang there the whole Summer, - 
 
 by which they nimbly climb up to take Fowlwhen they pleafe. 
 
 Thefe manners are more terrible and dangerous to fee, then to defcribe, {pecially if 
 one confiders the {teepnefs and height of the Rocks, it feeming not poffible that a man 
 could come to them, much lefs climb or be let down into them. They goalfo in fome 
 places where they can only faften the ends of their Toes and F ingers, not fhunning 
 {uch places, though there be a hundred Fathcms height between them and the Sea. 
 
 It is a dear Meat for thefe poor people, for which they muft venture their Lives fo 
 
 extremely, and many after long venturing at lift do perifh therein. 
 
 When that Fowlisbrought home, a part thereof is eaten frefh, another part, when 
 
 there is much taken, being hung up to dry for Winter provifion. The Feathers be- 
 ing gathered to make Merchandize of for other expences. 
 
 The Inhabitants get a great many of thofe Fowls asGod giveth his blefling, and fit 
 weather. Yet thisis not everywhere in the Land, but only in the Iflands that lie 
 towards the Sea, and have great Promontories, as the Northern Iflands, Mygeynef;, 
 Waagoe, Skuo, the Diemens, and Suderoe. 
 
 And when it isdark Weather, they take meft, for then the Birds {tay in the Rocks, 
 but in clear Weather and hot Sun-fhine they feek the Sea, and again{t their flying 
 away, they keep themfelves moft there, fittmg on the Clifts towards the Sea fide, 
 where people goalfo fometimesto them withBoats,and take them withFowling Staves, 
 
 = ee 
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 Lil THE 
 
 
 
 44-1 
 
 
 

 
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 Moor Buzzard 
 
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 THE 
 A C 
 A Cacacahoadly, or the hoarfe bird Page 388 Abure, a Brafilian Owl 107 
 A Acacalotl 296 Calandra, a kind of Lark 208 
 AchalalaGli 39° | Canary-bird 262. T.46 
 Acitli, a fort of Donker 339 | Caune-petzere 179 
 Acolehichi 391 | Capon 154 
 Acolin, or Water-Quail 397,393 | Caraéaraor Brafilian Kite 7 76. 1.9 
 Acototlognichitl 388 | Cardinal bird, vide Virginian Nightingale. 
 Aguapocaca, a fort of Water-hen 317 | Cariama 276. T.st 
 Aiaia, the Brafilian Spoon-bill 289 | Caryecatades or Nut-breaker 132. T.26 
 An Alp or Bulfinch 247. 1.44. |Cajfowary 151. T.25 
 Alluco, a kind of Onl 104. 1.13 | CatarraGha 349. T.67 
 Amadavad bird 266.1 .46 | Cencontlatolli 394. 
 Amalozque 390 | Cenotzqui w 394. 
 Anhima,aBrafilian Bird 276.1 .47 | Ceoan 394 
 Anhinga, a Brafilian Diver. 332-1.72 | Cepphus 351. T.67 
 Aracari, a Byafilian Woodpecker, 140.1.22 | Chaffinch 253. F.45) 
 Artenna, Diomedean bird 332 | Chatterer of Bohemia 133.126 
 Atinga guacn mucu 198.1 .38 | Chicuatli , 398 
 Attagen, a kind of Heathcock 174.1 .31 | Cinelus : T56) 
 Lhe Auk or Razor-bill 323.1.64 | Crtril 265. 1.46, 
 Avofetta 321.160 | Cornifh Chough 126. T.19 
 Aurav. Urubu. Churn- orl. 107. F.14 
 B Cirlus fiultws 275 
 | Clakis or Beruacle . 359 
 
 BY @ fort of Godwit 292 | Cock 154. 7.26. 
 | Barley-bird, i. e. Siskin 2h1| Cock of the Wood 172.T.30 
 Barnfiard r 39S | Cocoi, a kind of Heron 284. .5 1 
 Beccofigo or F 12-eater, 216,226,227.7.23.48 Cocotzin, vide Barbados Lurtle 
 Bee-eater 1475148. 1.24 Coddymoddy 350. T.66) 
 Berzacle or Clakis | 359 | Colivicuiltic z 392. 
 Bill-cock or Water-Rail 3141! Coldfinch (not Seterna Jer 2 236, 
 Bitour or Bittern 282. 7.50, 52 | Colin 393 
 Blackbird T2190 | Cole-moufe Laken I Dig 3 
 Black-cap 226. T.41 | Coot 1320. T.5 1559 
 Brafilian Blackbird 193 Cormorant yf 329. FE 3 , 
 Red-breafted Indian Blackbird 13%. 194 Cornet-Duck | 387 
 Blue-bird 192 | Coulterneb 325. 1.6 5 
 Boarina 217 Coyalcozque chat 393 
 Brawbling 254. T.45 Cozcaguantli 390. 
 Great pied Brambling 255.1.77 Water-crake 149. Ti24. 
 Brent-goofe 359. T.69 Crane 274. T.48 
 Bulfinch 247-1 .44| Balearick Crane c 275. 1.48 
 American Bulfinch os Ibid. Indian Crane Ibid. 
 Bunting 267. 1.401 Crex eID intr) nite a 297 
 Buftard.. 178. 1.32) Creeper | . BP bee sf, 144. 1.23 
 Butcher-Bird the greater...: . 87..1T.10 Wall-creeper or Spider-catcher , 143. 1:23) 
 
 _ The leffer 88.110) Crofs-bill 248.T 44. 
 Bild Buczard 69.1.6) Crom - F22. 0.48) 
 Conmon Buzzard {Cs hy ae Crow T24. a oe 
 
 | var 7.2.1'.2>| Cuckow 97. 1.10, 9% 
 me ere 7%: T.7 Culver or Dove 7 18d 
 
 L1la 
 
 Curicaca, 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 m—— 
 
 Curicaca, a Brafilian Curler 
 Curlew 
 
 Tudian Curlew 
 
 Stone Curlew 
 
 Curucni 
 
 Curwillet 
 
 Cyprus bird 
 
 D 
 
 Aie 
 
 Daker-hen or Rail 
 Didapper or Dobchick, 
 American Diver 
 Diun- Diver 
 Black-Diver 
 Lefer crefted Diver 
 Dodo or Dronte 
 Dottrel 
 Sea-Dottrel 
 Doucker , 
 Great crefted Doucker 
 Crefled Mexican Doucker 
 Crefted and horned Doucker 
 Small Doucker, vide Didapper. 
 Greateft fpeckled Doucker 
 Gefners greateft Doucker 
 Wormius's Northern Doucker 
 Dove or Pigeon 
 
 180,181, Ke. F.33,34 
 236 
 
 
 
 The INDEX. 
 
 295. 1.54 | Emew or Caffowary 
 294. 7.54 | Erand-gaas 
 
 302 Alcinellus 
 227 Falcon Gentle 
 Ger-falcon and Ferkin 
 Haggard Falcon 
 | Red Indian Falcon 
 38 |Crefted Indian Falcon 
 170. 1.29 | Mountain Falcon 
 340. T.61 | Peregrine Falcon 
 T.42| Red Falcon 
 333.1 .64 | Stone Falcon 
 266 | Tree Falcon 
 T.64 | Tunis or Barbary Falcon 
 153. 1.27 | White Falcon 
 209. 1.55557 Fallow-{mich 
 311. 1.58 | Francolinus 
 338.7 .59 | Fieldfare or Feldefare 
 339 | Mountain Finch or Brambling 
 Ibid. chee inch 
 340.T.61 |Gold-F inch 
 Green Finch 
 241. 1.62 | Flammani or Phenicopter 
 942. 7.61 | Flufoer 
 243. 7.62 | Francoliz 
 
 
 
 "Greenland Dove 3 G 
 Drake 361 
 Duck, Om conse cgbid. Adwall or Gray 
 Black Duck of Aldrovand Gambetta 
 Barrow Duck annet 
 St. Cuthberts Dick arganey 
 Red-headed Duck the greater 72| Garragay 
 _ The leffer 367. 1.73 | Giarola 
 Mofcovy Duck 381.1.75 | Gill-hooter or Owl 
 Cairo Duck of Aldrovand 381 | Glareana 
 Gefuers Indian Duck Glead or Kite 
 Aftican Duck or Guiny Duck, 281 | Goatfucker or Churn-owl 
 
 Scaup Duck, 
 
 Sharp-tail'd Duck of land 
 Common fharp-tail'd Duck 
 Common tame Duck 
 Common wild Duck, 
 
 Hook. bill’d Duck, 
 
 Tufted. Duck 
 
 Bellonius his Field Duck 
 Brafilian wild Ducks 
 Dunlin 
 
 E 
 
 Lack Eagle 
 
 ED Crefted Brafilian Eagle 
 
 Golden Eagle 
 
 Sea Eagle 
 
 Vuliurine Eagle 
 White-tail’d Eagle 
 
 Eider, a fort of Duck 
 _EIk, i.e.wild Swan 
 
 265 | Godwit 
 3 364 Golden-eye 
 376.1.73 | Goldfinch 
 380.T.75 | Goligod, i. €. Sea-Lark 
 2971. 7.72 | Tame Goofe 
 381. 7.73 | Wild Goof 
 265.1.73 | Brent Goofe 
 179| SwanGoofe > on 
 378, 37 9 Canada Goofe /% Same bird- 
 -- 305) Gambo Goofe 
 Rat or Road-Goofe 
 Goofander 
 Gor-cock 
 61. Ti2| Gofhawk - 
 63. ¥.4\ Green-finch 
 58: T.1\ Griffon a fabulous bird omitted. 
 59. 1.1 Grinetta 
 64. ¥.4| Grifola 
 61\ Grosbeak, 
 362| Grows or Heatheock 
 356. 1.69| Guara 
 
 _ ,garrelan Pehem tas 
 
 a51.T.25 
 395 
 
 295. 1.54 
 
 79 
 78.1.8 
 
 80. T.8 
 81.T.9 
 S2 
 78. T.9 
 76.1.8 
 Sr 
 80 
 Ibid. 
 CT 
 80. 
 233. 1.41 
 
 174. 1.31- 
 188.7T.37- 
 
 255 
 
 253. 7.45 
 256. T.46 
 246. 1.44 
 220. 5.60 
 
 83.T.10 
 
 T.38 
 
 374. 1.72 
 
 300° 
 
 348. T.67 
 377-1.74 
 39% 
 
 209 
 99,&c. 
 211 
 
 74. 1.6 
 107. T.14 
 292.1.53 
 268. T.73 
 256. 1.46 
 3i% 
 
 358. 7.75 
 Ibid. T.69 
 
 360. T.66, 
 (Ibid. tH 
 /361. T.70 
 
 260. F.7% 
 
 361.7T.76 
 
 339° 1.64 
 
 177 
 85.1.3, and § 
 246. 7.44 
 
 B15 
 
 211 
 
 244. 7.44 
 Leigh 
 
 290. t.54 
 Guaranne 
 
 = —fi33- 1-20. 
 
 
 
 } 
 
= I pre —=—_ = 
 , 
 
 The INDEX, 
 
 Guarauna 
 Guillem and Guillemot 
 
 Guiny Her 
 
 Guira acangatara 
 
 Guira cereba 
 
 Guira guacuberaba 
 
 Guira guainumbi 
 
 Guira guerea 
 
 Guira perea 
 
 Guira punga 
 
 Guira uheemgheta 
 Guirarunheemgeta 
 Guiraienoia 
 
 Guira tinga 
 
 Guira tangeima 
 
 Guira tirica, American Bulfinch 
 Guitguit 
 
 Greateft black and white Gull 
 Herring-Gull 
 
 Afh-coloured Gull 
 
 Bellonius his white Gull 
 
 Great grey Gull 
 
 Aldrovands greater Gull 
 Brafilian Gull 
 
 Clevex-footed Gulls 
 
 H 
 
 H Affhert of Hoier 
 
 | Hang-neft of America 
 
 Havelda, 2 kind of Duck 
 
 Harpye,a fabulous bird omitted. 
 
 Hawk | 
 
 Haw-finch 
 
 Long-winged Hawks 
 
 Short-winged Hawks 
 
 Hazel-Hen 
 
 Heathcock 
 
 Heatototl 
 
 Hedge-Sparrow —- 
 
 Helfingagaas 
 
 Hex 
 
 Ivdian Hen 
 
 Mozambique Hens 
 
 Hen-harrier 
 
 Heron common afh-coloured 
 Leffer afh-coloured 
 Greater white 
 Leffer white 
 Red-leg'd 
 Bow-bill’d 
 Speckled or red 
 Brafilian 
 
 Heyboe 
 
 Hickwall 
 
 Himantopus 
 
 Hirngryl or Serin 
 
 HoaGlt 
 
 Hoathon 
 
 Hoadzin 
 
 Hobby 
 
 Hoitlallorl 
 
 
 
 292.T.53 
 
 324. 1.65 
 £62.1.26,27 
 140. T.22 
 
 239 
 Ibid. T.41 
 148 T.24 
 
 108. T.14 
 
 256 
 199. 1.38 
 
 235 
 241 
 285 
 141. 1.23 
 
 247 
 
 385 
 344. 1.67 
 
 345 
 346.1.66,67 
 
 395 
 
 154. 1.26 
 161, F.28 
 387 
 72.1.7 
 277. 1.49 
 279. 1.49 
 279. T.49 
 280 
 
 282. T.50 
 Ibid. T.50 
 283 
 
 ~~ 285. T.§7 
 135. f.21 
 138. T.21 
 297.7.54 
 265. F.46 
 389 
 
 391 
 
 339 
 
 32. T.7 
 393 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hooper, i. e. wild Swan 
 Hoop or Hoopoe 
 Alortulane 
 
 Howlet, vide Ow! 
 Humming bird 
 
 le or Negro 
 
 J fabiru guacn 
 
 Jacamaciri 
 
 ‘jacana 
 
 jacarini 
 
 Fackdaw 
 
 jacupema 
 
 Jaguacati guach 
 
 Jamacaii 
 
 Japacani 
 
 Loijan, a Brafilian Goatfucker 
 Ibis of Bellonius 
 
 iy 
 
 Jerfalcon 
 
 jerkin 
 
 Ipeca guacn, a Brafilian Duck 
 aoe Apoa 
 
 pecn 
 
 judcock or Fack-fnipe 
 junco 
 
 5 | Jupujuba 
 
 K 
 
 K or Stonegall 
 Kingfifher 
 
 Brafilian Kite 
 
 wok 
 
 -| Kite 
 
 L 
 
 And-Hen 
 Lanner and Lanneret 
 
 . Lapwing 
 
 Lark 
 
 Skie-Lark 
 Wood-Lark 
 Crefted Lark 
 Sea-Lark 
 
 Titlark 
 
 Laughing Bird 
 Comuton Linnet 
 Red-headed Linnet 
 Mountain Linnet 
 Loon vide Doucker 
 Lumme of Wormins 
 
 M 
 M Accaws of feveral forts 
 
 Macucagua 
 Magpie or Pianet 
 Maguarz 
 
 
 
 379.1.75 
 138.T.22 
 
 29% 
 313.T.58 
 142.7,23 
 
 t10, 1L1. E.r¢ 
 163.1.26 
 427. 1.19. 
 287 
 Maia 
 
 
 

 
 fpr enr annses 8 ee 
 . - 
 
 Maia 
 Maiague 
 
 Si ea-Ma i 
 Maracana 
 Mareca 
 Bank Martin 
 Martin or Marilet 
 Black Martin 
 
 The INDEX. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 286 
 334.7.62 i 
 ee Irds of Paradife 
 
 279 RB’ White crefted Parrot 
 
 512. 1.29 | Common green Parrot 
 cs 139 Parrots of feveral forts 
 214. 1.14,39 Parrakeets 
 
 
 
 EES ag oa ss: 
 or 
 
 : 
 an 
 
 90,91,&c. Tut 1377 
 
 112, Tis 
 113.7216 
 
 {15,1 14,8c.T: 16 
 115, &c. £.16 
 
 Partr a4 e common 166..1.28 
 Maree vile Great Bhi | Paredes an 
 Matkneltzel y so T-38 Diousfe ws Ibid. and 178.1 .29 
 Motuituz oe T.3 : Red-leg d 167. 1.29 
 Mavis or Throjile ie 337 White 1766.17.32 
 Mergus Rhent 85 T2 Peacock 158.127 
 Merlin. =| Penguin 3226. T.65 
 Sea-Mem, vide Gull. S Pelecan 32.7..1.62 
 Mire-crow, Aa wear Pettichaps 216 
 Mire-drun, vide brttour Petronia marina 126 
 Miffel-bird or ge I o7 a8 es, t 347. 1.66 
 Mitx Ibid T. 39 | Pheafant 163. T.28 
 Mitupor anga ° 9 Sea-Pheafant 276. I.73 
 Indian Mockbird 386 Phenix, a fabulous bird cae 
 Momot 12. ¥.28 Phenicopter | 320 
 Morehen oem 7 x | Pie 127. T.19 
 Moretitling 235s 329 Sea-Pie 297,232.07. ‘55 
 Morilloz F 62.7.4 | Bralilian Pie 128. T.20 
 Morpbros, a Rist aof Eag € ne Perfian Pie 132 
 Moucherolle x Pianet, vide Pe. 
 Maugcent ae | Picicithi 394. 
 Murre 3230, 1-65 ‘| Picuipinima, a Brafilian Biter, 
 M Pigeons wild andtame » 180,181,&e. T. 33524. 
 Pitanga guacn x Laat) 198, £338. 
 | Great Pluver or K Int 298.Tigs 
 7 Ightingale | | aa af Green Plover 308. T. 7 7 
 Virginian Nightingale... 255. ad Grey Plover o “309. T57 
 Nighi cives A “7D yg Plover, vide Lapwing, 
 Nottua, a kind of Owl IS NP ghar or Poker 367; 1:72. 
 White Nux | Porphyrio . 
 Nan, 1. ¢. Blue Titmoufe | Die ae Tt e 
 hatch ri asin T 23 aoe 
 Nut ; anks Puffin 3.23. 333 
 Nhanduguacn, vide Oft rich. | Pup re, 1.€. Stint 305 
 Sa O b  Pattock or Buzzard 70.1.6 
 = ? | | | Pygard or white-tail'd Eagle ri wba 
 gtaee g ye Sea-Ea le 59. T. Qi 
 ©) “Oly Hrage : ibid. Tap) <. 4 Q , 
 rich. 149. T.25 Tachi : 
 Water-Onzel MORAN Gs "Rasp 389 
 BO ite moh Belinteted a wh AOA) Bate 169.7, 
 Ring: Ojizel ” 4 oF Es <9 Indian Quail a. ; 
 Ouzel 195,697 T-38 ae oe 
 . Rock Wi J .T.12 ee 390 
 Boge | 100. ant Tita) 4 2teeft, vide Ring-dove. | 
 Brown or Foy Onl oon 12 LTH stuctzaltotott age 39t 
 Grey Owl oy HOB A 13) R 
 White or Church Owl - O4 
 LittleOwl 105: 4.13) 55 a 
 Screetcb Onl 102.7.14 R oer cado ag) , | 
 ear vide Goat -{ucker iis Water-Rail 3143 1.58 
 at? -Creeper, vide Cre eeper. | : eee : 3 5: : :. 3 
 | Water tices seh 196. 
 2 Indian 
 re oe aie a es SF és 
 4 ieee ON i 
 
 
 
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 Indian Raven 
 
 The INDEX: 
 
 426. T.17 Spoon-bill 288. T.5 ‘i 
 Horned Ravex 127.1.17 | Squaiotta, a hind o if Heron 281.T.50 
 Razor-bell or Awk 323. F.65 | Stannel or K eftrel o4, 1.5 
 Red-ame 177 | Stare or § tarling 196. T.2 - 
 Redfhank 299. F.§5 | Indian Stare Ibid. T.98 
 Redftart the greater 197. 7.36 | Stella T.22 
 _. Thedleffer 288, 1.39 | Stint 305. 7.53 
 Redwing or Swinepipe 189 | Stock Dove 185. 1.35 
 Reed-Sparrow the greater 143 | Stoxechatter or Stonc-Smich 235.741 
 Lhedleffer 144,269 | Stopparola 2I0 
 Rhinocerot-bird $27. 1.17 | Stork 286. T.32 
 Ring-dove 185. 1.25 | Black Stork Ibid. T.5 2 
 Ring-tail 72.1.7 | American Stork 987 
 Robin-red-breaft 219. 1.39 | Storwfinch 295 
 Rock-Pigeon I 86 Strapaxino 233 
 Roller 13%.T.20 | Sula 321 
 Rook 123.T.18 | Swallow 211.1.29 
 Roth beix leiz T.42 | Houfe-Swallow 21a. 1.39 
 Rotknufel 304.7 .56 | Sea-Smalow 214, 352.T.68 
 Ruff and Reeve 302..7.56 | American Swallow 214 
 Velvet Runner 215 | China Swallow 215 
 Swan tame 355- P69 
 S Wild 356.169 
 , Swift or black Martin 214. T,14 
 Here 2 77 | Swine-pipe,vide Redwing. 
 .) Sand Martin 214. 1.39 3 
 Sanderling 303 T 
 Saud-piper 301. T.5 
 Scare-crow , ees T.6 3 Amatia I 90.15 9 
 Scurvogel or Jabiru 276.T.47 . Tangara 243,244 
 Sayacn 256 | Larrock 246.1.68 
 Scoter 366.T.74 | Teal 377. 1.74, 
 Seriz 265.7.46 | Summer Teal 378. 1.76 
 Sguacco 281 | Lette; 266 
 Shag 332.1 .63.| Lepatlahoac 387 
 Sheld-dapple 248. T.44 | Lern 351 
 Sheldrake _ 363.1.70,71 | Thiftle-finch, vide Goldfinch. 
 Shore-bird 1. e. Sand+Martin. Lhrofile or Mavis 188.T.37 
 Shoveler 370. 1.74 | Thrujh 186,&c.T. 37,27 
 Shrike, vide Butcher-bird. Song-Thru(h, vide Mavis. 
 Shrite, vide Mifel-bird. Wine Thrufh, vide Redwing. 
 Siskin 261. 1.46 | Tijeguacn 218 
 Smew 337. 1.64 | Tijeguacuparoara 256.T.41545 
 Hoiers Skua 348.1.67 | Iijepiranga 252 
 Soco, 4 kind of Heron 284.151 | Tztmoufe 240. 1.42 
 Suipe 291. 1.53 | Marfh Titmoufe 241. T.43° 
 Fack-Snipe Ibid. | Blue Titmouse 242. 1.43 
 Suow-bird 394 | Crefted Titmonfe Ibid. T.42 
 Soland Goofe 328. 1.63 | Lone-tail'd Titmonje ibid. T.42 
 Sparlin Fowl =. 3385 { Wood Fitmoufe 243 
 = Sparrow-Hawk 86. £.5 | Fotano » 299 
 = Houfe-Sparrow fe ts. fprres 249. 1.44 | Tlanchechul 289 
 : Long-tail'd Indian Sparrow 45 | Lleuguecholtotot! 290 
 Foolifh Bononian Sparrow Ibid. T.4.5 | Topaz 127. P.17 
 : Foolifh Sparrow 385 Lotoqueftal . 392 
 E Solitary Sparrow 191.1.36,37 | Toucan, or Brafilian Pie %28.T.20 
 | Brafilian Sparrow 253 | Tringa 300. T.56, 
 E Reed-Sparrow 2 69 Trochilus 521. T.66 
 . Water-Sparrow 388 | Tropic bird 331.776 
 : Sparrows of {everal forts 250,25 1,&¢.1.45 | Tuputa 286 
 : Spipoletta 209 — | 159. as : 
 s spk 210 | Turn-ftone 31. 
 Spipola f Tarile- 
 
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 et RE ee 
 
 c). 
 
 
 
 The INDEX. 
 
 Turtle-dove 183.1.35 |White-throat 236 
 Izdian Turtle 184. 1.35 |Wigeor 375. 1.72 
 Leaft Barbados Turtle Ibid. 7.36 | Willow-bird 217 
 Sea Turtle 326 | Winter-mew 250 
 Tzinitzian 292 |Witwall £37,198. Tae,28 
 Woodcock, 2655) 289.753 
 Vv Wooe coher b creat ak Oe nas, 1 ia7 
 , Green vin Ibid. T.21 
 Erminows bird or Tuputa 386 Greater fpotted vy 071" =137.T.2% 
 Urubitinga 64 Leffer {potted QO, T27 
 Orubu 68.1.3 Mexican 390 
 Orutaurana,vide crefted Eagle 63. 1.4 Perfian T4r 
 Vultures of feveral forts 66.1.4 | Wood-Pigeor T.25 
 Brafilian Vulture 68.T.3 | Wren 229.1 .42 
 Golden-crown’d Wren 227. 1.42 
 W Wren without acreft 228.T.42 
 Wryneck, 138.T.22 
 r Agel 349 
 Wagtail white 237. [.42 Xx 
 TVellow 238. 1.68 
 Grey: ce. Sef” eg « Breet n§ Ibid. Ochitenacatl 286 
 Wall-creeper es 143. 1.23 Xomotl 295 
 Water-hens feveral lok 212,31 oiben T.58 
 Wheat-ear, 1.€. Fallow Smich \  235vkaa Y 
 Whewer, vide Wigeon 275 
 Whimbrel 2 294 Ayauhgquitototl. 386 
 Whin-chat 224 Y Larwhelp or Yarwip 292.1.§3 
 White game 176. 1.32 | Yellowhammer 268.T.40 
 White Nur 337 Yutatzon Yayauhqui 287 
 White-tail 233. T.41 | Tegner? 388 
 
 
 
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 he “TAN 
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 a Merlin | i La mY 
 Bo 
 Buteo An DOTUS 
 hd oe The Honey Buzzard 
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 TAB. IV 
 ! 
 
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 ey 
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 SONA uy) a 
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 . Wa, . : - P > " 5 
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 RS x Pt : - ——~* NOS : 
 ‘ . zs. ~ » Ps — 
 SQ |] Seite 
 3 
 
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 Veuta uUrana Marggr 
 
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 Tinnunculus 
 
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 | yh! ly! 
 
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 TL 
 YR GY 
 
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 Wy 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A ipl ter fun aries 
 Thec/parrow. d k 
 
 UL) 
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 f 
 
 ir 
 
 LSLELEY 
 
 PYM RALZE i 
 (i 
 
 s 
 v4 
 he 
 
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 The boshawk. Y <a! 
 
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 YY 
 
 Gi 
 Y, 
 
 
 
 Ly 
 Ss if 
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 Wij 
 
 gd 7 
 MV ys MM el 
 
 tf” 
 
 YY 7/Yy Yy 
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 YY YG 
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 Yy)/jpf))§ uy jyw—"w ©. FF/, 
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 RAMS 
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 A\ tay 
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 SSW 
 
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 ) 
 
 Za 
 
 —wv += 
 
 
 
— 
 
 . LT, YL 
 —$ LLL Lage 
 
 Anataria fiw Morphnos Gace 
 The Bald Buzzard. 
 
 Filia O77 L 
 Lh 
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 i 
 
 Qe i 
 
 LZ LEI sde 
 
 Ze 
 Wh ddhe 
 
 a 
 Ze Zw , 
 
 = FT ee nah 
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 Yr. 
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 She nooBuzzard 
 
 
 
 
 
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 = & 
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 Ty 
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 hag ard Falcon... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 byrfe o- 
 
 i 8 
 } I 1 
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 | Yj Mf Mh 3 ny 
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 ti 
 
 
 
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 I iff 
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 jf 
 
 AY \ 
 
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 g Yy jp YW iff, PM p/P Yj YY, Uh 
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 i i} / / / ] hf HY , 
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 i if i 
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 3 at WWW yf Ya Uy, 
 
 
 
 Z ep Ae , hy, i MA) f “ty, 
 Wy}. Y ! Hy RG ye Yi UY y Z 
 hy WY, YYyy Gi, Ve Gp GE Wy, VY f iy iP 
 ff Ne i MS SM Pe pr Le i. Wi) /} Y 
 , / RL ii Ups q. A /) oye 
 
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 SIS 
 
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 fo Mt 
 
 UY 
 
 ji [eof 
 
 yf VG Wy Cg 
 YY “VW 3 f fn} Wy ! i 
 
 SPOS SSS 
 
 Yyy if J 
 
 Yi 
 Zh jf 
 Vy po 4 ff 
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 / f if | 
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 , Wi Y if Wi 
 Hy vey Ally Wy 
 
 ROX 
 AX 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 S Falco ruber Indicus : 
 
 SS 
 
 S 
 
 >= ~~, 
 . SI 
 MAN 
 > 
 
 3 Pd ——=>= 
 
 
 
 hi 
 
 “ aes — Safe SR * 
 
 ee 
 
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 = 
 
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 Lanwus curereus quay on 
 he greater Butcher bird. 
 
 a 
 
 Collurto Seu Lanius minor 
 
 lofer Butcher bird. 
 
 wat \\\ ‘\ , 
 Ws \ 
 Wh ys 
 
 Cw 
 
 WW 
 \~ 
 
 A 
 
 N 
 ON \\ 
 
 AN X \ 
 \\\ 
 
 AW 
 
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 m3 ani » SS 
 
 
 
ae 
 
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 ~ +. SS >=. ee 
 oe ae te eg a 5 ie _ 
 
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 > = 
 
 
 
Se 
 
 —— 
 
 Marnacodidta i ) 
 
 Aldr. 
 
 / 
 ~ 
 
 det 
 
 
 
 
 
 PAL Tio 
 TASS 
 
 anh th RS 
 "\ “ 
 
 
 
 dife of 
 
 Birds of Para 
 
 Several Sorts. 
 
 
 
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 : 
 a 
 ii 
 
 << 
 
 = 
 
 , i A a 
 ’ Ke - LLE ~—o¢ s 
 
 — OIE Sy Le 
 
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 ° Ass : 
 
 a 
 
 SEZ Lita lL s Z - ga a —_ = 7 : —<— . 
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 OA ere 
 
 So SS Re 
 
 ee 
 
 — 
 
 a 
 . es 
 
 TSS 
 y 
 NWS SS 
 
 AN \ 
 
 — 3 
 
 M anucodiata 
 
 Se nae 
 
 ge aS 
 Ae ee 
 a, age 
 
 ‘ <a = eS 
 Se SE 
 % > SS SSS eS 
 
 = = P 
 Pre - 
 le he en Pa > 
 
 Z Rm 
 < oe 
 
 = <>. Sip OO a ea i a Ne a eg eS SS RRS 
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 ee a> = — cose SF ag : : et care : ; “ Pe Dog eae Se ; SS 
 SDA’ FEE EZ PII LFS stlledaalele — , . eh ———— = Be ag ee ta SS SSS SS SSS SSS 
 ON 5 ae ga OO Li ha ° , nn & ~ . . : oe =. 2 ie Saas , ee SS Ms ———— 
 ———S > SS aici > = Ss — : NORE ee ~YZ SDL yoo > epee SSS KGa 
 Se SS aC ldllada Se ee SREY SS SSS ieee EE OS SSS 
 Se Oe ? SS ? La — oS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ = . 2 ' “a \) = = a ~ 
 WSSS-Aw = SS. <- - SS “NS CES " SS “Senns. a . 5 = fi eee =e 
 : SS SSSI ~ ~ a ‘ Tea yea SSS RE . SS ss WARN < No \ De Se y <> 2 ee 
 
 = 
 SN ibe es 
 
 >> 
 SSS eR EW Wes = ; Fe TN 
 
 SS 
 SSS = x 
 > — a : ho =: Pe eee 
 
 Mea _— > ~ 
 See 
 
 A BZ ee 1 = Son Ss 
 
 SSS Si 
 eS RK 
 Le 2 
 SSA Ls Ss 
 SSS eee eee é 
 EERE 
 SsstSace F SSS Se 
 eee Cuaron Stir 
 
 ee S 
 SS <> co 
 
 ae A ot ea <= 
 
 
 
 > - _ - 
 ~ <tr er 
 ~— em 
 _ x - 
 
 es 
 
 
 
 = ee <2 
 i SSS 
 
 
 
 
 
 Re —— 
 
 
 
 
 
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 | 
 
 Tite 
 
 ; oe 
 
 — i 
 
 VORm 
 / 205 
 52 
 
 y- =] 
 
 ie 
 
 eee eee n 
 —<c ~ cm 
 
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 5 
 
 es 
 
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 ~ 
 
 The Uy ] 
 
 7 
 
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 TA 
 
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 ge) 
 
 
 
 nte-Owle . 
 
 ww 
 
 Bi iy) 
 
 i 
 li) 
 hid 
 
 j 
 Z ‘ MfAdddda 
 Wi, oman 
 
 EN 4/1 ayy 
 
 opi 
 iy, 
 
 if 
 
 Z 
 
 MM u/judiug 
 AL i jis 
 
 A 
 
 yh) i \\\ Ry 
 ; ‘ 
 
 CaM r ‘ ¢ A 
 . Tih mare ‘i 
 
 y 
 0 
 
 ‘The 
 
 a 
 
 i 5 
 
 \ > - 
 Sere ty 
 
 * 
 
 | 
 
 Ny ” 
 . Niji My 
 
 é t 
 ALA 
 
 Nita 
 
 ej Aygiei' ‘u/] P Wyler 
 a Whe 
 
 jie Meal bly Wtf) ae : 
 gerne . 
 Alay gill : ¥ i | 
 
 i///, ) Mat Td, ttf’ 
 
 : ; ae bee 
 |) UA tg 
 
 “ye “He ae 
 
 yy ys me 
 
 As 
 
 fcops Aldrov. 
 h#eHorn Owlze. 
 
 jp 
 
 o “7, 
 Wi 
 
 LP Ty hi, 
 Ce 
 
 y : Z | a ) ip A 2 WY 
 Oe ue 5, see 
 
 om WM, foe; OT 
 Dome Ae ny Di 
 oy 
 
 yysity 
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 y 
 Wig 
 C if 
 
 Ss 
 
 ee se 
 
 aH i 
 
 / , 
 ny 
 Ve er 
 / 
 
 Thane 
 
 1M a 
 + tl i) 
 TY Uae Bee 
 T) BAA ae 
 yy 
 Aft 
 
 ui 
 I) 
 i 
 
 Mig 
 
 t yh av i 
 eg Y 
 
 
 
 
 
St lit 
 , = 
 
 a - 
 
 pei eg ene 
 —_— ee en ed 
 oe : , - : 
 
 
 
 shee Da alhei th Mts Sein — . 
 - = “she a . 
 
 . © tie ———— 
 a “> ok aes a , as 
 
 — 
 
 a a 
 
 
 
$$$ ee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 , —— = — — —————— 
 th} 
 
 Wh 
 
 ih 
 WN 
 
 = ba 
 ee ee MA. 
 ae. 
 
 | "TAB. XI ’ Hie 
 : 
 
 ) | . 
 wey 
 
 Aun 
 
 : yf | 
 ae 
 
 Uluta Hit 
 
 : : 
 
 The Grey Onl iy 
 
 } e Yrey UNL 2 Le 
 
 Albeo. | 3 \ i} 
 
 : . i 
 
 pl eH 
 
 e ‘yl Sly? | 
 
 eae | 
 ; ‘ 
 psy 
 Py 
 My 
 
 
 
 
 SO etan: 
 he lee Ow Go 
 tt0 Soy rarha 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 eu 
 
 — 
 —— 
 — 
 
 1. 
 a ee 
 ~TaYte- 
 . eee 
 
 «ft 
 

 
 
 
 f 
 7 
 t 
 7 
 t 
 
 s 
 Se 
 7 Piva 
 ™~ “ii 
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 7 
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 : ‘4 
 * ihe ; 
 \ . ‘ 
 sae 
 sO 7 
 7 
 fo 
 
 - 
 > wes Se 
 
“=~ 79 
 
 i 
 
 -— 
 
 en : 
 Vee. 717+ aD. TAB. XITUL 
 th 2 Brown or C creech Owl : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 —<— 
 
 
 
 vi ih Wy | 
 
 ' >. 
 
 N ' 4 ‘ 
 
 a \\Y \ 
 \ \ 
 
 SW 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ns 
 
 Thyau five TN ashe TULA 
 
 da OT Yy trittor Mar gar 
 
 
 
 ae “a a : = 3 ss yee 
 @:> black Martin or Onrft. yee i 
 
 
 
 SS = 
 ie 
 
 : 
 $4) 
 
 + abi 
 ® 
 
 “nV 
 
 Oe gp 
 
 —z 
 jer 
 
 
 
 —_———S EE eee 
 
 a3 
 
 
 
ts 
 
 41 — ss 
 _ P eee ~s>_* 
 
 ‘ —- 
 a a 
 ee 
 
 ios i Saas —_ 
 ry 5 Wwe 
 
 
 
aA LS ary 
 
 Yy 
 ™~ 
 ~ 
 ~ 
 ~)- 
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 cae 
 "te 
 ¢ 
 ~~ 
 r 
 ~ 
 
 >) 
 2S 
 = 
 S 
 Qu 
 Yy 
 Q) 
 
 5 a rw 
 ih 
 Q) 
 % 
 Y 
 wv 
 “SN 
 = 
 cS 
 
 cN 
 
 ACAR. 
 
 We Litt. 
 
 4 
 a 
 
 ltttacis albn 
 3 
 
 ‘The 
 
 warnocroceusr Ald. 
 The ©& 
 
 
 
— si o—— 
 ee ee - 
 —- ee ae = a * 
 << es ed - a - en ee 
 : dal a — ~ re 
 
 ed 
 = 
 
 v= 
 ¥ By ak edie - — 
 
 ee ke 
 . A ts] 
 
 
 
Piittacus medic mag- 
 yy Titdinis. | a 
 A cited Parrot, «ol: afer Byrorhay. 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Peet cy 
 
 Ae 
 
 se 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ’ ” r= fy / 
 ay") ae 
 
 : ’ 
 4, ? le 
 At _ 7 
 ; MANE rr py) ’ 
 
 ’ . : 
 
 
 
 wile a! 
 f** ik 
 whan! 
 al Pr ni i 
 ON gilt Hf + 
 
 i) : 
 } | Peeeses a jPee 
 AY, Or yt 
 
 ssa s 
 “ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 “ties 
 
 
 
? 
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 i. 
 . 
 q —— > : ‘ A? _ 
 ~ yi —~ 3. 
 “ oes ad 4 ‘4, Y 
 _ oe ~ 
 ; 
 a 
 Soa) 
 > 
 : \ 
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 7, 
 24 bs 
 | oe ia 
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 yen. 
 a 
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 >: > eee - q 
 i : ¥ ; 
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 5 a ee 
 5 ; 
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 ata os FElT 
 tlic a” 2 ee tals alli. imyeilllinad 
 
 ie ltd thei... ee 
 
 
 
SS 
 
 ee EE 
 
 TAB. XVI. 
 
 }Ta. The Crow 
 
 AXATOW 
 
 U 
 
 Corn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ow 
 
 ee 
 
'» 
 
 ie fat 
 
 eee 
 
 — 
 
 ee 
 a er eee 
 
 OO Dt p> te eee 
 
 SR ies oe 
 
 EE Nee - 
 
 
 
eee 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 , 
 
 Bass 
 
 é 
 
 
 
 << 
 
 en) - . ' , - 
 P : - ee ee nein ae ; —— =< , 
 es bs ee a —— 
 
 
 
 Rhinocerotis avis Roflrum 
 
 1° varietas. 
 
 , : ak 
 eh oa 
 a ih + . : u 
 
 NWN 
 RAs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 LE Bos: 7 
 eg” ge 
 MANY ———————— ~~ 
 AR SSS My 
 ISS 2S 
 RR Pi oS OS EAA. 
 tk aD MISSA NYY 
 I+: ac Se mae : Let 
 ; PS 
 - — BCs a 
 a ARH MO NSS 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 / 
 ‘ 
 
 ll 
 
 - 
 
 => : 
 5 n= ated... mini ade 
 
 ri 
 
 5 
 7 
 4 
 } 
 7 
 
 = 
 
 
 

 
 * 
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 5 
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 ~< ~~. hoe a 
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 St ein _— Cae 
 
 oe as os Bi x5e as 
 a ie eee a oS 
 ES Be 
 ee ee ee 
 
 —— 
 
 by ae - is : 
 
 —— ot oe 
 : 2 
 ee = 5 
 i i ee nian - a . 
 = » Yi 
 
 
 
ae 
 
 
 
 eee a 
 
 i a 
 
 2 es 
 
 a 
 
 PZ ci oS = - a—- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‘ C7 was 
 Lupus {we Monedula 
 ° The Gack dar 
 
 Yy 
 Vy; " 
 
 Wy UY Vi) ; WA 
 Wire 
 MT Ply, 
 
 ha / 
 | 
 hf 
 
 Yh 
 y) hi ly H 
 iy) 
 
 M ff 
 
 E=—S—— A 
 
 V ; ; 
 
 
 
 
 — cc 
 
 —————— 
 
 Coractas Aldroy 
 
 The Cornish Chough 
 Wed Tilt te 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 /, ip 
 vi Vy) 
 
 ASA 
 
 y 
 Z CZ AZZ EA 
 
 age oie 
 
 MW INRA 
 \ Yi 
 
 
 
 if 
 ij 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 7 Q UJ 
 Hy 
 Gy} 
 YZ ali 
 VALLE 
 Ui) 
 
 
 
 
 
 PP pp 
 Tia varia feu caudatu 
 
 _— 
 
 sede. ade ey 
 
 
 
2 7g 
 
 i a POW 
 
 
 
o 
 
 LS. 
 
 oe 
 
 J entoratenfi, 
 
 The Roller 
 
 Garruhis Ar; 
 
 
 
 Cus 
 
 O hem 
 
 me vs 
 
 Garri il Us B 
 
 / 
 v 
 
 jee Z 
 
 a 
 ~ 
 
 bee 
 
 ‘ 
 
 oA 
 
 Ae 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rf 
 r 
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 al 
 WK 
 ca 
 ~ 
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 s 
 g BO 
 = 
 © 
 r 
 
 ~ AS Sn 
 hs 
 
 Te at 
 
 \ 
 
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 ae Be ee a 
 Wf sap: Ae 
 
 ul 
 
 tp « etre VES ft ~~ 3 : - 
 
 Py Ss +e - ny tiigpge b: “4 \ ——— ; 
 
 Po fil MO - a? 
 
 I pe EEL GY Ip) 57 = hae | 
 PI eee) Ade bes : . — ; 3 
 
ye 
 
 RO BR othe 
 ° . a 
 7 = a 
 - 
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 el 
 > 
 
 4 eet ee eee 
 SSS ES aes SS ee 
 s 
 
 —- = —_ 
 
 , es at BP 
 
 —— 
 
 ad 
 
 ' ™ 
 - ae se eS _: 
 ee ee ed = — th 
 
 
 

 
 —_——S— 
 
 Mere oy 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 ogee +o eget, = ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Preus maximus niger 
 
 The great black Woodpecker 
 
 aw oe 
 
 
 
 
 CUS viride 
 
 The ee tte Pict ag ec: 
 
 he Heol ¢ bors fy on is 
 oS 
 
 n green Weodpock 
 
 —s 
 
 Phe 
 
 e7 ndd-pes Is 
 
 suas varius minor 
 
 . aft es dpotted 
 wy Woo 
 
 
 
 
 
 Preus varius major 
 The | greater spotted 
 Ge & ys reedp sche, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
 a 
 ~ 
 ~ 
 « 
 
 tk ad — — nd 
 a re a 
 x _ > 
 
 oe 
 : ~~ + « pe he al a ait 
 S - ap -« 4 ™ 
 
 = eo 
 
 errr rw™ --—3tF A 
 
 
 
rg: 
 
 es 
 
 eS 
 SSN 
 
 Zs 
 SY 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~- 
 
 Tynx [we Torgulla 
 | The wryneck - 
 
 y ne \ 
 » YAW PAM 
 Ha WAAAY ork 
 
 Gura acangatara 
 
 Y WNYGTAN “= 
 
 TAB .XXII. 
 
 
 
 
 
 F.H .Van. Houe. Sculp 
 
 Sy- 
 
 a 
 
 | 
 | 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 ~ 
 
 ites as Be 
 252 
 ar a ME - 
 
 pes 
 
 _ 
 . 
 
 a : = 
 cas 
 
 or #0 
 
 ey 
 
 tage TS 
 
 eo 
 
 IMECH Lee LSE ATER OES APE LOC E NE Yee 
 
 
 

 
 — 
 
 
 
 oe i | \ — 
 3 - 
 
 A 
 
 ‘ j bf 
 Tih i 
 “4 Wha a j 
 7 
 et >" 3 e3 
 "2 4 bp Pt 
 ¢t 
 4, 
 , 
 
 ; wy ke 
 yen ’ fet? = 
 ; My ol? fae a ¥ = 
 a ' Ate, 
 . fe fe? 7 
 ts aT 
 
 2 oh 
 - 
 
 
 
 i 
 P| 
 ao 
 is val 
 _ } 
 + 
 if 
 eT 
 3 ft 
 all 
 - 
 ‘ ih 
 
 i“ Be , 
 | 7 tH 
 2 iy 
 ; hes ve 
 “— 6s 
 ¥ ta MS 
 ‘ 1 BR 
 ® Oo vi Te 
 at! ry vs " 
 Tt) ,3 ea 
 ‘ 7 bay = 
 simi ero reg VW 08 kote Alles 
 ats 7 : hg “we : 
 ; V5 ih / 3 it 
 a i iy " 7 v t "a 
 bred Lot Tay ies 
 i, "5 +4 ay "NM j 2 
 Py ; j rh Ro 
 »7 Aeon 
 ; seen ; (eg 
 > yes es 44 = a 
 i> nq he 
 ‘9 ~~ , *: oY 
 mete i 
 A Se 
 2 Natkit es: 
 \ a tere) 
 ~ alt t : -~ ri 5 
 « may) Bit fe: ia 
 ; : Aa 
 ‘a f - 
 woh ‘i 
 ' ATS by 
 : a Vay. 
 dt" : th 
 <a 
 ' 774 
 Ooi Se 
 
 Le 7 
 ) ae 
 rg 
 ha % Vie. 
 : a 
 
 \S 
 
 ~ u a a oe 
 acme 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Wier : yore 
 b : aa Uigrae. 
 
 Th), 
 Ny IY 
 Li j/ 
 Mi.) 
 
 naa AP ae 
 
 = Es 2 PE 
 = wee i ee eee Omg a 
 wm ae = Ss a = = ; 
 Sa = see PO os i ee cs A 
 “Se OOP 3 ss —— om 
 
 SSS oe. < Ste ee 
 = a 7 eo 
 = ee 2A 
 eee ig sss gs 
 i OE” ie a re 
 SEE en, eZ 
 
 mae = 
 ——— = ; = 
 
 ST era - 
 “Ti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 ane as a 
 : a 
 ee nn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 i Tac Gree a7 
 ;. Patt hor -~ ff 
 
 - Fi 
 Ficedula cannabina. 
 
 a - 
 f Z 
 
 : / , 
 o AT E44 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Sos 
 PAK SS. 
 WS SN SSS SS 
 
 SSS 
 
 ~ S ee = SS =— 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ Om rer. - 
 
 : 
 oy 
 > 
 +a = - a 
 
 ar 
 - —=—~e- 
 * cc 7 
 
 = (Str se =e 
 
 ey ne é 
 
 @ 
 
 = 
 i, 
 
 reERTIee 
 
 ~ +2 
 «Delage 
 G = 
 
 ~~ 
 
 mi 
 
 aia = 
 
 am 
 ime 
 
 aa iy 
 
 
 
 - 
 — 
 _— 
 
 
 
 ~ snare o4 eee 
 he Sl a 5 ke 
 wits = - + 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 >, 
 ~—_ 
 = 
 ee 
 0 
  . 
 x 
 
¥ a we =~ rt ; a -_ ry, ‘ “ ‘s : ? oer. - " 
 
 ; a4 duties hee * a adie, : ne cl lll, lll i il Ml a a ore ro oe ee hn tna oo ie! = 
 
 : . . .— ain - >. — - 4 . ; 2 * . 
 aspera — 
 
 ae ee 
 
 memati . a be ~~ Ia a 
 p = a oe a - 
 
 | == ie eee el) ue ae Sg 
 Ss SSS Soe 
 et ; marae Se 
 7 ett Nien ter Teele ieee te ee ne oY aa 
 
 = SS ee ee. 
 a oe 
 
 ss J a 
 et i i ei ie 
 
 ss . 
 
 
 
, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TAB ee lV 
 
 Merula aquatica 
 T he TD ater Ouzell . 
 
 We fat 
 
 ANN 
 
 - 
 
 SSS 
 \ S AS . 
 RRS SS RES ERAS, 
 NY A \\S ® | ease 
 
 She Beezeater/.9, 
 
 sot: fr Chr 
 
 _ 
 
 i FZ, agua cate g uUacu. 
 
 KD pes 
 
 
 
- 
 . 
 7 
 y* . 
 a 
 ty 
 Ls 
 ; 
 i“ 
 @ 
 J a 
 : 
 : 
 Wy 
 ; 
 
 
 
a 
 ——————_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a ees seen een . 
 Se — ——— =a 
 
 TAB. XXV. 
 
 
 
 
 weary 
 
 Se ns eee 
 
 
 
 Si he Os tr rch. 
 
 r 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | cy | 
 
 | tr uth O camel tus 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 a mR 
 
 ~--—. 
 -_ 
 
 hf aN 
 Y/ Hy) i x SS 
 
 ‘\) 
 
 Shale 
 
 <a 
 
 SES st ils as seentiene -e 
 . ns : 
 — . 
 ~ +. V—_—-_ . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ) | 
 : afsomary. 
 N ce | i] 
 ESO QB, bare 
 i \ a : | 
 . 
 ii 
 ay 
 WIG ‘ 
 ; vs 7 ' ras } 
 ee Ni a . 4 a | 
 AH Wie : 
 2 r i td 
 3 
 | \f 
 bet 
 L op | 
 Pp | 
 
 i 
 ' . hd 
 ) 4 
 J 
 ms : 
 | . va 
 : | . 
 ih 
 
 
 
Se 
 
 Seite tte ead 
 
 a ee he ceil 
 = me * 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 "i | Callus gallinaceus 
 i } The Dung hill Cock. 
 
 | 
 
 BN 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 MR Me LEZ 
 SMU SAN Cael 
 > eo na domestica . 
 i Efe; 
 ’ a 
 ; 
 : 
 r 
 5 
 j > 
 , ae 
 Asti 
 . / ae De a 
 A 
 rt 
 | i 
 | 
 - — Yi , : : y ¥ 
 Ps Py t q s 
 > Nie one : 
 Sao * j i ia 
 - Soe J > rT 
 *- in : j "| eh! 7 
 r Sy TY a3 
 ; ~: ana Ht 
 “tH #7 bY 
 . Re + 49 : 
 y Bt: 
 4 
 | 5 a 
 S M 
 | Gallina wrmuli 
 . A Dwarf her. 
 le ; 
 ; a 
 S 
 . 
 : : 
 bao 
 ' = 
 Ss 
 + *e : 
 , ~ 
 ait 
 sie) 5 
 Ae 
 e , > : | 
 Fn ‘ ‘ ; ; 
 
 
 
re uve E —- oot — "so 
 
 
 

 
 
 G allo pavo:The Tiurkey. 
 
 
 
 
 Mii 1,9 
 yy, N \ HF 
 
 
 
 
 Vat 
 eee 
 
 
 
 i ¢ 
 
 M, 
 PHM, it 
 
 “ie, Som got 
 
 Att at ’ 
 ies ih 
 
 hs Wut A: 
 Wty 4 wy 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii ‘ f Veh peels " 
 
 - d ¢ Tf) . 
 ag. Wyby te "f OAT AAT 
 Fi Gh MRT 
 
 7 CAB HALS HE, 
 - FOG TA 
 
ea ewe 
 
 be a 
 —~ ii nL 
 
 Rn a ll i Ae ia 
 
 . s « : 
 iz ae 
 
 
 
=- * ™ een eae 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; P LAMM (Na§ 
 A Cock t heafaat. 
 7 MT | 
 —= 3 “ a ; } H)/ f 
 Sy Map a) i . 
 ee WM) 
 <P OTT Pad P 
 See yyy VT PPaae } 
 3 A LTD of piihl| 
 = = A 
 & 
 SS 
 RASS SS S 
 WP AGGOn S ee 
 7 oe SSS SSS ee YO 
 SE GQ S* SSS SBR SSs eee 
 : = —S— ee Re eee . = 
 ‘ SS SS — ~S SSIA°3@_ouayu — ——— => 
 SSRs SS RW i c———c&g&c§<' 
 = St SS Ses = eS SSN PSS — 
 » iituporange cap : ‘Cyaps «, r 
 . i — =. . 
 COUV AEE Vv . 
 —— / a 
 Witte ~ 
 ; 
 ee 
 ZI 
 ae ey 
 . gee Lo” 
 eee LIE, A 
 Rerdix. cinerea | 
 ton Larbe 
 The Comon large 
 : / 
 SEZ 
 ‘ 
 t 
 is 
 = | 
 ui 
 \ ; a 
 
 
 
~~ aa 
 - ~ Wades 
 * an 
 
 . » 
 Cd 
 Afis eS 7 
 Y iy 4 
 y ‘gy : ; 
 pe ) eo heey : 
 ) Pee aye ah ~: SAG hard , ae 
 1 bons fo, oak Se sde 3 
 Ni eat ase ik hie : \ 
 | ae " eres MG 
 Lay : ; yi “FG ; \ 
 h| aes # ob iad Re 
 ' 3 
 
 re 
 
 west, 
 
 E — 
 ee A 
 a 
 ~ 
 - 
 ~ 
 ~ 
 - 
 & 
 Ss 
 
 th een eee etd 
 
 ee 
 
 ee 
 o —~— ———— 
 
 
 
- —s Pernt — . 
 Syne — er - -_ 
 - RE 4 eee a 
 ~ Ses & +o 
 
 _—? * 
 
 
 
 et 
 —— 
 
 
 
 
 
 if . 
 = 
 ‘ 
 | ‘i a 
 oy ‘ 
 | Eg Qy 
 8 
 3 
 . s 
 | S 
 / 2 
 | | 7 : 
 ig S 
 € - a 
 E & 8 
 Q 3 
 2 'S 
 | S ~ S 
 5s 2 
 | a 
 as 
 ' | Qk 
 
 
 
 ——— 
 
 
 
 le 
 
eae 
 ee 
 
 i = 
 , 
 Le ten 
 
 - 
 / 
 1 
 a 
 
 Sesieniliede i deendliso-aty- a ae aad eee 
 
 a 
 of 
 
 = 
 a 
 = 
 
 
 
 
 
Ss an 
 a —_—— ee - —— = = > eg ee ee a 
 
 
 
 
 : repall LS of euTetrae j jfj7=— = 
 * i EZ 
 nuycr mas.The Cock py = 
 
 Ss Zz 
 
 ' 
 . ZEEE 
 ee 
 pj hs 
 oe Crue 
 EE ge ‘ 
 ' 
 if 
 ’ 
 
 SRN \\\ ) | \ 
 RA s\ Wa \ ) 
 : i \\\ 
 
 \W \\ Oi 
 , 
 
 
 
 ANN 
 
 (O Org sf . 
 ‘a | Dy of wood or 
 
 ILO ULQAUL . 
 
 K 
 i) 
 
 } 
 j 
 
 
 
 | | f it Jig ‘ 
 i my 
 I \ 
 
 NAN 
 
 wn 
 
 — 
 
 WARNS Adaya’ ’ SSS 
 Wnarerttit KAN 
 \ AINE Th) aa a \\ win! “EN Y\ . 
 AN UNS RARER 
 
 LAH 
 SSS AY \\ AAS \ ~N 
 SAGARA QS 
 = GARR RES 
 \ NX SS S a 
 RO OEE. SS 
 AY N SSS \\\ 
 SSS SN ~~ os WS ‘ N 
 QOS RSS 
 \ ehh AD\\AVAW\ — > 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 TR 
 Sw 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 teae 
 sea 
 
 Ot reat rear 
 
 /rrbbeee RIT Ppa 
 
 
 

 
 = a Fm. siges ie on oe oy 7 
 
 Your <ave ‘ ete’ pully oo ae ee | 8S Oe ee EEE eee ee ee ——— ee = — aye 4 se b 7's. 
 . o 
 * 
 
 a 
 
 | ‘Ape * heb 
 : PLR Ate. 
 nm) : Be “* AV “we 
 
 . ~~“ 
 ~, " 
 
 j 
 
 » 
 
 t ‘ Oe 2 . ) 
 ' YANN Ny vn ; 
 ok. a . 
 
 | Ne bas 
 
 BW DA) 
 im) | VAN ath * : 
 | yea : 7 ; 
 
 ’ Ki ay 
 | Hr AER rs 
 
 7 
 \ 
 x, 
 , 
 “f Liaw 
 7 CS A a 
 7 
 ed 
 fj 
 Hy 
 < 
 
 > - 
 FRAN Se : 
 a ‘Re . evn ue se Ns ma2 ; 
 ‘ . a ee Leak x. - <n ‘ YS s if 
 5 © SOE SRS COR IR ARR aa * x Ri 
 o » c ; . Wo * . ’ 
 
 ' ’ 
 iy 
 ease ee ~ oy 
 ' Sh: ters x = ic 
 “ Yn = = 
 i : - 4 
 
 ee 
 i — 
 
 
 

 
 Ah 
 i) 
 e 
 
 clay 
 
 
 
 
 LLrogallus Jive 
 Tetras minor 
 
 The Black ame. 
 
 '  S Heath cock or 
 
 ) Grows, cat: 
 
 p her Shivarky 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 At ttagen Aldrov ; 
 
 
 
 
 ie Dy 
 
 A 
 
 ‘WHA Dey 
 
 R li yy Wr Ve we 
 CO Ag a fh Th 
 RY aN ALY ft 
 NS \Y Vy TY Wh Y a Gy es 
 Rt A Y i, | AA 
 
 RS <7) ln 7 aM scp 
 
 WZ | sae ff Wf wie 
 RNS 9 797/, Ht) 1 as Poca 
 NO CM MYA 
 w~ ko ee G 
 
 VY, ip My) YZ) 
 
 | 
 ’ 
 
 “WV 
 {| ff 
 
 / 
 
 Tp Yi YY fy 
 AW oP “a VR 
 
 Gallina coryloriun. 
 
 zi The Hafel her 
 
 
 
 
 ¥ 
 
 
 
 ” as 
 
 a, 
 
 Me bZ DD. 
 Yi l “2 J get ra 
 
 es 
 
 es a 
 
 
 
ee — 
 
 — 
 
 ayes 
 
 4g - 
 
 - 9h 
 
 v0 
 
 > 
 ‘ 
 - 
 b 
 4 
 bh 
 4 ul 
 5 | 
 ‘ts 
 Bs 
 «1 
 4 ; 
 Me j 
 f 
 t / 
 : . 
 7 > 
 i. 
 *% ee * 
 . 8 
 4 
 Fo 
 Ci 
 
 Ap 3 
 
 
 
os = = —~ 
 
 swe - 
 
 “* 
 
 \) 
 Un) 
 
 Quy 
 Nba 
 
 \ 
 
 ‘\ ) 
 x 
 \ 
 
 N 
 
 ee 
 
 oa poy as Sa 
 I plese 
 ‘ > 
 eer - 
 a 
 
 Stella avis Aldr 
 
 “r> 
 
 & 
 
 nh telly 
 
 o> ik 
 
 Maes 
 
 a — eh eed 
 
 * 
 
 icon 
 
 o Non 
 
 ay 
 6 
 ~a 
 aw 
 
 ——s 
 
 os 
 iS 
 
 
 
f 
 an 
 | 
 | 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 wy Columba domeftica mayor. 
 | W\\ Me great houf2 Dove orFigeon. 
 ' 
 F 
 : 
 c St, ee 
 | Sy Columba hirfirtispedibus, 
 : Sy hed rough footed Dove. jy? tt 
 Cobunba Riecica feuPerfica. 
 i - 
 \ 
 aN 
 CL 
 _ ge BEE 
 
 ian or 
 Pigeon. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ae 
 ings ibys 
 
 ~ 
 
 ae oe 
 hs hist 
 
 > 
 
 _-— 
 
 pt 
 
 = 
 ae 
 
 — 
 
 eee - ei es 
 ei 
 
 —> « 
 
 i} 
 Ae ® 
 
 Rete 
 sey 
 
 * 
 
 ” 
 
 ch 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 * 
 +e 
 
 Lats 
 
 ers 
 
 X Aat a 
 
 pris 
 
 ak 
 
 > 
 
 bi 
 
 o 
 
 
 

 
 ng BAY ; 
 ee 
 
 Va 
 
 a ai aa 
 
 eee 
 
 A - ee yr 
 — 7 ied - _ = . — es a mt —Ae 2 a oe z 
 ° 7 = - 4 * »* . - 
 7 ee re ee - — _— : A 
 + NT eee eee ane a nae ~~ a . Si < = ~ any 
 
 a -——— —e es — ~ 
 ‘ eee ee eee eed —— oe —o = . - —= = ——— : = = ‘ = = iia -! - = ee —_— a = = onl a n ea oe Ae ab, am 
 » a ie . bi at Asatte - - - ea ‘ a a oe ame 3 <= ane . as, atte a ~ my i i ws 4 . aw - ki = et ¥ c ees. 4... r ‘ et ew . 7 " 7 — i 
 we Dey en etry Po — yt St alee > —_ ; , = ay : A | ae i 7 - ye ee = — r r > ave 7 t * 
 : : ’ WL . = a -, : ° / 
 
 ed aa. aie a ane 
 
 ro a 
 
 o eS 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 TAB. XXxtTv 
 Columba Guiturosa Columba hirsutis prabus 
 A Cropper; 2 3 . 
 Copper dove . A rough-footed Dove, #4 2?. 
 "i" 
 
 Columba tahellaria 
 
 Columba Numidica seu C yp ria 
 AC. arrer-Pugeon 
 
 a Barbary Pigeon . 
 
 
 
 
 \\\\ \\ y Ye y 
 RS os 
 aN See 
 MONS ROS SS : 
 seri NS 
 * . - as 
 | Petts anit SO SSs5 
 by, ERS 
 NATE she ANA S aS 
 ANS wh . BN , SASS 
 , SN ae SAY re 
 AK Wars 
 
 
 
 “ 
 
 
 
 PV Se ——— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AY 
 cA 
 I 
 S 
 ) at 
 | | 4) { : 
 ih = Tbe 
 Col cae | Hat: 
 . aE GS. 
 | olumba domeshca masor Columba tremula lattcauda as 
 | v “a { ae 
 aRyat. 2 24 A broad-taild Shaker. a ‘ 
 "Y 4 . rte, . Afio Oi 
 rte, 4h) 
 Tati Sos 
 Lit ae 
 ; Yj he ‘hme rs 
 , a re Th I ti nt SES to 7 
 if f vain h 1h 7 ‘ LY SN 
 ; / 
 SS 
 EA N SS * 
 = Un N SN . 
 . 
 ; 
 et 
 al 
 ¢ 
 ri 
 2 
 ae an , | 
 
 
 
a 
 
 a 
 
 a>... 
 
 ay mT 
 a4 
 ’ e 
 
 wd 
 ' 
 
 awe 
 
 i 
 
 °. 
 
 ——— 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 ~ 
 wwe abe SN oe 
 a ames) - 
 
 r 
 
 E . + ¢ser — . - 
 = - = are - a . 
 ee ieee ee oe. 
 — 5 a 4 
 
 — — 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 Tirtur = TAB XXXV 
 The Turtle Dove GH iff NY E = 
 
 Z - 
 eZ} 
 
 Vii yy 
 GY 
 
 ‘\ 
 \ \\ \ \ 
 
 FN 
 
 ‘The Indian 
 
 Ln 
 
 YY Y YY fg YY 
 Yyf / 
 
 —_ 
 ae, ; 
 
 
 

 
 ‘ ’ a> 
 soe - ’ 
 ae, re s bat ha 
 ’ oS eae. 
 % > i; Maes 
 hf ty" 
 OPP Ae tare ee 
 3 api") 
 jt 
 
 eS 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 q 
 
 ; 
 ti 
 i - 
 
 
 
—e > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TAB. XxxvV I. 
 Tur “tur munumu Ss 
 
 Barbadenfis. 
 
 ~~ 
 — Ss ——t 
 en —~ 
 ae ae Ss 
 = ~ 
 . NYA 
 
 \e Ur z LLS V1 f i : = = — ~ e Sa eee eS 
 
 ne 
 
 The MA sel- : , ==> = = 3 ae 3 = : SYS ae sa 
 
 WSS 
 Ss 
 9 NS 
 
 ——————— 2 a t= 
 
 Merula Ws bg oe 
 
 be 
 - 
 7 
 
 Che BU bind yh" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pi foer 
 Soktar wus. 
 J he So hta- 
 
 y Sparrow 
 
 Faces yt > 
 
 Fane PO Mardy 
 
 : 
 y 
 
 Merul oe 
 
 S axatilis : 
 
 2 - nr 
 (lhe greater 
 Redstart 
 ny 
 . 
 ; ts . 
 —S—_—— _-—_—_—~ =. ae ee i ii. | 
 
 
 
‘ ‘ : 
 : 4 : Y ' vf 
 4 . 4 6 » Mer 4 ' 
 ¥) d ase ee me ve 
 : . ) | 
 : 
 ' . . » | 
 v le os | 
 | \ v. 7 P, 
 # Yur ae an 
 hl Ne Ree fe | 
 fi on Ae % WHR : 
 : s . wa if < Ne, 
 : hi 8 J ; is ; - i. 1 i 
 7 - 2) = y , 
 Z - : > y , if i : 4 4 ;@ ¢ ] 
 bre ’ | 
 ¢ iit | it f 
 *, ; a if ‘ : : 
 | | . | 
 7 | | 
 ? id ‘ ' Pie t 
 ‘ r wT *\, +3 nA me 
 a i 7 4 ya 14 vr + ae o 
 a , je : ' i : ‘a 
 ' eel : Ait 
 ©  ) s i , \ 7 aa : \ 
 a ' F : , $00) : 4 4 
 7 ; ~ : e/ 
 : ‘ + ( 1 ’ Di ; m 
 : : a? 
 tt. 
 ‘4 * ; . 
 my ] 
 \ ae 
 F | se 
 re. a Misses? 
 om (4 At Shy f : ahe s 
 Re we? A ‘ 
 “eae Ne > : 
 © ren op x wn 
 ; 7h elas 4% (Vel & ‘ 
 CR He IATA et 
 7" ey : , t 
 Oa ; 
 
 = aaa 
 
 ee a eee eee al : 
 
 — et eee 
 ne SOS 
 - “ 
 
 = a ™ eae =o SS P+ ¥ 7 A a =" Se 3 a 
 - . Sess i irs es = er « ae 
 “ “a bam gat _ ~~ . = - a a 
 ‘ whe i . — o- at ve =~ St ; aE Banus 
 a i chs oe 23 eee Oa a v: eo 
 
 . So. ay A as 
 
 
 
ail 
 
 —— 
 
 = F-_ 
 
 —_—-- —— 
 
 
 
 
 

 
i * 
 sn as 
 
 TAB~XXXVIiii 
 
 err 
 BR 
 
 and 
 
 <a ee | 
 =, at Ouzell . SturnustIndicus 
 
 Bontiy. 
 the Indian are sy 
 
 t31i022 
 
 wer ep 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 (er a 
 
 PIPE Ehne 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oriolus of ens , ee ——— i 
 oy. Galbula ett hy has 5 KO as | 
 Deep it bch BZ sys fa ep ren aes Hie 
 AE Lge 5 exp 227 ro : te MT Ue | a!) 
 et Viwsertn i 
 | Wh 
 hi 
 nit: 
 <> fh ‘ate 
 ara 
 ; 
 — * | iit 
 r ne : SN ee fH) 
 —.. | Hot 
 Ating a guaci mucu Marg. ee 
 grav. 
 fi 
 i 
 ALLELE tye } 
 Bi 
 i 
 : sa 
 
 a pee 
 : 
 
 a, . 4 - . 
 1) ee = 3 
 
 - 
 ales 
 ~~ 
 
 
 
, 
 ~“t 
 i 
 “ 
 - 
 ths 
 \ B 
 Jeune 
 Shay 
 ay ; 
 “i t 
 _ ’ 
 : 
 } ¥ 
 | 
 / 
 | 
 i 
 if 
 a 
 a 
 ' 
 B 
 
 | 
 | 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 us 
 e black Martin 
 
 Hirundo a; 
 
 
 
 
 
 e common houfe 
 
 Hinmdo a 
 
 
 
 5 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 W Faizhorrie 
 
 
 
 u ruftica. 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 efus fe 
 ee 
 Ss 
 
 SS 
 BTV 
 
 ie | A\\ ay 
 DN ‘a 
 Nv Ny fh 
 
 ~ 
 SS 
 
 “age 
 
 SS 
 SS 
 
 SSShaawwe ~— 
 
 we 
 
 e ~ — SS 
 
 
 
—_—" _——" . a. a ——— = a — — + —— — ’ ~~ =— ren _ a —<_— - . _—_ 7. ''" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PR = 
 
 mr 
 
 
 
 Emberiz a atha 
 The B unting 
 
 Alauda cristata mayor 
 The crested- Lark - 
 
 Wee ee 
 
 - Rat oe 
 
 ey 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 oo 
 Goer 
 
 ESE 
 dae” a 
 
 Emberiza¥Flavg 
 
 The Yellow hammer 
 
 aowae Fike 
 utd 
 errr 
 
 — 
 ~ SS ete 
 eS ie 
 
 . 
 ee 
 ——— 
 
 ——————— 
 
 SY \"\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
. 7 ‘ = 
 - ee s 
 
 ~sh —s 
 : Fea Sy 9 ee — 
 a — —_— — — ~ a 
 ns 
 
 : | AS a 
 +. ae ~ — 
 
 
 

 
 TAB. XLI. 
 
 res 
 
 
 
 A, tricap tlla 
 The Blackscap 
 
 
 
 OO “he - 
 woe Ohl 
 
 bbe 
 SOFIA eal 
 
 FT hh 
 da 
 
 ad 
 
 y 
 
 SPIT tata 
 
 s 
 hah 
 
 parterltate” 
 er idle 
 wOttLESSTAE LY? 
 
 roa 
 
 ngale ‘ 
 CU 
 
 Kuscinia 
 She Ni 
 
 ght. 
 
 Cc 
 
 i Mk tk el el 
 
 fwe Ditrflo ra 
 twhake-ta 
 
 Oenanthe 
 
 ul 1 Oe Bx phe o> * 
 kK 
 
 = 
 
 The 
 
 4, 
 
 / 
 
 a 
 t ah 
 7 
 
 ad 
 . 
 
 4 
 nsx Laws 
 
 ithe 
 
 
 
 Ley +sermer 
 
 yp 
 
 OQenanth 
 
 Mf: eta 3* 
 
 
 
 é teria. 
 
 
 
 cuberaba . 
 
 raqua 
 
 , 
 
 a 
 
 ; 
 Cu 
 oe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 
 ‘Motacilla. alba 
 “The wh ite water WU] = 
 | tail . 
 
 Roth bemlem - 
 Baltner. 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 —_ 
 
 gee 
 = ——_ E 
 
 EB ——— = —= 
 A = - 7 
 
 
 
 eos, Nag yp 
 
 gulus cristatus - 
 ‘The “copped wre. ¢ 
 
 
 
 
 Tamacau Marg 
 
 Van . 
 ae 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‘Pafrer troglodytes 
 
 - 
 The wre. 
 
 
 
 Reg. lus non cristatus 
 Cue, a, hae 
 rot: afey Chia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G uauuumbe 
 Me rgus Anert The FAtummung 
 
 = CUTIULS - Lird. 
 
 
 
 YE A 
 : Ala aot 
 
 Sg Ce 
 Lt LO” 
 
 A 
 
 YZ 
 YY 7 VW 
 
 WILL Pp 
 
 
 
 LAB XLIHi 
 
 
 

 

 
 - Sra — ae = 
 
 Beers 45 y= 
 Te te : 
 
 
 
 ‘TAB. XLIifi . 
 
 
 
 
 Parus mayor fet Fragillago 
 The Great Titmoufe ov 
 
 Ox = ey 
 
 
 
 
 
 Berus ater 
 The Colemoyfe - 
 
 
 
 
 » ‘@. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barus certleus Thellew 
 
 san alustres 
 The Menih Titmoufe . o- 
 Titmoufe orNiin.. ? 
 
 ce 7 : » 
 Ik Gach 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pars caudutus 
 The long tal dT tmoufe 
 
 
 
 
 
~ 
 
 385 ay as 
 th aeaeite  SOy ',. ee 
 
 a tok ot beet ee 
 
 ia 
 he ee ee aaa 
 
 - es —. =< a satel ee 
 ee 
 
 ci i at el Oa ee i eA. ie 
 
 ee 
 =~ 
 
 met, ss 
 
 es = ee 
 ee Bn nad 
 - io ees - ee — ; . ~ - = . - — a = 7 . ~ 
 > ny Oe nr ee — wt 3 Png ™ —_ 5s ’ ~ ann ss — = : r —— ~ . a " “ ——. a -_ = - - . 
 —. ee : —-- — - ee > a ane z - he See ‘ . el de as : -—— — z . ; —— +. 
 2 ios: Crea Nw. 4 "S33 e- ; ; “i —_— b> Tee _ - oe! cad oe : tt : - er ~ _ an Mf . a) - eh Apes ee 
 a4 . * 7 4 a ' ple e . si a ms a +4 7 . 7 - . ee ee 3 P 
 b 7 * mn Sir eS Ps . . . r eel he : iS) neal od nn = 
 
 a ee. t 
 Worn nF | 
 
 
 
W. Faithorne _feulp- 
 
 Coccothraustes. 
 lbeak 
 
 | TH Lofig bill.wp 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‘TAB. XLII. 
 
 CG occotwdu tes Indica 
 cristata . 
 
 
 
 
 
=< eines ie ge nel 
 ——=s- — 2 
 
 a 
 
 . ee eh aoe SS - 
 ema a _ - > 
 ap ee ee 
 csnalilat a L 
 
 <——— og 
 
 
 
eS 
 
 ; — 7 oe - — = : a 
 
 TAB.ZXLV, 
 
 mas 
 
 <3 
 
 a ‘Pale er Stultus | 
 \ SSS ‘The F volish 
 \\. ae C/parrow 
 
 Pa SO TLONAGIULS . 
 The mountamefparr ow 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Macro Uris Aldr. a 
 a Indian © : Fy nnotlla 3 
 U0 oF Sip ch: a" | 
 Her ACE The Chaffinch . 
 — Monty fring ula 
 Om, The Brambling. 
 | sii 
 ea 
 
 ' FL Van. Howe . Sooke | 
 
 acer 
 willie 
 Slate 
 
 Er Say 
 
 i 
 
 2 ae 
 
 
 
ae —--—-—-— -- — 
 
 ee . = — 
 
 4 
 rs 
 oe 
 
 % : M 
 ms £ 7 
 " 4 x 
 . ; ee a 
 js 
 ; 
 ; 14 RS , 
 * - 
 uy | | 
 : } 
 eo 5 . 
 , he " i 
 “ye & 
 nN 
 z ‘ 
 / } 
 Y ‘ 2 
 t) ; 
 7 
 | 
 
 " 
 id 
 « 
 k = pa al Poh 
 ¢ ; 3 
 SSrecs— =a 
 a ~~! . 
 
 +> 
 
 ah ad aoe eenne 
 - a ee 
 — en 
 
 a 
 
 ‘ ~ ——~ se 
 ; ee ee 
 ee 
 7 - 5 r 
 
 
 
~ 
 
 eT? a 
 
 —e Tr 
 
 LAB. XLVI. 
 
 
 
 Linara. 
 “The Linnet 
 
 
 
 
 | ” Linariarubra. 
 
 Lhe Red Linnet 
 
 ~ 
 SS WS 
 
 Ss 
 
 SSS We x 
 = SY ~ SSS SSS — — 
 SS SSA@q . = : 
 : SS ee 
 SS Ss —— SS 
 
 ~ SS = a = —— 
 
 a 
 
 AVA AL 
 
 A. BRR So 3 
 LheAnadavad Bird 
 
 
 
 — > 
 
 
 
 SS KS 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 tne 
 
 ———— 
 = 
 ieee 
 
 Kj. 
 
 wl dA. 
 = ean 
 ~~ late 
 
 os 
 
 =. 
 er 
 
 ' 
 ‘ 
 
 
 
Ce 
 SO a ey OO 
 -- — “ " <= — rs = 
 Sate a eal ee = : : 2 ——— 
 : : C—O 
 a ts He anion 
 
 - ee ee 
 
 Sn ieee 
 ote te 6 eet. tor Ae 
 . >: 
 
 2 _ a - — 
 
 
 
TAB. XLVI. 
 
 C ab wu Margy Taw. 
 
 . 
 
 ~ 
 ~~ 
 en 
 
 mage 
 
 Rey 
 
 —— 
 
 gee ieee 
 
 » 
 
 Pe 
 
 tere 
 Jabiru guacw 
 
 J cur vo gell 
 Bb. ely aru . 
 
 .‘ 
 a) — 
 SS) SS fh tal RE ee = : ge Lei 
 Ss = Me = = a 
 ——————————_ = - e % - ————— 
 ————[S=— = —— | 
 
 —— 
 
 ———— — 
 SF = Sa 
 
 = 
 
 => [eee =e 
 =—— 
 ao aa 
 > ‘ ~~ a 
 el heal 
 
 = 
 —_* 
 a eS 
 ? 
 
 << 
 26? > et “ae. > 
 
 
 
“~ 
 
 
 
 Pe : | 
 ws MS i 
 ah | 
 a ® 
 » cB: os - , | - 
 Ye, ; 4% | 
 von oe > i) 
 ; i ee : os 
 T: ce . ; en 
 a “7 b ¢ Nf 
 4 “a | \ 
 dhe. ° . 
 J : * 
 : | 
 ; i re) 
 7 5 rate RY 
 anes 
 Lye 
 a " J 
 a sii\ 
 “ . a 
 ; 
 et. 5 ; | 
 ae, ¢ . 7 ; 
 . <h 
 Roary 4 
 ¥ 1AtK “> | 4 
 1 ten = i 
 + ae Sr 5 
 Te ast ° a < 
 rs Th 4 $ ' | 
 4 « f r 
 & ‘ r 
 vie . 
 H 
 ' at 
 ‘ 143 
 > a 
 ‘3 =a 
 
 Se agate» 
 aA 
 
 | seaeabai (|: of 
 
 ES EB iu 
 
 Sete) Wa 
 
 Houle £ 7 
 
 “ ; BEETS 2 se f 
 ee ‘4 
 . 
 ; 
 i 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
SS > 
 
 ze 
 
 “iy Sherwin Je 
 
 ( y ru 
 
 The’ Cran $e 
 
 
 
 i 
 init 
 
 MN Lg 4 
 } di 4 by yt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ve 
 WZ fr 
 
 Ly 
 
 —_—— 
 
 
 
 TAB XLVili 
 
 Aspera arterta wr 
 
 slerur uuwelra & 
 wil wh. oft 
 
 Re lexa 
 
 
 
 aC aput 
 b. divaricatio 
 
 rs us Palecrtce ge 
 
 Oe Case ( Fa 2 a 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 ij ls ‘had 
 
 
 
~ 
 
 toe 
 gare st: 
 pe ~~ > * ? : 
 e-. pents Thghae PRES Fee aE 
 gs Sugeest iy" thi ees Shy% 
 
 he 
 aa ee : 
 
 e 
 A : 
 1 Ae eae 
 es 2 7 
 re ; 5 =<. 
 5 > ..y 
 * 
 ¢ 
 
 — ae 
 > 
 : 
 
 we at eee - 
 at = 5 ieee oo ee : 
 
 Pe —— = 
 
 
 
‘TAB XLIX 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ardea cinerea 
 771 aor 
 The Ommon 
 Heron . 
 
 
 
 Ibis Bellon 
 
 
 
 
 
 : ai 
 \y 
 i 
 i 
 MT if Afi fy 
 Wilf fy 
 Uy Y he 
 ; U/, 
 
 
 
 ith 
 
 ‘ . Ardea alba 
 ; mas or. 
 
 The (rea te 
 
 Ardea cuterca. Mulch 
 
 TheXight-raven ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ly Y Y fl 
 
 G4, wih 
 Wy) f ag a 
 
 G. tf Wi) 
 
 ff yy iff thy Yi, ! yy H] 
 
 f | joy ye bh Ze ‘it i 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a A ll 
 
 te | ‘i 
 Le 4 y i y} Sa ) " 
 i Li dp Ze Za, Wi 
 
 - 7, 
 eZ LOY, 
 Sa ty 
 
 “a 4 
 
 
 
 - 
 ’ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ih / 
 Wy if 
 WS , yp 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 2 ae 
 
 ~ 
 => > S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A 
 
 - . _— = = 
 ae ow ee eS Se 
 
 2 — ea heed 
 ——~ en ee te ie eeeeee ad 
 — > P 
 
 RE Tn tnt - eT enting 
 SS 
 
 i 
 . Se an ee et —~ as rs 
 Se 
 
 — - es 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 S A, rdec hematopus. TAB .L. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ba SS 2 | | 
 is ‘ | | | 
 at ( drdece Stellaris. | i 
 \ Whe Buber. ahr Shersc dd, | 
 ; 5 — : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AA |i), 
 SY 
 SAA \ \F 
 SSS 
 
 
 
 . SS SSS < WY \\ 
 SS, SSS \\i\it 
 
 
 
 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 fib \ve 
 
 LT 
 W TM if) 
 
 a SS — 
 TSS. SE 
 Sl —<S . 
 we ° ~ 
 ~ 
 = ee S S 
 ~ . IS 
 mag. = a as 
 5 = 
 
 ~ 
 = 
 
 . = 
 FH SS, . 
 S 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
— tn - - 
 ee 
 
 oe omer eee 
 eed ated 
 - a _ 
 
 SS 
 
 ce ete 
 — 
 
 
 
Te 
 
 = 
 
 ns 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i Cocoi 
 
 { Marg gravij. 
 
 ue 
 TP 
 af 
 
 i} 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pohl: SS - 
 . Bi 
 TLIGI TI IEL LE 
 UDI IAF AF EPL Fy 
 IL} Se es - 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Ardeola Brafili: 
 
 Fultica Ma Or 
 The BF eater Coot. 
 
 
 
 ce | 
 
 
 
ot ee eee 
 
 ' > OT ge neg eee ee 
 td etme sant a 
 
 rvs Tt are MS 2 ai and "se: 5 eeling 
 
 
 

 
 = TAB LIT. 
 Cr COM alba ; 
 The C/tork | 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cicoma mera 
 
 The Black oftork | 
 
 i a } ‘ 
 ™ AN. \ Ss ~ A Wa N 
 ny A ba 
 Se 
 
 AS 
 ww \ AN ANY 
 
 “ay 
 
 ae 
 ie ene 
 
 ? 
 
 SS QS 
 GC ~ <= 
 SSS 
 
 Platea feu AL 
 hardeola. 
 Thec/poon bill _ 
 
 —— : 
 
 
 
 
 
 =. 
 
 
 
rare rn 
 
 Sa Rm ed 
 
 
 
Kh 
 
 yy 
 
 bhi, i oh 
 
 ia 
 
 ype 
 PLY ie VW , 
 
 4 
 
 Ce on 
 
 vA 
 
 tt — ee 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sf colopar. 
 The SWoodcock. 
 
 ee — ee 
 
 
 
 A 
 Pe 
 
 yl |.) 
 
 £ : " yy 
 
 
 
 ‘TAB. Lill. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‘Totanus. 
 2 Chor The Godmit : 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 LS vf 
 C4 
 ey // 
 mee fil) 
 
 Ny 4 hart ' iN " \\ 
 ie ’ a 
 
 ‘i 
 i 
 
 Brot et: 2) pee 
 
 Paki 
 
 ae 
 
 a 
 
 
 
“I °° °°» © = 
 
 why 
 : Bet 4 i Ua ih 
 v . or +4 
 : aN" : : +7 ite 
 | oo i ls Noh ty 
 4 : ‘ int | 
 om - er, 2 ‘ a 
 . ae —9 r 21 oe 
 Pg % ” A 
 os , ES 
 ] 
 h 
 
 - 
 al 
 r 
 
 cy 
 
 Sz 
 ™“™ 
 
 $i) 
 : ae *: Mi) r zs 
 i ee " E 
 « << _ - ‘ ’ rat iy 
 eat ee ak ? 
 : r 7. £3 - > x ‘aa fe Mule a ; 
 ‘ +e , J 
 ae NRL hae 
 \ aos 2 A * 7 Poh a vile ae } 
 e: ei is $ oat) a Wig 4 , 
 é + - t ae er ose r yrs! : WY oy *: a; % Na . 7 o > 
 ire ee RE Ry taGci ly, opti ¥ 
 : = aes ve ' os aa 383 2 > et ay 
 ; : % BATS = S14 thu! : : 
 ans Ove iS ope 
 Pe oS ie Se , Se 
 . * y g 5 _* 7 =: £ 
 ; | ) : | 
 j 7 : | 
 or 
 ie 
 
 | ee 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 . ./ Ged A, adie 
 esa oan ame «yr 
 
 oe _ SiS ye 
 
 ae 
 
 a 
 
 Se ee ee en —s 2 = 
 
 —_—— 
 
 
 
‘ 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 fy 
 
 I 
 
 if, 
 
 ll 
 
 | | 
 | Curicaca 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : ae a 
 
 ZZ <4 TH, 
 = 
 
 — 
 
 —— 
 
 Wf 
 Yy 
 spy j 
 Wf 
 tt 
 
 i 
 } 
 | 
 { 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 Falemellus Ald. 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 WW 
 
 
 
 YY, 
 
 J - . 
 4 a ~ ww 
 AN 
 fe ZA =3 
 — 
 \ 
 
i 
 
 ——— = — etl = os - ane “ = 
 Sani i ee —_—— rT es 
 
 
 
Fe een se Te 
 I k 
 
 
 
 oe 
 Fin Tt? 
 
 we 
 
 - ag LIL, B y Whe 
 
 
 
 G4 
 Lb tpg zn 
 CDI, je” Zz Casi 
 
 
 
 
 
 lage Le i mE§Gs 
 ee z 
 
 = s Z 
 A 2Z27Z 
 & S— Ss FZ ee = = = 
 ao o <7 . - - of = 
 . . mim ee 
 ; Lo As 
 
 ALIAS ALS hep epee dee es 
 ZB = = Ze Pe A a 
 tuys E 3 = ee =_ a , eee TZ iy - 
 he, Le : —— Ps z S ZZ 
 
 AM Op 
 
 he 
 HT ’ 
 
 nt) 
 PREM Ae in 
 
 i) 
 YH wo) a) sy] " 
 Wy UTM Pi FD ot 
 Y 
 
 aby 
 an I) 
 
 KAYO Y 
 ASA a)! 7) 
 1 *) WL hw | 
 Wie Mi) , 
 a Tuy W/ , Uy y 
 5 W/L 4 (ad y Hh F 
 Y) YW Neg Wy be 4 
 7 ya SA 
 ps WY” | 
 Vy, ys 5S 8 
 
 Y 
 WY ijl 
 Y 
 
 Y/ 
 Up y 
 WL MM 
 Ys “Ti 
 Ua 
 
 Ea 
 > 
 
 = 
 
 ne yn 
 
 dias aa 
 vy) a tadatt h 
 
 iy Y an P 
 
 nT Nas \ 
 at 
 
 ea 
 Og 
 ‘ jitter, A 
 "nt le 
 - , 
 
 tC, “ext 
 t Z 7 eo 
 yl 
 
 5 a 
 he a, om 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tax, 
 
 i 
 | a fe 
 i Kidd 
 
 . hassle a a i 
 ee ) 
 
 
 

 
a i 
 my ee 
 d 
 4 
 .. 
 
 : 
 h 
 : 
 [ TAB. LVI 
 
 ~_ s — é 
 
 
 
 
 Rothnu| sel. 
 
 ain Avis pugnax 
 L277. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sip y l':, ‘tNn, 
 
 iy, Dy tni",,, 4 
 
 y” % Vig sta 
 
 Vy Gag Pr "1 v0 ai, 
 
 FE My Dh or ene 
 Dogon. 
 a /. Lp 7 ’ 
 
 New 4 
 Y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ih a 
 wie 
 Tyee!’ : 
 
 tun 
 of | : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SV =a 
 
 
 
 on 
 : 
 
 —_,- 
 
 : Wu ge = es Md of i y, 
 4 As SS AS Hig 
 ! a J a) is — . ant) BY, Tag ey Vy y 
 
 ' 
 
 ee 2 
 os 
 FMM Sor, 
 S 
 
 Te 
 
 lee EE 
 
 Avis LYTLLX MAS 
 
 A Ruffe 
 
 SS was 
 
 
 
 p i 2 = : ‘ ey Wht. Hf \ 
 | | eee LS a 
 
 ~ on 2 ee 
 \ NX A OS WN SN \NN NSS ERG 
 Ws ~~ Son 
 
 AY | => = ee | Ss SS 
 rit 5 : =a Ss ge SS = SS -~ SSS 
 
 SAS SS 
 a 
 ee 
 
 — 
 = SS 
 
 oe 
 
 ~ a 
 
 oe = rr 
 
 
 
 A “the Boos feminu 
 
 
 
 CT Hii 
 
 C7 
 a Wy 7 Ce 4 aye ht: 
 
 - Sere’ ME, ig 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SEO DA a4 
 —— . ad sll : = —— 
 ts ee = = 
 i ee ~3 
 i = 
 = wm = 27>. 
 em EF 2 
 
 ‘i 
 ae 
 Ne .. 
 
 ON weet EE rr r er —— 
 i) A 
 IN 
 a 
 e (i 
 
 
 
 Tt 
 
 
 
 Sal a 
 
 
 
EE DS ee a a a ae 
 
 Je 
 
 ‘’ ‘ 
 
 ‘ D. \ 
 wi 
 ore 
 4 te 
 MS 
 4 ~ 
 =. 
 
 
 
Tlunial Li veridis 
 
 The green Pl OVer. oe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | Vannellus Fg Sie 4. 
 The Lapy ung res 
 | 1 
 i" \ 
 f Vluvialis CULer eg 
 
 <- 
 
 
 
 The grey PL oy CN, 
 
 OAL 
 
 oU Or ULe /[ / LS Lo Z om 
 TheDottrell Vif b 
 os Wy y A Wy / 
 
 | “Ys 
 re 4 
 Oa wae. 
 
 ‘ 
 
 hi 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 ji 
 fi 
 B FF 
 he Yt 
 i) 
 Pi | Char UL . 
 wai The Sea Lark. 
 \ ALS 
 oll w 
 | 
 
 SS ~ 
 SSE AQABRAAY 
 > . . 
 SSS. axis 
 
 
 
 ——e Oe” 
 Cf ple” 
 j itt a oO” 
 Wp e) i” 
 WA VY, y 
 ve 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
— = . 7 mz = e Glee Ee ' > Bn i et ~ {ees ices , eat [ ong * rs ‘ 
 7 > ’ On A at ay Ye ee a ae VS ee STM Te) Toi CO 
 - > » =" r ‘Ss 
 ° % 
 
 eo : 
 : 
 . - 
 
 ir) 
 
 | | a 
 
 | et au 
 
 | Me 
 } ef Me ae 
 
 
 
 ie ' 
 ¥/ , fi : r 
 j 
 
 : 
 ‘4: a 
 we 
 
 Pa f 
 a ¢ - 
 | PP 
 mi! : 
 eae 
 irae ~ 
 1 ihe ‘ 
 yal 7 
 i : 2 Wh ete sh 
 “aR a 
 De ‘ va ‘an 
 | JS 7 ~ y 1s 
 , ah 
 ‘\ i 
 % 
 i big 
 sy 
 % 
 : 
 / é 
 i | 
 i ‘ 
 | . 
 + 
 j 
 7 
 
 <= Sa <a 
 caieaieel ‘ =e. 
 he Mla SS le 
 
 Te Se iE eh 
 
 
 
—_— 
 
 <. 
 7 
 ” 
 ayers 
 
 { 
 
 Morin elluip Nlaruuts 
 The Sea-Dottrel] < 
 
 ' Ma a _s 
 
 TAB IVT 
 
 
 
 # 
 /«- / 
 
 OedionenuThe 
 Shne Curlew 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GY 
 
 
 
 (ullinula chlo opus fy 
 The “Wa terhiemnr or Mp Hi 
 nmiore-hen. 
 
 \ Ny \\ 
 \ 
 
 i \ , 
 \ 
 
 ry .) 
 
 | eee, Po liopus | Galknula 
 
 4 minorey brivis he Wii 
 . a 
 
 - , a a 
 — 
 
 ’ ES Mik 
 ZL, 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 a ¢ 
 
 
 

 
wes —— 
 
 : 
 : 
 t 
 
 a 
 ~~ 
 
 . -_ 
 
 Sea a Sa 
 
 TAB. LIX. 
 
 . 
 
 ~* 
 
 
 
 rs ; - ”, ; 
 . ii a ~ <_> f 
 A= ey ie 
 
 : ree wee 4 
 i e eS a 
 Saga 
 ——~/ BOE i 
 == a ee 
 
 eg 
 
 eC aw 
 
 
 
 > 
 . 
 yee 
 
 r 
 7 
 
 ~ 
 * * 
 —— ahh « 
 
 — 
 wv” 
 ——— 
 
 ' 
 ] Y 
 o | > - 
 ¥ i 
 a4 tS 
 Aa 
 
 = 
 4) 
 
 iz 
 
 \ 
 So 
 
 
 
 Mii wn es, 
 APEOSE? 
 
 P| 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 ; “4 
 Np, 
 | ‘ 
 ~ 
 , ‘ 
 ) ~. 
 ) , 
 
 ra 
 — - , - Nl BLRewY es Sa <=. * 
 — - ag > eee © endl aat thes - s S . we 2 7 
 
 
 
 _ Nie aw BAjh 
 ~* 2 gta. seals 
 
 » oe 
 
 oS nn . z eee es — ’ ha mo: “> ee. Bee» “= Ar, - ea enna ihe 5 -_ al 
 
 - ae) ree Oe 
 
 
 
 ih coli tiineatiiaatendaaneatinnetin maaan 
 aa ee 
 
 ee oe 
 
 he 
 
 - eee 8 ch bndly 
 "Ee nite asia dik 
 ihe sees re 
 POPs ren ee - 
 
 emetieantl 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 Phan LC optes LLL 
 | The Flavnynant 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trochilus Aldrov._. | 
 ee eS *. = Ga ae 
 R ecurvurcs tia A vofetta 
 Italrum . yl 
 po 
 : ‘ gy Sh, ZA 
 Mili ff Yi 
 , a EE ~ 
 
 " 
 
 4, 
 "ph he 
 
 (7, Mb 
 
 Ny tot 
 4 
 Hirywnt 
 
 
 
 yp 
 Meggitt te 
 
 
 
 
 TAB. LX. 
 
 
 
Ohabis 3 a tl A ee 
 See so | 
 
 Jian tga 
 
 ee Re ~-* | ed 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 a7 
 —- 
 <a, 2 
 
 =e 
 
 . 
 
 —— 
 
 ae 
 RTeey 
 
 
 
 —— —— 
 Pt 
 = — 
 
 
 

 
 e — — = =e wee 
 
 
 
 armen a Se eer 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 —— = 
 

 
 | TAB .LXiIL 
 | ii) 
 | | i 
 : mm Colymbus max ums stellatus | } 
 a 1 
 . (The greateft Speckled Dwer or Loon } 
 
 al 
 & — 
 
 Seg. 
 eee 
 
 aoe ee — 
 
 ees 
 
 ee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 / 
 Hi 
 1 ih 
 Os cruris” \ | 
 . Lolymbr i 
 
 | She Leg bone’ ‘wl 
 . of a Diver | 
 
 —-. 
 
 : Colymbus Ar Cacus Aumme, a we 4 = gas S== : 
 | = ie eee dichus TV orm. = 7 = : | 
 Ce AP CL tind. Fiver oT” JOD FE. se 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 b 
 ’ 
 4 
 +4 
 * 
 > 
 1 
 qd 
 ; 
 / 
 = 
 fy 
 > 
 . 
 = 
 a . 
 ; gee 
 _ tall > > 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Corrins aquak CULS. 
 
 Tie Cormora nt. 
 
 
 
 Le 
 
 ee 
 
 YZ, 
 
 Vue i 
 = GMTIGITTT 
 YU 
 ey 
 a7 
 mae 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 x So eee SSS 
 TS 
 : CSooes SS Ses SSS 
 
 F Se BSS SOS SSS 
 SSS OCS SS — 
 
 —— 
 
 Ono crotal LLS. 
 
 The Pelecane.. “hes 
 
 AnferBafs ATILLS’. 
 The Soland Goofe. 
 
 
 
«i 
 
 f } 
 ah - ei ‘ ‘ jie S —— : F Peeks os hick | ; | ts. . . a , te 7 eee i. | : ‘ Zs 
 
 ll — ~~ i —_—— _ - Su inte, f “Sis ae = _ ~ + 
 a - . ' [4 - 
 he —» ~ tlie ELS, gee” heat ~~ see Pee os i a —- . ; . = 
 | = ta + cies ot puncte ctectiainann i id = a ss: - 
 ah fala i Sa 4 ill rr aX! = | 
 ~— a —- 
 “a — _— ~ . 
 
 
 
eT > 
 
 = 
 
 _—— 
 
 a on - 
 
 
 
 
 Alea Hoieri 
 The Auk or Rafor 
 Bdl hp | ee 
 
 POO 
 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 i 
 f 
 
 M erganfer 
 The Goosander. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 or 
 
 a 
 L 
 
 ti 
 
 r 
 si 
 ‘%s : 
 
 
 

 
 NN QS, 
 
 —— 
 . 
 ray 
 ° Pe) 
 
 - —- 
 = 
 
 . 
 oy 
 
 ae 
 “i 
 vo a 
 4 
 ' J 
 } . i 
 ti re 
 hae 
 “wr 
 ais vit 
 a> a 
 cs : : 
 ++ Se * 
 tae 
 
 
 
 7 : . 
 
 : : | 
 { ’ 2 , : ees ae a > eb. NS ee 
 : a cee te hee Ne epber P Latd . . J 
 ‘ : i : : | | | : | 
 “wt ~— - —- ode ih ee = = a — a -_ — > . — rT — — oh Stl agli ea ap a eee ts LS OS a ade ae “ = so ae > 
 ; — ee —— ——— 2 = fase = 7 | ; | s | . a ) < . 
 x it : 4 . -- = o - J + rm - : 7 | 
 
 a exes: a sot . ape ae ; . aol a hoalae - - : > -: Tyee ae 7 ones 
 , , . es ao = agin ‘ : - = —— ~ {= — ~a=9 is — Ar = = > = © 7 
 lay 7 _—" . too = . m 2: . f . ‘ | ; | ‘ 
 
 * eee ee - o~ « a ‘ ; 
 | . me i: si allied ant sn ania 
 
 7 —s ae he nl = rs = a >. a Z , - 
 
 = = _—— 
 
 % -_ 
 pom, Cee eens — - os . eee 
 " $ > - - ——— os: oo 
 = .— — * ~ - J = * a 2 
 . . a ie . ' - : . : 4 . ct eal ings | 
 — - - “9 a z = = E 
 . : : . y *~ > =, 
 - > = ¥ 
 = - =. +> - = _ . ; 
 = —~ pe: - _ = ~ = 
 : =e : 
 ora = 
 
jus 
 
 te 
 
 aed 
 
 - 
 
 | 
 | 
 
 Alka Horeri. fy 
 The Razor-hill or Auk. 
 
 
 
 ——_ 
 
 a 
 
 a Te eh 
 
 a 
 otek a ee 
 
 ee 
 
 a 
 
 
 
3 
 Ca 
 (ae 
 vr}! rete 
 : J ieee 
 Ag 
 i 
 
 pt 
 , Wa 
 & ' 
 Bl 
 “ , J 
 paa 8 bh : 
 : ee a 4 
 : \ Fo. cae 
 / ia 
 : +. 
 ’ i) ‘4A 
 : 2. La 
 ‘ 7 ’ chee 
 
 ACh Ay mua siast . ae 
 7 Seas ee . 
 ‘ Tr rere el 
 + i ae oe “Sa ~ 
 
 ee eens 
 
 eee DAS * * Po 
 
 
 
SS Ser 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , c 
 \ 
 
 . “ “> . . 
 
 4 Se a ‘> 
 
 4 x ~ . 
 
 | TAB. EXVI" * 
 Mf i / 7 p» 
 Larus hybernus. if Gas | 
 he C BY iin’ 
 The ¢ oddly moddy - Wn | 
 a 
 ‘| Wy) UD, | 
 uh) run Wee : 
 /} eT ee . 
 \ | 
 Yar . 
 , Ley hin | 
 M7 egies | 
 y Zs J YZ eee 7 “VY YY, ] 
 <I GI? jy yy /)//) } : 
 Z Ys Lg. WN | 
 Exe yyy Z% Wf Lie | 
 A op tuyppe LA ; 
 eee Ytzzz itizge Larue MU Cus | 
 uaa esa” “witty GY Hs; : 
 ify” AIL TILCAOCUTULES . . 
 The great grey - | 
 Gull, 
 ~ yy ; : 
 + 
 
 fi, 
 Yi Wah ee Wh 
 
 fy)!" Sh: 1 WN ) 
 
 Wh M I i Will ‘\ \ Mt | } f | y) L | N , RY i} i | 
 
 IK (EUs Rui IN Waa WN y | a | , \ wi) nN ‘ 
 
 AN: Ail AER Ne A, A RS WY 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 Lijit ap SANNA aah And) WL a yA = 
 i IS N\A TI tM GN | 
 PO J | 
 
 | 
 
 | | a MHI) 9 
 in | 1 RSS 
 | ( Hy Mi ‘ wy 
 J ) 
 ; i] if N . 
 Ht ; 
 
 
 
 
 iy Wd BR 
 i / Wt My |) SO 
 
 N | hi fi 
 ' i Hy Ih 
 pit i ( 
 
 AN ae 
 Whip) WANT NY a 
 
 YY 
 
 AN Sn , Sac Larus cinereus rostyo & 
 SAWS cdithug rubrirThe Perit. 
 = =—- : — - —""_= = = - = 
 
 ty 
 
 VA 
 
 SSS 
 ae / » 
 
 —! —_— SS . 
 
 _ . 
 
 _ r 
 » 
 
 » 
 
 YG yyy 
 
 y 
 WA 
 
 
 
 Z , Z Z 
 Vit. ad 
 Hi) Y tL LZ : im : 
 
 Z 
 ; ; 
 “ 
 | 
 ee | 
 ty ae 
 ey Pie aa 
 ie ; : . 
 
 Be, OZ 5 
 = ——— —_ ; Ss é - Zz = < “ a y Vs /, by GLY, ¢ Z Vi jy fy sy 
 
 » 
 
 . = 
 ‘ EN i Ss 
 > oe - Pe" _ 
 
 
 
 e ro 
 Plas 3 
 Es a 
 
 L (ff 
 Wi 
 "yp 
 
 oa 
 
 : ye ser SA 
 } ha : % 
 +s a 
 
 . edit 
 a+ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 we teh es A ee 
 an ¥ 
 
 ve 
 
 —. ee 
 he Ss poy 
 sé 
 
 “es 
 
 ie 
 
 A bie 
 
 hae a 
 
 me hy 
 
 bie 
 . 
 s 
 
 ® 
 
 — 
 ’ 
 
 Mie 
 
 ei $e via ey AE 
 
 “7 
 
 4 
 
 “ie. . 
 
 goo 
 
 
 

 
 - aa |  Y 7 v —- - - CS es EES ee ee ES Ss Se ——- eee — - LS == — a >, wha a> lee 
 — - - . - : 
 
 ~~ 
 
 2 — 
 3 ee 
 

 
 <a OS ED ARNE “et 
 
 Larus 
 
 . Balt. 
 
 
 
 } ¥ 
 
 i 
 
 . di 
 
 / = y 
 
 =e "1 
 
 ac \ == LAs 3 ai 
 Z Wade : Ne tage. m 
 
 7 Uf (tf AU Eu SS SSS itt" ho “ 
 . A \ Wit WS X 5 \ . th wae . 
 
 as 
 
 Zin 
 
 IMA OW CHICrCLs 
 
 tht jj” 2 
 Gf" 
 
 FWAZZ 
 “xp 
 
 AZ 
 
 
 
 S&S 
 
 - 
 
 SLOUGH 1 
 
 Shue 
 
 oy.f 4 hs 
 
 * 
 ‘ 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 2 <a r A ‘ * ri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 “ ie 
 AS ; 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 WALPRL 
 
 
 
 
 Sy NS ill ‘\ 
 i WS SSH hk ‘ i iy 
 iy) vai Pei eal Rh ti 
 fi i fi (id ul! ioe ba = stl 
 She i 1 y RieLe ae \ = 
 WMA AYE 
 St i OE ee art , ; 
 
 7 
 / 
 ae 
 
 tp SE 
 a Loge 
 7 WE ; 
 Me ME 
 Ff 
 fd st. 
 Ue 
 Sit 
 ! 
 ' 
 a 
 ea 
 ~ 
 wee 
 ; at 
 £39 
 
 A 
 
 ‘ 
 
 
 
 SS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 Ta 
 
 
 
 ee a 
 
 , 
 
 ‘4 
 \ 
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 east 
 
 5 
 
 chs we + 5! Maw weiss 
 
 aiieeies 
 
 —— 
 > Fr — -~ -< 
 cy a 
 oe fr 
 Grea 
 
 *» 
 
 — 
 — 
 we 
 
 sti 
 
 vasz 
 ci 
 a 
 
 hie te 
 pit at’ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4p 
 
 E— eS - 
 
 Se eee ee 
 
 ed 
 gee" a 
 
 Pan 
 
 : i 
 we 
 \ Ht 
 Buns 
 a “ us 
 
 : ‘2 
 
 atti diel tte 
 
 7 —— a a : 
 
 — 
 Stitt dima 
 ee 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 ae : 
 a TZ writrudo {WAI {ILAS OT’ 
 ‘The greater Soa Call ow 
 
 
 
 LG! 
 i ‘} 
 , OY wy yin, 
 M ! 6 “ a a LYE 4 
 y i) fh GM ip 0) ) 
 IRD ran i ct GL i, fh ih) 
 rn ah ey tM : UO AY fff il’) 
 eypeygl yl nil ig Ay 
 
 f ] Mt i 
 
 Oy a Wy mit”), Wi, eg “Mh: 
 
 LOL Yip)" gS Ans wa) 
 % 7, de 7) , 7; AAP Uo, 
 
 a0e3 te 
 aquee es 
 
 ee one aa 
 fee ee Zs i eae 
 ee as F es W 
 
 —= Keli oa rage LEI 
 
 3 Aad nas 
 
 
 
 
 Motact a _ fla DOL 
 pve iceman Sim Se 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 aes en Larus muger 
 Na lhe Seare-crow 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~~ 
 
 bys 
 Pe 
 
 Larus cinereus Bellon. 
 
 : The Larroch ta Gorwell 
 
 = Hy ’ 
 + 1h) 
 
 r ee qeatetee ay 
 = ja - 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 Larus quger fi 
 
 dipes. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hirundo marina: muier - 
 
 The Lef, ser Sea Swallow. yg yy 
 | Ya 
 Z ZI tip gH 
 
 Zw Mi age, y) 
 WE tg Wy 
 We ft- MG 
 
 Yw WL J — O77 Vial a 
 pM ys) 
 
 SSG ZY) Wy 7, | 
 cy “Ad AA / 
 
 iy ife 
 
 Mh AP Za 
 Z isle We mon 
 
 er 
 
pedis aie al aeieaie ad race — 
 at * 
 
 en de me 
 
 
 
 
 
Cygni feri caput. 
 An Elks heac 
 
 = 
 
 SESS 
 : SSS 
 
 eS 
 == s5s 
 SS ae 
 Soe 
 
 el 
 
 —_—-S STs 
 WERMeRS eS 
 
 rc— 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 SS ————— —— — 
 SS ae ———— 
 
 —P Se ST 
 
 ae 
 —_— —— 
 
 Pe 82 = oe = 
 
 . Se) —— 
 == eel — + ; : 
 
 | ee SS 
 = eed -~ — - 
 A —_—— <— * - - . = = 
 ‘ — SS nee a“ = : 
 3 - = : 
 eee 
 —— 5 
 
 = 
 ms 
 
 =—~e 
 
 at 
 . = —— 
 ee 
 
 a 
 ~~ 
 
 — ea 
 
 
 
1 a 
 
 ae 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 i 
 ; 
 ; 
 
 BAAN \ WN 
 AVA WY 
 ‘ 
 
 A 
 a‘ 
 
 SYED AMAL 
 SAAD 
 SAE 
 
 NA) , 
 
 Wh 
 t 
 
 ‘y 
 
 drake 
 
 ee 
 Lee 
 
 wo 
 
 Sey : 
 AVA 
 
 o- 
 
 S3 ello 
 
 
 
 / or Ahh 
 CNN 
 ONL RTEIOWNT ORD) | 
 SOVQQQ ON nQgek® - 
 EST NL DALI SD DS 
 BALDDN Ra, 
 hag thes ‘5 
 
 WL adorna 
 he Shel 
 
 | 
 
 a 
 
 Ser: 
 Duck. 
 
 ——_ 
 
 er HL 
 
 a 
 
 ck 
 
 aS 
 ea 
 
 OO ital 
 
 , 
 
 med 
 
 7 
 
 a 
 = ie — 
 
 oo rk 
 ee 
 
 Great 5 
 
 Jt; WAS 
 he 
 
 ob 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 Seibial ? 
 
 eee 
 
 eee ee 
 
 
 

 
 TASB. LAX HI. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Anfar G 2i771 ren t.s 
 The War sabe 
 7 Me G i771 bo-goof ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ee, PAY: - 
 = WON yet 533 
 se A jp er?" YH 
 
 = \ SO 
 Say Se ar WD 
 . Aya a2 ¢ > 
 
 
 
 
 iw 
 
 Pt 
 TRS a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 Anfer cyanotdes 
 
 | Te Os = CT: 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 
 / a OTA Belloniy 
 
 3 a x } 
 
 BOY The Sheldrake or Burrough Duck 
 Wife hh ‘a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 te © Wiair~ 9 ofe: i 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 i. 
 i 
 V 
 4 
 } 
 9 
 f 
 ‘ 
 “\ 
 “Jn 
 
 i WN . 
 Wve LOH 
 \ NNN , 
 
 “Wy Somes hd 
 
 
 
 
 \ NN Mss 
 Nn wn SS SS 
 AWS ~~ : 
 MAS SAR 
 \ AWS we . P< 
 
 
 
 
 ¥ 
 ,' 
 
 yi 
 \) 
 \ 
 
 
 
 \\ . \' . 
 ; WY NX 
 
 \, SAS x 3 
 
 
 

 
 | 
 | 
 
 Al le a A i, ey st tl il la: 
 6 = 
 _ 
 
 ay 
 ‘wh 
 Fn 
 ; 4) 
 , Pa 
 ‘e 
 tf a 
 iy “i 
 7. a 
 <2 | 
 Tia 
 “ee By) ki 
 Bae 
 Peat) 
 4 in 
 ‘; 
 in mh. 
 ACTS bp 
 e PLY 
 Nie 
 7 Lifer 
 wi ‘4 iy 
 Ryo a aa 
 1 ‘ 
 
 
 
i a 
 
 - 
 
 [ 
 
 = 
 
 ae RO 
 
 CO OSS 
 
 
 
 
 
 . = 
 rr 
 Senet: oh a - 
 * 
 . 
 
 “lt ’ AB. TX 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boschas mupor 
 
 The wild Ditch 
 or Mallard. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wy if if i The Gad soll or \ 
 My oy Yray ; | 
 
 z sf yy / - . Et, Tg, f 4 
 
 Lf 
 Se 
 
 ak tN ~2 SSS 
 
 NS 
 BW os rie — 
 ; We LA eS Si Vz 
 . WA ACER 
 ( ye s : ie SSS SS = ¥ SS SS 3 
 US \\ es Ws SA Ages 
 : 1 = SS : r SSN aa 
 Anas fore fufeca nS yj) ae S SSA 
 a 3 ; SSS Ye = : 
 Renelops Veterun. WZ ; 
 VV bt /; 
 J WAN! WW 
 
 CL Poe, Er . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; ZZ es c7 d GY," typ 
 
 
 
 Reneloy CS Ally 
 
 [he wiyeon. aa i 
 aa Mihi in’ ' 
 
 | Bis al 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‘ OT 
 ft ial 
 J. nhinga - Langa av. 
 
 oe = 
 
 = : z— LZ “ijt 
 ww LLLYw#/‘a 
 CLRM_[DV_ “0 
 \ 
 
 * 
 
tb langula 
 < 
 
 
 
 i\ 
 
 _——A 
 = 
 
 "i 
 ut ‘ 
 
 (i 
 BS 
 
 Ay \ 
 
 pe htt: 
 rT 
 pA tbiuh 
 
 
 
 
 Pere arteria 
 
 
 

 
 —— ud 
 
 7 , 
 7 . = 
 
 = 
 SEES 
 -- + -- 
 
 a tended 
 
 Se oe 
 
 “ 
 » z 
 oo e 
 “sm : 
 . 
 is | 
 ree 
 1M 
 y > | 
 
 ty 
 Nn Ff, 
 “i 
 ie 
 el 
 
 
 

 
 
 ; 
 >. 
 
 
 
 | TAB. XX 
 
 
 
 : 
 re A tn eB 
 —_ ——4) 2 
 
 2 Anas ecuypeata Germ. 
 
 * Ja 
 I he o> hoveter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 Yip es pre > 
 CLL TM 
 vy UT) PLES 
 
 PP ea e 
 MALI 
 
 F a 
 
 ee 
 
 eg LOA —— 
 ee -~ 
 
 
 
 Quen tl edula. 
 The Teal. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 aS oe 
 
 - z= FH: 
 TE et el =; 
 
 — | ee 
 
 
 
 : 
 : 
 ie oe 
 7 7 
 i, 
 ie 
 a! 
 ur ; 
 ‘cae. 
 be ‘ 
 a 1, oes 
 ol 
 / ee 
 :. a 
 ity 
 ae 
 was > <3 
 SR | 
 a Ae ae 
 7 <4 
 a. wn : 
 
 < ee 
 Pie ry 
 Fy Pyit ef A : 
 > : “4 ‘Th c 
 iv § A , 
 + We , \ 
 : 7 f 
 me 
 5 v 
 “a ua 
 i J H 
 LPP a i 
 i. : 
 ree 
 i hh 
 Mi 
 \ 7 5 
 4 ' 
 ; | 
 f 
 : 
 Pitt 
 fii) 
 Vy Pi 
 vO etl 
 ty 
 7 red ' 
 ¢ f 4 | 
 ; we |e 
 iV a 
 ~ \ : 
 As ¥ 
 905 : 
 ’ ‘ = ‘ 
 . 
 4 
 1 / 
 : “45, 
 
 eva mam fy ees Taras 
 =~ een ee 
 
 
 
-—es _—— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 Fe . , An fer Domest CUS 
 ’ me aw : 
 ; The tame Yoojé. | 
 ; 
 , | | 
 | 
 : 
 ; 
 ; 
 . 
 f 
 f 4 yi’ Wie f ‘i 
 ! 
 ‘ / 9 Mayyfe ‘4 ial ] : \ 
 i by, yy, } vi 
 f - es . , } : 1 P " i} 
 . - ee BLA; YL zd Fs L [Zs : Be & ¥ a i Si, Oh ibd | I] Wi | 
 QELZZ) tt A the i ) 
 hie Zag Za Sg | 
 SE" Z gp ssscop pL: Jt ZL eZ | 
 . Zz PE tl es Sa ae ae —__ Le = 
 iy ye tactly bol g as | 
 Tp : | 
 ; 
 “\ Anas Domeftica. 
 \) The Common tame Duc 
 7 
 —— : 
 ‘ 
 ’ 
 Anas “Mo (chata an 
 v 
 , rl Al d ‘ | 
 | Carina MOD . 
 t | 
 " 
 , 
 oe 
 c See cities 
 c ZZ ZZ = ne 
 f _ Za 4 : OE” gst iy wif sat Vy ; 
 | Bp ELLE SHLAA ma ! 
 Z SLE. FET y Ay NIA , ==> } 
 vit te ' 3h: j } art ; 3 a 2 
 | _- Anas vostro adunco YW 
 
 \\ 
 
 wa | 
 The Hook-till’d AY | : 
 \ \\, 
 
 
 
 ; | 
 at 
 = 
 a ) . 
 pr , | 
 fs 
 : | | 
 i ) : 
 a ree = 
 | 
 Vy : : 
 | | 5 “—, 
 = — | 
 me 
 ae 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 f+ vee * r 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 , TAB. LXXVI. 
 
 : 
 
 ¢ KN ¢ethe <> I bon y J 
 ; LV LECH ‘7 w/, Jred : 
 , € - u of Hy KLEF7 ja tof 
 
 ' 
 
 j f 4 
 fo f AC _-/ u~ , c is ¥ fa . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . Anas CuCia Gesu : 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 Avis Tropicorum > 
 
 the Tropick, bird. w a mubahe, 
 
 the Summer Teal. 
 
 
 
 
 ~ « 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 “te iy) sie 
 1 / 
 
 Wty 
 U 
 
 r ; pa Vv? 
 aaa Cine 
 = 
 4 : 
 
 YA) es 
 
 WIAA 
 aT 
 
 “nth 
 
 hh T 
 
 iN 
 
 r 
 4 
 
 Anas 8 Cuthbert 
 &* Lutherts Duck . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carus ciulereus minor . 
 
 
 
 the Common sea mew 
 
 
 
 , 
 r 
 i” 
 — SSSR Sa a =hU)lhlmlmlml”l:lCUS ON OG 
 ' 
 Bs 
 =: 
 
 Brenta seu Bermila. minor 
 
 
 
 
 the Rat or Road-goose. 
 
 
 

 
 int 
 A 
 
 + 
 : 
 _ 
 
 
 
 % | 
 
 ne, 
 
 . = — - 3 a oo . 
 ate« az : : : 
 7 é 2 . * een _ “se - ste) n> =~. J en ’ 
 - 8 ey tpt - - ay -{ ae ea - = am 2 ny ‘ vy “1 4 re 1 
 poy th se 1 —- : 4 ar = - : Veni ie Sid 
 ee ee li ee etal eal s a . os <3. Si ‘ - —s = : o sire rt 
 
 - atte Ss = 
 ee re i ts 
 
 
 
TAB. xvi 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 es Vret 0) wo bla P 
 
 eee we 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the GrcaterB 
 
 —S=—> 
 
 Montifringills mayor i‘ 
 randling . 
 
 
 
 Vio 
 
 CY 
 yyy 
 
 7 = ere ee 
 
 ee ee 
 
 i 
 ‘ij 
 
 / 
 
 ( 
 
 
 
 | “a 
 | oe Cuculus Prior. | 
 : WL Aer, InP ivrthe Cuckow : brtuaf Ly a? 
 
 = O79 A Ye 2°, 
 
 os ; 
 COrUX cinerea hn! 
 ne , 
 é Ca rug 
 
 the Roy ff tons Crs a of a, | Z A 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 ae SB aoe, 
 Fe {P7 Z yA f* Ss Ue 
 
 
 
 the Jone Corleur. 
 
 VEY EE then)!" 
 ge I IY if ih /| 
 YZ Bh be, Lh MW j 
 bij tf iI Yi 
 My iy HH if, gf 
 WHORLS ITI, 
 
 i bp G4 ti oy / 
 : Lye Ny 
 tihipije)]}\ he 
 , A ge Y yg 
 
 7 
 
 (I 
 tif ep 
 Weiiz 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ra Ws ant 
 
 ae inh 
 
 attra 
 
 Manncesdirks Ree Clup 
 The King of binds of Burcadjfe > 
 
 f ‘ LE 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 Che (Nan of Worr bird: - 
 rhet Chiou rha9h.- 
 
 Je p- 395.) 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 iM, 
 [> 
 yy 
 fi 
 
 ery 
 
 “a 
 
 
 
 TAB: LXXVIO. 
 
 Anas marina cat da fo reupata, 
 
 ‘The Swatloto-taild 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‘Tamatia M argg ravy 
 AnAmerian Waterhen. 
 
 
 
 
 Corvilndici roftrum . 
 The bil of anindian Raven. 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 NN 
 Mi 
 \\\ 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 —. I i 
 “est ted ees 3 * “Sart 
 ot Se Same 5S 
 -_ a + .»— 48 iets 2 
 — = - a ern 
 eT mal iS 
 ~ 
 
 ° 
 pe a | 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 
 » 
 ° ' 
 — 
 
 fe) 
 
 <r 
 
 
 
 - _ 
 a a el ee 
 af — 
 
 ain i 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 
 

 
 he scientific name Coccothraustes, is derived 
 from 0 KOKKO' USTES, the kernel-breaker in Hesychius, 
 from KOKXOS a kernel, and THRANO to break. It seems likely 
 thet in creating this name the Greeks had the Hawfinc} 
 
 in mind, though proof is lecking. Gonrad Gesner, in his 
 
 "De Avium Naturae" which was published in 1555, was the 
 
 . 
 
 first to give the bird this name in print. The second 
 
 hoon 
 
 volume of "The ornitholory of Francis Willuchby”" (1678) 
 has a chapter headed “Of the Gros-beeak or Haw®finch, 
 called by Gesner Joccothraustes" and in this Willughby 
 commented: "Gesner, observing that name exactly fit 
 
 this bird, imposed it upon it," 
 
 Guy Mountfort: The hawfinch