Bulletin No. 10 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY SB .U5M6 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES THE UNITED STATES C. HARX TVIERRIAM C/'.ief, BiclogiCiil Surz y WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE I 898 ^n&g^;=iDl Class ?^ B (0 ^ Book Af sMi ^ Bulletin No. 10 U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES THE UNITED STATES C. HARX MERRIAlVr Chief, Biological Survey WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFJCE 1898 o ^ .\J> ^0^ v> ^ J\JN 2B 1906 0. otO. h t LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL U. S. Department of Agriculture, Biological Survey, Washington, D. C, June 2<\ IS'.iS. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith for publication, as Bul- letin No. 10 of this division, a rejjort on the work of the Biological Survey in its relation to practical agriculture, comprising a reprint of the article on the subject in the Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1807 and considerable additioiuil mat- ter. This report is accompanied by a new nuip of the life zones of the United States, corrected to December, 181)7, and consists of four parts, as follows: I. Relations of the Biological Survey to jjractical agriculture. II. Life zones of the United States : Boundaries, native species, and important crops. III. Laws of temperature control of the geographic distribution of animals and i3lanls. IV. Crop tables. It is hoped that this report, with its accomi:)anying zone map and crop lists, will serve to emphasize the extreme wastefulness of indis- criminate experimentation, by which hundreds of thousands of dollars are thrown away each year in futile attempts to make crops grow in areas totally unfitted for their cultivation. Respectfully, C. Hart Merriam, Chief, Biological Survey. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. CONTENTS. Page. Introduction T PART I. Relations op the Biological Survey to practical agriculture 9 Need of diversification of crops 9 Sea Island and Egyptian cotton for new sections 11 Profitable crops for different climates - . - . 11 What the farmer needs to know - -- 13 Mapping agricultural regions. - . -- 12 Development of agriculture in California _ - . 14 The arid regions - - - - - 15 Special value of narrow extensions of faiinas 15 PART II. Life zones of the United States: Boundaries, native species, and important crops - . . 18 1. The Arctic- Alpine zone 18 2. The Hudsonian zone ..--. 19 3. The Canadian zone . --. -. --- 19 4. The Transition zone . 20 (a) The Alleghanian faunal area . 20 Crops of the Alleghanian faunal area 21 (f>) The arid Transition faunal area , .-. 25 Crops of the arid Transition faunal area . . _ . 25 (c) The Pacific coast Transition faunal area_ _ 27 Crops of the Pacific coast Transition faunal area 29 5. The Upper Austral zone 30 ((() The Carolinian faunal area. . . - - - 30 Crops of the Carolinian faunal area _ 31 (b) The Upper Sonoran faunal area 36 Crops of the Upper Sonoran faunal area 37 6. The Lower Austral zone . . 41 (a) The Lower Sonoran faunal area 41 Crops of the Lower Sonoran faunal area 42 (6) The Austroriparian faunal area 45 Crops of the Austroriparian faunal area . . . . - 46 (f) Semitropical or Gulf strip . . 49 Crops of the Semitropical or Gulf strip 49 7. The Tropical region 51 Crops of the Tropical region 52 Crops of Tropical Florida. 52 6 CONTENTS. PART III. Pago. Laavs of temperature control of the geographic distribution of animals and plants - - - - 54 Zone temperatures _ -' 54 The Boreal region - - - - 54 The Austral region - - 55 The Tropical region 55 PART IV. Crop tables 56 Cereals -.- -. --- --- 56 Apples ^ - - . - 57 Apricots - . . . 62 Cherries 62 Grapes - 64 Peaches _ 65 Pears 67 Plums - --- 68 Strawberries _ _ . . _ - 70 Nuts 71 Miscellaneous crops 73 ILLUSTRATION. Map showing life zones of the United States Frontispiece. INTRODUCTION. For ten years the Biological Survey (and its predecessor, the Divi- sion of Ornitholog'3^ and Mamnialogj') has liad small parties in the field traversing' the public domain foi- the purpose of studying the geographic .distribution of our native land animals and plants and mapping the boundaries of the areas they iuliabit. Tlie pi-esent repoT't is intended to explain the relations of this work to practical agriculture and to show tlie results thus far attained — it does not deal with other investigations carried on by the Survey. It was early learned that North America is divisible into seven transcontinental belts or life zones and a much larger number of minor areas or faunas, each characterized hy particular associations of animals and plants. It was then suspected tliat tliese same zones and areas, up to the northern limit of profitable agriculture, are adapted to the needs of particular kinds or varieties of cultivated crops, and this has since been fully established. Wiien, therefore, the natural life zones and areas, seeminglj^ of interest only to the natui-alist, were found to be natural crop l)elts and areas, they became at once of the highest importance to tlie agriculturist. A map sliow- ing their position and boundaries, so far as ascertained at the close of the field season of 1807, accompanies this report, and lists of the more important crops of each belt and its principal subdivisions are here for the fii'st time published. The matter relating to the native animals and plants has been reduced to a fi-agmentary outline, for the reason that this ])ranch of tlie subject is of comparatively little inter- est to the farmer and fruit grower. Under the liead 'Impoi-tant crops,' and in tlie corresponding 'C^rop tables ' at the end of the report, great care has been taken to make the lists accurate and trustworthy as far as iheij go. One of the chief difficulties encountered is that nearly all of tlie published matter relating to the distribution of crops is arranged by political divisions, as States or counties, and consequently is of little assistance as a guide to climatic or zone requirements. Another difficulty is the over sanguine attitude of many fruit growers and horticultural socie- ties, particularly in the West, where innumerable varieties are re- ported as succeeding in places where they have not been tested a sufficient length of time. The intention in the present report has been to omit doubtful records, and since reliable information from specific localities of known zone position is exceedingly scarce, it is 7 8 INTRODUCTION. obvious tliat the lists are veiy incomplete. They should be taken as a base on which to build. Statistical information has been freely furnished by Mr. John Hyde, Statistician of the Department. The data on the distribution of cereals I have compiled from a study of the manuscript maps accom- panying a report by Prof. C. S. Pluuib, about to be published by the IMological Sui'vey. The data on fruits and other crops have been obtained from various sources, published and unpublished. Among the former may be mentioned the ' Catalogue of Fruits ' of the Ameri- can Pomological Society (]3ull. G, Div. Pomology, U. S. Department Agriculture), reports of several State boards of horticulture, aud reports of the State Board of Trade of Califoi-nia. Special informa- tion on Arizona has been contributed by Pi-of. J. W. Toumey; on Florida, by Mr. Herbert J. Webber; on California, by Prof. E. -T. Wickson; on Washington, by Mr. Jesse I>aker, and on the Snake River A^alley at Lewiston, Idaho, aud adjacent parts of Washington, by Mr. E. II. Libby, president of the Lewiston Water and Power Company, and Henry II. Spalding, of Almota, Wash. But most of all I am indebted to the coui-tesy of the Division of Pomology of the United States Department of Agriculture, and particularly to Mr. William A. Taylor, assistant pomologist, who has kindly gone over and coi-rected the vai'ious fruit lists with me and has made the nomen- clature conform to the rules of the American Pomological Society. Without Mr. Taylor's invaluable assistance these lists Avould not have been lit for publication. Cori-ections and additions are earnestl}" desired in order that sub- sequent editions of the report, which is intended to serve as a guide and index to the crop adaptations of the various life zones and areas, may be made more complete and useful. The list of miscellaneous crops here given is regrettabl}' meager, and nothing whatever is said of the varieties of tobacco, tomatoes, eggplants, pumpkins, squashes, beans, pease, potatoes, or other garden vegetal)les. It is hoped the necessary data on these will be obtained in time for insei'tion in the next edition. C. H. M. LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES OF THE UNITED STATES. PART I. RELATIONS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY TO PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE. Tho Biological Survey aims to defiiio and map the natural agricul- tural l)elts of the Ignited States, to ascertain what products of the soil can and what can not be grown successfully in each, to guivle the fai-mer in the intelligent introduction of foreign crops, and to point onl his friends and his enendes among the native birds and mamnuils, thcivby helping him to utilize the l)eneficial and ward off the liai-nd'nl kinds. No fact is better recognized by thoughtful students of our resources than the n(H^d of di^'(M•sifying our agricultui-al prodiu-ts, with a view not only to i-emedying the present unequal apportionment of stand- ard crops throughont the United States, but also with a view to the introduction of neA\ kinds. This is the more iniportant because of the varying market values of standard crops from year to year, prices frequently falling so low as barely to cover cost of production, bringing hardship if not financial rnin to the producer. In order to obviate so far as possil)le the disastrous eft'ects of such years it would seem the part of wisdom to be prepared with two or more ci-ops, so that if one fails by reason of unsuitable seasonal conditions or low price the otIuM- can be depended on for sufficient revenue to bi-idge over the period of loss from failure of the fii'st . L'arms so favorably situated tluit absolute reliance can be placed on a single crop, or so little diversified that all parts are eei', ])roduce OS per cent of the cotton, 95 per cent 9 10 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. of the corn, 95 per cent of tlie barley, 93 per cent of the oats, and from eight-tenths to nine-tentlis of the wheat, rj^e, hnckwheat, tobacco, potatoes, and hay produced in the entire country." This certainly is an unfortunate state of affairs, and one which, in the light of present knowledge of crop adaptations, seems unnecessary. At tlie same time, it is well to keep in mind the distinction l^etween crops raised for liome consumption and those i-aised for export. If, foi* instance, the twenty- five States and Territories now producing collectively less than 5 per cent of the total output of cereals can, by s(Mecting j)roper varieties, grow enough for their own use, they may l»e able to raise for export fruits or otlier cr()[)s far more valuable to them than an excess of cereals. For several years prior to 1897 ' the price of wlieat in the North and West was so low as hai-dly to cover the cost of luirvesting, while in the Southern States not aha- mas, Barbados, (luadeloupe, and othei* islands between 12' an;5,810,210, and in 1897 to $4,078,044. It is <[uite pi'obable that both Sea Island and Egyptian cotton could be cultivated with profit in parts of southern California and southwestern Arizona. PROFITABLE CROPS FOR DIFFERENT CLIMATES. lint wheat and cottcm are not the only crops to be gi-own with advantage in the South, for the list of fruits, fibei* plants, and other agricultural products fit for the. climatic conditions of the Austroripa- rian belt is a long one, and a wise selection with reference to home consumption and convenient markets is bound to place agriculture in the Southern States on a veiy different plane fi-om that which it now occupies. 12 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Ill northern New York and Wisconsin^ the dairying industry is one of the chief sources of revenue, and cheese is a stajjle product. In years like the present, when cheese sells at the factory for 8 or 9 cents — and still worse a few years ago, when it sold for 4 cents — the farmer is left at the end of tlie season without return for his labor. Yet, most of the lands now devoted almost exclusively to dairying are situated in the sugar-beet belt, and are also adapted to several excel- lent varieties of wheat and other crops to wliich little or no attention is now given. WHAT THE FARMER NEEDS TO KNOW. The farmers of the United States spend vast sums of money each year in trying to find out whether a particular fruit, vegetable, or cereal will or will not thrive in localities where it has not been tested. Most of these experiments result in disappointment and pecuniary loss. It makes little difference whether the crop experimented with comes from the remotest parts of the earth or from a neighboring State, the result is essentially the same, for the main cost is the labor of cultivation and the use of the land. If the crop happens to l)e one that requires a period of years for the test^ the loss from its failure is pi'oi)ortionately great. Tlie cause of failure in the great majority of cases is climatic unfit- ness. The quantity, distribution, or interi-elation of heat and moisture may be at fault. Thus, while the total ({uantity of heat may be ade- quate, the moisture may be ina(le([uate, or the moisture may l)e adequate and the heat inadequate, or the (luantities of heat and mois- ture may be too great or too small with respect to one anothei* or to the time of year, and so on. What the farmer wants to know is hoiv f(i tellin advance whether the climatic conditions on his own farm are lit or unfit for the particular crop he has in view, and what crops he can raise with reasonable certainty. It re(iuiresno argument to show that the answers to these questions would be worth in the aggregate hundreds of thousands of dollars yearly to the American farmer. The I'iiological Survey aims to furnish these answers. MAPPING AGRICULTURAL REGIONS. From the study of the geographic disti'ibution of our native animals and jilants it has been learned that the ITiiited States may be divided into seven transcontinental beltsand a nuinbei-of minor areas, each of which is adapted to particular associationsof animal and vegetable life. It has been found also that each of these belts and minor areas, except the coldest, is adapted to the needs of particular agricultural products, 1 In 1890 New York prodnced 48.8 per cent and Wisconsin 21.3 per cent of tiie total ontput of cheese for the country. The New York output in that year was 134,086,524 pounds. MAPPING AURICULTURAL REGIONS. 13 and that the distribution of native animals and plants maybe coordi- nated with the successful distribution of cultivated crops. In other words, the study of the geographic distribution of our native or indig- enous fauna and flora has resulted in the establishment of a number of agricultural belts, each of which comprises several minor divisions fit for particular varieties of fruits, cereals, and breeds of live stock. Through the intelligent efforts of man the slow i:>rocesses of nature have been hastened, so that most fruits and cereals have been made to jdeld varieties adapted to a diversity of climatic conditions. The happy outcome of this artificial selection is that, while certain varieties of wheat, oats, corn, apples, pears, grapes, and so on, thrive only in certain limited areas, different varieties thrive in other areas, a very large proportion of crops having varieties fit for each of the natural agricultural belts of the country. The same is true, though pei-haps in less degree, of poultry and live stock. The Biological Survey is engaged in tracing with as much precision as possible the actual boundaries of these belts and areas, in prepar- ing lists of the native or indigenous species, and of the fruits, grains, vegetables, and other agricultural i^roducts that are adapted to each. In this undei-taking it aims to i)oint out such exotic agricultural and horticultu]-al products as, from their importance in other lands, are likely to prove of value if introduced on fit soils and under proper climatic conditions. In view of the fact that all of the climatic life zones of the world, except the hottest tropical, are represented in our own country, there can be little doubt that an intelligent study of the agricultural products and adaptations of distant lands will result in the discovery of fruits, vegetables, fibers, farm crops, and breeds of stock which may be introduced into the United States not only with profit, but which by diversifying our products and leading to the develoi^ment of new industries will render our agricultural resources far more stable and certain. The colored maps prepared by the liiological Survey furnish the first rational basis the American farmer and fruit grower has ever had for the intelligent distribution of seeds and the onlj^ reliable guide he can find in ascertaining beforehand what croj)s and fruits are likely to prove successful on his own farm, wherever it may be located. These maps, in connection with the work of the Entomologist, show also the belts along which noxious insects are likely to sj)read, fore- warning the husbandiJian of impending danger. In studying crops with relation to the zones or areas in which they may be most profitablj' cultivated considerable progress has been made. The results of an investigation of the zone adaptations of several hundred varieties of fruits and nuts form a i^art of the pres- ent report, and by cooperation with Prof. C. S. Plumb, director of the agricultural experiment station at Lafayette, Ind., the more impor- tant results of a similar study of the varieties of corn, wheat, and oats are also given. 14 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN CALIFORNIA. The history of the clevelo[)meiit of a.yriculture in C'aliforiiiH affords an excellent exHini)Ie of llie changes in staple pi-oduets that come with increased knoAvledge as to the fitness of pailicular areas for par- ticular crops. In the early days California was distinctly a iirazing State, and hides and wool were the chief expoi-ts. Then wheat came to the f ronti, and soon formed the staple pi'oduct. Later it was learned that large areas were particularly well suited to the needs of fruits, and the fi'uit industry rai)idly grew, until at the present time it exceeds even the wheat ci'op in money value. But the fruits from which so large a revenue is now derived are only in part those first introduced. Fifteen years ago wine grapes were jierhaps the most important fruit; now they are of secondary consequence. For a time deciduous fruits were the principal ones deemed worthj^ of attention; now citrus fruits are of even greater value, the output of oranges and lemons in 180(1 being 3,780,000 boxes. Almonds, walnuts, olives, and raisins have also come to be important croi)s. Twenty-five years ago all our raisins were imported; now California produces annually from 90,000,000 to 100,000,000 pounds. The development of the prune industry is instructive as an illus- tration of a common class of cases where products worth hundreds of thousands of dollars annuall}' to a single State have been inti-oduced by chance rather than as a result of scientific study. The first ijrune cuttings are said to have been brought from France, along with cut- tings of grapes and other fruits, by a Frenchman who settled at San Jose about the end of 185(). For some years little was thought of this introduction, and it was not until 1880 and 1881 that serious attention was given the cultivation of prunes. But from 18!)o until the present year the annual outputi in dry fruit has ranged from 41:, 780, 000 to 64,500,000 pounds.' It is hard to resist the temptation to dwell on the marvelous expan- sion of the fruit industry that has taken place in California since the climatic adaptations of her various agricultural belts began to l)e understood; but for present purposes a statement of the exports of a few of her many products for the year 1895 will suftice to give a fair idea of the magnitude this industry hasattained. In 1895 California shix)ped (),<325 carloads of fresh deciduous fruits; dried fruits, (i,132 carloads; raisins, 4,638 carloads; canned fruits, 3,129 carloads; citrus fruits (mainly oi'anges), 11,582 carloads;'- nuts, 1,333 carloads; wine and brandy, 8,056 carloads.^ ' Statistics from California Fruit Grower. -Figures from Fifth Biennial Rept. California State Board of Agriculture. 1S96. ^From California State Board of Trade. VALUE OF NARROW EXTENSIONS OF FAUNAS. 15 THE ARID REGIONS. While considerable progress has been made in ascertaining what agricultural products are adapted to the climatic conditions of south- ern C/alifornia and southern Arizoiui, this has been done at great cost, and nothing like a complete knowledge of the subject has been attained. Before this will be possible the life zones and their sub- divisions must be accurately mapped and coi-responding arid areas in Africa, Arabia, Persia, India, Chile, and Australia must ])e studied with reference to agricultural productions which might be introduced with profit in proj)er zones in our arid Southwest. Nature has not been overgenerous in the distribution of water in this part of our country, but she has been lavish in her gifts of soils and climates. The friut growers of California were long in finding out that their State com- prises all of the agricultural belts of America except the humid tropical, and that its different areas are naturally adapted to a great diversity of agricultural and horticultural products; and even at the present day few realize that in the southern half of the State hun dreds of farms might be so laid out with reference to the mountain slopes that each would embrace sections of all the agricultural belts, enabling the fortunate husbandman to produce not only early and late ripenings of small fruits and garden vegetables, but also an astound- ing diversity of crops, from the apples, cherries, potatoes, and hardy cereals of the upper Transition and lower edge of the Boreal belts, to the oranges, lemons, almonds, olives, and cotton of the Lower Sonoran zone, and in certain localities the pineapple, date, and citron of the arid Tropical areas. It is probably not too much to say that an accu- rate map of the agricultural belts of California in the early days would have saved the State in the aggregate millions of dollars that have been expended in finding out what crops are best adapted to particular areas, and altliough much has now been learned by pei'- sistent and costly experiments, such a map would still be of very great value. SPECIAL VALUE OF NARROW EXTENSIONS OF FAUNAS. In looking at the map of the life zones (see frontispiece), it will be seen that nearly all of the belts and areas send out long ai-ms which penetrate far into the heart of adjoining areas. When such arms occupy suitable soils in thickly inhabited regions, so that their prod- ucts may be conveniently marketed, they are of more than ordinary value, for the greater the distance from its area of jjrincipal produc- tion a crop can be made to succeed, the higher price it will command. Hence, farms favorably situated in northern prolongations or islands of southern zones, or in southern prolongations or islands of northern zones, should be worth considerably more per acre than those situated within normal parts of the same zones. The obvious reason is that 16 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. by i^iowiui;- particular crops at points remote fi-oiu the usual sources of supply, and at the same tiuie conveniently near a market, the cost of transportation is greatly reduced and the profit correspondingly increased. Among! lie numerous faunal arms wliich peneti-ate adjacent belts are the Hudst)n, central New York, aud Michigan extensions of the Caro- linian fauna, and the arms of tlie Lower Sonoran fauna Avhich occujiy the valleys of the Pecos and Rio Grande in New Mexico and the val- ley of the Lower Virgin in Utah. The latter is a good case for illus- tration. Tt is not only the sole Lower Sonoran area in Utah, but lies nearly 'M)() miles in a straight line, and a little more than 1,000 miles by railroad, fj'om the nearest point where similar crops and fruits are commercially produced. It is an insular pocket or basin, completely hemmed in by mountains, and marks the extreme northeastern exten- sion of the typical Sonoran desert fauna and flora. The creosote bush, mesquite, desert willow, Gregg acacia, and other Sonoran shrubs, and the Gaml)el (|uail, Le Conte and crissal thrashers, mock- ing bird, cactus wren, yellow-headed tit, Abert chewink, black phaino- pejila, vermilion flycatchei', and Texas nighthawk serve as a guide to its faunal position. The valley is traversed by the Virgin River and its tributary, the Santa Clara, which, together with copious springs, aflCord water for irrigation. It contains the Mormon settle- ments St. George, Santa Clai-a, Toquerville, and a few others of snmller size, with an aggregate population of about 3,000. Among the important products are cotton, tobacco, i-aisin grai)es, almonds, olives, and figs; and among the ornamental shade trees are the pe])- per tree, tobacco tree, and China tree or Pride of India. The fertility of the soil is marked and the limit of its agricultural capacity, meas- ured either by number of varieties or quantity of output, is still far in the future. Nevertheless, present production greatly exceeds the I30ssibilities of local consumption, as shown by the cotton crop, which, for the year 1890-!)7, was no less than 128 bales of 500 pounds each, and was worth $-4,30o. ^ A feature of special interest in relation to the future possibilities of the valley is the fact that the yield of cot- ton per acre is very much higher than in any other State of the Union, and more than double tliat of the Gulf States. Wlmt is true of cot- ton is true in greater or less degree of fruits and other crops. There can be little question, therefore, that when railroad connection with nortliern Utah is established, the St. George Valley is bound to play an important part in the history and commercial prosperity of the young State. The case of this remote valley brings into prominence the necessity for studying a much neglected subject, and one on which profitable 'Statistics from John Hyde, Statistician, Dept. of Agric, in Circ. 8, Div. of Statistics. NECESSITY OF ZONE MAPS. 17 agvieiiltiire A^eiy largely depends. It is not enough to succeed in growing crops well adapted to a particular localit}^, for bountiful crops are of little value unless tliej^ can be profitably marketed. But in order to reach the best markets it is necessary to ascertain the prices various products bring from year to year in different parts of the country, to make quantitative studies of production and con- sumption, to avoid overproduction, to study statistics of our imports and exports, and give thonghtful attention to (juestions of transpor- tation; in short, to study commercial geography, at least so far as it relates to the products of one's own farm. The number and value of the exotic croi)s now grown suc(;essfnlly in the United States, swelling our revenue by many millions of dol- lars, is a monument to the industry, perseverance, and determination of the American people, but affords little clue to the multitude of failures and the enormous sums of money lost in experimentation. And it must be adnntted that a very large pi-oportion of these costly experiments have been conducted l)lindly, or at least Avithout the aid of the scientific knowledge so necessary to success. As Professor Hilgard states in a recent report, "the farmer is left to his own devices to find his way as best he may; and we grope along laljoriousl}^ gath- ering driblets of information here and there, and gradually, tenta- tively putting them together into a more or less connected whole." It is not so with other induslries. Kailroad corporations planning new lines study toi)ograpliic maps and employ skilled engijieers that they may ascertain the most feasible routes; capitalists having in view the purchase of mining pi-operties employ experienced mineral experts thati they nuiy learn the direction, extent, and value of the mineral- bearing rocks; manufacturers employ not only skilled artisans, but also expert machinists, chemists, and electrical engineers that their ap[)aral us and metliods may yield the fullest returns. But the fai-mer in his struggle with the soil has none of these resources, and as a rule has little capital to risk in experiments. The Biological Survey aims to assist him I)}' laying before him maps of the agricultural l)elts and their subdivisions, with lists of the crops suited to each. These maps, studied with reference to the commer- cial availability of the different agricultural areas, including the various arms or extensions of the life zones, and with due respect to the density of population and facilities for transportation, are believed to contain much that will l)e found useful to the progressive student of agriculture. 1002— ]!^o. iO 2 PART 11. LIFE ZONES OF THE UNITED STATES : BOUNDARIES, NATIVE SPECIES, AND IMPORTANT CROPS. The continent of North .VnioiMca may be divided, according" to the distribution of its animals and plants, into three i^rimary transconti- nental regions — Boreal, Austral, and Tropical. The Boreal region (colored green on tlie map) covers the whole of the northern part of the continent, from the polar sea southward to near the northern boundary of the United States, and farther south occupies a naiTow strip along the Pacific coast and the higher jiarts of the three great mountain systems, the Sierra-Cascade Range, the Rocky Mountains, and the Alleghanies. The Austral region (colored blue, yellow, and brown on the map) covers the whole of tlie United States and Mexico except the Boreal mountains and Tropical lowlands. The Tropical region (colored red on the map) covers the southern part of the peninsula of Florida, the greater part of Central America, the lowlands of southern Mexico south of the tal)le-land, and a nar- row strip on each side of ^Mexico, which follows the coast northward into the United States. The fauna and flora within each of these three great i-egions are not homogeneous, but present nmrked differences, Avliich have led to the subdivision of each region into a number of minor l>elts or areas, char- acterized by particular associations of aninmls and plants. Thus, the Boreal region is divided into three transcontinental belts oy zones, known respectively as the Arctic, Hudsonian, and Canadian; the Austral region, into three transcontinental belts, known as the Tran- sition, Upper Austral, and Lower Austral. The Tropical region is likewise divisible, but the tropical areas within the United States are of such small extent that the divisions need not be here considered. Hence, in North America north of southern Mexico, the total number of transcontinental life zones is seven, of which three are Boreal, three Austral, and one Tropical. Beginning at the north, these zones may be described as follows : 1. THE ARCTIC-ALPINE ZONE. The Arctic or Arctic- Alpine zone lies above the limit of tree growth and is characterized by such plants as the arctic poppy, dwarf willow, and various saxifrages and gentians. In the far north the snow bunt- ing, snowy owl, ptarmigan, polar bear, arctic fox, polar hare, lemmings, 18 THE HUDSONIAN AND CANADIAN ZONES. 19 musk ox, and barren-j^round caribou or reindeer, are characteristic animals. Within the United States the Arctic-Alpine zone is restricted to the area above timber-line on the summits of high mountains. It is inhabited by arctic-alpine plants and animals, and is far too cold for a.yriculture. 2. THE HUDSONIAN ZONE. The Iludsonian zone comprises the nortliern part of the great trans- continental coniferous forest — a forest of spruces and tirs stretching from Labrador to Alaska — and the upper timbered slopes of the higher mountains of the United States and Mexico. In the north it is inhali- ited by the wolverine, woodland caribou, moose, rough-legged hawk, great gray owl, great northern shrike, pine bullfinch, white-winged crossbill, wiiite-crowned sparrow, and fox sparrow. In the eastern United States the Iludsonian zone is restricted to the cold summits of the highest mountains, where it occurs in the form of a chain of widely separated islands reaching from northern New England to western North Carolina. In the western United States it covers the higher slopes of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra-Cascade sj^stem, and is the home of the mountain goat, mountain sheei), conej" or pika, alpine flying squirrel, Clark's crow or nutcracker, evening grosbeak, and Townsend's solitaire. Like the preceding, this zone is of no agricul- tural importance. 3. THE CANADIAN ZONE. The Canadian zone comprises the southern part of the great traus- continental conifei'ous forest of Canada, the nortliern parts of ]\Iaine, New Hampshire, and Michigan, a striii along the Pacific coast reach- ing as far south at least as C^ape Mendocino in California, and the greater part of the high mountains of the LTnited States and Mexico. In the East it covers the Green Mountains, Adirondacks, and Catskills, and the higher mountains of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee. In the mountains of the AV^est it covers the lower slopes in the north and the higher sloj)es in the south. In the Rocky Mountain region it appears to reach con- tinuously from British Columbia to west central Wyoming; and in the C^ascade Range, from British Columbia to southern Oregon, wdth a nar- row interruption along the Columbia River. Among the many charac- teristic mammals and birds of the Canadian zone are the lynx, marten, porcupine, northern red and pine squirrels, varying and snowshoe rabbits, star nose, Brewer's and Gibb's moles, water slirew^, voles, and long-tailed shrews of various species, northern jumping mice, Belding's and Kennicott's ground squirrels, white-throated si^arrow, Blackburnian, yellow-rumped, and Audubon's warblers, olive-backed thrush, three-toed woodpeckers, spruce and dusky grouse, crossbills, and Canada jays. Counting from the north, this zone is the first of any agricultural importance. Wild berries — as currants, huckleber- 20 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. ries, blackberries, niid cranberries — grow iu profusion, and the beech- nut (in tlie East) is an important food of the native birds and mam- mals. In favored spots, particularly along the southern border, white potatoes, turnips, beets, and the more hardy Russian apples and cereals may be cultivated with moderate success. 4. THE TRANSITION ZONE. The Transition zone (colored blue on the map) is the transconti- nental belt in which Boreal and Austral elements overlap. From New England to the northern Rocky Mountains its course is fairly even and regular, but west of the Great Plains it is tortuous and irregular (see map). The zone as a whole is characteiized by com- paratively few distinctive animals and plants, but rather by the occur- rence together of southei'n species Avliich here find their northern limit and northern species wliich here tind their southern limit. It may be subdivided into three fauiuil areas, Avhich, although gi-ading into one another, are in the main strikingly different: {(i) An eastern humid or AlTeglianian area : {!>) a it'e.sfern arid area; {>■) a Pacific coast humid area. In the Transit ion zone we enter from the north the true agricultural part of oui- country, Avliere many vegetables, the sugar beet, chicory, oats, and numerous varieties of apples, plums, cherries, pears, grapes, white potatoes, and cereals attain their highest perfec- tion. These will be considered more in detail under the subdivisions of the zone. (a) The Alleghanian Faunal Area. The eastern humid or A.IIeiiaii area comprises the greater part of New England, southeastern Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota, and the Alleghanies from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Its fauna and tiora are not homogeneous, but i^oint to an important subdivision west of Lake Michigan, where numerous species occur that do not inhabit the area east of this lake. A glance at the accompany- ing list of apples, where a cross in front of the variety indicates its absence from Wisconsin and Minnesota, nuiy be taken as an index to the horticultural importance of this Upper Mississippi subdivision. In the Alleghanian faunal area the chestnut, walnut, oaks, and hickories of the South meet and overlap the beech, birch, hemlock, and sugar maple of the Nortli; the Souther Ji mole and cottontail rabbit meet the Northern star-nosed and Brewer's moles and varying hare, and the Southern bobwhite, Baltimore oriole, bluebird, catbird, chewink, thrasher, and wood thrush live in or near the haunts of the bobolink, solitary vireo, and the hermit and AVilson's thrushes. Several native nuts, of which the beechnut, butternut, chestnut, hazelnut, hickory nut, and Avalnul are most important, grow wild in this belt. Of these, THE TRANSITION ZONE. 21 the chestnut, hickory nut, and walnut Cv^ine iu from the South (Caro- linian area) and do not extend inucli beyond the southern or warmer parts of the AUeghanian area. Crops of the Alleghanian Faunai. Area. Varieties prefixed by a cross ( + ) do not thrive in the Upper Missis- sippi section of the Transition zone (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the eastern Dakotas), except in eastern Wisconsin in the vicinity of Green Bay. Those followed b}^ the letters (n) or (.s) in this and the follow- ing lists are practically restricted, respectively, to the northern or southern parts of the areas under consideration. Similarly the letter (h) indicates that the variety is confined to the hottest parts of the zone and belongs more properly to the zone below. Credit is due to Mr. William A. Taylor for marking the f ruitN in accordance with this plau. The numerals (;.^) and (3) indicate that the cereals thus marked are second or third rate in the area under consideration. CEREALS. Wheat. Australian (3). +Clawson. Fultz (J). Ladoga. +American Banner. Black Tartarian. Lincohi. Red Fife. Saskatchewan Fife. Scotch Fife. Oats. Welcome. White Russian. Corn. Angel of Midnight. +Canadian Eight-Row Yellow P'lint. King Philip. Longfellow. Pride of the North. Squaw (.'). Stowell Evergreen ( .' and local). Barley. Eye. Buckirheat. FRUITS. Alexander. + Bailey S»wf (s). +Baker. +Baldwin. Apples. -|-Benoni (.s-). +Bietigheimer (s). -f-Blenheim. -f-Blue Pearmain. ' The nomenclature of fruits is that adopted by the American Pomological Society (Bull. 6, Div. Pomology. U. S. Dept. Agriculture, 1897). Synonyms (indicated by parenthesis) and all descriptive terms which will be eliminated eventually, are printed in italics. A comma indicates a transposition of part of the name. 22 TJFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. FRUITS — continued. Ajjjile-'^ — Continued. +Bnnocli (American Golden Buftset). +Canada Reinette. -f Chenango (s). -|-Clyde Beauty. +Cog.swell (s). ^ Dan vers (s). -j-Domine (.s). -|-Dutcli Mignonne (s). +Dyer (Pomnic Royal) (s). +Early Harvest. +Early Ripe (.s). +Early Strawberry (s). 4-EsopQS Spitzenburg. +Ewalt (.s). -fFall Pipiiin. +Famense. -f Garden Royal. -fGolden Russet. +aolden Russet (N. Y.) (.s). -f-dolden Sweet. -f (3-ravenstein. -fCireen Sweet. Haas [Fall Queen) [Mississippi Val- leyj. 4-Hightop Su-eet. +Hnbbardston. -fHinit Russet. +Jefferis (.s). -fJeflferson County, -fjewett Red. +Jonathan (s). +Keswick (,s'). Longfield. 4-Lowell (.<). -fMclntosh. McMahon. 4-Maiden Blush (.s). -{-Margaret, Early Red (s). +Me]on, Norton (.s). -f Minister. -(-Montreal Peach. -|-Moore Sweet («)• Crab Beach. Brier. -I-Elgin. Excelsior. Gibb. -fHyslop. Martha. Marengo. -f Mother (.s). -(-Newtown Spitzenburg (s). -(-Northern Spy. -(-Ohio Nonpareil (s). Oldenburg. Duchess of. -(-Ontario. -(-Peck Pleasant. -(-Perry Russet. Pewaukee. -(-Pomme Gris. -f-Porter (.s). -(-Primate (.s). -(-Pumpkin Sweet {Pound Sweet). -(-Rambo (.s). -(-Red Astrachan. -(-Red Canada. -(-Rhode Island Greening. -(-Ribston. -^Rolfe. Roman Stem. -fRoxbury. -(-Saint Lawrence. -|-Scott Winter. -(-Shiawassee, -f Sops of Wine, -f Sterling {America u Beauty). -(-Summer Pear main (.s). -(-Sutton. -(-Swaar (.s*). Tetofski. -j-Tolman Su-eet. -(-Tompkins King. -(-Twenty-Ounce. -(-Vandevere (s). -(-Wagener. Wealthy. Westfield. -(-Williams Favorite. -(-Wine, Hays (s). Wolf River. Yellow Transparent. apples. Minnesota. Montreal. Orange. Red Siberian. Transcendent. -(-Van Wyck. Whitney No. JO. Yellow Siberian. THE TRANSITION ZONE. 23 FRUITS — continued. Cherries. +Archcluke. Bessarabian. + Black Heart (s). +Bnttner, YeUow (s). -(-('hoisy. Belle de. -fCoe T)-((Ji spa rent (s). -t-Donna Maria (.s). +Downer (.s). +Dyehoase (s). +Ea5?le, Black (s). +Early Pnrple Gidgne (.s). +EIton (.s). -f-Engenie, Empress (s). +Florence (.s). -(-Hortense, Reine (s), +Hovey (.s). Albert, Prince. +Cherry. +Fay Prolific (s). Holland, Long Bunch. +London Red (s). Red Dutch. Late Kentish. Lutovka. +Magnlfique, Belle (.s). +Mayduke (.s). -f-Montmorency Large. +Montmorency Ordinaire. Morello, Englisli. -j-NapoIeon (.s). +01ivet (..s)- +Philippe, Louis (s). +Piumstone Morello (.s'). Richmond. + Tar tar i an , Bla ck. +Windsor. +Wood, (lorernor. Cranberries. Curraids. +Red Grape. +Versaillaise. Victoria. White Dutch. White Grape. Black currants. Champion (,s). English (.s). Agawani. + Barry. Brighton. Champion. Clinton. Concord. Cottage. +Diana. Lindley. +Andrews. +Angouleme, Duchess de (s). +An3on (,s). +Bartlett (.s). 4-Bosc (s). +Boussock (.s), +Brandywine (s). +Buffum. -I-Clairgeau (s). +Clapp Favorite (s). Naples (.s). + Wales, Prince of (s). Grapes. -f Martha. Moore Early. +Salem. Vergennes. Victor, Early. + Wilder. Winchell ((ireen Mountain). Worden. Pears. 4-Columl)ia (.s)- +Dana Hovey (.s). + Diel. +Dix. 4-Elizabeth, Manning. + Flemish Beauty. +Fulton. +Giffard (.s). +Goodale. +Howell is). 24 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. FRUITS — continued. Pears — Con tinned. -f Julienne (.s)- -{-Lawrence («)• -fLonise Bonne de Jersey. -|-Lucrative (.s). -fMcLaughlin. -t-Madeleine (s). -f-Malines, JoHepliine de (s). +Onondaga is). 4-Osband Hummer (s). -f- Arctic, Moore. Aubert, YeUon: -l-Bavay Green Gage. De Soto. -{-Diamond, Blaek (s). Downing, Charles. -f Drap d'Or (s). -f-Duane Fnrj>le (.s). -fEngleliert (s). Forest G<(fde)i. -[-German Prune (.s). -|- Golden Drop, Coe (.s). 4-Grand Duke (.s). Green Gage. -f-Hudson River Purple Egg (s). -f-Hulings Superb {s). -{-Imperial Gage (.s). -|- Jefferson (.s). -{-Kingston (s). -{-Lawrence Favorite (s). Lombard. -{-Pound. -{-Rostiezer (.s). -fSeckel (.s-)- -fSheldon (.s). -(-Souvenir du Congress (s). -\ Sterling. -(-Summer Doyenne (,s). -{-Tyson. Plnnts. -{-McLaughlin. Moldavka. -(-Monroe Egg (s). -f-Orleans (s). -{-Ottoman (s). -{-Pond {Hungarian Prune). -{-Purple Gage (.s). -f Quackenboss {s). Richland. Rollingstone. -f Shropshire (.s). -(-Smith Orleans (s). -(-Transparent Gage (s). -{-Wales, Prince of (s). -{-Wangenheim (s')- -{-Washington (.s). Weaver. Wolf. Wyant. Yellow Egg. Quinces. Orange (Ajiple) (s). Strau-herries. Bubach No. 5. Crescent. Cumberland. Downing, Charles. Eureka (.s')- Haverland. Jessie. Flax (s). Hops. Maple sugar. Sorghum (s). Michel Early (.s). Miner. Princess. Sharpless. Warfield. Wilson. MISCELLANEOUS. Sugar beet. Sweet CO)- It. White potatoes. THE TRANSITION ZONE. 25 (b) The Arid Transition Faunal Area. The western or arid division of tlie Transition zone comprises the western part of the Dakotas, northern Montana east of the Rocky Mountains, southern Assiniboia, small areas in southern Manitoba and Alberta, the higher parts of the Great Basin and the plateau region generally (except the Boreal Mountains), the eastern base of the Cascade-Sierra system, and local areas still farther west, in Ore- gon and California, where it merges into the humid Pacific C-oast division. In the western arid Transition area the true sage brush {Artemisia tridentata) is the prevailing type of vegetation, although extensive tracts are covered with noble forests of the yellow or bull pine {Pinus jponderosa) and subspecies.^ The sage hen aud sliarj)-tailed grouse, green-tailed towhee, white-tailed jackral)bit {Lepus catnpesti'is), pal- lid voles (subgenus Lagurus), and certain ground squirrels are char- acteristic species. In the northern parts of the Great Basin (northern and eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and northwestern Idaho) the large Columbia or Lewis and Clark ground s(j[uirrel (*S/>e/'- mopliihis colli mhianus) is common in the Transition zone, wdience it ranges nortliward into the Boreal. East of the Rocky Mountains, on the northern plains (in North Dakota, northern Montana, and parts of Assiniboia and Manitoba), it is replaced by a ver}^ different spe- cies {8. richardsoni), which resembles a small prairie dog {Cijnonitjs) so closely that it is often mistaken for that animal. Crops of the Arid Transition Faunal Area. [Lists very iiiooniitlete.] CEREALS. WJieat. Ladoga. Saskatchewan Fife (S). Red Fife. Scotch Fife. Oats. American Banner. Welcome. Black Tartarian, "White Russian. Lincoln. Corn. Angel of Midnight (?). Longfellow (,?). Canadian Eight-Row Yellow Flint (C). Squaw. King Philip (;/). Stowell Evergreen (,?). ' Among the distinctive humbler plants which recur throughout the pine belt from Arizona to Oregon two small shrubs, Berberis repena and Ceanothus fetidleri, are conspicuous. Gilia aggregata, a small plant with handsome red flowers, is also common in this belt. 26 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. CEREALS — continued. Barley. Rye. Buckwheat. Ajjjjh's. Alexander. Baldwin. Dutch Mignonne. Dyer {Poinrne Royal). Early Harvest. Early Strawberry. Esopus Spitzenhurg. Fameuse. Golden Russet. Golden Sweet. Gravenstein. Higlitop Sioeet. Hubbardston. Jefferis. Jonathan. Keswick. Longfield. Lowell. Maiden Blush. Monmouth. Mother. Newtown Spitzenburg. Northern Spy. Oldenburg, Duchess of. Pewankee. Archdvike. Choisy, Belle de. Wilder. Angouleme. Duchess de Anjou. Bartlett. Bosc. Boussock. Brandywine. Clairgeau. Clapp Favorite. Columbia. Porter. Primate. Rambo. Red Astrachan. Rhode Island Greening. Roman Stem. Rome Beauty. Roxbury. Sops of Wine. Summer Pearmain. Swaar. Tetofski. Tolman Sioeet. Tompkins King. Twenty-Ounce. Wagener. Wealthy. Westfield. Williams Favorite. Wine, Hays. Winesap. (?) Wolf River. Yellow Newtown Pippin. Yellow Transparent. Clierries. Ostheimer ]Veichsel. Grapes. Worden. Pears. Easter Beurre. Flemish Beavty. Lawrence. Lucrative. Onondaga. Osband Summer. Seckel. Tyson. Winter Nelis. 1 At the present time the culture of fruits enumerated under the Arid Transition faunal area is confined largely to western Montana, Idaho, eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and parts of Utah. THE TRANSITION ZONE. 27 FRUITS — continued. Plums. De Soto. Forest Garden. Stra^cherries. Bubach No. 5. Jessie. Captain Jack, MISCELLANEOUS. White potatoes. Flax. Sugar beet. {(') The Pacific Coast Transition Faunae Area. The liuinid Pacific Coast division of the Transition zone comjirises tlie western parts of Washington and Oregon between the coast moun- tains and tlie Cascade Range, parts of northern CVilifornia, and most of the coast region of California from near Cape Mendocino south- ward to tlie Santa Barbara Mountains. To the south and east it passes into the Arid Transition, and in places into the Upper Sonoran. In the Pacific Transition area, unusual conditions prevail. The region as a whole is one of great humidity, and in places on the north- west coast the animal rainfall reaches 100 inches. Tlie northern and more humid part is covered b}^ a magnificent coniferous forest, car- peted with moss and ferns, and often choked with undergrowth. The prevailing trees are Douglas fir, Pacific cedar, Western hemlock, and Sitka spruce, wliose majestic trunks attain an average height of more than 200 feet. Tliei'C are also many broad-leaf maples, tree alders, madroiias and Westei'ii dogwoods, and numerous kinds of shrul)s,^ a goodly proportion of which aspire to the size of small trees. Among the l)irds which Inhabit these forests are the dark Pacific Coast forms of the great-horned, spotted, screech, and pigmy owls, the sooty grouse and handsome Oregon ruffed grouse, Steller's jay, the chestnut-backed chickadee, and the Pacific winter wren. Among the mammals are the Columbia black-tail deer. Western raccoon, Oregon spotted skunk, Doug'las red squirrel, Townsend's chipmunk, peculiar species of i:)ocket gopliers and voles, the curious (ribb's mole, and the remarkable tailless sewellel {Aplodonfia riifa). In the Puget Sound region and most of the cultivated parts of western Washington the annual rainfall is 50 to 60 inches; in western Oiegon it is still less, decreasing in the Willamette, Umpqua, and Rogue River vallej^s from about 50 to less than 30 inches.-' In the ' Among the small shrubs perhaps none are more characteristic and wide- spread than the salal (Gaultheria shallon). thimble berry {Rubus nootkanns), salmon berry (Rubus sjiectabilis) , Oregon grape (Berberis nervosa), and in wet places the devil's club (Echinopanax hofridum). - Rainfall of tlie Pacific Slope and tlie Western States and Territories, by Gen. A. W. Greely, Chief Signal Officer, and Lieut. W. A. Glassford, assistant, 1888, 28 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. last-mentioned valleys the summer rainfall (May to September) is less than 5 inches, while in western Washington (not inclnding the coast or mountains) it varies from 5 to 1 inches. The region as a whole is one of relatively uniform temperature, the wide seasonal differences usual in other parts of the Ti-ansition zone being unknown. The temperature of the summer season, the hottest part of the year, is phenomenally low for the latitude, enaliling northern or Boreal types to push south as far as latitude 35°. On the other liand, the summer sea- son is so prolonged (from the standpoint of temperature) that the total quantity of heat for the entire season is phenomenally high for the latitude, enabling southei-n or Austral species to pusli north as far as Puget kSouiuI, where the total quantity of heat is even greater than at Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Cleveland, and Omaha, although Puget Sound is 500 miles north of the latitude of these places. Even at Vii])e Flatter}" — the extreme northwestern point of the United States — which is exposed throughout the j^ear to the (;old coast fogs, the total quantity of heat is 500° F. greater than at Eastport, Me., although the latter is the more southern locality and has the liigher mean summer temperature. The Ioav summer temperature along the Pacific Coast permits northern species to come far south, while the high sum total of heat enables southern species to push northward as far as Puget Sound. Such an extensive overlapping of 13oreal and Austral faunas does not occur elsewhere in North Ameri(^a, and foi- the evident reason that no area approacliing it in exteut has so equable a temperature. In most parts of the United States it is easj" to distinguish the boundaries between the Ti'ansition and Upper Austral zones, but in the Pacific Transition area these distinctions are nearly obliterated, a large proportion of the species ranging in common over both belts. To the southward, particularly away from the coast, where the Pacifi(^ Transif ion area receives less nuuSture and more summer heat and the seasonal changes of temperature are greater, the faunal rela- tions become more and more complex. The decrease in humidity allows Arid Transition species to creep in, while the increase in total quantity of heat bi'ings with it a nuirked increase in the number of Tapper Sonoran sjiecies, so tliat types ordinarily characteristic of the humid Pacific Transition, the Arid Transition, and the Upper Sonoran occur together.' The total quantitj^ of heat in most parts of the Wil- lamette and Rogue River valleys is about l',000° F. more than in the l^uget Sound region, and is as great as on the adjacent plains of the C'Ohnnbia and slightly greater than at St. Louis, Mo., and Wash- ington, D. C. These warmer and less humid parts of the Pacific Transition area. ' Hood River, at the north base of the Cascade Range in Oregon, is situated in tlie belt of overlapping, where the humid Pacific Transition of the gorge of the Columbia merges into the arid Upper Sonoran of the adjacent Great Basin. THE TRANSITION ZONE. 29 as the Willamette, Umjjqiia, aud Rogue River valle3^s in Oregon, and numerous small areas in California, are adapted to a niucli wider range of agrieultni-al products than normal parts of the same zone, and are conspicuous for the large number of Upper Austral fruits which may he cultivated Avitli success. In passing southward from the I*uget Sound region this increase in Austral varieties is very marked, but it is poorly indicated in the following list: Crops of the Pacific Coast Transition Faunal Area. CEREALS. Wheat. Red Fife (,?). Oats. American Banner {2). Welcome. Black Tartarian (J) . White Russian. Lincoln {.J). Corn. King Philip. Stowell Evergreen (2). Pride of the North {J). Buckwheat. FRUITS. Apples. Baldwin. Ram bo (.s)- Ben Davis (.s). Red Astrachan. Blue Pearmain. Red June (.s). Early Harvest (s). Rhode Island Greening. Esopns. Sops of Wine. Fall Pippin (.s). Swaar. Gravenstein. Tompkins King. Jonathan (.s). Wagener. Keswick. Wealthy. Maiden Blnsh. Winesap (.s). Mon^nouth. * Yellow Bellfiower {s). Northern Spy. Yellow Newtown Piirpin {s Oldenburg, Duchess of. Yellow Transparent. CJierries. Advance. California. Richmond {Kentish). Bing. Rock port. Centennial. Spanish, Yellow. Coe Transparent. Tartarian, Black. Elton. Windsor. Lewelling {Black Republican). Wood, Governor. Napoleon {Royal Ann). Cranberries. Currants. Black Naples. Red Dutch. Cherry. Victoria. Fay Prolific. White Grape. 30 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Concord. Isabella. Hale. Bartlett. Bosc (s)- Boiissock. Clairgeau (.s). Clapp Favorite. FRUITS — continued. Oooseberries. Grapes. Moore Early. Peaches. Pears. Flemish Beatdy. Seckel (.s). Tyson («)• Winter Nelis (s). Plmns (indudiiKj iwunes). Agen {French, Petite, etc.) (.s). Columbia. Doscli. German Pvune. Golden Drop, Coe (s). Golden Prime (s). Bubacli, No. 5. Clark Seedling.^ Crescent. Everbearing. Jessie. Alfalfa {s). Hojjs. Suga)' beet («)• Italian {Fellenherg) (.s). Pond {Hungarian Prune). Silver Prune {s). Tragedy (.s)- Yellow Egg. Straicberries. Monarch. Perry. Sharpless. Vick. Wilson Albany. MISCELLANEOUS. Sweet corn. White potatoes. 5. THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. The irpper Austral zone (colored yellowish on tlie niai)) may be divided into two large and important faunal areas — an eastern liiimid or CaroUnian area and a western arid or Upper Sonoran area, whicli pass insensibly into one another in the neighborliood of the one hnn- dredtli meridian. They may be described separately. {a) The Carolinian Faunal Area. The Cai'olinian faunal area (colored yellowisli, spotted with red, on the map) occupies the larger part of the Middle States, except the mountains, covering southeastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and part of Oklahoma; nearly the whole of Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Maryland, and Delaware; more than half of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and New Jersey, and large areas in Alabama, Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, Pennsylvania, 'Markedly successful at Hood River, Oregon, where the Pacific or humid divi- sion of the Transition zone merges into the arid Upper Sonoran. THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 31 New York, Micliig'an, and southern Ontario. On the Atlantic coast it reaches from near the mouth of Cliesapeake Ba}^ to southern Con- necticut, and sends narrow arms up the valleys of the Connecticut and Hudson rivers. A little farther west another slender arm is sent northward, following' the east shore of Lake Michigan nearly or quite to Grand Travei-se Bay. These arms, like nearly all narrow north- ward prolongations of southern zones, do not carry the complete faunas and floras of the areas to which they belong, but lack certain species from the start and become more and more dilute to the northward till it is hard to say where they really end. Their north- ern boundaries, therefoi'e, must be drawn arbitrarily or must be based on the i)resence or absence of particular species rather than the usual association of species. Counting from the north, the Carolinian area is that in which the sassafras, tulip tree, hackberry, sycamore, sweet gum, i-ose magnolia, red bud, persimmon, and short-leaf pine first make their appearance, together Avith the opossum, graj' fox, fox squirrel, cardinal bird, Caro- lina wren, tufted tit, gnatcatcher, summer tanager, and yellow-breasted chat. Chestnuts, hickory nuts, hazelnuts, and Avalnuts grow wild in abundance. The area is of very great agricultural importance. Crops of the Carolinian Faunal Area. Cereals do well in the Carolinian area, particularly wheat and corn. The sugar beet is an important crop in the northern parts, but fails to develop sufficient sugar for profitable culture in the southern parts. Fruits thrive almost everywhere, and in great variety, as shown by the following list: Wheat. Clawson. Fiilcaster. Fultz. Mediterranean. Turkey Red [Mississippi Valley], Velvet Chaff.^ Lincoln (;?). Red Rust Proof. Oats. Welcome. White Russian (J). Corn. Bloody Butcher. Grolden Dent (.'). Hickory King {2). King Philip {S). Learning. St. Charles White [Mississippi Valley Stowell Evergreen. White Gourd Seed {J). Barley. Rye. Bvclcivheat (3), 32 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Arkansas {Mammoth Black Twig). Bailey Sn-eet. Baldwin (»). Belmont. Ben Davis. Benoni. Bentley. Bonnm. Bough, Sweet. Bradford Best {Kentucky Red). Broadwell. Buckingham. Cannon Pea rma in. Champlain {Nyack). Clayton. Cornell Faucij. CuUasaga. Domine {n). Dyer {Poin.me Royal). Early Cooper. Early Harvest. Early Joe. Early Pennock. Early Strawberry. Edward Early. Esopus (?()• Evening Party. Ewalt. Fallawater. Fall Orange. Fall Pippin. Fall Wine. Fanny. Fink. Fulton. Gilpin. (Tolden Russet {n). Golden Sweet. Green Cheese. Green Newtown. Grimes Golden. Haas {Fall Queen). ■ Hewes Crah. Hightop aS'uvc/ [Mississippi Valley] Hoover. Horse. Hubbardston (//). Jefferis. Jersey Sweet. Jonathan {n). July {Fourth of .Inly). Keswick. FRUITS. A2)plcs. Kinnaird. Lady. Lady Sweet. Lansingburg. Late Strawberry. Lawver {Delaware Red Winter). Limber Twig. Lowell. McAfee. McLellan. Maiden Blush. Mangiim. Margaret, Early Red. Milam. Missouri Pippin. Melon, Norton (n). Monmouth. Moore Sweet. Mother. Newtown Spitzenburg. Nickajack. Northern Spy (//). Ohio Nonpareil. Oldenburg, DucJiess of. Ontario {n). Ortley. Otoe (n). Perry Russet ()/). Porter. Primate. Pry or Red. Ralls Genet. Rambo. Ramsdell Sweet. Red Astrachan. Red June. Red Stripe. Rhode Island Greening {n). Romanite. South. Roman Stem. Rome Beauty. Shockley. Smith ( 'ider. Smokehouse. Sops of Wine {n). Stark (;0- Summer Pearmain. Summei- Queen. Summer Rose. Sutton {n). Swaar (»)• Sweet Winesap. THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 33 FRUITS — continued. Apples — Continued. Tetofski. Tompkins King (n). Trenton Early. Twenty-Ounce (»). Vandevere. Wagener («)• Walbridge {Edgar Red Streak). Westfield (?0. White Juneating. White Pearmain. Hyslop. Martha. Alexander [Mississippi Valley]. Breda. Budd [Mississippi Valley]. Early Golden. Gibb [Mississippi Valley]. Archduke (u) Black Heart. Carnation. Choisy, Belle de. Coe Transjiarent (n). Downer (n). Dyehouse. Eagle, Black. Early Purple Guigne. Elton (»)• Eugenie, Empresa. Hortense, Heine. Knight Early. White Pippin. Willow Twig. Wine. Hays {n). Winesap. Wythe. Yellow Bell flower. Yellow Newtown Pippin {Albemarle). Yellow Transparent. York Imperial. Crahapples. Transcendent. Yellow Siberian. Apricots. ' Harris. Hemskirke. Large Early. Moor park. Peach. Cherries. Late Kentish. Magnifique, Belle. Mayduke. Morello, English. Napoleon ( Royal Ann). Olivet. Plumstone Morello. Richmond {Kentish). Rockport (u). Spanish, Yellow. Tartarian, Black. Windsor (;/)• Wood, Governor. .Cranberries. [While cranberries are an important crop in parts of New Jersey and a few other States within the general l)oundaries of the Carolinian fauna, they grow only in cold bogs which have the proper temperature of the Transition or even Boreal zone.] Grapes. Agawam (n). Barry {n). Brighton. Catawba. Champion. Clinton (»). Concord. Cynthiana (s), Delaware. Diamond {n). Diana (»)• Duchess. ' Of little account in the Eastern States, because of too early flowering, with consequent danger from irost. 1002— No. 10 3 34 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. FRUITS — continued. Grapes — Continued. Elvira (.s)- Cxoethe (.s). lona ( » ) • Isabella. Ives. Jefferson. Lindley. Missouri Reisling («)• ? Moore Earlij. Niagara. Alexander. Beers Smock. Bilyeu. Chili, Hills. Early Crawford. Elberta. Foster. GeDrge IV. Globe. Golden Drop. Grosse Mignonne. Hale. Heath Cling. Hoover. Kenrick Heath. Large York. Late Admirable. Late Crawford. Boston. Elruge. Angoulenie, Ducliess de. Anjou (ii). Bartlett (^i). B'oodgood. Bosc (»)• Boussock {n). Brandywine. Buffum (/;). Chambers. Clan-geau (n). Clapp Favorite (n). Columbia. Comice, Doi/ennc du {n). Diel. Easter Bciirre. Garber. Glffard. Noah [South Mississippi ValleyJ (.s). Norton Virginia (s). Pocklington (»). Prentiss {n). Salem. Telegraph. Ulster (;;)• Worden (;/). Wyoming. Peaches. Late Rareripe. Morris White. Mountain Rose. Oldmixon Cling. Oldmixon Free. Red Cheek Melocoton. Reeves Favorite. Richmond. Rivers. Sal way. Smock. Sneed. Stevens Rareripe. Strawberry. Stump. St. John, Yellow Susquehanna. Nectarines. Stan wick. Pears. Gray Doyenne (n). Hosenschenk. Howell. Jiilienne. Kieffer. Kirtland {n). Lawrence. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Lucrative {n). Madeleine {n). Malines, Josephine de (?i). Marguerite, Petite (?i). Mount Vernon (n). Napoleon (n). Onondaga {n). Osband Summer. Paradise d'Automne {n). THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 35 FRUITS — continued. Pears — Continued . Rostiezer. Rutter. Seckel. riheidon. Summer Doyenne. Abundance. Agen {French, Petite, etc.) (u). Archduke (»). Bavay Green Gage (n). Bleecker Gage (n). Bradshaw {n). Burbank. Chabot. Clinton. Columbia («)• Copper (ti). Damson. Diamond, Black (n). Drapd'Or(>0- Duane Purple (n). Englebert (n). German Prune (»). Golden Drop, Coe. Grand Duke (n). Hand (»)• Hudson River Purple Egg (n). Hulings Superb (»). Imperial Gage (n). Italian {Fellenberg) (u). Jefferson. Kerr {Hattankio 2). Kingston (h). Champion. Missouri Mammoth. Meech. Bubach No. 5. Crescent. Cumberland. Downing, Charles. Enhance. Eureka. Gandy, Greenville. Haverland. Superfin (n). Tyson. White Doyenne («). Winter Nclis. Plums. Lawrence Favorite (?i). Lombard. Miner. Monroe Egg (v/). Newman. Ogon. Orleans (n). Ottoman (a). Peach (n). Prince Yelloic. Purple Favorite (u). Purple Gage (n). Red N agate. Richland. Robinson. Saratoga (n). Saunders (».)• Satsuma. Shropshire. Smith Orleans (.'0. Transparent Gage (»)• Washington (ii). Wales, Prince of (ii). Wangenheim (ii). Wild Goose. Willard. Yellow Egg (n). Quinces. Orange {Apple). Rea. Raspberries. Straivberries. Jersey Queen. Jessie. Michel Early. Miner. Parker Earle. Sandoval. Sharpless. Warfield. Wood, Beder. 36 LIFE ZONES AND CKOi' ZONES. NUTS. Peanuta ' (/t). MISCELLANEOUS. Cowpcas. Sugar beet. Flax. Simet potatoes (//). Hemp {Cannabin sativa). Tobacco. Limn beans. White potatoes. Sorghum. {b) The Upper Sonoran Faunal Area. The Upper Sonoran faunal area (colored yellowish without spots on the map) of the Western States and Territories is the arid-land con- tinuation of the Carolinian area of the more humid Eastern States. Beginning in the neighborhood of the one hundredth meridian, it covers most of the great plains in eastern Montana and Wyoming, southwestern South Dakota, western Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, and eastern Colorado and New Mexico. In Oregon and Washington it covers the plains of the Columbia and the Malheur and Harney plains; in California it encircles the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys and forms a narrow belt along the eastern boundary of the Colorado and Mohave deserts; in Utah it covers the Salt Lake and Sevier deserts; in Idaho tlie Snake Plains, and in Nevada and Arizona irregular areas of suitable elevation, as will be seen by the map. Except in California, the most conspicuous vegetation of the Upper Sonoran areas is the true sagebrush (Artewisia tridentata), which, however, is equally abundant in the Transition zone. Several of tlie so-called 'greasewoods' {Atriplex confertifolia, A. canescens, A. nuttalli, Tetradymia canescen.s, Sarcobcdus vermiculatus, and Grayia spinosa) are cliaracteristic of suitable soils, and nut pines (piiion) and junipers occur here and there, mostly on the mountain slopes. Among the characteristic birds and mammals are the burrowing owl, Brewer's sparrow, Nevada sage sparrow. Lazuli finch, sage thrasher, Nuttall's poor-will, Bullock's oriole, rough-winged swallow, five-toed kangaroo rats, pocket mice, grasshopper mice, sage chipmunk, sage cottontail, Idaho rabbit, black-tailed jack rabbit, and the Oregon, Utah, and Townsend's ground squirrels. Some parts of the Upper Sonoran in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho have so hot a climate that they might almost be considered Lower Sonoran. The localities referred to are Alvord Desert in southern Oregon, and certain parts of the valleys of the Snake and Columbia rivers, including the lower part of the canyon of tlie Des Cliutes. While Alvord Desert is a direct continuation of tlie Sonoran deserts of Nevada, the areas along the Columbia and Snake rivers are completely isolated and widely 'Peanuts are not of much commercial importance in this zone, though grown on a small scale locally in Michigan, Nebraska, New Jersey, Delaware, and a few other States. THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 37 removed, geographically, from the Lower Sonoran. Nevertheless, hot stretches in these valleys have been reached by the canyon wren {Catherpes mexicanus conspersiis) and other sonthern species, and have been found adapted to the needs of a namber of Lower Sonoran fruits. Thus, in the Snake River Valley at Lewiston, Idaho, and Almota, Wash., almonds, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and a variety of Lower Austral fruits do as well as several hundred miles farther south. This is well shown by the fact that the Sweetwater; Alexan- dria, Jf?/scrt/ o/; Malaga; 'Pern, Ease of ; Tokay, Flame ; Zinfandel; and Thompson Seedless grapes thrive in this part of the valley. Crops of the Upper Sonoran Faunai. Area. The Upper Sonoran area, notwithstanding its aridity, is of consid- erable agricultural importance. Fruits and cereals succeed wherever water may be had for irrigation, and in the less arid j^arts wheat, corn, barle^^ and rye yield their heaviest returns. Kafir corn (a kind of millet) thrives without irrigation, particularly on the great plains, and alfalfa with irrigation matures several crops a j^ear, though not so many as in the Lower Sonoran. cereals. Wheat. Australian. Fiiltz (,?). May wheats (,)). Mediterranean {3). Red Fife (,?). Sonora. Turkey Red (;?). Velvet Chaff (.:?). Lincoln (3). Red Rust Proof (3). Hickory King (3). King Philip (3). Learning (3). Alameda, Beauty of. Belmont. Ben Davis. Blue Pearmain. Cook Seedliuy. Dyer (Pomme Royal). Early Harvest. Early Pennock. Early Strawberry. Oats. Welcome (3). White Russian (3). Corn. Pride of the North {3). Squaw {3). Barley. Rye, FRUITS. Apples. Esopus Spitzenhurg. Fall Jenneting. Fall Orange. Fall Pippin. Fall Wine. Gloria Mundi. Golden Russet, Golden Sweet. Grimes Golden. 38 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. FRUITS — continnerL Ap2ih's — ( 'ontiniied. Haas (Fall Queen). Hawthornden. Hightop Sweet. Holland Pippin. Hiibbardston. Jersey Sweet. Jonathan. Keswick. Lady Sweet. Lawyer (Delmmre Red Winter) Limber Twig. Lowell. Maiden Blush. McAfee. Marshall -Red {Red BeUflon-er). Missouri Pippin. Monmouth Pippin {Red Cheek Pippin) . Mother. Newtown Spitzenburg. Nickajack. Northern Spy. Oldenburg. DacJiess of. Porter. Primate. Ralls Genet. Ramb(j, Red Astrachan. Red Canada. Red June. Rhode Island Greening. Roman Stem. Rome Beauty. Smith Cider. Summer Pearmain. Summer Queen. Summer Rose. Swaar. Tetofski. Tompkins King. Twenty-Ounce. Wagener. Wealthy. Westfield. White Pearmain. Wine, Hays. Winesap. Wolf River. Yellow Bellflower. Yellow Newtown Pippyin. Apricots. Alexander. Blenheim. Breda. Budd. Eureka. Gibbs. Hemskirke. Large Early. Montgamet. Alberge de. Montgamet Early. Moore Early. Moorpark. Newcastle. Peach. Pringle. Royal Golden, Brier. St. Ambroise. Vestal Moorpark. Cherries. Archduke. Bing. Centennial. Choisy, Belh' de. Cleveland. Early Purple Gnigiie. Late Duke. Lewelling {Black Republican). Mayduke. Montmorency Large. Montmorency Ordinaire. Morello, Englisli. Napoleon {Royal Aim)- Olivet. Ostheimer, Weichsel. Richmond {Kentish). Rockport. Spanish. Yelloir. Tartarian. Black. Thompson Seedling. Windsor. Wood, Governor. THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 39 FRUITS — continiied. Grapes. Agawam. Alexandria, M^tscaf of (li).^ Black Ferrara. Black Hamburgh. Catawba. Chasselas, Red. Chasselas Rose. Concord. Delaware. Elvira. Emperor (h). Isabella. Ives. Malaga (h). Massasoit. Alexander. Beers Smock. Bilyeu. Brandywine. Chair Choice. Early Crawford. Early York. Elberta. Foster. Garey. Garfield. Globe. Golden Cling. Garland, Goivrnor. Hale. Heath Cling. Late Crawford. Lovell. Malta. Hunt Tcvwny. Angouleme, Duchess de. Anjou. Bartlett. Bosc. Boussock. Brandywine. Clairgeau. Mission. ]\Ioore Early. Norton Virginia. Pierce (Isabella Regia). Peru, Rose of (h). Prince. Black. Royal Muscatine (it). Salem. Sweetwater (//). Thompson Seedless (li). Tokay, Flame (h). Victor, Earlij. Worden. Zinfandel (h). Peaches. McKevitt Cling. Muir. Newhall. Nichols Cling. Orange Cling. Picquet Late. Reeves Favorite Rivers. Runyon Orange Cling. St. John, Yellou: Salway. Smock. Strawberry. Stump. Susquehanna. Tuskena (Tuscany). Waterloo. Wilkins. Nectarines. Red Roman. Pears. Clapp Favointe. Columbia. Dana Hovey. Dial. Easter Beurre. Flemish Beauty. Glout Morceau. 'As explained on page 21 , varieties marked (/i) succeed only in the hottest locali- ties, as at Lewiston and Almota, in Snake River Valley. They are in reality not Upper Sonoran varieties at all, but belong to the Lower Sonoran area. 40 LIFE ZONES AND CKOP ZONES. FRUITS — coiitimied. Pears — Continued. Idaho [local in Idaho]. Lawrence. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Lucrative. IMargaret. Onondaga. Osband Siunmer. Patrick Barry. Seckel. Vicar of Winkfield. White Doyenne. Winter Nelis. Agen {French. Petite Bavay Green Gage. Bradshaw. Cherry. Columbia. Clyman. German Prune. Golden Drop, Coe. Golden Prune. Imperial Gage. Italian. Champion. Orange. Bubacli No. 5. Captain Jack, Clark Seedling. Crawford. Jessie. Combale, Marron. Chaberte. Franquette. Mayette. Plums {including 2)runes). etc.). Kanawha. Lombard. McLaughlin. Peach. Pond (Hungarian Prune). Sergent, Robe de. Shropshire. Silver Prune. Tragedy. Washington. Yellow Egg. Quinces. Du Chilly. Lambert. Piedmont. Alfalfa. Cowpeas, Kafir corn. Flemj}. Lima beans. Portugal. Ras2^ber7nes. Straivberries. Longfellow. Monarch. Parker Earle. Sharpless. Thompson No. 7. NUTS. European ch estnu ts. De Lyon, Marron. European tralnuts. Parisienne. Proepar turi ens . Serotina. Filberts and hazelnuts. Purple Leaf. Red Avellne. MISCELLANEOUS. Sorghum. Sugar beet (n). Siceet potatoes. Tobacco. White potatoes. THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 41 6. THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. The Lower Austral zone occupies the southern i^art of the United States, from Chesapeake Bay to the great interior valley of Califor- nia. It is interrupted by the continental divide in eastern Arizona and western New Mexico, and is divided, according to conditions of humidity, into an eastern or Austroriparian, and a Avestern or Lower Sonoran, area. {a) The Lower Sonoran Faunal Area. The Lower Sonoran area begins with the arid region of Texas in the neighborhood of latitude 98°, and stretches westerly to the Rio Grande Valley, in which it sends an arm northwest to a point a little north of Albuquerque, N. Mex. Another arm reaches up the valley of the Pecos. West of the Rio Grande Vallej^ in New Mexico the Lower Sonoran is interruj)ted by the continental divide. It begins again in eastern Arizona and sweej)s broadlj- westward below the high j)lateau, covering southern and western Arizona, the deserts of southern Nevada and eastern California, and the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. Followed more in detail, the Lower Sonoran in western Arizona sends a narrow tortuous arm eastward in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, which expands to cover the lower levels of the Painted Desert, and another arm northward, which enters the extreme southwestern corner of Utah, where it is restricted to the St. George or lower Santa Clara Valley, and is of much agricultural importance.^ From western Arizona it spreads over southern Nevada, pushes northerly into Pahranagat Valley, sends an arm by way of Oasis and Sarcobatus vallej's all the way to the sink of the Humboldt and Car- son rivers, fills the whole of Death, Panamint, and Saline valleys and part of Owens Valley, and thence curving southwesterly follows the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, Tehachapi, and Tejon mountains, and covers the whole of the Mohave and Colorado deserts and all the rest of southern California except the mountains. It sends an arm southward over most of the peninsula of Lower California, and another northward over the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. The Lower Sonoran area comprises the most arid deserts of North America, and is characterized by a fauna and flora of extreme inter- est. Among the commoner plants are the creosote bush, mesquites, acacias, cactuses, yuccas, and agaves. Among the characteristic birds are the mockingbird, road runner, cactus wren, canj^on wren, desert thrashers, hooded oriole, black-throated desert sparrow, Texas nighthawk, and Gambel's quail. Among the distinctive mammals are the four-toed kangaroo rats, Sonoran pocket mice, long-eared desert fox, and the big-eared and tiny white-haired bats. The region, wherever water may be had for irrigation, is of great agricul- tural importance, particularly for fruit. 'Cotton, tobacco, raisin grapes, almonds, olives, figs, and other Lower Sonoran crops are raised successfully in the St. George Valley. 42 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Crops op the Lower Sonoran Faunal Area. Raisin and wine grapes, oranges, lemons, olives, primes, peaches, apricots, English walnnts, and almonds are among the important products of the Lower Sonoran area, and the fig ripens several crops each year. Although too far south for the highest development of cereals, several varieties, as the Australian and Sonora wheats, the red rust-proof oats, and the white gourd seed corn, do well. Cotton, tobacco, pyrethrum, and the opium poppy thrive in certain localities, and alfalfa, cowpeas, and canaigre (a plant valuable for tanning) do better than in anj^ other area. CEREALS. Barley {:J). White Gourd Seed (/f). Red Rust Proof {;.'}. Corn. Oats. Bye (3). Wheat. Australian. Sonora. FRUITS. Avocado {Aguacate). (7i)' Marshall Bed (Red Belljlower). Sexton Golden. Skinner Seedling {Santa Clara Ring). Yellow Bellflower. Yellow Newtown Pijjjnn. Ajiricots. Breda. Roman. Heinskirke. Royal. Hinds Seedling. Royal Golden, Brier. Montgamet, Alberge de. Sparks. Montgamet Early. St. Ambroise. Moorpark. Vestal Moorpark. Peach. Cherries. Early Purple Guigne. Carol). Cherimoyer. (/i)' Citr^on. Dates, (h)' ' There are several hot pockets in the Lower Sonoran in which tropical or arid tropical fruits may be grown with greater or less success. The best known of these is near Santa Barbara, Calif., where the following are said to flourish: Avo- cado {Persea gratissivia), capullin {Pritntis capidi), cherimoyer {Anona clieri- molia), kai-apple {Aheria caffra), mango ( Ma ngif era indica), Moreton Bay chest- nut {Castanospernmni aiistrale), pepino (Solannm inuricatiiin), Queensland nut {Macadamia ternifolia), rose apple {Eugenia jainhos), sapodilla {Achras sapota), tree tomato {Cyphomandra beiacea) , and zajK/t^ bianco {Casimiroa edidis). THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 43 FRUITS — continued. Fign. Adriatic. Brunswick. Du Roi. Genoa, WJiite. Gentile. Ischia. WJiite. Alexandria, Muscat of. Black Hamburg. Emperor. Feher Sza.sfos. Gordo Blanco. Herbemont. Huasco. Malaga. Mission. Cattley (Strdirbcrn/) Eureka. Genoa. Mexican. Satsuma. Black Spanish. Downing. Bahia {Wasldngtou Newel). Hart Late (Excelsior). Malta Blood. Maltese Oval. Mediterranean Sweet. Marseillaise, Wliite. Mission, Black. Monaco Bianco. Smyrna. San Pedro Black. Turkey, Brown. Granadilla. Grapes. Muscat-Hamburg. Peru, Rose of. Prince, Black. Sultana. Sweetwater {Fontaiiiebleau). Thompson Seedless. Tokay, Flame. White Muscat. Zinfandel. Guavas. Chinese (Mexican). Japanese persiinmoiis. [Numerous varieties.] Jiijnbe. Kuviquat. Lemons. Sicily. Villa Franca. Limes. Tahiti. Loquat. Mandarin oranges. Tangerine. Midherries. Persian. Olixies. [Numerous varieties.] Oranges. Paper Rind St. Michael. Ruby Blood. St. Michael. Valencia Late. 44 Alexander. Early Crawford («)• Early York. Elberta. Foster (n). Garland, Oovernor. Hale. Heath Cling. Boston. Downton. Early Newington. Angouleme, DiicJirss de. Bartlett. Bosc. Boussock. Brandywine. Clairgean. Easter Bciirre. Glont Morceau. Howell (?).' Lawrence. LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. FRUITS — continued. Peaches. Henrietta. Late Crawford (»;)• Lemon Cling. Muir. St. John, YeUoii: Strawberry. Snscinehanna. Nectarines. Early Violet. Elrnge. Hardwicke. Pea rs. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Lucrative. Patrick Barry. Ponnd. Seckel. Superfin. Tyson (?).' White Doyenne. Winter Nelis. Pepiiio {Solanum nmricatuiii). Pineapple (.^).' Pomegranates. Pomeloes. [Several varieties] Phims {including jirunes). Agen {French, Petite, etc.). Caddo Chief. Colnmbia. El Paso. German Prune. Golden Drop, Coe. Australian Crimson. Burt. Longfellow. Italian {Fellenlwrg) . Jefferson. Peach. Sergent, Robe de. Simon {Prunus simonii). Strau-hcrrirs. Monarch. Sharpless. Tamarind. 'The interrogation point (?) signifies that the variety or species so marked is included in the list upon information sufficiently positive to make such inclusion necessary, but lacking such full verification as would permit the listing without qualification. THE LOWER. AUSTRAL ZONE. 45 NUTS. Almonds. Blowers. McCoy. Brier. Ne Plus Ultra. Drake. Nonpareil (Extra). Golden State. Paper Shell. Gray [southwest Utah]. Routier, Neio. Harriott. Soft Shell, Routier. IXL. Supremo, King Soft Shell. Tarragona. Languedoc. Twin, Routier. Lewelling. Eurojiean ivalnuts. Bijou. Mayette. Chaberte. Mesange {Paper Shell). Cluster. Mission (Los Angeles) Ford. Parisienne. Franquette. Prci-parturiens. Gant {Bijou). Santa Barbara. Kaghazi. Serotina. Peamits. Pecans. Pistachio nut. MISCELLANEOUS. Alfalfa. Opium poppy. Black wattle (Acacia decurrens). Pyrethrum. Canaigre {^Rumex hymenosepalus) . Ramie. Castor-oil bean. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa). Cork oak (Quercus suber). Sorghum. Cotton. Sugar cane. Coiopeas. Street potatoes. Flax (seed). Tagasaste (Cytisas). Hemp. Tobacco. Mustard. (b) The Austroriparian Faunal Area. The Auslroriparian area occupies the greater part of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Beginning near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay it covers half or more than half of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, the whole of Mississippi and Louisiana, eastern Texas, nearly all of Indian Territorj^ more than half of Arkansas, and parts of Oklahoma, southeastern Kansas, south- ern Missouri, southern Illinois, the extreme southwestern corner of In- diana, and the bottom lands of western Kentucky and Tennessee. The long leaf and loblolly pines, magnolia, and live oak are common on the uplands; the bald cypress, tupelo, and cane in the swamps. Here the mocking bird, painted bunting, prothonotary warbler, red-cockaded woodpecker, chuck-wills-widow, and the swallow-tail and Mississippi kites are characteristic birds, and the southern fox squirrel, cotton rat, rice-field rat, wood rat, and free-tailed bat are common mammals. 46 J.IFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Crops of the Austroriparian Faunal Area. This is the zone of the cotton plant, siTgar cane, rice, pecan, and peanut, and of the scuppernong grape and oriental pears (Le Conte and Kieffer). The more important crops are mentioned in the follow- ing list : CEREALS. Barley (S). Corn. Golden Dent. Hickory King. Leaminj;- (.'). Mosbv Prolific. Burt. Fultz (2). May wheats [away from coast] . Bonum (n). Bradford Best (Kentucky Red). Bruce. Buckingham. Cannon Pearmain. Carter Blue. Champlain (Nyack) (?/). Clark Pearmain. Cornell Fancy (n). Cracking. Cullasaga. Disharoon. Farrar {Robinson SujK'rb). Ferdinand. Gilpin (n). Green Cheese. Hall. Hockett. Hoover (n). Horn. Horse. Jennings. Julian. July (Fourth of Jul !/) (n). Junaluskee. Limber Twig (n). McAfee (n). St. Charles White (-0 [Mississippi Val- ■ ley]. Stow ell Evergreen (2). White Gourd Seed. Oats. Red Rust Proof. Rye (2). Wheat. Mediterranean (3). FRUITS. Apples. Mangum. Manomet. Mason Stranger. Mattamuskeet. Maverack. Nansemond. Nicka.iack (n). Oconee. Oldenburg, Ducliess of. Ralls Genet. Red Astrachan. Red June. Romanite, South. Shockley. Stephenson. Switzer [Mississippi Valley]. Taunton. Watson. Waugh Crab. White Juneating. Willow Twig. Winesap (n). Yates. Yellow June. Yellow Transparent. Yopp. York Imperial (ii). THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 47 FRUITS — continued. Apricots. Breda. Early Golden. Hemskirke. Moorpark. Musch. Archduke (?;). Black Heart {n). Choisy, Belle de («)• Early Pvirple Guigne (n). Late Duke (n). Orange. Royal. St. Ambroise. Turkey.. Cherries. Magnitique, Belle (n). May duke (?(.). Morello, Eitylisli {it). Richmond {Kentish) {n). Brunswick. Green Ischia. Chinese quince. Dewberry. Lucretia. Figs. Turkey, Brown. Grapes.'^ Berckmans. Lenoir. Brighton {n). Brilliant [Mississippi Catawba. Valley] • Lindley (h). Missouri Reisling [Mississippi Valley] Moore Early {n). Cynthiana. Niagara {n). Delaware {n). Norton Virginia. Diamond, Moore i in). Salem {>i). Elvira. Flowers. Goethe (»)• Scuppernong. Tenderi)ulp. Thomas. Herbemont. Jefferson {n). Triumph. Wylie, Peter. Japanese persimmoHs. Costa ta. Okame. Hachiya. Yemon. Mulberries. • Downing. Hicks. Stubbs. 'Apricots are too often injured by late spring frosts to be a profitable crop in the Austroriparian. ■Varieties followed by the letter (u) belong to the Carolinian area, but thrive also along the upper edge of the Austroriparian. 48 LIKE ZONES AND CROl' ZONES. FRUITS — continued. Peaches. Alexander («)• Amelia. Austin. Blood Cling. Blood Free. Cabler Indian. Chinese Clhig. Columbia. Early Crawford {ii). Early York (n). Elberta. Hale (»). Heatli Cling (n). Angouleme, Djcchess (Jc {n). Garber. Julienne («)• Kieffer. Lawrence (n). Abundance (Botan). Berckmans. Burbank. Caddo Chief [western]. Caradeuc, De. Chabot. Cumberland. El Paso [western]. Georgeson ( Hattfoilxio). Golden Beauty. Kerr {Hattankio 2). Bubach No. 5 (n). Cloud [Mississippi Valley]. Crescent. Gandy (n). Hoffman. Hoover. Kerr, Je.s.s?V. Late Crawford. Lee, Oeneral. Lemon Cling. Mountain Rose (n). Oldmixon Cling (?;)• Pallas. Picquet Late, Sneed. St. John, Velloio. Thurber. Tillotson. Pears. he Conte. Magnolia. Rostiezer (n). Seckel (n). Tyson (?i). Plums. Indian Chief. Lone Star. Marian na. Miner, Newman. Red Nagafe. Satsuma. Transparent. Yellow, Weaver. Wild Goose. Pomegranates. Strawhernes, Michel Early. Parker Earle. Thompson, Lady. Wartield [Mississippi Valley NUTS. Almonds.^ English tvalnids. Pecans. Peanuts. 1 Almonds are grown in the Austroriparian area, but are not a comm. rcial success. THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 49 MISCELLANEOUS. Castor bean. SorgJimn. China grass. Sugar cane. Cotton. Sweet potatoes. ' Cou'peas. Tea. ' Jute. Tobacco. Lima beans. Turpentine, Rice. (c) Semitropical or Gulf Strip. The Gulf strip, or southern part of the Austroriparian area (col- ored orange on the map), reaches from Texas to southern Florida, covers a narrow strip in southern Georgia, and probably follows the coastal lowlands northward into South Carolina, though not so indi- cated on the map. It has a semitropical climate and is the home of a number of plants and animals not found farther north, among which are the cabbage palmetto, Cuban pine, ground dove, white-tailed kite, Florida barred and screech owls. Chapman's nighthawk, the Florida and boat-tailed grackles, and several small mammals. Crops of the Semitropical or Gulf Strip. The Gulf strip, though small in area, is of very great importance from the standpoint of agriculture and horticulture. It is the belt in which rice, sugar cane, and the much-prized Sea Island cotton are pro- duced in greatest quantity and value; and, as a fruit belt, has no competitor except the Lower Sonoran areas of California and Arizona. Bitter oranges, loquats, granadillas, figs, Japanese persimmons, pecan nuts, and numerous varieties of peaches and grapes thrive here, and the citrus fruits (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes, and shaddocks) are grown successfully in the warmer parts, particularly in peninsular Florida, but in the northern j^arts have suffered severely from frosts. The more important agricultural products are mentioned in the fol- lowing list : citrus fruits. Bergamot oranges (P)-. Bitter oranges. Lemons (P) , Belair. Sicily. Eureka. Villa Franca. Genoa.. ' Tea is grown successfully at Summerville, near Charleston, S. C, and •would doubtless thrive in other parts of the Austroriparian belt; but the cost of pick- ing the leaves is so great as to discourage its general cultivation. - The letter (P) indicates that the fruit after which it is placed is cultivated suc- cessfully in peninsular Florida only, except in a few cases where it thrives also in the Mississippi delta below New Orleans. 1002— No. 10 4 50 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Cleopatra (P). Dcincy Tangerine (P). King {P). CITRUS FRUITS — continued. Mandarins. Satsuma. Tangerona (P). Oranges (P). Bahia {Washington Navel). Beach No. 5. Bessie. Boone Early. Butterconrt. Centennial. Circassian. Cohnar. Cnnninghani, Drake Star. Dulcissima. Du Roi. Foster. Hart La ). Learning. St. Charles White [Lower Mississippi Val- ley] (3). Stowell Evergreen. White Gourd Seed (^). f^nieat: Australian. Fultz (3). May wheats (3). Mediterranean (3). Sonora. Turkey Red (.?). Velvet Chaff (i>}- Corn: Hickorv King (5). "King Philip (2). Learning (2). Pride of the North (3). Squaw (3). LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Oats: Red Rust Proof (3). Oats: Burt. Red Rust Proof. Wheat: Australian. Sonora. Wheat: May wheats [away from coast]. Mediterranean (3). Pultz (3). Corn : White Gourd Seed (2). Corn: Golden Dent. Hickory King. Learning (-'). Mosby Prolific. St. Charles White [Mississippi Valley] (3). Stowell Evergreen (3). White Gourd Seed. APPLES. Apples rank among the staple crops of the United States. A mul- titude of varieties flourish in the Ti-ansition and Upper Austral zones and a smaller number in the Lower Austral, as may be seen from the following table. One variet3% the Red Astrachan, is remarkable for the wide range of climatic conditions it is able to endure, as it appears to thrive in all the zones and in all the areas, except the most arid. Man}^ varieties are restricted to a single zone, but the greater number are common to two adjoining zones, as the Transition and Upper Austral, or the Upper and Lower Austral. Crab apples are almost restricted to the Transition zone, only four varieties being known to flourish farther south, and all of these are Transition varieties. 58 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Zone ranges of apples. [Key.— Cross (+ ), do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the eastern Dakotas) except in eastern Wisconsin in vicinity of Green Bay; (n), in northern part only; (s), in southern part only; ( i^), information satticiently positive to make the listing necessary, but lacking such full verification as to require qualification.] TRANSITION ZONE. Alleghanian (eastern) area. Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. Alexander. Alexander. Baldwin. + Bailey Sitcet (s). Baldwin. Ben Davis (s). + Baker. Dutch Mignonne. Blue Pearmain. -f Baldwin. Dyer (Pomme Roynl). Early Harvest (s). + Benoni (.s^. Early Harvest. Esopus Spitzenburg. + Bietight4mer (.s). Early Strawberry. Fall Pippin (s). + Blenheim. Esopus Spitzenburg. Gravenstein. -j-Blue Pi'cirmain. Fameuse. Jonathan (s). + Bullock (At)icrican Golden Golden Russet. Keswick. Russet). Golden Sweet. Maiden Blush. 4- Canada Reinette. Gravenstein. Monmouth. -f Chenango (s). Hightop Su-eet. Northern Spy. + Clyde B(auty. Hubbardston. Oldenburg, Duchess of. + Cogswell is). Jefferis. Rambo (s). -|-Danvers (.<). Jonathan. Red Astrachan. -fDomine is). Keswick. Red June (s). + Dutch Mignonne (s). Longfield. Rhode Island Greening. + Dyer d'ounne Royal) (s). Lowell. Sops of Wine. + Earlv Harvest. Maiden Blush. Swaar. + Early Ripe (.s). Monmouth. Tompkins King. + Early Strawberry (.s). Mother. "Wagener. + Esopus Spitzenburc/. Newtown Spitzenburg. Wealthy. + Ewalt (s). Northern Spy. "WinesaiJ (s). + Fall Pippin. Oldenburg, 'Duchess of. Yellow Bellflower (s). -|- Fameuse. Pewaukee. "5''ellow Newtown Pippin (,s). + GardeTi Royal. Porter. Yellow Transparent. + Golden Russet. Primate. -)- Golden Russet [New York] ( s) Rambo. + Golden Sweet. Red Astrachan. -f Gravenstein. Rhode Island Greening. + Green Sweet. Roman Stem. Haas ( Fall Uneeii ) [Mississippi Rome Beauty. Valley]. Roxbury. + Hightop Sweet. Sops of Wine. + Hubl)ardston. Summer Peai-niain -j-Hunt Ru.'s.tet. Swaar. + Jefl-'eris (.s). Tetofski. + Jefferson County. Tolman Sweet. + Jewett Red. Tompkins King. + .Tonathan (.s). Twenty -Ounce. F Keswick is). Wagener. Longfleld. Wealthy. [Lowell (.sK Westfleld. [ Mcintosh. Williams Favorite. McMalion. Wine, //a;/.s-. + Maiden Blush (.'-■). Winesa]) ( .'). + Margaret, Euiiij Red (.s). Wolf Rirer. + Melon, Norton (s). Yellow Newtown Pippin. + Minister. Yellow Transi)arent. + Montreal Peach. f Moore Sweet i.s). + Mother (s). f Newtown Spitzenburg (.s). + Northern Spy. + Ohio Non))areil is). Oldenburg, hnrhess of. + Ontario. + Peck Fleasani. -j- Perry Russet. Pewaukee. + Pom me Gris. --Porter (.s). --Primate (.s). — Pmupkin Sweet (Ponwl Sv-eet). -f-Rambo (.<;). 4- Red Astrachan. + Red C'anada. + Rhode Island Greening. -|-Ribston. -f-Rolfe. Roman Stem. + Roxbury. -f St. Lawrence. -1- Scott Winter. -j- Shiawassee. APPLES. 59 Zone ranges of apples — Continued. TRANSITION ZONE-Continued. Alleghanian (eastern) area. Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. + Sops of Wine. -|- Sterling (American Beauty). + Summer Pearmain (s). -|r Sutton. 4-Swaar (s). Tetofski. + Tolman Sweet. + Tompkins King. -j- Twenty-Ounce. -j-Vandevere (s). 4- Wagener. Wealthy. Westfield. + Williams Favorite. -|-Wine, Hays (.s). Wolf River. Yellow Transparent. Crab apples: Beach. Brier. + Elgin. Excelsior. Gibb. -f- Hyslop. Martha. Marengo. Minnesota. Montreal. Orange. Red Siberian. Transcendent. + Van Wyck. Whitney No. 20. Yellow Siberian. • UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig). Bailey Sweet. Baldwin (n). Belmont. Ben Davis. Benoni. Bentley. Bonum. Bough, Sweet. Bradford Be.. Bartlett. Boussock. +Bartlett (s). Bosc. Clairgeau (s). + Bosc (s). Boussock. Clapp Favorite. -|-Boussock. Brandywine. Flemish Beauty. + Brandy wine (s). Clairgeau. Seckel (s). +Buffum. Clapp Fa vorite. Tyson (s). -fClairgeau (s). • Columbia. Winter Nelis is). + Clapp Favorite (s). Easter Beui~re. -fColumbia is). Flemish Beauty. +Dana Hovey (s). Lawrence. + Diel. Lvicrative. +Dix. Onondaga. -I- Elizabeth. Mannimj. Osband Summer. 4-Flemish Beauty. Seckel. + Fulton. Tyson. -fGiffard is). Winter Nelis. -i-Goodale. + Howell (s). 4-Julienne (s). -1- Lawrence (s). -i-Loi;ise Bonne de Jersey. 4-Lucrative (s). + McLaughlin. -i-Madeleine (s). 4-Malines, Josephine de (s). -(-Onondaga (s). -j-Osband Summer. -1-Pound. -I-Rostiezer (.s). -i-Seckel (s). -j- Sheldon is). -j-Souvenir dn Congress (s). 4 Sterling. -t-'^ummer Doyenne i.s). -(-Tyson. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Angouleme, Ducliess de. Angouleme, Duchess de. Anjou (71). An.i'ou. Bartlett («). Bartlett. Bloodgood. Bosc. Bosc in). Boussock. Boussock ()i). Brandywine. Brandywine. Clairgeau. Buffum (n). Clapp Favorite. Chambers. Columbia. . Clairgeau (ti). Dana Hovey. Clapp Favorite {n). Diel. Columbia. Easter Beurre. Comice, Doyenne die (n). Flemish Beauty. Diel Glout Morceau. Easter Beurre. Idaho [local in Idaho]. Garber. Lawrence. Giffard. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Gray Doyenne (n). Lucrative. Hosenschenk. Margaret. 68 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Zone ranges of pears — Continued. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE— Continued. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Howell. Onondaga. Julienne. Osband Summer. Kieffer. Patrick Barry. Kirtland. Seckel. Lawrence. White Doyenne. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Winter Nelis. Lucrative (n). Vicar of Winkfield. Madeleine (n). Malines, Josephine de (n). Marguerite, Petite {ii). Mt. Vernon (n). Napoleon (n). Onondaga in). Osband Summer. Paradise d'Automne (Ji). Rostiezer. Rutter. Seckel. Sheldon. Summer Doyenne. Superfln (n). Ty.son. White Doyenne (n). Winter Nelis. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Angouleme, Duchess de. Angouleme, Duchess de (n). Garber. Bartlett. Garber. Kieffer. Bosc. Julienne (n). Le Conte. Boussock. Kieffer. Magnolia. Brandvwine. Lawrence (u). Clairgeau. Lo Conte. Easter Beurre. Magnolia. Glout Morceau. Rostiezer Oi)- Howell {.''). Seckel (n). Lawrence. Tyson {n). Louise Bonne de Jersey. Lucrative. Patrick Barry. Pound. Seckel. Superfln. Tyson ( .^). White Doyenne. Winter Nelis. PLUMS. Plums have a wide range. They attain their highest development in the Upper Austral zone, but numerous varieties flourish in the Transition and Lower Austral zones. In the dry summer heat of the Upper and Lower Sonoran areas many varieties develop so much sugar that they make the best of prunes, but in the cooler Transition zone and the more humid Carolinian and Austroriparian areas prune culture is not a success. PLUMS. Zone ranges of plums {including x>runes). 69 [Key.— Cross ( + ), do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the eastern Dakotasi except in eastern Wisconsin in vicinity of Green Bay; (»), in northern part only; (s), in southern part only.] TRANSITION ZONE. Alleghanian (eastern) area. Arid Transition area. + Arctic, Moore. Aubert, Yelloiv. + Bavay Oreen Gage. De Soto. +Diamond, Black is). +Drap d'Or is). +Duane Pnrple (s). +Englebert (s). -j-German Prune (s). -j-Golden Drop, Coe (.«). +Grand Duke (s). Green Gage. + Hudson Kiver Purple Efjfj (s). -t-Hulings »S'((joer6 (s). -j- Imperial Gage (s). +Jeii'erson (.s). -j-Kingston (s). 4- Lawrence Favorite (•«). Lombard. +McLaughlin (s). Moldavka. + Monroe Egg (s). +Orieans (s). +Ottoman (s). -fPond (Hungarian Prune). -f-Purple Gage (s). +Quackenboss (s). Richland. -I- Shropshire (s). + Smith Orleans (s). + Transparent Gage (s). -j-Wales, Prince of (s). fWangenheim (s). -f Washington (s). Wolf. Yello-w Egg. De Soto. Forest Garden. Pacific Transition area. Agen (French, Petite, etc.) (s). Columbia. Dosch. Italian (Fellenberg). German Prune. Golden Drop, Coe. Golden Prune. Pond (Hungarian Prune). Silver Prune. Tragedy. Yellow Egg. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Abundance. Agen (French, Petite, etc.) (n). Archduke (n). Bavay Green Gage (n). Bleecker Gage (n). Bradshaw (n). Bur bank. Chabot. Clinton. Columbia (n). Copper (n). Damson. Diamond. Black (n). Drap d'Or (n). Duane Purple (n). Englebert (n). German Prune in). Golden Drop, Coe. Grand Duke (n). Hand (n). Hudson River Purple Egg (n). Hulings Superb (n). Imperial Gage (n). Italian (Fellenberg) (n). Jefferson. Kerr (Hattankio 2). Kingston (n). Lawrence Favorite (»i). Lombard. Miner. Monroe Egg (n). Newman. Agen (French, Petite, etc). Bavay Green Gage. Bradshaw. Cherry. Clyman. Columbia. German Prune. Golden Drop. Coe. Golden Prune. Imperial Gage. Italian. Kanawha. Lombard. McLaughlin. Peach. Pond (Hungarian Prune). Sergent, Robe de. Shropshire. Silver Prune. Tragedy. Washington. Yellow Egg. 70 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Zone ranges of plums (including j^fuues) — Continued. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE-Continued. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran ai'ea. Ogon. Orleans (w). Ottoman (n). Peacti ()! ). Prince Yellow. Purple Favorite (n). Purple Gage (n). Red Nagate. Richland (n). Robinson. Saratoga (n). Saunders (n). Satsuma. Shropshire. Smith Orleans (n). Transparent Gage (n). Washington (n). Wales, Prince of (n). Wangenheim (n). Wild Goose. Willard. Yellow Egg (u). LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Agen ( French, Petite, etc. ). Abundance (Botan.). Kelsey. Caddo Chief. Burbank. Satsuma. Columbia. Caddo Chief [western]. Wild Goose. El Paso. Caradeuc, De. German Prune. Chabot. Golden Drop, Coe. Cumberland. ItllUa,^l(FeUenberg). El Paso [western]. Jefferson. Georgeson (Hottankio). Peach. Golden Beauty. Sergent, Kobe de. Kerr (Hcittankio2). Simon ( Prunus simonii). Indian Chief. Lone Star. Marianna. Miner. Newman. Red Nagate. Satsuma. Transi>arent, Yelloiv. Weaver. Wild Goose. STRAWBERRIES. Strawberries taken collectively have a wide range, special varieties being commercially profitable in every zone fi-om the lower edge of the Boreal in Canada to the semitropical strip bordering the Gulf of Mexico. Nevertheless, the strawberry is the product of cool temper- ate climates, and by far the larger number of varieties are found in the Transition and Upper Austral zones. STRAWBERRIES AND NUTS. Zone ranges of strawberries. 71 [Key.— (w), in northern part only; (s), in southern part only: (/), information sufficiently posi- tive to make the listing necessary, but lacking such full verification as to require qualification.] TRANSITION ZONE. AUeghanian (eastern) area. Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. Bubach No. 5. Bubach No. ;'. Bubach No. .5 Crescent. Captain Jack. Clark Seedliny.' Cumberland. Jessie (f). Crescent. Downing, Charles. Everbearing. Eureka (s). Jessie. Haverland. Monarch. Jessie. Perry. Michel Early (.s). Sharpless. Miner. Vick. Sharpless. Wilson Albany. Warfield. Wilson. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Bubach No. .5. Bubach No. 5. Crescent. Captain Jack. Cumberland. Clark Seedling.^ Downing, Charles. Crawford. Enhance. Jessie. Eureka. Longfellow. ' Gandy. Monarch. Greenville. Parker Earle. Haverland. Sharpless. Jersey Queen. Jessie. Michel Early. Thompson J\o. 7. Miner. Parker Earle. Sandoval. Sharpless. Warfield. VVood, Becler. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Australian Crimson. Burt. Longfellow. Monarch. Sharpless. Bubach No. .', (n). Cloud [Mississippi Valley]. Crescent. Gandy oO- Hofl'man. Michel Early. Parker Earle. Thompson, Lady. Warfield [Mississippi Valley]. Hoffman. Michel Early. Neunan. Thompson, Lady. ' Markedly successful at Hood River, Oregon, where the Pacific or humid division of the Tran- sition zone merges into the arid Upper Sonoran. NUTS. Our native wild nuts, of which the butternut, cliestnut, hazelnut, hickorynut, and black walnut are of some commercial importance, are not included in the table, which treats of cultivated kinds only. Peanuts are grown on a small scale in hot localities in the Caro- linian area, in Michigan and Nebraska, and to a greater extent in New Jersey and Delaware, but belong properly to the Austroriparian. Pecans thrive in the Austroriparian and Lower Sonoran areas, but do 72 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. best in the Gulf strip. Almonds, tliouiih grown sparingly in the Austroriparian area, do not fruit well, and are not a commercial suc- cess except in the Lower Sonoran area of California and Arizona, whei-e they and English walnuts are very important crops. Zone ranges of nuts. [Key.— (/i), in liottestpart only.] X'PPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Peaitufs (h). European walnuts: Chaberte. Franquette. iVlayette. Parisienne. Proeparturiens. Serotina. European chestnuts: Combale, Marron. De Lyon, Marron. Filberts and hazehiuts: Du Chilly. Lambert. Piedmont. Purple Leaf. Red Aveline. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Almonds: Blowers. Brier. Drake. Golden State. Gray [southwestern L^tah]. Harriott. IXL. King Soft Shell. Languedoc. Lewelling. McCoy. Ne Plus Ultra. Nonpareil (Extra). Paper Shell. Ron tier, Nen\ Soft Shell, Routier. Supremo. Tarragona. Twin, Roiitier. European ivalnuts: Bijou. Chaberte. Cluster. Ford. Franquette. Gant (Bijou). Kaghazi. Mayette. Mesange (Paper Shell). Mission ( Los Angeles). Parisienne Proeparturiens. Santa Barbara. Serotina. Peamits. Pecans. Pistachio nut. Almonds.^ English wahiuts. ' Peanuts. Pecans. Peanuts. Pecans. 1 Not commercially grown in the Austroriparian area. MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. 73 This list is ouly the merest skeleton. Additions of all kinds, particularly specific information respecting the ranges of definite varieties of garden vegetables, will be thankfully received. Zone ranges of viisceUa)ieous crops. [Key.— i/i I. in hottest part ouly: (n). iu northern part only; (.s), in southern part only.] TRANSITIOX ZONE. Alleghanian (eastern ) area. Arid Transition area. Flax is). Hops. Maple sugar. Sorghum (.s). Sugar beet. Sweet corn. White potatoes. Flax. Sugar beet. White potatoes. Pacific Transition area. Alfalfa (s^. Hops. Sugar beet (s). Sweet corn. White potatoes. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Cowpeas. Flax. Hemp (Cannabis sativa). Lima beans. Sorghum. Sugar beet. Sweet potatoes (h). Tobacco. White potatoes. Alfalfa. Cowpeas. Kafir corn. Hemp. Lima beans. Sorghum. Sugar beet («"). Sweet potatoes. Tobacco White potatoes. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Alfalfa. China grass. China grass ( for fiber). Black wattle. Castor bean. Cotton. Cauaigre. Cotton. Jute. Castor bean. Cowpeas. Rice. Cork oak. Jute. Sea Island cotton. Cotton. Lima beans. Sorghum. Cowpeas. Rice. Sugar cane. Flax (.seed). Sorghum. Sweet potatoes. Hemp. Sugar cane. Tobacco. Mustard. Sweet potatoes. Olive oil. Tea. Opium poppy. Tobacco. Pyrethrum. Turpentine. Ramie. Roselle. Sorghum. Sugar cane. Sweet potatoes. Tagasaste. Tobacco. Camphor. Coffee. TROPICAL FLORIDA. Ramie. Sisal hemp. Tobacco. INDFX • Page, i Agricultural regions 12-13 Agriculture in California 14 Alfalfa ^0. 45 Alleghanian area 20-24 Birds 20 Cereals 21 Flax 24 Fruits 21-24 Hops 24 Mammals 20 Maple sugar 24 Nuts 20-21 Sorghum 24 Sugar beet 2-1 Sweet corn 24 Trees 20 White potatoes 24 Almouds 45, 48 Amatungula 52 Apples — Alleghanian area 21-22 Arid Transition area 26 Austroriparian area 46 Carolinian area 32-33 Gulf strip 50 Lower Sonorau area 42 Pacific Coast Transition area 29 Upper Sonorau area 37-38 Zone ranges of 57-61 Apricots — Austroriparian area 47 Carolinian area 33 Lower Sonoran area 42 Upper Sonoran area 38 Zone ranges of 62 Arctic- Alpine zone 18-19 Birds 18 Mammals 18-19 Plants 18 Arid regions 15 Arid Transition areas 25-27 Birds 25 Cereals 25-26 Flax 27 Fruits 26-27 Mammals 25 Potatoes 27 Sugar beet 27 Austroriparian area 45-49 Birds 45 Castor-oil bean 49 Cereals 46 Page. Austroriparian area — Continued. China grass 49 Cotton 49 Cowpeas 49 Fruits 4648 Jute 49 Lima beans 49 Mammals 45 Nuts 48 Pvice 49 Sorghum 49 Sugar cane 49 Sweet potatoes 49 Tea 49 Tobacco 49 Trees 45 Turpentine 49 Avocado 42, 52 Banana 52 Barbados gooseberry 52 Barley — Alleghanian area 21 Arid Transition area 26 Austroriparian area 46 Carolinian area 31 Lower Sonorau area - 42 Upper Sonoran area 37 Bergamot orange 49, 52 Birds— Alleghanian area 20 Arctic-Alpine zone 18 Arid Transition area 25 Austroriparian area 45 Canadian zone 19 Carolinian area 31 Gulf strip 49 Hudsonian area 19 Lower Sonoran zone' 16 Lower Sonoran area 41 Pacific Coast Transition area 27 Transition zone 20 Tropical 52 Bitter oranges 49 Black currants 23 Black wattle 45 Buckwheat — Alleghanian area 21 Arid Transition area 26 Carolinian area 31 Pacific Coast Transition area 29 California, development of agriculture 14 Camphor 53 75 76 INDEX. Page. Canadian zone 19-20 Birds 19 Fniitfs 19-20 Mammals 19 Ku ts 20 Canaigre 45 Cajte gooseberry 52 Capullin 42 Caraunda 52 Carol) 42, 52 Carolinian area 30-36 Birds 31 Cereals 31 Cowpeas 36 Flax 36 Fruits 32-35 Hemp 36 Lima beans 36 Mammals 31 Nuts 36 Potatoes 36 Sorglium 36 Sugar beet 36 Sweet potatoes 36 Tobacco 36 Trees 31 Casbew nut 52 Castor-oil bean 45, 49 Cereals — Alleghanian area 21 Arid Transition area 25-26 Austroriparian area 46 Carolinian area 31 Lower Sonoran area 42 Pacific Coast Transition area 29 Upper Sonoran area 37 Zone, ranges of 56-57 Cherimoyer 42, 52 Cherries — Alleghanian area 23 Arid Transition area 26 Austroriparian area 47 Carolinian area 33 Lower Sonoran area 42 Pacific Coast Transition area 29 Fpper Sonoran area 38 Zone ranges of 62-64 Chestnuts — European 40 Moreton Bay 42 China grass 49, 51 Chinese quince 47, 50 Christ thorn 52 Citrons 42, 52 Citrus fruits 49-50, 52 Coeoanut 52 Coffee 53 Cork oak 45 Corn — Alleghanian area 21 Arid Transition area 25 Austroriparian area 46 (Carolinian area 31 Lower Sonoran area 42 Pacific Coast Transition area 29 Corn— Continued. Uliper Sonoran area 37 Zone ranges of 56-57 Cotton— Austroriparian area 49 Gulf strip 51 Lower Sonoran area 45 Sea Island or Egyptian fornew sections. 11-12 Cowpeas — Austroriparian area 49 Carolinian area 36 Lower Sonoran area 45 Upper Sonoran area 40 Crab apples « . . . 22, 33 Cranberries — Alleghanian area 23 Carolinian area 33 Pacific Coast Transition area 29 Crop tables 56-73 Crops — Alleghanian area 21-24 Arid Transition area 25-27 Austroriparian area 46-49 Carolinian area 31-36 Gulf strip 49-51 Lower Sonoran area 42-45 Need of diversification of 9 Pacific Coast Transition area 27-30 Profitable for different climates 11 Tropical Florida 52-53 Tropical region 52-53 Upper Sonoran area 37-40 Currants 23, 29 Custard apple 52 Dates 42, 52 Dewberry 47, 50 Downy myrtle 52 Egg fruit 52 Faunal areas — Alleghanian 20-24 Arid Transition 25-27 Austroriparian 45-49 Carolinian 30-36 Gulf strip r 49-51 Lower Sonoran 41-45 Pacific Coast Transition 27-30 Tropical 51-53 Upper Sonoran 36-40 Faunas, special value of narrow extensions. 15-17 Figs 43, 47, 50 Filberts 40 Flax— Alleghanian area 24 Arid Transition area 27 Carolinian area 36 Lower .Sonoran area 45 Fruits- AUeshanian area 21-24 Arid Transition area 26-27 Austroriparian area 46-48 Canadian zone 19-20 Carolinian area 32-35 Gulf strip 50 ' Lower Sonoran area 42-44 Pacific Coast Transition area 29-30 INDEX. 77 Fruits— (^outinued. Transition zone Tropical Florida... Ginep or Spanish lime. Gooseberries Page. 20 52 53 30 Granadillas 43, 50, 53 Grapes — Alleghanian area 23 Arid Transition area 26 Austroriparian area 47 Carolinian area 33-34 Gnlf strip 50 Lower Sonoran area 43 Pacitic (Joast Transition area 30 Upper Sonoran area 39 Zone ranges of 64-65 Guavas 43. 51, 53 Hazelnuts 40 Hemp 30, 40, 45 Hog plum 53 Hops •_>4, 30 Hudsonian zone 19 Birds 19 Mammals 19 Trees 19 Japanese persimmons 43, 47, 51 Jujube 43 Jute 49, 51 Katir corn 4U Kai apple 42 Kumijuat 43,51,53 Lemons 43, 49, 52 Lima beans 36,40,49 Limes 43, 52 Loquats 43, 51, 53 Lower Austral zone 41-51 Lower Sonoran area 4 1-45 Alfalfa 45 Birds 16,41 Black wattle 45 Canaigre 45 Capiillin 42 Castor-oil bean 45 Cereals 42 Cork oak 45 Cotton 45 Cowpeas 45 Flax 45 Fruits 42-44 45 41 45 45 43 Page. Hemp Mammals Mustard Nuts Olives Opium poppy 45 Plants 16. 41 Pyrethrum Ramie Boselle Sorghum Sugar cane Sweet potatoes Tiigasaste Tobacco Mammals — Alleghanian area. . . Arctic- Alpine zone Mammals— Continued. Arid Transition area Austrorijjarian area Canadian zone Carolinian area Hudsonian zone Lower Sonoran area Pacitic Coast Transilioii area 27 Tropical region 52 Mammee apple 53 Mammee sapota 53 Mandarin 43. 50, 52 ^ai'SO 42. 53 Maple sugar 24 Mapping agricultural regions 12-13 Melon papaw 53 Miscellaneous crops — Alleghanian area 24 Arid Transition area 27 Austroriparian area 45 Carolinian area 36 Gulf strip 51 Lower Sonoran area 45 Pacitic Coast Transition area 30 Tropical Florida 53 Upper Sonoran area 4U Momtera deliciosa 53 Mulberries 43 47 Mustard 45 Nectarines 34. 39. 44 Nuts — Alleghanian area 20-21 Austroriparian area 48 Canadian zone 20 Carolinian area 36 Gulf strip 51 Lower Sonoran area 45 Upper Scnoran area 40 Zone ranges of 71-72 Oats— Alleghanian area 21 Arid Transition area 25 Austroriparian area 46 Carolinian area 31 Lower Sonoran area 42 Pacitic Coast Transition area 29 Upper Sonoran area 37 Zone range of 56-57 Olives 43 Opium poppy 45 Oranges 43, 50, 52 Otaheite gooseberry 53 Pacific Coast Transition area 27-30 Alfalfa 30 Birds 27 Cereals 29 Fruits • 29-30 30 30 27 30 30 27 48 34 Hops Mammals Potatoes Shrubs Sugar beet Sweet corn Trees Peaches — Austroriparian area. Carolinian urea. ; 78 INDEX. Page, Peaches — Continued. Gulf strip 51 Lower Souoraii urea 44 Pacific Coast Transition area 30 Upper Sonoran area 39 Zone ranges of 65-0(i Peanuts 45, 48, 51 Pears — Alleghauian area 23-24 Arid Transition area 26 Austroripariau area 48 Carolinian area 34-35 Gulf strip 51 Lower Sonoran area • 44 Upper Sonoran area 39-40 Zone ranges of 67-68 Pecans 45, 48, 51 Pepino 42, 44, 53 Pistachio nut 45 Plants- Arctic- Alpine zone ]8 Lower Sonoran area 41 Tropical region 52 Upper Sonoran area 36 Plums — Alleghanian area 24 Arid Transition area 27 Austroripariau area 48 Carolinian area 35 Gulf strip 51 Zone ranges of 68-70 Plums (including prunes) — Lower Sonoran area 44 Pacitic Coast Transition area 30 Upjier Sonoran area 40 Zone ranges of 68-70 Pomegranates 44, 48, 51 Pomeloes 44, 50, 52 Pineapples 44, 53 Pond apple 53 Pyrethruni 45 Queensland nut 42 Quinces 24, 35, 40 Eamie 45, 53 Raspberries 35, 40 Kegions — - Arid 15 Mapping agricultural 12-13 Tropical 51 53 Kice 49,51 Kose apple 42, 53 Eoselle 45 Rye- Allegbanian area 21 Arid Transition area 26 Austroriparian area.-» 46 Carolinian area 31 Upper Sonoran area 37 St. John's bread or carob 52 Sapodilla 42, 53 Semitropioal or Gulf strip 49-51 Birds' 49 China grass 51 (Mtrus fruits 49-50 Cotton 51 Fruits 50 It S '05 Page. Semitropical or Gulf strip— Continued. Jute 51 Nuts 51 Rice 51 Sorghum 51 Sugar cane 51 Sweet potatoes 51 Tobacco 51 Trees 49 Shrubs 27 Sisal hemp 53 Sorghum- Alleghanian area 24 Austroiiparian area 49 Carolinian area 36 Gulf strip 51 Lower Sonoran 45 Ui>per Sonoran area 40 Soursop . 53 Southern dewberry 53 Spanish lime or ginep 53 Strawl)errics— Alleghanian area 24 Arid Transition area 27 Austroriparian area 48 Carolinian area 35 Gulf strip 51 Lower Sonoran area 44 Pacitic Coast Transition area 30 Ui)per Sonoran area 40 Zone ranges of 70-71 Strawberry tom.tto 53 Sugar apple 53 Sugar l)eet — Alleghauian area 24 Arid Transition area 27 Carolinian area 36 Pacitic Coast Transition area 30 Upper Sonoran area 40 Sugar cane 45, 49, 51 Surinam cherry 53 Sweet corn 24, 30 Sweet potatoes— Austroriparian area 49 Gulf strip 51 Lower Sonoran area 45 Tapper Sonoran area 40 Tagasaste 45 Tamarinds 44, 53 Tangerines 50 Tea 49 Temperatures of zones 54-55 Arctic 54 Hudsouian 54 Canadian 54 Lower Austral 55 Transition 55 Tropical 55 Upper Austral 55 Tobacco — Austroriparian area 49 Carolinian area 36 Guirstrip 51 Lower Sonoran area 45 Tropical Florida 53 Upper Sonoran area 40 INDEX. 79 Page. Transition zone 20-30 Trees — AUegliauian area 20 Austroriparian area 45 Caroliuian area 31 Hudsonian zone 19 Gulf strip 'IS Lower Sonoran area 45 Lower Sonoran zouo 16 Paciflc Coast Transition area 27 Tropical region 52 Upper Sonoran area 36 Tree tomato 42 Tropical region 51-53 Tropical Florida 52-53 Areas 51-53 Birds 52 Camplior 53 Citrns fruits 52 Coffee 53 Fruits 52-53 Mammals 52 Ramie 53 Sisal hemp 53 Tobacco 53 Turpentine 49 Upper Austral zone 30-40 Upper Sonoran area 36-40 Alfalfa 40 Birds 36-37 Cereals 37 Cowpeas 40 Fruits 37-40 Hemp Kafir corn Lima beans Mammals Nuts Plants Potatoes Sorghum Sugar beet Sweet potatoes Tobacco Trees Vegetables Waluuls, English Page "Walnuts, European 40, 45 Wheat— Allegbaniau area 21 Austroriparian area 46 Arid Transition area 25 Carolinian area 31 Lower Sonoran area 42 Pacific Coast Transition area 29 Upper Sonoran area 37 Zone lauges of 56-57 White potatoes — Alleghanian area 24 Arid Transition area 27 Carolinian area 36 Pacific Coast Transition area 30 Upper Sonoran area 40 Zapote bianco 42 Zone ranges of — Apples 57-61 Apricots 62 Cherries 62-64 Corn 56, 57 Grapes 64-65 Nuts ''l-"2 Oats 56, 57 Peaches 65-66 Pears 67-68 Plums 68-70 Strawberries 70-71 Wheat 56. 57 Zones — Arctic- Alpine 18-19 Canadian 19-20 Hudsonian 19 Life zones of the United States bound- aries, importantcrops. native species. 18-53 Lower Austral 41-51 Transition 20-30 Upper Austral 30-40 Zone temperatures 54 55 Arctic 54 Canadian 54 Hudsonian 54 Lower Austral 55 Transition 55 Tropical 55 Upper Austral 55