ie mary as ASSIS « er ee, ee. ee ke Se re Be Ld esee- « ~~ . 3 ea ‘* Senn + ad" oe donee, eer, = < “ost ~~ Esa) 2S ee : \ AS o ae ty <% a . aa : SS) ig a Sepsis es my 7 AES DRAM ete BD 4 Sd A ee 4 ‘i any ae ray, . a Na erie aks : Sahara's i ‘2 J , . oa ies exe! SOS * Seiad ESR Pe Lee ae Sy ~ be in 5 oe PERE Te he > > Ss en abt >? > Se ae SS ee NT -. Meee Ss = ~~ . ~ we ae ee Seley SS ~ ~ + bys 2S aA = “> Ne ei ~~ ~~ ss = eee BS, 5, ap Set c ™ ee ~~ aS a 7 ~ . Sas MT —_ CJ) BK - : M f f N - ar ; Sr . bi ~—q f hee > Se O F fh sc A D E i ee IN THE NorRTHERN COLONIES CONSIDERED; WITH | An Account of their Produce And a particular DESCRIPTION of Salutis communis intereft. Cre, ———————————— : LONDON: Printed by (>. WoopFAtt atthe King?s-Armss near Charin aC pas. M.DCCXLVIT : nae ae ra i> P ‘ ad ire — bg == —_ —_ —— « ~ =~ _— 4 ~ ——_ Ss = ~ Seti. 22 “SS toe “aes — =~ == “—, 4 — — Ss Cc ~S ~ ~—— — * = 5 the following hort Treatife was haffily wrote, it may probably appear incorreé#t to the “fudictous, but as the Defign was fo reprefent the Value and Importance of the Northern Colonies to this Kingdom, I hope if will anfioer my Intentions of promoting the public Good. Their Trade and Produce have not bithertg been properly encouraged, altho’ their Utility may be eafily comprehended ; a {mall Bounty on the Jeveral rough Materials they are capable of raifing, and fhipping Home, would fron ena- ble them to fupply the Nation with a Variety of Articles, in Return for its Manufa&ures, which are now purchafed of Foreigners with Cath, and :mported in their Ships, = e wines Cnt 4 Eg ae * r. Co 5 oe eo | ie rd JE S447 © CON Sfi 4t/ UViCs 75 Li Ale ond 1£10n » fe 18 ves Seer , ] O} 418 Oli lewleni Wa be fo ad aAVant a: boul y Cale apf # ] Ff Ff if e . ft em ~ ' Po ; ny? ~ 7s aA Vf, C4HIGLTERd A$ 40 fili 46 W1ITDOUT Ardinings our LVL0- / <> \ 7 se : A ] a, & rr | AB 12 “A - at “4 si c ,- 174 - I+ frer-Lountry Of tis AnDaotiiants. for this A 4 . ~ d “~~ yi » 2, bd v4 os 4A 7 - qc fo} a is a Ez urpofe yf have i C/C2 ribed tp e Soil, LuUality, , nA ns ? 7) ye) f AVY - aararr , $ frz ‘aa , & hid LVi Gii?7, { 7 0] Ltsi Wij OV é 7) ¥ Lh. i fe “* C7 al Li arrs « di —- : v : 7 7 7 . ; 4 & aa sane O70) Alawrcartnttne aonhoro! " at 0} tk fro O#71 77] 9 L072 O df f UMELUELY, WIiIIETEDY Zi : L, LE a a Y att aitonw will @ appear LOW C0]; LY 22 HG y De CTT Chea at 7 . avery fmall Charge, compared with the Bene- fits that will naturally refult from it.—But if they were doubtful, yet the Advantages the French might otherwife make of this Province, and the Want of an e effetual Barrter for fe- curing the Poffeffion, 2 Trade, and Fifbery of the Northern Colonies againfi their Efforts in a future War; Si wctently demonftrate the Ne- cofjity of keeping it out a their Hands, with- sutbata g diverted by the Confideration of .the Expence, and this 1s themore obvious, and inipor tant, asthey will always be expofed to the ae SS a es ( vu ) the Attacks of the ¥rench, from the Neigh- bourhood of Cape Breton, I muft here beg the Reader's Indulgence for Saying a Word in Support of my Remarks on that \fland. Tam fenfible that a high Opinion has been conceived of its Worth, and with good Reajon, Jrom the concurrent Accounts of both Englith and French Writers ; but as the former bave been principally copied from the latter, their Veracity may be fairly called in Queftion: This I have a Right to do, from the iaiaiel Information I could chtain on the Spot, and I canJafely appeal to the moft intelligent Perfons, who i ave ref; ided there long enough to make proper Objervations, to confirm what I have advanced. y forttfying Nova a by encouraging 1 importa tion of its Produce to be wrought up here, and promoting the Fifbery inTime of Peace; by flationing a proper Naval Force there, and 01 the Coa/t of New-England in Time of War this ow ae ee ( villi ) this Kingdom may fecure to itfelf all the Ad- vantages that could have arofe from the Pof- fifion of Loutiburg, at 4 lefs Expence than would have been requifite for keeping fo large a Fortrefs in Repatr, and defending it with a proper Garrifon: Settling of the Cape Sable Shore, will un- doubtedly make a Winter's Cod-Fifbery prac- ticable, and may foon become more confidera- ble than any that ever bas been profecuted, and as the Fifh caught andcured inthat Sea- Jon exceed all others, they will of courfe come to a better Market inall Parts of the World. OTIS LITTLE. T..Hes 3 LA eo 1S $7 ry SSAA = w\ 5 AY * . , “iPr pa AS) /f Mg vey j if } Mon YW) if ut North-American Trade, and Settle- ments confidered ; With a particular ACCOUNT of NOVA SCOTIA. REAT-BRITAIN has eti- joyed the Benefit of a moft exten- five Commerce, fince the Difco» very of America, which, if pra- petly attended to, will contribute more to its future Intereft, than any other Branches of Trade, by enlarging the Demand for all its Manufactures, and increafing the Means of its Naval Force. B That eer oD oe a Em hae ee a Ee ae > a P ee Ne Reeser or ( 10 ) That the Riches and Strength of this Nation depend principally on its Commerce with foreign Countries, and its own Colonies, isa Fact that needs no Illuftration; it being equally true in Regard to all trading King- doms; for the Increafe of Wealth and Power has generally been proportionate to the En- largement of their Trade, .and Hiftory fully proves, that Ruin and Defolation have al- ways attended the Lofs of it; the moft flou- tithing are-indebted to it for their Grandeur, and the moft opulent and powerful have been undone by the Neglect of it. As every State in Europe feems defirous of increafing its Trade, and the Acquifition of Wealth enlarges the Means of Power, it is neceflary, in order to preferve an Equality with them, that this ‘Kingdom extend its Commerce in proportion; but to acquire a Superiority, due Encouragement ought to be given to fuch of its Branches, as wil] moft effectually enrich its Inhabitants, (41 ) As Trade enables the Subject to fuppor- the Adminittration of Government, the left {ening or deftroying that of a Rival, has the fame effect, as if this Kingdom had enlarged the Sources of its own Wealth ; it is evident from hence, that it is not fufficient to fupport the Credit of a Country with its Neighbours, that its Commerce be enlarged only, unlef its Increafe be proportionate to theirs: But, as an Afcendency is to be gained by checking the Growth of theirs, as well as by the In- creafe of its own, whenever one of thefe happens to be the Confequence of the other to this Nation, its Figure and Reputation will rife to a greater Height than ever, My Purpofe being to fhew how far thefe good Effects may be produced by encouraging the North-American Trade and Settlements, I fhall confine myfelf to thofe Branches which are capable of the greateft Improve- ment, Ba Thae Th SEPT eee WP OSE The Commerce, « and the Revenues arifing therefrom, are, in ‘ no {mall Degree, owing to 2 hw Freight, © occafioned chiefly from our building Ships © fo cheap in our American Plantations. * That fince the French ftruggle fo hard to ‘ gather Strength in America, furely it is the * true Intereft of this Kingdom to do fo too, : and na n nw e ( 21) and to encourage its Northefn, aswell as its Southern Colonies, fo that they may both contribute to the Support and Benefit of their Mother Country. ‘* The Northern Colonies are a great Support to the Naval Power of Great-Britain, and affift, in agreat Meafure, in giving us a Superiority at Sea over all other Nations in the World: They fupply the King’s Yards with great Quan- tities of Mafts, Yards and Bow/‘prits inftead of thofe of foreign Growth, with Pitch, Tar and Turpentine, for all which im- menfe Quantities of Goods are exported from Great-Britain, which prevents five Times the Value thereof from going out of the Kingdom in Cafh to Sweden, and other foreign. Countries,’ All the Articles with which the Britifb Weft-Indies are fupplicd, require a great Number of Artificers and labouring Men to fit them for Shipping ; and they.are in fuch Demand, as to be the moft confidera- ble Branch of the New-England Yrade, _ al- though the Price of every Article is fo high, as FO tet ee ge reenter e - ( 22 ) as greatly to affect the Value and Increafe of the Weft-India Produce; but if the Price of Labour in the Northern -Colonies could be reduced fifty per Cent. the Weft: India lands would receive all their Supplies fo much cheaper as to be able, in thirty of jorty Years, to double: their Remittances; and, confequently, the Duties paid on Im- portation. By enlarging the Trade, and increafing thé Wumber of Inhabitants in the Northern Colo- nies, their Demand and Abilities to pay for Britifh Goods would be proportiona- ble. But the Price of the feveral Commoditieé with which the Sugar-Colonies are fupplied, and thofe which are returned to England, is much higher than if the Country was fuller of tnhabitants, the Want of which difables the Merchant from fhipping its Produce; but ‘to his own Lofs, unlefs he carefully attends to fuch Articles as, by a Fluctuation peculiar to Trade, come to a better Market at one time than ( 23 ) than another; but were the Price of Labour reduced, every Cargo he {hipped would ftand charged at a lower Price, and he would be enabled to pay more for his Goods in Eng- land as {oon as they are purchafed, The Reduction of the Price. of Freight from the Wefl-Indies, by increafing the Number of Ships, is an Article of great Cons fequence to the Sugar Iflands, in whicft they cannot. well be. eafed, but by Means.of the Noithern Colonies, for their Confumption of Briti/o Manufactures is fo. inconfiderable, compared with the Effects they fend Home, that the Owners of Vefiels here mut fit them out tor the common Profit of Freights from thence only ; but the Merchants in New-Eng- land are conftantly employed in building Ships for.their Correfpondents. in this .Kingdom, which are full freighted from. Bofon to the Weft-Indies, and very often the Profit is equat to, and fometimes exceeds that of the F reight to England, {o that the Increafe of Ships will not only oblige them. to carry their Freights cheaper ( 24 ) cheaper, but will occafion a conftant and large Supply of all the North American Pro- duce, by which they will be enabled to in- efeafe their Stock, fettle new Plantations, and, ina few Years, pay double the Duty here upon the Produce of their own Iflands, which is an Event that principally depends on the Increafe of Inhabitants in the Northern Colonies. The eafier to comprehend the Certainty of this Obfervation, it is neceflary to caft our Eyes a while on the French Sugar-Iflands, whofe Supplies have commonly coft them thirty or forty per Cent. move than our own; notwithftanding which, the Progrefs they have made fince the laft War, bids fair for fupply- ing all Europe with Sugars, and whenever they are furnifhed with the Produce of North. America, as cheap as our Hlands, they will be able to underfell us at all foreign Markets. - An Objection has often been made againft promoting the Intereft of the Northern Coloz nies, on account of the inconfiderable Pro- Portion ( 25 ) portion’ they pay; to the public Revenue, notwithitanding it-is pretty evident, that nei- ther the Southern Colonies, nor the We/t- Indies would be able to pay any Duties at all, were it not for the Supplies and Affiftance of the former: But fuppofing this'was not the Cafe, and that the Northern Colonies yearly receive fix hundred thoufand Pounds in Bri- tif Manufactures, which are paid for in fuch Articles as are confumed in England, and pay no Duty ; on the other hand, the We/- India Iflands yearly receive the Value of four hundred thoufand Poundsin Britz/ Manufactures, and remit fix hundred thoufand Pounds ‘Sterling in Sugars, Gc.” that pay Duty’ here, this Kingdom gains more by the former than the latter; this follows from the Duty’s being paid finally by the Confumer ; for were it taken off, certainly the Price of Sugars would fallin proportion, and, confequently, the whole Amount of the Duty would be faved by the Confumers.; and was it to be laid on the Produce of the Northern Colonies in the fame Proportion, all the Difference would Dd confift § en bene ay ate b225 re BR, an a a e238 eS Lr ie €.* Saree a oe YS tree t+ shea en se $s ff A ED RR PEP oe wo eet mee mee Se ar yep eerenese eo (38) ing fuch Profit to the Owner, as they’ are capable of, for Want of Manuring, and being properly fubdivided into {maller Allot- ments, which the great Price of Labour now makes icapteGucable ; but as Nature has fur- nifhed the Country with feveral Sorts of Marle and Sea- Ware, whenever the Farmer has been able to enrich the Soil with them, the Produce of his Lands has paid his Expence, and, greatly raifed their Value, yet by Reafon of the Scarcity of Labourers, very: few can bear the Charge of fo neceflary a Cultivae tion; but by increafing their Number, the Country may foon be enabled to-do it, and confequently to fupply the We/-Indsa Iilands at a much cheaper Rate than they can now. A Number of Inhabitants fettled on the uncultivated Lands in Nova Scotia, would not be able to furnifhthemfelves with Provi- fions for the firft Year, but as the Country is full of fine Harbours, Lakes and Ri- vers, the Lands are covered: (as was before obferved) with Timber, and the Sea+Coaft plentifully flocked with Fifth and wild Fowl, ( 37.) Fowl, it will foon be in their Power to fupport themfelves *. It will be of great Confequence tothe firft Settlers in this Country, that in clearing and fubduing their Lands, they will be paid for their Labour, by converting the Produce into Ship-Timber, Planks, Matts, Deal-Boards, Shingles, Staves and Hoops, all which may be carried from their Plantations to Market, by Veffels that, will fupply. them with Horfes, Cattle, Swine, and other Neceffaries, to {tock their improved: Lands. | With thefe. Advantages, ’tis eafy to forefce how. foon it is practicable to, bring forward new. Settlements in a Country, which 1s fo well furnifhed. with Supplies, and is fo near Bofton, * The French King has commonly defrayed the Charge of Tranfporting his Subjects’ to America, and maintaining them a Year af- ter their Arrival ; and the Intereft of this King- dom never called for a more neceflary Expence, than that of fettling this Province with Pro- teftants. ; 2 ee Ln ee ary Tt Sea ss se. + a SE er ae en ee Se ae Sere ay Tt Fae CSP SEG Dy RR, Pee yer ek oOre} Ks Oe Septet mate ee ee eens es > ( 38 ) Bofton, a Market that will always take off their Produce, and foon enable them to raife their Provifions, to build their Houfes, and {tock their Plantations, and in afew Years to export many valuable Commodities in Veffels of their own, whilft they are pro- moting the Trade of their Country. From what has been faid it will appear, that if New-England and Nova Scotia were fully inhabited, and the Lands brought under | Improvement, they would be able to furnith the Weft-Indies with Provifions, and o- ther Supplies in larger Quantities, than they are capable of exporting now, and their Remittan- ces to England would not only become more confiderable, but cheaper to the Merchant, by reducing the Price of Labour, ‘The Advantages that may arife to this Kingdom from feveral other Improvements in the Northern Colonies, when they are fully inhabited, is worthy of a particular At- tention ; the Country is every where very apt to produce ( 39) produce the beft of Flax, and in many Places is natural for Hemp, both which are Articles of very great Confequence to this Kingdom, as the Manufacture of Linnen-Cloth within it, bears but a {mall Proportion to its Confumption. ~ It would foon become very confiderable, and leflen the great Importation of Linnens from Germany, Holland, Gc. and the) laft brought home to be wrought up into Cor- dage and Canvas. The great Plenty of Iron Ore in many Parts of the Country, will enable them not only to fupply this Kingdom with vaft. Quantities. of Pig-Iron, but Tron in Bars, cheaper and equal in GoodnefS to the beit Spani/h or Swede's I- ron, which laf, according to a late Calculati- on, draws above fwo hundred thoufand Pounds yearly from the Kingdom in Money, and ’tis well known that if Labour was reduced a quarter Part in New-England, they- could far- nifh a Quantity equal in Value to that Sum cheaper than “tis now imported, and receive their Returns in Briti/o Goods ; And <- ys St ae Se ae SOR as we Pes eta | 8 De PAA phe OE aE DG PSP See hen rE RS = aa e - -— — - . oe treet et ah - Qe e-em . ( 4d ) And laftly, it will enablé ther to fecure the Cod-fithery (t0 this Kingdom, by making it mote benéficial-and extenfive than it ever has beet, as thé Proceeds of their Voyages will be remitted to England in Cafh, and the Deniand for fréth Supplies of its Commodities will be increaféd, and its fineft Nurfery for Seamen enlarged. There is one Article which has excited the Jealoufy of this Nation more than all the Improvements the Colonies ate capable of pro- fecuting, that is the raifing of Wool, and as this has never been properly reprefented, I conclude it may be acceptable now ;. the In- habitants of New-England and New-York are fuppofed to confume one with another thirty Shillings Sterling yearly in Britifp Manufae- tures, two Thirds of which confifts'of Wool- lens, and accotding to Mr. Liondon’s Pam phlet, in proportion to their Numbers js equal to the Confumption within this Kingdom ; It will appear frony his Calculations, that five bundred thoufand Packs of Woo] weigh- ne . o — (41 ) ing wo hundred and forty. Pounds Weight each, are yearly wrought up in Great-Britain,, amounting to. twenty-one Millions, of which more than one-half being exported, the Num- ber of Inhabitants, at twenty Shillings each Perfon, exceeds. the Value of the Remainder $ This may be. eafily demonftrated, by come- paring the Number of People in thefe Culo- nies, amounting to Jour hundred thoujand, to, the Value of their Briti/b Importations, which. is above fix hundred thoufand Pounds yearly, from whence it follows, that they annually confume more Woollen Cloaths,than an equal Number of, Inhabitants in. this Kingdom ; but as they are Known to raife Wool in New-England, it will be a Queftion, what becomes of it ? to which it may be anfwered, that the Winter Seafon. being commonly longer, and feverer than it is here, the Inha« bitants. require more Cloaths in proportion, which may be eftimated at a fizth Part ; be- fides their ufual Employments being very dif. ferent from thofe of fedentary Artificers, and indoors Manufacturers, may well be fuppofed to enlarge their Confumption, F tt . Ms * ? 5 7 i 4 & bi r f - he ( 42 ) It will appear from the foregoing Compu- tation, that thefe Colonies produce about 7wo thoufand Packs of Wool annually, which is four hundred and ninety-nine Times lefs in Proportion to the Inhabitants, than grows in Great-Britain. ‘This Account may the more eafily be credited, by comparing it with the Number of Sheep commonly flaughtered in the Courfe of each Year, obferving, that as” they are fmall, their Fleeces do not weigh above ¢we Pounds one with another. But it may ferve more effectually to remove all Ap- prehenfions of the Colonies being ever able to prejudice this Nation in the Woollen Manu- facture, to obferve, that their Sheep not only liable to various Diftempers, but are fhort-liv’d, and their Wool is of a very coarfe Staple ; for when the Winters from Year to Year admit of little or no Variation, they are frequently fubjeé&t to a cutaneous Diforder, which being renewed with every Spring, caufes an Itching that feldom leaves them till they wear off their Fleeces by frequently subbing themfelyes againft every thing that prefents ( 43) prefents itfelf to View, and when the Wea- ther proves dry, and hotter than common, they tear their Skins as well as Coats, and are foon Fly-blown, rotten, and deftroyed ; this has often proved fo contagious as to end in the Deftruction of half the Sheep in the Country; and when the Winter has been longer than ufual, “tis a great Doubt whether their Loffes don’t exceed their Increafe, for it has twice happened within twenty Years, that a third Part of all their Stock has been carried off by the extreme Severity of the Weather, It is uncommon to eat any Mutton in the Country of more than three Years Growth, from whence it follows, that inftead of flaugh- tering one fifth of their Stock yearly, as is computed to be the Cafe here, they confume a third Part, and their Fleeces falling fhort ene Half in Weight, they muft neceffarily raife four Times the Number of Sheep to produce an equal Quantity of Wool; but the Coarfe- nefs of its Staple, which exceeds that of French Wool, puts it out of their Power to fabricate F’2 fing St BS ne ae eee = >. on re ge eter er ahem ee or yen ( 44 ) fine.Cloaths ; -and its Shortnefs renders it of Kittle Ufe but to be wrought into Stock- ings, and an ordinary Cloath which is more expenfive, and lefs durable, than a much finer imported from hence, It is evident from the preceding Account, that ’tis the Profit of their Mutton, rather than their Fleeces, that induces them to raife any Sheep at all; whenever their Lands have been enriched by Manuring, they find that the raifing of Beef, Pork, and Corn, which are Articles of Exportation, as well as Home Confumption, is of greater Advantage ; for the whole ’Bufinefs .of...Hufbandry and heavy Carriages being performed by Oxen, in- ftead of Horfes, the former are doubly ufeful, and after a long Courfe of Servitude, by two Years Idlenefs and Fattening, produce Beef that would credit the Stalls in Leaden-hg/} Market. The Increafe.of Inhabitants in thefe Colo. mies will then appear {o far from. being injue rious to the Woollen Manufactury here, that it (45) it will contribute more to promote it, than fupplying an equal Number of People-in any other Part of the Briti/b’ Dominions ; but if it fhould ever be otherways, it:will proceed from Neceffity,, rather than Choice ; | for-if they are properly encouraged ; in ,raifing -of Hemp, Flax, Iron, and other rough, Materi- als by a fuitable Bounty, and in thofe Branches of Trade and Navigation which are not pre- judicial to the general Intereft of the.King- dom, their Advantages would) be infinitely greater, and their Labour lefs, than if they profecuted the Woollen Mannfactury; but if on the contrary, _ thefe feveral Articles are totally neglected, they. will be rendered inca- pable of making Remittances fuffacient to pay for Britifb Cloaths, and muft of. Courfe manufaCture the beft they can for thenifelyes, The general Advantages that will arife from fortifying and fettling Nova Scotia, are to be confidered as they regard the Views of France as well as Great-Britain. The ( 46) The French have artfully laboured to make the moft of the Nova Scotians, evet fince their Subjection to thé Briti/b Crown 4 they have not only fecured to them’the En- joyment of their Religion and Eftates, but take Care to furnifh them with Priefts, who teach them to believe from their Infancy, that they are the Subjects of France, and they have always been equally ufeful to them ; bes fore the prefent War, they not only fupplied the French at Loutsburg with Provifions, but with Wives, and were very ferviceabie to them in their Fifhery, in piloting their Veffels, and affifting them in their Fortifications ; and fince its Reduction, have all contributed to fy p« port, and many of them have actually joined a Body of French and Indians, in order, if poffible, to get Poffeflion of Annapolis Royal. The Zeal and Attachment of thefe Nove Scotians to the Romi/h Faith, will always pre- vent the Settlement of Prote/fanés in the Country, unlefs it be done in compact Bo. dies, and under the Cover of Fortifications; but (47 ) but till this is accomplifhed, it can no more be faid that the Province belongs to the Crown of Great-Britain, becaufe it is poflefied of Annapolis Royal, than of the Kingdom of Spain, from our Poffeffion of Gibraltar. It is therefore abfalutely neceffary for the Safety and Intereft of the Northern Colonies, that fome fpeedy, and effectual Meafures are taken, to put thefe Nova Scotians on a diffe- rent Footing, or to remove them; the laft cannot well be done, and the firft in nothing better than by encouraging a confiderable Number of foreign Proteftants, and others, to fettle amongft them, This will not only be of immediate Service, but in a few Years will produce various good Effects, as the Country abounds with Pines and Firs, it will be capable of fupplying this Kingdom with the fineft Deal-Boards arid Timber of all Kinds, in Vefiels of its own, which are now imported from Norway, the Baltic, &c. in foreign Bottoms, and drains the Nation of immenfe Sums of Money ; this 3 Om pene er th ae ot eee ~ --- ~ (43°) is not only. practicable on the firft Settlement of the Country, but in the Courfe of a few Years will become a fteady. and ufeful. Branch of Bufinefs: But if none-of thefe good Confe-, quences enfue,. yet fettling the Province with Proteftants 1s of the greateft Importance, as the French will otherwife continue to cherith. the prefent Inhabitants, till they exceed’ the Number, and are of mote. Confequence than thofe of Canada, and it requires no long Time to effect. this, in a Country whofe In- habitants are not only very healthful, but very. prolific ; it-muft furely be deemed impoli- tic then to fuffer fuch a Colony of French Bi-. gots to be reared up under the kindly Influ- ences of.a Briti/h Adminiftration, to cut-our own People’s Throats. whenever the Pricft fhall confecrate the Knife ; notwithftanding they hardly know the Name of a Tax or Du- ty, their Qus¢-Rent being but a Trifle, and thofe whoare at a great Diftance from Anna- polis, have feldom paid any; in the mean time, they have on all Occafions manifefted a Contempt of the Britz/h Government’ when they could do it with Impunity, or were too | remote (-49.) remote from, that Garri/fon to fear their Re- fentment. It therefore highly concerns this King- dom, that fome feafonable Steps be taken to prevent their future Growth, and Defec- tion ; but it is very difficult to attempt, and almoft impoffible to effect their Removal, without Bloodfhed, and if they were difpof- fefled, they would be a very great additional Strength to Canada and Cape Breton, as we could not prevent their. fettling in thofe Places, It-feems then more lisible t6 continue them in the Country to permit them to held fuch Lands as are under actual Improve- ment, and to which they can make outa clear Title, for, ’tis beyond “Difpute but. they claim much larger Tracts than they have any Right to. Their Eftates are held by Patent from the French King, for. which they pay a. very fall Acknowledgment, their Right was re- G ferved. OATS SC fe i é 4 Fi ¢ kr ¥, ‘ ‘ oy (50°) ferved to them by the Articles of Capitulation at the Reduction of Avnapolis, and was finally ratified by the Treaty of Utrecht; but as no civil Government has’ ever been eftablifhed there, they have no more to do with their new Mafters than to pay their Quit-Rent, which in the whole Province does not amount to forty Pounds a Year. When the Form of Government was efta- blithed, which is now. exercifed there, the InftruCtions to the Governor and Council were copied from thofe of Virginia, whereby the Power of granting Lands is vefted in them, and is reftricted to fuch Conditions, as have hitherto proved a great Difcouragement to his Majefty’s Subjects ; for the Patentee is not only obliged to pay a Penny Sterling per Acre for the whole, but is fubject to a Penny more whenever the Government fhall demand it, and unlefs he has built a Honufe, and brought Part of his Lands under Improve- ment within three Years from the Date of his Grant, he forfeits his Title: This attended with the conftant ObftruCtions which both the ($14) the French *, and Indians have made in Preju_ dice to any Proteftant Settlements, when com. pared with the eafy Terms on which Lands are granted in other Parts of North America, evidently accounts for the prefent Situation of the Province, Since it is apparently for the public Inte- reft, that the growing State of thefe Nova Scotians fhould be‘checked, that they {hould either be rendered ufeful, or prevented from becoming dangerous to. the other Colonies, it cannot more effectually be done, than by erecting fuch Fortifications, as will keep their moft populous Towns in Subjeétion, and at the fame. time ferve as a Protection to the propofed Settlements in the Province ; a more particular Deicription of which feems necef- G2 fary * It has always-been found impracticable to fettle here; without entering into a Conteft with the French, who either haye a real, or trump up an imaginary Title to the fame Spot ; and if that fails, the Zndians are fure to challenge the Property as Lords of the whple. And indeed ‘tis difficult to determine what Right the prefent Inhabitants have, or how extenfive it is, without a {pe- cial Enquiry and Survey, = . See RE eee eye ae. tek ie e LS = SRT ee she eam TN RR IM SRA Reh ER gt SN een fe fiir Sten eR Me HP we BPs es og 5 ; wrP . 2 Cae | So on. ( 52’) fary in order to carry {0 ufeful a Defign inte Execution. ABOUT feventeen Leagues North from Cape Sable, the Entrance of the Bay of Fun- dy commences, where it is about #wenty Leagues. wide, and extending near forty Leagues, divides itfelf into two Branches, one of which terminates in feveral. Rivers, . that difcharge themfelves into Minas Bay, and the other running more Northerly to Chigneéto, forms an Jfhmus of that Name between this Branch and the Bay of Vert, which empties itfelf in the Gulf ‘of S¢. Lawrence. Twelve Leagues from the aforefaid Entrance on the South Side of the Bay, lies the Gut of Annapolis, which isabout three Quarters of a Mile wide, and a Mileand an half long, on each Side of which the Land is. very moun- tainous and rocky ; the Tides are fo impetu- ous, as oftén to render this a dangerous Paf- fage for large V effels, but when they are once in, amoftdelightful Harbous prefents itfelf to View, ce = “<< ( 33) View, called the Bajon of Annapolts, from the gradual Declivity of the Lands furround- ing it, being about bree Leagues in. Length from North Eaft to South Weft, and fag in Width, with fafe and commodious Ancho- rage in moft Parts of it for all the Ships in England ; on its South Side are two {mali Ri- vers of little Confequence, and the Land is mountainous and rocky; on the North- Fatt Side a little Ifland forms the Entrance of Annapolts River, which continues naviga- ble for large Vefiels on that Courfe about ez Leagues, At the Mouth of this River are feveral fmall French Villages, from whence ’tis a- bout fwo fhort Leagues to Annapolis Royal, which ftands on a Point of Land, formed by this, and another {mall River that ranges a- Hout South Batt’: The Situation of this For- trefs being elevated fxty or /eventy Feet above the: Level of the River, and ftanding on its Bank, renders an Attack from Ships al- mot impratticable, for the Strength of the Tides makes it very difficult for them te moor, a SS ( 54) moor, unlefs.it be in the Eddy.or Counters tide, . which brings them too near the Shore to do any Execution. As it is fituate on a. Level with the Campain, there is nothing to. prevent the regular Approaches .of an Exmemy on two Sides of the Garrifon ; it is mounted with about forty Cannon on four Baftions, and hasa Bat- tery to command the River ; its Ramparts are of Earth, covered with large Stocks of Timber towards the Fofe ; and it might make a good Defence, were its Powder Magazine Bomb proof, which is doubted ; andas feve- ral..of the other Magazines and Barracks are built of Timber, its Garrifon might eafily be burnt out: ’Tis defended by. about one bundred and thirty, Men, exclufive of the New-England Auxiliaries, who, in the Courfe of two or three. Years, have, in a manner, rebuilt the Fort, under the Dire@ion of the Engineer *; :Upon.both Sides.of this River, feral pleafant Villages are fcattered for thirty Miles, containing about three hundred Fami- lies, who being aw’d: by the Garrifon are the : moaft ® Mr. Cowley. (55) moit, if not the only tractable Inhabitants in the Province, On the South Eaft Side of the Bay of Fiun- dy about thirty Leagues from: the Entrance of Annapolis, is the Bay of Minas, a Name de- rived from the- Report of fome valuable Mines having been difcovered in its Neigh- bourhood, being ¢we/ve Leagues long, and about three in Width, into which the Rivers Canard, Caobegat, Pifegat, and fome others difcharge themfelves, On the other Branch, and at the Head-of the Bay, are feveral Villages, and about rhreé Leagues up ‘a natrow and deep River ftands the Town of Chigneéio, or Chigneélico; 2 Corruption, as it is faid from Le Chignon du Col; here are about ¢wo hundred Families, the Country is very healthy and pleafant, fur- rounded with fine Meadows, which on its Weft Side are more extenfive than any thing of the Kind in this Part of the World, and abounds with Rivers, that at High-water are navigable for large Vefiels; to the North- ward ra x ae Tk Sh Rhine a ees ie nk 3 esas Sa Sa) (56) ward of this Place, runs the moft.rapid, and the longeft Branch of the Bay of Fundy, a« bout North North-Eaft into the main Land Which the French now call: Gafpafia,,-on which are fome {mall Villages, but\by reafon. of the Badnefs of its Navigation; they are very little known; on the: North Side of the Bay, about ezght Leagues below..Chignedo, and upon a navigable River,, lies a Village called Chzpotee, containing about: /ixty or fe- venty Families; from whence..for near fore, ty Leagues, the North Shore affords . neither Harbour nor River that is navigable for large Vefiels; the Sea Coaft being very mountain- ous, and fkirted with Rocks. and. Precipices, affords a difagreeable Profpe@ .toNaviga-; tors. . North from the Entry of Annapolis lies the fine River of St. ‘Fobn,..with acapa-y cious Road for Ships at its Entrance; . on the North Side of which is a narrow Streight, not a Piftol Shot over, thro’. which. there. is no pafling: butat the Top of the Tide, when the Water is upon a Level, at other. Times the Fall is fo confiderable, efpecially at low Water, as to make a Defcent of near. thirty ($7) thirty Feet, being lined> on, both Sides by a folid: Rock, and having more than forty Fathom of Water in its Middle ; this River fpreads itfelf about half a Mile in Width, and with a gentle Current. towards its Outlet admits of a delightful Navigation for large. Ships Jifty or fixty Miles into the Country, and much farther for {mall Vef- fels ; from its feveral Branches the Indians tra- verfe. this Part of the Continent, by tran- {porting their Canoes by.Land actofsfome fhort Spaces, call’d by them Carrying Places: Here are no more ‘than three or Jour French Families, the Forces from New=England ha- ving deftroyed all their Settlements in the laft War, moft of the Inhabitants removed.to the other, Side of the Bay.;.a few Leagues fur- ther Weftward are. feveral fine Harbours, a- mongft which is Harbour lEtang,. fo called from its Refemblace of a Pond,.. as. it is fur- rounded with Highlands, its Entry being deep; narrow, and free. from Danger, «and its Surface always unruffled ; this is near the River St. Croix, the Weftern Boundary of the Province; from “whenee to New Hamp- H Shire, . cn ( 58 ) ire, the Sea Coaft is covered with Iflands that almoft form a continued Harbour for near two bundred Miles, From the Entrance into the Bay of Fundy to Cape Sable, there are feveral fine Rivers and Harbours, and two fmall Villages ; from Cape Sable, fo called from the Sand Banks on *ts Shore, to Can/o, the Iflands and Harbours are fo Humerous as notto admit of either De- {cription or naming, the moft confiderable of which aré Chebuéto, Malegafh, Port Roffignol, Port Mutton, Port le Have, Port Rozotr, Lifcombes Haroour, &c. and Can/o, which at prefent ferve only as a Retreat to fifhing Vefiels, and others in bad Weather, or to «wood and water; @ few ftragling Savages, eho fhift their Habitations -as the Seafons for Fifhing and Hunting vary, are the ‘only In- habitants on this extenfive Coaft. From Canjo, a navigable Sireight,: called from it the Gut of Canjo, fevers the Ifland of Cape Breton from the Continent, and leads into-the Bay of Sé, Lawrence, on the South (59%) South-Weit Side of which is Zatamagauch a very good Harbour, where the French for- merly received their, Supplies of Cattle and Provitions from the Nova Scotians for Lou:/~ bourg, and it is one of the fafeft and fhorteft Communications they can have with thefe Inhabitants ; from hence about fen Leagues North-Weft, lies the Bay of Vert. before- mentioned, on which, and all the Eaftern Side of the Province, as far as the Mouth of Canada River, lie a great Variety .of fine Rivers and Harbours very little known to us, as no Perfon has ever been employed by the Government to attempt a particular Dil- covery of them. From this Defcription of the Country, fe- veral Places will appear neceflary to be for- tified; of which I fhall endeavour te point out the moft convenient, as well as thofe which are moft commodious for, bringing, for- ward the propofed Settlements, Canfo and Chebuéfo on the Sea Coaft of this Province, naturally pretent themaileives H 2 fir {t ree er etre SESE

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