/ g,afcin's licptittts. So. V. I'll E PRESENT STATE OF V I R G I N I A. HIGH JONES, A.M. N E W V ( I R K REPRINTED 1'OK JOSEPH SABIN 1865. Two Hundred Copies Printed No. A.LVORD, PRINTEP THE Present State O F VIRGINIA. GIVING A particular and friort Account of the Indian, Englzjk, and Negroe Inhabitants of that Colony. Shewing their Religion, Manners, Government, Trade, Way of Living, &c. with a Defcription of the Country. From whence is inferred a fliort VIEW of Maryland and North Carolina. To which are added, Schemes and Propofitions for the better Promotion of Learning, Religion, Inventions, Manufactures, and Trade in Virginia, and the other Plantations. For the Information of the Curious, and for the Service of fuch as • are engaged in the Propagation of the Gofpel and Advancement of Learning, and for the Uie of all Perions concerned in the Virginia Trade and Plantation. Gen. ix. 27. God Jhall enlarge Japheth, and he Jhall die ell in the Tents of Shem, and Canaan Jhall be his Servant. By H/'GH JONES, A. M. Chaplain to the Honourable Aflembly, and lately Minifter of James- 1 .. . &c. in Virginia. LONDON: Printed for J. Clarke, at the Bible under the Royal- Exehange. M DCC XXIV. THE CONTENTS. THE INTRODUCTION Page i PART I. Chap. I. Of the Original of the Indians, Europeans, and Negroes. Chap. II. Of the Government, Religion, Habits, Wars, Lives, Cufoms, &c. of the Indians of North America 7 Of the French Settlements and Apelachian Moun- tains 13 Of the Tramontane Order and Expedition, and of Chrillanna 14 Of Indian Worjhip and Principles 15 Of the Converfwn of the Indians 19 PART II. Chap. I. Of the Englifli Settlements in Virginia and Mary- land 21 Chap. II. Of the Metropolis Williamfburgh, the College Ca- pitol, Governor's Hot/fe, and the Church, &c. 25 Chap. III. Of the Situation and Nature of the Country of Virginia, and its Coajls, &c. 33 3 Chap. The CONTENTS. Page Chap. IV. Of the Negroes, with the Planting and Manage- ment of Indian Corn and tobacco, and of their timber, Stock, Fruits, Provifion, Habitations, &c. 3 6 Chap. V. Of the Habits, Cujfoms, Parts, Employments, 'Trade of the Virginians ; and of the Weather, Coin, Sicknefs, Liquors, Servants, Poor, Pitch, Tar, Oar, &c. 43 Chap. VI. Of Germanna, the Palatines, Wine, Hemp, Flax, Silk, Sumach, "frees Fruits, Coals, Tratts of Land, Health, Militia, the Mannacan Town, titles, Le- vies, Burgejfes, Laws, and general Ajjembly 59 PART III. Of the State of the Church and Clergy in Virginia 65 ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt PART IV. Of Authors concerning Virginia, and its publirk Officers, Guard-Ships, and the State of Mary- land and North Carolina, &c. 75 A PPENDI X. Scheme. Of Education in Virginia 83 Scheme. Of Religion in Virginia 95 Scheme. Of Arts, Projects, Inventions, and Manufactures in Virginia l12 Scheme. Of Trade in Virginia, and the other Plantations x 3* INTRO- .. ■'>> '" ; ^ • '-if ^fljKili • i^^^i^a INTRODUCTION. '^Edications and Prefaces, which are pre- } jfe fix'd to moft Books, being regarded •~?v V?T-' ^y ^ ew ^- eac ^ ers ' I think it beft for my »•*■ ,rs p re {" en t Purpofe briefly to mention in an Introduction, what I would have known con- cerning the Occafion, Nature, and Ufe of this Treatife, before I enter upon the main Work it felf. When I confidered the great Benefit that arifes to the Publick, from the large Colony of Virginia, I obferved, that tho' it be thus advantageous, yet it is capable of great Im- provements full, and requires feveral Alterations, both with Regard to its own Welfare, and the Intereft of Great Britain. Obferving moreover, that few People in England (even many concerned in publick Affairs of this kind) have correct Notions of the true State of the Plantations; and having been eagerly applied to frequently, by Perfons of the greateft Fi- A gure, ii Introduction. gure, Experience, and Judgment in political and national Concerns, for Information con- cerning all the Circumftances of Virginia, I was requeued to digeft methodically, and pub- lifli, what I knew and thought of thefe Mat- ters ; and being in a great Meafure injoined to it by a noble Patron, I have here complied with his Commands, with the beft of my Knowledge and Judgment. For want of better Information, many that are moft willing, capable, or obliged to pro- mote Religion, Learning, Arts and Trade in Virginia, are either at a Lofs how to let about it rightly, or elfe having engaged themfelves therein, have in a great Meafure mifcarried in their Attempts, becaufe true and particular Accounts of it are very difficult to be obtain- ed; and this Country is altered wonderfully, and far more advanced and improved in all Refpe&s of late Years, fince the beginning of Colonel Spot/wood's Lieutenancy, than in the whole Century before his Government, which he may be efteemed to have difcharged with a commendable, juft, and prudent Admini- stration ; a profperous Adminiftration, glori- ous for himfelf, and advantageous both for the Crown and the Plantation; whilft he was Lieu- tenant Governor of that Colony; whilft that Colony was honoured with fuch an excellent Governor; whilft that Governor was happy in fuch a flourifliing, large, and fertile Colony. And Introduction. iii And as this Country has made fuch a con- fiderable Progrefs, under the Management of the late Governor Spotfwood; fo have we all imaginable Profped that it will in the fame regular courfe proceed towards its greateft Per- fedion, under the Care and Condud of the prefent Governor Colonel Dryfdale. The Scales of Juftice are now fix'd there upon their true Balance, and the Courfe of Trade is nearly confined to its right Chan- nel. Arts, Sciences, Trades, and ufeful Inven- tions are now planted there in fome Meafure, and with due Cultivation may thrive wonder- fully. Providence has furninYd this Province with all NecefTaries of Life, and Induftry may fupply it with all Conveniences and Advan- tages, for Profit, Eafe, and Pleafure. The beft Meafures have been concerted and propofed, and Schemes have been nicely drawn for the Encouragement of ufeful Difcoveries and laudable Undertakings, both for the Secu- rity and Benefit of the Publick. And as in Biddings temporal, fo in fpiri- tual Concernments, might the Virginians a- A 2 bound, iv Introduction. bound, were the Attempts that have been, or may be, made for the due Regulation of the Church, as well as State, brought to Ma- turity: Were the Laws more plain and par- ticular in Relation to Livings; fo that the Labours of the Clergy might be rewarded with lefs Trouble and Ill-Will in their Pre- ferment to Parifhes, and collecting their Dues and Salaries ; and were the Principles and Pradice of Religion more firmly eftabliuYd, which might eafily be done without interfering with the Intereft of the People, or Conftitu- tion of the Government; with but few Cor- relations and Alterations, and but little addi- tional Expence. More efpecially at this eminent Jundure of his Majeftfs mod: Chriftian Goodnefs, in con- verting his Palace at Whitehall into a College of Preachers; and founding in the Univerfi- ties Courts of Statefmen perfectly inftruded in modern Languages and Hiftory. For if at Home he has in this Refped, as well as others, excelled his Royal Predecef- fors, why may we not hope that his charita- ble Benefactions may likewife be extended Abroad to the Church and College of the mod antient and loyal Colony of Virginia? Through the Means of fuch great and good Governors in Church, as his Grace the Arch- bijhop of Canterbury, and his Lordlhip the Bifhop Introduction, v Bijhop of London ; the fir ft of which emi- nent Patrons of Religion and Learning is Chancellor of the College of William and Mary at IVilHamsburgh in Virginia; and to the other belongs the weighty Care and Charge of the Church and Clergy of all that and the other EngMJh Plantations. Why may we not hope that the College founded and endowed there by King William and Queen Mary of ever bleffed Memory, may partake of tlie royal Favours of our prefent tnojl gracious Sovereign ? Why may we not hope that the Church confirmed there in each Reign fince Queen Elizabeth's, may be duly regulated by the pious Directions of his prefent Majejly ? T'hefe are Actions fuitable to the Genius of our mighty Monarch : Thefe are Under- takings worthy of the Negotiation of fuch pious and learned Bifhops; to whofe Confi- deration the following Sheets are in the molt fubmifTive Manner offered, humbly requefting their Lordfhip's Excufe for this prefumptive Freedom; occasioned by the zealous Affec- tion which I have for the Colony, which principally induced me to this Work, in or- der to vindicate the Place and People from undeferved Calumny, to make publick true Informations of them, to proclaim to the World their juft Praifes, and to prove as in- 2 (trumental vi Introduction. ftrumental as poffible in the Service of Re- ligion, Learning, Arts, advantageous Under- takings, and the Trade of that Plantation; to do which, I think my felf ftrittly obliged by Gratitude and Confcience. There are feveral Books upon this Subjed, but none defcends to the prefent State and Circumftances of this Colony, nor propofes what Methods may feem moil; conducive to the Promotion of its beft Intereft in all Re- fpeds; but without particular Knowledge of thefe Things no ufeful Defigns can be carried to the beft Advantage, neither by the Govern- ment, Societies, Companies, nor by private Perfons. Wherefore I compofed this as a Supple- ment to thofe other Books; treating herein for the moft Part of fuch Heads, as are alto- gether omitted, or but flightly accounted for, or defcribed by others. For though fome may have perfed Infor- mation and true Notions of thefe Things; yet the generality of Mankind are utter Stran- gers to what I here fpecify, and entertain com- monly very erroneous and monftrous Thoughts concerning the Country, Lives, Religion and Government of the Virginians; fo that there feemed a great Neceffity for a Book of this kind; which I have made as plain and intel- ligible Introduction. vii ligible as I poffibly could, and compoied in the belt Method that I could deviie for the Service of the Plantations, more particularly Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina, where I have been. I have induftrioufly avoided the ornamen- tal Drefs of Rhetorical Flourishes, efteem- ing them unfit for the naked Truth of hillori- cal Relations, and improper for the Purpofe of general Propofitions. Befides its Truth and my real Defign of publick Service, this mean Piece has little to recommend it to the Approbation of Man- kind, and to introduce it to a candid Re- ception in the World. Neverthelefs I ven- ture to prefent it with the greatelt Submiffion to the Candour of the Reader, with Hopes that it may meet with a kind Acceptance ; humbly requeuing the following Favours of the Readers, viz. That they would be pleafed to excufe and correct the Errors of the Prefs. That if any material Alterations have hap- pened to be made that I know not of, fince I left Virginia (which is above two Years) they will give favourable Allowances for my Accounts of fuch Things, and not cenlure me as if I endeavoured to impole Falilioods up- on Vlll Introduction. on the World; and I hope the fame will be granted for any trivial Miftakes which I may have made through Forgetfulnefs, or for want of Opportunity of Confultation and Advice in any fmall circumftantial Point, or in any proper Name. And laftly, fince Improvement might be made for the joint Advantage of Virginia and Great Britain in fo many particular Refpeds; therefore I hope what I have inftanced in the following State and Schemes will be look'd upon as mfficient for my Purpofe, without making Mention of feveral other beneficial Things of the Nature and Ufe of which I have but little Knowledge ; fuch as Cotton, Pepper, with the large thick Husks of Acorns for the Diers Ufe, with the like. .^M'i THE THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. .. :: „ : \. :: .: :: „ : \. : =S6s" PART I. Chap. I. Of the Original of the Indians, Euro- peans, and Negroes, N E main Caufe, why the Gofpel is not propagated with better Succefs among the Infidels, and why it is not more ftridly followed by fuch Eu- ropeans as inhabit the American Plan- tations, is the little right Knowledge that Superintendants of the Church have of them, from imperfed Accounts and falfe Information : B for 2 The State of for before we can entertain any tolerable Idea of the Tenents, and Inclinations of any People; it is requifite we fliould know fomething of their Original, Temper, and Government ; for want of which much Coft and Labour have been in vain expended, and many pious Defigns and Projects fruftrated. And as the Progrefs of Religion, fo for the fame Caufes, and in the fame Manner, is the Im- provement of Arts, Sciences, and Trade, much retarded. I iliall therefore exhibit a fhort View of the prefent Inhabitants of Virginia ; which are Indi- ans, EngliJIi, and Negroes, with a Defcription of the Country : After which their Morals and Man- ners may more plainly and briefly be defcribed ; from whence may eafily be inferred an Account of Maryland and North Carolina, nearly agreeing with Virginia in many Refpe&s. The Indians may be term'd Aborigines ; for to pretend to determine their Pedigree exactly, with the Time and Manner of feating this unknown World, to me feems as morally impoffible, as it is naturally to account for the Complexion of their Bodies, and the Temper of their Minds. So that the bed: Hiitory of them till late Years is but meer Guefs-work, of which my Sentiments are thefe : We know that all Nations of the World are the Defcendants of Noah's three Sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth : From the youngeft (from fome pro- mifed Bleffings) may we fuppofe the Europeans and JVeftern Aftaticks to be defcended. From Canaan the Son of the middlemoit iffued the Canaanifes, and from fome of his Sons might fpring the Egyp- tians y Moors, Negroes, and other Inhabitants of Africa. From VIRGINIA. 3 From Shem fprung Eber, and from Eber's eldeft Son Peleg iprung the Hebrews, and from Eber's younger Son Joktan are derived the Eaft, and (I fuppofe) their Coufins the Weft-Indians of Ame- rica. For in Peleg's Days the Earth was divided, Gen. x. 25. and his Brother Jocktarfs Dwelling was from Media, as thou goeft unto Sephar, a Mount of the Eaft, v. 30. By thefe were the Na- tions divided in the Earth after the Flood, v. 32. To me the Indians of America feem to be fome of the Poiterity of Shem, driven thither by Pro- vidence, for Caufes unknown to us, which might earily be done (in large Boats or Canoes and Peria- guas) from the Ealkrn Parts of Afia, their Grand- father Jocktan's Country ; which is not improba- ble : Since a Storm might drive them off from the Shore, and the trade Winds, which blow constantly one Way half the Year, might carry them directly to America, over the valt South Sea Ocean; in which Paffage their greateft Danger of Death might be Hunger and Thirir.; but they, that know the Indians, know alfo, that they can bear Want a prodigious while ; and what might they not bear, when the Divine Power was mi- raculoufly concerned in it, for Purpofes known to the Almighty only? Indeed for what we have yet difcovered, we don't know, but the Continent of America may be join'd to ^Tartary; from whence (if fo) they might have an eafy, though tedious Conveyance. Be it how it will, I am of Opinion, that they are defcended from Afia, and not Africa', becaufe in their copper Colour, long black Hair, limit pro- per Shape, and haughty Carriage, they are fome- what like the Eaft-Indians \ whereas they feem to be of a different Breed from the Negroes, who are blacker, have uglier Faces and Bodies, and are of a more lervile Carriage, and flaviih Temper: Befides, B 2 the 4. The State of the Africans circumcife, which with other Jeivifh Cuftoms, I imagine, they may derive from Egypt ; whereas the Indians ufe no fuch Pradices: More- over they hate, and defpife the very Sight of a Negroe; but they feem to like an Eajl-Indian, and fear and revere the Whites. What fome may objed in Contradi&ion to the Univerfality of the Deluge ; that the Communi- cation between Afta and America was wafhed a- way by it; thence inferring that the Americans are of Antidiluvian Families, may (I prefume) be exploded, when we remark, that in raoft Places, at a great Depth, and far diftant from the Sea, are many great Beds of ftrange Shells, and Bones, and Teeth of Fifh and Beafts vaftly different from any Land or Water-Animals now found in thofe, or any other Parts of the World; fo that not- withftanding all the curious Speculations of Philo- fophers to reconcile this with Reafon, and afcribe for it natural Caufes ; yet to me it appears evident- ly to be a Token, and Relid of the general Flood of Noah. For thefe Shells and Bones might be eafily preferved from Corruption, and mouldering fo long a Time, whilft covered with a great Thick- nefs of dry Earth, and kept from Air ; to which when they are expofed they foon decay. The beft true Account that we have of the Primitive wild Inhabitants of the Earth, not civi- lized by Government, nor affifted by Learning, Arts and Communication with Strangers, is of the Canaanites\ whofe State of Nature the Indi- ans ft ill retain, refemblihg them in moft Refpeds, who may be their Couiins defcended from Joktan, and may be fome curfed Generations, for Reafons hidden from us. For which Caufes they might be feparated from the reft of Mankind, and be de- barred the Light of Grace, and kept in their bar- barous Ignorance, for their obftinate Rebellion a- i gainft VIRGINIA. 5 gainft God; till of his gracious Goodnefs and Mer- cy he be pleafed in his appointed Time to com- pleat their Convertion, and be more favourable to them. I have a much truer and clearer Notion of the Canaanites, Hebrews, &c. fince I have feen the Indians, than I could have before, who afford li- ving Examples of the primitive Savages, and Ido- laters. To confirm this, obferve; that as the Inhabi- tants of the Land of Canaan, who were vanquish- ed by the Israelites, and were principally defcend- ed from Canaan the fourth Son of accurfed Ham, being a Mixture of feveral remarkable Nations that were great and idolatrous, and in an efpecial Manner hateful to God, with frequent Wars and Barbarities among themfelves'; in like Manner are the American Indians^ as lavage, idolatrous, unbe- lieving, numerous, monftrous, idle and delighting in War and Cruelty as their antient Relations the Inhabitants of the Land of Canaan; and have as many different Nations, Languages, and itrange Names and Cuitoms as the Canaanites, the Jebu- fites, the Hittites, the Hivites, the Perizites, and the Gergifttes. The Indians being fubdivided into as many Branches and Sovereignties as they, inter- mixt with as hideous Neighbours, as the Gigan- tick Philiftines of the Race of Mijraim; with the Moabites and Amerites, Defcendants of Lot by his own Daughters; with the Midiahites and Edomties, the Polterity of Midian and Efau. The Senecaa Indians in their War Drefs may ap- pear as terrible as any of the Sons of Anak. The Ujberees, Shvterees, and Cberackees are full as for- midable as the Hittites, Jebufites, and Amalakites; and a T?i/kan>oda// is as linage and itrange as any I naanite, that dwelt by the Sea; and a Vmnun- kee, Sapony, or Sugarr is as fierce and frightful as 8 any 6 The State of any Amorite that dwelt upon or beyond the Moun- tains; and Powhatan, Oppechancanough and Wicl- maunatauchee have fought many Battles not unlike Og, Sihon, and Chederlaomer. In my mean Judgment it feems not improbable that when Noah had curled the Pofterity of Ham, and referved different bleffings for Shem and Ja- pheth, God let a diftinguifhing Colour upon their Bo- dies, and ingrafted in their Nature various Tempers, and endowed them with feparate Talents. From whence their Pofterity are of three different Com- plexions and Countenances, as is apparent in White, Black, and Brown People, which by Mixtures, or from Climates or otherwife are fubdivided: Par- cularly the brown Children of Shem have two pe- culiar Afpeds different from each other, and di- ftind from all the reft; one proper to the Jews, the Sons of Peleg, and the other belonging to the Eafl and Weft-Indies, the Sons of Johtan, Pcleg's younger Brother. To the white Pofterity of Japheth, viz. to the Europeans in particular are Noah's Words (Gen. ix. 27.) very applicable, where he laid, that God jhoulcl enlarge Japheth, and he jhould dwell in the ^tents of Shem, and Canaan jhall be his Servant; which feems fulfilled in our Poffeffion of Lands in the Eaft and Weft-Indies, the Tents of the Sons of Shem, where Canaan or the N eg roe is our Servant and Slave ; and as it is laid of him in the 25 th Verfe, a Servant of Servants is Canaan unto his Brethren, For the Negroes feem evidently to be Defen- dants from fome of the Sons of Canaan. For it is not to be fuppofed that the Jeivs deftroyed them all, for the Families of the Canaanites were fpread Lib road, Gen. x. 18. fo that probably in procefs of Time they poffeffed Africa. As for the Blejfmg upon Shem in the 26 th Verfe, and Canaan being his Servant 1 this appears to be fulfilled in the Jews in VIRGINIA. 7 in Part, defcended from Peleg, Heber's eldeft Son; from whom fprung Abraham the Father of the Faithful, in whole Seed the Lord God of Sbem may be laid to be blefled according to Noah's Pro- phecy, who made Part of Canaan Slaves, and took them Captive. And as for the other Branches of "s Pofterity by Joktan (which Sound is not quite loft in either of the Indies) I take them to be the and IVeJI-lndzes, Cbinefe, and Tartars; and it may be the Perjians, for whom with their Cou- hns the Jews, none but God knows what BlelTmgs may ftill be referved in Store, it being to be hoped that they and all the Ends of the World may be converted, and fee and partake of the Salvation of our God ; fo that by all may the Lord God of Sbem at length be bleffed. Thus far, as to my Notions of the Original of the Indians, whom I imagine to be defcended from fome of the Sons of Joktan, fecond Son of Eber, Iprung from Sbem, Noab's eldeft Son : With a Derivation of the Wbites from Japbetb the young- eft, and the Negroes from lome of the Sons of Canaan, Defcendant of Hum, Noah's fecond Son. Chap. II. Of the Government, Religion, flabit, Wars, Lives, Cufloms, &c. of the Indians of North America, and of Chriftanna. y'-'i., S to the Government and Life of the In* .»j(\; ' (1/jiis, they live in a kind of patriarchal ^'i.'-" Manner, varioufly di\ erlit\ \l. not unlike the Tribes and Families mentioned in the Old Tcihimcnt 8 The State of ^ejiament. Every fmall Town is a petty King- dom govern'd by an abfolute Monarch, affifted and advifed by his great Men, feleded out of the gra- ved:, oldeft, braveft, and richeft; if I may allow their Dear-Skins, Peak and Roenoak (black and white Shells with Holes, which they wear on Strings about their Arms and Necks) to be Wealth. Sometimes there are general Emperors, who have feveral petty "Kingdoms in iome Meafure under their Protection and Power. They dwell in Towns fome twenty, iome a hundred Miles, and fome farther from one ano- ther, each Town having a particular Jargon and peculiar Cuftoms ; though for the moft Part they agree in certain Signs, Expreffions, and Manners. They are frequently at War with all their Neigh- bours, or moft of them, and treat their Captive Prifoners very barbaroufly ; either by fcalping them (which I have feen) by ripping off the Crown of the Head, which they wear on a Thong by their Side as a fignal Trophee and Token of Vic- tory and Bravery. Sometimes they tie their Prifo- ners, and lead them bound to their Town, where with the moft joyful Solemnity they kill them, often by thrufting in feveral Parts of their Bodies fcewers of Light-wood which burn like Torches. The poor Vidim all the while (which is iometimes two or three Days) not fhewing the leaft Symp- tom of Grief, nor Sign of Pain, but bearing it with a fcornful Sullennefs. In their Rejoicings and Wardances they with the moft antick Geftures, in the moft frightful Drefs, with a hideous Noife, enumerate the Ene- mies, that they have murder'd, and fuch like Ex- ploits. They attack always by Surprize, and will ne- ver ftand their Ground when difcovered; but fly to Ambufh, whither the Enemy may purfue with Peril of his Life. They VIRGINIA. 9 They are made for running very fwiftly, and are nicely dextrous at fiflling, hunting, and fowling; whereby they fupport themielves and Families with Venifon, Fifli, wild Turkies, &c. The Women do all the hard Labour, fuch as cutting down the Trees, planting Corn, c-'V. car- rying Burthens and all their other Work; the Men only hunting, hilling and fowling, eating, drinking, dancing and fleeping. The Boys itill ule Bows and Arrows for Exer- cife, with which they are very dextrous; but the Men always ufe Fire-Arms, which with Ammu- nition they buy of us with their Dear-Skins, go- ing rarely out unarmed. They are fo wonderfully quick-fighted, that they will fwiftly puriue by Eye the Track of any Thing among the Trees, in the Leaves and Grafs, as an Hound does by the Scent, where we can't perceive the leait Mark or Footitep. // They cohabit in fome hundreds of Families, and fix upon the richeft Ground to build their wooden Houles, which they place in a circular Form, meanly defended with Pales, and covered with Bark ; the middle Area (or Forum) being for common Ufes and publick Occafions. The Wo- men in order to plant their Indian Con; and To- bacco (to clear the Ground of Trees) cut the Bark round; fo that they die and don't (hade the Ground, and decay in Time. Wherever we meet with an old Indian Field, or Place where they have lived, we are fure of the beft Ground. They all remove their Habita- tion for fear of their Enemies, or tor the Sake of Game and Provinon. They have fmall Sweating Houfes like Ovens; out of which when they are almolt 1 mothered with Heat, they run into a Riser, which they always contrive to build their Towns near. C This io The State of This Pra&ice in all Diltempers often kills vaft Numbers in Sickneffes, which are new to them. They have no Notion of providing for Futu- rity ; for they eat Night and Day whilft their Pro vi lion lafts, falling to as foon as they awake, and falling aileep again as ioon as they are well crammed. Their Filh, Flefh, and Fowl, they either bar- bacue on an high Gridiron, or broil on iliarp Sticks before a Fire, which they always keep in the Middle of their Cabbin ; and they lie upon Boards and Skins raifed like Benches round about their Room. Their Drink is Water, unlefs they can get Rum ; with which they make themfelves the greateft Beafts, never cealing as long as they have Liquor to drink, and can keep awake. I have known, when Cows have been given them, that they let them go dry for Lazinefs in negle&ing to milk them, and die in the Winter for want of Fodder. They commonly wear a Dear-Skin, putting their Arms thro' the Holes of the Shoulder, with a Flap ty'd before and behind to cover their Naked- nefs; though they buy often Matchcoats or Blankets now, to defend them from the Wet and Cold, and think themfelves very fine in fuch Coats as our common Soldiers wear, or of any taudry Co- lours: Befides this, fome pin Pieces of red or blue Cloth about their Legs, and make Moccqfons or leather Purfes for their Feet, with which they can travel in the Woods, without Danger of Thorns or Stumps. For all the Country is but one con- tinued Foreft, with Patches of fome hundred A- cres here and there cleared ; either being formerly feated by Ind/uns, or the Trees being burnt in Fire-Hunting, or cut down for Plantations. Their VIRGINIA. n Their Children almoft as foon as born, arc ty'd flat on their Backs to a Board ; and (o may be flung on the Ground, or put to Iran againft any Thing, or be flung over their Neck in Travelling, or hung upon a Bough, as Occanon requires. This occafions them to be exactly ftrait : (o that it is a Miracle to fee a crooked or deformed Indian. Their Hair is very black, coarfe and long; and they are all over daubed frequently with Bear's Oil. Each Nation has fome diltinguiihing Mark, especially in the Cut or Tie of their Hair, in which they are very whimfical and comical. They often wear Shells hanging upon their Breath, with Feathers or a Deer's Tail in their bored Ears or Hair, with a Wolf or Fox-Skin for a Snapfack : with other odd Accoutrements. In their Opinion, they are fineft when drefled moll ridiculoufly or terribly. Thus fome have their Skins all over curiouily wrought with blewiili Lines and Figures, as if done with Gun-Powder and Needles, and all of them delight in being- painted ; io that when they are very fine, you may fee fome of them with their Hair cut off on one Side, and a long Lock on the other. The Crown being crefted and bedaubed with red Lead and Oil ; their Forehead being painted white, and it may be their Note black, and a Circle of Blue round one Eye, with the Cheek red, and all the other Side of the Face yellow, or in fome luch fantaftical Manner. Thefe Colours they buy of us, being perfuaded to defpife their own, which are common and finer. They are treacherous, fufpicious and jealous, difficult to be perfuaded or impofed upon, and ve- ry fharp, hard in Dealing, and ingenious in their Way, and in Things that they naturally know, or have been taught ; though at tirlt they are very C 2 (il)iiinau . 12 The State of obltinate, and unwilling to apprehend or learn Novelties, and feem itupid and filly to Strangers. An Inll:ance or their reiolute Stupidity and Ob- itinacy in receiving a new Cuftom, I have feen in the prodigious Trouble of bringing them to fell their Skins, and buy Gunpowder by Weight ; for they could not apprehend the Power and Juitice of the Stilliard ; but with the Scales at Length they apprehended it tolerably well ; though at firlt they infixed upon as much Gunpowder as the Skin weighed, which was much more than their De- mand in Meafure. They have Geographical No- tions, as to the Situation of their own Country, and will find the Way to very remote Places in a furprizing Manner ; fleering by the Courfe of the Rivers, <2iV. or by the Trees, whofe North Side is eafily known by the Mofs. Thus I know, that Wichmannatauchee (a great King among the Southern Indians) whom I faw juft before, and fince, when he made his Efcape from his Enemy Indians at Chrijlanna, where his Queen and abundance of his People were flain, and he ty'd in order to be carried away Prifoner ; yet broke loole, and ran diredly Home feveral hundred Miles ilark-naked, without Arms or Pro- vifion, in the Month of March, when the Trees afforded no Fruit ; neither did he go near any o- ther Nation, till he got to his own ; therefore I fuppofe Roots were his Provifion, and Water his Liquor, unlefs by fome cunning Method (with which they abound) he caught Fiih, Fowl, or Venilon ; and as for Fire I know they can kindle that by rubbing of certain Sticks together. They count their Time by Days, or by the Return of the Moon, and Cobonks, a fort of wild Geefe. They walk one after another in a Line, are very ferious in Debates, fpeak but one at a Time ; and in Negotiations all agree to what ei- ther VI H C I N I A. 13 ther propofes or approves of, and are not ealily im poled upon ; and when affronted, they highly relent Injuries, and being treacherous are no more to be truited than tame Lions, who can't wholly lofe their lavage Hearts. They have tolerable good Notions of natural Juftice, Equity, Honour and Honefty, to the Rules whereof the great Men ftrictly adhere ; but their common People will lye, cheat, and fteal. They leldom commit Violence upon the Eng- lish, but when provoked, or put on by others. The French, that are feated upon the River of St. Laurence and the MeJJiJippi, and the Lakes be- tween them in Canada and Lovijiana, which ex- tend behind all the Englijh Plantations along the Heart of North America a vaft Way, from the molt Northern Parts of the French Settlements, which are contiguous quite to the Gulf of Mexi- co, are numerous, and through the Policy of their late King intermarry with the Indians-; by which means being united with them, they often fet them on to deftroy the Englijh, which may prove dan- gerous in Cafe of a War with France. But to prevent more Mifchiefs of this kind, Providence has iecured us from them by a conti- nued Ridge of vaft high Hills, called the Apela- chian Mountains, running nearly under the Meri- dian, as being paffable but in very few Places ; which Mountains through the Care and Condi 18 of the Honourable Colonel Spot/wood are fecured for his Majelty, tho' not guarded as yet; which might eafily be done to the great Safety and En- couragement of back Settlements in a vaft rich Country Weftward of the Settlements of / nia, fome hundred of Miles from the Sea quite to the Mountains, which might prove a Terror to the French Indiam and Planters^ in Cafe of In- roads and Irruptions, and become a Safeguard to the Trade ot thole Places. Governor 14 The State of Governor Spot/wood, when he undertook the great Difcovery of the PaJJage over the Mountains, attended with a iufficient Guard and Pioneers and Gentlemen, with a fufficient Stock of Provifion, with abundant Fatigue faffed theie Mountains, and cut his Majeftfs Ni!//ic in a Rock upon the Higheji of them, naming it Mount George; and in Complaiiance the Gentlemen from the Governor's Name, called the Mountain next in Height, Mount Alexander. For this Expedition they were obliged to pro- vide a great Quantity of Horfe-Shoes; (Things feldom ufed in the lower Parts of the Country, where there are few Stones:) Upon which Ac- count the Governor upon their Return prefented each of his Companions with a Golden Horie-Shoe* (fome of which I have feen ltudded with valuable Stones reiembling the Heads of Nails) with this Inscription on the one Side : Sic juvat tranfeendere montes : And on the other is written the tramon- tane Order. This he inltituted to encourage Gentlemen to venture backwards, and make Diicoveries and new Settlements ; any Gentleman being entitled to wear this Golden Shoe that can prove his having drank His Majeftfs Health, upon Mount George. He built a Fort called Chrijlanna, which tho* not fo far back, yet proved of great Service and Ufe ; where at his fole Expence (I think) I have feen Seventy Seven Indian Children at a Time at School, under the careful Management of the worthy Mr. Charles Gr/ffi//, who lived there fome Years for that Purpofe ; from whom I have been informed of molt of the Indian Cuftoms and Prin- ciples, that I here mention, except fuch as I have feen and known my felf. Theie Children could all read, fay their Cate- chifms and Prayers tolerably well ; but this pious Defign VIRGINIA. 15 Defign being laid afide thro' the Opposition of Trade and Interest, Mr. Griffin was removed to the College to teach the Indians, inltruded there by the Benefaction of the Honourable Mr. Boyle. The Indians fo loved and adored him, that I have feen them hug him and lift him up in their Arms, and fain would have chofen him for a King of the Sapony Nation. The Southern Indians, that came feveral hun- dred Miles to meet the Governor, there to treat of War, and Peace, and Trade, though they had fe- veral murthered by their own Northern Enemies, (even under the Mouths of our great Guns, and whiltt we were there) which made them fomewhat jealous that we had betray'd them ; yet left feve- ral Children under his Care, and engaged them- felves to fend more, though they themfelves would not relinquiih their Barbarity; for they in rea- soning with us by Interpreters, afked Leave to be exculed from becoming as we are ; for they thought it hard, that we mould defire them to change their Manners and Cuitoms, fince they did not de- fire us to turn Indians: However, they permitted their Children to be brought up in our Way ; and when they were able to judge for* themfelves, they were to live as the English, or as the Indians, according to their bed liking. The Indians have a blind Worfhip and Sacri- fice, Prieits, and Phylicians, and Expiation, with howling Lamentations and Purgation at their Bu- rials : All which I have feen at the Funeral of their Slain at Chriftanna, whom they buried thus; having made Holes like Saw-Pits, and lined them with Bark and Sticks, they wrapped the Bo- dies in the belt Cloth they could buy with the Skins of the Deceafed, and laid them in the Graves, with all the Cloths, Skins and Nicknacks of the Dead: Then they covered the Body hollow with Sticks, 1 6 The State of Sticks, and flung in the Earth with mournful Noife ; fo the Bodies lay as in Coffins. The Prieit or Phyfician in curing the Wounded, made an hideous Noife, tinging certain Charms, with particular Aciions and Forms of Incantation, to which he afcribed the Cure, tho' I believe this is done only to blind the common Indians ; for I obferved he did not begin his Operation, till he had been in the Woods. Then he lhut us all out for an Hour, and when we were readmitted, I perceived he had been ufing certain Roots and Herbs that I knew not. Upon Enquiry, we have from them thefe their Notions of the State of the Dead. They believe that they go to Mohomny that lives beyond the Sun, if they have not been Wicked, nor like Dogs nor Wolves, that is, not unchaft, then they believe that Mahomny fends them to a plentiful Country abounding with Fifh, Fleili and Fowls, the beft of their Kind, and eafy to be caught ; but if they have been naughty, then he fends them to a poor barren Country, where be many Wolves and Bears, with a few nimble Deer, fwift Fifh and Fowls, difficult to be taken ; and when killed, being fcarce any thing but Skin and Bones. They allow Polygamy, if the Man can main- tain his Family, as I have been informed. They punilli Adultery in a Woman by cutting off her Hair, which they fix upon a long Pole without the Town ; which is fuch a Difgrace that the Party is obliged to fly, and becomes a Vidim to fome Enemy, a Slave to fome Rover, or pe- rifhes in the Woods. They have certain Hieroglyphic at Methods of characterizing Things ; an Inftance of which I have feen upon the Side of a Tree where the Bark was taken off. 4. There VIRGINIA. 17 There was drawn fomething like a Deer and a River, with certain Strokes and Dallies; the Deer Looking down the River, which we inter- preted to be left for Information to fome of their ftragling Company, that certain of them were gone down that River a Hunting, and others were gone different Ways. I know by the Boys at the College, that they have an excellent den ins for Drawing ; and I fancy by Art they might be made fome of the bell: Ma- ilers of Painting and Limning, to which they feem naturally inclined. They hate Injury and OpprefTion ; and I have been told they have fome capital Punifhments. Beiides the French, the traders of iome Com- panies and Countries often fet the Indians on to injure the Englijb on the Frontiers, out of a bar- barous inhuman Defign; and often private Injuries done by fome of our ordinary or vile People (who elteem and ufe the Indians as Dogs) are repaid with publick Barbarity. An Initance of their Refolutions for Satisfaction, we have in the Death of Major Wynne, who was lliot by an Indian, becaule one of our Servants had killed one of their great Men; and upon the Trial of the Indian, they pleaded that we were the Aggreffors, and that they never reft without Revenge and Repxifals ; and that now they laid we and they were equal, having each loll a great Man: Wherefore to avoid more Bloodlhed, there was a NecefTity to pardon the Indian. They report that the Northern Indians lend out Bodies of young Fellows yearly, who dare not return without a certain Number of Scalps or Priloners. in order to train them up, and qualify them for great and fighting Men. Now thefe, and fuch as are fet on by others, do fome Mifchief (tho' but very leldom ) in the D Frontier i8 The State of Frontier Plantations, tho' they be guarded with Rangers; and thefe with fuch as think themfelves injured are the Indians that make Wars, and fuch Disturbance in the Northern and Southern Colo- nies : But the tributary Indians, of which there are but four very fmall Nations in Virginia on this Side the Mountains, keep to the Bounds allowed them, and leldom do any Hurt, being fure to be puniilied for Offences in a great Meafure by our Laws, fince we proted and fhelter them, by per- mitting them to live among us ; tho' fometimes they will pretend to claim their prior Right to all our Lands, as Blunt King of the itiifkaroodaus did, when he told Colonel Spot/wood that the Country belonged to them before we Engli/b came thither ; fo that he thought they had a better Title than we, and ought not to be confined to fuch narrow Limits for Hunting. To retort this Argument, the Governor told him that Mohomny took the Ground from them and gave it us, becaufe we did as he bid us, but they would not. Blunt anfwered, that they could not tell what Mohomny would have them do ; and afked how we knew. The Governor then told him that Mohomny fent his Son to us, who lived a long time with us, and told us and taught us what we fhould do; and then he went back again to his Father. With this King Blunt feemed fatisfied and fur- prized ; and after a Paufe, he laid, he had talked with feveral Governors and other Engli/b, but he really never before heard that Mohomny had a Son. I relate this, to fhew how by Degrees, after pro- per Methods, they may be humoured, and brought to have fome Notions of the true Religion, when their Capacity and Temper is rightly ftudied and 3 managed ; VIRGINIA. 19 managed; for we mult give Milk to fuch Babes in Faith. Some indeed, after feeming Conversion have a- poltatized and returned to their own Ways, chiefly becaufe they can live with lefs Labour, and more Pleafure and Plenty, as Indians, than they can with us ; but this might eafily be remedied by making a plentiful Provifion for them, efpecially thofe at the College, by fending fome to Sea, and putting out others to Trades, and not letting them idle away their Time, nor return to their Towns fo foon, before they be perfed in the Understanding and Approbation of our Cuftoms and Religion, and have feen fome more of the World, and be handfomly provided for ; for then if they return- ed, they might do Good to themfelves and o- thers. This might by Degrees convert all the tributary and neighbouring Indians ; and the Northern and Southern Nations might be managed by Mijfionaries from the Society, and the College Indians. Theie inland People are vaftly numerous, as I have been told by the Traders, who are fent out amongft. them feven or eight hundred Miles, with about a hundred Horfes, and ftay there fometimes for Years together. The Miffionaries that are now fent, generally keep among the Englijk, and rarely fee an Indian ; or when they do, know but little how to manage them; for you may as well talk Reafon, Philolo- phy, or Divinity to a Block, as to them, unlefs you perfectly underltand their Temper, and know how to humour them. I believe indeed, Mr. Andrews, Miffionary to the Northern Indians, in the late Queen's Time, did great Good among them in ieven Years : In which Time, he found out iomething of their Nature, and tranilated Part of our Prayers and D 2 Pfalms 20 The State of Pfalms into their Language : Which Book when he gave me, he told me that it had not the defired Effed, neither did his Preaching avail as much as could be wifhed, becaufe Policy and Intereft in- tervening often fuperieded the Promotion of the Gofpel, and the debauched Lives and vile Practices of our ordinary People give Examples very perni- cious to Religion ; for the Indians think, that they may furely be allowed the fame Liberty as we ; and if our Folks don't ad, as they fay, they fhould, the Indians may think the Chrifiian Pro- fejjion to be a Cheat, when our pretended Princi- ples are contradicted by our Actions. I have here lpecified fome general Cuftoms and Notions of the Indians, without a iuperficial Knowledge of which Things the Government and Society for propagating the Goipel in Fo- reign Parts, may be at great Trouble and Expence, and yet make but fmall Progrefs in the Propaga- tion of Learning, Religion and good Manners among the Heathen Indians of America ; who in Grofs may all be faid to be fuch, as I have here given an Account of. PART II, VIRGINIA. 21 PART II. Chap. I. Of the Englifri Settlements in Virginia. |p$p^ H E firft Difcovery made for the Englijh fii^VjS^i in North- America, was in the Year 1584, §^^S ( a hundred and forty Years ago)by Captain ®K£w£KHa Philip AmidaSi and Captain Arthur Bar- lew, by the Protection and Encouragement of Queen Elizabeth; with the Perfuafion and Direction of Sir Walter Raleigh. They anchored at Rocnoak Inlet, now belong- ing to the Government of North Carolina^ and from the J'irgin Queen, and the apparent Purity of the Indians, and primitive Plenty of the Place, that new difcover'd Part of the World was named Virginia. After that, Sir Richard Greenvile, Sir Francis Drake, and Sir Walter Raleigh carried on the Pro- ject, and made Advancements in it, with the Leave of the Government; which were promoted and continued by the Merchants of London, Brijlol, Exeter and Plymouth-, with Variety of Accidents, Succeffes and Diiappointments in Refped of their Trade and Profeffions, and War and Peace with the Indians-, efpecially under the Conduct of Cap- tain Smith, who was employed by the Company of Merchants incorporated by King James I. in 1606 ; ami has written a large Hiltory of his par- ticular Tranladions. 5 They 22 The State of They then fixed chiefly at, and near James Town, on a {mail Ifland in James River, till the Year 1609, when they fent out Settlements to Nanfemond, Powhatan, and the Year after to Ki- qiiotan. After that the Plantations of Virginia were formed into a Government, managed firll: by three, and afterwards by one Governor, to whofe Af- firmance in a fmall Time they added Counfellors ; and in 1620, they called an Affembly of BurgeJJes, who being elected by the People, met the Gover- nor and Council at James Town, and debated Mat- ters for the Improvement and good Government of the Country. About this Time the Dutch brought over fome Negroes for Sale, who are now wonderfully en- creaied ; befides the conftant Supplies of them imported yearly. At this Time,they made new Settlements, laid out and apportioned Lands, fome to the Governor, fome for a College and Indian School, fome to the Church and Glebes, and fome to particular Perfons ; and carried on Salt II r orks and Iron Works, befides To- bacco. This Profperity of the Colony fo encouraged its Increale, that one thoufand three hundred Peo- ple have gone over in one Year to fettle there; upon which they made Country Courts for the Tryal of fome Caufes and Criminals under the General Court and Affembly ; but private Intereft and Quar- rels byaffing the Governors and other Perfons concerned, often introduced ill Succefs, Fadion, and Indian Wars. The fatal Confequences of this Male-Admini- Jlration cry'd fo loud, that King Charles I. coming to the Crown of England, had a tender Concern for the poor People, that had been betrayed thi- ther and almoft loll : Upon which be dhTolved the VIRGINIA. 23 the Company in i6l6, reducing the Country and Government into his own immediate Direction, appointing the Governor and Council himfelf, and ordering all Patents and Procejjes to iffue in his own Name, referving to himfelf a (Quit-Rent of two Shillings for every hundred Acres of Land. In this happy Conftitution, the Colony of Vir- ginia has pro'fperoufly encreafed gradually and wonderfully, to its prefent molt flouriihing Con- dition. Indeed Bacon's Rebellion againlt the Governor occahoned a great deal of Bloodihed and Diltur- bance; but that after his Death loon cealed. The affured good Report of this vaft Trad 01^ Land and happy Climate encouraged feveral Gen- tlemen of Condition and good Defcent, to tran- fport themfelves and Families, and fettle in this new Paradife ; fome for the Sake of Wealth, fome for Religion, and others becaufe they could not well live elfe where ; and others becaufe they dared '/} not, or cared not to ftay at Home. But one particular Occafion that lent feveral Fa- milies of good Birth and Fortune to fettle there, was the Civil Wars in England; for Sir William Barkley the Governor being ltrong for the King, held out the latt of all the King's Dominions againlt the UJurper; and likewife proclaimed King Charles II. before the Rejloration. This fafe Receptacle enticed over feveral Cava- lier Families, where they made many Laws againlt Puritans, tho' they were free from them; which had this good Succefs, that to this Day, the Peo- ple are as it were quite free from them, being all of the Church of England, without the odious diftin- guilhing Characters of High or Low among them- felves. Indeed, there are a few Quakers in fome of the worlt Counties, where Clergymen are un- willing to fettle, fuch as the lower Parrs of Nanje- mond 24- The State of mond County; but thefe might eafily be brought over to the Church-, and I am fully perfuaded that the Growth of their Doftrine might be eafi- ly nipped in the Bud, by very plain Methods. Among other Perfons of Diftindion that went over to fettle in Virginia, was the noble Cacilius Calvert Lord Baltimore, a Roman Catholick, who with his Family, Friends and Attendants, was willing to retire thither for the free Exercife of his Religion. He obtained a Patent for all that vaft Part of Virginia, which lies to the Northward of the great River Potowmack; which was confirmed to his Son and his Heirs in the Year 1633. This Province was named Maryland from the Royal Confort of King Charles I. and remains ftill the Propriety of the prefent Lord Baltimore and his Heirs, with the Reftriftion of their being Pro- tefiants ; and is perhaps the largeft Eftate in the World belonging to any one Perfon, that is not a Prince. Though the Church of England be eftablifh'd in Maryland-, yet it is a Sanctuary for Papijh, who are pretty numerous there, and enjoy the Freedom of their Priejls and Mafs in a great Meafure, with- out Moleftation. Chap. VIRGINIA. 25 Chap. II. Of the Metropolis Williamfburgh, and the College, Capitol, and Governor 7 fiioufe, and the Church, &c. S* H E firft Metropolis, James Town, was JUi built in the moil convenient Place for 'he Capitol. IVilliamjhurgk 32 The State of Williamjhurgh is now incorporated and made a Market Town, and governed by a Mayor and Alder- men ; and is well itock'd with rich Stores, of all Sorts of Goods, and well furnilhed with the beft Provilions and Liquors. Here dwell leveral very good Families, and more refide here in their own Houfes at publick Times. Thev live in the fame neat Manner, drefs after the fame Modes, and behave themfelves exaftly as the Gentry in London ; moil Families of any Note having a Coach, Chariot, Berlin, or Chaife. The Number of Artificers is here daily aug- mented ; as are the convenient Ordinaries or Inns for Accommodation of Strangers. The Servants here, as in other Parts of the Country, are Engli/b, Scotch, Iri/b, or Negroes. The Town is laid out regularly in Lots or fquare Portions, fufficient each for a Houfe and Garden ; fo that they don't build contiguous, whereby may be prevented the fpreading Danger of Fire ; and this alfo affords a free Paffage for the Air, which is very grateful in violent hot Weather. Here, as in other Parts, they build with Brick, but moft commonly with Timber lined with Ciel- ing, and cafed with feather-edged Plank, painted with white Lead and Oil, covered with Shingles of Cedar, &c. tarr'd over at firft ; with a Paffage generally through the Middle of the Houfe for an Air-Draught in Summer. Thus their Houies are lading, dry, and warm in Winter, and cool in Summer ; efpecially if there be Windows enough to draw the Air. Thus they dwell comfortably, genteely, plea- fantly, and plentifully in this delightful, healthful, and (I hope) thriving City of Williamfhurgh. Chap. l r I H G I N I A. 33 C H A P. Ill, Of the Situation and Nature of the Coun- try of Virginia, and its Coafls, &c. N D E R the Meridian is extended the '* Expanfe Bay of Che/apeak, efteemed one of the nobleft and fafeft Bavs in the World. The Land on the Eajl Side of it is called the Eajiern Shore, the Northern Part of it belonging to Maryland, and the Southern containing Acco- mack and Northampton Counties belonging to Vir- ginia ; at the extreme Point of which lies one of the Capes of Virginia, the other being oppofite to it, one called Cape Henry, and the other Ca pe Charles; without theie runs a bold Shore South- ward, being the Coaft of North Carolina. After Ships are clear of England, they need go near neither Land, Rocks, nor Shoals, but in a direct Courle might crofs the vaft Atlantick 0- cean about a thouiand Leagues nearly W. S. W . till they make Land fomewhat to the Southward of the Capes ; then knowing (by their Latitude, or Landmarks, or by certain Trees ) what Land they are near, they may eafily get within the Capes, unleis they happen to be kept off to Sea for fome Time by bluftering Northnvejlers \ or unleis they carelciTly fall upon Cape Hatteras, or other Shoals on that Coaft, in known Latitudes; fo that this may be efteemed as eafy a Voyage as any. There are belonging to Virginia four principal Rivers ( neither of them inferior upon many Ac- counts to the Thames or Severn) that empty them- felves into the Bar after they have glided fome F Hundreds v 34 The S t a t e of Hundreds of Miles fromwards the Mountains, the Weftern Bounds of Virginia. The moft Southerly of thefe Rivers is called James River, and the next York River, the Land in the Latitude between thefe Rivers feeming moll: nicely adapted for Jweet fcented, or the fineft to- bacco ; for 'tis oblerved that the goodnefs de- creafeth the farther you go to the Northward of the one, and the Southward of the other; but this may be (I believe) attributed in lbme Meafure to the Seed and Management, as well as to the Land and Latitude : For on York River in a fmall Trad of Land called Digges's Neck, which is poorer than a great deal of other Land in the fame Latitude, by a particular Seed and Management, is made the famous Crop known by the Name of the E Dees, remarkable for its mild tafte and fine Smell. The next great River is Rappahannock, and the fourth is Potowmack, which divides Virginia from the Province of Maryland. Thele are fupplied by leveral leffer Rivers, luch as Chickahommony and others, navigable for Veflels of great Burthen. Into thefe Rivers run abundance of great Creeks or fhort Rivers, navigable for Sloops, Shal- lops, Long-Boats, Flats, Canoes and Pcriagi/as. Thefe Creeks are fupplied with the Hide, (which indeed does not rife fo high as in hi/rope, fo pre- vents their making good Docks) and alio with frefh- Water-runs, replenifhed with Branches ifluing from the Springs, and foaking through the Swamps; fo that no Country is better watered, for the Con- veniency of which moft Houfes are built near fome Landing-Place ; fo that any Thing may be deli- vered to a Gentleman there from London, Brijhl, &c. with lefs Trouble and Coft, than to one li- ving rive Miles in the Country in England: for you V I % G I N I A. 35 you pay no Freight tor Goods from London, and but little from Briftol\ only the Party to whom the Goods belong, is in Gratitude engaged to freight Tobacco upon the Ship configned to her Owners in England. Becauie ot this Convenience, and for the Good- nefs of the Land, and for the fake of Fifli, Fowl, &c. Gentlemen and Planters love to build near the Water ; though it be not altogether fo healthy as the ( ' pi j /ids and Barrens, which ferve for Ranges for Slock. In the I' pi and s near the Ridge generally run the main Roads, in a pleafant, dry, fandy Soil, free from Stones and Dirt, and (haded and flicker- ed chiefly by Trees ; in fome Places being not un- like the Walks in Greenwich Park. Thus neither the Interefr. nor Inclinations of the Virginians induce them to cohabit in Towns : fo that they are not forward in contributing their AfTiftance towards the making of particular Places, every Plantation affording the Owner the Provi- lion of a little Market ; wherefore they moft commonly build upon iome convenient Spot or Neck of Land in their own Plantation, though Towns are laid out and ellablifli'd in each Coun- ty ; the bed of which (next Williamfimrgh) are lofk, Glocefter, Hampton, Elizabeth Town, and ( ' rhjnna. The Colony now is encreafed to twenty nine Counties, naturally bounded (near as much as may be ) one with another about as big as Kent ; but the frontier Counties are of vaft Extent, though not thick feated as yet. The whole- Country is a perfect Foreil, except where the Woods are cleared for Plantations, and old Fields, and where have been formerly Indian Towns, and poifoned Fields and Meadows, where the Timber has been burnt down in Fire-Hunting F 2 or 36 The S t a t e of or otherwife ; and about the Creeks and Rivers are large rank MoraJJes or Marjhcs, and up the Country are poor Savannahs. The Gentlemen's Seats are of late built for the moil: Part of good Brick, and many of Timber very handfom, commodious, and capacious ; and likewife the common Planters live in pretty Tim- ber Houfes, neater than the Farm Houfes are gene- rally in England : With Timber alfo are built Houfes for the Overfeers and Out-Houfes ; among which is the Kitchen apart from the Dzvelling Ho?fe, becaufe of the Smell of hot Viduals, of- fenfive in hot Weather. Chap. IV. Of the Negroes, with the Planting and Management of Indian Corn, Tobac- co, &c. and of their Timber, Stock, Fruits, Provifion, and habitations, &c. HE Negroes live in fmall Cottages called M Quarters, in about fix in a Gang, under ¥1 f§ the Direction of an Overfeer or Bailiff; .;?-: ; .V who takes Care that they tend fuch Land as the Owner allots and orders, upon which they raife Hogs and Cattle, and plant Indian Corn (or Maize) and Tobacco for the Life of their Mafter ; out of which the Overfeer has a Dividend (or Share) in Proportion to the Number of Hands including himfelf ; this with feveral Privileges is his Salary, and is an ample Recompence for his Pains, and Encou- VIRGINIA. ; >7 Encouragement of his induftrious Care, as to the Labour, Health, and Provinon of the Negroes. The Negroes are very numerous, iome Gentle- men having Hundreds of them of all Sorts, to whom they bring great Profit ; tor the Sake of which they are obliged to keep them well, and not over-work, ltarve, or famifh them, befides other Inducements to favour them ; which is done in a great Degree^ to inch eipecially that are laborious, careful, and honelt ; tho' indeed fome Mailers, carelefs of their own Intereit or Reputa- tion, are too cruel and negligent. The Negroes are not only encreafed by freih Supplies from Africa and the Weft India Iflands, but alio are very prolifick among themlelves; and they that are born there talk good Englijb^ and af- fect our Language, Habits, and Cuitoms ; and tho' they be naturally of a barbarous and cruel Temper, yet are they kept under by fevere Dis- cipline upon Occafion, and by good Laws are pre- vented from running away, injuring the Engl (fa or neglecting their Bufinefs. Their Work (or Chimerical hard Slavery) is not very laborious; their greateit Hardihip con- fitting in that they and their Poiterity are not at their own Liberty or Dilpoial, but are the Pro- perty of their Owners; and when they are free, they know not how to provide io well for them- felves generally ; neither did they live fo plenti- fully nor (many of them) fo eafily in their own Country, where they are made Slaves to one ano- ther, or taken Captive by their Enemies. The Children belong to the Mailer of the Wo- man that bears them ; and Inch as are born of a Negroe and an European are called Molattoes\ but fuch as arc born of an Indian and Negroe arc called Mttftees. ' Their 38 The Stat e of Their Work is to take Care of the Stock, and plant Corn, "Tobacco, Fruits, &c. which is not harder than Thrajbing, Hedging, or Ditching; be- tides, tho' they are out in the violent Heat, where- in they delight, yet in wet or cold Weather there is little Occafion for their working in the Fields, in which few will let them be abroad, left by this means they might get fick or die, which would prove a great Lofs to their Owners, a good Ne- groe being fometimes worth three (nay four) Score Pounds Sterling, if he be a Tradefman ; fo that upon this (if upon no other Account) they are obliged not to overwork them, but to cloath and feed them fufficiently, and take Care of their Health. Several of them are taught to be Sawyers, Car- penters, Smiths, Coopers,- &c. and though for the moft Part they be none of the apteft or niceft ; yet they are by Nature cut out for hard Labour and Fatigue, and will perform tolerably well ; though they fall much fliort of an Indian, that has learn'd and feen the fame Things; and tkofc Negroes make the beft Servants, that have been Slaves in their own Country; for they that have been Kings and great Men there are generally lazy, haughty, and obftinate ; whereas the others are (harper, better humoured, and more laborious. The Languages of the new Negroes are various harlh Jargons, and their Religions and Cujloms fuch as are beft defcribed by Mr. Bo/man in his Book intitled (I think) A Defcription of the Coajis of Africa. The Virginia Planters readily learn to become good Mechanicks in Building, wherein moft are capable of directing their Servants and Slaves. As for Timber they abound with excellent good; having about eight Sorts of Oak, feveral Kinds of Walnut-Tree, and Hickory and Pignut, Pine, Ce- dar. VIRGINIA. 39 dar, and Cyprefs for Shingles ; which covering is lighter than Tiles, and being nailed down, are not eafily blown off in any Tempelt or Gi/Ji. The Oak, c-'Y. is of quick Growth, conse- quently will not la.lt io long as ours ; though it has a good Grain, and is freer from Knots, and will la.it long enough for Shipping, and ordinary Uies. When a Tract of Land is feated, they clear it by felling the Trees about a Yard from the Ground, lelt they fhould lhoot again. What Wood they have Occanon for they carry off, and burn the reft, or let it lie and rot upon the Ground. The Land between the Logs and Stumps they how up, planting Tobacco there in the Spring, in- cloling it with a flight Fence of cleft Rails. This will laft for Tobacco fome Years, if the Land be good; as it is where fine Timber, or G rape I'ino grow. Land when hired is forced to bear Tobacco by penning their Cattle upon it ; but Con-pen Tobac- co taltes llrong, and that planted in wet marfhy Land is called Nonburning Tobacco, which imoaks in the Pipe like Leather, unlefs it be of a good A s e - When Land is tired of Tobacco, it will bear In- dian Corn or Engl if 11 'beat, or any other Europe- an Grain or Seed, with wonderful Increafe. Tobacco and Indian Corn are planted in Hills as Hops, and fecured by // ' or mf cures, which are made of Rails iupporting one another very firmly in a particular Manner. Tobacco requires a great deal of Skill and Trou- ble in the right Management of it. They raife the Plants in Beds; as we do Cabbage Plants; which they tra/f plant and replant upon Occafion after a Shower of Rain, which they call a Seajbn. When 4-0 The State of When it is grown up they top it, or nip off the Head, Juccour it, or cut oft" the Ground Leaves, weed it, hill it; and when ripe, they cut it down about fix or eight Leaves on a Stalk, which they carry into airy tobacco Houjes ; after it is withered a little in the Sun, there it is hung to dry on Sticks, as Paper at the Paper-Mills; when it is in proper Cale, (as they call it) and the Air neither too moilt, nor too dry, they Jlrike it, or take it down, then cover it up in Bulk, or a great Heap, where it lies till they have Leilure or Occafion to ftem it (that is pull the Leaves from the Stalk) or Jrip it (that is take out the great Fibres) and tie it up in Rands, or Jir eight lay it \ and fo by Degrees prize or prefs it with proper Engines into great Hog- iheads, containing from about fix to eleven hun- dred Pounds ; four of which Hogiheads make a Tun, by Dimenfion, not by Weight; then it is ready for Sale or Shipping. There are two Sorts of Tobacco, viz. Oroonoko the ftronger, and Sweetfcented the milder ; the firit with a lharper Leaf like a Fox's Ear, and the o- ther rounder and with finer Fibres : But each of thefe are varied into feveral Sorts, much as Apples and Pears are ; and I have been informed by the Indian Traders, that the Inland Indians have Sorts of Tobacco much differing from any planted or ufed by the Europeans. The Indian Com is planted in Hills, and weed- ed much as Tobacco. This Grain is of great Increafe and moil gene- ral Ufe ; for with this is made good Bread, Cakes, Mujb, and Hommony for the Negroes, which with good Pork and Potatoes (red and white, very nice and different from ours) with other Roots and Pulfe, are their general Food. Indian Corn is the beft Food for Cattle, Hogs, Sheep and HorJ'es ; and the Blades and Tops are ex- cellent VIRGINIA. + i cellent Fodder, when well cured, which is com- monly uled, though many raile good Clover and Oats; and iome have planted Sanfoin, ( In the Marjbes, and floods, and old Fields is good Range for Slock in the Spring, Summer, and Fall ; and the Hogs will run fat with certain Roots of Flags and Reeds, which abounding in the Marjbes they root up and eat. Behdes, at the Plantations are ltandard Pcctcb- Trees, and A p pie-Trees, planted out in Orchards, on Purpoie almoft for the Hogs. The Peaches abound, and are of a delicious Talte, and A p pie-Trees are railed from the Seeds very foon, which kind of Kernel Fruit needs no grafting, and is diverlify'd into numberlels Sorts, and makes, with good Management, an excellent Cyder, not much inferior to that of Herefordjbire, when kept to a good Age ; which is rarely done, the Plantei'S being good Companions and Guejis whillt the Cyder lalts. Here Cherries thrive much better (I think) than in England; tho' the Fruit- Hrees loon decay, yet they are loon railed to great Perfection. As for // ool, I have had near as good as any near Leominfter; and it might be much improved if the Sheep were houled every Night, and fod- dered and littered as in ( T rchinfield, where they have by fuch Means the fineit // ool ; but to do this, would be of little Ule, fince it is contrary to the Interelt of Great Britain to allow them Exportation of their Woollen Manufactures ; and what little Woollen is there made might be near- ly had as cheap, and better from England* As tor Provifion, there is Variety of excellent Fijh in great Plenty ealily taken ; elpecially Oyjkrs, Sheepjbeads, Rocks, large Trouts, Crabs, Drums, Sturgeons, &C. G Thei 42 The State of They have the lame tame Fowl as in England, only they propagate better; but thefe exceed in wild Geefe and Ducks, Coboncks, Blew-lVings, Teal, Swans, and Mallard. Their Beef and Veal is fmall, fweet, and fat enough ; their Fork is famous, whole Virginia Shoots being frequently barbacued in England; their Bacon is excellent, the Rams being fcarce to be diltinguilhed from thofe of IVefpkalia ; but their Mutton and Lamb fome Folks don't like, though others extol it. Their Butter is good and plenti- ful enough. Their Venifon in the lower Parts of the Country is not fo plentiful as it has been, tho' there be enough and tolerably good ; but in the Frontier Counties they abound with J'enifon, wild Turkies, &c. where the common People fometimes drefs Bears, whofe Flefh, they fay, is not to be well diftinguifhed from good Pork or Bacon. They pull the Down of their living Geefe and wild and tame Ducks, wherewith they make the fofteft and fweeteft Beds. The Houfes ftand fometimes two or three toge- ther ; and in other Places a Quarter, half a Mile, or a Mile, or two, afunder, much as in the Coun- try in England. C H A P. VIRGINIA, -m 4-3 Chap. V. Of the Habits, Cuftoms, Parts, Im- ployments, Trade, (Sc of the Vir- ginians ; and of the Weather, Coin, Sicknefs, Liquors, Servants, Poor, Pitch, Tar, Oar, &c. §?§8l88l§§ H E Habits, Life, Cuftoms, Compute* i ■■- : °: tions, &:c. of" the 1'irginians are much '1 the lame as about Loin Ion, which they eiteem their Home ; and for the molt Part have contemptible Notions of England, and wrong Sentiments of Briftol, and the other Out- sorts, which they entertain from feeing and hear- ing the common Dealers, Sailors, and Servants that come from thofe Towns, and the Country Places in England and Scotland, whofe Language and Manners are ftrange to them ; for the Planters, and even the Native Negroes generally talk good Englijb without Idiom or Tone, and can difcourfe handlomly upon mqft common Subjeds ; and con- verting with Perfons belonging to Trade and Na- vigation from London, for the molt Part they are much civilized, and wear the belt ot Cloaths ac- cording to their Station ; nay, fometimes too good for their Circumltances, being for the Generality comely handlom Perfons, of good Features and fine Complexions ( if they take Care) of good Manners and Addreis. The Climate makes them bright, and of excellent Senle, and (harp in Trade, an Ideot, or deformed Native being almoit a Mi- racle. G 2 Thus 44 The Stat e of Thus they have good natural Notions, and will loon learn Arts and Sciences ; but are generally di- verted by Bufmefs or Inclination from profound Study, and prying into the Depth of Things ; being ripe for Management of their Affairs, be- fore they have laid fo good a Foundation of Learn- ing, and had iuch Inltructions, and acquired fuch Accompliftiments, as might be initilled into fuch good natural Capacities. Neverthelefs thro' their quick Apprehenfion, they have a Sufficiency of Knowledge, and Fluency of Tongue, tho' their Learning for the moil: Part be but fuperficial. They are more inclinable to read Men by Bu- fmefs and Converfation, than to dive into Books, and are for the moft Part only defirous of learning what is abfolutely neceffary, in the ihorteft and beft Method. Having this Knowledge of their Capacities and Inclination from fufficient Experience, I have compofed on Purpofe fome lliort Treatifes adapted with my bell: Judgment to a Courfe of Education for the Gentlemen of the Plantations ; connfting in a ftiort Englijh Grammar ; an Accidence to Chri- stianity ; an Accidence to the Ala then/a ticks, efpecially to Arithmetick in all its Parts and Applications, Algebra, Geometry, Surveying of Land, and Navi- gation. Thefe are the moft ufeful Branches of Learn- ing for them, and fuch as they willingly and rea- dily mafter, if taught in a plain and ftiort Me- thod, truly applicable to their Genius; which I have endeavoured to do, for the Ufe of them, and all others of their Temper and Parts. They are not very eafily perfuaded to the Im- provement of ufeful Inventions (except a few, fuch as Sawing Mills) neither are they great En- couragers of Manufactures, becaufe of the Trou- ble and certain Expence in Attempts of this kind, with VIRGINIA. 4.5 with uncertain Profpefl of Gain: whereas by their ltaple Commodity, Tobacco, they are certain to get a plentiful Provifion; nay, often very great Eftates. Upon this Account they think it Folly to take off their Hands (or Negroes) and employ their Care and Time about any thing, that may make them leffen their Crop of Tobacco. So that though they are apt to learn, yet they are fond of, and will follow their own Ways, Humours, and Notions, being not eafily brought to new Projeds and Schemes; fo that I queftion. it they would have been impofed upon by the VLiffiftppi or South-Sea, or any other fuch mon- ltrous Bubbles. In their Computations of Time, Weights and Meafures both of Length, Superficies, and Solidi- ty, they ftrictly adhere to what is legal ; not run- ning into precarious Cuftoms, as they do in Eng- land. Thus their Ouart is the true Winchefier. their Hundred is 100, not 112, and they furvey Land by Statute Meaiure. Indeed, what Englijh Coin is there, is advanced in Value; lo that a Shilling paries for 14^/. and a Guinea goes by Tale tor 26/. but the Current Money is the Spani/b; which in Reality is about '5"/. per Cent, inferior to our Englijk Coin, as let- tied by Law: but frequently the Value of this varies in Refpeft of Sterling Bills according to the Circumftances of Trade; Currency and Ster- ling being fometimes at a Par; but for the Gene- rality 10 per Cent. Diicount is allowed for Ster- ling Bills. As tor Education feveral are lent to England foi it; though the Virginians being naturally of good Parts, ta- I have already hinted) neither require nor admire as much Learning, as we do in />' - A////; yet more would be lent over, were the} a 4.6 The State of not afraid of the Small-Pox, which moll: com- monly proves fatal to them. But indeed when they come to England they are generally put to learn to Perfons that know little of their Temper, who keep them drudging on in what is of leail Ufe to them, in pedantick Methods, too tedious for their volatile Genius. For Grammar Learning taught after the common round-about Way is not much beneficial nor de- lightful to them ; lb that they are noted to be more apt to fpoil their School-Fellows than im- prove themfelves ; becaufe they are imprifoned and enilaved to what they hate, and think ufelefs, and have not peculiar Management proper for their Humour and Occafion. A civil Treatment with fome Liberty, if per- mitted with Difcretion is moll: proper for them, and they have moll: Need of, and readily take po- lite and mathematical Learning ; and in Englifh may be conveyed to them (without going directly to Rome and Athens) all the Arts, Sciences, and learned Accomplifhments of the Antients and Moderns, without the Fatigue and Expence of another Language, for which few of them have little Ufe or Neceffity, fince (without another) they may underftand their own Speech ; and all other Things requifite to be learn'd by them fooner and better. Thus the Youth might as well be inftructed there as here by proper Methods, without the Ex- pence and Danger of coming hither; efpecially if they make Ufe of the great Advantage of the College at Williamfburgh, where they may (and many do) imbibe the Principles of all human and divine Literature, both in Englifh and in the learned Languages. * By the happy Opportunity of this College may they be advanced to religious and learned Educa- tion, VIRGINIA. 47 tion, according to the Discipline unci Doctrine of the eftablifhed Church of England; in which Refpett this College may prove of lingular Service, and be an advantageous and laudable Nurfery and ftrong Bulwark againft the con- tagious diffentions in Virginia; which is the molt antient and loyal, the molt plentiful and flourifhing, the molt extenfive and beneficial Colony belonging to the Crown of Great Britain^ upon which it is molt diredly de- pendant ; wherein is eitablifh'd the Church of England free from Fa&ion and Seas, being ruled by the Laws, Cuitoms, and Conltitutions of Great Britain^ which it itrictly obierves, only where the Circumftances and Occalion of the Country by an ablolute Neceffity require fome fmall Alte- rations : which neverthelefs mull not be contrary ( though different from and iublervient ) to the Laws ot England. Though the Violence of neither Whig nor To- ry reigns there, yet have they Parties; for the ve- ry belt Adminiltration mult expeft to meet with fome Oppolition in all Places; efpecially where there is a Mixture of People of different Coun- tries concerned, whole Education and Intereit. may propofe to them Notions and Views different from each other. Molt other Plantations, efpecially they that are granted away to Proprietors, are interior to Vir- ginia: where the feeming Intereit and Humour ot the Owners often divert them from Purfuit of the molt proper Methods ; betides, they cannot have fuch a right Claim to the Favour of tin Crown, nor demand its belt Protection, iince they may often interfere with ir- Intereit : where- as Virginia is efteemed one of the moil valuable Gems in the Crown of Great /•' f ain. Thi 48 The S t a t e of Thus Virginia having to itfelf (with Mary- land} the ftaple Commodity of Tobacco, has a great Advantage of all other Plantations on the Continent for the Encouragement of the Crown ; whereas others belonging to Gentlemen, or having no peculiar Trade, cannot expect iuch Power to advance and promote their Intereft. To this add, that Virginia equals, if not ex- ceeds, all others in Goodnefs of Climate, Soil, Health, Rivers, Plenty, and all Neceffaries, and Conveniencies of Life : Belides the has, a- mong others, thefe particular Advantages of her younger Sifter Mary Laid, viz. Freedom from Po- pery, and the Direction of Proprietors ; not but that Part of Virginia, which is between the Ri- vers Potowmack and Rappahannock belongs to Pro- prietors, as to the Ouit-Rent ; yet the Govern- ment of thele Counties (called the Northern Neck) is under the fame Regulation with the other Parts of the Country. . If New England be called a Receptacle of Dii- fenters, and an Amjterdam of Religion, Penjyl- vania the Nurfery of Quakers, Maryland the Re- tirement of Roman Catholicks, North Carolina the Refuge of Run-aways, and South Carolina the Delight of Buccaneers and Pyrates, Virginia may be juftly efteemed the happy Retreat of true Bri- tons and true Churchmen for the moft Part; nei- ther foaring too high nor drooping too low, con- lequently ihould merit the greater Eiteem and Encouragement. The common Planters leading eafy Lives don't much admire Labour, or any manly Exercife, ex- cept Horfe-Racing, nor Diverfion, except Cock- Fighting, in which fome greatly delight. This eaiy Way of Living, and the Heat of the Summer makes fome very lazy, who are then laid to be Climate-ftruck. 1 The VIRGINIA. 49 The Saddle-Horfes, though not very large, are hardy, ftrong, and fleet; and will pace naturally and pleafantly at a prodigious Rate. They are iuch Lovers of Riding, that almoft every ordinary Perion keeps a Horfe ; and I have known Ionic lpend the Morning in ranging feveral Miks in the Woods to find and catch their Horfes only to ride two or three Miles to Church, to the Court-Houfe, or to a Horfe-Race, where they generally appoint to meet upon Bufinefs ; and are more certain of finding thofe that they want to ipeak or deal with, than at their Home. No People can entertain their Friends with better Cheer and Welcome ; and Strangers and Travellers are here treated in the moil: free, plen- tiful, and holpitable Manner ; io that a few Inns or Ordinaries on the Road are iufficient. As to the Weather, the Spring and Fall are not unlike thofe Seafons in England, only the Air is never long foggy, nor very cloudy ; but clear, lometimes of a bluiih Colour, occafioned by the thin Smoak, difperfed in the Air, from the Flames of the Woods and Leaves, which are fired in Hunting, to drive the Beaits from their lurking Places ; or in the Spring to burn the old Leaves and Grafs, that there may be the better Palture the next Summer. The Months of December, January and Febru- ary are generally much colder, and June, July and Auguft are much hotter than in England', tho' lometimes 'tis on a fudden very cool in Summer, and pretty warm in Winter, the Weather being govern'd by the Wind; which with fudden Storms from the Nortl>Weft, and lometimes from the Weft and South Heir bring violent Gulfs or Tem- pefts, with Thunder, Lightning, and Rain very terrible, but loon over. H The 50 The State of The North Weft, Winds are exquifitely fharp and cold, proceeding from Clouds ariling from the vaft Lakes and prodigious fnowy Mountains that lie to that Quarter ; but the Southerly Winds and others are very warm. The Days and Nights are there always much nearer the Equality of twelve Hours, than in the Latitude of England. At the iudden Changes of the Weather, from Heat to Cold, People are apt to take Cold, of- ten neglecting to ill i ft their Cloaths with the Weather ; which with Abundance of Damps and Mitts from the Water, and by eating too plenti- fully of fome delicious Fruits, makes the People lubject to Feavers and Agues, which is the Coun- try Diitemper, a fevere Fit of which (called a Seafoning) molt exped, fome time after their Ar- rival in that Climate ; but the Goodnefs of God has furniihed us with a perfed Catholicon for that Sicknefs, viz. the Bark; which being taken and repeated in a right Manner, feldom fails of a Cure, unlefs the morbifick Matter comes to a Head again from freih Caufes, and fo returns with Mattery ; upon which Recourfe mutt be had to the fame lpecifick Remedy; betides which there are ieve- ral Ways of Cure, but none fo univerfal and fure as that. Some for Want of timely Care, through Igno- rance or Obttinacy, will permit the Diftemper to lurk about them fo long, till at latt it has reduced them to an irrecoverable, lingering, ill Habit of Body ; efpecially if they live meanly, drinking too much Water, and eating too much ialt Meat ; and this Cachexy generally ends their Lives with a Drop- fy, Coniumption, the Jaundice, or fome fuch Illnefs. Betides this, fome are troubled with the dry Gripes, proceeding from Colds (I fuppofe) which take VIRGINIA. 51 rake away tor a long Time the Uie of the Limbs of fome, especially hard Drinkers of Rum; fome that have lain out in mighty cold Weather have been Froft-bitten, and lolt their Fingers or Toes. There is no Danger ot wild Bealts in travel- ing; for the Wolves and Bears, which are up the Country, never attack any, unlets they be firff. aflaulted and hurt ; and the Wolves of late are much detiroyed by Virtue of a Law, which al- lows good Rewards for their Heads with the Ears on, to prevent Imposition and cheating the Publick ; for the Ears are crop'd when a Head is produced. The Bears are alfo much deltroyed by the Out- Planters, &c. for the Sake of their Flelh and Skins. As for Rattle-Snakes, &c. they make off from you, unlefs you by Carelefnefs chance to tread on them ; and then their Bite is found now nor to be mortal, if Remedies can be applied in Time. The worn 1 Inconveniency in travelling a-crofs the Country, is the Circuit that mull be taken to head Creeks, c-'V. for the main Roads wind along the rifing Ground between the Rivers, tho' now they much fhorten their Paffage by mending the Swamps and building of Bridges in ieveral Places; and there are eftablifhed Ferries at convenient Places, over the great Rivers; but in them is of- ten much Danger from fudden Storms, bad B< 1 or unlkillul or wilful Ferrymen; efpecially it one panes in a Boat with Horfes, of which I have great Reafon to be molt fenfible by the Lois of a dear Brother at Chickohomony Ferry, in Feb. \~i . As tor their Drink, good Springs of excellent Water abound everj where ahnolt, which is \er\ cooling and plealant in Summer, and the general Drink ot abundance; not fo much out of Necef- lit}-, as Choice. H 1 Some 52 The State of Some Planters, &c. make good lmall Drink with Cakes of Parfimmons a kind of Plumbs, which grow there in great Plenty ;' but the com- mon fmall Beer is made of Molojpus, which makes extraordinary brifk good tafted Liquor at a cheap Rate, with little Trouble in brewing; fo that they have it frefh. and frefh, as they want it in Winter and Summer. And as they brew, fo do they bake daily, Bread or Cakes, eating too much hot and new Bread, which cannot be wholfom, tho' it be pleafanter than what has been baked a Day or two. Some raife Barley and make Malt there, and others have Malt from England, with which thofe that underftand it, brew as good Beer as in Eng- land, at proper Seafons of the Year; but the common ftrong Malt-Drink moiHy ufed, is Bri- flol Beer ; of which is confumed vaft Quantities there yearly ; which being well brew'd and im- prov'd by croffing the Sea, drinks exceedingly fine and fmooth ; but Malt Liquor is not fo much regarded as Wine, Rack, Brandy, and Rum, Punch, with Drams of Rum or Brandy for the common Sort, when they drink in a Hurry. The common Wine comes from Madera or Phi- | al, which moderately drank is fitted to cheer the fainting Spirits in the Heat of Summer, and to warm the chilled Blood in the bitter Colds of Winter, and feems mod peculiarly adapted for this Climate : Befides this, are plentifully drank with the better Sort, of late Years, all Kinds of French, and other European Wine, elpeciallv Claret and Port. Here is likewife ufed a great deal of Chocolate, Tea and Coffee, which, with feveral Sorts of Ap- parel, they have as cheap, or cheaper than in Eng- land, becaufe of the Debenture of fuch Goods upon their Exportation thither : Befides, they are V I R G I N I A. 53 arc allowed to have Wines directly from Madera, and other Commodities are brought from the Weft-Indies, and the Continent, which cannot be brought to England without lpoiling. As for grinding Corn, c'V. they have good Mills upon the Runs and Creeks; befides Hand- Mills, Wind-Mills, and the Indian Invention ot pounding Hommom in Mortars burnt in the Stump of a Tree, with a Log for a PeRie hanging at the End of a Pole, fix'd like the Pole of a Lave. Though they are permitted to trade to no Parrs but Great Britain, except thefe Places; yet have they in many Relpects better and cheaper Com- modities than we in England, efpecially of late Years ; for the Country may be faid to be altered and improved in Wealth and polite Living with- in thele tew Years, fince the Beginning ot Col. Spot/wood's Government, more than in all the Scores of Years before that, from its hrft Difco- very. The Country is yearly iupplied with vatt Quantities of Goods from Great Britain, chiefly from London, Brijlol, Liverpool, Whitehaven, and from Sin,!. mil. The Ships that traniport thefe Things often call at Ireland to victual, and bring over frequently white Servants, which are of three Kinds, l. Such as come upon certain Wages by Agreement tor a certain Time. 2. Such as come bound by Inden- ture, commonly call'd Kids, who are uiually to ferve four or five Years; and 3. thofe Convicts or Felons that are traniported, whole Room they had much rather have than their Company : tor abun- dance ot them do great Milchiefs, commit Rob- ben - ami Murder, and fpoil Servants, that were before very good: But they frequently there meet with the End they deferved at Home, though in- deed tome ot them prove indifferent good. Their being lent thither to work as Slaves for Punilli- » men!. 54 The State of ment, is but a mere Notion, for few of them ever lived fo well and fo eafy before, efpecially if they are good for any thing. Thefe are to ferve feven, and fometimes fourteen Years, and they and Servants by Indentures have an Allowance of Corn and Cloaths, when they are out of their Time, that they may be therewith fupported, till they can be provided with Services, or other- wife fettled. With thefe three Sorts of Servants are they fupplied from England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, among which they that have a Mind to it, may ferve their Time with Eaie and Satisfac- tion to themf elves and their Matters, efpecially if they fall into good Hands. Except the laft Sort, for the mod Part who are loofe Villains, made tame by // lid, and then enflaved by his Forward Namefake: To prevent too great a Stock of which Servants and Negroes many Attempts and Laws have been in vain made. Thefe if they forfake their Roguery together with the other Kids of the later Jonathan, when they are free, may work Day-Labour, or elfe rent a fmall Plantation for a Trifle almoft ; or elfe turn Overfeers, if they are expert, indultrious, and careful, or follow their Trade, if they have been brought up to any; efpecially Smiths, Carpen- ters, Taylors, Sawyers, Coopers, Bricklayers, &c. The Plenty of the Country, and the good Wages given to Work-Folks occafion very few Poor, who are fupported by the Parilli, being fuch as are lame, fick, or decrepit through Age, Diftem- pers, Accidents, or fome Infirmities ; for where there is a numerous Family of poor Children the Veltry takes Care to bind them out Appren- tices, till they are able to maintain themfelves by their own Labour ; by which Means they are ne- ver tormented with Vagrant, and Vagabond Beg- gars, there being a Reward for taking up Run- aways, VIRGINIA. SS aways, that are at a imall Dittance from their Home ; if they are not known, or are without a Pais from their Matter, and can give no good Ac- count of themfelves, efpecially Negroes. In all convenient Places are kept Stores or Ware- Houfes of all Sorts of Goods, managed by Store- Keepers or Factors, either for themfelves or o- thers in the Country, or in Great Britain. This Trade is carried on in the faireft and gen- teelelt Way of Merchandize, by a great Num- ber of Gentlemen of Worth and Fortune ; who with the Commanders of their Ships, and feveral Virginians (who come over through Buhnefs or Curiofity, or often to take PotTelTion of Eftates, which every Year fall here to fome or other of them ) make as considerable and handfom a Figure, and drive as great and advantageous a Trade for the Advancement of the Publick Good, as molt Merchants upon the Royal~Exchange. At the Stores in Virginia, the Planters, &c. may be fupplied with what Engli/b Commodities they want. The Merchants, Factors, or Store-Keepers in Virginia buy up the Tobacco of the Planters, ei- ther for Goods or current Spani/b Money, or with Sterling Bills payable in Great Britain. The Tobacco is rolled, drawn by Horfes, or carted to convenient Rolling: Houfes, whence it is conveyed on Board the Ships in Flats or Sloops. &c. Some Years ago there was made an Act to ob- lige all Tobacco to be lent to convenient Wan - Houles, to the Cultody and Management of pro- per Officers, who were by Oath to refiife all bad Tobacco, and gave printed Bills as Receipts for each Parcel or Hogfhead ; which Quantity was to be delivered according to Order upon Return of thole Bills ; and tor their Trouble and Care in viewing, 56 The State of viewing, weighing, and damping, the Officers were allowed 5 J", per Hogthead. The Intent of this Law was to improve the Commodity, prevent Frauds in publick Payments; and for Eale ot the common Planters, and Expe- dition and Conveniency of Shipping. But though the firit Deiign was for publick Tobacco only, yet the private Crops of Gentle- men being included in the Law, was efteemed a great Grievance ; and occaiioned Complaints, which deftroyed a Law, that with fmall Amend- ments might have proved moil advantageous. The Abrogation of this Law reduced the Sail- ors to their old Slavery of rolling the Tobacco in iome Places ; where they draw it for fome Miles, as Gardeners draw a Roller, which makes them frequently curfe the Country, and thro' Prejudice give it a very vile Charader. The Tobacco purchafed by the Fadors or Store- Keepers, is sent Home to their Employers, or cpn- hgn'd to their correfpondent Merchants in Great Britain. But mod: Gentlemen, and fuch as are before- hand in the World, lodge Money in their Mer- chant's Hands here, to whom they fend their Crop of Tobacco, or the greater! Part of it. This Money is employed according to the Plan- ter's Orders ; chiefly in fending over yearly fuch Goods, Apparel, Liquors, &c. as they write for, for the Ufe of themfelves, their Families, Slaves and Plantations ; by which Means they have every Thing at the beft Hand, and the belt of its Kind. Befides Englifh Goods, feveral Merchants in Virginia import from the Hell-Indies great Quan- tities of Rum, Sugar, Moloffus, &r. and Salt very cheap from the Salt I/lands ; which Things they purchafe with Money, or generally with Pork, Beef, Wheat, Indian-Corn, and the like. In VIRGINIA. s? In fome of" the poorer Parts of the Country abounding in Pine, do they gather up the Light- wood, or Knots of the old Trees, which will not decay, being piled up (as a Pit of Wood to be burnt to Charcoal ) and encompafled with a Trench, and covered with Earth, is let on Fire ; whereby the Tar is melted out, and running into the Trench is taken up, and filled into Barrels; and being boiled to a greater Confiitency becomes Pitch. Of Pitch and Tar they fend Home great Quan- tities, though not near io much at North Caro- lina, which formerly was the South Part of Vir- ginia ; but has long fince been given away to Pro- prietors, tho' the Bounds between the Colony of Virginia, and the Government of North Carolina are difputed ; io that there is a very long Lift of Land fifteen Miles broad between both Colonies (called the difputed Bounds) in due Subjection to neither; which is an Afyhim for the Runagates of both Countries. The greateft Part of Virginia is uneven; and near the Water they are free from great Stones, Rocks, and high Hills ; but far in the Country they have vaft Rocks, Stones, and Mountains ; and though in the Salts there is no Stone for Lime nor Building; (but with Oyfter-Shells they make good Lime and enough ) yet up the Freihes, and above the Falls of the Rivers are difcovered free and common Stone of ieveral Sorts, among which may be expected Lime-Stone. Here are alto vaft Quantities of Iron Oar, and various Kinds of Minerals, whole Nature and Vermes are as yet undifcovered. Mofes's Words of Exhortation to the Jfraelites for Obedience to God's Laws, Deut. viii.6, 7, 8, 9, may be applied to the / : and particular!) when he faith that God had brought them into a Land wholr Stones are Iron ; and tor what we I know 58 The State of know the following Words may alfo be applied to them, when he faith out of the Hills of that Land might be digged Brajs, for which there is no (mall Profpect and Expectation ; and in all Probability there may be found the nobler Metals of Gold and Silver, if we did but fearch for them in the Bowels of the Earth, if we would but be at the Expence and Trouble to feek for them. Why may not our Mountains in America, for what we know, be as rich as thofe of Mexico and Peru in the fame Country ? Since the little Hills fo plentifully abound with the bell: of Iron ; for the digging, melting, working, and Exportation whereof Providence has furnilh'd us with all wonderful Conveniences ; if we would add but a little Expence, Art, and Induftry. This Iron has been proved to be good, and 'tis thought, will come at as cheap a Rate as any im- ported from other Places ; fo that 'tis to be hoped Col. Spot/wood's IVorks will in a fmall Time prove very advantageous to Great Britain, which un- doubtedly will be carried to great Perfection and univerfal Benefit, by his fkilful Management and indefatigable Application to fuch noble Under- takings and glorious Projects. Ch; \ p VIRGINIA. 59 Chap. VI. Of Germanna, the Palatines, Wine, JFemp, Flax, Silk, Sumack, Trees, Fruits, Coals, the Trafls of Land, JFealth, Militia, the Mannacan Town, Titles, Levies, BurgeJJes, Laws, and general Affembljj. W^^'M E Y ° N D °' L S P" f J iaml ' s Furnace a- - ;,|,V(;a 3 bove the Falls of Rappahannock River, •\ ' '.f -■':%> within View of the valt Mountains, he ^^r j v^$ has founded a Town called Germanna, from fome Germans lent over thither by Queen Anne, who are now removed up farther : Here he has Servants and Workmen of molt handy- craft Trades ; and he is building a Church, Court- Houie and Dwelling-Houfe for himfelf; and with his Servants and Negroes he has cleared Planta- tions about it, propofing great Encouragement for People to come and fettle in that uninhabited Part of the World, lately divided into a Coun- ty Beyond this are feated the Colony of Germans or Patatines, with Allowance of good Quanti- ties of rich Land, at ealy or no Rates, who thrive very well, and live happily, and entertain gene- rously. Thefe are encouraged to make Wines, which by the Experience (particularly) of the late Col. Robert Beverly, who wrote the Hiftory of Virgi- nia, was done eafily and in large Quantities in thole Parts; not only from the Cultivation of the I 2 wild 6o The State of wild Grapes, which grow plentifully and natu- rally in all the good Lands thereabouts, and in the other Parts of the Country; but alfo from the Span I Ik, French, Italian, and German Wines, which have been found to thrive there to Admiratiom Belides this, thefe Uplands feem very good for Hemp and Flax, if the Manufacture thereof was but encouraged and promoted thereabouts ; which might prove of wonderful Advantage in our Na- val Stores and Linens. Here may like wife be found as good Chipboards, and Pipe-Staves, Deals, Majls, Vards, Planks, &c. for Shipping, as we are fupplied with from feve- ral other Countries, not in his Majefty's Domi- nions. As for Trees, Grain, Pit its, Fruits, Herbs, Planks, Flowers, and Roots, I know of none in England either for Pleafure or Ufe, but what are very common there, and thrive as well or better in that Soil and Climate than this for the genera- lity ; for though they cannot brag of Goofeber- ries and Currants, yet they may of Cherries, Strawberries, &c. in which they excel : Beiides they have the Advantage of feveral from other Parts of America, there being Heat and Cold fuf- ficient for any ; except fuch as require a continual Heat, as Lemons and Oranges, Pine-Apples, and the like, which however may be railed there with Art and Care. The worft Thing in their Gardens, that I know, is the Artichoak ; but this I attribute to Want of Skill and good Management. Mulberry Trees and Silkworms thrive there to Admiration, and Experience has proved that the Silk Manufacture might be carried on to great Advantage. There is Coal enough in the Country, but good Fire-Wood being fo plentiful that it encumbers the V I R g I N I A. 61 the Land, they have no Neceflity for the Trou- ble and Expence of digging up the Bowels of the Earth, and conveying them afterwards to their feveral Habitations. There grows Plenty of Sumack, lb very ufeful in the Dying Trade. The Land is taken up in Tracts, and is Free- hold by Patent under the King, paying two Shil- lings as a yearly Quit-Rent for every hundred A- cres. Molt Land has been long fince taken up and feated, except it be high up in the Country. For lurveying of Land, when any is taken up. bought, exchanged, or the Right contettcd. there is appointed a Surveyor in each County, no- minated and examined by the Governors of the College, in whole Gift thole Places are under the Surveyor General. But of this I may be more particular upon ano- ther Occafion ; only I {hall here obferve, that e- \ery five or feven Years all People are obliged to go a Procdiion round their own Bounds, and re- new their Landmarks by cutting frelli Notches in the boundary Trees. Sometimes whole Plantations are (old, and at other Times fmall Habitations and Lands are let; but this is not very common, molt having Land ot their own; and they that have not may make more Profit by turning Overfeers, or by lb me o- ther better Ways, than by Farming. Though now Land fells well there, in a few Years it will be more valued, fince the Number ot Inhabitants encreafes fo prodigioufly ; and the I adts being divided every Age among feveral Children (not unlike Gavel Kind in Kent and Ur- chinfield) into lmaller Plantations: they al Length mult be reduced to a Neceflity ot making the m molt 62 The State of molt of, and valuing a little, which is now almoft fet at Nought. In general the Country of Virginia is plenti- ful, pleafant and healthy; efpecially to fuch as are not too fond of the Cuftoms and Way of li- ving they have been ufed to elfewhere; and to fuch as will endeavour at firft to bear with fome fmall Matters, and wean themfelves, and make every Change as agreeable as they can. Without fuch Proceeding the beft Country in the World would not pleafe them ; fince where- ever they go from Home they muft certainly find many Things different from what they have been accuftomed to. As for Health, I think this Climate as good as any with Care, though fome Conftitutions can be well in no Air, let them do what they will, and the ftouteft cannot be always Proof againft Sick- nefs, be they in never fo healthy a Country ; and in all Places with Care People may enjoy a good Share of Health, if they have any tolerable good Conftitution ; if they avoid Heats and Colds, In- temperance, and all Manner of Exceffes. In each Country is a great Number of difci- plin'd and arm'd Militia, ready in Cafe of any iudden Irruption of Indians or Infurreftion of Ne- groes, from whom they are under but fmall Ap- prehenfion of Danger. Up James River is a Colony of French Refu- gees, who at the Mannara 'Town live happily un- der our Government, enjoying their own Lan- guage and Cuftoms. The Gentlemen of the Country have no other dirtinguifhing Titles of Honour, but Colonels and Majors and Captains of the Militia, except the Ho- nourable the Council, and fome commiffioned in Ports by his Majefty or his Orders, who are nominated I Kpjuires ; V I R G I N I A. 63 Efquires ; but there is one Baronet's Family there, viz. Sir Will inn Skipwith's. The Taxes or Levies are either publick, Coun- ty, or Parijh\ which are levied by the Juftices or Vejlries, apportioning an equal Share to be paid by all Perions in every Family above Sixteen ; except the white Women, and fome antiquated Perions, who are exempt. The Payment is Tobacco, which is fold or ap- plied in Specie to the Ufe intended. The publick Levy is for the Service of the Co- lony in General, the County Levy is for the Ufe of the County, collected by the Sheriffs and their Offices and Receivers', and the Pariih Levy is for its own particular Ufe, colle&ed by the Church- Wardens for Payment of the Minifier, the Church, and Poor. There are two Burgejfes eleded by the Free- holders, and fent from every County ; and one for James Town, and another for the College; thefe meet, choofe a Speaker, &c. and proceed in moil Refpeds as the Houfe of Com mom in "England, who with the ( r pper Houfe, confining of the Go- vernor and Council, make Laws exactly as the King and Parliament do; the Laws being paffed there by the Governor, as by the King here. All the Laws and Statutes of England before Queen Elizabeth are there in Force, but none made fince ; except thofe that mention the Plantations, which are always fpecified in Englijh Laws, when Occafion requires. The General Affemblyhas Power to make Laws, or repeal fuch others, as they ihall think moft proper for the Security and Good of the Coun- try, provided they be not contradictory to the Laws of England, nor interfering with the In- terett of Great B1 tain; thefe Laws are immedi- atel) 6 4 The S TATE of ately in Force there, and are transmitted hither to the Lords of the Plantations and Trade for the Royal AjTent ; after which they are as obliga- tory as any Laws can poffibly be ; but of late all Laws relating to Trade rauft be fent Home be- fore they be of any Validity ; which makes fome occafional Laws upon certain Emergencies alto- gether ufelefs ; fince the intended Opportunity may be pafs'd, before they are returned back to Virginia ; and (o fignify nothing to the Pur- pofe. All Laws that the King diflikes upon the firft Perufal, are immediately abrogated. Thus in State Affairs Liberty is granted, and Care is taken to make fuch Laws from Time to Time, as are different from the Laws in Eng- tiind, whenever the Intereft or Neceffity of the Country, or the Nature of the Climate, and o- ther Circumiiances {hall require it. PART V I R c; I N I A. 65 & o ?. p o b d s b o b 9 b © b b b 3 15 ■ PART III. O/' //;^ <57t7/£> 0/ the Church and Clergy ofW'i irginia. ^ e HOUGH Provifion is made, and ;,".«• . ^ proper Meaiures are taken to make Al- K • ''! lowances and Alterations in Matters of k ' Government, State and Trade; yet in Mat- ters of Religion, there has not been the Care and Provilion that might be withed and expeded. For the Country requires particular Alterations and Allowances in fome indifferent fpiritual Con- cernments, as well as in temporal Affairs, which might be done without deviating in the lealt from the Principles and Praftice of the Eftabliffd Church of England; and inltead of encouraging Diffen- tions, or Herefy, or Schifm, or Irreligion, would be a fure Means always to prevent them, were i'uch fmall Alterations regularly eftablifhed in fome Things indifferent, as might belt agree with the Conveniency and Nature of the Colony : for it is impoiTible for a Clergyman to perform this Dut) according to the literal Direction of the Rubrick; for were be too rigorous in thele Relpects by dil- obliging and quarrelling with his Parilli, he would do more Miichief in Religion, than all his fine Preaching and exemplary Life could retrieve ; A K fliort 66 The State of ihort Narrative of which Cafe of the Church I tranfmitted Home to the late Bijhop of London, by Order and Appointment of a late Convention, in a Reprefentation of fome Ecclejiaftical Affairs ; but the Nature of this may more fully appear by the following Account. This, with all the other Plantations, is under the Care of the Bi/bop of London, who fupplies them with what Clergymen he can get from Eng- land, Scotland, Ireland, and France. The late Bifhop appointed the Reverend Mr. James Blair to be his Commiffary, who is likewife Prejident of the College, and one of the Council. He by the Bi/bop's Order fummoned the Clergy to Con- ventions, where he fate as Chairman ; but the Power of Conventions is very little, as is that of the Com- miffary at prefent. Vifitations have been in vain attempted ; for the corrupt Abufes and Rigour of Ecclenaftical Courts have fo terrified the People, that they hate almoft the very Name, and feem more inclinable to be ruled by any other Me- thod, rather than the prefent fpiritual Courts. Differences and great Difputes frequently arife be- tween the Governor and the People, concerning the Prefentation, Collation, Institution, and Induc- tion to Livings; and it is fcarce yet decided di- ftindly who have the Right of giving Parifhes to Miniiters, whether the Governors or the Veftries, though the beft of Council have been applied to for their Opinion; for their Sentiments are not obligatory. The Veftries coniift of the Minifter, and twelve of the moft fubftantial and intelligent Perfons in each Parilh. Thefe at firft were elected by the Parifli by Pole, and upon Vacancies are fupplied by Vote of the Veftry ; out of them a new Church- Warden is annually chofen, under (as it were) the Inftru&ioii of the old one chofen the Year before. 3 By VIRGINIA. 67 By the Veftry are all parochial Affairs managed, luch as the Church, Poor, and the Miniiter's Sa- lary. The Clerk in Cafe of the Minifter's Death or Abfence has great Bufinefs, and is a kind of Cu- rate^ performing frequently all the Offices of the Church, except the two Sacraments and Ma- trimony ; but 'tis Pity but his Pradices were bet- ter regulated, and Sets of Sermons alfo appointed for his Purpofe ; for in feveral Places the Clerks are fo ingenious or malicious, that they contrive to be liked as well or better than the Miniver, which creates Ill-Will and Disturbance, befides other Harm. In fome Places they read the Lef- fons, publiili Banns, 63V. when the Minifter is prefent, for his Eaie ; which firft may not be im- proper in very hot Weather, or if the Minifter be fick or infirm, if the Clerk can read tolerably well. Likewife might they be allowed to bury when a Minifter cannot poffibly be had before the Corffe would corrupt in hot Weather ; but little more fliould be granted them, fince fome Places long ac- cuftomed to hear only their Clerk read Prayers and Sermons at Church, have no right Notions of the Office, Refpect, and Dignity of a Clergy- nun. For regiitering Births and Burials, there is a imall Allowance which is generally given to the Clerk, who takes that Trouble off the Minifter's Hands. The Ufe of this is to know the Num- ber of Tythables, for laying of Levies, and for other Occafions, and Lilts of theie Regifters are delivered into the Hands of proper Officers. The Parifhes being of great Extent (fome hx- ty Miles long and upwards) many dead Corpfei cannot be conveyed to the Church to be buried : So that it is cuftomary to bur)- in Gardens or Orchards, where whole Families lye interred to- gether, in a Spot generally handfomly encloled, K 2 planted 68 The State of planted with Evergreens, and the Graves kept de- cently : Hence likewife ariles the Occafion of preaching Funeral Sermons in Houles, where at Funerals are affembled a great Congregation of Neighbours and Friends ; and if you infill upon having the Sermon and Ceremony at Church, they'll fay they will be without it, unlets perform- ed after their ufual Cuftom. In Houfes also there is Occafion, from Humour, Cultom fome- times, from Neceffity moft frequently, to baptize Children and church Women, otherwife fome would go without it. In Houfes alio they moft commonly marry, without Regard to the Time of the Day or Seafon of the Year. Though the Churches be not confecrated by Bifhops, yet might there be fome folemn Dedication prefcribed for letting them apart for facred Ufes ; which would make People behave themfelves with greater Reverence than they ufually do, and have a greater Value for the Houie of God and holy Things. Their Churches were formerly built of Timber, but now they build them of Brick, very ftrong and handiome, and neatly adorned ; and when any Church is gone to Decay, or removed to a more convenient Place, they enclofe the old one with a Ditch. Though Perfons are admitted to the Lord's Supper there, that never were confirmed by the Bijhop, yet might there be certain Examinations as preparatory Qualifications, which would lay the Sureties and Parents of Children baptized, under a Neceffity of taking Care of them, as to a pious Education, and would make them be obliged to know more of their Duty than they generally do. For this End I have compofed (as I before hint- ed) an Accidence to Chrijlianity, being a fhort In- troduction to the Principles and Practices of Chri- ftians, VIHC INI A. 69 Itians, collected our of the Church Catechifm, the thirty nine Articles, Hammond's PracHcal Cate- chifm, Grot/us of the Truth of the Chrijlian Reli- gion, and the whole Duty of Man. Out of which may be extracted a brief Exami~ tuition for Communicants before their firlt Admit- tance; which may be done by the Minifter, if he had Orders and Directions for it. By this Means the People would attain to better Notions of Re- ligion (and many more would be Communicants, who now abltain totally through Fear or Igno- rance) were the firft true Principles timely inftilled into them in a brief Method; for any Thing te- dious loon tires them, and will not obtain the de- fired Effect. In ieveral Reipects the Clergy are obliged to omit or alter fome minute Parts of the Liturgy, and deviate from the itrict Di/cipline and Ceremonies of the Church; to avoid giving Of- fence, through Cuftom, or elfe to prevent Abfur- dities and Inconiiltencies. Thus Surplices, difufed there for a long Time in moil Churches, by bad Examples, Careleinefs and Indulgence, are now be- ginning to be brought in Fafhion, not without Difficulty : and in fome Parifhes where the People have been ufed to receive the Communion in their Seats (a Cuitom introduced for Opportunity for iuch as arc inclined to Prefbytery to receive the Sacrament fitting) it is not an eafy Matter to bring them to the Lord's Table decently upon their Knees. The latt Injunction in the Form of Publick Bapti/m is molt properly omitted there, wherein the Godfathers and Godmothers are ordered to take Care that the Child be brought to the Bijbop to be confirmed, which for the molt Part would prove impracticable. It would be improper for the Chaplain of the Honourable the Ajffembly and others, to ufe the " Prayers jo The S t ate of Prayers for the High Court of Parliament verba- tim, for they cannot know whether the Parlia- ment fits in England then ; and their Intent is to pray for the Affembly and the King's Dominions ; fo that the Prayer mull be altered in feveral Re- ipefts. 'Tis Pity but the Prayer was altered, and al- lowed for the Ajfembly, Governor and Council ; of which we have an Inftance in \rijh Common Prayer Books. Every Minifter is a kind of Independent in his own Parifh, in Refpect of fome little particular Circumftances and Cuftoms, to which they are of- ten occafionally obliged ; but this Liberty with- out Reftraint may prove of bad Confequence here- after ; when the bad Tenets and Diicipline of any hetorodox, libertine, or fantafiical Perfons may plead Prcfcription for their Eftablifhment, and be difficult to be eradicated. In moft Parifhes are Schools (little Houies being bui]t on Purpofe) where are taught Englijh and Writing ; but to. prevent the f owing the Seeds of Diffention and Fadion, it is to be wifhed that the Majiers or MiJlreJJes fhould be fuch as are ap- proved or licenfed by the Minifter, and Veftry of the Parifh, or Juftices of the County ; the Clerks of the Parifhes being generally moit proper for this Purpofe ; or (in Cafe of their Incapacity or Refufal) fuch others as can beft be procured. As for baptizing Indians and Negroes, feveral of the People difapprove of it ; becaufe they fay it often makes them proud, and not fo good Ser- vants : But thefe, and fuch Objections, are eafily refuted, if the Perfons be lenfible, good, and underftand Englifi, and have been taught (or are willing to learn) the Principles of Chrijlianity, and if they be kept to the Obfervance of it afterwards; • for Chrijlianity encourages and orders them to be- come VIRGINIA. 71 conic more humble and better Servants, and not worie, than when they were Heathens. But as for baptizing wild Indians and new Ne~ groes^ who have not the leaft Knowledge nor In- clination to know and mind our Religion, Lan- guage and Cuitoms, but will obltinately periiit in their own barbarous Ways\ I queition whether Baptilm of fuch (till they be a little weaned of their lavage Barbarity) be not a Prqftitution of a Thing (ofacred. But as tor the Children of Negroes and Indians^ that are to live among Chr0ians, undoubtedly they ought all to be baptized ; fince it is not out of the Power of their Mailers to take Care that they have a Chriitian Education, learn their Pray- ers and Catechifm, and go to Church, and not accuitom themfelves to lie, fwear and ileal, tho' fuch (as the poorer Sort in England} be not taught to read and write ; which as yet has been found to be dangerous upon feveral political Accounts, eipecially Self-Preiervation. In every Parim there is allotted for the Mini- iler a convenient Dwelling-Hoti/e and a Glebe of a- bout two hundred and fifty Acres of Land, with a fmall Stock of Cattle ready in fome Places, as 'James Town. The Salary of the Minifter is yearly 16000. and in fome Pariilies 20000 /. of Tobacco ; out of which there is a Dedudion for Cajk. prizing^ col- letting, &c. about which Allowance there are lometimes Difputes, as are alio Differences often about the Place, Time, and Manner of delivering it ; but all thefe Things might ealily be regu- lated. Tobacco is more commonly at 20 J", per Cent. than at 10: 1o that certainly (communibus annis) it will bring 12 . tid. a hundred, which will make iftooo (the leaft Salaiy ) amount to 100 ; . per Ann. which 72 The State of which it mult certainly clear, allowing for all petty Charges, out of the Lownefs of the Price itated, which is lefs than the Medium between ten and twenty Shillings ; whereas it might be Hated above the Medium, fince it is oftener at twenty than ten Shillings. Beiides the Glebe and Salary, there is 20 s. for every Wedding by Licenfe, and 5 s. for every Wed- ding by Banns, with 40 s. for a Fvneral Sermon* which moll: of the middling People will have. This one would think fhould be iufficient En- couragement for Clergymen of good Lives and Learning (that are not better provided for elfe- where) to go over and fettle there ; if they con- fidered rightly the little Danger and Fatigue they may expofe themfelves to, the great Good they may do, and what Advantages they may reap with good Condud and right Management of their Fortunes and Conversations. The Parilhes are large, but then the Inhabitants are but thin ; and there are Chapels of Eaje in large Parilhes, at which there is divine Service in Turns with the Churches ; and frequently upon a Vacancy fome neighbouring Clergyman does the Duty of another Parljh beiides his own, on fome £l r eek-Day, for which he has the Salary, till it can be better fupplied. Many Difputes and Differences arife between lome of the Clergy and People ; but this general- ly proceeds from the uncertain and precarious Footing of Livings, and lome Difputes about the Nature and Manner of the Payment of the efta- bliilied Salary; which though it may be eiteemed fufficient, yet is not fo well regulated, as might be wiflied and expeded in fuch a great Colony of fo long a Jlanding, and free from the Molettation of Church Fadion. and Dilienters. Be fides VIRGINIA. 73 Befides tin- Payment of the Salary, the Sur- plice Fees want a better Regulation in the Pay- ment ; for though the Allowance be fufricient, yet Differences often and Ill-Will arife about thele Fees, whether they are to be paid in Mo- ney or Tobacco, and when; whereas by a imall Alteration and Addition of a few Laws in thele and the like Refpects, the Clergy might live more happy, peaceable, and better beloved; and the People would be more eaiy,and pay never the more Dues. The Eltablilliment is indeed Tobacco, but fome Parts of the Country' make but mean and poor, fo that Clergymen don't care to live in fuch Pa- riilies ; but there the Payment might be made in Money, or in the Produce of thole Places, which might be equivalent to the Tobacco Payments ; better for the Minifter, and as pleafing to the People. Some Clergymen are indeed unfkilful in, and others are not ftudious of, reconciling their own Intereit and Duty with the Humour and Advan- tage of the People, efpecially at their full: coming, when many Things feem very odd to them ; be- ing different to what they have been heretofore accuilomed to. Thele Things often occafion Uneafinels to the Minifters themfelves, and the People; but for the Generality they that have a Mind to do their Duty, and live happily ( with fome Caution and Care) may live with as much Satisfaction. Reipect, Comfort, and Love, as molt Clergymen in Eng- land. 'Tis to be hoped and wilhed. that as the Go- vernment of England have ot late taken it into their Confideration to encourage more Clergymen to go over : lo they may give Inttructions and Direftions for tin Advantage and Happinefs of L both 74 The State of both the Clergy and Laity, by rectifying and fet- tling fome Affairs belonging to the Church of Vir- ginia ; and providing fuch Laws as are wanting or requifite to be altered in Refpect of the Cler- gy ; a full and true Account of whom I have here given (as much as the Scope of this Treatife would admit of) to the belt of my Knowledge. This I have committed to Paper, for the bet- ter Information of fuch as may in any Refpect be concerned in Affairs relating to Virginia^ espe- cially its Government, Religion, and Trade : For without exact Notions of the Temper, Lives, and Manners of the People, and the Nature and Produce of the Country, none can frame a cor- rect Judgment of what is molt proper to be add- ed, altered, or continued, nor know what Steps are to be taken for the Advancement of either the publick or private Good of that Colony, in Re- fpeft either of Church, State, or Trade. Another Inducement for my writing this, was for the Encouragement and Intelligence of fuch good Clergymen and others, as are inclinable to go and fettle there ; and for the Information of all that are defirous of knowing how People live in other Countries, as well as their own; toge- ther with an Intent to vindicate this Country from the unjuit Reflections which are vulgarly cart on it; and to wean the World from the unwor- thy defpicable Notions, which many entertain concerning his Majeftfs Dominions in North A- merica ; where is Room and Imployment enough for all that want Bufinefs or a Maintenance at Home, of all Occupations ; and where, if they be not their own Enemies, they might live much better than ever they did in England; which blef- fed Opportunity of favourable Providence may give great Comfort to any good Folks that are in poor unfortunate Circumitanccs. PART VIRGINIA. 7S I >Ji « • « " «» »■'•»*■ yi«y-i» y t>£ w *. "i» y (Si V v i u '.J y,^, y lii^XiaXui^ir^. . • y,U . ■" PART IV. O/" Authors concerning Virginia, gW /// public k Officers , Guard- Ships, and the State of Maryland a/?^ North Carolina. 77;^ Conclufion. V^\' : ''.r' N the \l/fcclLiih\i Curiosa is publifh'd '7|l Mr. CI a} ton's fine Defer/ pt/on of I 'irginnu ■$s£. and Co/. Robert Beverley has wrote a good /-////wt of it ; but neither is fo particular as this, as to its preient Condition ; fo that as they are Supplements to Captain Smith's Hi/iory, this may be an Abridgment and Appendix to them all. True Accounts of this Country are difficult to be had ; for they that have lived there any Time in any Repute and Bufmeis, feldom come to fet- tle in England; and the Sailors for the greatelt Part can give no more true Relations of the Na- ture of the Country, than a Country Carrier can write a Deicription of London^ and relate the Po- liticks of Courts and Proceedings of Parliament; for they fee and know but little of the Matter. and that the very worth L 2 Others. 76 The State of Others, by Reaion of their iliort Stay, or for want either of Opportunity, Learning, or Capacity, can neither make right Remarks and corred Ob- fervations, nor defcribe Things in their proper Colours and true Luftre ; and moreover fome are prevailed upon through Intereft, Prejudice, Spite, or Fancy, to conceal or mifreprefent Things : Be- fides, they that have been there formerly know little, but the very woril of the prefent Shite of the Country. The Laws of that Plantation are colleded into a Body and publimed ; and whatever (of any Mo- ment and worth Notice) is not mentioned in this Treatife, or in the Books aforementioned, mult be fuppofed to correlpond exa&ly with the Cu- ftoms and Things in Great Britain, particularly in and about London; from all which any one that is either obliged or inclin'd may have fuffici- ent Accounts of the large, increasing, flourifhing, and happy Colony of Virginia. The prefent Governor is the Right Honourable the Earl of Orkney, whofe Lieutenant Governor is Hugh Drjfdale, Efq ; The Council are thefe Twelve. Edmund Jennings, Efq ; Prefident. The Rev. Mr. James Blair. Robert Carter, William Bird, Philip Li/dice/I, John Lewis, John Harrifon, { -,-,,- %,/r n -Elquires. Mann rage, Cole Digges, Peter Beverley, John Robinfon, John Carter, The \' I X G I N I ,/. The Secretary is 'John Carter, The Attorney-General is John Chi} ton. The Receiver General is John Graham, The Auditor is John Harrifbn, 11 Eiquires. The beft Lift that I can colled, or form of the Offi- cers of the Ctiftoms, is this. I. \ Mr. John Banifler, Collec- ] tor, fupplied by Col. //'//- - 40 Ham Randolph ) James River. Upper Diilrid. Lower Diftrift. Elizabeth River Col. Francis Light/oof, Sur- ) veyor \ Mr. Thomas Mitchel, Col- j 1 A 1 10 ° lector j Mr. Irvin, Surveyor — Surveyor 49 40 fork I Mr. John Ambler, Collector River. \ Mr. William Robertfon, Surveyor- Rappa- ( Sir William Johnfon, or Mr. Ri- \ n bannock < chard Cbicbifter, Collector — \ River. \ Mr. Chriftopber Robinfon, Surveyor — South Potowmack Collector 80 100 Cape Charles. Mr. Griffith Bowen, Surveyor- omack and Nor- ( Mr. Henry Scarburgb, ]_ thampton Counties. ( Collector — j * Thefe have fome confiderable Perquilitrs be- fides their Salaries; for which they give Atten- dance and perform their Duty after the lame Man- ner as the Officers in the Rivers and Ports do in Great Britain. To 78 The State of To guard the Coalts from the Ravages of Py- rates, Men of War are frequently itationed there; but they are not at all under the Direction of the Governor upon Emergencies, tho' he be titular Ad- miral of thole Seas ; but had he lome Command o- ver Men of War, 'tis thought it might be of great Service to the Country, and Security and Advan- tage to the Merchants and others. Maryland in molt Refpeds in an inferior De- gree agrees with / r irginia, only their Laws and lome Cuitoms are particular; and tho' the Church of England be the eitablifhed Church there, and handfom Provifion be made for the Clergy, yet they have many Papijls, and leveral Diffenters ; which lail may be luppofed to be encouraged thro' Jefuitical Views to diftrad and fubvert the Church of England. As for North Carolina it is vaitly inferior, its Trade is fmaller, and its Inhabitants thinner, and for the moil Part poorer than / 'irginia ; neither is their Government extraordinary, tho' they have iome good Laws, and there is fome good Living in this large Country, in which is Plenty of good Provifion. As for Churches there are but very few; and I knew of but one Miniiler in the whole Govern- ment, and he (for what Reafons I know not) had no great Faculty of influencing the People, and is lately removed thence ; fo that much Religion cannot be expeded among a Colledion of fuch People as fly thither from other Places for Safety and Livelihood, left to their own Liberty with- out Reitraint or Inftrudion. Many there have I (with Sorrow) feen ten or fifteen Years old, who have never had the Op- portunity of Baptilm, which they joyfully receive. Col. Frederick Jones, one of the Conned, and in a good Poft, and of a good Eftate in North Ca- rolina* VIRGINIA. 79 . . before his Death applied to me, defiringme to communicate the deplorable State of theii Church to the late Bifhop of London; affuring m< that it' the Society for propagating the Gofpel in Foreign Parrs would contribute and direct them. the Government there would join in eitablifliing by Law fuch Maintenance as might be fufficient for ionic Clergymen to fettle among them. I a&ed according to his Requeit, but never heart! of the Event of this Application. For Want of Clergy the Juitices of the Peace man r, and other Laymen perform the Office of Burial. The common nominal Chriftians live there not much better than Heathens; the pious Endeavours of the Society having been frequently diiappointed either by their not having full Knowledge of the Country and People (and fo purlue not the molt proper Methods) or elfe becaufe they have had the Misfortune lometimes to pitch upon Perfons, that have not anfwered the End of their Calling and Million. By thefe Means the Stare of the Church in North Carolina is very miferable ; which is of greateft Moment, and requires the moll charitable Direction and Chriitian Afiittance ; not only for the Converfion of the Indians and Baptifm of Ne- groes there, but for the Chriitening and Recove- ry to the Practical Profeiiion of the Gofpel great Numbers of Engli/b, that have but the bare Name of God and Chrift; and that too frequently in nothing but vain Swearing, Curling, and Impre- cations. Ma) all thefe vaft Countries grow in Grace, and encreafe in fpiritual Bleffings, and Temporal Profperity . May all the / ds oj the World fee and purfu< rightly the N ' God, and know and be- Lie\ t 8o The State, (Sc* lieve that there is none other Name given under Heaven, by and thro 1 whom they may be faved, but only the Name of Jefus Chriji. May God's Kingdom be eftabliilied in the true Church in America, as well as England ; and may it be truly faid, blejjed be the Lord God of Shem ; for his is the Kingdom, the Power, and the Glo- ry, for ever and ever. Amen. A P P E N- 8i APPENDIX. >T being obferved by fbme Gentlemen of Diftinftion, that in the foregoing i Account of Virginia, I hinted at fome jjv/ Things, wherein Addition, Altera- tion, or Improvement of fome Me- thods and Laws, feem'd abfolutely requifite for the Advancement of Religion and Learning, and the Promotion of Arts and Trade ; it was therefore thought not improper to annex the following Schemes upon thofe Subjects; wherein Ideli\ and .1 /< xryU ind, conferred this prince- ly Donation upon them ; and were feconded with the ample Benefaction of the honourable Mr. Boyle, and the Contributions of the Country. But this underwent the common Fate of molt other charitable Gifts ot this Kind, having met with feveral Difficulties to ltruggle with in its Infancy; but the molt dangerous was, that it was as it were no looner finilhed, but it was unfortunately and unaccountably confumed to Allies. Yet ob- lcrve the wonderful Turns of Fortune, and Power of Providence. This College, Pbcenix-like, as the City of London, revived and improved out of its own Ruins. But though it has found fuch unex- pected Succefs, and has proved of very great Service already ; yet is it far ihort of fuch Per- fection, as it might eahly attain to by the united Power ot the Perlons concerned about this impor- tant Foundation. For it is now a College without a Chapel, with- out a Scholarship, and without a Statute. There is a Library without Books, comparative - ly fpeaking, and a Prefident without a fix'd Sa- lary til! of' late: A Burgefs without certainty of Ele&ors; and in fun-, there have been Difpu M 2 and 84 APPENDIX. and Differences about thefe and the like Affairs of the College hitherto without End. Theie Things greatly impede the Progrels of Sciences and learned Arts, and difcourage thofe that may be inclined to contribute their Affiitance or Bounty towards the Good of the College. Neverthelefs the Difficulties of this Kind might be removed by lome fuch Regulations as fol- low, viz. Let none be permitted to teach School in any Parifh, but fuch as (hall be nominated by the Mi- nitter and Veitry, and licenfed by the Prefident of the College. Let fuch Lads as have been taught to read and initruded in the Grounds of the Englijh Language in thofe Schools, be admitted into the Grammar School at the College, if they pafs Examination before the Prefident and Matters; together with fuch Youth as ihall be lent from Maryland^ who have a Right to be educated at this College. Provided always that the Number of Grammar Scholars fhall never exceed one Hundred. Let them be boarded and lodged in the Dormi- tory, as they are at prelent ; or upon fuch Terms as may from Time to Time feem molt proper to the Prefident and Mafters, or to the Governors, till a Transfer be obtained. Thefe Lads fhould be two Years under the Care of the Ufher, and tw r o more under the Grammar Mailer; and by them inftructed in Latin and Greek, in fuch Methods as the Prefident and Mafters {hall direct. And during thefe four Years, at certain appoint- ed Times they fhould be taught to write as they now are in the Writing-School, or in fuch Me- thods as the Prefident and Matters may judge bet- ter: There alfo fhould the Writing Matter teach them A P P E N D I JC. 8 5 them the Grounds and Practice oi Arithmetick, in order to qualify fuch tor Bulinefs, as intend to make no farther Progrefs in Learning. Out of the Grammar School ihould be yearly elected by the Prelident and Matters [or Profei- iors ] five Scholars upon the Foundation, who fhould be allowed their Board, Education, and Lodging in proper Apartments gratis; and ihould alio be provided with Cloaths and Gowns, &c. after the Charter-Houle Method. Theie Scholars Ihould continue three Years up- on the Foundation; during which Time, at ap- pointed Terms they Ihould be inttructed in Lan- guages, in Religion, in Mathematicks, in Philo- sophy, and in Hiftory, by the five Matters or Pro- terrors appointed tor that Purpofe ; who with the Grammar Matter make up the Number appointed by the Charter. Befides the Scholars, the ProfetTors fhould for a certain Sum inltruct fuch others as may be enter'd Commoners in the College out of the Grammar S hool, or from elfewhere, by the Approbation of the Prelident and Matters, who fhould be obliged to wear Gowns, and be iubject to the fame Statutes and Rules as the Scholars ; and as Commoners are in Oxford. Thete Ihould maintain themfelves, and have a particular Table, and Chambers for their Accommodation. For to wait at the four high Tables hereafter mentioned, there Ihould be elected by the Preli- dent and Matters four Servitors, who Ihould have their Education, and fuch Allowances, as the Ser- \ itors in Oxford. Such Scholars, Commoners, and Servitors, as have behaved themfelves well, and minded their Studies tor three Years, and can pafs proper Exa- mination, and have performed certain Exercifes, Ihould have the Degree oi a Batchellor of Art> w conferred 86 APPENDIX. conferred upon them ; ihould eat at a Table toge- ther, and be diftinguiflied by a peculiar Habit ; maintain themfelves, be iubjeft to certain Rules, and purfue proper Studies ; being allowed the Ufe of the Library as well as the Mafters, paying proper Fees upon their Admiilion for the Good of the Library. Out of thefe Batchellors fliould be yearly elect- ed by the Presidents and Mafters, one Fellow to be allowed 20 /. for his Paffage to England^ and 20 /. per Ann. for three Years after his ipeedy En- trance and Continuance in fome certain College in Oxford or Cambridge; after which he fliould commence Mafter of Arts; which Degree, with all others in our Univernties, lliould be conferred in the fame Manner in this College by the Pren- dent and Mafters. Out of the Graduates above Batchellors fliould the Mafters or Profeffors be chofen by the Elec- tion of the laid Mafters or Profeffors, with the Prelident ; who alfo every feven Years fliould chofe a new Chancellor, to whoie Determination all Difputes and Differences fliould be referred. And when the Prefident's Place is vacant, it fliould be filled by fuch of the Mafters as has belonged firft to the College. A Teftimonium from this College fliould be of the fame Ufe and Force as from others in our Univernties. If the prefent Fund be infufficient to defray the Expence, proper Improvement fliould be made ot the Revenue, and Application made for additional Benefactions. A Body of Statutes fliould be directty formed and eftablifli'd by the Vifitors, Prelident, and Mafters; and a Transfer of the Truft fliould be then made. Such A PPE N D /JC. 87 Such an Eftablifliment would encourage the bright Youth of Virginia to apply to their Stu- dies, and in fome Meafure would compel them to improve themielves ; whereas now being left to their own Liberty, they proceed but iuperficially, and generally commence Miin before they have gone through the Schools in the College. Here too would be great Inducements for their Friends to ad vile and perfuade them to go through with their Learning: when they are certain, that the) will thus be regularly improved, and have Pro- fpeft of a cheap Education, and Hopes of the bell Preferment in their Country in Church and State; and have equal (if not fuperior) Chance with o- thers for Promotion abroad in the World: being bred compleat Gentlemen anil good Chriftians, and qualified for the Study of the Gofpel, Law, or Phyfick : and prepared tor undertaking Trade, or any ufeful Projects and Inventions. As for the Accomplilhments of Mufick, Dan- cing, and Fencing, they may be taught by fuch as the Preiident and Matters (hall appoint at fuch certain Times, as they mall fix tor thole Pur- poles. Till thefe Regulations (or the like) be made, Matters may be carried on as they are at prefent; only to me there feems an abfolute Neceffity now for a ProfefTbr of Divinity, in order to inftrufl the Indians and Englijh Youth there in the Grounds of Religion, and read Lectures of Morality to the fenior Lads, and to read Prayers and preach in the College as Chaplain : This I am certain is very much wanting, and what the prefent In- come of the College with good Management will eafily allow of ; therefore I hope particular No- tice will be taken hereof There is as yet no great Occafion for the Hall, lo that it might be mad'' a Chapel and Divinity- .;. School, 88 APPENDIX. School, for which Purpofe it would ferve nobly with little or no Alterations. As there is lately built an Apartment for the In- dian Boys and their Matter, lo likewife is there very great Occafion for a Quarter for the Negroes and inferior Servants belonging to the College ; for thefe not only take up a great deal of Room and are noify and natty, but alio have often made me and others apprehenfive of the great Danger of being burnt with the College, thro' their Care- 1 erne is and Drowfmefs. Another thing prejudicial to the College, is the Liberty allowed the Scholars, and the negligent Obfervance of College Hours, and the Opportu- nity they have of rambling Abroad. To remedy this, there is wanting tome Contri- vance to fecure the Youth within the College at certain Hours ; which has hitherto been in vain at- tempted, becaufe of the many Servants lodged in the College, and the feveral Doors and Ways to get out of it. Likewife the Privileges and Apartments of the Prehdent and Malters, and Houfe-Keeper, &c. ought to be fix'd and afcertain'd ; for thefe being precarious and doubtful, upon this Account has arofe much Difference and Ill-Will, to the great Scandal of the College, and Detriment of Learn- ing^ Little additional Charge would put the Govern- ment of the College upon a much better Footing ; whereas at prefent it lcarcely merits the name of a College. As for Election of a Burgefs in Purf uance to a Claufe in the Charter, he ought to be chofen by the Prefident and as many Matters as there fhall actually be at any Time. The Charter mentions lix Matters or Profeflbrs, but dors not lperify the Proteilions ; it directs to the . I P P E N D I X'. 89 the making of Statutes and founding Scholarfhips, but the particulars are left to the Diicretion of the Managers ; and fome fuch Eftablifhment as this here mentioned may not be improper, efpe- cially if for greater Encouragement the Surveyors of each County were to be appointed by the Pre- fident and Mailers, out of fuch as have taken a Batchellor of Arts Degree there; and if alfo the Governor and Council were to eled a certain Number of Batchellors for Clerks into the Secre- taries Office ; out of which Clerks attending and writing there at certain Times, the County Clerks mould be appointed by the Secretary. The Office of the Preiident would be to go- vern the College, be Treaiurer, and Cenfor, and have a calling Vote in all Debates. The fix ProfelTors or Mailers would be Divinity, who mould be Chaplain and Catechiil. Mathematicks. Philofophy. one tor r l J , Languages. Hilton. Humanity, who ihould be Grammar Ma- iler. The under Mailers would be the Uflier, the Indian Mailer, and the Writing-Matter. The Town Mailers mult be fuch as occafion requires, tor Fencing, Dancing, and Mufick. There would be three ULngliJb Fellows. There would be fifteen Scholars, and a fufficient Number of School-Boys for a conftant Supply. Belides a Number of Batchellors and Mailers of Arts, who would wait till they came in Fel- lows or Profeflbrs, or got to be made Surveyors or Countv Clerks. N I*'oi (jo APPEND! X. For all this there might eafily be contrived Room in the College, efpecially if a Hall was built in the Place intended for the Chapel. As alfo would there be Room enough for the Houfe-Keeper, Officers, and Servants ; efpecially if a Quarter was built for the Negroes, &>c. The Tables might then be diitinguiih'd into four higher or four lower, viz. The upper Table for the Prefident and Mailers. The fecond for the Matters of Arts, &c. The third for the Batchellors of Arts. The fourth for the Scholars and Commoners. The four lower Tables mould be The firit for the Houfe-Keeper, and the upper School-Boys. The fecond for the Ulher, Writing-Ma- iler, and the lower School-Boys. The third for the Servitors and College Officers. And the lail for the Indian Mailer and his Scholars. This Regularity might eaiily be effected, and would prove not only decent and creditable, but alfo ufeful and advantageous to the Country and the College. The Library is better furniilied of late than for- merly, by the kind Gifts of feveral Gentlemen ; but yet the Number of Books is but very fmall, and the Sets upon each Branch of Learning are very imperfect, and not the beil of the Sort. To remedy this Defed proper Application fhould be made to the Societies and to the luperior Cler- gy in England, who would give at leail what Duplicates they have upon fuch an ufetul Occa- fion ; and what neceffary Colledion of Books can- not be obtain'd by begging, they may buy as foon as they ilia.ll be able to ilock their Library: as a great Help to which I believe considerable Con- tributions A PP E N D I X. 91 tributions would be made by the Clergy, Burget- fes, and Gentry of the Country, if upon eafy Terms they were allowed the Ule of the Library at certain Hours, at fuch Times as they ihall be at Williamfburgh) either for Pleafure or upon Bufi- nefs. The Office of Librarian is given to Mr. John Harris the Ulher, in order to make his Place more agreeable to his Merit ; and if the Gardener was made to execute the Office or Porter tor his pre- l'ent Salary, it would be no great Hardihip upon him, and would be an Eafe to the College ; and for the Benefit and Encouragement of the Houfe- Keeper feveral fmall neceflary Penfions and Privi- leges might be contrived more than what are at prelent allowed : fo that it might be made well worth the while of a Perfon of Integrity, Know- ledge, and Prudence, to undertake and carry on fo troublefom an Office. The greater the Number of Collegians, the greater would be the Gain of the Houfe-Keeper : fo that when the College Ihould be full and compleat as here directed and wiflied, the Colle- gians may be boarded upon eaiier Terms ; board- ed I fay; becauie if any but the Prefident dieted themfelves, it would create Contufion ; and if an) belonging to the College but fuch Mailers as have Families were permitted to eat elfewhere, it would not be worth any body's while to lay in Provi- sion, when they could not tell what Number they mud provide for. As for the Englijk College Cuftoms of Com- mons^ &c. it is thought as yet more advileable to board in the College than to keep to thole Me- thods, till the Country affords better Conveni- ences and Opportunities for to doing. The Indians who are upon Mr. Boyle's Founda- tion ha\ e now a handfom Apartment for themfelves N 1 and 92 APPENDIX. and their Mailer, built near the College, which uieful Contrivance ought to be carried on to the utmoft Advantage in the real Education and Con- version of the Infidels ; tor hitherto but little Good has been done therein, though abundance of Money has been laid out, and a great many En- deavours have been uled, and much Pains taken for that Purpofe. The young Indians, procured from the tributa- ry or foreign Nations with much Difficulty, were formerly boarded and lodged in the Town ; where abundance of them ufed to die, either thro' Sick- nefs, change of Provilion, and way of Life ; or as fome will have it, often for want of proper Neceflaries and due Care taken with them. Thole of them that have efcaped well, and been taught to read and write, have for the moil: Part returned to their Home, fome with and fome without Bap- tifm, where they follow their own lavage Cu- iloms and heatheniih Rites. A few of them have lived as Servants among the Engl/Jb, or loitered and idled away their Time in Lazineis and Mifchief. But 'tis great Pity that more Care is not taken about them, after they are dilmiffed from School. They have admirable Capacities when their Humours and Tempers are perfedly underftood ; and if well taught, they might advance them- felves and do great Good in the Service of Reli- gion ; whereas now they are rather taught to be- come worle than better by falling into the woril Pradices of vile nominal Chrillians, which they add to their own Indian Manners and Notions. To prevent this therefore, let there be chofen continually four Indian Servitors out of the In- dian School, as the other four out of the Gram- mar School. Let A P P E N D I X. 93 Let thefe be maintained in the Indian Houfe, and wait upon the tour lower Tables : Let them be inftruded as the other Servitors, or as their Genius moil aptly may require, but particularly in Religion ; and when they are found qualified let them be Tent to England^ or placed out to Cap- tains of Ships or Trades, as the Mathematical Boys in Cbriji-Hofpitid^ for a few Years; then let them return and be allowed a fmall Exhibition, and en- couraged in their feparate Callings and Occupa- tions ; and let them iettle iome among the Eng- ///b, and others return to their own Nations. Undoubtedly many of them would become ex- cellent Artilts and Proficients in Trade ; and thus when Reafon and Experience has convinced them of the Preference of our Religion and Manners, certainly they may not only lave their own Souls; but alfo be extreamly inltrumental in the Conver- fion of their barbarous Friends and Relations. In proceeding thus, any that feem capable or in- clinable to ftudy Divinity, fhould by all Means be encouraged and forwarded in it, and lent over for a fmall Time to one of our Univerfities with an Allowance of Fellows; after which, if iuch were admitted into Orders, and then fent out Miffionaries among their own Country-Folks, what great Good might we not expeft from fuch, when throughly converted and intruded in Chri- ltianity, and made truly fenfible of the Advantages of Religion, the deadly State of Infidelity, and the miierable Lives and Cuftoms of the Indians / In a Work of this Kind undoubtedly ieveral good Chriltians would contribute their charitable AlTiihnce ; 'till which the preient Fund ihould be applied in this Method, though the Managers fhould be obliged to reduce the Number of In- dian Scholars upon this Account ; fince this was the main Intent of the Benefaction, and no other 14 Method Q4- APPENDIX. j ( Method can well anfwer this Defign ; which may be evidenced by Experience both from the Col- leges of Virginia and New England too, as I have been credibly informed from good Authors, as well as my own Experience. By fuch Methods in Procefs of Time might the Indian Obitinacy be mollified, their feeming Dulnefs might be cleared from Ruit ; and the Gates of Heaven be opened for their Admiffion upon their perfect Conversion to the Faith of Chrift. In fuch glorious Defigns as thefe neither fhoukl Humour, Intereft, nor Prejudice divert a- ny from their charitable Affiitance therein, efpe- cially fuch as are concerned in Affairs of this Kind, and engaged by Duty to lend their belt Aid in leading the Infidels into the Pale of Chrift's Church, and making them by mild and moil gen- tle Meafures to accompany his Flock ; fince all the Force* in the World would rather drive them from, than guide them, to the Congregation of the Faithful and Communion of Saints. By fome fuch prudent and mild Methods alone may they be made to live and die as true Chrifti- ans, and not like the molt lavage Brutes, as they generally do. Hbus far as to the Education of the young Men in Virginia, and the Inftrudion moll proper for the Indians; and as for the Negroes each Owner ought to take Care that the Children born his Property, and all his intelligent adult Negroes be taught their Catechifm and fome fhort Prayers, be made to frequent the Church and be baptized, and hindered as much as may be from Swearing, Lying, Intemperance, Prophanenefs, and Steal- ing and Cheating. Finally, as to the Education of Girls, it is great Pity but that good Boarding Schools were erected J for them at IV illiamf burgh and other Towns. Scheme APPENDIX. 95 Q@2 r Scheme 1 1. Of Religion in Virginia. ;,'v',;_T is an Opinion as erroneous as common, \\%( that any fort of Clergymen will ierve in **i'XT' //;,"/;•.'; tor Perions oi immoral Lives, or weak Parts and mean Learning, not only ex- pole themfelves, but do great Prejudice to the Propagation of the Gofpel there; and by bad Ar- guments or worie Example, inltead of promoting Religion, become Encouragers of Vice, Profane- nefs, and Immorality. Whereas were luch con- fined to the narrow Limits of a Parifh or two in England, where their Knowledge and their Name would fcarce extend farther than the Circumfe- rence of their own Country; then neither could their bad Learning nor Example propagate fo much Mifchief, as when lent Abroad into the World among bright and oblerving People. Nei- ther do they want quarrelfom and litigious Mi- nillers, who would differ with their Pariihioners about infignificaht Trifles, who had better Hay at Home and wrangle with their own Parilhes, which is not fo great a Novelty here as there. Neither would they have meer Scholars and Sto- icks, or Zealots too rigid in outward Appearance, as thc_\ would be without loole and licentious Profligates; thele do Damage to themfelves, to others, and to Religion. And 9 6 A PPE N D IX. And as in Words and Actions they fhould be neither too referved nor too extravagant; fo in Principles fhould they be neither too high nor too low: The Virginians being neither Favourers of Popery nor the Pretender on the one Side, nor of Preibytery nor Anarchy on the other ; but are firm Adherents to the prefent Conftitution in State, the Hanover Succeffion and the Epifcopal Church of England as by Law eftablillied ; confequently then if thefe are the Inclinations of the People, their Minifters ought to be of the fame Senti- ments, equally averfe to papiftical and fchifmati- cal Dodrines, and equally free from Jacobitijh and Oliverian Tenets. This I confefs are my Principles, and fuch as the Virginians belt, relifh, and what every good Clergyman and true Englijh- man (I hope) will favour ; for fuch will never re- fufe to fay with me God blefs the Church, and George its Defender, Convert the Fanaticks, and baulk the Pretender. For our Sovereign is undoubtedly the Defender and Head of our national Church of England, in which Refped we may pray for the King and Church ; but Chrift is the Head of the Univerfal or Catholick Church, in which Reiped we wiili Profperity to the Church and King. Clergymen for Virginia fhould be of fuch Parts, Tempers, and Notions as thefe. They likewife fhould be Perfons that have read and feen fome- thing more of the World, than what is requifite for an Englifh Parifh ; they muft be fuch as can converfe and know more than bare Philoiophy and fpeculative Ethnicks, and have ftudied Men and Bufinefs in fome meafure as well as Books; they may ad like Gentlemen, and be facetious and good-humour'd, without too much Freedom and Licentioufnefs ; they may be good Scholars with- out APPENDIX. 97 out becoming Cynicks, as they may be good Chriftians without appearing Stoicks. They iliould be inch as will give up a imall Matter ra- ther than create Difturbance and Miichief ; for in all Parishes the Minifter as well as the People mould pals by fome little Things, or elle by being at Variance the belt Preaching may have the worlt Effect ; yet they mult not condelcend too far, nor part with a material Right, but mult be truly zealous and firm in every good Caufe both pub- lick and private. There are many fuch worthy, prudent, and pious Clergymen as thefe in Firginia, who meet with the Love, Reputation, Refped, and Encouragement that luch good Men may deierve and expect : However, there have been tome whole Learning, Actions, and Manners have not been io good as might be wiihed ; and others by their outward Behaviour have been lulpeded to have been, fome Jacobites^ and others Frefbyterians inwardly in their Hearts. In Virginia there is no Ecclelialtical Court, fo that Vice, Prophanenefs, and Immorality are not fuppreffed fo much as might be : The People hate the very Name of the Bifhop's Court. There are no Yiiitations, fo that the Churches are often not in the belt Repair, nor as decently adorned as might be ; neither in fome Places can the Lord's Supper be adminitter'd with luch holy Reverence as it thould be, for want of proper Materials and Utenlils. The Churches being not confecrated are not enter'd with luch reverent Demeanour, as ought to be ufed in God's holy Tabernacle. For want of Confirmation Perlons are admitted to the holy Sacrament witli mean and blind Know- Ledge, and poor Notions of the divine Mytteries of the Supper of the Lord ; which is an Abufe of a thing lo very facred. O In 9 8 APPENDIX. In North Carolina and feveral Parts of Virginia Children are often negleded to be baptized till they are grown up, and then perhaps may never know or never mind that they want to be chri- ften'd ; and many efteem it unneceffary. The Clerks upon feveral Occaiions performing too great a Share of divine Services, expofe the Church to Shame and Danger, and often bring Contempt and Difdain upon the Perfons and Func- tion of the Minifters. Minifters are often obliged to bury in Orchards, and preach Funeral Sermons in Houies, where they alio generally marry and chriften ; and as for Wed- dings there is no Regard to the Time of the Day nor the Seafon of the Year ; and in North Caro- lina the Juftices marry. Now to remedy all thefe Grievances and Defi- ciencies, with all Evils of the like Kind, there is an abfolute Neceffity for a Perfon whole Office upon this Occafion mould be fomewhat uncom- mon, till a Bilhop be eftabliihed in thofe Parts ; who might pave out a Way for the Introduction of Mitres into the Englifh America, fo greatly want- ing there. This Perfon mould have Inftrudions and Power for diicharging fuch Parts of the Of- fice, of a Biihop, of a Dean, and of an Arch- Deacon, as Neceffity requires, and the Nature of thofe (acred Fundions will permit ; and from a Medium of thefe three Functions he might be called Dean of Virginia ; under whofe Jurifdidion North Carolina might fall for the prefent, till the Constitution in Church and State there be better advanced. This Perfon mould refide in fome Parifh in Vir- ginia^ and be obliged to make a Progrefs (for the People will not approve of a Vifitation) each Spring and Fall in Virginia and North Carolina, as his Difcretion fhall bell dired him. As APPEND/JC. 99 As for a Salary for his travelling Expences 100 /. ■per Ann. would iuffice ; and that this might not bring any new Charge upon the Publick, there fhould be no Fees upon any Account, neither fhould he put them to any Expence. This Perfon fhould be one that is popular, univerfally acquaint- ed with the People, their Temper and Manners, and one reipeded and beloved by them ; and as a farther Encouragement for him, and to fupport the Dignity of his Office, he Ihould have a good convenient Parifh in Virginia ; and in his Abfence the Clergymen there ihould be obliged to officiate in his Church in Turns, according to their Senio- rity in the Country ; for the Detriment that the Parifhes would fuffer by the Lofs of Service in their Churches one Sunday in feveral Years would be nothing, when compared with the Advantage they would receive in Lieu of it. As a farther Addition to his Salary and Honour, he might be one of the Matters of the College, particularly Divinity Profeffor would be moll lui table with his Character and Office, and more convenient for him, fince he might contrive to make his Progrefs in the Vacation Time. This Salary of 100 /. per Ann. might certainly be eafily obtained from the Government out of the Quit-Rents, or otherwife, as the Commiflary's was; which Office and Name has not appeared well-pleafing to the People and Clergy, for Rea- fons I can't account for; neither has it obtained the Power and good Effect as might have been expeded. This Office of Dean might be try'd for a few Years, and the Dean fhould be obliged to trans- mit Home yearly to his Diocefan the Biihop of London attelfed Copies of his Proceedings in his Progrefs ; fetting forth the Particulars of the At- tempts that he has made, and the Good he has N 2 done. ioo APPENDIX. done, figned by the Juftices and Miniflers of the Place or County. The Expence of this Tryal would be but little, but the Good that might a- rife from hence might be unfpeakable, and there can be no Hurt in it; no Incroachment upon the Privilege of the People, nor the Rights of the fe- veral Incumbents. His Office and Duty fhould be to regifter all Letters of Orders and Credentials of Minifters, lent over by the Bifhop of London, and alio all Collations to Livings. To examine and confirm all Perfons before they be admitted to the Lord's Supper, which Confirmation (or rather Approba- tion) might be done without Impofition of Hands in a peculiar Form, proper for the Circumffances of this Occafion ; and the Ministers fhould admit none to the Sacrament without his Certificate of this their Confirmation, He fhould be obliged to fend the Minifters in his Progrefs timely Notice of his Intention, with a printed Form of his Examination and Confirma- tion, with Directions for the Minifter to prepare and exhort the Congregation thereto. In his Progrefs he fhould preach at fuch vacant Churches as he paffes by ; baptize all Children and others that require it; and preach up the abfolute Ne- ceflity of it. He fhould have Power to call a Veftry, and there examine whether the Church, &c. be in good Repair, and fit for the Congre- gation ; whether it be fufficiently beautified and commodioufly built and fituated ; whether there be Surplices, Communion-Table and Cloth, and all the Utenfils required in che Canons of the Church of England. He fhould enquire into the Condud of the Mi- nifter ; and likewife fhould he infped: into the Management of the Clerk, and prefcribe him Rules and Direftions in the Execution of his Of- 4- fice, APPENDIX. 101 fice, especially where there is no Incumbent Mi- niiter, which very frequently happens in feveral Places for Years together. He lliould fee that the Lord's Supper be duly and decently adminiitered, encourage People to frequent Communion, and inltruft them in the Nature of that holy Sacrament ; and as for Bap- tifm he lliould fee that it be rightly performed, and by the Biiliop of London's Directions lliould prefcribe the requifite Alteration in the lalt Claufes of the Form of Baptifm ; as alfo thofe Alterations wanting in the Prayer for the General Affembly, inllead of the Prayer for the Parliament. He lliould alfo vint fuch Sick as he paries by, and exhort all to a timely Repentance, and not (as they too often do) to defer that and the Sacra- ment till Death. He lliould perfuade and advife People as much as may be to chrilten, marry, and bury at Church. He lliould likewife enquire if there be any noto- rious and fcandalous Livers, who by their wicked Practices give Offence to their Chriftian Neigh- bours. He lliould likewife fee that the divine Service be performed regularly and decently according to the Rubric, and exhort and direel thereto; with Abundance more of fuch Things as thefe, wlu'ch might eahly be done, if attempted in an ealy, mild Manner; which might prove of wonderful Ad- vantage to the Good of Vertue and Religion. Though the Office of this Dean lliould be chiefly to infped, exhort, reprimand, and repre- fent, befides Confirming, and doing the common Offices of a Clergyman ; yet lliould he and the Veftry prefent at the County Courts any egregi- ous Default or Omiffion of the Kinds here men- tioned ; but here they lliould be very tender and cautious not to give general Offence, for Rigour will 102 APPENDIX. will foon make fuch an Office odious to the Peo- ple, and then it will be but of little Service. Prefentments of this kind (when any) fhould be made, given in, and profecuted in the common Courts, in the fame Form and Manner as common Prefentments are ; fo that here would be no Inno- vation in the Proceedings. In order to create more Refpect for facred Places and Things, the Churches and Church- Yards there ihould be folemnly fet apart for that Purpofe by the Dean, by fome kind of Form of Conlecration fuitable to be ufed by a Perfon that is no Bilhop, and agreeable to the Occafion of the Thing, and Nature of the Place. Such a Perfon as this might do a vaft deal of Good, and reduce the Church Difcipline in Vir- ginia to a much better Method than at prefent it is in : For tho' the Church of England be there eftablifhed, yet by permitting too great Liberty, and by being too indifferent in many fuch Refpeds as are here fpecified, great Inconveniences have arofe ; and we may certainly expect far greater Detriment in the Church from hence, unlefs time- ly Lenitives and proper Remedies be applied, in the bed Methods that can poffibly be devifed; fome fuch Methods (I conceive) as thefe here pro- pofed may not be efteemed leaft proper ; and if they be rejeded or defpifed, yet I am perfuaded that they are not fo inlignificant as fome may ima- gine, and not altogether fo defpicable as to be quite difregarded ; and not thought worthy of the ferious Peruial of any concerned in Affairs of this Nature. The Method ufed for obtaining a Living in Virginia, is for the Party to notify his Intentions of going Abroad to the Bifhop of London, to pro- duce fufficient Teftimonials of his good Life and Principles, together with his Letters of Orders; which APPENDIX. 103 which being approved of, he has then a Licence, and Certificate, and Credentials to the Governor, with an Order upon the Treafury for 20 /. for his Paflage; and upon his Arrival makes Applica- tion for fbme vacant Parilh cither to the Gover- nor, to the Parishioners, or to both; upon whofe Approbation he is admitted their Minilter. But Variety of Diiputes have arofe from the uncer- tain Interpretation of the Virginia Laws relating to Livings ; and though the Opinion of the bell: Council has been procured, yet as their Senti- ments could not lufficiently fettle it, fo have they diredly contradicted each other. Several of the People infift that they have the Right ot Prefen- tation ; and on the other hand the Governor has as ltrenuoully contested with them for his Right of Prefentation in Behalf of the King; io that feveral that the Parifhes have nominated or elected have been refufed ; and on the other Side, many appointed and fent by the Governor have been re- jected with Difdain, Dilappointment, and 111- Will. Thele Elections of the People are often diiagreeable to the Governor's Choice, and the People on the contrary will refute whom they fay the Governor may impofe upon them, though he comes directly recommended from the Biihop ; but in my Opinion their Election might be better given up, fuppofe they had a Right to it, fince it often creates fuch Ditturbance ; and in Procefs of Time, who knows but they may elect and in- fill: upon Perfons unfit for the Miniftry, either for their Learning, Lives, or Doctrines, and not licenfed by the Biihop ; and may obftinately refute any fuch as comes regularly, and is prefented to the Living by the Governor. This Prefentation by the Governor, who like- wile as Ordinary is to inltitute and induct, may be termed a Collation ; but there of late were not abo\ e io4 APPENDIX. above three or four Redors thus collated, or in- ftituted and induded in the whole Colony; be- cause of the Difficulties, Surmifes, Difputes, and Jealoufies that arife upon fuch Accounts. But the Clergy Handing upon this Footing are liable to great Inconveniency and Danger; for upon any fmall Difference with the Vettxy, they may pre- tend to affume Authority to turn out fuch Mini- fters as thus come in by Agreement with the Ve- ftry, who have often had the Church Doors fliut againft them, and their Salaries flopped, by the Order and Protedion of fuch Veftry-Men, who erroneoufly think themfelves the Majters of their Par/on, and aver, that fince they compared but from Year to Year with him as fome have done, they may turn off this their Servant when they will ; be without one as long as they pleafe, and chofe another, whom and when they iliall think moil: proper and convenient ; which Liberty being granted them (I believe) fome few would be con- tent rather never to appoint a Minifter, than ever to pay his Salary. Among many Inftances of thefe Kinds of Re- fufals, Ejedments, and Elections, I (hall only in- ftance that of the ingenious Mr. Bagge, who coming to England for PrielVs Orders, after he had been Minifter of St. Amfs for a long Time, was refufed by them upon his Return, when the Governor fent him to his own Parifh again ; where- as they ilrenuoufly flood by Mr. Ramsford, whom they had eleded and prefented to the Governor. And Mr. Latant, a Gentleman of Learning and Vertue, and well beloved, was almofl ejeded, nay was (hut out of his Church, only upon ac- count of a fmall Difference and Difpute with fome of his Veflry. The main Allegation they had a- gainft him was that they could not underftand him, (he having a fmall Tang of the Frcnrb) tho' APPEND! JC. 105 tho' they had been hearing him I think upwards of feven Years, without any Complaint of that kind till that very Time. Governor Spotfwood^ to his great Honour be it fpoken, always flood up for the Right of Colla- tion, and was hearty in Vindication of the Cler- gy, who, as he profeffed in a Speech to them, cer- tainly had not only his Protection but alfo his Affection ; fo that it is difficult to be determined in which Refped he chiefly excelled, either in being a compleat Gentleman, a polite Scholar, a good Governor, or a true Churchman. I (peak in Behalf of the Right of Prefenta- tions belonging to the Crown ; becaufe my Rea- fon tells me that it is molt equitable and moft con- venient for the Peace and good Government, and for the Security of the Doctrine and Difcipline of the eftablifhed Church of England. Many Arguments I know are brought againft it, both from apparent Reafon and Intereir. ; but all thefe might ealily be confuted by this follow- ing Remark. When Churches were built and endowed, as thefe in Virginia, by the Laity, with the Leave of the Bifhop or Ordinary in antient Times, the Prefentations to fuch Ecclefiatfical Benefices were often granted away to the Families that founded fuch Donations, as Rewards and Encouragements of fuch pious Liberalities ; whereas all other Pre- ferments were inveited in the Church : This I take to be the Origin of Lay-Prefentations, when Gen- tlemen referved this for the Benefit of fome of their Poiterity or Family, who might receive a Maintenance from their Bounty; which they in Reafon ought to do preferable to any others who contributed nothing towards it. But though the Virginians built and endowed their Churches, yet I never could find that they P had io6 APPENDIX. had made any fuch Referve ; fo that the Right of Prefentation muft belong to the King their chief Ordinary, who never granted away to them the Title of Donation, but kept it for h.imfelf and Heirs ; fo though he gives them Leave to make Parifhes and eftablifh Salaries, yet he ftill imply'd an Obligation in them to give thofe Livings to whom he pleafes. This I take to be the Cafe, and hope I may be excufed for delivering my Opinion by any that may entertain different Sentiments. Be the Right invefted in which it will, either in the Crown or in the Country, I am certain that it ought to be determined one way or other ; and if it belongs to the People, yet fhould there be fuch Regulations made as might make the Li- vings certain, and the Lives of the Clergy as peaceable as may be. Were the Eftablifhment for the Clergy in Vir- ginia a little more plain and regular, even with- out any additional Augmentation of their Sala- ries, I am fure it would be for the Good of the Clergy there, and for the Encouragement of good and ingenious Men to go over and iettle there. Some Parifhes are long vacant upon Account of the badnefs of the Tobacco, which gives Room for Diflenters, efpecially Quakers, as in Nanfemond County ; but this might be remedied, either by making the Payments of equal Value in the other Commodities produced there, or elfe by a ftanding Order, which Governor Spotfajood pro- pofed, viz. that the Parifhes longeft vacant iliould be in their due Courfe nrft fupplied ; for then the good and bad would have Minifters alike in their Turns ; but the Minifters muft run the Rilk of their Lot, though the molt deferving fhould have the worft Parifh, and the molt unworthy be beft preferred : but the Value of the Parifhes being fo nearly APPEND/JC. 107 nearly equivalent to each other, this imall Difference might eafily be made up to good Men ibme other way; fo that this Method may not be impracti- cable nor improper. Some Parithes are not conveniently divided ; in fome the Churches are not commodioufly placed, and other Pariihes are too large, others too imall ; but thefe and the like Difproportions might eafily be remedied by the general Affemblies, if they unanimoufly fet about iuch Divifions without be- ing fwayed by private Intereft ; to do which would tend to the general Good of the Clergy and Lai- ty ; but Works of this Nature, where great Num- bers are concerned, are not effected without great Opposition and Difficulty. The Buildings upon the Glebes being Timber foon decay, efpecially upon Vacancies; but thefe lhould be kept in due Repair continually by the Veftry : Likewife fhould the Dimenfions and Form of the Dwelling-Houfes and Out-Houfes be more particularly determined, and made fuch as might conveniently and handfomly receive the Miniiters and their Families ; which would be very great Inducements for them to relinquifh England for the Certainty of good Livings, good Glebes, good Accommodations, and a kind Reception. The Expence of building and repairing where moll: of the Materials are only an Incumbrance, would be but a Trifle to a Parifli ; whereas 'tis a great Expence and Trouble to a Stranger to fit up the Apartments that he finds, which are gene- rally too f'mall and often very ruinous. Belides this a fmall Stock of Hogs and Cattle upon the Glebes would be of excellent Service to New- comers, till they can be better furnifhed ; they be- ing obliged to leave behind them the fame Number of the fame Animals. Some Glebes, as that at James ¥o-jjii, have this Convenience, and 'tis Pity but P 2 more 108 appendix:. more Parillies followed fuch Examples : The prime Coft in flocking their Glebes by Degrees would be inngnincant ; and the chief Trouble would be for the Church- Wardens to receive the Stock from the Executors of one Incumbent, and deliver them again when there comes ano- ther. Other Difficulties that the Clergy meet with there are the Methods of Payment, the Laws and Culbms being not particular enough in this Re- fped ; fb that fometimes Tobacco cannot be got in Time convenient for the Miniiter, or is not delivered at a proper Place for his Intereft, or is not at all good of its Kind, or not of the right Sort, or but very indifferent, fuch as the Re- ceivers might have refufed, or elfe is not preffed hard enough, J which is a very great Detriment; and fometimes they will make the Ministers pay for their Calk, or for colle&ing, prefling, rolling their Tobacco, and making it heavy and conve- nient, and that at an extravagant Rate ; and if a Stranger, fearful of being impofed upon, takes the Management of his Tobacco into his own Hands, he is at a Lofs how to order it aright, being unacquainted with the Nature of the Com- modity, and the Cultoms of the Country; and if one Difference arifes, it frequently begets wider, though about thofe Things which might eafily be fettled, and are of but little Value in refpeft of their Inconveniency ; fo that the bell: way to get fweet-fcented Tobacco has been declared by iome (to ufe fweet-fcented Words. Now all this lhould be determined, to avoid future Quarrels of this kind, which too frequent- ly proceed from fuch Caufes, by fixing the Times, Places, and Manner of Payment ; together with a Regulation of the Allowances for collecting, prefling, and making Tobacco heavy and conve- nient ; APPENDIX. 109 nient; with an Injunction for the Payment of none but good and vendible Tobacco for paro- chial Dues. Whether the Parifh or the Minister be to allow the Expence thereof, it might eafily be determined; and if both are to join in it, this might eafily be fettled, by which Means abun- dance of Variance would be prevented, and the Incomes would be more certain, and of a good deal greater Value if the Parilli did deliver good heavy Tobacco with Cafk to the Minifter, at Places molt fuitable to his own Conveniency, which I take to be the Intent of the Law, which was made for the good Payment of the Minifters. The Charge of this would be but final 1 to a whole Parilli, tho' it often falls heavy upon the Minister, efpecially when he meets with fliarp or crofs People ; but in abundance of Parifhes the Inhabitants are fo good that they never make any Difpute about thefe Things, efpecially when they like their Miniiter; for that he may have any Favour of them that he in Realon may defire. The Payment of the Surplus Fees alfo wants a Regulation ; for when Tobacco is dear, fome will pay them in Money, but when cheap they will pay Tobacco, which does not feem equita- ble ; fo that in my Opinion thefe Payments fhould always be made at certain appointed Times and in proper Methods, either in one or the other, and not left to the Humor or Difcretion of the Debtor, fince fometimes there is half in half Dif- ference. A Settlement of thefe Things fhould be made, either for the Advantage of the Clergy or People, or elfe a middle Expedient fhould be found out ; fince the Confequences of Difputes and Variance between Minilters and their Congregations are generally very pernicious to the Welfare, Happi- nefs, and Tranquility of both Parties ; wherefore Remedies no APPENDIX. Remedies mould be applied in Time, efpecially in fuch Cafes where Delays encreafe the Danger; when ill Cuftoms in Time pleading Prefcription are eftabliilied as firm as Median Laws, and pro- pagate fuch ill Habits in the Conftitution, as are moll difficult to be extirpated. As for the Eitablilhment of Epifcopacy in Vir- ginia, it would be of excellent Service, if Cau- tion was taken not to tranlplant with it the cor- rupt Abules of fpiritual Courts, which the Peo- ple dread almoft as much as an Inquifition ; but thefe their Fears would foon be diffipated, when by bleifed Experience they might feel the happy Influence of that holy Order among them, free from the terrible Notions that Mifreprefentations of regular Church Government have made them conceive. I have often heard that there have been Inten- tions of this Kind ; and that the main Obitacle was the Difficulty of railing a Salary fufficient to fupport the Dignity, and recompenfe the Labours of a Bilhop. But this Impediment may (I pre- fume) with good Contrivance be eafily removed; for I don't at all queftion that the fuperior Clergy and Collegians in the Univerfities would refufe to contribute half a Crown a Year for this glorious Undertaking, or that the Inferiors would join their Shillings. This might be collefted into the Treafury gratis, by the Officers of the Taxes, and might be taken off in a few Years, when upon Tryal the Ufefulnefs of a Biihop upon the Con- tinent of North America was confirmed by Expe- rience; for then a Maintenance might be con- trived by other Means very eafily, there being fpare Land enough to be appropriated for a Ba- rony. And one (killed in Political Arithmetick may readily compute what a handfom Income this would amount to with Care in colle&ing. A large APPENDIX. in A large Tract of Land claimed by Virginia and Kor/b Carolina, and under the Government of neither, rightly called the difputed Bounds, is a kind of American Mint, whither feveral wicked and profligate Perfons retire, being out of the certain Jurildidion of either Government, where they may purluc any immoral or vicious Pradices without Cenfure and with Impunity. But to end Diiputes about it, why might not this be granted to a Billiop of Virginia and North Carolina ? The Occafion of thefe Diiputes about the Bounds depends upon a Miftake or Difference in two Grants, one fixing the Bounds according to a certain Latitude, and the other fpecifying the Bounds (as I take it) to run Weftward from Roon- oak Inlet, which proves in a Latitude different from that before mentioned ; fo that the Lift be- tween thefe Parallels of Latitude, which is about fifteen Miles broad, and indefinitely long is dif- puted, the Governments of Virginia and North Carolina each pretending a Right to it; but this might eafily be fettled, either by finding out the true Meaning of the Grants, or what was the Occafion of the Error, and then determining the Bounds from thence ; or if this (or what is before- mentioned) cannot be done, the Mathematical Profeffor, or fome other, fhould be imployed to lplit the Difference between them, rather than have con- tinual Diiputes between the two Governments, to the great Detriment of the Religion and Trade of both of them. No regular Church Government or Salaries have been yet made for the Clergy in North Caro- lina ; but to bring this about, Reprefentations fhould be made to the Proprietors; their Di- rections obtained to the Governor and Affembly there for their Affiftance for this Purpofe, in Conjunction with the Millions, that, by proper Applica- ii2 APPENDIX. Applications, I prefume may be continued from the Society, efpecially when they are affured that Meafures will be taken to prevent their pious En- deavours to be any more fruftrated there ; and be- fides this I don't think it imprafticable for them to obtain the Impropriation of the two travelling Fellowfhips, for Clergymen of a certain College in Oxford, to be confined to their Government for fome Years ; fince at prefent they have fuch great Neceffity for Chriftian Help of this Sort. Befides, the continual Progrefs of fuch a Perfon as the Dean before-mentioned for fome Years, would be of extraordinary Service in the prefent deplorable Circumftances of the Church of Chrift in the Government of North Carol inch w Scheme III. Of Arts, Profess, Inventions, and Ma- nufadures in Virginia. :|gf T is an undoubted Truth, that in the W'^:^:"^M Multitude of Inhabitants confifts the SM'I'^S Welfare, Riches, and Power of any f^^§pf^M People; efpecially when all center in Obedience to the fame civil Power, and unani- moufly join in the Encouragement of Trade, and induftrioufly unite in the Improvement of their Manufactures ; for then the greater Conlumption will be made of fuch Things as tend to the publick Good, and the grander Figure will the Com- munity make, and the greater will be the Exports i and APPENDIX. 113 and Imports of fuch Commodities as tend to the Increaie of the publick Wealth, and private Ad- vantage of each particular Member of the Socie- ty- A remarkable Inltance of this we have in the Dutch, whole Riches and Grandeur arofe from the Increaie of their Inhabitants, from their induttri- ous Improvement of Projects, Inventions, and Manufactures at Home and Abroad, and carrying on the greateit Trade with indefatigable Appli- cation. For thefe Reafons ihould Virginia be better ftocked with Inhabitants, and more ufeful Arts and Projects be promoted there, than hitherto have been. Not that this would be in order for the publick Good of Virginia alone, but of all the Britifh Empire in general ; in that there might be imployed all the idle and fuperfluous Perfons, who for want of Employment or Averfion to Buhnefs, prove as dead Members of the whole Body ; or elie by Immorality and Villany prove noxious to others, deftrudive to themfelves, and a Scandal to Mankind. What Shoals of Beggars are allowed in Great Britain to fuffer their Bodies to ruft and confume with Lazineis and Want % And befides Strowlers what Number of Poor are burdenfom to moil Pantiles'? How do our Streets and Highways fwarm with Rogues, and how are we over-itock- ed (as they ia\ ) with vaft Numbers of People of all Trades and' Profeffions ? But for all and more than thefe might Work enough be found in our Plantations, where they might be imployed in the Benefit of their Country, for the Advantage both of the temporal and fpiritual Concernments, by being kept to Bufmefs, and getting Money in an honelt Way. O It 114 APPENDIX. It is a monkifh Opinion too prevalent with many ftill, that there is no good Living without the Bounds of their own Cloyfter. And Abun- dance of Englijh entertain the Chinefe Notion, that they are all Fools and Beggars that live in any Country but theirs. This home Fondnefs has been very prejudicial to the common Sort of Eng- UJh, and has in a great Meafure retarded the Plan- tations from being ifock'd with fuch Inhabitants as are fkilful, induitrious, and laborious. For thefe Reafons, fuch Perfons of Senfe and Refolution as have entered into Proje&s for Im- provements in the Plantations (who have evinced us, that all Schemes are not Bubbles) have been obliged for the generality to make Ufe of the worit and vileft of Mankind, for the Execu- tion of the nobleft and moil: ufeful Undertakings ; tho' indeed continually leveral People of Senfe, Vertue, and Fortune, entertaining tolerable good Notions of thefe Affairs, have embarked them- lelves and Families in fuch laudable and ufeful Deligns : But for the generality, the Servants and inferior Sort of People, who have either been fent over to Virginia^ or have tranfported them- felves thither, have been, and are, the pooreft, idlerl, and woril of Mankind, the Rcfi/fe of Great Britain and Ireland^ and the Outcaft of the People. Thefe Servants are but an infignificant Num- ber, when compared with the vail Shoals of Ne- groes who are imployed as Slaves there to do the harder! and moil Part of the Work ; the moil: laborious of which is the fell'.ng of Trees and the like, to which kind of Slavery (if it mull: be io called) our Wood-Cutters in England are ex- pofed ; only with this Difference, that the Ne- groes eat wholfomer Bread and better Pork with more Plenty and Eafe ; and when they are Sick, their APPENDIX. 115 their Owners Intereft and Purfe are deeply en- gaged in their Recover}', who likewile are ob- liged to take all the Care imaginable of the Chil- dren of their Slaves tor their own great Profit; fo that the .though they work. moderately, live plentifully, have no Families to provide tor, no Danger of Beggar)', no Care for the Morn But to me it feems to be more Prudence and Charity for our own Poor and Vagabonds to be there imployed and provided tor, than for us to maintain and ufe fuch great Numbers of Africans. If we can do better without them certainly we fhould forbear importing io many (though this may interfere with the Interelt ot lome), fince it would advance the Good of the Publick ; and that we may he without them is plain, fince we have Rogues and Idlers enough ot our own to do the fame Work, to which it they were com- pelled by mild Methods, it would eafe the Pub- lick of a great deal of Charge, Trouble, and Lois, and would highly tend to the Advancement of the temporal and lpiritual Happinefs ot our /W-, and be very inftrumental in the Suppreffion of Theft and Yillany, and for the Reformation of the moll: Profligate. Thoufands of poor, ho- neft, unfortunate People of all Trades and Occu- pations might be there imployed tor the Support ot themfelves and Interelt of Trade, that can find neither Work nor Maintenance tor them- felves ami Families at Home; and Inch as had ra- ther (troll or ileal here, might be confined by mild Force to moderate Labour there, lutlieient to fupport themfelves, ami benefit their Im- plovers. The Briti/b Trade may eafily vend their EfFe&s and Manufa&ures ; and Virginia, with the neigh- bouring Plantations, is capacious enough tor their Q 1 K< ception, n6 APPENDIX. Reception, plentiful for their Maintenance, and abound with moft Conveniences and Materials for moft Kinds of Imployments ; where feveral Things, upon Account of the Goodnefs of the Climate, and Fertility of the Country, may be produced with lefs Labour and more Plenty than in Great Britain', and innumerable Commodi- ties might there be made by our own People, that are now imported at extravagant Prices, and exceffive Toil and Danger from other Nations : Nay, we might fupply other Nations with molt of thofe Things which we now fetch from A- broad ; fo that though our Imports might decreafe a little, yet would our Exports be abundantly aug- mented, ' which undoubtedly would tend much more to the Advantage of our Country : Even our own home Conlumption in moft Refpeds might be railed much cheaper and better in the Plantations than here ; especially fuch Things as are with great Toil and Colt forc'd (as it were) unnaturally out of barren Ground, improper Soil, or a difagreeable Climate ; and the Land and Peo- ple in fuch Places might be occupied in more pro- per Bulinefs, and for more ufeful Paffages. But the common People here have fuch a vain Fondnefs for their own Country, and fuch defpi- cable Notions of Virginia, &c. and are under fuch dreadful Apprehenfions of the imaginary Sla- very of the Plantations, that they chooie for the moft Part rather to (teal, beg, or ftarve, than go Abroad to work ; and in the mean Time the Ma- giftrates and our Laws are fo mild to them, that like as Pharaoh's lean Kine devoured the fat ones, they grievoufly opprefs and moleft the Rich and the Honeft. But certainly Means might be invented and pradifed for eafing our Nations of thefe Bur- i dens, APPENDIX. 117 dens, for promoting onr Trade and Plantations by their Induitry; and not for the Oppreffion (whatever fome may imagine) of the Poor and Needy, but for their Maintenance and Felicity. And I believe this may be done without putting any Stop to the Importation of Negroes, rather than fail, fince they might be kept on in their preient Courie of Life and Bufinefs ; only they muft raife more Stock and Grain for the Support of the additional Englijb, who fhould Hick fole- ly to the Arts and Employments to which they were bred, or in which they are moil expert. Indeed while Tobacco is the only Staple Com- modity of any Confequence to Virginia, the Country may be eafily over-ttock'd with Negroes, becaule the Trade can't find Vent for near all the Tobacco that fo many Hands will make ; fo that the Market being over-charged, is thus fpoiled ; for too much of any Commodity is as bad, if not worfe, for the Planter, the Merchant, and the Publick, than too little. For which Reafon the Honourable the Aflembly of Virginia has from Time to Time endeavoured to make prudent Pro- vifion againit raifing too much Tobacco. For this Caufe they lately had a Duty of 5 /. a Head for every new Negroe, which Law in a great Meafure is now revived ; and though this Addition in the Price of a Negroe made no fenfi- ble Decreafe in the Number imported ; yet it did this good, viz. it brought a great Sum into the Treaiury of the Country, which they have ready to diiburfe upon any noble Occafion ; fuch as their late Donation to the College, to U'il- liamfburgh, and their additional Reward for the Apprehenfion of Pyrates. Befides their Attempts for the Prevention ot too many Negroes, they have a Law againit Se- conds^ which is moll: ferviceable in confining the Ouantitv 17 n8 APPENDIX. Quantity of Tobacco to its proper Bulk. The Intent of this Law is to prohibit all Perfons from manufacturing a fecond Crop from the Leaves that fprout out from the Stalk after the firft Leaves are cut off; with a Penalty upon the Of- fender, and a Reward for the Informer. The Tobacco and the Negroe Trades might be carried on after the prefent Methods, or with any fuch Regulations as may feem more proper to thofe concerned in thefe Affairs; without any Hindrance to Arts, Handicrafts, ufeful Inventions and Culti- vations in Virginia^ for the Intereft and prefent Trade of the Plantations and Great Br ltd in would not interfere with fuch Projeds ; but on the contrary they would highly contribute to the mu- tual Support of each other, with prudent Ma- nagement and Care. The main Difficulty, Trouble, and Expence will chiefly confift in lending over fuch Perions as are before-mentioned, and afterwards in finding them Habitations, Maintenance, and Work when they are fettled in / ^irginia, during the Term of their Service ; and after they are free, with a Livelihood and Imployment for their Pofterity. There can be no Injury in fuch moderate legal Compullion as forces People to be honeft and in- duftrious, though it be contrary to their Inclina- tions or their falfe Notions, which ought to be fubjeded to the publick Good and Opinion of the Community ; and reftrained and direded by the civil Power to purfue fuch Methods as the Legiflature fhall judge moft convenient for the united Intereft of all the Society or Empire. Upon this Principle it will be efteemed no Hardlliip upon our unfortunate, or lazy, poor, idle Vagrants, nor profligate Wretches, if the Government obliged them to be tranfported, and then found Work and a plentiful Support for them APPENDIX. 119 them and their Families, lince this would tend as well to their private as the publick Good; it would employ our People who cannot have Work, or that will not voluntarily labour; it would fe- cure our Houies and our Pockets, it would eafe our Parifhes, clear our Streets, Doors, and Roads, and mightily encreafe our Manufactures, and cul- tivate our valt Trads of rich Land that are now but Wilderneffes over-run with large Trees, and inhabited by Deer, Wild-Fowls, &c. In order for this fome fuch Laws as the follow- ing might lurrice. As full, Perfons of any Im- ployment that can produce fufficient Certificates of their Honefty, and that after due Application they cannot get Work, or that they have been reduced to mean Circumftances by Misfortunes, with fuch like, fliould be fent over at the Ex- pence of the Government, which Humid alio al- low them Land and Neceflaries for their Settle- ment; in Return for which they mould do fuch moderate Work for the Benefit of the Govern- ment, as they ihall be ordered for the half of fe- ven Years, to be thus imployed, viz. one Day for themfelves, and one Day for the Government ; and fo on by Turns, obferving Sunday as a Day of Rett and Devotion. Ami after the Expiration of thefe feven Years they lliould be free, and might work Joumey-Work, or for themfelves, and their Land and Houies lliould be the Inheritance of them and their Heirs for ever; paying a fmall Rent or Fine to the Government for it, betides the Quit-Rent, out of which Rent and tin- Pro- duce of their every other Day's Labour might be allowed a fufficient Salary for Centurions or Per- fons to infpefl into and direfl the Work and Be- llas iour of thefe Servants; and the Overplus cer- tainly would not only pay the Money at full ad- vanced, i2o APPENDIX. vanced, but would likewife in a few Years bring in a very great Income. But if the Government lhould decline under- taking this in general, yet might particular Com- panies take up Land and advance Money as above ipecified, which would in all Probability in a fmall Time tend to their great Profit ; by carry- ing on to the beft Advantage, in the cheaper!: way, their feveral Manufactures and Arts, imploying therein fuch unfortunate poor Perions as are ex- pert in their refpe&ive Trades or Callings. How many honeit ingenious People might thus get Work, Maintenance, and even Eitates for themfelves and Families, who now lie obfcured in Idlenefs, and almoft devoured by Poverty? In the next Place, as for Vagrants and Beg- gars, fuppofe that all fuch Persons that are taken wandering above five Miles from their own Parilh (or lefs upon Occafion) without a Pqfs from the Minifter and Church- Wardens, fpecifying their Bufinefs, with Leave for a certain Time, or with- out being able to give a good Account of them- felves and their prefent Imployment ; lhould be put immediately by any Houfe-Keeper into the Cuftody of a Conttable, who lhould be obliged to carry them before the next Juitice of the Peace to be examined, and committed to the next Br/dewell or Prifon, there to work, till at the next Ouarter-Seffions they be ordered for Tranfporta- tion, except Infants, aged and difabled Perfons, who lhould be lent Home to, and maintained by their own Parifhes, if difcoverable, or elfe at the County Charge. Thefe lhould ferve feven Years for their Maintenance without Wages, with fomewhat lefs Perquifites and Privileges than thofe above-mentioned in all Refpe&s, both during their Service and afterwards ; however fufficient Provifion APPENDIX. 121 Provihon fhould be made for them, though not fo good as for thole others. In this Clafs fhould likewile be included all petty Criminals and Bridewell Birds, all which fhould be transported at the Expence of the Countv to which they belong, as alio fhould all Convicts and Felons; and in Virginia fhould there be appointed proper Perfons to take Care of them, manage, and employ them, who fhould have Sa- laries for their Trouble, paid out of the Returns made by the Labour of the Servants under their Care; and the Overplus, which in a linall Time might prove very considerable, fhould belong to the refpective County that transported inch Ser- vants, by which Means Funds might eafily be railed in every County or Shire to defray all their publick Expences and Charges, from the Labour of their Rogues and Beggars, without any Con- tribution or Tax of honeft and indultrious Peo- ple. But to prevent Dif order and M if chief a- mong fuch, they that fhould be lent over for lit- tle or no Faults but Idlenefs, lliould meet with all civil Treatment and Encouragement, when they did their Endeavours, but undergo the Se- verities of Bridewell for their Faults or great Neg- lect. But fuch notorious Villains as are fent over in Chains for Robbery or Murder. c-'V. fhould be kept a-part, and in Chains Hill, and be made Ser- vants for Life, left they corrupt the reft, or commit greater Robberies or Murders than ever the) did before; which for want of" more Care and greater Confinement of inch Rogues too fre- quently happen, as they are now managed. However, this Rigour might be oecalionally abated, when any appear to be proper Objects oi Mercy and Charity; but this fhould be done with the Leave of the Government th . and Care fhould be taken of them both as to their Labour R and 122 APPENDIX. and Provifion, and Security fhould be contrived againit any Danger that may proceed from thence. I cannot here omit mentioning a late Defign of feating all Convicts that fhould be imported into Virginia, in a County by themfelves, under the Care of proper Overfeers, who fhould con- fine them from doing any Hurt, and keep them to their Labour, by fuch Methods as are uied in Bridewell. The Land intended for this new County is ve- ry good, and fit to produce Hemp and Flax, which they were there folely to cultivate and manufacture; from whence the County was de- figned to be called Hemp/hire. Tho' this Project was never put in Execution, yet I am of Opinion that fomething of this Na- ture would be very advantageous in fecuring and employing our Felons, and for our better Supply of Cordage in our Naval Stores, and making of Linen of all Sorts. The laft Sort of Servants that I fhould be for fending over to Virginia (befides fuch as are fent by the Methods already in Ufe) are the greateft Part of the Parifh Poor all over England, //'dies, Scotland, and Ireland; fo that they fhould be bur- dened with none but fuch as are very old, very young, or elfe fickly or difabled, which would prove a very grateful Eafe in moil: Places, where the general Complaint is the vait Charge of a nu- merous Poor ; all which might eafily be maintain- ed and employed in Virginia, in proper Trades, Inventions, and Projects, and do great Good to themfelves and the Publick. Here might Work be cut out for Thoufands that now pretend to want Bufinefs; and many that now thro' Lazinefs decline Endeavours to fupport themfelves and Families, would then feek for APPENDIX. 123 for Employment, and let to work in Earnelt, being frighten'd into Induftry and Labour, through the dr< adful Apprehenfion of being tent to the Plan- tations ; for fuch as could not or would not main- tain themfelves, and all Girls and Boys that are in no likelihood of doing this, lliould have their Names returned to the Jultices by the Church- Wardens and Overfeers, at the Ouarter-Seffions, who upon Examination fliould give Orders for their Tranfportation ; then would the Parilli be eaied, and might eafily have honeil and laborious People enough to do their Bufmefs and Work, without the Charge of Abundance ot lazy or poor People. Thefe fliould be lent over at the Expence of the Parilli, and their Labour would loon repay the Colt, and the Overplus might be applied for the Service of the Parilli ; lo that thefe would foon maintain the relt of their Poor, and bring in good Gain to themfelves and their Pariihioners in Time, it they were under lome fuch Reftri&ions, and had lome luch Privileges as the fun 1 Sort of unfortunate People here mentioned. But if thefe Methods of Tranfportation be thought impracticable, at the Expence, and for the Benefit of the Government, the Counties, and the Parillies, yet might other Contrivances be found to tranl port the People above fpecified, be- tides the Methods now prattifed by lome to tran- iport themfelves, and by Mr. Forward and Ionic Merchants tor fending over continually all forts of Servants; but the prefenl Number is but a Trifle in refpefl of what might be fent over, were Laws made for the better Encouragement thereof, and due Regulations made for the Employment and Provilion of fuch great Numbers as might yearly be lent over. For when they are there they need not be employed about Tobacco and Corn, as R 2 they 124- APPENDIX. they generally are, for that might be compleatly managed by the Negroes ; but they fhould carry on other Inventions, Trades, and Arts, and be confined to follow their own refpedive Callings and Occupations wherein they are moft artful; and when their Time is ferved, better Care might be taken of them, and fuch Provifion and Privi- leges allowed them, that they fhould be obliged to labour and get plentifully their own Living in an honeft Way. Now when I come to find Employment for all thefe People, what a vaft Field is prefented to View for their Labour? Nine and Twenty large and fertile Counties, for the moft Part thinly in- habited, with Plenty of all Sorts of the belt. Pro- vifions and Materials. Moft if not all Sorts of Englijh Hufbandry, I know experimentally, may be carried on there with much lefs Labour, and far greater Encreafe than in England : For Inftance, it is common only by howing up the Ground, and throwing Seed upon it, and harrowing it in, to reap from fixty to eighty Bufliels for one of Englijh Wheat, of a large full Grain with a thin Rind ; and I have had two Tuns off an Acre of Clover, which we may mow twice ; and as for Barley's being burnt up with dry hot Weather, it often has the fame fate in feveral Parts of Eng- land \ befides more Experience and Obfervation of the Seafons, will make People more expert in the Management of that, and all other Sorts of Grain, or Seeds, and Grafs, that they have not there brought yet to the greateft Perfection. Se- veral Englijh Farmers have indeed been baulked of their Expe&ation, in Attempts of carrying on their Art to great Advantage in Virginia ; but this in a great Mealure I attribute to their want of Judgment, and too ftrift Obfervance of the Eng- Ijb Cultoms and Times, without making proper i Allowance APPENDIX. 125 Allowance for the Difference of Soil, Seafons, and Climates; befides the vaft Expence and Trou- ble, and the long Time required in clearing the Ground for their Purpofe, in building of Barns, Farm-Houfes, &c. fo that frequently by that Time that they have brought their Purpofes to Perfec- tion, their Patience begins to be tired, and their Purfes are pretty well emptied ; fo that at lait they run into the rapid Current of planting To- bacco, which they know will bring them in cer- tain Gain with but little Expence. Now for the Conveniency of Hufbandry, I know a certain Gentleman, who employs a great Number of Negroes in clearing Plantations, and planting Corn and Tobacco, as ufual, with this Intention, viz. When thefe Negroes fhall have cleared the Land, planted Hedges, and built Barns and Farm-Houfes gradually in a few Years, with- out any Hindrance to their Crops, then he pro- pofed to let thefe Farms with a Stock of Cattle, &r. ready upon them for a fmall Rent and Fines, to iuch poor, honeft, fkilful Farmers, as he can procure to come and take them, either upon long Leafe or for Lives; and remove his Negroes upon frefli Land to prepare more Farms. 'Tis Pity but this Projed was frequently practifed, for thereby good Eltates might be raifed in Families; many an unfortunate Family might retrieve their bad Cir- cumilances, and find Employment and great Be- nefit; and all this carried on with the fame Op- portunity of Profit from Tobacco, as other Gentle- men Planters have; nay better, in that the Hands would be ftill tending frelh Ground. As for Liquors, they might make as good Malt- Drink, and as cheap there as any where elfe ; and for Cyder I think it furpaffes even Hereford/hire it felf, tor Plenty and Fairnefs of Fruit, the Trees thriving and producing wonderfully, yielding a ftrong 126 APPENDIX. a. ftrong and good tafted Cyder, when well made and managed, efpecially if kept in good .Vaults. From Peaches is diltilled an excellent Spirit in ve- ry great Plenty, very difficult to be diitinguifhed (when well made) from Citron IF titer. This they call Perfico, which with many other Spirits might be made there to turn to a very good Ac- count, and produced in great Quantities from their numerous large Orchards of Apples and Peaches. Hogs, horned Cattle, and Sheep thrive and encreafe there mightily; and Salt and Calks being very cheap, vaft Advantage might be made more than is, by raifing of great Stocks, and falting up Beef and Pork for victualling of Ships, and fupplying the Weft-Indies and other Places with Provilions, which they might afford to do very cheap, did fome of the additional Part of the Servants before-mentioned make it their Bu- finefs to tend Flocks and Herds, and provide bet- ter and more Food for them in the Winter, than what they now ufually have. As for the Advan- tage of Woollen Manufactures, that is fo well known, that I fhall fay nothing in that Refpeft, only that there is in Virginia as good Wool as the fineft in England-, and I doubt not but with good Management the Climate will produce as fine as any in Spain, fince the Sheep in both Places are of Britijh Original ; and in my Opinion it would be a great Advantage (inftead of Detriment) to have fine Wool enough of our own to work up, without being beholden to Spain for it; efpeci- ally if we confider that it might either be fent Home to be wrought in Britain, or elie we might fend over Numbers of our fuperfluous Cloth- workers to make it up there into the fame Sorts of Goods, as they make in England, which would be much the cheapeft way ; and then theie Goods (hould be imported to the Clothiers here, who APPENDIX. 127 who undoubtedly would have Call enough for what they can make in / Hrginia and at Home ; for if they fee Occanon they need not encreafe the Quantity, but only make Ufe of Plantation Wool railed by Britons, inltead of Spanijb Wool', and the Decreafe of our Exports to Spain might fufficiently be balanced (if not upon Account of employing Numbers of our own People, yet) by many other Ways. Neither can I fee any Harm in it, if the carrying on Woollen Manufactures in Virginia by Englijb People that want Employ- ment, the Quantity of Woollen Goods were thereby encreafed ; efpecially fuch as are for Home Confumption, and the Ufe of the Plantations; for then Rich and Poor would have their Cloths much cheaper ; and if the Draper gained lefs by his Countrymen, it might be contrived that he ihould gain more by Strangers abroad in other Parts of the World. More might be faid as to the Manufactures of Hemp and Flax, than what I have mentioned of Wool, becaufe we are in a great Meafure obliged for thefe to foreign Nations, who in Cafe of War might pinch us prodigioufly more than they do ; more particularly to the great Expence and In- conveniency of our Shipping, the Glory and Bul- wark of the Britijb Nations. Here we have e- nough of good Land lying wafte ; and at Home we have People lying idle fufficient to iupply us from Virginia^ with Ropes, Cables, and Canvas for our Ships of War and Merchandize, with Linens for wearing and for houlhold Ufe, were Projects fet on Foot, and rightly carried on for fo ufeful and advantageous Undertakings. Behdes this, there is Pitch and Tar enough, which with careful Management might be made as good, and afforded as cheap, or cheaper, than any from other Places. Then 128 APPENDIX. Then as for Oak no Country has finer nor more Plenty ; which though it will not laft long enough for Houfes, yet it will for Shipping: Witnefs the New England Ships built of the fame ' Sort of Wood ; and as for Deal Planks here may be as good as any ; and I question if Gottenburgh, or any other Part of Europe can afford us better Pines for Malts and Yards (efpecially for Mer- chants Ufe) than what grow in Virginia in feve- ral Places in very great Plenty; fo that many Ships might be built there, which would employ Num- bers of Shipwrights from Great Britain, and would ftand the Merchants in a great deal lefs Expence, than if they were built at Home : Nay, we might even build Ships for feveral other Nations, and make them turn to a very good Ac- count, without any Rilk of doing Damage to our publick Safety or Intereft. As for Wine, in all Parts of the Country Grapes grow wild and thrive extreamly, but at prefent they are almoft only Food for the Birds; few At- tempts having been made for the Cultivation of them and making Wines, except that of Colonel Robert Beverley, which was thus : He having read, feen, ftudied, and enquired much concern- ing the Nature of Vintages, reduced his Know- ledge to Pra&ice for his better Experience and Certainty, in planting a fmall Vineyard ; and ha- ving great Profpeft that this would anfwer his Purpole, he bragged much of it in Publick ; but being bantered by feveral Gentlemen, he propofed to give each of them a Guinea down, if they would give him Ten, if he made a certain Num- ber of Gallons of pure Wine that Vintage ; they accepted the Propofals, and he diftributed (I think) one hundred Guineas, made the Wine according to the Terms agreed upon, and won his Wager ; which Money he afterwards employed in plant- ing APPENDIX. 129 ing more and greater Vineyards, from which he made good Quantities of Wine, and would have brought it to very high Perfection, had he lived fome Years longer. His whole Family, even his Negroes drank fcarce any thing but the (mall Wines, and the Strong is of a good Body and Flavour; the Red that I have often drank to me it feems to have the Tafte of Claret and the Strength of Red Fort. Not only red Grapes, but alio white ones of all Sorts from Europe produce and grow there to Ad- miration; an Initance of which may be leen at Colonel William Robinfon's upon Rappahannock River, who has planted out Abundance ; and I don't queltion but he and other Gentlemen there will follow Mr. Beverle/s Pattern ; which if brought to Perfection might tend to an extraor- dinary good Account, and not only prove profi- table to the Planter, but alio advantageous to Britain, even if we could but make lmall Quan- tities of Wine there ; but much more beneficial would it be if there could be made Abundance, as in all Probability there might be, fince the Climate and the Soil feem fo extreamly well adap- ted for that Purpole ; efpecially up towards the Hills and Mountains, which at preient lye walte. Would it not be very advantageous to our Na- tions if we could not only raiie much Wine for our own Ufe, but alfo fell great Quantities to our Neighbours *? And I know of but two trifling Obftacles in the way; the one is, that the Cluiters of Grapes rarely ripen together, which might be remedied by picking them at different Times; the other is, that the Birds devour Abundance; but this might be prevented by Nets, Guns, Priapus, and feveral other Contrivances. This would employ great Numbers of People, has up- S on i 3 o APPENDIX. on Trial been proved to anfwer Expectation, and might bring vaft Profit to the Planter, to the Merchant, and to the Crown. To encourage this, I know fome that intend to- let Land for a 1 mall Acknowledgment in Wine. Much the fame might be faid of Silk, which long ago has been made there, and is known by Expe- rience to anfwer the Expectation of the Silk Men. For Mulberries of all Sorts thrive there to Admi- ration, and the Heat of the Summer has been found to agree with the Nature of the Silk-Worm extreamly well; fo that the only Reafon that I know, why the Gentlemen formerly concerned in making of Silk in Virginia drop'd their Pro- ceedings, was the great Profit that Tobacco brought them in in thofe Days ; which being railed there only, turned then to an extraordinary Advantage, much better than any other Projed ; but now when fo much Tobacco is made, and the Gain fo much lefs than formerly, I can't imagine why the Silk Trade is not there revived; which I am very pofitive would turn to a very great Ac- count, if carried on by good Managers. To this Nature feems to invite us ; for upon the Leaves of the Chinckapin (which feem fomewhat like Mulberry Leaves) I have frequently found a very large Worm not much unlike the Silk-Worm, only much bigger. If the Manufacture of Silk was carried on in Virginia, every Body knows what Profit it muft bring to make Silk of the Produce of our own Dominions, in great Plenty, and at cheaper Rates than we can have it from Afia. Befides, we may oblerve that the great Num- bers of People employed in this Manufacture, for the molt Part, might be the young, the aged, and APPENDIX, 131 and the di fabled, who could not work at any thing that required hard Labour or much Stirring. As for Hops, England might lave a great deal of Trouble and Expence, and employ their Peo- ple in better Bufinefs than Hop-Yards, if Hop- Grounds were cultivated in Virginia, which is much fitter for the Purpofe. As for phyfical Plants and Trees, abundance of Poor might be employed in fimpling and collecting Drugs for the Apothecaries Service, which abound there ; fuch as Saflafras, Saxafras, Snakeroot, with numberlefs more, whole Virtue is unknown ; and undoubtedly among fuch various Sorts of a- nonymous Plants and Shrubs, there mult be many whole Qualities are ltrange to the molt fkillul Euro [Wins, tho' many of them be underttood by the Indian Dodors : If it be not the true Cortex, yet they have a Bark very like it in Colour, Talte, and Operation. I know that Abundance of Sumack is yearly confumed in England; but not being perfect in the Ufe and Nature of it, I fhall only lay that it grows there in great Plenty; and that the Indians have feveral fine Colours both for Dying and Painting, that we know nothing of, as to their Compofition and Ufe; but Enquiry into thefe Things, and Experience might, for what any knows, in a fmall Time turn to a good Account, both for the publick Advantage, and for the In- terelt of particular Perfons. * I ilia.ll fay little of Sawing-Mills, fince they are already in Ufe there, and the great Benefit of them is fo well known. Certainly it mult be im- proper to beltow much Labour and Expence up- on that which might eafily be done for a fmall Colt, anci with much quicker Expedition ; yet is this wonderful and uleful Invention prohibited in S 2 fome 132 APPENDIX. fome Parts of Great Britain, upon Account of a few that pretend they can't get their Livelihood by any other, but the itupid flavifh Work of Sawing : But in my Opinion we might as well prohibit the Ufe of Boats in all our Rivers, be- caufe it interferes with the Intereft of the Car- riers, and hinders the Consumption of great Quantities of Hay and Oats in the Inns. I won- der that they don't neglect the Ufe of Horfes, Jacks, Handfpikes, and Cranes in his Majefty's Yards, as well as Sawing-Mills ; lince each of them abbreviates Labour and leffens the Expence, requiring fewer People than mull: be employed, were it not for thofe Inventions, fo much hated by the common People; but certainly thefe might be fo employed in other Bufinefs, fo as to get more Money with lefs Labour. But to return to Virginia, I am certain that if more Sawing-Mills were fet up there, it would bring great Profit to the Owners, employ many People there, and make Timber for Ships and Houfes come at a much cheaper Rate in England, than it now does, without any Lofs to the Englijh landed Gentle- men or Timber Merchants. Paper-Mills I believe would anfwer well there; for there are good Runs of Water with Timber for nothing for building them, and I am fure the Ne- groes would fupply them with Rags enough for Trifles ; to which add the Advantage of Water Carriage ; thefe need not interfere with the En- gl (fb Paper-Mills, but only fupply us with fuch Quan- tities of Paper, as we buy from foreign Countries. As for carrying on the Filliing Trade in Virgi- nia, though there be Plenty of Fifli there, yet I believe other Countries where Fiiheries are efta- bliili'd, and that have little elfe to mind and de- pend upon, would outdo it in this Refpecl ; on- ly APPENDIX. 133 ly more Whales might be taken upon the Eaftern Shore, and bring good Gain to fuch People as would make it their Bufinefs ; and I don't queltion but the Sturgeons (with the belt of which the Rivers abound) might with good Management and Induttry be made to furpafs all others, both for Cheapneis and Goodnefs, for they are large, fine, and eafily taken ; nay, they frequently leap, fome aihoar and fome in Boats, as I have been very credibly informed. Upon the Rivers and Creeks are vaft large Marlhes, which being drained and fecured with mud Walls, would employ abundance of People, and might be converted into as good Meadows and as large, as thofe upon the Thames about and below London. Such Meadows are much wanting there, and would well recompence the Colt and Trouble of the Undertakers of fuch noble Pro- jeds ; befides this would confine the Rivers to their proper Channels ; whereas now they cover for Miles from each Shoar large Ouantities of flat and lhoaly Ground, uielefs and incommodious. However impracticable or difficult this Talk may appear to fome, yet I doubt not but in Procefs of Time it may be effe&ed. The upper Parts of Virginia are deprived of the Advantage of Water Carriage, becaufe the Rivers above the bulls are generally full of Trees brought down by Land Floods, with fome Rocks here and there; but they might be made naviga- ble, and cleared very eafily with fmall lkilful La- bour, for they are generally broad and fuller of Water than our inland Rivers where Boats and Barges of great Burden can pals ; and Wears might be occafionally made there as up the Thames ; but the main Difficulty would be at the Falls or Ca- tarads, where the Water falls over vaft Rocks ,0 with i 3 4- APPENDIX. with an hideous Noife and great Force. Hither Sloops can come, where the Goods might be landed with Cranes, and then put on Board the Boats before the Falls ; and by the like Methods might Goods be fent down. But in Time it may be worth while to turn Part of the Rivers, and make Locks one above another, whereby Sloops might eafily be let down or taken up, and fo pafs the Falls; like as the large Boats of Pleafure and Burden are carried with Profit and Eale thro' Val- lies and over Hills quite a-crofs France, in the wonderful Canal of Languedoc, which was con- trived by the late King, in order to make a Com- munication from our Seas, to the Mediterranean through the Heart (almoft) of his Kingdom; which A&ion has added to his Glory as well as Profit, and brings in a great Income both to the Crown and to the Undertaker of this moft won- derful Work. If in England we will not follow this Example by making a Communication from the head Branches of the 'Thames into the Severn, which is very practicable, the Diilance being but a few Miles; yet I queltion not but in a few Years they will be obliged to imitate the Locks of Lan- guedoc at the Falls in Virginia. In the Rocks up James River, and in other Places is found a Stone refembling a Diamond, much nearer than any Cryital or Brtjlol-Stone, being very hard and ornamental. There has been formerly difcovered a Sand taken for Gold Duft; and towards the Moun- tains are variety of Stones, fome feeming to con- tain feveral Kinds of Metals, and others are good for Building ; among which is the Appearance of Abundance of excellent Marble of feveral Sorts. Upon the River Sides is call up by the Tides a- bundance of black heavy Sand refembling Smith's Filings ; APPENDIX. 135 Filings; but the Nature and Vertue of this is unknown as yet : I believe it is waflied from fome Veins of Mines at the Bottoms of the Rivers, or is carried down by the Current, as Gold Dull in Africa, from the upper Parts of the Rivers, and from the Rocks and Mountains. In leveral Places is Coal enough near the Sur- face of the Earth ; and undoubtedly in Time they will either have Occafion or Vent for it, to fup- ply other Places, if they will not ufe it them- felves ; but it Coal Works were there carried on to Advantage, Newcafile may witnefs, what Num- bers of Ships and People are employed in fuch Affairs, and what vaft Profit accrues from thence. If our Iron Works in Virginia meet with any tolerable Encouragement, we fhall have no Need to apply to Spain and Sweden for Iron, for we have there enough to ftock all Europe ; and as I have been informed it furpafles all other Iron in Goodnels and Cheapnefs. This Manufacture might be carried on without any Detriment to the Iron Merchants and Makers in England; for they might Hint the Quantity, have it all brought into their Hands, and ufe tbemfelves what they want inltead of foreign Iron, and vend Abroad the Overplus that they may permit to be made. Certainly this moil: ufeful Commodity would come cheaper from our own Dominions than from other Countries ; and in working it from the Oar to the Bar would employ great Numbers of People that now beg or Heal for their Living. As for working Iron up into Internments and Tools in Virginia, I be- lieve they would fcarce defire fo great Liberty ; unlcfs upon Confederation the Gentlemen concern- ed in fuch hard Ware found it to be for the Intereft of themfelves, their Workmen, and the Publick, to 136 A P P E N D IX. to fend over People to make all Sorts of Uten- fils in Iron in Virginia, where they may have all Sorts of Provifions and Materials for their Work much cheaper than in England', where they may have Land to fettle for little or nothing ; where Wood, Oar, and Water Conveniences are plen- tiful. What Detriment would it be to work up Iron there, if it may be done cheaper, and by the fame People, who are fo numerous in England that they can (abundance of them) hardly get Work and a poor Livelihood ? But if it will not be granted that Iron fhall be wrought in Virginia, yet might it be cajl there ; if Forges will not be allowed there, yet might Furnaces be encouraged, from whence our Merchants may be fupplied with better and cheaper Iron than from other Places; and Recompence might eaiily be made in the Trade to Spain and Sweden, &c. for the Defi- ciency that would enfue in the Quantities of Goods exported thither in Exchange for their Iron. Virginia is juftly efteemed one of the mod con- fiderable Branches of the Britijh Dominions; may it then not be thought very hard that the Virgi nians fhould not only be debarred the Favours al lowed other Britons ; but alfo have lefs Privilege allowed them than is given to foreign Nations ? What then may be the Reafon why other Na- tions are permitted to import their bar Iron, whereas the Virginians fhall not make a Bar, and muft pay the Duty of foreign Iron for all the fig and fow Iron that they make ? I might mention more Projeds, that in all Pro- bability would turn to an extraordinary Advan- tage, if carried on in Virginia ; but I prefume thefe may fuffice as a Specimen to fhew how ufe- ful and eafy it is to promote many Trades, Arts, and Manufactures there, and what Numbers of poor, APPENDIX. i37 poor, idle, and wicked People may there be em- ployed, and get a plentiful Maintenance and Set- tlement for their Families, and by their Labour may enrich themfelves, the Planters and Mer- chants, benefit our Trade, encreafe the Revenue of the Crown, and advance the Intereft and Glo- ry of Great Britain, Ireland, and all the Englijh Plantations and Settlements Abroad. I fliall conclude this Scheme with obferving, that the People fent over for fuch Employments as are here mentioned, when rightly fettled, might have their Pro virion much cheaper than in Eng- land, and might have their Cloths fent over at the bell: Hand ; and might be feated conveniently on Tracts of Land taken up, bought, or rented by long and cheap Leafes; which befides the Pro- fit of their Labour would fecure Eitates for Thou- fands of poor miferable Wretches, would advance the Price of Land, and augment the Income of the Ouit-Rents. S C H E M E 138 APPENDIX. ■ %i ...... "' ) If,', i-:*.- -.■'■'■ • t • ; - - ' ' ;• ;,.- . ) 3&W o(jtf uijtf ouU ob^ 00'U OuO ou'0 o(jo oUOoO'U ouo' oUOC-OO oljO o(jtf o(j'0 *5fb N Accidence to the Englijh Tongue, Gfj®& chiefly for the Ufe of fuch Boys and Men %'jl/tP as have never learn'd Latin perfectly, and for the Benefit of the Female Sex : Alio for the Welch, Scotch, fri/b, and Foreigners, being a Grammatical Effay upon our Language, confi- dering the true Manner of Reading, Writing, and Talking proper Englijh. By Hugh Jones, A. M. lately Mathematical Profeffor at the College of William and Mary at William] "burgh in Virginia, and Chaplain to the honourable the AfTembly of that Colony. 12°. Price l s. Bound. The Hiltory of Virginia in four Parts. I. The Hiitory of the firif Settlement of Vir- ginia^ and the Government thereof, to the Year 1706. II. The natural Production and Conveniences of the Country, fuited to Trade and Improve- ment. III. The Native Indians, their Religion, Laws, and Cuftoms, in War and Peace. IV. The prefent State of the Country, as to the Polity of the Government, and the Improve- ment of the Land, to the 10 th of June 1720. By a Native and Inhabitant of the Place. The fecond Edition, enlarged, Svo. pr. 4 x 6 c/. A general Treatife of the Dominion of the Sea, and a compleat Body of Sea Laws. 4/0. p. 1 o s. The Plantation Laws. 8vo.