ciass_s::Bj2_i5 RonkX ? ^7 Copyright ]^? COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. r \ I I Reproduction ot a Lychee Painting Attributed to the Sung Emperor, Hui Tsung, and Entitled The Ch'en Purple Lychee Embroidered Fragrant Ba^ Permission of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. < The Lychee and Lungan BY GEORGE WEIDMAN GROFF ii Representative, The Pennsylvania State College Mission to China, Professor of Horticulture and Director of Agricultural Work, Canton Christian College WITH ELEVEN APPENDICES, INCLUDING CONTRIBUTIONS BY FREDERICK V. COVILLE, WALTER T. SWINGLE, EDWARD GOUCHER, AND MICHAEL J. HAGERTY ALL OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Sixty-eight Illustrations and One Color Plate NEW YORK Orange Judd Company Canton Christian College LONDON Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Limited CANTON, CHINA Canton Christian College I921 s-^ -3^^ u^ Get Copyright, 1921, by CANTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE All Righls Reserved OCT 121921 i-jA Printed in China and U.S.A. Oj TO T©alter C ^^toingle AND HIS WIFE jDlSaube feellcrman .^^luingle WHOSE KNOWLEDGE OF CHINa's PLANTS AND LITERATURE AND DEEP INTEREST IN CHINA HAVE BEEN A CONSTANT INSPIRATION AND HELP IN THIS STUDY PREFACE Most occidentals resident in South China have joined the Chinese in their zealous enthusiasm for the lychee. It has been the writer's privilege to have lived for twelve years in the very heart of one of the two famous lychee producing regions of China. Shortly after arrival upon the South China field, as representative of the Pennsylvania State College Horticultural Mission at the Canton Christian College, I was asked to make a thorough study of the lychee and lungan in their native region. The present work is the result of these investigations. The western horticulturist should naturally find in this work something of interest with regard to fruits of a family with which he has doubtless had little acquaintance. Interesting theories and practices of Chinese fruit growers should be of some value to fruit growers of the West. And to those interested in the introduction of the lychee and lungan into other lands these investigations should lead to a more adequate understanding of the peculiar characteristics of these fruits, without which there is little hope of successful culture. It is hoped that this work will be of interest not only to horticulturists but also to those of East and West who are interested in the past, present and future of China. The historical setting of the lychee and lungan as revealed in Chinese literary works should be of some value to students of Chinese literature and Chinese history. An acquaintance with these works should arouse the western world to a realization of the importance of Chinese literature as a possible source of knowledge for present-day progress in scientific develop- ment. To the student of geography and world affairs, South China, and its industrious, self-sacrificing people, should occupy a more prominent position because of knowledge with regard to this people in this one special phase of their endeavor; and because of the interest of South China's widely travelled emigrants in carrying the gospel of their favorite fruit to the ends of the earth. THE LYCHKE AND LUNGAN The writer desires to express his appreciation for valuable assistance in the Held to his many Chinese students and friends, with- out whose help the work would have been very difficult. To the many Chinese orchardists whom 1 have interviewed and to the Chinese nurserymen in whose homes I have been entertained a wish is expressed that Chinese investijrators and students may have as cordial treatment in the hands of the western public. To Dr. David Fairchild and his staff in the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant In- troduction of the United States Department of Agriculture the writer is indebted for access to information whereby he could better under- stand the real problems involved in the introduction of these fruits into the United States; especially to the late Mr. S. C. Stuntz for his valuable suggestions and corrections in the preparation of the original manuscript. Special obligation is expressed to Dr. and Airs. Walter T. Swingle for encouragement and their untiring efforts to assist in a thorough study of the European and Chinese literature and in a more complete understanding of some of the vital phases of the work. Dr. Swingle made many valuable suggestions with regard to the possibili- ties in the use of other species of the " lychee group " for hybridizing and stock. Thanks is due Dr. S. W. Fletcher, Professor of Horticulture at the Pennsylvania State College for encouragement in the study and for reading the original manuscipt; and to Prof. I. L. Foster, Professor of Romance Languages, for translation of some of the European literature. In the study of the Chinese literature the writer is indebted for the assistance of one of his old students, Mr. Li Ch'eng Lan (Li Ch'ing Lan, ^ rl iD and to Mr. Kuo Hua Ssin ( Kwok Wa Sau #P -^ ^ ) for assistance in checking investigations. To Mr. Michael J. Hagerty of the Office of Crop Physiology of the United States Department of Agriculture acknowledgement is due for a translation of Ts'ai Hsiang's Li ('Jiih P'n; and to Mr. Ho PTung P'ing (fpj fel ■¥•) of the Canton Christian College for a translation of Wu Ying k'uei's Ling Xau Li Chih P'n. In 1917 it was an agreeable surprise to return from China to the United States and to hnd in the Library of Congress at Washing- ton an excellent collection of Chinese works, with a system of classification facilitating ready reference. It is no exaggeration to say that this work, in its present form, would not have been possible without reference to these valuable works whereby the writer has been able to check original investigations in liis own region and to ( M PRE FACT- secure valuable information re^ardinp: the culture of these fruits iii other sections of China and Indo China. The laroe collection of Chinese provincial, prefectural and district (gazetteers found in the Library of Coni>:ress has led to a source of information of extreme \'alue. A careful study of the Chinese writings on the lychee, in- cluding; chese geographical works, has resulted in a stronij conviction that a knowledije of Chinese literature is not only essential in any study of the varieties, culture and uses of cultivated plants in China, but that such knowledt^e is of the oreatest value in any attempt ro introduce these plants into successful culture in the West. The enthusiasm for Chinese literature shown by men like Dr. Walter T. Swintjle should in the years to come awaken the western world to the treasures stored within its paoes. Dr. Swini^le's inspiration and Dr. Herbert Putnam's hearty co-operation has brought the Chinese collection in the Library of Congress to its present good condition and I bcilieve this is destined to become the very best collection out-, side of China itself. It is not always easy to be consistent in the ronianization of Chinese names. But except where indicated by the phrase "in Cantonese"', or otherwise, the spelling followed is always the Mandarin according to Herbert A. Giles Chinese-English Dictionary; except in the names of places with post offices, when the Postal Guide, issued by the Ministry of Commimications of China, is followed. As the Mandarin romanization-of the names of" 'K wan g- tung men, places and fruits is hardly intelligible to those working in ihe Canton district, the Cantonese ronianization according to the Eitel-Geniihr Chinese-English Dictionary .in the Cantonerse Dialect has in many cases been placed in parenthesis with the Chinese characters. In conclusion the writer wishes to express his gratitude to Mr. Kenneth Duncan of the Canton Christian College for valuable suggestions- in the preparation of the manuscript for the press and for his willingness to supervise the publication of the work in the writer's absence. G. VVmdmAN (jRCFF Ling Nam, Cancon, China, r A B J . K OF C O X T E N T S Page: Preface , = 1 I, Introduction ..o ......... ^ II. Origin of the Names Lychee (^ft) and Lungan (|^K) and English Spelling and Romanization. . 1? IlL Chinese Literature on the Lychee. . . U IV European and American Literature on the Lychee and Lungan 22 V. Botany of Four Important Sapindaceous Fruits 32 VI. The South China Region, the Home of the Lychee and Lungan . . . . , .... 44 VI L Some Important Ling Niin Centers. ............... 47 VI IL The Climate Best Adapted to the Lychee and Lungan 5^^ IX Soils Adapted to the Lychee and Lungan and Cultural Methods ..... .... ..... 5G X. Methods of Propagation . 6^ XI. The Lychee and Lungan in Commerce 71 XII. Enemies 82 XIlL Varieties of the Lychee 87 XIV. The Lungan... 103 XV. The Introduction of the Lychee and Lungan into Other Lands Ill X\'I. Summary 116 Appendice."^ I. Bibliography of Chinese References on the Lychee and the Lungan 11? II. Bibliography of Western References on the Lychee. . . 127 III. Canton Weather Table. 141 IV Present-Day Varieties of Kwangtung Ljchee ai;d Lungan .... 143 V. .Analyses of Lychee and Lniiiran Fruits . . , . . 14^,* Page VI. The Lychee a Mycorhizal Plant. Frederick V. CoviLLE 151 VII. Lack of Winter Dormancy and the Low Zero Point of Growth of the Lychee Limiting Factors in Its Culture in Florida. Walter T. Swingle 153 VIII. Rooting Lychee Cuttings by Means of a High Tem- perature and High Humidity Process. Edward GoucHER 157 IX. Sung Chio's Account of the Organization of a Lychee Club at P'ut'ien, Fukien Province, during the Ming Dynasty. Translated by Michael J. Hagerty, assisted by Ch'en Ts'ing-hua 160 X. Detailed Description of Illustrations 164 XL Supplementary Notes 171 PosTFACE 173 Errata 175 Index 176 Plate I. Fig. II. III. Ifl III. lb IV. IC V. 2. V. 3- VI. VI. VII. VII. VIII. 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. VIII. IX. IX. X. X. XI. 9- lO. II. 12. 13- 14. XI. XII. XII. XIII. 15- 16. 17- 18. XIV. XIV. XV. XV. 19. 20. 21. 22. XVI. 23- XVI. 24. XVII. 25- XVIII. XVIII. 26. 27. XIX. XIX. 28. 29. XX. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Facing Page or Plate Reproduction of a Lychee Painting Attributed to the Sung Emperor, Hui Tsung, and entitled "The Ch'en Purple Lychee Embroidered Fragrant Bag." (One-third natural size.) Back of Frontispiece A Kwangtung Lychee Landscape Frontispiece Reproduction of Ancient Rubbing of Ts'ai Hsiang's "Li ChihP'u." (Two-fifths natural size.) 16 Reproduction of a Copy of Ts'ai Hsiang's "Li Chih P'u" Written on Silk. (About two-fifths natural size.) ... 16 Reproduction of a Page of Ts'ai Hsiang's "Li Chih P'u" in the Tsung Li Yaman Reprint of the Chinese Imperial Encyclopedia. (Two-thirds natural size.) 17 Herbarium Specimen of Litchi philippinensis Radlk. (One- half natural size.) 34 Herbarium Specimen of Euphoria cinerea RadLk. (One-half natural size.) 34 Root System of a Mature Lychee Tree 35 A Flower Panicle of the Lychee 35 Rice Field with Lychee Trees along Inner and Outer Dykes . 44 Limb of Lychee Tree over Lotus Pond 44 Cantonese Women Harvesting Sagittaria in Muddy Field Bordered with Lychee Plate IX Fish-Ponds along the Pearl River Bordered with Lychee . Plate IX Lychee Trees along Walled Dykes of Pearl River . . Plate VIII Lychee Trees Withstand the Pearl River in Flood. .Plate VIII Attractive Walk along Lychee Dykes 45 Lychee and Plum Planted across Dyked Fields 45 Canton Christian College Students Picking Lychee along the Dykes 46 Crop Watcher and His Thatched Hut along the Dykes . . 46 Baskets of Ling Nan Lychee Ready for Market . . Plate XIII Fruiting Clusters of Ling Nan Lychee Plate XIII Canton Christian College Middle School Students in Lychee Practicum Plate XII A Heavily Fruiting Limb of Lychee 47 The Lychee, a Heavy Bearer 47 The Lychee Protected from Bats by Wire Netting .... 50 Terraced Hillsides of Lo Kang Planted to Lychee and Canarium 50 Stockade Surroimding Famous Kua lu — Hanging-green — Lychee 51 Bamboo Fence and Net Proyide the Kua lu — Hanging- green — Lychee with Additional Protection 51 Upland Plantations of Lychee at Hsin T'ang Not Unlike Apple Orchards 52 Fang Yung Lychee Nurseries with Mango Windbreak ... 53 Fang Yung Lychee Orchard of Named Varieties for Propa- gation 53 Pair of Ta tsao — Large crop — ^Lychee Trees 58 Fang Yung Nurseryman Seated under Hsi chio tsu — Rhino- ceros horn — Lychee Tree 58 An Acid Peaty Soil Better for the Lychee than an Ordinary Fertile Soil Plate XXI " Plate Fig. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXIV. 30. 31- XXV. XXVI. XXVI. XXVII. 32. 33- 34- 35- XXVII. XXVIII. XXVIII. XXIX. 36. 37- 38. 39- XXIX. XXX. 40. 44. XXX. 46. XXXI. XXXII. XXXII. 42. 41. 43- XXXIII. 4.5- XXXIV. 47- XXXIV. 48. XXXV. XXXV. 49- 50- XXXVI. 51- XXXVI. 52. XXXVII. 53- XXXVII. 54- XXXVIII. 55- XXXIX. XXXIX. XL. 56. 57- S8. XLI. 59- XLI. 60. Facing Page or Plate Healthy Lychee Root Showing the Mycorhizal Tuber- cles Plate XX Enlarged Sections of Lychee Root Tubercles Showing the Cells Gorged with the Mycorhizal Fungus . . . Plate XXIII Mycorhizal Fungi in the Cells of Lychee Root Tuber- cles Plate XXII Raised-bed Lychee Plantation Showing Water-channel. . . 59 Low-lying Delta Lychee Plantations Showing Well-con- structed Bridge across Canal 59 Fertilizing Dyke Lychee with Night Soil 60 Beds of Lychee with Holes for Night Soil Fertilizer. ... 61 Unloading a Night Soil Boat for Fertilizing Lychee ... . 61 Unloading Lychee from District Passage Boats in Canton City 64 Nurserj' Beds of Chinese Air-layered Lychee Trees ... . 64 Raising Lychee Nursery Stock with Ball of Earth Attached . 65 Boat Load of Lychee Nursery Stock 65 Potted Lychee in the Famous Hua Ti Gardens, Canton, China 66 Potted Lychee as Ornamentals 66 Cluster of No mi ts'z — Glutinous rice— Lychee. (One-half natural size.) 67 Cluster of Hsiang li — Fragrant — Lychee. (One-third natural size.) 67 Serious Insect Enemy of the Lychee, Tessoratoma papulosa. 82 Killing Lychee Tree Borers with "Hisser" Firecrackers . . 83 Trunk of Lychee Tree Covered with Lichens and Track of Borer 83 Natural Size and Natural Color Reproduction of the No mi ts'z — Glutinous rice — Lychee 92 Original Parent Tree of Hsi chio tsu — Rhinoceros horn — Variety 94 An Immense Lychee — Rhinoceros horn — Tree with Trimk Twelve Feet in Circumference 94 Hei yeh — Black leaf — Lychee. (One-half natural size.) . . 95 Fei tsu hsiao — Imperial concubine laugh. (One-half natural size.) 95 Ch'u ma tsu — China grass fiber — Lychee. (One-half natural size.) 96 The Huai chih Lychee Labeled Hei yeh — Black leaf. (Three-fourths natural size.) 96 The San yueh hung — Third month red — Lychee. (Two- thirds natural size.) 97 Large Seeded Shan chih — Mountain Lychee — Used for Stock for Grafting 97 Chuang yuan hung — Royal red — Lychee. (Two-thirds natural size.) 102 The Yau yen Lungan as a Temple Tree 103 The Rounded Head of a Fruiting Lungan Tree 103 Wu yuan — Black ball — Lungan Seedling Fourteen Months Old no A Fruiting Cluster of Wu yuan — Black ball — Lungan. (Two-fifths natural size.) in The She p'i — Snake Skin— Lungan. (Two-thirds natural size.) HI THE LYCHEE (,^^) AND LUNGAN {mm) CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Few world centers are so conspicuously characterized by two distinct and native fruits as is South China by the lychee and the lung- an. He who in the West has had a Chinese numbered among his friends or acquaintances has doubtless seen the lychee in its dried form. This so-called " Chinese" or "lychee nut" has for years been the favorite Christmas or New Year gift of Chinese living abroad. As a result of their generosity it is to-day one of the most popular Chinese agricultural products on the Western markets and is of increas- ing commercial importance. The lungan is even more rarely met in the West than is the lychee. But he who has lived or visited in South China in the summer season will never forget the curious little "dragon-eye" which follows on the markets immediately after the lychee and which is quickly recognized as the little brother of this fascinating fruit. The lychee CM^) , Lilciii dtiiitnsis Sonn. , indigenous to South China and cultivated e.xtensively only in that region, is marketed and relished throughout the length and breadth of the Chinese Republic. It is famous throughout Asia where it is preserved in various forms and is used in a variety of fancy dishes. The dried form is commonlj' served on the tables of Pacific steamships, and in Europe and America it appears in Chinese restaurants and in the homes of connoisseurs. The lungan (bI9&) Euphoria lotigana Lam., is similarly dried and used by the Chinese but to a more limited extent than is the lychee. In medicine, however, it has a wider use than has the lychee. In recent years both of these fruits have appeared in canned form, preserved in sugared syrup. The labels on the tin cans are printed in both Chinese and English and are very similar to those of western fruits now rapidly making inroads on Chinese markets. In both the canned and dried forms the lychee and lungan are delicious products; but they cannot be fully appreciated evcepl when eaten freshly picked from their attractive evergreen trees. s THE LVCHEE AM) LUNGAN It is a surprising fact tiiat amon^ the \ aried fruits of the Western Hemisphere one does not find a single species belonging to the sub- family Nephduac of the family Sapindaccae to which these fruits belong. For centuries this group has provided the thickly populated regions of southern Asia and the East Indies with several of their most delicious and refreshing fruits. Four distinct species, representing three closely related genera, and each with a number or varieties, are grown in China, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra and British India. A few scattered trees have only recently found their way into the West Indies, Panama, southern Florida and southern California where climatic conditions are somev.'hat similar to those in the region in which these fruits are native. It is a singular coincidence that al- though species of Litchi and Euphoria appear in the wild state in the Philippines, the two edible species of South China have never been extensively cultivated in those islands. In the Hawaiian islands one non-edible species of the family exists. Trees of the edible forms, introduced from South China by Chinese residents in Hav*"aii, have for a number of years borne fruits at irregular intervals. These trees have only recently attracted the attention of horticulturists. The cultivation of the best varieties of the lychee and lungan, or of the two allied more tropical species of Ncphelieac, might provide a paying in- dustry for some of these regions in question. They would certainly be worthy additions to the fruits now or, the markets ot the western world. The four most widely cultivated fruits of Siplulita< are the rambutan and pulassan of the malaysian tropics and the lungan and lychee of the sub-tropical Asiatic Mainland. The latter, the best of the four, is decidedly the most promising for those regions in which the fruits could bt grown for sale in the United States. If the lychee were given the strict attention of successful fruit growers, and its cultural peculiarities carefully studied, it should be found that certain varieties are especially adapted to th? low, wet, otherwise useless land of some of these areas; while other varieties not so promising might be grown on the hills. The lungan is a hardier species than the lychee and as such should find a place in the more northern extrem- ities of sub-tropical regions. It is a fruit worth introducing and is a most valuable ornamental. Experimentally it will prove of interest as a stock and for hybridizing with the lychee. The rambutan and pulassan, Nipkeliiim lappaceum L\nn., and Nephcliuni niutabilt Blume, are strictly tropical forms and should prove valuable introduc- tions in regions too warm for the lychee and Inivjnn. INTRODUCTION Chinese poet;> have suiiy praises to the Jychee for centuries while Chinese writers have written of the value of the lychee and lungan in the home, in medicine and in commerce. In tinjes past i^ood Chinese officials have encouran;ed the cultivation of these fruits by protecting the parent trees of choice varieties, by disseminating information regarding cultural methods and by encouraying. Chinese writers to make careful descriptions of the best varieties. Bad officials have greatly discouraged these important fruit industries by the custom, formerly so rampant in China, of imposino- tribute upon the grow- ers. The importance of the iychee in the eyes of the Chinese is evinced by the fact that there are no less than nine treatises on the ly- chee hy famous authors, beginninij with that of Ts'ai Hsiang {^M)^ in A.D. 1059 and extending to that of Wu Ying K'uei (§liMM)' in 1826. The latter author das written most interestingly of the origin of the name lychee. Travellers to Chir.a from the earliest times have reported the merits of the lychee and have encouraged its introduction into Europe and the United States. But like many things of Chinese origin, this important fruit is practically unknown on the Western Hemisphere. Such a well known authority as Dr. Augustine Henry, who knows well both European and Oriental fruits, has privately written with regard to the lychee, ' It is one of the very finest fruits in the world, not excepting the apple and the pear. ' ' A Portuguese writer' does not hesitate to say of the lychee, "It is the most tasty and beautiful fruit that God has created in the Universe.'' In fact the lychee has for many years been a favorite subject of foreign writers but their treatment has usually been as brief as their access to knowledge regarding it. One very recent writer^ tersely remarks in a three hundred word article, " One of the daintiest packages that have ever been wrapped by Nat- ure's hand is the little spherical litchi fruit. No one, whether he is a ^ TS'AI HSIANG (^g), Li Chih P'u {'^ ~ji M) in Ku Chm Tii Shu Chi Cheng {-^^^Ti^]^\ Po Hii Hid Pien (tf- *^ -^ M), Ts'ao Muh Tien (j^? TJC %\ section 273 (ll IT T" Y H S' ), 1^' C/n Pn 1 (^ ft IfK — ) paffes 1-5 (f;~K#:.?i5SK)- 2 WU YING K'UFJ (^ )!f, ii) Lins; Nun Li Chih P'u K^M^%^) ill L/we Nan I Shu '\'^%W^)-, book 59 (^£+-71,;^) and in six sections ' MONTKIRO 1)K CakvALHO, Josk, Dhrnviorie /'orfugui-z. das fiUtn/ns, arhustos, page 516. ■* Walker, Robert Sparks, in Tkr Guulr to Nuturr, Vol. XH, No, THK LYCHEE AND LUNGAN student of nature or not, can examine the litchi without admiring; its beauty and the sanitary method by which the fruit is preserved." 'Considerable effort has been made to introduce the lychee and lungan into western countries. William Roxburg:h (1759-1815)' reports, "This very famous tree is now common in Bengal. It was originally brought from China. "" In the early partly of the 19th cent- ury the iychee and lungan reached Europe. In the Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London- is recorded, "Two species of Dimocarpus have been introduced into our gardens: the D. Litchi. and D. Longan. They are both natives, of the southern part of China, where they are known as the Litchi, and the Long yen and much cultivated; they have also been transferred thence to different places in the East Indies. " The lychee reached Trinidad before 1880. ' Florida grew the fruit as early as 188 •; when Robert Manning said, " I tasted it and found the flavor excellent."'* Since the year 1907 the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction of the United States Department of Agriculture has run a special project to introduce the lychee into culture and since that time it has been carefully studied at home and abroad and information re- garding it has been assembled. In 191 1 a tree at Santa Barbara, Cali- fornia, bloomed but failed to carry its fruits to maturity. In 1914 it fruited. In July, 1916, trees which had been sent to Reasoner Brothers of c3neco, Florida, by the Office of P^oreign Seed and Plant Introduction, bore fruit of exceptionally tine quality. Many problems are involved in the successful introduction of the lychee and lungan into other lands. The climate and soils best adpated to their successful culture must first be studied in their native home. The tendancy of these fruits to variation, and their ready response to culture, is evident from the large number of varieties which have been carefully listed by the Chinese in both literature and commerce. A study of these varieties reveals a marked range in carli- ness, hardiness, productivity, color, size c^f fruit and seed; and in ' Roxburgh, Willi.vm, in Flora InJicn nr Descriptions nf Uidum Plants, Vol. II, page 269. - Tratisactions of the Hortindtunil Society nf LoiiJfi/t, 2(J Eililion, Vol. II, papes 402 and 403. ' Trinidad, Botanical Department, Bulletin nf Miscellaneous ht- /or/;7«//o« (Qiiartc'ily), Januaiv 1907, No. 53, page 177. •* Corsa, W.P., ltry, pice lOS, liNrRODUCTlON the general character such as Havor, fragrance, juiciness and amount of rag. In the general classification of the varieties of the lychee one of the most interesting, and possibly significant groups is that which the Chinese call the "water lychee" or "shinchih"' '^^/K'it^ and "mountain Ixchec' or " shan chih"' (ili:-5:) classification. The lychee and the lungan are not without their natural enemies. Very little is done in China to control these enemies. A scientific study with regard to them is imperative in order both to advance the industry in China and to prevent these enemies from gaining a foothold in other countries in which these fruits can possibly be grown. The most common insect attacking the lychee is a rela- tive of the well known stink bug" — a highly decorated species of the family Penfatomidat. The second most conspicuous enemy is a mite, apparently an undescribed species of Eriophyes which cause velvety galls on the leaves of the trees. Several species of Scarabeidae are especially troublesome to upland growers. A tree borer is also common and the Chinese fight it most ingeniously by the use of fire crackers. Minor, superficial fungi can be found on the leaves of the trees but the thick, tough, glossy nature of the leaves makes their susceptibility to fungi very slight indeed. But parasitic algae are very common on both trunk and leaf. One of the most fascinating horticultural studies in China is fhat of propagation. A Chinese plant propagator will never make an attempt to give a scientific explanation of his interesting practices; rather is he content to throw about his art an air of mysticism. But one always leaves the haunt of the Chinese gardener or nurseryman with the inward feeling that the latter has his art at the right -place — his hngers' rips: and that one is leaving with many whys and where- fores still unexplained. That the western world has much to teach China in the modern organization and systematic application of scientific nursery practice is evident on all hands. But it is folly for the West to feel that there is nothing to be learned from Chinese patience, persexerance and skill in the utilization of nature's best for the use of man. In this, as in many other fields, the great opportunity open to the modernly trained student in China is to bridge the im- mense chasm that often exists between the practices evolved fron> organized knowledge and those that are the result of centuries of experience and intuitive perception. Most of the lychee trees grown in the vicinity of Canton h;i\(' Ikm-ii propiigntrd h\ the \ er\ common mcthorl known ns 10 THK L^■c:HK^; and lungan pole chill" iMik)- I his is a process of layering; which the mod- ern horticulturist can rightly term "Chinese air-layering." It is practically the same as "Gootee" layering of India. All Cantonese gardeners are excellent manipulators of this method and a great major- hy of the trees and shrubs, including citrus fruits, of South China are thus propagated. After the trees have been rooted by this process they are set out in nursery beds or planted into pots. When they are raised for permanent planting a ball of earth at least a foot in diame- ter, held in place by means of rice straw, remains attached to the roots. The nursery business as seen for example at the village of Fang Yung (M."iS), near Canton, has become quite an industry and during the planting season one often sees boar loads of hchee nursery stock. Lychee are rarely grown from seed; lungan more often. The Chinese consider that in a region where temperature and humidity so greatly facilitate layering there is little reason to depend upon seed- lings. I'hen, too, seeds of the lychee are very short lived and cannot be kept viable for more than four or five days, except under very moist conditions. In the propagation of the trees in other lands, however, the seedling method may be advantageous, especially until a large numberof trees are at hand. J. E Higgins* in his bulletin cites some interesting experiments with regard to the use of seeds in propagation. In the greenhouses at Washington the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture has clearly demonstrated that lychee can be successfully grown from cuttings. Inarching is widely practiced by the Chinese and in the propagation of some of the best varieties of the lychee and lungan they often resort to this method. The .small seeded "No Mi Chih" ()i^;)lt§) lychee is often thus pro- pagated. One often sees high headed tops of this variety growing on trunks of the hardy, mountain or " shan chih" (lllit) type. Chinese recognize the art of grafting but I have not seen them practice budding. But cleft grafting, known as "tsieh chih" (^^) is quite widely practiced on both the lychee and lungan. In the famous fruit region of " Lo Kang Tung " (.lipiSI?|BJ,), twenty to thirty miles northeast of Canton, one sees some very successful specimens of cultivated lychee which have been cleft grafted upon the hill type. In fact this practice is doubtless the foundation upon which the large commercial lychee industry of Lokang {^\&]) has been founded. ^ HiGGIKS, J. E , T//t' I.i/c/i! in Haivaii, Hawaii .^jrnVultiiral EvperimciU Station, Riillptin No. 44, pnjrcs " and S. INTRODUCTION 11 I'he botany of the lychcc and lutiyan reveals the fact that we can look with promise to regions remote from those of native habitat for stocks upon which to work these interesting fruits. In particular the wild lychee of the Philippines, Lilchi philippinensis Radlk., offers tireat promise of being; found useful as a stock, since it is the species most closely related to the cultivated lychee and since it has peculiarities of advantage as a stock. The lungan also has an allied Philippine species, Euphoria cinct\a Radlk., which might be useful in lungan culture. J. E. Higgins' has clearly shown (hat "there is no difficulty in securing a union of the litchi with the lungan. ' Chinese also report that there are lychee trees growing upon the lungan roots but its practicability is v'ery questionable as specimens are rare. It is apparent that there is an open field for a series of interest- ing and helpful experiments in the propagation and hybridization of these attractive fruits. Such experiments should prove of great value to China and to other countries attempting to introduce the Jychee and lungan under conditions not so favorable as in their native habitat. Drought and frost resistance are two factors to be kept definitely in mind in this work; and soil variations should be carefully studied. The inhabitants of the South China region, the home of the lychee and the lungan, should take great pride in these two native fruits. Of the si.x provinces which geographically comprise South China, only two, Kwangtung (^- jfc) and Fukien GfM ^), grow the fruits extensively. Szechwan (29 jij- to the northwest, and not in- cluded among the provinces of this region, produces some lychee and lungan. These fruits are known to grow as far south as Siam. But Kwangtung and Fukien are the two great lychee-lungan provinces and their history interestingly discloses that for centuries they ha\e striven with one another for supremacy in culture and export trade. The Ling Nan (^ i^) and Hsing Hwa (® -ffc) regions of Kwang- tung and Fukien respectively, are the centers of ihe lychee and lungan industry of China. Fukien can rightly claim priority in the literature of the lychee through Ts'ai Hsiang's treatise," now eight hundred and sixty years old. In the early part of the eighteenth century \Vu Ying K'uei (^!i^) matched this work by the publication of his treatise ' on the most famous product of the Canton region, the Ling Nan lichee. ^ HiGolNS, J. E., The Litchi in Haix-aii^ Hawaii, ApfricultunI rApcrimfiit Snition, Bulletin No. 44, page 1 1 . ■ Scf tnntllntcK 1 ,111(1 J, p.ipf 7. I HE LYCHEK AND LUNG AN Liny, Nan l^j^) is a range of mountains, a region and a college. The college, known in Cantonese as Ling Naam Tai Hok Sl^iv!^) and in English as the Canton Christian College, has ap- propriately centered attention upon the lychee. It is the aim and hope of this institutiou to establish more firmly the lychee in Kwang- tung by means of a practical effort. This great fruit industry should be modernly organized and developed to its maximum in order to increase home consumption and export trade. When railroads, con- necting North and South, are completed there will be an increased demand on northern markets for this famous product of the south; while foreign markets for the dried and canned products are still undeveloped. It is fitting that one of the great tasks of the Canton Christian College shall be to standardize and improve the lychee and to develop its markets. The lychee certainly deserves to be classed with the very best fruits of the world and is worthy of ;the name 1 .1112 Nrin " " 'ISI^ ^ CHAPTER 11 ORIGIN OF THE NAMFS l.YCHEF {~^ji.) AND LUXGAN (^laM:) AND ■ ENGLISH SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION Wu Yinu' K'uei (^ gg jil) ' in the introduction of his special treatise on the Ijxhee oives a full explanation of the origin of the name lychee and supports his claims by reference to previous works. He writes that the lychee (^ ^) has secured its name from the fact that the frut clings so tenaciously to the twigs, thus necessitating the use of knives in separating the fruit from the branches. In the time of ths Han Dynasty (i% ^), H. C. 140-86, the characters represent- ing the fruit were written ^ %. The first character ^, pronounced tike the English word lay means "to separate" or "to leave." The second character jc, pronounced like clue in the English word cheese, means branch." The wood of the lychee is very hard and the fruit, even when ripe, clings firmly to the twigs. These early characters, ^{e iC, were thus an attempt to convey the idea that in gathering the fruit the twigs must be separateel from the brancJus and the fruit then sep'.iraied from the twigs. However, as knives were used in the operation of gathering the fruit the first character H later came to be written '^ and to be pronounced " li " the " j" long as in the English word ice. The second character ^ re- mained the same though now it is often written 1[^ with the additional radical ;4c, meaning "wood" or 'tree", on the left which gives the word, also pronounced chee", a more restricted meaning, ' the branch of a tree." But Wu Ying K'uei {% gg j^) points out that IJ^ must not be accepted as the standard form for writing the second half of the word lychee (^ %) , as practically all Chinese authorities on this fruit use the single-radical word ^. A more thorough study of the Chinese character "^ should prove of interest. Examination reveals that it is made up of two of the 214 idiographs or radicals of which the Chinese written language 1 WU YING K'UEI l^?iii) Lira; Nan Li Chih P'u (^|f ^^f^t in Lbifi Nan J Shu f|l|^it1*?l, book 59 {y^,Jl'\r\%), section 1 (^— %), pajTe 13 14 THE J.^•C:HKK AND lAlNC^AN consists, namely: '^^ which in the contracted form is written /|- and means "grass" or "plant" and 7J which means "knife." We then have at the top of the character "^ a "plant " and at the bottom "three knives." Wii Ying K'liei points out that these three knives, written y%, represents "to cut." The sound of this character^;, pronounced "li", is doubtless a corruption of the sound ' lay", associated with the character ^f, which was used to represent the fruit before the idea was orii^inated to tjive it the present ' knife and plant" character "^. It is also worthy of note that Wu Yinu K'uei cautions all writers of Chinese to write the word li" p„ and not ^ as so many do. The character A is pronounced hip ' and means "to cooperate" and is foreiiin to the original idea of usinjx the three knife character ^n, to cut. " Wu Ying K'uei' s (^fi^^) claim for writintuny; but to the avera'^e reader of Knulish mii>ht be pro- nounced in many ways, since hii is founil in l(H^ V -*^ '*^— PLATE IV ^ t ± I ^5 5 I rfo 71 M itP :^p T Z I ^ ^ i ^ € i /. :i ^ « ^ if 4 5iJ ^ p ^ ^ lb' PS A ± ;^ ^ 41: m ^ Figure ic. — Reproduction of a page ot Ts'ai Hsiang's ' Li Yaman Reprint of the Chinese Iniperia (Two-thirds natural size.) 'Li Chih P'u" in the Tsung Encyclopedia. CHINESE LITERATURE ON THE LYCHEE 17 140-^6, after he had conquered Nan Yueh (|iM) ' and subjected also a part of Annam, built the palace Fu Li (^^:g') and in the g^rJ^n or arboretum app^rtaininu: thereto he introduced from the soatli a hjiidreJ or more lychse trees, not one of which yrew. This he repeated for several years and finally succeeded in growing one tree which seemed to flourish for a time but never fruited. The Emperor greatly loved this tree but it died after a short period and "several tens" of husbandmen were accused of having neglected it and were killed. There has been an attempt in Chinese literature to trace the lychee as far bick as B C. 1765. Wu Ymg K'uei (^!iJi) ^quotes from a work Kuanz Yii (^!5) that I Yin (^^) of the time of the Enieror Ci'eni T'aag ifSL'^', B.C. 1766, of the Shang Dynasty (M^M), spoke of a fruit called "feng wan" (B.^) which some people believed to be the lychee. The great wealth of Chinese literature concerning the lychee, r2:3-d> of which appeared at the beoinning of the Christian era and continue to the present diy, is a fair indication of the importance of this fruit to the life of the Chinese people. Ts'ai Hsiang (^M) ^ records, as translated by Mr. M chael J. Hagerty, " AH seven pre- fectures, such as Tung ching (^ij^ — Tonking and Chia-chih (^Ilt) — Coc'iin-China, sent a tribute of fresh lychee to China. In carrying this tribute the couriers adopted the custom of fejays, stopping and leaving some of the fresh fruit at improvised depots, some of which were ten "li" apart, while others were but four "li"' distant from each other. These couriers galloped quickly, day and night. This enforced tribute oppressed these people like a plagje of poisonous insects and wild animals. At Lin-su (^^) in * Nan Yueh h the old Kirg lom of Cochin-China which in A,D, 222 WHS divided into Chiao-(!hoii or Tonquin and what is now the area covered by Kwang^tung and Kwangsi. See B.etscl'.n-ider, Botatt'con Sinicum. — Emil Visile/ich, Notes on Chinese Botany from Natit'e and Western Sources, Loidon, 1882, page 23. 2 WU YIN 3 KURT (^1^) Lin^ Nan Li Chik P'u f^^^5««) in Lin^ Nan I Shu K^^MM), book 59 '^%^-YiLi^), section 1 (S-~#) page 1 (^— H)- ^ TSAT H . This Compendium of Cljinese Literature herein referred to \v:is drawn up and published under Imperial authority in 1726. The botanical section of this gigantic compilation, Ts'ao Muh Tien (^TJC^i), comprises 320 books. See Bretschncidor, B't/atiicon Sinicit/n, pages 71, 72 and note 24. " a. Nafi Faiii^ Ts\io Mith Chuang (^')i^90i^- "This is the earliest Chinese treatise dealing with plants and bear a purely botanical character. The author was Ki Han, a Minister of State under Hui Ti of the Tsin Dynasty (A.D. 290-307). He had been previously governor of Canton. We meet in it interesting accfiunts of some trees and other plants known at that time in South China, some of them brought from distant foreign countries. The plants are treated under the four classes of herbs, forest trees, fruit trees and bamboos, including in all 8(( species." See Bretschneider, Rotanicon Siiiiciim, pag^ jS. b. P^n Ts\io Kang Mii {H^^WiVO- "This is the celebrated Chinese Materia Medica written more than 300 years ago and well known in Europe It represents indeed the most important native work on Materia Medica and Natunil History." See Bretschneider, Boianicon Sifrcum, page 47. c. Tu King Fen Tiao (fflfl;*:!?.). This is an illustrated Materia Medica comprising 21 books. It was compiled by Su Sung of Fukien province and published by Imperial Order. Sec Rvctsclmeider, Poiintiinn Sin'tcum^ pat;'e 47. , CHINESfi; LITERATURK OX THE lATHEE 19 '" Chia Ssu Hsifh (ft.g^^if,) of the time of the Northern \\ ei Dynasty (4hM'> A. D. 386-532, in his work on husbandry' records that there are many interesting varieties of this fruit, most of which ripen in the fourth month; and that they are preser\'ed hy drying:, when the flesh and seed do not appear as when fresh. Tuan Kung Lu (Pi/irSSr) of the T'anw Dynasty (ifl^), A. D. 818-904, in his Goographicul Account of Soiithn-n (jlii>in^ records the lycnee as a strange and wonderful fruit, the best in South China. He says that it ripens in the beginning t)f summer and that it has white and transparent flesh with sweet juices; and that it is as large as an egg and some varieties are without seeds. T hese are only a few of the references quoted in the Chinese Kncyclopedia. Another interesting record is that of Su Shih (Hit), high official, poet and essay-writer of the first rank, who in A. D. 1094 was accused of having spoken disrespectfully of the Emperor and was banished flrst to VVaicliow (MM) in Kvvangtung ij^^i) and afterwards to the Island of Hainan (^^ffj), regions which in those diys were utterly barbarv)us and unknown. These same regions are to-day famous lychee centers and Sa Shih (|^|£J has left us no less than eight poems' on this wonderful fruit, one of which was com- posed at the foot of Lo Fou mountain ( ^j?llJ ' and has been translated as follows: " Beneath tliesc green mountains where sprhig rules the >ear The arbutus and loquat in season appear; And feasting on lychee — three hundred a day — • I shouldn't mind staying eternally here. " ■* ' 7j'/ Ml,, Yao S/iiii (j^l^gjliilj). Bretsclineider trausIiUes the title of this work: Important Rules for the People to ^aiii their J.iving in Peace. The original work vvas ii\ 92 sections but a part of it was lo.-t a longtime ago. The edition now cinren( is in ten books. See Bretschneider Botunicon Sinicum, pages 77 and 79. - Pel hu lu (4b^t5^) l>y Tuan Kung Lu of the T'ang Dynasty. See Bretschneider, Bottirtiron Siniaim, page 178. ' AV/ Chill Ti, S/iu Ch, Chena (■fi'-1»®#^f/3t), Po IVu Hui Pirn (If 4^R-J^), T.<\uj Muh Tien (^.7|c!Pj-), section 276 (,^nW-t:-|-^€-), Ei Chih Pu 2 (#,^ltl5^A pages 5-6 (^;^?.^-A). ri:\iisl:itii II, li\ Ml--. Ro^c S. \'\'illi,im ■. 20 THE LYCHEE AND LtJNQAN Of the various Chinese treatises on the lychee, that of Ts'ai Hsianj, ^ A. D. 1059, already quoted, is the earliest and most famous. His work is divided into seven distinct chapters all of which have been translated by Mr. Michael J. Hagerty, of the Office of Crop Physiology and Breeding Investigations of the United States Department of Agriculture. In the first of these chapters he treats of the extent of territory over which the lychee is grown and pro- claims his z;al to place this fruit in the position it deserves among the fruits of the world. He had artists draw pictures of the best varieties he had seen and these he classified. In the second chapter he deals wich the lychee in his native province, Fukien, and he names one variety, the "Chen family purple lychee " of which he says that though there are a thousand varieties and ten thousand trees, no other one can compare with this. He says of it, "When the Chen family are about to harvest their crop of lychee, they close all their gates or doors and people desiring to purchase the fruit must hand in their money through an aperture in the wall, receiving in return its equivalent in lychee fruit. For that which the purchaser was able to obtain he was thankful and considered himself lucky, re/er daring to argue whether the price was too much or too little. " He then deah with the production and export of the lychee and in the fourth chapter he considers its medicinal properties and speaks of the age of the tree and the excellent character of the wood. He does not fail to discuss the important fact of inability of the lychee to withstand cold and to speak of its chief enemies. In the si?cth chapter he deals with a few of the many interesting methods of preserving the fruit which the Chinese used in those days and he tells of the custom of sending the best fruit as tribute to the Emperor. In the last chapter he gives a comprehensive list of the varieties produced and discusses them in some detail. Sung Chia i^m) ^ of the Ming Dynasty (mW , A. D. 1368-1627, also wrote a treatise on the lychee in which he quotes Ts'ai Hsiang (SI^S) and interestingly proclaims his desire to organize- ' T^'AT H— ), pages 6-11 ^>f;HM?gi— H CHTNESK LITERATURE ON TRE LYCFIEE 21 a Lychee Society, the purpose of which should be to consume the delicious fruit and to write- poems about it. He names twenty-two varieties growing in Kwangtung as recorded hy Chen" Hsiung \MM^ ■ One of the most recent treatise on the lychee, and which does not appear in the Chinese Encyclopedia, is that of \Vu Ying K'uei i^MM) ^ published in 1826. This treatise deals with the lychee in the Ling Nan (^i^) region of Kwangtung (jgiH) and has been translated into English by Mr. Hoh Mung Ping 'H?^^) of the Canton Christian College. The Chih Wu Ming Shih T'u K'ao (M*^^KM^>^ an illustrated Chinese botany published in 1848, reprints a number of the well-known lychee monogiaphs and in connection with the illustration of the lychee Wu Ch'i Hsiin f'^jt-r#), the author, writes an interest- ing essay. In this essay it is recorded that Yu Lo Nung (^^;^) of Fukien province had among his pupils one who later became an official in Yuan Kiang (71:51) in Yunnan (Sj^h Yu Lo Nung (MM^> l^ter visited his friend in Yunnan and found recorded in the annals of Yuan Kiang ijcil) that the lychee had been produced there. Upon inquiry why this section did not still produce lychee he learned that it was because of the difficulties of communication and the labor and trouble involved in sending lychee tribute to the Emperor. Because of the hardships imposed upon them the people had decided to cut down all the lychee trees. Yu Lo Nung (r^^;^) again pointed out that Yuan Kiang (jcjIJ vvas well adapted for lychee culture and he strongly urged the official to introduce them from Nan Hai (i^?^) in Kwangtung province. The final answer of his friend was that Yuan Kiang {jitfL) was hot and damp and that the lychee introduction was not worth the effort as he would not be there for more than three years. He said that, moreover, as this vvas the only place in Yunnan that could possibly produce the lychee, its production would cause the people much hardship because of the custom of tribute. He remarked. For one taste of sweetness by the officials, the people are caused much trouble. Ah! How sorry I am ! ' WU YING K'UKr i^mm I'hig Na>, Li ChUi P'u {^m^%m) in Liri^ Na/r I Shu (|^^ig^)> ^^ook 59 (^S-F^hiJ^si), and in six sections 2 WU CH'I HSUN (^Jtjt), Chih ffu Mi>if; Shih Tu K\io {til4^* KIS#)« ff-uit di'visifm fj^lg). section 31 (^H+— ^). piicjfs 1 and 11 22 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN One of the most helpful sources of information in the study of these fruits has been the provincial, prefectural and district gazetteers or annals. Each political division of China has at regular intervals systematically published these geographical records which contain helpful information regarding history, production and matters of interest in the life of the people. By means of these records it has been possible to determine the districts in which the lychee and luni^an are g^'own and to secure valuable data relative to culture and varieties. The Chinese works consulted include these and mis- cellaneous works together with the nine standard works on the lychee. A list of these is appended and most of them will be found in the Library of Congress at Washington. These works are constantly referred to throughout the text. They not only record numerous legends regarding these fruits which would enrich a child's book of fairytales; but they discuss in an enlightening manner the habitat, culture, varieties and trade of these important fruits. A^any of the problems involved in the successful culture of these fruits have been discussed by Chinese writers and their records should prove of great value in the development of the industry at home and abroad. CHAPTER IV EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE ON THE LYCHEE AND LUNG AN The first unquestionable records, regarding China, appearing in the West in the twelfth century, were in Arabic. In these there is apparently no mention of the lychee and lungan. Gonzalez de Mendoza's work in Spanish, published in Rome in 1585, translated into English by R. Parke in 1588, was the first detailed record regarding China published in any European language after the dis- covery of the sea route to Chma in the early part of the sixteenth century. As translated by Parke, Gonzalez de Mendoza ^ referred to the lychee in the following words: "Also they haue a kinde of plummes, that they doo call lechias (Dimocarpus leechee), that are of an exceeding gallant tast, and neuer hurteth any body, although they shoulde eate a great number of them. " in " De Christiana Expedition"^, published in lolS, Licyas and Longauas are mentioned but Alvaro Semmedo ' in his work published in Italian in 1643, and "put into English by a person of quality " in 1655, describes the fruit more completely. He says, "The Southern provinces have the best fruits of all India; particularly ' Gonzalez de Mendoza, Juan, The History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof. Translation out of Spanish by R. Parke. London, Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1588, page 14. ^ Trigault, Nicolas, De Christiano expeditiu ne apud sinas suscepta ah societate Jesu. Ex P. Matthaei Ricii eiusdem societatis commentariis Libri V. Augusta Vind. Augusburg, 1615, page 10. ^ Semmedo, Alvaro, The history of that great and renowned monarchy of China ....... .Lately written in Italian by F. Alvarez Semedo Now put into English by a person of quality, and illustrated with several mapps and figures London, Printed by E. Tvler for I, Crook, 1655 page 5 » 24 THR LYCHFJ<: AND LTJN'UAN Cantone ; for they have Allans, i\lany;has ; and above all, there are some fruits proper to them of a particular excellency, such as in Cantone are the Licie, (so the Portughess call them, but the Chineses, Lici. ) These on the outside are an orange colour, and when they are ripe doe very much beautify the trees they grow on. They are made like chastnuts, in the forme of an heart; when the shell is pilled of, which is only contiguous to it, the fruit remaines like a pearl in colour, very pleasing to the sight, but more to the taste. In lb55 Martinio ' reported the lychee and lungan from Fukien in the following words as translated by Mrs. Maude Keller- man Swingle: " A quantity of the fruits called Lichi, in Portugese Machaetises Licliiis, is also found in the eastern part of the Province [Fukien] and especially about the cities; they are borne on large tall trees which have leaves like the laurel and whose top branches produce fruit like bunches of grapes but with fewer fruits and longer peduncles; the fruit is the shape of a heart, and the size of a walnut, resembling a small pine cone, having a scaly but not thick skin for it can be easily broken with the hand alone; inside is the succulent white flesh with a suave rose odor and taste; at maturity the fruit becomes purple so that the trees themselves look purple ornamented all over with hearts, a beautiful sight to delight the eyes; the seed or stone is surrounded by flesh, and the smaller the seed the better and more superior the fruit; rightly may I say that it is the king of fruits; often have I considered how it delights the eye and one never wearies of the taste, its flesh is like sweet meats made of congealed (candied?) roses as the people call it and I have often seen that it almosts melts in the mouth. "There is also another fruit which is round and has a different skin from the above, — this is called the Lung yen, that is dragon's eye; it is not equal to the above in size but is a little smaller and rounded almost like a cherry. The skin is somewhat harder than that of the " Lichi " and has larger scales. Both are also dried in China and are sent from this province (Fukien) to delight the whole empire, but the dried fruits cannot be compared to the fresh ones as almost all the suave juice is lost. From the Lichi " also a liquor is expressed, which the Chinese call wine; it is agreeable enough but not often found." ^ Martinio, Martino, Atlas Sinicus sive Magni Siiiaruni Imperii ' Geographica descriptio, auctore R. P. Martino Martinio e Societate Jesu, ex Sinanim refjno in (Tfhem mi'jso Procuratore \'iennn, ]f<'>'>, pape IJi. KUllUPEAN AND AMERICAN LITEKATUKE 25 In 1656 Michel Boym's work ' was made known and published later in Aielchisedech fhevenot's lUlalions di divirs voayycs. Boyni devoted a para'^jraph to the Li-ci and Luni-yoi and said that the trees appear only in the southern provinces of China; that the fruit of the li~ci somewhat resembles that of the pine and that the lam yen has a very thin skin; that the texture is somewhat like that of the j^rape and is dried in lary:e quantities by the Chinese. He re- ported how the Chinese claim that when the fruit is wild it has very large seed, scanty flesh and sub-acid taste, but if it is transplanted and cultivated the seeds soon decrease in size and the flesh becomes sweet and abundant. He likened the color of the flesh to human nails and says that the Chinese sometimes preser\ e the fruit in salt water and thus are able to maintain its freshness. His drawing of the tree and fruit, carefully labeled with Chinese characters, was probably the first figure of the tree published in the West. Giacomo Zanonii (1615-1682) ^ also pictured the lychee, showing limb, leaves, fruit and flower. His work not published until 1742. It describes the lychee as a tree of large, thick, oblong leaves; the white flowers occur together; fruit very red with thin skin and white flesh. He says that the kernels of the fruits are sometimes used with flour for making bread and that the poorer ones are made into powder to produce a cooling drink. The pre-Linnean name Lischion Lndiat orientcdis was given by Zanonii. In 1662 Johannes Jonstonus's work' appeared in Latin. His observations were so similar to those of Boym as to make one feel that the latter was the source of the information. He also devoted a whole plate to a drawing of the tree and fruit which he, too, carefully labeled with Chinese characters. Dr. Olfert Dapper^ , Dutch traveller in his work published in An)Sterdam in 1670, reports that in Chungkingfu, Szechwan, the lychee grows e\erywhere in great abundance; and that in south-west ' Boym, Michel, in Tlicvenot, MfU-hisedecli, Relations Je Ji-irrs ^■oavgfs. Paris, .\. Praiard, 1683, pajje 2(1. ' Zanonii Giacomo, Jacobi Zanonii Rarionim stirpiuni liistjoria ex parte olitn edita Bononiae, ex typographia Laelii a Vulpe, 1742, page 147. ' Jonstonus, Johannes, Dendrograpl-.ias: sive, Historiae naturalis tie arboribus Francofurti ad Moeniim, siiniptibxis liaerediiin Matthaei Meriar.i, 1662, page 475 and Tab. cxxxvi. ■* Dapper, Olfert, Gedenkwaerdigbedryf der Nederlandsche Oost-Indische maetschappye, op de kuste en in het keizerrijk van Taising of Sina: Jacob van Meurs, Ainsterdam, 167(1, pages 208 and 209. 26 THE LYCHEE AN]:> l.UNGAN Kukien, especially' in Hinsrhwafu, it throws in still greater abundance. He states that the fruit grows on trees with a leaf much like that of laurel; that the fruits form in bunches on the twigs at the tops of the branches, nuich like the grape, but on longer stems. He says that the fruit has exactlj- the shape of an animal's heart and so pictures it in his drawing; and that inside the fruit is a juicy fiesh, white in color and with the fragrance of a rose. He says that when the tree is in fruit it seems to be decorated with purple hearts and is greatly admired by onlookers. He concludes, "The f^esh almost melts like sugar in the mouth, and does not hurt anybody. Rightly may this fruit be called 'Queen of Fruits'." George Joseph Camell, or Kamel ^ , in a work on the herbs and shrubs of the Island of Luzon in the Philippines, published as an appendix to John Ray's Historia plantarum, reported local Philippine names as well as the Spanish and Chinese names of what was apparently the Philippine "alapag", EnpJioria cincrca Radlk. He says that this species grows to about the height of a walnut tree, with alternate leaves much resembling the laurel; flowers white and odorous; fruit small, about the size of a hen's egg with a verrucose membranous skin at first green but turning to red, and dark in color when dry. He describes the fruit as containing a small mouthful of diaphanous, excellent, sweetly acid flavor in which there is an oblong tereate seed. He says it is abundant in the mountains Hatan, Paliopican in Zebu, Bohol and Basilan. Peter J. B. Du Halde - , a Jesuit, in a work published at the Hague in 1736, mentions among other fruits the Tsl-Isc (doubtless the Chinese persimmon), Li4chiandthe. Long-yucn, saying that they are peculiar to China where they are highly regarded and that they grow especially in the province of Kwangtung. He says that scarcely any fruit can be compared with the lychee, especially those varieties with small seeds. Camello, Georgio Josepho, Herbarum aliarumque stirpiuiii in insula Luzone philippinarum (Appendix to John Ray's Historiei p/antarum), 1704, pages 53 and 54. Du Haide, Jean Baptiste, Description geograpiiique, liistoriquc chi'onologiqiie, politique, et phj'sique do I'empire de la Cliine et de la Tartaric Chinoise, Tome Second, A Lu Have, Henri Scheurleer, 1736, pages 170 and 171. EUKOrEAN AND AMP]RICAN LITEKATUKE 27 Pelir Osbeck ^ , Rector of Hasloef and Woxtorp, Member cif the Academy of Stockholm and of the Society of Upsala, in his Voyage to China and tJn Eosi Jndus, interestingly reported in 1757 a certain thrilling experience in his search for plants in which be says, ' Near this place was a garden, but neither entreaties nor money could procure me an entrance VVe went to the house where the surveyor of it lived. Here was a little gilt figure, on an altar, which was one of the lares of the Chinese. We were well received in his room; and he immediately ordered a dish of tea without sugar, and a tobacoo-pipe to be given us but did not desire us to sit down. \Ve were afterwards presented with two sorts of fruit, which in their language are called Ln-iyit and Longan." These Osbeck has described in another place as a fruit which is eaten with tea, tasting almost like a sort of our plums and covered with a brownish, thin and warty skin, in appearance something like gall apples. As translated in English he says, " Lang-an is less than lat-yee; th^y ha\e a smooth skin, and sweet pulp, as in the lat-yee. " The first modern botanical name, Litchi Chiiunsis, v\'as given by Pierre Sonnerat^ . Commissioner of Marine and Naturalist under royal pension, Correspondent of the Ro.yal Household, and Member of the Royal Societies of Paris and Lyons, in his publication of 1782. Sonnerat gives a careful and complete description of the lychee and says. " Its fruit is very agreeable and one of the best in the country. ^Vhen it is ripe it is of a russet or reddish color. The Chinese dry it in an oven to keep it and thus prepared it becomes an object of commerce. The Longan of China should be included in the same genus. Grosier's ' \ery comprehensive Gdural Dtscriplioit of China translated from the French into English and published in 1795, contains the following interesting but somewhat questionable ' Osheck, Peter, A Vovage to China and the Kast Indies Lonchjn, B. White, 177], pages 308', 326 and 327. ^Sonnerat, Pierre, Voyage aux Indes Orientale> et a la (liine 2 volumes aiui i)lates, Paris, L'auteiir, 1782, Tome second, i>Mg'f 23(1 and plate 129. ' Grosier, Jean Buptiste Gabriel /Alexandre, A jjcneral description of China: containing the topography of the fifteen provinces which comprise this vast empiie; that of Tartar^', the isles, and other tributary countries. The second edition, transited froin the French of the Abbe Grosier. London, (;. G. and 1. Robin-on, 1795, ^^^i. 1, i):i<;-<' 426 ;nid 427. 28 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN statements with regard to the lychee, "We are assured that this fruit is delicious; but it is dangerous when eat to excess; for it is so hot, that it occasions an eruption over the whole body The li-tchi which are carried to Peking for the use of the Emperor, in- closed in tin vessels, filled with spirits mixed with honej' and other ingredients, preserve indeed an appearance of freshness, but they lose much of their favour. That this Prince might taste them in the highest perfection, the trees themselves have been sometimes transported to the capital in boxes; and they have been so well managed, that, when they arrived there the fruit was near its maturity. The other kind of fruit peculiar to the southern provinces is the long-i/e)i or dragon s eye; it is of a round figure, has a yellowish skin, and its pulp is white, tart and juicy. It is said that the fruit of this tree is not so agreeable to the taste as the li-tchi, but is, however, more wholesome, and may be eaten with great safety. " Sir George Leonard Staunton^ mentions a fruit, the sce-chec (probably the persimmon) with that of the hc-chec in the account of his journey to Canton in 1797 found in his work concerning his embassy to China. He says, "The Chinese want some European fruits, such as gooseberries, currants, raspberries and olives; but abound in others such as the scc-chte, and the Ice-diec, which are not produced in Europe The lee-chee is not much bigger that a large cherry, with a skin full of soft prickles. The taste of the pulp is tart; and it covers a kernel, in proportion, large. The lee-chee is often pre- served, and in that state has somewhat of a sweet taste.'' Jose Monteiro de Carvalho ^ in his Diccionaric portugiuz 1817, devoted ten lines to the Lexia and says, "Leaves compact and wide of a yellowish, green color The fruit is somewhat like the shape of a green pear, the which is the most tasty and beautiful that God has created in the Universe." The beginning of the 19th century witnessed a wider interest in Europe in the culture of these fruits. The Trausacduiic of the Horticultural Society of London, ' " 1818, contains a report on their introduction into their gardens under the names of Diinocarpus * Staunton, Sir George Leonard, An authentic account of an embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China. London, G. Nicol, 1797, Vol. 2, page 463. ^ Monteiro de Car\4alho, Jose, Diccionarie portuguez das plantas, arbustos, Lisboa, 1817, Tomo 1, page 316. ' Royal Horticultural society, London, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London volume II, 2d edition, London. 1818, pages 402 and 403. KUKOPEAX AND AMERICAN LITEKATURF 2^^ Litclil and Diinocarpus Loinjan. This is followed with a descrip- tion of these fruits, with a record of the fruitinji; of the lono;an in a "stove" erected by John Knight, Esq., of Lee Castle for the pur- pose of ^rowinti tropical fruits. This report contains a handsome drawing of a beariny: twi^ of these longans. ft states that these fruits, natives of the southern part of China, have been transferred to different places in the East Indies. Edwards's Botanical Register' published in London in 1835 deals with the " Longan Tree "' under the name of Euphoria Longan and states that the lychee and lungau are two of the finest fruits that the Chinese possess. He says, "They have, when imported, a brown shell, which in the former is prickly, in the latter simply warred, and contain a single seed sur- rounded by a succulent aril, having much the taste of an excellent raisin, only rather more vinous." He says that this species seldom flowers in England and has produced at only one place; namely at Mr. John Knight's. He quotes in full from the Transactions of the Hortic'dtural Society in London and supplements the drawing therein contained by one of a similar twig in flower. Robert Fortune ■•' , Botanical Collector to the Horticultural Society of London in the second edition, 1847, of his Three Years Wanderings in Ihe Northern Provinces of China, including a Visit to the Tea, Silk, and Cotton Countries, mentions among trees growing over the plains and near the sides of the river, the Icechee and longan. In his chapter on " Native Fruits, " he says, " What may be more properly called Chinese fruits, such as the leechees, longans and wangpees, are, however, excellent, the climate suiting them admirably. When I was here [in July], the leechee trees were covered with their Hne red fruits, and were very beautiful, the fruit contrasted so well with the deep clear green foliage '" Aiphonso de Candolle ^ in his Origin oj Cultivated J'lantSf second edition, 1886, deals with the litchi, longav and randjutan all under the generic name of Ncphelium. He says that it does not ' Edwards's Botanical Register; or ornaiTi<-iital tlower-gardfn and shriibberv, New Series, \'(>!. ". T.ondon: JaniP'^ Ridf^nav and Sons Piccadilly, 1835, No. 1729. Fortune, Robert, Three years wanderings in the northern provinces of China, incliidinp^ a visit to the tea, silk, and cotton countries with an account of the agriculture and horticulture of the Chinese, new plants, etc. Second Edition. London: John Murray, 1847, page 384. ' Candolle, Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de, Origin of cultivated plants, Secon) or Wu Huan Tsu (^,^»^^) and widely used for soap. Herbert A. Giles in his Chinese-English Dictionary, page 632, says that the black seeds of this species are used as charms to drive awav demons •ind their pulpy skin as a detergfent. BOTANY OF FOUR IMPJKTANT SAPJNDACEOUS FRUITS JJ some of which bear edible fruit. The lijclKe and the lungdu are the two most important sub-tropical forms and the ramh titan and the pulassan are the two most hicrhly developed tropical' species. P'ormerly these four were usually y:rouped in the genus Ncplieliam with the names .v. litcJii, N. longana. N. lappac( nni^nd M . niuiabilc respectively. George Don (IS31-1838) ' , Miquel ( 1855-1 859 j - Hooker (1875)^, and Kurz (1877)"* give excellent outlines of Sltphdium under which they list the lychee and the lungan. Baillon ' in his work published in 1878, divides the Sapindaccac into eight series with 74 genera. His third series, SapiiKkuc, with 40 genera includes the plants of this study. Recent botanists have placed the lychee and the lungan, according to characters which readily separate them from the rambutan and the pulassan and from each other, in the two separate genera Litchi and Euphoria. They continue to group the rambutan and the pulassan under X( pJidiuni. Radlkofer^' who has given the group the latest and best study has also followed this treatment. It is fortunate that this family of plants has been the life-long study of the botanist, Tyudwig Radlkofer, to whom we now look as the authority on the relationships of the lychee and the lungan. It is difficult to over-estimate the value of the kind of knowledge such as Radlkofer has collected and recorded in his numerous writings on the Sapindaccac. In experimenting with stocks on which to graft the lychee and also in hybridizing work, such knowledge is absolutely indispensable. As a result of Radlkofer' s careful investigations, the relationships of the lychee and the lungan to the other members of ' Don, George, A i;eneral history of the Jich/amyJous plants. In fi>iii volumes. London, |. (}. and F. Riving-ton. 1831. Vol. I, jKig^t-s 654, 65o, H70 and 671. ^ Miquel, Friedrich Anton ^'ilhelni. Flora van NeJerlanJsrh. htJir, Amsterdam, C. G. van der Post, 1859, pag^es 554, £55, 5-56 and 557. ' Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, Flora nf British India. London, L. Reeve & Co., 1875. 7 vol. Vol. 1 pages 686, 687, 688, 689 and 690. ■* Kurz, Sulpiz, Forest flora of British Burma. Calcutta, Office of tlic superintendent of g-overninent printing, 1877. 2 volumes. Vol. 1, pages 292-293 and 294. ' Baillon, Henri F,rne^t, The natural history of plants, London, 1878, L. Reeve & Co., in 8 volumes. Vol. 5, pages 350, ?>77, 394, ;;y5 and 396. Radlkofer, Ludwig, SapinJaceae in die naturlichen Pflanz.enfa/ntlien, liegr. \on A Engler und K. Prantl. Leipzig, Verjag \o\\ Willielm Engelmann, 1896. Ill Teil. 5. Alileilung, pages 328 to .334. .H THE LYCHEE AND I,UN(>AN the family are knovvn with a hiij;h deyjree of probability. For example we find the species most closely related to the lychee, Litchi cltiiu H&is Sonn, and hence of greatest promise for use as stock, is the Philippine wild lychee, Liichi pJiiiippiH' nsis Radlk. (fi^^. 2-, a large tree reaching a considerable height and growing on the hills and mountains at an altitude of 100-1700 feet. Fscudoiuphcliutn fumatuin (Bl. j Radlk. is also very closely related and may serve as a useful stock on which to grow the lychee. Considerable experi- mentation along this line has already been done with Euplioria longana Lam., to which the Philippine form, Euphona ciiuna Radlk. (fig. 3) is closely related. Radlkofer places the four fruits in the subfamily Xcpluinac which he divides into 12 genera with about 78 species. These he classifies under two main divisions. The one, which includes the four species widely cultivated for their edible arils, has indehiscent fruits and is limited to tropical and sub-tropical Asia and the northern islands of the Malayan Archipelago. The other, which includes the Titoki tree of New Zealand, has fruits opening spontaneously at maturity and occurs in Polynesia, Australasia, the southern islands of the Malayan Archipelago and in South Africa. No species of the latter is known to occur on the Asiatic mainland or on the neighbor- ing islands. The first of these groups, with fruits not opening spontaneously at maturity, is divided by Radlkofer into two sub-groups. The one, which includes the lychee and the lungan, has fruits with the arillus free from the seed. The other, which includes the rambutan and the pulassan, has fruits with the arillus adherent to the seed. This subfamily Ncphclieo,e^ with special reference to the four fruits with which we are concerned, can thus be represented as follows : I — Fruits indehiscent A — Fruits with arillus free from the seed 1— The LYCHEE GROUP comprising the genera Litchi and Euphona, and two others, with a total of 15 species (see outline of Lychee Group). a — Ivcaflets with lateral veins obsolete. Calyx 1/5 cleft; petals none. Fruit muricateand red. Litchi ehincnsis Sonn. (fig. 44), the lychee of com- merce. PLATE VI Figure 4. — Root System of a Mature Lychee Tree. Figure 5. — A F"lower Panicle of the Lychee. BOTANY OF FOUR IMPOKTANT SAPINDACEOUS FKUITS 35 aa — Leaflets with lateral veins more or less conspicuous. Calyx 1/2 cleft; petals Hve. Fruit smaller than above, smooth and yellow. Eupliuria loit(/(f)i. — Fruits with arillus adherent to the seed 2— The RAMBUTAN GROUP comprising the uenus X( plicliKin and two other trenera, including in all about .^5 species. a — Leaflets 2-12. Fruit echinate-muricate with loniis: La< I Ji chint nais Osh. Win. (1765) Litcki chinensis Sown. Voy. p. 230. ''1782) pi. 129 iSc ytal-ia cliitunsin Gaertn. de. fruct. p. 197, (178S)pl. xlii Sa pindus e dttlis Aitoii. Hort. Kew. 2:36. (1789) Dtmocarptis Litr.hi Lour. Fl. Cochin (1790) (See ed. 2, p. 286-7) Eup hori a piDiioea Lam. Lncycl. mecli. 3:573. (1791) Fh^plwjia si njcnsis Gmd. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13 (1796), 2:61ir Euph oriii Lilchi Desf. D. C. Prod. 1:611. (1824) (OrDesf. Cat. 159, 1815.0 Ncphdium Lit-chi Camb. in Mem. Mus. Par. 18:30. (1829) ^ t^U Lali'i^ fALdn \lo\h. Fl. Ind. 2:269. (1832) Ncp heiiuiii d uriocarpits Anders. Fl. Behar, Asiat. Soc. ~~"^eivzr327l99. (See Hook. Fl Brit. Ind. 688^ Dkscription The (>•(( as seen in cultivation ( h^. 6} is a handsome ever- trreen, 30-50 feet high with a naturally low head 15-30 feet broad and a short stocky trunk, which when mature reaches a diameter of 3-4 feet. Seedling trees in the wild or semi-cultivation usually have a higher trunk and sometimes reach immense dimensions. In the hilly country of South China where trees have ideal growing condi- tions we have observed lychee trees 70 feet high, with a spread of head of 60 feet and a trunk girth, breast high, of 12 feet (figures 47 and 48). There are numerous, crooked, low-hanging or spreading branches. The tree is glabrous in all its parts and has a smooth bark. The wood is brownish-red, heavy, and close grained and take> a fine polish. In Kwangtung it is commonly used for plow handles and for grain-mill parts. Roxburgh' says, "independently ' Roxburg-h, William, F/ora InJiai; or descriptions of InJian plants Serampore, printed for VV. Thackt-r i^' Co., C'.iioiitta, 1832. 2 \oliimc:-. Vol. 2, pao-e 27(1. 38 THE LYCHEE AN]) I.UNGAN of the well known fruit of this tree, it is hiy;hly ornamental, beinu one of the most permanent evergreens we have in India. ' ' It certain- Iv provides a marked feature of much of the beautiful Kwansituny; landscape. The rooLs are fibrous, c.xtendinii in ail directions to about the vridth of the tree and providini*; a thick net-work of ^frowth ifiu. 4). The I'oiutfji for the y;reater part of the year is of a deep y;reen, laurel-like appearance. In winter or spring the new urowth flushes forth a beautiful orano;e foliage ( Rid<>evvay, Plate ii, 90 R-O Mars Orantre), which forms quite a contrast in the appearance of the tree. The leaves are compound, .^-9 inches lony;, petioled and abruptly pinnate. In general appearance the Chinese often compare them to those of the camphor and cinnamon trees. LiCi/lfts 2-10 (mostly 5, 6 and 7) usually opposite, shortly petioled, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, entire, coriaceous, tapering to a hne point, base cuneate. They are very smooth and glossy above, glaucous beneath and of a firm texture, with netted veins, the lateral ones almost obsolete. Flowers small and numerous, forming a large, oblong, terminal and leafless panicle (tig. 5) of the length of the leaves or longer. These are ramous and erect or ascending. 1 he small greenish-white or yellowish flowers, 1/12 to 1/8 inch wide are on some trees mostly hermaphrodite while on others mostly male. They quickly turn brown and are not of a pleasing odor. They open in China in March and April, and in Bengal and British Burma in February and March. Valyx small, cup-shaped, four, rarely five toothed and both sides downy. Petals none. In both the hermaph- rodite and male flowers there is a large fleshy, crenulate gland, the Mclarij, into which the stamens and pistil are inserted. I^ianicns from 6-10. Filaments in the hermaphrodite flowers short, pubescent and spreading and in the male flower almost three times as long. Anthers shorter than filaments, roundish and tvvo-lobed. Ovary superior, elevated on a short column, two-lobed, pubescent, two- celled, each containing a single ovule. Style erect, rather short and hairy. Htignvi two cleft, divisions revolute. • Fruil 1-2 lobed, the lobes usually solitary by abortion ; \ery rarely paired. They are round or oval about 1 to li inches in diameter with a thin, leathery, bright red muricated pericarp which becomes quite brittle when dried. Next under it is the edible BOTANY OF FOUR IMPOKTANT SAPINDACEOUS FKUITS .^9 portion which is the delicious, sub-acid, semi-transparent, jelly-like aril which covers the seed. This aril is usually of an azure white or light yellow appearance which in some varieties inclines to a pink. The sted is single, oblong, smooth and brown and loosely affixed at the base to the pulpy aril. It is rudimentary ia some varieties, when the Chinese speak of it as like a chicken tongue, and quite large in others. The nnbnjo is erect without perisperm. The lychee might be described a little more fully as a fruit which in size is about that of a very large strawberry or of a small English walnut; it inclines a little more to the elliptical of the straw- berry than to the oval of the walnut. When the fruit is fresh the skin has the toughness of a thick-skinned grape but when dried snaps open with the brittleness of a very thin, paper-shelled almond. The skin is leathery and of various textures and always tends toward a verrucose surface with angular tubercle^. The different types vary in color from that of a highly tinted strawberry to the greener tint of a plum. The fruits form somewhat in clusters, hut are not bunched as in the grape. When fresh the lychee breaks open and is eaten much like the grape. The flavor and texture of the lychee might be described as midway between the juicy sweetness of a highly cultivated grape and the sub-acidity of a cherry. Some varieties are noted for their delicate, rose-scented fragrance. In the dried form the fruit suggests somewhat the taste and character of a large dried raisin from which the paper-shelled covering must first be removed. In this form some have compared its taste to that of a large dried cherry or grape. The usual Jiabiial of the cultivated lychee is on the foothills or along the banks or dykes of streams of sub-tropical regions. Although its precise indigenous stations have not been ascertained it is doubtless native to South China and grows especially well in Kwangtvmg and Fukien. A sour, hardy variety, known as the "mountain lychee " or "shan chih" (|ljj^) is found in a semi-wild state in Kwangtung. The lychee is also found in Kwangsi and Szechwan, and in Hongkong, Formosa and Hainan. Introduced from South China it is now widely cultivated in India, especially in the Bengal region and in British Burma. The lychee in cultivation, at its best, is a low-akitude, water-loving plant, especially valuable for planting along the dykes of streams in sub-tropical areas where heavy frosts do not occur. 4U THE LYCHEE AND J.UNGAN Botany of the Lungan Synonomy of Ei(plioriti longnna as outlined by Karl Ludwiii Blur XiplK liinn LoiKj-ijaii Blume. S< pJtdiain Lonqana Camb. in Mem. A [us. d'hist. Nat. XVIU, p. 50. ycplK'li.Kin Longand Hook, in Curt. Bot. Majr. tab. 4096. -Walp. Repert. bot. V. p. 564. 1. Xcph. 285 and Boa s. Bohoa, Boasbas Camell. in Raj. Hist. Plant. Ill in App. p. 52. 14 have been eh'niinated from this synonomy inasiniich as they do not belong here. Radlkofer places this species under Euphoria and as such <)ives it the name Euphoria longana from Lamarack, Encgclupdlia Uithodique ,^:574 published in 1791. As outlined under the lychee trroup there are ten other species in this y;enus of which Euphoria cincrca (fig.-i), a Philippine form, is especially worthy of closer study. This species is an edible form closely allied to the lunjran and known in the Philippines as the "alupay;. " This fact that there are in addition to the Chinese lunjran other edible species with which to hybridize it, makes the field for the creation of new forms of this hardier species a very promising one. The possibilities of using these forms as stock on which to graft the lychee, as well as the possibilities of hybridizing, make imperative a systematic study and careful collection of all these interesting species. Description The tree of the lungan, at its best, is a somewhat more hand- some ornamental with higher head and spreading branches. The bark of the tree is decidedly corky instead of smooth as in the case of the lychee. The branches seem more brittle but the wood is not so hard or highly prized by the Chinese as in the case of the lychee. The foliage is usually of a darker green than is that of most varieties of the lychee. In early winter it Hushes forth a beautiful garnet brown young growth ( Ridgeway, Plate i, 3 O. R. Garnet Brown) which at once is a distinguishing characteristic from the orange flush of the lychee (Ridgeway, Plate ii, 9 OROO Mars Orange > . The h arts are compound, alternate, petioled and pinnate. 42 THE LYCIIEK AND LUXUAN They a/erj^* 4-8 iiuhes IotiCc;nt underneath. The /lowers are small but lartjer than the lychee and arranged on velvety, slisrhtly angular flower stalks. Flowers yellowish-brown. The calyx is hairy outside and divided into Ave parts. Petals five, rarely six; pubescent. Filaments pubescent; anthers glabrous. The ovary is divided into two, sometime three, parts. The lobes are quite large, rounded and velvety. The style is thick and stigma short and somewhat double. The fruits are rounded, of a yellow brown color and almost smooth on the surface. T he flavor of the fruit is not so delicate as the lychee but more vinous. The seed is rounded, of a beautiful black color and marked at the base with a white orbicular spot which gives it the appearance of an eye, giving it the name dragon eye." In South China there are many varieties of the lungan, the cultivated forms being usually grafted. The lungan is not only valuable as a fruit tree but is a beautiful ornamental, especially in the winter when it flushes forth its beautiful garnet brown young foliage. The lungan is a native to South China and is found growing at higher latitudes and higher altitudes than the lychee. It thrives much better on higher ground than the lychee and endures more frost. It is rarely found growing along the dykes of streams as is the lycheee but does especially well on high ground near ponds. The Lungi.y ( fi,^ > — .1 Luxqan-lijclKj liybrid Various Chinese writers refer to what is apparently a hybrid between the lungan and the lychee, and which they call the Jungly. In the Annals of Kwangsi ' attention is called to this fruit, where it is said that the lungly tree and leaf have some of the characteristics of both the lungan and the lychee. The pericarp is said to be like the lychee but the meat like the lungan. They are not considered good but can be eaten after cooking. When eaten raw they are said to produce great quantities of mucus in the throat which produces a sickness in the eater. They bear fruit at the time of the lychee. ' KwHiigsi T'ung Chill (^HMr^O In Chi Ching {^1^\, ISdd, Volmiir BOTANY OF FOUK liMrOKTANT SAPIXDACEOUS FKUITS 4J Two Fruits of the Rambutan Group The two fruits of the rambutan irroup are distinct from the two of the lychee sroup in that they are tropical instead of subtropical forms and that the arillus is adherent instead of free from the seed. Chinese liviny: in the Straits Settlements report that these two tropical fruits consist of many varieties but that none are so delicious as the lychee. Their chief criticism of these fruits is that the aril adheres more tightly to the seed and that there is a large quantity of rag which cannot be swallowed. Botanical descriptions of the ranihtUan, Ncphtliiini lap- pact uni Linn., and the palas^an, Neplulium mutabilc Blume, are not attempted here. VV. P. Hiern ^ in Hooker's Flora of British India gives complete botanical descriptions. Bertha Hoola van Nooten ^ has pictured the fruit, flowers and leaves of the rambutan on a full page plate. The rambutan is pictured with long, hairy setae. The pulassan is said to have strong, rigid setae. This fact is interesting in view of the rudimentary marks of setae on the lychee and the complete absence in the lungan. ' Hieni, W. P., in Hooker, Sir Joseph Daltoii, Tlic Flora of British India, assisted by various botanists. London, L. Reeve &; Co., 1875, 7 volumes. Vol. 1, pages 687 and 688. ^ Nooten, Madam Berthe Hoola Van, Fleurs, fruits et feuillages rlioisis de la flore et de la pomone de Tile de Java; peints d'apres nature par Madame Berthe Hoola van Nooten. Bruxelles, E. Tarlier, 1863. Issued in 1(1 parts in French antl English. CHAPTER VI TlIK SOU'ni CHINA UKdlON, TIIK IIOMK OF THE LYCHEE AND LUNCiAN The South China region, as usually considered, comprises six of the provinces of China, with a total area of 475, OUU square miles and a population of 92,U0U,Un(). There is orown in this region a wide range of grain, vegetables and fruit. The lychee is decidedly the most popular fruit of the whole section. But it cannot be successfully grown in some of these provinces, only partially so in others, and extensively in but two, Kwangtung M^i) and Fukien (iPiA^). A few districts of Kwangsi (^^H) produce the lychee but not m great quantities. Chinese literature points to the fact that in Yunnan (Mj$i^ "t has been successfully grown in only one district. Szechwan IMllO to the northwest, and geographically not included in the provinces of South China, produces an inferior type. In Cochin-China to the south, now a French possession, the fruit is known to do well and it will grow as far south as Siam. It is also produced in Forn;osa, the island belonging to Japan off the coast of Fukien province and it thrives exceedingly well in Hainan, the island belonging to China off her south-east coast. The lungan, not so highly prized as the lychee, is nevertheless usually found contiguous to it. Kwangtung and Fukien are the two great lychee and kmgan provinces. Fhey cover an area of 150,000, square miles and they support a population of 55,000,000. Cantonese and Fukienese greatly prize the lychee and have consequently highly developed it. A study of the history and literature of these two provinces interest- ingly discloses that for centuries these people have striven with one another for supremacy in lychee culture and in the export trade. It is a fact worthy of note that in both these provinces the districts which have been most successful are those which, at low altitudes, lie close to the rivers and coast. The world-wide distribution of these fruits in dried and canned form is accounted for by the fact that these districts are those from which ha\'e come most of the Chinese emigrants. 44 PLATE VII iMGLfRE (). — Rice Field with Lichee Trees along Inner and Outer Dykes. Figure 7. — Limb of Lychee Tree over Lotus Pond. PLATE VIII ^'-^::^^-^::£r^ .^^^^ms^: Figure 8. — Cantonese Women Harvesting Sagittaria in Muddy Field Bordered with Lychee. FicLKE 9. — Fish-Ponds along the Pearl River Bordered vvuh Lxchee. PLATE IX Figure io. — Lychee Trees along Walled Dykes ot Pearl River. Figure ii. — Lvchee Trees Withstand the Pearl River in Flood. PLATE X Figure 12. — Attractive Walk along Lxchcc Dykes Figure 13. — Lycliee and Plum Planted across Dyked Fields. THE SOUTH CHINA KEGK^N 45 It is thus s-r^eii that although the lychec; may thrive best in only specially favored delta regions, its culture is nevertheless possible over a decidedly wide range of sub-tropical territory. The writer is best acquainted with the Canton delta and has described and pictured it as ideal for Ivchet- culture. 'I'he Canton delta is the most densely populated and intejisive- ly cultivated region in the world and here the lychee is found in its most varied and highly cultivated forms. Jts culture has developed into an industry and whole \illages give themselves over almost entirely to its propagation, cultivation and drying. The delta, some- times called the delta of the Pearl river is a sub-tropical region. Vlt has baen formed b> th;- deposits of the North, West and P^ast rivers^ which for centuries have deposited their burdens of mud and silt over this area, as chcy break into numerous creeks and canals before they finally flow out into the South China sea. When these rivers are high, and the ocean tide holds back their waters, the whole area is subject to devastating floods which the lychee, unlike many other trees, very successfully resists. The fields and homes of the delta are protected by numerous dykes which are often held in place by extensive plantations of the lychee. Both outer and inner dykes are constructed and the area between, termed in Cantonese a " waai (®), which cannot be 'drained except when the tide is very low, is used for rice iftg. b), water chestnuts, lotus (fig. 7) or sagitaria 'fig. 8\ In fallow years it is filled with water and stocked with young fish (fig. 9) which increase fertility and which are later sold at a great profit if floods ha\e not carried them awa\ . The outer dykes are often held in place by stone reinforce- ment and by lychee trees (ng. 10), the roots of which are shallow feeders and help to bind the earth. They are thus able to withstand floods of great force, som.e conception of which can be gotten by observing the ripples in the water (fig. 11). The waters covered the roots of these trees for eight days with no serious results even though they were in fruit. Atid indeed trees seem to thrive best when the roots are subjected to the periodic submerging of the tide waters. These are some of the typical conditions under which the best lychee in ICwangtung are grown The dykes are often use ja;n<;an 1 lirous>:hout north and south China the special product of this Canton delta is commonly called "Iving Nan" lychec (|^i^^^). Lin^j Nan (^]^' is a ran^re of mountains extendin(>; from western China throujjh Kvveichow, Hunan and Kwano;si, along the northern borders of Kwanj^tuno; to Fukien. The name " Lintr Nan "' is also applied to an educational institution, the Canton Christain Colley;e (^^■k$), which has appropriately centered its attention upon the lychee. Beautifully situated on the Pearl river, three miles south-east of Canton city, the college farm offers ideal conditions for experi- ments in both wet and dry culture of the lychee. The college has acquired river-bottom land, surrounded by dykes upon which are growing mature trees of the " Waai chi^^ '?^J5c) variety. When these dykes at Ling Nan (|t|^) are in fruit they present an interest- ing sight. Students gladly purchase the fruit by the tree paying hand- some prices and perch in the branches and enjoy a luscious repast (rtg, 14). When the dykes are in fruit the trees must be protected by crop watchers, who both day and night remain in straw sheds con- structed close to the trees (lig. 15j. This custom is followed throughout the delta for each farmer must provide his own crop protection, and lychee fruits are the favorite prey of marauders. Not all the fruit of the college is sold by the tree, some being picked and packed into characteristic and convenient bamboo baskets used by the Cantonese farmers (fig. 16). Each student makes a careful study of the fruit (tig. 17) and each class anxiously looks forward to its lychee practicum (fig. 18). No inducement is necessary to popularize the "Ling Nan " lychee among the American and European staff. Some idea of the districts and places in which the lychee and lungan are produced, especially those in Kwangtung, may be gained by turning to the Bibliography of Chinese References in Appendix I. PLATE XI Figure 14. — Canton Christian College Students PKkinL' I.Nchee along the Dykes. Figure 15. — Crop Watcher and His Thatched Hut along the 1)\ kc- PLATE XII Figure i6. — Baskets of Ling Nan Lychee Ready for ALirket. Figure 17. — Fruiting Clusters of Ling Nan Lychee. PLATE XIV Figure 19. — A Heavily Fruiting Limb of Lychee. Ihe Lychee, a Heavy Bearer. CHAPTER VII SOME IMl'OKTANT LIXU NAN fA'ClllOE CKNTEUS 111 the Linir Nail l^j^^j rejfioii there are many places famous for lychce and lungan production. Interestinji customs and history are in many cases connected with the lychee and Uinuan industry of these places. The districts of Nan Hai (Nam Hoi f^f^), Pan Yu (P'un l^ #^), lunu Kuan (Tun^ Kun >|i:^), and Isenji Ch'iny; ( rsanc Shin^ i^i^) are especially noted in this connection. Li Chih Wan i'^M.M^ '■ Canton's Public Fruit Park Fruit parks near some of our laryc western cities might prove profitable or philanthropic investments for those interested in public welfare. The city of Canton has such an open-air resort, privately managed by individual landholders as a commercial proposi- tion. Li Chih Wan (J>ai Chi Wan ^XW), ideally located in P'an Fany: (P'un T'one: vt^), at the extreme northwest of Canton city, provides an ideal pleasure place for the people of this city, especially for those of Si Kuan (Sai Kwan M|§), the aristrocratic western suburb. P'an T'ang (Pun T'ong vt^) is low and abounds in quiet streams which are particularly adapted to boating. Throughout Li Chih Wan T>ai Chi Wan ^>t^) the banks and dykes of these streams are planted with lychee. Owners of the different sections vie with one another in securing trees of the best varieties and types. Li Chih Wan iLai Chi Wan ^>c^) is a favorite rowing park and when these trees are in fruit it is visited by thousands who glide up and down the streams in little boats, purchasing from care-takers the fresh fruits of these trees. Sometimes special parties will procure in advance the privilege of securing all the fruit of one tree and will on some special occasion repair to its shade for a family picnic. These trees are given the best cultural attention possible, resulting in some magnificent specimens Tfigures 19 and 20). 'Fhc dykes are carefully maintained and the trees, when in fruit, are protected from the ravages of birds by meshed wire stretched across high poles which have been placed about the trees (figure 21 ). Rustic stone steps lead from the streams to the paths of these dykes (figure 21). Flere and there along the banks small bamboo structures are provided during the fruiting season 47 4« iiii: l.^•t;m:K and i.i .\c;an for the si'veciul sale of the fruits. Within, tables are provided and an attendant is quite ready and able to tell one the characteristic merits ox each variet> of fruit. The fruit is sold by the catty (one and one-third pounds) and boat loads of people row up to the steps of these stands, purchase the fruit and atjain row out into midstream to enjoy it. Under these unusual conditions it is not surprising, that the fruit produced in this region brings high prices because of the demand which has been so uniquely created. 1 he wealthier classes of Canton, many of whom li^e in close proximity to Li Chih Wan (Lai Chi Wan ^'MMJ, invest liberally in this project as it brings them good returns and at tiie same time pixnidcs considerable pleasure. Cm.v 'Lanc. S/, ( ^i^nL : An K.xriNsp}. L\chh. Prodl'cinc; IIechon Canton city falls within two districts. I he western part is located in Nan Hai (Nam Hoi ]^i^) and the eastern part in Pan Yu (P'un U ^m). Li Chih Wan (Lai Chi Wan ^^m) to the north- west is in Nan Hai (Nam Hoi ]^^). l^it to the southeast in the district of Pan Yu (P'un L^ ^t^ ; is a region far more extensi\e in its produrtirt! than Li Chih Wan ( Lai Chi Wan f^^^ ) . Canton city is located on the northern shore of tl^e Pearl river. Opposite the city, and extending southeastward is the island of Honan (Honam Mitf), dividmg the Pearl river into what are known as the upper and the lower reaches. Along the northern face of this island is a low ridge of hills, upon several of which the Canton Christian College '|tit^:^${$) is situated. The southern and southeastern sections of Honan island are extremely low and well watered and are protected from the northern winds by this low ridge of hills. The whole situation is specially favored for lychee culture of the water type. The region has been skillfully dyked and the rich, delta soil has been raised up in beds which are twenty to thirty feet wide and with ditches or canals ten to fifteen feet wide, and five or ten feet deep, intervening. These beds are then planted in fruit: lychee, pummelo, oranges, carambola, guava and other fruits. A view of these wonderful orchards, taken from the foot- hills to the north, is indeed impressive; especially in the spring when the odor of the citrus blossoms is wafted across on the southern breezes. But whe^n one tries to enter these orchards he finds rhem SOME IMPORTANT LING NAN LYCHEE CENTERS 49 almost impenetrable because of the labyrinth of canals and ditches formed by the raisint,^ up of the beds of earth upon which the fruit is ^rown. This region, including the whole island of Honan is known as Chiao T'anti Sz (Kau T'onir Sz ^i^if]) which is one of the main divisions of Pan Yu ( P'un U ^r^) district. The orchard practices of this section provide fascinatintj studies and the fruit industry therein found has given renown to such places as Lun T'ou (Lun T'au •MM), Tu Hua (T'o Wa ±m), Pei Shan (Pak Shan 4bllj), Li Chiao (Lik Kau M'^U) and Shang Yung (Sheung Ch'ung ±?i). Most of the inhabitants of these places are farmers who are well acquainted with this particular type of ' water farming." They deserve great credit for the success they attain under such peculiar orchard conditions. There are about twenty varieties of the lychee grown in this region and very little grafting is practiced, almost all of the trees being propagated by the method known as "Chinese air- layering.' ' Lo Kamg Tung (M^M) '■ A Mountainous Lychee Country In striking comparison to the low, dyked land of Chiao T'ang Sz (Kau T'ong Sz Ig^n]), so famous for its lychee orchards planted on raised beds of rich, delta soil, are the terraced hills and mountains of Lo Kang Tung (Lo Kong Tung SJSiIviBl). Here is to be found another interesting type of fruit culture very different from that of the low, delta regions and proving clearly the ability of the Chinese peasant to adapt his culture to whatever his conditions are. Lo Kang Tung (Lo Kong Tung HIMJfia]) also in Pan Yu (P'un U #1^) district, but in the division known as Lu Pu Sz (Luk Po Sz ^ij/o]), is northeast of Canton city and is easily accessible. The region known under this name comprises thirty-six villages the surname of all of the inhabitants of which is Chung (tf). The region is well favored in that it is high and well drained and has a southeastern exposure, a high range of hills protecting it on the north. This country is visited yearly by hundreds of people from Canton city, especially in December when apricot and plum are in flower. The sight of these trees rivals that of cherry blossom season in Japan. Lo Kang (Lo Kong M^) is readily reached by rail from Canton by disembarking at Nan Kang (Nam Kong i^j^), the fifth station east of Canton on the Canton Kowloon Railway. From this station there is a crude narrow-gauge branch line running northward. 0\er this one 50 THK L\CHEK AND LliNtiAN enjoys a thrilling ride to Lo Kany- Hsu (Lo Kong Hu M\t^\i^', a market town and center of the whole region. Several miles beyond this in the hills is a temple known as Lo Feng Ssu ( Lo Fung Tsz M%^^ ill which a traveller can readily find accomodation for the night or for days if he so desires and has made provision for his own food and bedding. Lo Kang Tung (Lo Kong Tung M\i^M) is noted for its fruit production, especially the lychee and lungan, mei ( mui ^j — I'vunus nuiiiu S 6c Z, Wulan (U lam X^^) — Canarium pinicia Koen, Pai Ian (Pak lam ^^) — Canarium album (Lour.) Raench, Feng li (Fung lut E^) — Casianopsis molhssima III and Shih (Tsz jiii) — Diospijros 1,-aki L. These fruits are sometimes planted in orchards at the foot of the hills, but most of the hills and mountains have been terraced by this industrious people and thus are made useful for fruit growing. The level beds, fifteen to twenty feet wide, follow the line of the hills and each step, perpendicular to the bed, is four to six feet high (figure 22). On these beds the fruit trees are planted with exceedingly good results but with little uniformity of kind of fruit or of distance between the trees. In the lychee season the sight is magnificent and as described by the Chinese is "like a red cloud. " Lo Kang (Lo Kong BM) is especially famous for its production of No mi chih (Mo mai t'sz UAi^) and Kuei wei (Kwai mi ;^b:jc) varieties, although the village of Shui Si Ts'un (Shui SaiTs'un7jt?!H^) is especially noted for Ya niang hsieh (A neung hai ^^H) and Chiang chunli (Tseungkwan lai )l^^^). Inthis whole section the success of the lychee industry is doubtless due to a method of propagation which, the people have discovered, brings excellent results and which is not practiced so extensively at other places. The Shan chih (Shan chi jlilj^) or mountain variety is used for stock and after the trees have attained a trunk diameter of four to eight inches and are firmly established they are cleft grafted to the better varieties. The people of this whole country are well acquaint- ed with lychee and lungan culture and many of the dried lychee and lungan for export are produced here. Tseng Ch'ing i.^1^) : The Homk of a Lychee or National Fame Over the ridge of hills on the north of Lo Kang iLo Kong;^lpsj) is the district of Tseng Ch'ing (Tsang ShingifJ^), famous, too, for its lychee production ; especially so because it is the home of the renown- ed Kua lu (Kwa luk ^W<) or "Hanging green'* lychee. This PLATE XV Figure 21. — The Lychee Protected from Bats by Wire Netting. Figure 22. — Tenaccil Hillsides of Lo Kang Planted to Lychee and Canarium. PLATE XVI Figure 23. — Stockade Surrounding Famous Kua lu (Hanging-green) Lychee. Figure 24. — Bamboo Fence and Net Provide the Kua lu (Hanging-green) Lychee with Additional Protection. SOMK IMl'OKTANT LlN mountain. Fungan and lychee thri\'c especially well 52 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN in this section and many majjnificent trees of both can be seen. . Many varieties of both fruits are reported from this section and there are some other special varieties seUin^ at fabulous prices. Fang Yung (Eji^: A Lychee Nursery Village The lychee industry is so extensive in Kwangtun^ as not only to warrant the acquisition of special tracts of land for its culture and sale, but likewise for its propa'^ation. Tsenij Ch'ini>; ( Tsantr Shin^ ^il^) and Tung Kuan (Tung Kun ^^) are perhaps the two most famous Ling Nan lychee districts. In the heart of the latter is the village of Fang Yung (Fung Chung MJS'? quite widely noted throughout the Canton region for two great achievements: the production of lychee nursery stock and the proud possessor of a citizen who, under the old order, secured the T'an Hua (^^B) or third scholarship degree from Peking. When I first met Fang Yung's (Fung Chung's MfS'' energetic lychee promoter and nurseryman he eagerly told me of their wonderful trees and of the fact that he is a relative of Kwangtung's famous scholar and official. Sin T'ang (San T'ong M^) a city of 20,000 inhabitants and a large center for lychee and lungan trade, is on the Canton-Kowloon Railway only about twenty-one miles east of Canton city. Sin T'ang (San T'ong ^^) exports large quantities of these fruits to Singapore and abroad. The railway station is quite a distance from the city which is located on the north bank of the East river. As one walks from the railway to the city, over the intervening hill land, he cannot help but notice lychee and lungan trees, interspersed with bamboo and the canarium trees for which the region is also especially adapted The lychee is well adapted to undrained regions, but that it also thrives on the hills is quickly evident when one views some of the beautiful orchards of this region (figure 25) which in general appearance are not unlike apple orch'ards of western countries. Tseng Ch'ing (Tsang Shing ^i^) lies to the north of the East river while Tung Kuan (Tung Kun ^'^^ district is to the south. This district is low and has scores of canals leading inland, watering vast fields of rice and sugar cane. The land in this region is worth two to three hundred dollars gold an acre and lychee groves are seen everywhere proving how profitable the crop must be. < PLATE XVIII Figure 26. — Fant; Yung L\chee Nurseries with Mango Windbreak. Figure 27. — Fang Yung Lychee Orchard of Named Varieties for Propagation. SOME IMPORTANT LlXCt NAN LYCHEE CENTERS 53 Fantr Yunt)- (Funy; ChLini> MiS) is in the heart of this Tuny; Kuan (Tunj Kun jji^) rey:ion, only three and one-half miles distant from Sin l''ang (San T'oiiy, M^)- For generations the people of this village have been in the business of lychee and iungan propaga- tion and the nurseries are but a stone's thj'ow from the village. Carefully protected on the north by the houses of the village, and by a magnificent mango hedge, this nursery (figure 26) provides a living for scores of families living in the village. The question of parent trees is not neglected and the village prides itself on its rare collection of costly varieties (figure 27), from which it propagates by layering. Radiating in all directions from this village are paths leading no great distance to groups of various varieties. Here we find a group of No mi chih (No mai ts'z fiTJt^' trees; in another direction is a pair of Ta tsao (Tai tso iC)!B.) trees (figure 28) ; while still in another direction is a magnificent old specimen of Hsi chio tsu^ (Sai kok tsz Wm^-) , the trunk of which is at least ten feet in circumference and beautifully covered with lichens and vines. A life-long friend of this old tree is seen, in winter garb, seated at the base of this tree (figure 29). Several days may be spent to advantage at this spot, inspecting the best trees and inquiring with regard to nursery and cultural methods, and in the study of varieties represented in this village. The simplicity and hospitality of the country folk is inspiring and makes one forget the immediate surroundings of an unsanitary Chinese village. But these people spend most of their time in the open country, which in beauty rivals that of our own land. CHAPTKR VIII THE CIJMATE BEST ADAPTED TO THE LYCHEE AND LUNOAN A study of the range of these fruits indicate that they are decidedly sub-tropical, thriving best in regions not subject to heavy frost but cool and dry enough in the winter months to provide a period of rest. In China and India they are grown between 1 5 and 30 degrees north latitude. The Canton delta, in which these fruits are indigenous, is crossed by the Tropic of Cancer and is a sub-tropical area of con- siderable range in climate. Great fluctuations of temperature are common throughout the fall and winter months. In the winter sudden rises of temperature will at times cause the lychee and lungan to flash forth their beautifully colored orange and garnet brown new growth. This new growth is seldom subject to a freeze about Canton. On the higher elevations of the mountainous regions which are subject to frost the lychee is seldom grown. The lungan appears in these regions more often but it, too, cannot stand hea\y frosts. The more hardy, mountainous types of the lychee are very sour and those grown near salt sea water are said to be likewise. The lychee thrives best on the lower plains where the summer months are hot and wet and the winter months are dry and cool. The lungan thrives on higher ground than the lychee and endures more frost. Some idea of the weather conditions in the vicinity of Canton, where the lychee and lungan flourish, is made possible by a study of the records of the KwaagtJng xAgricultur.il Exp^jriment Station C^-^C E1^i^|.t:^). These records are quite complete from 1913-1919 and a study of the rainfall, temperature and humidity charts for this period reveals the following: ^4 THE CLIMATE BEST AD.\PTED TO THE LYCHEE 55 Avi'RAGE Canton Weather Records for Seven Years (1913-1919) ^ Av. Mill. Av. Max. Temp. Temp. January 8.69 C. 19.08 C. 19.04 20.64 25.75 28.94 31.16 32.58 32. n 31.85 29.69 24.27 20. 29 Total 1581.80 mm. February 11.05 March 13.94 April 17.99 May 21.74 June 24.53 July 25.12 August 25.18 September 23.^2 October 20.13 November 15.17 December 10.78 Humidity Rainfall 69.54 14.90 mm. 78.30 57.94 81.13 75.97 82.20 146.68 81.42 253.60 83.58 263.26" 80.67 231.20 80.31 258.54 77.62 148.40 73.27 38.47 71.70 58.86 70.62 33.92 62.3 inches A close analytical study of the records of the Kwantrtuny; Agricultural E.^periment Station for the seven year period shows that the average lowest monthly temperature for the period, in January, 1918, was 5.43 C (41.8 ¥.). The average highest monthly temperature, in August, 1916, was 34.2 C. (93.6 F. ). The lychee and lungan flr)wer in March and April when the highest monthly temperature averaged 20.64 C. (69.2 F. ) and 25.75 C (78.3 F. ) respectively; and the lowest 13.94 C. (57.1 F. ) for March and 17.99 C. (64.4 F. ) for April. 'Fhe average rainfall during these months was 75.97 m. m. (3 in. j for March and 146.68 m.m. (5.77 in. ) for April. March and April are months of dark, cloudy days with comparatively little sunshine and high average humidity. Dur- ing these months the cold, north and north-east winds of winter ha\e changed to the warm and balmy east and south-east winds of spring. The Chinese orchardist is quick to recognize the ill effects to his trees in flower of a day or two of cold rains when the wind veers to ^ AcknowleJ^enient is due Director Huanar Tsun Kenpf (Wonp Tsim Kane {^iM'^t of the Kwano-tung- A^ricuitural Rx])eriinent Statior. I^iftl^ ^S^'^tl^ I for a^l•e^s to ilata from wliicli the ah()^ t- was coinpilt^il. 56 THE LYCHEF, AND LUN(;AN the north and the; driving- sheets of rahi blast the opeiiiny; Hovver buds. The fruits of the lychee and lungan form and develop very quickly durinfj a most intense growing period from May to August. 1 he country at this tin"\e is undergoing its heaviest rainfall and the humidity is high. Tne highest average monthly rainfall record for this period was in August, 1918, when 564.7 mm. (22.23 in.) fell; the lowest was in April, 1913, and amounted to 85. B mm. (3.37 in. ). The average yearly rainfall for the seven year period was 1581.80 fn.m. or 62.3 inches. Frosts are very light within the delta but during the summer months the region is subject to severe typhoons and Hoods. Considerable work is scill to be done in the study of the frost resistance of this tree and in the acquisition of varieties especially adapted to cooler climates. Hsu Po ('^0^) ^ in his work on the lychee, says, "They are only suitable for hot, low countries and greatly fear altitude and cold, but when care is bestowed they can be protected." Ts'ai Hsiang (^m) ^ reports: "Three marches to the west of Fuchow there is a locality called Shui Wai, where the climate is a little colder and where the lychee cannot be planted. " The Superintendent of the Government Botanical Gardens at Saharanpur, India, ' latitude 28 degrees north, has known the lychee to endure a freeze of 21 degrees with the loss of only a few leaves. He says that the lychee is hardier than the mango but has grave doubts of any variety that will stand snowfall. He reports that Dehra Dun is very little cooler than Saharanpur, yet there is a difference in the fruit. The fruits from the Dehra Dun trees are more acid. This statement \yith regard to the inability of the lychee to withstand snowfall is corroborated by Sung Chia (5lcS) •* when he reports a snow fall of several inches at a place called Cheung Lok 1 HSU PO (PM\ Li Chih P'li (^^^-It) in K// C/iui Tii Shu Chi Cheng (Ifi'^ffl**)^), Po IVuHtii Pien{\%t^mM\ Ts\io Muh Tien{%^%\ section 274 {%rM^:■^r^^^%), l^i Chih P„ 2 ("^^it^Il), page 4 (.?|MH). 2 TS'AI HSIANG (^g.), Li Cliiii P^i ("^^fg) in Ku Chin Tn Sht< Chi Cheng {-^^U^Wi%), Po IVu Hia Pi en (tf4^Ki|i), Ts\ir, Muh Tun (^.^Jtt), section 273 i^:l"Br-ti-H#), /-/ Chih Pn \ (^^^K-), page 4 ' Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, Correspondence, Reports, etc. "• SUNG cm A (^ai), Li Chih P'u (^^f^) in Ki, Chin Ti< Shu Chi Cheng (lS-^Ii#ftf!£), Po Wu Hui Pun {Mm%U), Ts'ao Muh Tien (-^;^^!Hl), section 273 [% rj^ ^l-^r-^m) , li Chih Pu 1 {^i,%%~), page 1(» THE CLIMATE BEST ADAPTED TO THE LYCHEE 57 when the mountains became white and the natives were greatly surprised. He says, "That year all the lychee trees died off but after several years sprouted out again. Mr. George Campbell ' of Ka Ying (^ fi j'[\) , Kwangtung, China in January, 191 J, reported, "I have been in Ka Ying for 25 years and 18 years ago I can remember a cold snap when the thermometer went to 24 degrees. The lungan trees were killed and for years afterwards we got very few lungans. The lichee trees were also killed though some of them sprouted out again and are now bearing. This month we had a severe frost, the worst since '93, and these trees and their cousins were hard hit." More than 20 years ago Theodore L. Meade of Oviedo, Fla. , reported that the tree grows well there but suffers much from frost. In the winter of 1888-89 a temperature of 27 degrees cut his tree back but little, while 21 degrees killed it to the ground in 1890. Mr. Reasoner of the Royal-Palm nurseries, Oneco, Florida, reported March 11, 1916, "My little lichee trees were untouched by these freezes. A week ago we had 29 degrees and yesterday 30 with a very hard frost indeed. I just saw them and they are O.K." In a letter to the writer, after the severe freeze of February, 1917, Mr. Reasoner' s conclusions were, "There is no doubt but that these trees are much more hardy than mango trees, but not so hardy as lemon trees. The leaves cannot stand very severe freezing." In concljsion it is safe to assume from the records at hand that the lychee will prove most profitable when grown at low altitudes, in sub-tropical regions not subject to temperatures much below 30 degrees Fahrenheit. If the tree is kept dormant and somewhat protected in the winter it can possibly endure slight frosts. Doubtless lychee trees could be protected from cold much as orange and lemon trees are in Florida and California. The lungan will endure more cold than the lychee but thrives best under conditions favorable to the lychee. ^ Office of Foreign Seed ard Plant Introduction, United States De])art- ment of Ag^ricvdtiu'e, VVashinjjton, Correspondence, Reports, etc. CHAPTER IX SOILS ADAPTF.D TO THE LYCHEF. AND LUNG AN AND C IJ L T L) R A L M EL H O D S The Chinese believe that the type of fruit produced depends as much upon the care of the tree as upon the variety or climate. A successful lychee grower is ever on the alert to minister to every whim of the plant's desire. In Kwan^jtung, lychee orchards are rarely seen exposed to strong, north, ^inter winds. A low situation to the south of a hill is preferable for larfje plantations. The lungan is mure seldom grown under orchard conditions than is the lychee. There is not so large a demand for this fruit and the trees therefore more scattered although one often hnds attractive groups of lungan. The lungan tree endures the cold, north winds better than the lychee but does not thrive so well under water culture. But trees are often planted along the banks of ponds where roots have plenty of access to water with exceedingly good results. Dijht riaitUiKja The delta of the Pearl is low and an extensive system of dykes holds back the water of the streams from the rich delta hnds. The lychee is the favorite tree for these dykes and a considerable proportion of the fruit produced in Kwangtung is grown on these embankments. But lungan are rarely seen growing on these dykes. Lychee trees planted along the main dykes of the streams are more susceptible to the cold, wintery winds; and when the dikes are built in series, the second and third are always considered preferable for the lychee, especially when the situation is on the northern side of the stream (figure 6). In South China dyke lychee are usually planted 20-25 feet apart and a low spreading head is developed (fig- ure 9). In some cases intercropping with banana, guava or even plum (figure 13) is practiced while the lychee are still young. 58 PLATE XIX FiGLKE 2S. — Pair ut la tsao — Lartie crop — Lychee 1 rues Figure 29. — Fang Yung Nurseryman Seated under Hsi chio tsu — Rhinoceros horn — Lychee Tree. PLATE XX An Acid Peaty Soil Better for the Lychee Than an Ordinary Fertile Soil (See page 151 and the detailed description of illustrations.) (One-fifth natural size.) PLATE XXI Healthy Lychee Root, Grown in Acid Soil, Showing the Mycorhizal Tubercles. (See page 152 and the detailed description of illustrations.) (Magnification 6 diameters.) PLATE XXII '*i^ ky \ *"7^ Figure a. Figure b. Enlarged Sections of Lychee Root Tubercles Showing the Cells Cjorged with the Mycorhizal Fungus. Microphotographs by Dr. F.mil G. Arzberger. (See page 1 52 and the detailed description of illustrations.) (Figure a, magnification igs diameters; Figure b. magnification 830 diameters.) PLATE XXIII Mycorhizal Fungi in the Cells of Lychee Root Tubercles. Drawings by Dr. Emil G. Arzberger. (See page 152 and the detailed description of illustrations.) (Figures a, b, and c, magnification 775 diameters; Figure d, 500 diameters.) PLATE XXIV Mi Figure jo. — Raised-bed L>chee Plaiitatiun Showing W'ater-channe Figure 31. — Low-lying Delta Lychee Plantations Showing Well-constructed Bridge across Canal. SOILS ADAITED TO TllK LYCIIEK AND LUX(;AN S9 y/a/iv X w < PLATE XXVI Figure 23- — Bci! (ik> liH Nitiht Soil Fertilizer. Figure 34. — Unloading a Night Soil Boat tor Fertilizing Lychee. SOILS AI>APTED TO THE lA'CIIEE AND LUNGAN 61 Firlilinalioii The Chinese maintain the quality of the fruit is very lary:ely dependent upon carefully feeding; the plants and this is wisely done from the time the yount); trees be(2;in to make their first {growth. Careful yearly nourishment of the fruitin»- wood is provided. I he tree is naturally a surface feeder (^fio;. 4.) and when yrown under raised-bed and dyke conditions this characteristic is greatly encourag- ed by pouring liquid fertilizer, usually night soil, into little shallow holes or furrows dug about the tree at a distance not greater than six or eight feet from the trunk (tig. iZ) . This is usually done in early spring and each mature tree in bearing is given no less than five hundred pounds of this very concentrated liquid manure. On narrow dykes it is poured into holes dug along the center of the dyke so as to assure a minimum loss from seepage (fig. 33). This night soil is transported in boats built for the purpose, which enter the streams and canals and greatly facilitate the work of manuring (fig. 34). No Cantonese could be termed a farmer unless able to shoulder two buckets of water or fertilizer, one swung from either end of a bamboo pole which balances across the shoulder as he gracefully trots to and from the fields. The work of fertilizing is facilitated by a wooden dipper attached to one end of this bamboo pole (fig. 34). When the boats reach the dykes the liquid manure is poured, by means of this dipper, into wooden buckets jirovi'led for the purpose (fig. 40) and carried to the trees. Mi(Jcliin(j The lychee should profit greatly by mulching, though the Chinese do not seem to practice it to any great extent. But they are exceedingly careful in the wet culture of the tree almost every year to cover any exposed roots with a smear of canal mud. In the colder districts they often bank the trunk and roots with this mud, mixed with manure, and thus both protect the tree in the winter and prepare for the coming months of spring when plant food will be necessary. Tang Tao Hsieh (fliit^)^ in his treatise on the lychee reports that it is this custom, practiced by the farmers of Fang Kang (Fung Kong Il.|iSl), Fukien, that has made the lychee of that place the most superior. ^ TANG TAO HSIEH {fm\^n), L\ Chili P'u {t,^m) in A'// (:/a>i Tu Shi Chi Cheng, Cfi-^H^^J^), Po U'uHin Pien (ff 4^5(1^11), Ts-an Muh Tien C^^rtft), section 277 (^^ W-bTP^l#), /-/ Chih Pu 1 {-^H%-\ ixipe 6 02 I'ln". LVCHi;!'; ani3 j,iin(.;an Thinniitg, Pruning and Yield Thinniny: is seldom practiced on the lychee; more on the lunijaii. Some pruning: is done by the Chinese in early winter, but it is customary to break ofF many of the twitjs and branches at the time of liarvesting, the fruit and this is recoirnized as a form of prun- intr. Under favorable conditions the tree is a. heavy bearer, yieldinji on routrh estimate as much fruit as apple trees of equal size. Chi Han (t-fe^)' in his Features of Planls in ilic South reports that from one tree as many as one hundred ' tau " (.equivalent to about lOOU-1500 lbs) can be sxathered. ricking and Prolcclion The fruit adheres very tenaciously to the tree and crude knives are often used in choppiny: the clusters of fruit, with twiys attached, from the tree, a custom which as shown has doubtless (jiven the lychee its name. Considerable superstition exists with regard to the picking of the fruit. One belief is that no fruit should be removed before the time of picking; and when once picking has started the tree should be picked clean, as birds and insects will im- mediately attack any fruit which remains. This belief doubtless serves a worthy purpose as the temptation to sample the fruit is great and the grower always has a good reason to prevent it. At Tseng Ch'ing (Tsang Shlng ^i^) we were told that the pickers of the Kua lu (Kwa luk ^|},f4i) were always required to sing songs while picking to guarantee that they were not eating any of the fruit. Ts'ai Hsiang '^Hm)^ refers to customs connected with pick- ing the lychee in these words: "When the ripening season comes all fruits should be picked from the tree, then neither insects nor birds will dare to come near. If the fruit is only partially gathered from the tree, it will become infested with bats, bees and grubs, the latter eating into the tree. In order to drive off these pests the ' CHI HAN (J^g-I, Nrin Faun T.<\io Mn/i Clutaini ^:^H:^i0k) '" A'^ ChiH Til Shu Chi Cheng (lS'^ia^i&£), I'o H'u Hid Pirn (tfifjj^i^). T.^no Miih Tien C^^klffi-), sertion 273 (f^HW-b-f-H^), /./' Chih Pi, 1 (^%%-), pape 2 (^;nii[). ^ TS'AI HSIANG (]^Sm Li Chili l''ii r^HWi) '^^^ Ku Chin Tn Shn Chi Chen^ (T«r^ll#^f!5l), Po WuHui Pirn {\%mW^). Ts'an Muh Tien K%^%\ section 273 (^-WL-hH^), /./ Chih Pu 1 {^,^%-\ page 4 SOILS ADAPTED TO THE LYCllEE AND LUNOAN bA orchardist or (gardener places four posts around the tree and on top of these he builds a small house. Duritii^r the night someone dwells in this place in order to startle these various pests when they come to plunder or destroy the fruit. Another method is to gather some bamboo reeds which are from five to se\en feet long, and sway them continually back and forth. This latter method is used to dri\e off pests like the bats. No labor difficulties are experienced in picking the fruit, though in Kwangtung much of it is picked during the harvest of the first crop of rice or the planting of the second. J?ut labor is as plentiful in China as it is scarce in the West. And this is a legiti- mate reason why the Chinese should employ so many intensive methods of lychee culture. CJIAPTKR X METFIODSOF PROI'ACJA TION In the Liny; Nan rc^^ion, the home of the lychce, trees are rarely produced from seed. One reason for this is that the seeds of the best varieties are not viable and those that are require 8-12 years to briny: the trees into bearing; whereas, by the Chinese method of air layering, fruitiny: trees are secured in from 3-5 years. Moreover, trees from seed are said not to "come true " with any certainty. And the Chinese consider that in a region where temperature and humidity so greatly faciliate layering there is little reason to depend upon seedlings. Then, too, seeds of the lychee are very short lived and cannot be kept for more than four or hve days, except under very moist conditions. In the propagation of the tree in other lands, however, the seedling method may be advantageous, especially until a large number of trees are at hand. Mr. J. E. Higgins in his bulletin 92 cites some interesting experiments with regard to the use of seeds in propagation and to methods for their shipment ever great distances. The writer, following the instructions of the Office of f^oreign Seed and Plant Introduction to pack seeds in damp sphagnum moss mixed with ground charcoal, senta number of tin tubes of HuaiChih ( VVai Chi) and Hei yeh (Hakip) lychee seeds from Canton to Washington. These arrived in good condition and a number of seedlings were grov/n from them. The Shan Chih (Shan Chi) or mountain lychee, and these two varieties, are the best for the production of seedlings. No difficulties will be experienced if the grower remembers how quickly these seeds deteriorate, follows the usual methods, partially shades his seedlings, and above all else remembers that the lychee is a water-loving plant which can endure great quantities of moisture both in the air and in t!ie soil. Cldntsc Air-la ijivinii Most of the lychee trees of South China are produced by a method known as " pok chih" {BM.) , a process of layering which the modern horticulturist has come to term Chiufsc Air-laytring. This is practically the same as the " (jootee " layering of India. 64 PLATE XXVII Figure •;}§■ — Unloading Lychee from District Passage Boats in Canton City. Figure 36. — Nursery Beds of Chinese Air-layered Lychee Trees. PLATE XXVIII Figure 37. — Raisinu; L^cIkc \ur,strr\ Smck wirh l-5a!i of Karrh Attached. Figure 38. — Boat-load of Lychcc Nursery Stock. METHODS OF PROPAGATION 65 The Cantonese gardeners are excellent manipulators of this method and a great majority of the shrubs and trees of South China, including citrus fruits, are thus propagated. Lychee trees and limbs from which to propagate are first selected, but except in very rare cases, not" with any very careful observation with regard to limb or bud variation. In the spring about the time the trees arc coming into flower complete rings of bark are girdled from branches, preferably not more than two inches in diameter. I'he strip of bark which is removed is about an inch in width and a callus is allowed to form for a day or two before the earth is boimd about the new layer. A special preparation of binding mud is made by mixing wet, sticky, canal or pond earth with chopped-up straw or leaves; and little balls of this are bound about each injured branch. As this process is carried on in -the season of dark, cloudy days and considerable rainfall, little further attention is given to the tree. If dry, sunny weather continues for any period the little balls of earth must be watered. The roots begin to form within a few weeks and the new layer is said to be well rooted in about one hun- dred days when it is removed from the parent tree with a saw. The Chinese say that the layer should be planted out before the little roots emerge from the ball of earth and become dried. After removing the layers from the parent trees they are set out in nursery beds of specially chosen soil which inclines to a heavy and sticky rather than to a light character. The plants are set out about a foot apart each way in these beds (fig. 36; which are located with reference to protection from cold, wintery winds. Here they remain until at least one year from the following spring. When they are raised for permanent planting (fig. 37), a ball of earth at least a f jot in diameter, held in place by mea.ns of rice straw, remains at- tached to the roots. This nursery business, as seen for example at the \ iliage of Fang Yung (Fung Chung Mfft * has become quite an industry and the business methods whereby tne industry is conducted would be a fascinating study. For example we have been told that many of the trees produced at Pang Yung are layered from trees growing in Chiao T'ang Sz i Kau T'ong Sz ^^^n]) in Pan Yu (P'un U #^] ) district where very interesting contracts are made between the nurserymen and the growers for the production of stock. The nurserymeii layer the trees in the i'To\'es from trcps which they may select and pay for 66 Tin: I.^'cnl•:I•; and luncjan them by weight at the time they are remoxed from the trees. The contract calls for the removal of all layered branches whether dead or living and for payment of same. It is said that the average price paid for these layered branches is $2.50 Mexican per tan (tarn |§. or 133 lbs. ; for the No mi chih ili^^^ variety and $2.25 for the Huai chih (it^ft). This nursery business in iychee and lungan nursery stock is an extensive industry and one often sees boat loads of Iychee nursery stock tioing (nit from Fang "\'ung ; Fung Chung M'M^ (Hg. 18). Layered Iychee trees will bear in a few years after they have been set out into the permanent position, but they are not in their prime until from 2U-40 years, if properly cared for, they may re- main good fruiting trees for more than a hundred years. Chinese history is full of records of large old profitable trees and one author, Ts'ai Hsiang [^M\^ speaks of a tree three hundred years old which continued to prosper in leaves and fruit. Sung Chia ' 5|cfl)- referred to a "big tree requiring several tens of men to get around it, the- trunk of which is empty and inside of which four or Hve men can sit." About Canton thousands of these layered trees are also plant- ed in pots. In the world famous gardens at Hua ti (Vzt'i ^tJtii) one will find well established trees of many varieties growing in shallow pots (fig. 39). These can be purchased at prices ranging from 40 cents to $1.50 gold. The Chinese are very fond of using potted fruits as ornamentals and Chinese gardeners do not fail to bring young potted Iychee into bearing (fig. 40) for this purpose. Lychce trees are often thus sent north, a careful calculation being made so as to have them fruit about the time of their arrival. 1 TS'AI HSIANG {^«), Li Uhlh P'u (^^sg) in Ku Chin Tu Shu Chi Cheng, (l&^ia#||f^), Po Wu Hui Pien {WmM\ Ts\,n Muh Tien (^T^rtll), section 273 (^rl'S'-ti'li^), li CJnh Pu 1 C^^^-R-), pa-e 3 ^ SIJNG CHIA {%^\, Li Chill P'li (^jil§) in Ku Chm Tu Shn Chi Cheng (iS-^lffl^ll^), Po JTu Hui Pien (1f fftKiS), Ts\,o Muh Tien {.-^^m, section 273 (^^If-b+B^), Li Chih Pu 1 (^^^-), page 9 Figure iq. rutted Lvchce in the famous Hua Ti Gardens, Canton, Chi y. w H <; "en '^ o ■^ U :\IK'rH()l)S (JV PK()l'A(iAT!0-N 67 Tanii Tao Hsieli {f\{:,^\^i,) ^ reports this method of " pok chih " (!^if^) also in use in Fukien province. He says, "7"he lichee are not produced from seed. Good branches arc selected, injured and wrapped with mud until white root-like hairs be^in to grow out when they are covered with another layer of mud and later cutoff. In spring they sejid out new leaves." Mr. Higgins re- ports 92 modifications of the Chinese method of air-l;iyerinil adaptation 7U THE LVCHEE AND LUNGAN The closely related, ijenus Ettplioria has already provted^liid- misjng, recent, reports from the Hawaiian Islands indicating success in irrdkiufr the lychee on the liinijan, Euphoria loiujana Lam. (fiy;. 59). The allied Philippine form, Euphoria ciinrta Radlk. (lig. 3) should also be tried and the other nine members of the genus Euphoria should not be neglected. Allthese facts indicate the pos- sibilities of opening up a most interesting study with regard to new methods in the propagation of the lychee which may prove valuable to b(jth China and to other countries. CHAP'l fc:R XI THE LYCHF.E AND LUN(JAN IN COMMF.RCK Marlii tin antlMichien v^\^), or candied lychee. During the Ch'ing Li (MW year of Jen Isung (1041 A.D.), Emperor of the Sung Dynasty, the T'ai Kuan (iclf) or Official in Charjie of the Collection of Tribute, inquired concerning the form in which the yearly tribute was sent. The Chih Chou Shih (^>K^), or Prefect of. Foochow (raJH), told him that the distance was very long and therefore they were not able to send them. The T'ai Kuan (ic'a*) then ordered the number of Hung yen (^.^) lychee to be diminished, and the amount of plain dried fruit to be increased Transportation Although the lychee is perishable the fresh fruit can be market- ed to advantage at great distances from the orchards, as is testified by the fact that in northern China and Japan it is readily found in season on the markets of important cities; and transportation facilities are still very slow in China. Mr. Higgins ^ in his bulletin gives some in- teresting experiments with regard to this question and believes "there is no doubt that refrigeration will prove a very satisfactory method for placing upon American markets the litchi crop grown in Florida, California, Hawaii, Porto Rico, or Cuba." Wholesale Prices of the Fresh Fruit That the local Canton prices for lychee and lungan are not low is indicated by the following table of prices received by a grower ' who marketed his fruit wholesale: ^ TS'AI HSIANG (^g), Li Chih P'u {-^^WD in Ku Chin Ti S/iu Chi Cheng ("S^Ii^^f^), Po ^'«- Hui Fien (If 455^1^), . Tian Muk Tien {'^M%\ section 273 (^-^-^+3^^, Li Chih Fu J (^ j^^-), page 4 L). ^ Higfgins, J. E., The Liichi in Hanvaiiy Hawaii Agricuhural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 44, page 13. ^ Acknowledgement is due Mr. Mo Hui T'ang (Mok Fai T'ong "^M^) of Pei Shan (P.ik Shan 4b ill) ^or access to his account books whereby it was Dossible to obtain the folJowinjj fignres. THE LYCHEE AND LUNG AN IN COMMERCE 73 Wholesale Market Prices for Lychee and Lungan Fruits per tarn (J^) of 133 pounds. Lychee . Hei yeh Kuei wei No mi ts'z Huai chih (Hakip) (Kwai mi) (No mai t'sz) (Wai chi) 1^ m m !* US ^ * m fe 1909 $7.00* 15.00 35.00 5.50 1910 6.00 10.00 15.00 4.20 1911 4.90 10.00 15.00 3.50 1912 8.40 21.00 28.1C 5.50 1913 9.75 17.80 22.10 7.00 1914 12.00 22.20 35.00 7.60 1915 12.60 20.00 28.10 5.51 1916 7.00 15.00 21.00 4.91 1917 9.80 15.00 21.00 5.51 tl918 49=40 184.00 IILOO 27,80 Lungan Shih hsia lung : yen Hua kioh Kao yuan (Shap ip lung nean) (Fa hok) (Koun) if m m 9& IB m m m 1909 ^7.00 .$2.98 $3.50 1910 4.91 1.50 2.10 1911 7.00 2.98 3.50 1912 7.00 2.98 3.50 1913 7.00 2.98 3.50 1914 7.00 2.98 3.50 1915 9.80 4.91 5.95 1916 9.80 4.91 5.95 1917 4.91 1.50 2.10 M91S 29. «n 7 00 <3 Hi rilK lACHEK ANl> IvUNCAN Notts : . ' '■' * Prii'cs are expressed in ttinis ot Canton local silver tlie value of uiiicli in terms of goltl currency varies greatly. In l9l4 $1.00 local siher was equal to about 50 cents I'nited States currency or 2 shillinfrs Kn^lisli currency; in 1919 J^l.OO local silver was equal to about 90 cents United States currency or 5 shilliiifis Knylisli currency. This difference in exchange so favorable to China be^aii after the ojjeninp of'tlie luiropean war and has not yet feturnetl tit the normal rate existing before the war. But the grovyers returns vjere greater during the years of the war tlian l>efoi"e. Ajul ex])ort prices also fell very little during this ])eriod. These facts indicate somewhat h()\v in tltese inodern da\s internatiotrai conditions will affect the rural populations of countries even so nnich cut f>ff from world affairs as tlmse in China. . . ., . t The ver\ excessive- prices indicated in the year 1918 is accounted, for b\ the fact that there was an exceedingK short crfip hrcause of imfavorahle we;ither condilinns." I'HK LYCHEK AND I>(lN(i.\N IN CO.M.MKKCl': lt(cip(s (IikI Mtlhoils ol 1' n sn'Vdlioii Wu 1'siii Ao i':^.^:.^)' in his r.hi Li (Uiili (iC^^fe). says thai the first day after pickin», tht* lyrhee loses its color, the second day its fragraiice, the third its taste; and by the end of the fouith or fifth day all color, taste and fragrance are re- scr\atioii. Hsu Po (flt'^)' devotes more than half of his work to how. to prepare and eat the lychee. He has a number of honied recipes, one of which calls for the mashed y:reen fruit, boiled with honey and then set aside in a jar for one month until it jells. Another: '-' Secure some fresh lychee and dry them in the sun for one da.\ . Remove the skin and the seeds from the meat, and to each catty add one and one-half catties of white honey. I^oil aver sand (a slow tire) until there are from lUO-lOOO bubbles. Pour into earthen jars inotn-on), alternately heat and cool forone day, and then in this earthen jar dry the mass in the sun until it solidifies. " I he Chinese are connoisseurs in rare ^nd dainty dishes and the l\chee has ofl-ered an attractive field for the development of this art. Canton restaurants list delicious lychee dishes with meat or syrup dressin^s and most of the local writers on the lychee have described \arious methods of saltinu, preservinu, or cannintr and dry- ing; the lychee. Mr. Hiui^ins' also uixes some local recipes for preserx inii, the fiuit. - '■■ ' Wr rSAI AO I'lJL-Utli., Chi Li Cliih ( nli'^^) in Ku Chin luisliu Chi Cheiifi (Vr^ffl.'t%*l. fo H'u Hid Pirn (ffl^K^), T.ran Mnh Tir« (^.yj^flk), sr.-ti.m _':'4 (^r.lTL- W1^>. /.' Ch,h I'u 1 ( ^^%-\ pa^M- 7 -HSU PO {\^M), I^i (:iiili l*'u I ^ip^S) in K>, Chn, T„ Shi< Chi Chrnii (■tV^ia#*'«;), /'" ll'i Hui Pnn {tf*^*i^), Ts'ao Mnh Tun K^M%\ Mvti.m :73 (?i*;riY L-hBi^), /-/ chih Pn : (^^^^Rr.), p;.-e <; • Hi^tiiti^, |.I'".., //'/ l.ifihi in f/a-iiv///, H;uv;iii AjiTiciiltnnil ICspcri- inciii Si.-itinii, Uullctiii no. -^-I, ii.iL!,<'^ I'-t -nil] 1 ^. 76 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN The Chinese make a wine of the lychee which is considered a very great delicacy. Medicinal Value The Chinese have long recognized the curative value of the lychee and the lungan for certain ailments but also report that the raw fruit if taken in excess produce boils and oiher ailments. Some work has been done on the chemical analysis of the dried lychee and lungan (See Appendix) which should assist in arriving at more accurate information of the real medicinal and food value of these fruits. More work should still be done along this line. One of the m::>st rece )t articles written on this interesting and important phase of th2 lyche" his been that of B. E. Read/ who first quotes G. Stuart's Chinese Makria Medica as follows: "... The fruits are dried in the sun or by artificial heat, and are used as sweetmeat at feasts, and often given as presents to the newly married. They are not regarded as entirely without deleterious properties, and when the raw fruits are partaken of freely they are said to prodace feverishness and nosebleed. Partaken of in small quantity or in the dried form they are thirst relieving and beneficial to nutrition. But they are specially recommended in all forms of gland enlargements and tumors. The seeds are regarded as anodyne and are prescribed in various neuralgic disorders and in orchitis. The leathery external tegument of the fruits is used in decoction in the distress caused by small-pox eruption, and also in fluxes from, the bowels. The flowers, bark and root are employed in decoction in angina and quinsy." A summary of Mr. Read's^ observations on the value of the lychee as a drug, in his own words is: ^^ Thirap<^uiic Activity. The diseases mentioned suggest the possible presence of iodide , alkaloids or a bitter substance of strong therapeutic action. The mention of feverishness and nosebleed produced when the nuts are freely partaken of, together with the fact that his plant is a member of the soapvvort family would point to the presence of saponm. No iodine was found present to account for its alleged action on tumors and gland enlargements, such as present-day treatment for goitre would suggest, and no saponin or sim l-.rly active substance was detected to account for its suf posed ' Read, B E., The Edible Litchi Nut (l.itch' Chinensis) in Journal American Chemical Societv, v. 40 no. ?. paee 81? (May 1918V THE LYCHEE AND LUNdAN IN COMMERCE 11 toxicity. When added to the resrular diet of a rabbit, for a loan period or when fed in as lartre a quantity as 50 tr. at one time, no toxic effects whatever fnjni the nuts were observed." A more thorough study of the comparative medicinal values of the lychee and lun^^an should be made at an early date. Dried luniran from which skin and seed have been removed can be purchased ill Chinese niedicine shops and as such is an article of commerce. In the Bullefin of Miscclloncons Infonii(flio)i of the Royal Gardens at Kew ' attention was called to this luniian putp in the following words : ' Mr. Consul Kenny in his Report on the Trade of Tainan, Formosa, for the year 1896 ( Foreign Office Report, Annual Series, No. 2,021) draws attention to this substance in the following words: — Lungan is th^- fruit popularly known as the 'dragon's eye.' it is prepared in the form of pulp by peeling and stoning the fruit and drying and baking it, and is used by the Chinese as tea " Notes from a memorandum on the subject by Rev. William Camp- bell, K. R.G.S., Presbyterian Missionary at Tainan, are quoted in this report as follows : The dried Lung-ngan or Cjeng-geng, which is largely ex- ported from An-peng, port of Fainan, is described as the longan fruit (Ncpluliion longana^ " Natives state that the "lichi "' (Nephciiam Litclii, Cam- bess. ) is not very common in For/nosa. It is larger than the lung- ngan or geng-geng, has a thinner and much rougher outside husk, and contains more edible matter. The country of Kagi is a region where much of the geng- gcug yearly production is prepared for exportation. " The work of first heating the fruit so as to cause the soft part inside to shrink, of peeling the husk, and then of drying the abstracted soft part over a slow hre, is carried on chiefly by women and girls, who earn each about 60-80 cash (6-8 cents a day), besides getting the husks and hard inner nut for use as fuel. The work usually begins about the middle of the eighth month and lasts on until the end of the year. The dried article of export is taken to Shanghai, 5cc, and is said to be largely u^eJ for infusion with water as a refreshing drink or febrifuge. ' Kew Roy;il (i.u-deus, Rulletiii of Miscellaneous Inftjrinatwii, Printed for His M;iir5t\'.-< stalicmerv oiriCf, Li.iulon, 1899,'paRfs 219aiul 2J(l. 78' THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAX " Lunsjan pulp consists of the Heshy arillus which surrounds the seed; it is of a black color and leathery consistency and has a sweetish smoky flavour and is of an uninvitini: appearance."' Dried Lycluc The most common method of preserving: the lychee and the lungan is to dry them. This is done either in the sun or in ovens, the former preferable if the weather permits. Many of the dried lychee for local consumption and export are produced in the Lokan^ (iSfiS3) region. In this section the only \'arieties that are dried are Shan chih (Shan chiilj:}^), San yueh huny: ( Sam ut hun^j HiJ^), Huai chih (Wai chiftli) and No mi ts'z (No mai t'sz iif^#) with great preference for the latter. The Chinese of Lokang (MM) say that no other varieties are dried because of the thin skin which makes it impossible for them to be dried satisfactorily. There are two common methods of drying; the lychee; one by sun and one by fire. The fruits are cut off from the trees with some stems and leaves attached. Fruits, stems and leaves are then spread out on a drying floor or placed on the ground in round, bamboo trays and exposed to intense sunlight until the skin (now almost a shell) is brittle and the aril is free and rattles in the shell. The fruits are then cut off from the stems and further dried in the sun. When they are considered sufficiently dry they are placed in the open air for one night and the dew is allowed to fall on them. The following day they are again dried in the sun until the shriveled seed becomes very dry. The fruits are then placed in wooden tubs or earthen jars which are sealed with paper and stored away. Care must be taken not to place these jars or tubs in contact with the ground lest the dried fruit absorb some moisture. Before the fruits are taken to the market and sold they are once more spread out on trays and exposed to the air and dew for one night. The following day they are dried in sunlight for several hours and then sold. Dried lychee for home consumption are rarely given this night processing as the Chinese say there are just as good; but the flesh is black instead of an attractive brown color. If care is not taken in the drying process and the lychee are exposed to rainfall the shell turns black and the fruit is spoiled. Lychee are never dried in the ovens unless weather conditions are unfavorable for sun dryiiig. If the days are rainy when the fruit should be dried, stoves are constructed in the homes or in convenient places. Racks made bf bamboo arc built o\'er these stoves and the THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN IN COMMERCE 79 fruit is dried by means of fire. Tfie round, bamboo trays commonly in use in Chinese villag:es for drying; purposes are about 3 feet in diameter. Square ovens of clay are first constructed. These are two or three feet hiy:h and within is placed the Chinese earthen charcoal stove known as fenu; lu ( fung lo U:I^J. Over this stove is placed an iron tray and the bamboo frame for holdinij the trays is built to cover the entire outfit. Seven or eiyht trays with lychee are then placed over the stove, one above the other, and about three or four inches apart. A bamboo cover is placed over the top of the stove. The trays are constantly shifted so that no one tray is next to the lire or occupies the same position for any tireat leny;th of time. The bottom tray m.ist b? at a distance of at least one and one -half feet from the fire. If the heat is too intense the lychee will turn black. Fhe following table indicates the yield of dried lychee secured from the fresh as '/wen by the people of Lokantr (^.|iSj|) : Fresh Urit lUU catties 24-26 catties Joo ,, JO catties lOU* „ -^0 „ 100 ,, 30 ,, No mi ts'z (No mai t's/, li;ijtS^ San yueh huny: (Sam ut hung H^; Shan chih (Shan chi iljife) Huai chih ( VVai chi m^) The villagers of Lokang i M^] ) sell their dried fruit to jt)bbers or exporters who in turn pack it in neat packages or sell it by the catty In Canton the average price for the No mi ts'z ()||g^^) variety, other than in exceptional years, is from 60-80 cents Canton currency per catty. In the United States these same lychee appear neatly packed in pasteboard boxes and bring in the Chinese restaurants from $1 . 75 to $2. 00 United States currency per pound. These modern containers in which the lychee is presented to the foreign trade, gaudily printed in no less than twelve colors with birds, beasts, insects, fruits, flowers and women, convinces one that the Chinese are learn- ing modern methods of presenting their products in an attractive s*^yle. Across the face of the container of one company there is a Chinese gateway at the top of which are the American and Chinese flags partly hid by a scroll, upon which are the Chinese characters advertisinu the product contained therein. 8'.» tkp: l^'chkk .a no i.ung w C(i>m(d Lijchcc (Did Lu>njnn In recent years lychee and lunuan canned in sugared syrup hive been makinir inroads upon the home and foreign markets and their popuhirity is rap'dly increasing. Most of the canning factories of South China are now canning this product. Food V<(Ih( of Ihc Lyclh/ That the lychee and hingan as fresh, canned or dried fruit have a great future is indicated not only by its popularity among the Chinese, bat als;) by its increasing popularity as a sweetmeat in western coun- tries. Conclusions drawn by B.E. Read ' indicate that the lychee makes a good supplementary food, that its calorihc value is exceed- ingly high and that jellies made of this fruit might be of value in special diets. He says: '''Food Valuf — The proximate compt)sition of the litchi has been estimated by Atwater and Bryant. Like the chestnut it is practi- cally fat free, contains little, if any, protein, and consists very largely of 'fiber and nitrogen free extract.' The latter was found to be composed almost entirely of simple sugars, which accounts for the inclusion of these nuts as a food and for the claim that they are 'beneficial to nutrition.' The various extracts prepared were acid, and showed the presence of citric acid with possible traces of the other common fruit acids, which stimulate the appetite and are well known as 'thirst relieving substances.' There was no pectin body present; but this fruit with its high sugar and acid content on the addition of orange fruit would form an excellent jelly suitable for nephritic and other limited diets, required for diminishing the acidity of the urine. " It is reported by Street that owing to its high carbohydrate content 7 g. of litchi are of equivalent calorific \alue to lU g. of wheat bread. No other of the many fresh fruits or nuts cited by him show as high a value. I have found the carbohydrate to be a mixture of simple sugars chiefly invert sugar, a carbohydrate easily digested with all its energy available for use in the body. ^ Rf.i(J, ]j.K, The Edible Litclii Nut ( Lilc/ii Chineusis) In journal Auu'iicati Chemical Society, v. 40 no. S, May, 1918, papes S18 and S19. THE LYCHEE AND LUNG AN IN COMMERCE 81 "Examination of the ash showed considerable content of the mineral salts needed in a well-balanced diet; thus the nut would make a good supplement to foods rich in protein and those lackiny: in mineral matter. "The many valuable sugirestions of Iyan(>worthy on the use of fruit as a food could be applied to the canning, preserving, drying and general preparation of this fruit as a wholesome, palatable and attracti\ e addition to the diet. At present only a very small percentage of the lychee crop is dried and canned and it is very difficult to know what the total produc- tion of the crop in China would be. No other country, except some parts of India, has developed the lychee to the industry stage. Export Former Vice Consul Josselyn of Canton, in the U.S. Com- merce Reports of September 24, 1915, gives the approximate production of lychee in Kwangtung province alone as 20,000,000 to 30,000,000 lbs. This report also contains Chinese Maritime Customs statistics on the export of dried lychte as follows: lbs. Value U.S. ( 862,533 $148,937 1,051,333 181,627 412,400 7,522 842 39 360 66 Gold Canton Kowloon Hoihow Pakhoi Samshui 2,327,468 $338,191 CHAPTER Xll KNEMIKS Chinese writers very rarely refer to iiv.cct enemies and di- seases of the lychee. Their category of enemies consists of negli- gent husbandmen, frost and snow, unfavorable winds, salt water, bats and one insect which anyone who has seen the lychee crop in China will at once recognize, by sight and smell, as a very conspicuous Chinese relative of our numerous so-called "stink bugs." With the exception of tobacco stems soaked in water, which they use freely on many crops, the Chinese know very little about insecticides; of the use of fungicides they know practically nothing. Their belief m a "hand to hand" warfare is encouraged by cheap labor and they use some ingenious methods (fig. 41). A Highly Dccoralid Pentaiomuhn — Ttssaraioma papillosa The most common insect attacking the lychee is this species known among the Chinese farmers as Ch'ou p'itan ^Ch'au p'i tan ^K.M)- The insect is highly destructive and Chinese farmers suffer greatly from its ravages. In the illustration (hg. 42) adults and young are represented life size. The eggs are laid in rows on the under surface of the leaves as shown in the illustration. The backs of the insects are decorated with bands, stripes and margins of red and yellow making them very difficult to distinguish on the highly colored fruit. Mr. C. W. Howard of the Canton Christian College reports that the nymphs require about two months to mature and that there seems to be a great difference in the life histories of individuals. He says, ' A few may mature in 4-6 weeks and others 8 weeks. ¥ew eggs are seen after June but eggs and nymphs are sometimes found even in late sum- mer. There seems to be only one generation each year although closer study may change our ideas on this." The Chinese recognize that unless these insects are kept under control they do great damage to the crop. A brown discoloration of the skin and a rotting of the fiesh seems to take place at the spot where these insects rest on the fruit. The common theory of the Chinese is that the urine excreted by these insects causes this discoloration and decay, and the disagree- able odor has given it its Chinese name. 'J'he noxious odor of these 82 PLATE XXXI Figure 42. — Serious Insect Enemy of the Lychee, Tessoratoma papulosa. PLATE XXXII Figure 41. — Killing Ischee Tree Borers with "Hisser" Firecrackers. Figure 43. — Trunk of I.ychee TrcL Lu\crcd with Lichens and Track of Borer, KXEMIE8 83 insects exudes from the opeiiinijs on the back of the abdomen in the nymph sta^e and from the under side after the adult winged stage is reached. Mr. Howard saj's, "1 would incline to think that injury is caused by punctures and not by the secretion of these glands as their contents are discharged only when disturbed by man or enemies. They liavt no itriiK and excreta from digestive tract is hard.'" There can be no question that one of the greatest pests of the lychee is this insect and the Chinese combat it as best they can by climbing the trees and scooping the adults and nymphs in by means of nets or picking them by hand. Modern methods for fighting this enemy will be watched by the Chinese with great interest. They will be ready to adopt such methods as soon as shown they arc more economical than their present hand warfare. Sunn Scnriilx iiliu — Injurious Ltuf (linjirs Growers of up-land lychee experience considerable trouble with several species of Scdralniddt which they call lLu(ni ijincan /-//(//( ( /.( Ill (lulls A \crv lonsiiii'iiDiis riicniv «)f tlu* lytlu'c and liiiialls uliich arc toiuul widrsincail about Canton. Mi. J. I'.. Iliiiiiins' trt-ats of these <:alls caiiscil by niitcs, rcpoitinu tluMH as liaxinu niadi' tlit-ir appcaraiuc i)n the lychcc in the Hawaiian Islands, lie say.s, " Specinu-ns of this mite have been submitted for identification to Dr. L.O. Ilt)vvard, Chief i)f the Bureau of Entomo- Im^v, of ilie Department of A an undeseribeil siiecies of /■' ri(>i)i> ))( s the ^enus responsible for similar tliscases of other plants." The first symptoms of the work of these niites is ipiickl.N diseernable by the wrinkled leaves. On examination the early stages are easily seen as small trails embed- all is evidenced by a somewhat spherical enlaroement without the mmierous hairs. 'The thircl type is a minute j^all in the forn) of a sliiihtly enlaryed portion arouml the insect puncture." Further investiuation shoidd reveal whether or not these types of <^alls are prc)duced by the same or tlifVcrenI sin-cies of Enoplnn s. Mr. Hiuirins ' reports three ilifTeient treatments tried in Hawaii to kill these F.rioplnii s as follows: 1. Solution of 10 oimces nicotin sulphate and I .^ 4 poumls whale-oil soap in SO uallons of water. Z. Resublimeil flowers of sulphur m iiowdcred form, applied with an ordinary power belUnvs at the rate of 4 .> 4 pi)umls tor a tree 20 feet hiia!lons of water. ' Ilipnins, J.K. , The i.itchi in Utiivnii, ll;uv;iii .Aiiriiiiliiii;!! I'lxprri- ment Station, Hiillttin No. 44, pa^cs 17 aiul 18 aiul ti^iiirtN 1 and J. ^ Rcinkini:, t^tto A., Disftisrs ot F.a)tiomic P/(inf.< in South ftn C/iitiii. The ri)illp|'ln<> Aoii.-ulluiist. \'ol. Vlll. No. 4 (Nov. 1>'I')). pao,- \y-,. ENEMIES 85 Mr. Higijiiis adds. ''Later examination disclosed results so much more favorable to the nicotin sulphate and fish -oil soap that the other treatments were abandoned. This spray was applied again on March 28 (the first on February 11), April il and 25. One tree received treatment on March 11. By the end of April the mites were practically eradicated." .1 Lyi'lnt I'rn Horir Another ver> common insect attacking the Ivchee is a tree b.jrvjr. Irs work is very manifest on both lychee and lunean by the debris left upon the bark of the trees (fig. 4.^). Mr. C.W. Howard of the Canton Christian College is working: with this insect, which he has not yet ideiuihed. The Chinese are constant in their warfare against this borer by piercing it wiih wire thrust into the channels which it bores in the trunk of the tree; or by making "hisser" firecrackers which aro spurted into the holes, thereby burning or suffocating the insect in its lar\a stage vfig- 4"'. Some rimes the holes are plugged with tallow which is also said re \ erv effect in smotherinu the life out of the lar\ae. ive Modi I. ami Atl>ici>ing Fioiar N/V/jks (//((/ Fnili In the vicinity of Canton the larva of some insect quite com- monly attacks the flower stems of the lychee. Larvae are also some- times found in the fruit. But whether or not the two are of th? same species has not as yet been determined. Mr. Higgins ^ also reports a lychee fruit worm at work in Hawaii, " the larva of a tertricid moth (CnjpiopJikhia ilhpida).'' The relationship of these insccis cannot be known until these at work about Canton arc identified. SraJi Insicfs (incl Otlur h')K'»n(s Some scale insects also attack the lychee and lunonn but the infection has never been noted as \er\ serious. Mr. Higgitis ' reports from Hawaii a root inhabiting mealy buii, the hemispherical scale l^aissctia Ju mi sph erica, the Japanese beetle Adorcfus fc tiuimnculot US a\^d the hrva tti a moth Archips ' Hii?eins, J.K., T/,r l.itc/ti in [hi-n.\'iii, Ha\v:iii .Agricultural Fvptrnv.frt St.Ttion. Billftin \o. 44, \x\s:e< 1> .ir.d !<>. 86 THK lA'ClIKE AND HJNGAN poslvitLanas. In its immunity to the .Mediterranean fruit tl\ Mr. Hi(ri( Lichens are very common on the trunks of lychee trees (fig. 4-^). There are a number of undetermined species of both lichens and algae appearing on the trunk, branches and even the leaves of these trees. ' Rclnkinu-, Otto A., Diseases of Ecnnnmk lianls in SuutJicni ( fiiiui, V I'luliiipinc Agric-ulturist, Vol. VIIl, No. 4, (Nov. 1919), P.ioc 123. CHAPTER XIII VARIETIES OF THE LVCHEE A fair indication of the interest and attention which the Chinese have y;iven the lychee is manifested in the (ireat number of varieties one finds listed in the literature of China and i.n the careful classifica- tion of the fruit on the markets of the country. The varieties are far too numerous for commercial culture, but a standardization has not been developed, due chiefly to the lack of intercourse between sections producing this fruit and of orKanization amony,- nurserymen and growers. The varieties also run to grades which the wholesale markets are quick to recognize, often to the disadvantage of the grower. Numerous Chinese writers have carefully listed these varieties. Writers from Fukien, and they have been by far the greater, have striven to prove that Fukien produces the best lychee, but those describing Kwangtung varieties just as strongly assert that this section produces the best. Residents of the two provinces are to-day equally as emphatic in their claims for the home-grown product. Wu Ying K'uei ' in his Ling Nan Li Chih P'u tried to settle the argumen^t interestingly by asserting that the Emperor Han Wu Ti (^g^-i^), when he wished to transport lychee to Ch'angAn (jl:'^), took all from " Chiao Chou " (Coc hin China) . He also proved his claim in favor of Kwangtung by showing that in the time of the T'ang dynasty, T'ien Pao {y<.'M) , the queen, was very fond of lychee. If secured from Szechwan or Fukien the way would have been much nearer, but instead " flying riders " were provided and the '^ Nan Ildi''^ \^M) district in Kwangtung provided the Queen with the best in the land. She did not get any from Fukien. On the other hand the Pen Ts'ao Tu Ching (7^'^.MM^, as pointed out in the Annals of Fukien, places Fukien first, Szechwan second, and Ling Nan last. But as a matter of fact Szechwan hardly deserves to be ranked as a lychee producing province. ' WU YING K'UEl i^mm, Lii»s Nan Li Cliih P\i {m\1iM^m) In l.nifi Nan I S/,u (l^j^xti^), Book ^9 (STiL/t:), section 5 (^H), l-agc 1 an (-^;^%\ section 273 (|^rW-b+3#), /-/ Chi/i Pii 1 (f,^EfK-«). pafre 8 2 WU YING K'UEI (%mM'', Ling- N;in Li Chih P'u (|^|^^^§S* in Ling Nan I Shiie (|gi^it:T-), l^nnk 59 (15.-f%i^). section 4 (^pi]#), rape 1-10 (-^.-f^^V VARIETIES OF THELYCTTEE >^9 and soil conditions. I'hey i-ecoy:nize the extreme difficulty to per- petuate the desirable characteristics of hiy;hly prized varieties under conditions other than those in which the fruit has had its oryin. At the present time it is quite easy to list as many as 40 or 5(J varieties of lychee recognized in Kwan^tunjj. A list of 49 \arieties in Chinese character, Mandarin and Cantonese romanization, and with English equivalents will be found in the Appendix. Hut 15 distinct, widely-known and commercial varieties is a fair estimate for Kwanc- tung. More than half of these are readily found in season on the markets of Canton city where they are attractivel\- displayed to a discriminatinij: public. From close contact with the people of Kwanood and had qualities, than there is on the part of the average citizen of the West with regard to varieties of important fruits. The average Cantonese student or peasant will quickly tell you why he considers the No mi ts'z (No mai t "sz i|3fe^ ) better than the Huai chih 'Wai chi vi^) or the Kuei wei ( Kwai mi ^rii|;- ) better than the Hei yeh (Hak ip jS^). In South China few Chinese feasts are complete unless they are begun or finished with the lychee, dried or fresh. And when the fruit is in season the conversation of the feasters often turns to the quality of different lychee, or to a iramble as to the size of the seed in the fruit about to be opened. Among the fifteen common varieties of lychee in Kwangtung there is a wide range with regard to earliness, general attractiveness, sweetness and size of fruit. The color and surface te.xture of the skin, the texture, taste and fragrance of the flesh and the size of the seed are all qualities which soon determine in the mind of the con- sumer the value of a \ariety. By judicious selection and careful propagation by experts these varieties have been fi:c(d. The cultural requirements for the different varieties, though not known by the average farmer, are recognized by specialists who are engaged in the nursery business and who are quick to recommend to the grower, varieties which may be best adapted to his conditions. In this con- nection it is a significant fact that one of the common general classifications of varieties is the )iiouHt(ihi and the wnhr types, the latter containing bv far the most. 90 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAS In the following description of these varieties it has been difHcuIt to carry our, with any degree of clearness to those unac- quainted with this fruit, distinguishing: characteristics. 7 he Chinese in their remarks concerning the different qualities of the lychee are very clear cut in their terminology, much of which is difficult to translate into good English. The form of the lychee they speak of as rou nd, egg-sh aped or heart-shiped. In describing the fruit in more detail they refer to the base as the ti {tai Ja) and to the calyx end as the ting (teng I^) or top. They also speak of the shoulders which they term Hang chun {U.ung kin ^)fi). These they say are high or low or one higher than the other. The terms used in describing the size of the fruits are much the same as in English. The Chinese have many words to describe color but that of the lychee is usually referred to as red or green red. They refer to the skin, which they speak of as k'o yhok *$) or shell, as thick or tJiin, rough or smootJi, The markings or dots on the lychee are quite characteristic and for these they have a special term, the chu ti (chu tai ^^). They are also quick to recognize any special lines on the fruits whereby varieties may be distinguished. The flesh of the fruit the Chinese refer to as jou (yuk ^) or meaf and they speak of it as poh {pok fi) thin or hen {hnu jr^) thick. They recognize at once a difference of color in the a sh and are quick to describe it. They speak of the flesh as shicavg {shong ^) meaning crisp or knn shwang ' kon shong ^^ meaning dry and crisp. With reference to the juice contamid within the lychee they recognize that in some varieties it is more readily held wiihin the flesh than in others. That is, when the skin of some varieties is removed, the juice of the aril remains entirely within the flesh whereas in other varieties the juice tends to run out into the skin or shell as it does in some grapes. The Chinese term co\ering this quality is kan chieh {kf>n kit ll?l) which literally means '"dry and clean;" and of the many different characteristics of the lychee, this is one of the most highly prized by the Chinese. These juices they speak of as "water" which they sgy is " much" or "little. " The Chinese also have a term to cover that part of the fruit which we speak of as the rag. This they call cha (}t) ^^hich they say is "much" or "little" and which largely determines the quality of the fruit. It is the small amount of rag which gives the lychee its superiority over the more tropical rambutan. VARIETIES OF THE LYCHEE 91 There is a wide range of flavor in the different varieties of lychee and the Chinese have som:: interesting expressions to cover this qualiry. For example suaii (sun @) is a sour acid flavor whereas sM'/« t'ien (sun i'im g^St^' or sour-siveet is a mild sub-acid flavor. The xtrmscli' big t'ien {is'ing Tim VwfSt) clear sweetness and clio t'ien (chuk t'lm \M^) or dull sweetness are often used. Some- times they also use lisiang t'ien 'Jicung i'lm ^^) meaning /ragrrawf sweetness and mi t'ien (mat t'lm^Sti) meaning "honey sweetness" in describing the flavor of the lychee. The seeds of this fruit are of two chief kinds: the mature, well-developed ones which the Chinese call ia ho (iai hat i^l^) or hig seed and the shrivelled, immature ones which they call chiao ho {tsiu hat ,%^) which literally means scorched seed. The following descriptions of some of the varieties of the lychee are listed here somewhat in the order of their importance as commercial fruits or in propagation. No mi ts'z (No mat t'sz ^^^) — Glutinous rice The No mi (ifi^) or glutinous rice, characterized by its sticky or glutinous quality, is one of the most common and highly prized var.eties of rice in China. A great quantify of the Chinese rice wine is made from this kind of rice. Why the Chinese should name one of their best lychee after this rice 1 have never heard explained. The No mi ts'z 'ff^^)'is sometime called Shui ching hwan ; Shiu tsing un tKh^jIl) which must not be confused with Shui ching ch'iu (Shui tsing k'au ii^.^^^ a distinct variety Most of the No mi ts'z (No mai t'sz?i^#j, also sometimes written i^^c^ , are produced in the district ot Pan yu (P'un U ^^''. The Lo kang MM) region is especially famous for its production of a superior type. 1 his varie;y is commonly propagated by Chinese air-layering but the quality of the fruic thus produced (fig. 44) is not considered to be so good as those which have been inarched or grafted on the " mountain lychee" (fig. 45). This practice, widely followed at Lo kang, doabtles'3 accounts for the superior fruit produced there. The leaves of trees of this variety are rather small and do not form a very dense head. The leaflets are quite long, pointed and the margin, especially at the tip, is somewhat wavy. Petioles are short 92 THir LYCHirii A^ND LUIN G AN This variety appears on tbe markets rather late in th^e season but commands a high price and there never seems to be an over supply, probably due to the fact that an excess production is used for drying. Some people dispute the superiority of the No mi ts'z (No mait'szi|^:)|t^) over the Kuei wei (Kwai mi ^i^), which appears on the Canton markets about the same time. The fruit of the No mi tsz is one of the largest of any and good fruit will average about three- fourths of an ounce in weight. Good types of this variety have exceptionally small and shrivelled seeds which will not germinate. This quality doubtless places it in the first class. The form of the fruit is somewhat rounded, but with prominent shoulders (Hg. 45), one of which may be somewhat higher than the other. The skin is roughened and markings prominent. The fruit is red and this color is also quite evident on the inside of the skin. The flesh is solid, crisp and of a fragrant, sweet flavor. It is so dry and dea)i that the Chinese remark that when the fruit is first opened the flesh can be wrapped in thin tissue paper without even moistening the paper. The flesh is very smooth and is said to resemble fat. It is one of the best varieties for drying and large quantities are thus preserved. Khu III {Kira ink ^i\^^i) — Jlan district, especially at Lo kang, {MW andShangyung (Sheung ch'ung J^f^). Compared with the Mo mi ts'z {^^<^) , the flesh of which is said to he fatty, the Chinese speak of the iCuei wei l^B^) as like lean meat. Foi" this reason they say it can be eaten in greater quantities. In form the fruit is somewhat smaller than the No mi ts'z {1^^<.^) and inclines a little more to the heart shape. It has a very rough, but pretty red skin, which tinges to green. P'ruits of the Kuei wei ( |;{:p,^ j , the skin of which is altogether red, are said to be very inferior to those with the green markings. This green color of the skin usually appears on the shoulders 7'hese is usually a line, or constriction in the skin, running around the fruit which is quite characteristic. The roughened character of the skin, which is quite prickly, is another prominent feature of this fruit. In Lo kang i.WM) there is a type of Kuei wei (f^iiji! called the Yah t'ou lu ( Ap t'au luk fJlliiKif^) which is said to be the best type of this variety. The seed of the Kuei wei (^B^) is very small and dry. I'he flavor is very sweet and fragrant, from which the \ariety doubtless gets its name of " cinnamon tiavor. "' llsidiKj li (IlaiiKj lai ^'^)^-F vagrant IijcIkc This variety is produced at \arious places in Kuang chou ( Kwong chau ^-ffl j but the best are produced in Sin Hsing (San hing ^^) district. In factthe fruitis often called the Sin hsing hsiangli (San hing heung lai ^fl#^) to designate that it is superior to any Hsiang 1' (#^^ produced elsewhere. The original tree of this variety, which is said to have been the best, was located at Liu tsu fa t'ong (Luk tso fat t'ong >' w E 2 o ^ .5 -S ta I 1? X o VAUIETIES OF THE LYCHEE 95 so compactly headed as those of the latter. The trunk and branches are very irregular the leaves are not dark in color. The fruits arc quite large, full at the top and sharp at the bottom, giving it the appearance, it is said, of a rbinocerous horn. The seeds also arc wide at the top and narrow at the bottom and the skin is quite rough. Jhi ydi {llak ip 5?,^) — lilacl,- haf The Hei yeh (JS^) is one of the most widely known and popular varieties in Kwangtung. It is widely planted, but certain places are known to produce fruits of the better types. In the dis- trict of Shun te (Shun tak ii|g^.), village of Ch'en ts'un (Ch'an ts'un [Sfitt^j there isavariety called the Chin ch'ai tzu (Kam chai tsz ^IXiT-) the fruit of which, in shape and color, somewhat resembles that of Hei yeh (j?^^). The fruit has small seeds and sweet taste and is sometimes called Hei yeh (%M)- A characteristic feature of the Hei yeh (^^^) is the color of the leaves which are very dark and from which the variety gets the name "Black leaf." The leaves are long and wide, pointed and slightly curled. The tree is densely covered with them. The petioles are quite long. 7 he fruit ripens in June and July, the season in which the best lychee appear, and appears after T'ang po (T'ong pok J^ll). Those ripening in the Chinese season known as Hsia chih ( Ha chi f[^) are said to be the best and true type, it is a medium sized fruit with thin, soft skin (fig. 49). The shoulders arc wide. fhc color is not so red as many varieties and somewhat green tinted. The seed is usually fully developed, of good size, and readily germinates. The inside of the sicin and sometimes the flesh is slightl\ pink. The flesh is sweet and crisp. This variety is said to be one of the best of the ' 'water lychee ", but it is also recommended for upland conditions if sufficient water for irrigation is assured. It is a beautiful tree and quite widely used as an ornamental. Fci Isu lisluo {Fi tsz sin JfiiP-^) — Inipo-ial coiiCKlnm '.s latiyli This interesting variety had its origin in Fatshan (f^itl), an important delta city near Canton. The fruits of this variety appear- ing on the markets are produced in Pan yu (P'un u^f^) district. The color of this fruir is described as that of amber; the size and 9b THE LVCHEK ANJ) LUNGAN shape that of a uoose ey:u and the sweetness of honey. The skin is thin, the meat is thick and the seed is very small. The juice is somewhat milky. The flavor is very fragrant and is said to remo\e any bad odors from the mouth and to give the teeth a fragrance which will last over night. In general appearance the fruits produced at the present time are said to resemble those from the original tree except that the form is somewhat more elongated and the skin more dotted. The seeds are sometimes large and sometimes \ery small ( Hg. 50). It is an early ripening variety appearing shortly after San yueh hung (Sam ut hungHil^l). T'any i'o {T'omj po!; iJt-S* — I'oiul (inhaiil, hk nl. This is another very early variety widely planted throughout Kwangtung. In Pan yu (P'un u ^Wi) district it will be found at Pel shan ( Pak shan ^bUl), I^un t'ou (Lun t"au i^i'ii > , T' u hua (T'o wa -fc^ ! and Li chiao ( ivik kau 'M'^ ' • It ripens about ten days after San yueh hung (Sam ut hung HiJ^t). I'he leaves are small and somewhat like those of the Huai chih (Wai chi tI^'^) The fruit is said to resemble the egg of a pigeon. The skiti is red and roughened. The flesh is thin and juicy and with little rag. The fiavor is quite sour. Slujug lioii Inidi {Sin uii(j slm ifiiil^i\\%) — '' Trt sidatl of a hourd This variety probably has its origin in Fukien as it is reported that an official known by the title of Shang shou (fi^^) i.e., a President of a Board, went from Kwangtung to a place in Fukien and brought back with him seed of a fruit the tree of Which ga\e origin to this variety. The fruit ripens abcnit the same time as the No mi ts'z (li^S) and is quite widely grown in Kwangtung. The leaves are quite small. The fruit is large and rounded in form. The skin is red with many large dense spots. The inner part of the skin is pink and adheres slightly to the upper part of the seed. The flesh is quite easily separated from the seed and the Haxor is sweet but with little fragrance. The seeds yary in si'/-e. hJ ^Ji g « 3 H b y. y <; d-J H VAKrETIES OF THE [A'CJIEE (Jli'a nut l.su {('lia ma Is.: ^M^^ — China (jrass filx r. This variety is produced in Lo kany; i Lo kontr ^IMJ j and ripens shortly after Kuei wei (Kwai mi ^n^). The leaves are quite larire and densely crowded on the tree, tending to fold over one an- other and hany, downward The petioles are ion-r. The fruits are quite laro;e and said to be shaped like a thumb or chicken heart. The shoulders are quite hie and few (fi<>:. 51). The inner skin is very red. The flesh is quite dry and crisp and tends to stick to the seed which may be lar<;e or small. It is considered to be a very frairrant variety, but not of especially fine llav(jr. Ta Is'U) ' 'I (ti I ISO X'^) — fjdffjc crop This is a very commonly after Hei yeh (Hak ip JSH). The fruit is somewhat e^^^r-shaped with rou{>h skin and many dots, which are dense and small. The skin is a bri<:ht red. The fiesh is quite solid and crisp, but with lines of yellow color especially near the seed which is lariic. Some of the juices run out into the skin upon opening. The flavor is rather sweet. II iiui rliih (Wdicliii^^) — Tin M'di li'i Vir I ij(li(,i_ I'his is perhaps the most common variety and the cheapest. It ripens quite late in the season for the best flavored lychee, but its very lart»:e seed and watery nature place it in a somewhat inferior class. The leaves are medium lanje and not pointed. The form of the fruit is quite round. The skin is of medium smoothness; not nearly so smooth as the Hei yeh (^^). The dots or markings are few and small. In sreneral appearance it much resembles the Hei yeh i^-tM) and the best types of this variety are often sold for Hei yeh i^M) (fig- 52). The color of the skin is a ^rood red and inside the skin is pink. Seeds of this variety germinate readily and it is a vigorous grower, very easily propagated and cultured. It is said to be one of the most satisfactory general purpose varieties as it is a high vielder and has a long season. 98 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN >^mi yudi hung (Sam ut Jnouj B!']^) — ''Third nionili nd" This is the earliest maturing; lychee produced in Kvvangtuny;. It appears on the markers in early May and finds a ready sale in spite of its inferior quality compared with lychee produced later. A villatre by the name of !VIa yuen vMa un JftH] ) in Sunwui [M"^) district is very famous for its production of this variety. At this place the fruit is known under the name of Tsao kuo iTso kwo ^JR- ) , meaninir early fruit." It is also sometimes called Tsao li ( 1 so lai ¥-^) or "early lychee." It is grown chieHy alony: the dykes and is quite readily distinguished from other varieties. The variety is said to have originated in the Heungshan (#lll) district near the village of Sha yung (Sha ch'ung vJJjft). A Sung dynasty emperor is reported to have visited this village, stopping with a family by the name of Ma ( .n^ ' . The emperor was very fond of lychee, but as it was early summer not any of the fruit had ripened. But strangely it was found that fruit from some trees had ripened and thus the variety was originated. The leaves of this variety are quite long and pointed and much thicker than other varietes. The branches of tree are said to be very brittle and easily broken off. The fruit is exceptionally large, averag- ing over an ounce in weight (hg. 33). The skin is thick and tough with few but large markings. The fruit is red but not brilliantly so. The flesh is quite thick, not very sweet and with much rag. The seeds are long and not matured. Fai la Ji chili {Pale lap lai clii ^M'^ii) — While wax lijduc This fruit is also known under the name of Po le tzu (Pak lik tsz Q^^, — white fragrant plant. The fruit is quite common in the Heungshan (#llj) district and ripens after the Huai rhih ( Wai chi iH^) . The fruit is large and rounded with pink rough skin and many lage dots. The flesh is not particularly sweet, some- what stringy and tending to a pink color. The seeds are usually large. Shan chih. {Shan chi ilj:^) — Mountain hjvha This is the variety which is doubtless nearest the wild form and it is found widely scattered through(>ut Kwangtung. It is usually found in the hills rather than along streams. It is grown in many places and recognized as especially valuable fof stock on which to grow the better varieties. It is sometimes known under the name Suan chih (Sun chi fi^fe) or "sour lychee." VARIETIES OF THE LYCHEE 99 The leaves are very large, wide and quite pointed. Petioles are short. The tree is an upright grovi^er and twigs also tend upward. It ripens very irregularly, some late and some early. The form is rather elongated with a ^ery roughened skin and bright red color. The flesh is thin, the seed exceptionally large (fig. 54) and the juice is sour. The flavor is said to depend upon the soil and cultural methods and the Chinese believe that the character of this variety can be quickly changed under cultivation. A number of so called varieties of lychee have originated from the Shan chih (ilili), such as for example the Mi kuei (Mai kwai Mfk), Chia huai (Ka wai Ut^^, Ta niu ku (Tai ngau ku 'X^^) , Ta ch'iaoch'un (Ma tseuk ch'un ^^fil), Cheng paohou (Ch'ang pau hau ^i^'o^) , and Ting sz niu (Ting sz ngau ^fE^-). One of the most interesting types of mountain lychee thus far reported is that called Yeh shan chih (Ye shan chi |flU1$) or "wild mountain lychee." This fruit has been reported as growing in the West river region. A search has been made for the tree or trees which are said to exist, but thus far without success. The fruit is said to resemble the lychee, but with hairs instead of prickles. The tree is very large and tall and the seed very light in color. In addition to the fifteen varieties described there are many others of commercial importance or of purely local interest. The Ya niang hsieh (A neung hai 5SKRII) is a promising new variety coming from the Lo kang ( Lo kong ^|Sj) region. It is said to rival the No mi ts'z (No mai t'szili^^^ but as yet has made little progress on the Canton markets. The Pu tai (Potoi^fg^) has also originated from the same place as the Ya niang hsieh (ffijiiM^), The Chuang yuan hung (Chong un hung HicTCfe) is quite popular and can be purchased on the Canton markets (fig. 55). The Yu ho pao (Yuk ho pao (Yuk ho pau 3£ii'Y^) is a very common early variety appear- ing immediately after the San yueh hung (Sam ut hung H9#j) Many claim that it is a type of Sam yueh hung (H^&) but the evidence to hand leads us to think it is more of a distinct variety than many of the other so-called varieties. An analytical descriptive table of some of these important lychee \arieties appears on the following pages. KM) Analytical Table ■Z ^ Number of fruits Cc. of juictj VVeijjht of seeds (oz. ) Weisrht of flesh (oz. ) Weitrht of skin (oz. ) ^Vei ^ ^1^ = S ^ X "^ «^ -^ 2 ^ ^ ^ -m Ea '^- 26 22 28 17 260 210 240 235 1 2 2 2 n 1/2 11 1/2 10 11 2 1/2 2 i 2 1 1/ '2 1 I 2 2 1. ^2 2 2 1/2 11/4 1 S/4 11/ '16 1 7/16 11/4 15/16 1 1/8 1 9/16 4 1/8 4 7/16 4 4 9/16 4 1/8 .U/ ^16 4 1/ M6 4 3/4 Large and small Large and small elongated Large Large Ronnd Rounded with broadened with broadened Round Round top top l)lat 1 olate 1 plate 1 plate 1 8. O-K 3. O-R 3. O-R 1. Red Scarlet- b Rose b Rose b Begonia Red Doree Dorce Rose Rpiif^h, thin ' Rounded with many small dote Quite smootli Few large dots Smooth and thin Few small df)ts All All Some in Some in within within skin skin Sweet Sweet Sweet Sweet julv 8 June 29 Julv IS July 24 ]U2 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN In addition to the varieties described and those Hsted in Appendix IV as found in Kwangtung there are also manj' other varieties reported which have not as yet been studied. These include theCh'ent/,u ( Ch'an tsz p^^) — Ch'en's purple, Li ting chu (Li tingchuSirgr^) i.e., pearl of a black horse's head, Mou ni kuang (Mau ni kwong 2^|E^), Shih pah niang (Shap pat neung -fAS|) — Eighteen maids, Tai hvva hsiang (Tai fa heung ^tt#) — "wearing flowery fragrance," and Chiang chun tzu l,Tseungkwan tsz !|f|p!^) — General's purple. With regard to Lidian varieties, Higgins ^ reports: "A variety known as 'Mclean" is said to be one of the best in that country. Another under the name ' Muzaffarpur Seedless ' is practically seed- less in many of its fruits, 'Bedana' is another small seeded, sweet variety. 'Dudhia' is quite unusual in that it is white. Rose scented' is a fruit of large size and very agreeable flavor. China' is a late-season variety." ' Higgins, J. E., Tfic Litchi in Ha^vaii, Hawaii Agricultural Experi- nu-iit Station, Bulletin No. 44, page, 20. PLATE XXXVin Figure 55.— Chuang yuan hung— Royal red— Lychee. (Two-thirds natural size. Plate xxxix Figure 56. — The Yau yen Lungan as a Temple Tree. Figure 57. — The Rounded Head of a Fruiting I.ungan Tree. CHAPTER XfV TUF, J.I \\(;.\N The lungan has been described as the "monk" of the sapindaceous group of fruits. A Singapore Chinese was endeavor- ing to make a simple but distinctive comparison of these four fruits. He said, "The rambutan is the long haired gentleman of the group; he has flowing locks. The pulassan has his hair cut modern style. The lychee has had the clippers put on his head. But the lungan, with head closely shaven, is the Buddhist priest of the four." This description applies only to the general outside apparance of these fruits with relation to length of setae or smoothness of skin. It indicates that, unlike any of the others, the outside surface nf the lungan is smooth. The lungan is the most cold-resistant fruit of the group and will be found growing farther north than the lychee, and at higher altitudes. It requires perhaps a little less care than the lychee and individual trees growing in a semi-wild condition are seen more often than lychee. It is a taller, higher-headed tree, with branches and flower spikes growing more upright than those of the lychee and with bark characteristically its own. The fruits are much smaller than lychee hut the leaves and the flowers are conspicuously larger. The fruit is round, or nearly so, and when ripe is yellow. The fruit clusters are usually much more crowded than those of the lychee. It fruits about a month later that the medium late varieties of lychee, the best varieties appearing in the month of August. It is co*nsumed by the Chinese in considerable quantities. They believe that this fruit is not so strengthening as the lychee but prize its medicinal value very highly. The aril is certainly less fleshy than that of the lychee and much more vinous in taste. The seed is invariably large and there are no varieties with shriveled seed as in the lychee. The seed is usually black or sometimes brown and is said to look like a "dragon- eye", whence the fruit gets its name. 1 •■, 104 THE LYCHKE AND LUNGAN Chinese literature records many names for the lunjfan. As early as the sixteenth century Li Shih Cheng i^Bj^g:) in his Pen Tsao Kan-^8. 5! \'. 5 2 Ch'tM-, Tinsi Kuo (|r*,S:^), Li Chih P'u f^^fi). Librarv Con<:. C3.-;8. 5! V.97 ■! FLsu P'o (f^itH), Li Chih Fu 'v|g^fg\ in Ku Chin "i u Shu Chi Cheno ("S-^-IB^III^Jt ' , Po VVu Hui Pien v^54J^Ki^'', Ts'ao Muh Tien (^^k^ >," section 274 (-W-b+M^), Li Chih Pu 2 i-p„-%%-\ paoes 1-5 Library Con-j,. .^73. 12 \'.157 4 [jii Ssu Huan (^|^^i5tlt). Library Cong. C338. 5 \'.b 5 Sunu Chia (5|?S), Li Chih P"u (l,^|^», in Ku Chin 'l\i Shu Chi Chenu K'^^m^^m^) , Po Wu Hui Pien (tf#J-^|||), Ts'ao Muh Tien (^?|c|tj-), section 273 (zi"a-t;+B%), Li Chih Pu 1 (^^^-), pages Library Cono. C373.12 V.157 6 lantr Tao Hsieh {WM.W , Li Chih P'u {-^Hm), in Ku Chin Tu Shu Chi Cheng {-^^WMm^) , Po Wu Hui Pien (mWH), Ts"ao Muh Tien i^**-), section 274 ( r/tf-b+M^), Li Chih Pu 2 (^^iSKz:), pages 5-7 (a^^A-H)- Library Cong. C373.12 V.IS7 I 19 20 THE LICHEE AND LUNGAN 7 'l"s"ai Hsiang i^mK Li Chih P'u ' M^W , in Kii Chin Tu Shu Chi Cheng {-^^mmi^^&), Po Wu Hui Pien [mmm^, Ts'ao Muh Tien (j^,%i|), section 273 : ^ W-b+B^ >, l.i Chih Pu 1 i^^^',— ). paaes 2-5 ^rVSm-W)- Library Vowr. C.v.S. 12 VMU5. 8 rs'ao Fan (W^K L.i Chih P\i (#,^f^ , in Ku Chin Vu Shu Chi Chenu {-^^mi^m^h Po W ii Hui Pien (tp'a^li). Ts'ao Muh Tien C^.^^^jMi.) , section 273 (:lfi*^:+H#), i^ Chih \\i 1 ( p;,-Xi^{~ K paaes Library Conii. C373. 1 2 \'. 1 57. 9 Wu Ying K'uei [9, 48. Library Cong. C33H.51 V.5 .^- \'.97. 11 Chih Wu Ming Shih i:u K'ao imU^fim'ikK 1849. Wu Ch' i-Hsun i3:%m) , ^7 : 46-95 ; 31 : 1 0. Library Cong. C283. 5. 12 Ch"in Ting Ssu K'u Ch'uan Shu Ts'ung Mu { f-k'&.W m^mtii), 1868, 116:36. Library Cong. C342.20. 13 Ching Shih Cheng Lei Ta Kuan Pen Tso (|,?A,1M-A- nm^-), 23:22-23. Libr.ir\ Cono. CI (13. 141. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHINESE REFERENCES 121 14 Ku Chin V'n Shu Chi Chentj [-^^M-^-^f&\ Pf VVu llui Pifii (tP^/M^^iw'- Ts'ao Miih Tieii '"'','( ^<:!!H) , Chapt. 27.^-277. Library Conu, C,UX.75. 15 Kuanw (^h'lin Kano-P'ii ^ }^^^^) , 1708. IVi \\:rn Chai im^'M'^ Chapr. 60-62. Library Coim. C28.'5..>. 16 Lintr Nan 1 Shu ' ^^il,^), 1826, Linti Nan Li Chih I'u r.ihrary Cona^f?r), .31:4-7. Library Coim. CIO.-;. 21. 21 Sc Lu (aOi'. Chapt. 157. Librai\ Ctnie. C.v.v 12 \'.157. inidls nUi( r llidii h u'lDKii i( luj Lukien 22 Fuhkien Tuns: Chih < iM4BMS^) . 1 «71 , Wu Tany f^^^ , 59: 7-10. .n, .■!8, 45. Library Conu. P.192.F.^. 2.-^ ChuanChouFu Ma Han^: Tintr (.^!M1;ff.ir^-5i), 189,'! Wanii Chia Tiny: (^^ff), 12: 5-5. . r.ibrar\ Conn. B192.F4 (^85. 122 THK LVCHF.K AM) l.UNGAN 24 Fu C'hou Fu Chih (*K'>H;f^;ir , 1/54, FIsu Chinn; Hsi it^.m:^K 2S:1]-15. Lihrary Cong. B192.F4. Kwangsi 25 Kuangsi 'F"ung Chih (^MMii?v"', 1HU(», Chi Chinti {'isW, 89:6; 90:18; 91:1, 11; 92:1. 7; 9.^.9. Library Con jr. B192.K5. 26 P'inji Lo Fu Chih (^^/i^^iSl;, 1877. ChiiiL^ Hua ( ^^ >. 25;.>. S/,cchvvan 27 Ssuch'uan T'ung Chih (Ejiiiiii^v), 1815, Ch'anir Ming mm), 74:6, 9, 16, 29, 40; 75:64, 65. Library Cong. B192.S7. 28 Chung Ching Fu Chih (r^gfi^^', 1^+^. ^ i' Chuig Library Cong. 1U92. S7.-5C8.^ Ivweichow 29 Kuei Chou Fu Chih < #!)t!;fif-^,) , 1 827, Frh Cheng ( ^nl ) . 14:5. Library Cong. B192.S7,-iK7. ,-iO ^^lnnan 'F'ung Chih (Mmim^.) , 185 5. (;hao Shen Chen • emfB^*, 67:2-^. Library Cong. B192.^'5. f\)ran(/h(n(j Aini'ils (irra)i(/((l arcordinfj to Pr' f( clurm (iiid ^\ Kwangtung 'Fung Chih (^iJiMiiE^, edited by 'S'uan Yuan i|5jc?c}, 1864. Book 34 (H-Lra*), 59:12. M Kvvangchow Fu Chih (^ffl;f3=:£i), edited bv Shui Lin [j^m), li^BO. Book 7 (-t:;4^) 16:10-11. '.^J Nanhai Hsien Chih ' jtltl^'IfiT.^ J , edited b\ P";in \ ao Chirh '\^riHK 18.><'. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHINESE REFERENCES 123 34 Nanhai Hsien Chih (ii?i!l!Jti£), edited by Cheng Mene Yu (il^3t\ 1872. Book 6 1:^-.^), 8:26. 35 P'anyu Hsien Chih (H^IJiS), edited by Li Fu T'ai (^*:3#), 1872. Book2 (-*), 7:3. 36 Shunteh Hsien Chih ()III@.!^;tS), edited by T'ing; Nan (^i=f^), 1853. Book2 (-*), 3:45. 37 Tungkwan Hsien Chih (iii^l^STv), edited by Peng Jen Chieh {$^Am), 1799. Book 7 (-t?!c), 40:2. 38 Ts'unghwa Hsien Chih (^-ffciSiS), edited by Kuo Yu Hsi (mm^), 1908. Book 2 (-Tt:), 2:82. 39 Lungmen Hsien Chih (fEP^IJiS^ edited by Yu Wen (lilts), 1851. Book 2 (-Tt;), 3:24. 40 Sinning Hsien Chih (ir^SS/iS), edited by Ho Fu Hai inmm), 1892. Book 3 (BTic), 8:13. 41 Tsengch'eng Hsien Chih (ifiiilJiK), edited by Chao Chun im®.), 1810. Book 2 (z:;*;),l:2. 42 Hsiangshan Hsien Chih (§lUI^^.), edited by Lin Chu Huai (*i;il?i), 1828. 45 Hsiangshan Hsien Chih (^lUilJ/iSv) , edited by Chen Li im^), 1880. Book 2 {-^}, 5:24, 25, 22:70. 44 Sinhwei Hsien Chih (tft'®J>£), edited Lin Hsing Chang (*t;S#), 1841. Book 2 (-7^), 2:66. 45 Shanshui Hsien Chih (H7M^:S), 1818. Book 1 (-*), 1 : 49. 46 Ts'ingyuen Hsien Chih (^illS^S), edited by Li Wen Hsuan (^^.):g), 1880. Book 1 (-*), 2:22. 47 Sinngan Hsien Chih (ifSIS^v), edited by Shu Mou Kuan (^■T.'S), 1819. Book 2 (n*), 3:3. 48 Hwa Hsien Chih {mr£^\ edited by Wang Yung Ming (ixk«), 1867. Book 3 ( = *), 3:39. 49 Chaoking Fu Chih imMMlS^) , edited by Wang Yu Shih (i^B*), 1877. Book 3 (h*), 3:40, 41 124 IHK LYUHEK ANJ) LUNUAN 5(J Kaoyao Hsieii Chih < ,g;g§]^:^«), edited hy Hsia Hsiu Shu (i:ii:l".), 1827. J^ook 2 (-;*:), 4:15-16. 51 S/.ehvvei Hsien Chih lWfS?^>T^.', edited by Chen Chih Che ([r*;^Eih'), ^^97. IJook ,3:S, 80. IJook .^ iH;*;), 1:81. 52 N'irenp'inu Hsien Chih ( JH^^EtS) , edited by Yanc Hsueh Yen {^MPD , 182b. Book 5 ( K?^), lb: lb. 5.-! Tehkintr Chow Chih ('ti|S;W,ilf.K edited by ^'anu Wen Chun (tf;>C!l^'. Book ,-! (H;*;). .■> : 40, 41. Book , 11:7. 54 Shaochovv Fu Chih i ^l\'Hilf.f-;S.) , edited by Lin Shu Hsun liMcitl'il), 1875. Book 7 (-t*!, 11:38. 55 Kuhkian^ Hsien Chih ( fflJX|if;,iU ) , edited hy Chenjj; Hsi Chinu' im^-M\ 1875. Book 6 (A*), 12:20. 5b Hvveichow Fu Chih (i^'JtUf^f,!!^^ edited by Iai Yinu K'uei (SH^), 1688. 57 Hweichow Fu Chih iMMJk.^^), edited by Liu Kuei Nien (gij-^;^), 1881. Book 20 ' :if* ' , 45 :2.-!. 58 Haifunu Hsien Chih i^WMiSJ, edited by Yu Pu Hsiuns (j-hBft), 1751. Book 2 (-*), b:5,'!. 59 Ch'aochovv Fu Chih (il8ttl;f;f7i^J, edited by Chanir Chieh Ch'i (m^im), 17b3. Book 22 ()\--y^), 39:8. bO Ch'aoyano; Hsien Chih (?l9l^ll;i?.) , edited by T'an^ Wen 'Fsao (^^^), 1820. bl Ch'aoyang Hsien Chih ('M\^Bl^^), edited by Chou Henu Chuntr (RltlS), 1885. Book 5 (IL^), \]:b. b2 Leichow Fu Chih i^'M-r.^^ , edited by Lei Hsueh Hai immm), 1811. Book2 (-*), 2:50. b3 Suik'i Hsien Chih (i^jii|!fi;fJ, edited by Yu Pin, 1891. Hook 6 {,\?^), 7:5 72 Jaop'insi Hsien Chih 'M^BlSJ , edited by Liu Pien (§m), 1687. Hook 5 (St*;), 11:1.'!. 73 Ch'enghai Hsien Chih (itiife^J, edited by Li Shu Chi i^mHK 1814. Book 7 (-bTis;), 23:7. 74 Lienchow Fu Chih ( ^;)tI;^jS; ) , edited by Chano; Yu Ch'un (mill#). 1H34. Book 3 (h*), 6:2. 75 Meuminy: Hsien Chih (1^^W^^), edited by Cheng Yeh Ch'ung (Mumm), 1888. Book 1 (-^), 1:77. 76 Tienpeh Hsien Chih ('gj^lSi^J, edited by Chang Hung (m^), 1827. 77 Tienpeh Hsien Chih (l:&|,^ii?J, edited by Sun Chu (mm), 1893. Book 2 (-Tic), 4:1. 78 Shihch'eng Hsien Chih (rtii^U'&), edited by Chang Ta K'ai (3IA-gJl). 79 Shihch'eng Hsieh Chih {^UliW^^) , edited by Chiang T'ing Kuei (^^^m), 1893. Book 2 (z:*), 2:41. 126 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 80 Loting: Chow Chih (lil.^i'Hslf.), I'.U. Boolcl (-Tjs;), 1:39. SI Sinine: Hsien Chih (|!3^|j^S>), edited by Chu Yu T'sunsi (mmm) 1831. Book 2 (-*), 3:19. 82 Wan Chow Chih {m\^^), 1829. Book 1 i-?^) , 3 : 25. 83 Kinchow Chih i^k'^Al^;), edited by Chu Ch'un Nien (*t#¥), 1835. Book 2 (-*), 1 : 55. 84 Chantrhwa Hsien Chih (^^!|j^;S;\ 1897. Book 1 (-*), 1:18. 85 Yam^kian^ Hsien Chih (r^-il|j?^.\ edited by Li Yun (1i;S), 1813. Book 1 (-;*;\ 1:7. APPKNDIX 11 RIP.UOGRAPHY OF WESTERN KEFKRP^NCES ON THF LVCTIKK. 100 Anderson, Thomas, Asiatic Society of Bentral, Journal, I86i. vol. .^2:199. Library of Conuress AS4/ 2. HS. 101 Aiton, William, 17.-!1-179-^, Hortus kevvensis: A catalogue of plants cultivated in the Royal botanic oarden, Kew. 3 vol., London, Printed for G. Nicol, 17X9. \-d1. 2:.-!b. 102 Atkinson, Edwin T., Notes on the Economic Products of the North-Western Provinces, 1881. PartW, page 57. lO.-! Baillon, Henri Ernest, 1827-1895. The natural historv of plants. 8 vol., London, L. Reeve k Co., 1871-1888. vol., 5:.^50, 377, 394, .^95, .^9b. Library of Con^iress QK97. B15. 10+ Haillon, Henri Ernest, 1827-1895, Dictionnaire de boranique. 4 vol., Paris, Hachette et cie, 1 876-92, page 425. Library of Contrress QK7.H15. 10 5 Beddome, R.H., 1830-1911, Contributions to the botany of Southern India in the Madras Journal of Literature and Science, July, 1864, pages 39, 40. 106 Beddome, R. H., 1830-1911, I'ransactions of the Linnean Society of London. 30 Vol., London, 1791-1875. vol. 25:212. Library of Congress QH1.L6. 127 128 THE LYCHKF. AND LUNCJAN 107 Bt.>dclome, R. H., 18.-50-1911, Icones plantaruni indiar orientalis or plates and descriptions of new and rare plants from southern India and Ceylon. Madras, (iant/, Bros., 1874, paij;e 21; PI. (.ill, CCLXXXV, payje b7. 1U8 B.-ntham, Geors^e, 1800-1884, Flora hongkontrensis: a description of the Howerintj plants and ferns of the inland of Hon^ikontr. l,i)ndon, I/. Reeve, 1861, paoe 47. Library, U.S. Dept. of A^:■icu!ture 4bOB44. 109 Beatham, George, 1800-1884, Genera plantarum ad exetnplaria imprimis in herbanis kewensibus servata detinita. ,^ vol., Londini, Ree\ei5c Co., 1862-8.^. Vol. 1:405, 406. Library of Compress QK.97.B47. 110 Bcntham, Geori^e, J 800-1 84, Flora aiistraiiensis : a description or the plants of the Australian territory. 7 vol., Lond(.n, L. Reeve c^' Co., 1863-1878. Vol. 1:464, 465. Library, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 460B44 F. ill Birdvvood, Geortie Christopher Molesworth, l\LD., Catalogue of the \'egetable Products of rlie Pres- idency of Bombay. Bombay, 1865. Second I'^dition, No. 48. 112 Blanco, Manuel, 1778-1845, Flora de Filipinas segun el sistema sexual de Linneo. Manila, C. Lope/,, 1837. Vol. 2:199, 200, 201, 288. Library of Congress QK368.B6. H3 Blasdale, Waiter C, A description of so.i-e Chinese vetretable food materials. Bulletin No. 68, U.S. Dept. of .\-ri<-ullurf, 1899, panes 42. 43, 4S. % r.IBLlOGRAPHY OF WESTERN REFERENCES 129 114 Blume, Karl Ladvvi^r, 1796-1862, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie. 2 vol., Batavia, Ter Lands drukkerii, 1825-26, page 23.^. Library, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 46UB62B. 115 Illume, Karl Ludwig, 1796-1862, Rumphia; sive, Commentationes botanicae imprimis de plantis Indiae Orieiitalis. 4 \ol., Luyduni Batavorum, prostat Amstejodami, apud C. G. Sulpke, 1835-48. vol. 3:106-111. Library of Contrress QK34L B65. 116 Hois, D., Qiiclques arbres fruiticrs hido-Chinois, January, 1907, pa^e 5. 117 Boym, Michael, in Thevenot, Melchisedech, 1620- 1692, Relations de divers \oayges. 2 vol., Paris, A. Pralard, 1683, page 20. Library of Conirress G159.T39. 118 Bretschneider, Emil Vasilievich 1833-1901, Karly European Researches into the Flora of China, 1880, Shanouis Pierre Pyramus de, 1806- 1893, Oritrin of Cultivated Plants. New York, D. Appleton ik Co., 1902, pages 314, 315, 316. Library of Comrress SB107.C25. 123 Cyclopedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia. vol. 2, pas^e 1086. 124 Cook, O.F., & Collins, G. H., Economic Plants of Porto Rico In Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Washinuton, D. C, 1903. vol., 8, Pt. 2: 176, 177. 125 Corsa, W. P. , Nut culture in the United States, embrac- ing native and introduced species, 1896, page 105. Library, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. 126 Dalzell, Nicol Alexander, 1817-1878, The Bombay Rora, 1861, Bombay, Education Society's press. Suppl. 13:13, 35. Library, U.S. Dept. Agriculture 460D1 7. 127 Dapper, Olfert, d. 1690, Gedenkvvaerdig bcdryf der Nederlandsche Oost-Indische maetschappye, op de kuste en in het keizerrijk van Taising of Sina. 1 vol., Amsterdam, J. van Aleurs, 1670, pages 208, 209. Library of Congress DS708.D22. 128 Desfontes, Rene, 1750-1833, Tableau de TEcole de Botanique, 1815. Paris, J. A. Brosson, 1815, page 159. Library of Congress 2K73. P2D3. 129 Desfontes, Rene, 1759-1833. Catalogus plantarum Horti regii parisiensis. Parisus, J. S. Chaudc, 1829, page 230. Library of Congress QK73. P2D4 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN REFERENCES LSI 13U Dictionnaire ties sciences iiaturelles, 182.'>. 60 vol., Strasboury:, F. Cj. Levrault; Pans, I>e Normant. 1816-30, pages 57, 58, 59, 60. lyibrary of Conoress QH13. U5. IS I Dictionarv of Popular Nanifs f>f Plants, 1882. padres 248, 24') \M Don, (ieor'^e, 179cS-1856, A y;eneral history of the dichlamydous plants. 4 vol., J>ondon, J. G. «k V. Rivinuton, 18.-{l-.^8, pages b54, 655, 670, 671. Library of Cont^ress QK97. D5. 1.^/? I)u Halde, Jean Haptiste, J 674-1 743, The general history of China. 4 vol., London, j. Watts, 1736, pages 19, 20, 170, 171, 172, 230 Library of Congress DS708.86. 134 Dunn, Stephen Troyte, 1868, Flora of Kwangtung and Hongkong. London, Darling & Son, Ltd., 1912, !)ages 66, 67. Library, L . S. Dept. Agriculture 89K51A. 135 Kdward's Botanical Register, 1835. ^^ \'oI., 1815- 1847. vol. 7; 1729. 136 I'^ndlicher, Stcphano, Genera Plantarum secundum OrdinesNaturales, 1836-1840. 2 vol., Vindobonae, F. Beck, 1836-40, page 1071 - Nephelium. 137 Forbes, Francis Blackwell, 1839-1908, An enumeration of all the plants known from China proper, Formosa, Hainan, Corea, the Luchu archipelago, and the island of Hongkong. in Journ. Linncan Society, \ol. 23, 2<), 36, page 139. ■ 138 Fortune, Robert, 1813-1880, Three years wanderings in the northern pro\inces of China. London. 1847, John Murray pages 135, 384. 139 Gamble, J. S., A Manual of Indian Timbers. 1781 Calcurt:), 1SS1. pauc 97. 132 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 140 Gartner, Jospeh, 1732-1791, De fructibus et seminibvs plantarvm. 2 vol., Stvtgardiae, Academiae Caro- linae, 1788-91. .^ vol., Lipsiae, C. F. K. Richteri, 1801-07, pages 197, 198. Library of Congress UK699.Cil 13, QKb99.G12. 141 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, 1886. WA. XXV, pages 52 and 150. 142 Georgeson, C. C, The Economic plants of Japan. In the American Garden. 1891. Vol. 12:962, 270. 143 Graham, John, 1805-1839, A catalogue of the plants , growing in Bombay and its vicinity. Bombay, Govt. Press. , 1839, page 29. Library, U.S. Dept. Agriculture 460G76. 144 Grosier, Jean Baptiste Gabriel Alexandre, 1743-1823, A general description of China. 2 vol., London, G. Y. and J. Robinson, 1 795, pages 425, 426, 427. Library of Congress DS708.G87. 145 Gonzalez de Mondoza, Juan, The historic of the great and mightie kingdome of China, and the situation thereof. London, E. White, 1588, pages 14, 60, 61. Library of Congress DS708.G644. 146 Hawaii, Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report, 1912, page 25. 147 Henry, Augustine, A list of plants from Formosa in Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. December, 1896. Vol. 24, supplement, page 29. 148 Higgins, J. E. , The Litchi in Hawaii, 1917, Bulletin No. 44, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. 149 Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, 1817-1911, Flora of British India. 7 vol., London, L. Reeve & Co., 1872-97, 1:686, 687, 688, 689, 690. 460.12H76F. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN REFERENCES .133 150 Hosie, Sir Alexander, Report by Consul-general Hosie on the province of Ssuch-uan. 1904. London, Harrison & Sons, 1904. Library U.S. Dept. Agriculture 127H93Re. 151 India Botanical Survey, Records of the Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 1893-1 91 6. Vol. 1 : 236, Vol. 2: 55, 92, 1893-1902, 1903. 152 Ito &: Matsumura, Tentamen Klorae Lutchucnsis, in the Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, \\)1. 12, 1900, pa^es 118, 385, 386. 153 Ito, Tokutaro, Kinkwao Tetsuen Kwaishi (Memorial volume for the 80th anniversary of Baron Keisuke Ito). Vol. 1, M. 15, iv., Apr., 1882, Kol. 1-3 a col. pis. ) on Lichi by K. Ito. 154 Jonstonus, Johannes, 1603-1675, Dendrographias: sive, Historiae naturalis de arboribiis, 1662, i aues 475. 155 Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de, 1748-1836, Genera plantarum, Paris. 1789, pa-es 246, 247, 248. Library of Congress QK93.J9. 156 Kew Royal Gardens, Bulletin of miscellaneous in- formation, London, 1887, pages 219, 220. 157 Koorders, Frau Anna (Schumacher ', Systematisches Verzeichniss der zum Herbar Koorders gehorenden, in Nederlaiidsch-Ostindien, hesonders in den Jahren 1888-1903 gesammelten Phaneregamen. 2 vol., Batavia, 1910-1914. Vol. 1:8, Vol. 2: v, pages 5, 34, 75. 158 Kurz, Sulpiz, 1834-1878, Forest flora of British Burma, 1877. 2 vol., Calcutta, Office of Supt. of Ciovt. printing, 1877. Vol. 1 ; 292, 293, 294. Library U. S. Dept. Agriculture 460K96F. \^4 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAJN 159 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de, 1744-1829, Encyclopedic methodique. Botanique. 8 vol., Paris, Panckoucke, 178S-1808. 2:440 179S Supplement .>:478 1813, Tome Troisieme: 57.'? 1789. Library of C'oiiirress QK7.L2. 160 l/Ecluse, Charles, i.e. Jules Charles de, 1526-1609, Lxoticorvm libri decern, 1605, pa.s Q 1. Q 11 . 192 Radlkofer, L., 1829, Ueber die Sapindaceen HoL iandisch-indiens, 1877, pages 25, 26, 27, 72. 193 Radlkofer, L. , Uebrr Sapindus und damit in Zusam- menhang stehende Pflanzen . . . 1878. Vol. 8: pages 16, 299, 303. 194 Radlkofer, Ludwig, 1829, Conspectus tribum gcncrum- que sapindacearum, 1890, pages 16 and 17. 195 Radlkofer, L., Sapindaceae in Engler and Prantl. Leipzig, 1887, pages 300, 301, 328, 334. T ibrarv of Conqress QK*^? . F(^. 138 THE LYOHEE AND LONGAN 19b Radllcofer, L. , Records of the Botanic Survey of India. Calcutta, 1907, pages 347, 348. Library, U. S. Dcpt. Agriculture 460In2B. 197 Radllcofer, L., Die naturlichen Fflanzenfamilien . . . Leipzig, U. Englemann, 1887, pages 204, 205. Library of Congress QK97. K6. 198 Radllcofer, [/. , Sapindaceae philippinenscs novae 11 . . . May, 1913, pages 1606, 1607. 199 Radllcofer, L., The Philippine Journal of Science, 1913. Vol. 8:444, 445, 446, 447, 457. 458, 459. 200 Ray, John, 1627-1705, Historia plantarum. 3 vol., jyondoni, H. Kaithome, 1686-1704, Appendix 1 : 52, 53. Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 452R21 H. 201 Read, B. E., The Edible Litclu Nut (Lilchi Chimnsis) in Journal American Chemical Society, \. 40, no. 5, page 818 aiay 1918). 202 Reinking, Otto A., Diseases of Economic Plants in Southern China. The Philippine Agriculturist, Vol. VIII, No. 4 (Nov. 1919), page 123. 203 Roxburgh, William, 1759-1815, Elora Indica; or Descriptions of Indian Plants. 2 vol., Calcutta, 1832 2:279, 270, 271. 204 Roxburgh, William, 1759-1815, Hortus Bengalensis or a catalogue of the plants growing in the honour- able East India Company's Botanic Gardens at Calcutta. 1814, pages 28, 29. 205 Royal horticultural society, London, Transactions . . . 1812-1848. 10 vol., London, 1812-48, Vol. pages 402, 405. I ,ihrar\' fif Connrc^s. BIHLIOGKAI'IIY OF WEHTKRN KKKKl^KXClvS ] .^9 206 Sauiulers, William, Catalomic of Economio Plants in the Collection of the U. S. Department of Asiiicul- tiire. No. .•508. 207 Semmcdo, Alvaro, 1585-1658, The history of that {rreat and renowned monarchy of China. London, E. Tyl'-r, 1655, Chapt. 1, Part, 1, paue.s 5 and 6. lyibrary of Conuress 1)S708.S46. 208 Semmedo, AKaro, 1585-lh58, Relatione della trrande monarcbia della Dina, Romae, Hermann Schens, 164.^, patre 10. Library of Con^n-e.ss DS708.S49. 209 Shitsiimo Hon/,o, Journal CoIlet,fe Science, 1900. Suppl. t. 1. 210 Sonnerat, Pierre, 1749-1814, X'ojaue aux Indes Orientates et a la Chine, 2 \'ol., Paris, L'auteur, 1782, Part II; pa^es 2.^0, 2.'! 1 . Library of Conirress l)S506.S7. 211 Spach, Kdiioard, Histoire natiuelle des xe^etaiix, Paris, 1.834-48, pases 61, 62, 6.^, 64. 212 Staunton, Sir Georire Leonard, bait, 17.'57-1801, An authentic account of an embassy from the Kinn of Great Britain to the I'^mperor of China, 1797. 2 vol., London, Cj. Nicol, 1797, paue 463. Library of Cont>ress l)S708.S78. 2L'{ Steudel, Krnst (jottlieb, 1783-1856, Nomenclator botanicus, enumerans ordine, 1821, Stuttyardtiae et Tubingae, J. G. Cottae, 1821, pajres 328, 460. Library, U. S. Dept. Asriculture 452SHN. 214 Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb, 1783-1856, Nomenclator botanicus; seu, Synonymia. 2 vol., Stuttgartiae et Tubinirae, J. G. Cottae, 1840-41, pajjes 191, 192. lyibrary, U. S. Dept. A<^nculture 452S(4N. 14U THE LYCHKK AND LUNG AN 215 Taylor, VV. S., Florida Grower, July 17, 1915; Florida Times Union, Feb. 8, 1916; Feb. 22, 1916; Mar. 2, 1916; Mar. 16, 1916; Mar. 23, 1916; April 18, 1916. 216 Theropeutique, Bulletin General, 1881, pages 325 and 326. 217 Thwaites, George Henry Kendrick, Enumeratio plantarum Zeylaniae: an enumeration of Ceylon plants, 1864, London, Dulau & Co., 1864. Library, U. S. Uept. Agriculture 460T424. 218 Treasury of Botany, 1899, page 784. 219 Trigault, Nicolas, 1577-1628, De Christiano expedi- tio ne apud sinas suscepta ab societate Jesu, Libri V, 1615, Augsburg, 1615, Libri 1, page 10. 220 Trinidad, Botanical Department, Bulletin of Miscel- laneous Information, 1888-1908, Trinidad, January, 1907, page 177. 221 Turczaninow, Nicolaus, d. 1864, Animadvers herb. Turez, in Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des naturalistes de Moscou, 1858. V'ol 31: 402, 403. 222 U. S. Dept. of Agr. , Division of Pomology, Bulletin No. 1, Report on the Condition of Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruits in the United States in 1887. 223 Vahl, Martin, 1749-1804, Symbolae botanicae, sive plantarum, 1790. 3 vol., Hauniae, 1790-94, 2:55. Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 452\'18. 224 Vidal y Soler, Sebastian, Phanerogamac Cumingianae Philippinarum, Manila, 1885, pages 104 and 105. Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 4()0B66P. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN KEFKUENCEK 141 225 Vidal y Soler, Sebastian, d. 1889, Revision de plantas vasciilares Filipinas, Manila, de M. Perez. 1886, pa wliole month. November 10th ami 11 th stong winds. Practically no rain during November. * Till- aliovr fieur taken from records of tlic Kwanetunc Aficu!t'arr>l hA-p'Timi-m ]4: APPENDIX IV PRESENr-DAY VARIETIES OF KVVANGTUNG LYC'HEE 1 ^ Is ^ A neuna hai Ya niang hsieh Mother's shoe 2 ff i!^ n^ Ch'an^ pau hau Cheng pao hou Bursts the throat 3 JSJ *S 3£ Chau Shiu Yuk Chou Shao Yu Man's name 4 Hie Tt; ^ Chonir un hunu: Chuang yuan hung Royal red 5 ^ ft ^^ Chu ma tsz Ch'u ma tsu China grass liber 6 Ml M ^ Fung wong k'au Fang huang ch'iu Phoenix gem 7 iB ■?■ ^ Fi tsz siu Fei tsu hsiao Imperial concubine's laugh ^ >^ M Hak ip Hei yeh Black leaf 9 # ^ Heung lai Hsiang li Fragrant lychee 10 IS M Ka Wai Chia Huai False Woi 11 ^ S ft Kat tsat chi No no chih Cockroach lychee 12 Wf if^ Kwa luk Kua lu Hanging green 13 /f^ n^ Kvvai mi Kuei wei Cinnamon flavor 14 jg- :® rl Lokt'ongp'o Lot'angp'u Rushes in the pond 15 l!7|i ^ li Ma tseuk ch'un Ma ch'iao ch'un Sparrow egg 16 ^ fjr Mai kwai Mi kuei Rice cinnamon 17 <^ ^ ^ No mai t"sz No mi ts'z Glutinous rice 18 Jfi ^ ffl No mai t"un No mi tw"an Glutinous rice ball 19 fiSS^ft Pak lap lai chi Pai la li chih White wax lychee 20 & fy ^- Pak lik tsz Po le tzu White fragrant plant 21:^ S Po toi Pu tai Cloth bag 22 ^ :^ ^ Sai kok tsz Hsi chio tsu Rhinoceros horn 23 H ^ ^ Sam ut hung San yueh hung Third month red 24 •^W^'tk Sha t'ong lai chi Sha t'ang li chih Sugar lychee 25 lU ft Shan chi Shan chih Mountain lychee 26 f^ v§^ 1s Sheung shu wai Shang shou huai President of a board embraces H3 144 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 11' 7!t J? ^T- Shui fau tsz Shui fou tsu Water float 28 :)}t ^ j^ Shui tsing k'au Shui ching ch'iu Crystal quartz ball 29 'h %, ^ Siu i k'un Hsiao erh ch'uan Child's fist 30 g^ fe Sun chi Suan chih Sour lychee 31 5!c ^ S= Sung ka heung Sung chia hsiang ISung family fragrance 32 :^ W fiL Tai ho pau Ta ho pao Large purse 33 :fe ^ !tS Tai ngau ku Ta niu ku Big bull 34 ;k it Tai tso Ta tsao Large crop 3 5 ^ iS I? T'am shai t'seng T'an shih ch'ang A person's name 36 SH" M T'im ngani T'ien yeh Sweet cliff 37 ^^ Ji ^- Ting sz ngau Ting sz niu Hit and kill the cow 38 ^ 3 T'ong pok T'ang po Pond embankment 39 -b jl -^ Ts'at ut shuk Ch'i yueh shou Seventh month ripe 40 Tif ^ ^ Tseung kwan lai Chiang chun li General's lychee 41 # /i Ts'ingpi Ch'ing p'i Green skin 42 ^ ^ Tso lai Tsao li Early lychee 43 ^- ^i '^ Tsun fung lai Chin feng li Tribute lychee 44 ^ 0. ^ Ts'oi ma chi Tsai ma chih Vegetable hemp plant 45 ir^ ^ Un t'un Yuan t'un Round rump ^rO Vtfe ^;^ Wai chi Huai chih Wai river lychee 47 Sj* lli li Ve shan chi Yeh shan chih Wild mountain lychee 48 I-E W ^ Yuk ho pan Yu ho pao Jade purse 49 5E zK Yuk ping Yu ping Jade ice PRESENT-DAY VARIETIES OF LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 145 Pbksknt-Day Vabieties op Kwangtung Lungan 1 ^ t$ Fa hok Hua kioh Flower skin 2 ^WG^ Hak hat shek hap Hei ho shih hsia Black seed stone gorge 3 $ Bl Ko un Kao yuan Fat meat ball ^ :^^ M ^-J Luk lit pau Liu yueh pao Six months leopard 5 fmUBR Shap ip lung ngan Shih yeh lung yen Ten leaves lungan 6 ^iiffenlBR Shek hap lung ngan Shih hsia lung yen Stone gorge lungan 7 SCEAbIBS She p'i lung ngan She p'i lung yen Snake skin lungan a|3R Ting un lung ngan Tingyuan lungyen Most round • lungan bIHP< Ts'iuyuklung Ts'ui you lungyen Crisp meat lungan ngan 10 ■?• 9fz Tso wo Tsao ho Early rice 11 .1, la U un VVu yuan Black ball 12 il ^ Yau ngan Yau yen Soft lungan WU VING K'UEI'S (^Hii) LIST OF VARIETIES OF LYCHEE IN LING NAN LI CHIH P'U (^^^^t^) ' 1 H il ^ Sam ut huny; San yueh hunij 7'hird month red 2 3E I'pi & Yuk ho pau Yu ho pao Jade purse 3 )^ ^ :]t. Sai kok tsz Hsi chic tsu Rhinoceros horn 4 & il ^ Pak lap tsz Pai la tsu White wax 5 ™ H Hak ip Hei yeh Black leaf 6 it M Taun funir Chin feny: Tribute 7 ^ -S T'ong pok •f'ane: po Pond embankment 8 jM i?K ^^ Ying ping tsz Ying ping tsu Jcicle 9 7jc 7? ^ Shui fau tsz Shui fou tsu Water float 10 ^ S IS Sheung shu wai Shang shou huai President of a board embraces 11 )^ ~f § Tai ting heung Vd ting hsiiing ]?ig clove 12 M M -ft Lo t'au fa Lu t"ou hua Showing the head flower 13 ,«^ U Ia Ma hau ling _Ma k'ou ling 15ell of a horse's mouth 14 # 'E Heung lai Hsiang li Fragrant lychee 15 jg> ?«^ Kwa luk Kua lu Hanging green 16 T # S Ting heung kit Ting hsiang chich Clove knot 17 i|^ :)|t ^ No mai t'sz No mi chih (ilutinous rice 18 'h 111 lo shan Huo shan hire mountain 19 FH ^ Tin ngam T'ien yen Field cliff 20 i(^ n^ Kwai mi Kuei wei Cinnamon flavor 21 '^ M -7- Chu ma tsz Ch'ii ma rsii China grass Hber 1 WU VING K'lIEI (^!!iii;, Ling N.m Li Chih P'u (^S^li^M) in I.intr Nan I S/iu i^'^r^n), I'ook 59 {rSJL-\-)tm, ^fction 4 {BB^), M6 WIJ YING K'UEI'S (^liij^) LIST OF VARIETIES OF LYCHEE 147 22 ISR ^ §S Chan ka tsz Ch'en chia tsu ('lic)i family purple 23 M ^ ^ Shan u ch'ui Shan hu chui Coral pendulum 24- X la 1 ai tso la tsao Bitr crop 25 X Sf W Tai tseuny; kwan Ta chiantr chun Bi<2; s^jeneral 26 ^h !|f '¥! Siu tseunir kwan Hsiao chiang chun Small general 27 ;{g: ^ H Huntj sau hai Hung hsiu hsieh Red embroidered shoe 28 ff ^t ^ e chung Yeh chung Wild species 29 -t: >H ^t Tsat ut hung Ch'i yueh hung Seventh month red .^0 tp |f; !f,^ Chung ts'au luk Ch'unchiu lu Chinese eighth month ^^1 15 "tit Fii^ r'am Shai Tseung T"an Shih Ch'ang A man's name 32 ta M ;-E Chau Shiu Yuk Chou Chao Yu A man's name 33 ^ fif ,® Lai Chung Sz Li Sung Ssu A man's name 34 :fi !fiS Yau lap Yo lah Having wax 35 $M ^ Lap lai Lah li Wax lychee 36 ,ft ^ Tsiu hat Chiao ho Scorched seed •'^7 # tE Ch'un fa Chun hua Spring flower 38 ig f^ U kit Hu chieh Mongols hurry 39 ^ H ft Yuk lo seung ^ u lu shuang Jade dew frost 40 HJj ^ l^ Ming ut chu Ming yueh chu Bright moon pearl 41 JtE ^ ^ Fi tsz siu Kei tsu hsiao Imperial concubine's laugh 42 ,^ ¥. *A Maan li pik Wan li pi Thousand miles greenish blue 43 M T0i ^ Li ting chu Li ting chu Pearl of a black horse's head 44 # ^ ^ Shan u shue Shan hu shu Coral tree 45 ^ /S. ^ Mau ni kwong Mou ni kuang ? 46 ^ iS ?f King iu tan , Ch'ing yao tan Beautiful bullet 47 ff- :^ # Fa tso ch'un Huats'ao ch'un Flower grass spring 48 9| ifl 3^ Fu p'ak kwong Hu p'o kuang Amber bright 49 'J^ ^ Fo chai Huo ch'i Fire level 148 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 50 7lc ^ J'5 Shui tsing k'au Sbui chingch'iu Crystal quartz ball 51 if4^ Ul ^ Luk lo i Lu lo i Green netted-silk cloth 52 ^ JL Jl Kail ki wan Chiao chi huan Tea. poy rirg 53 uE ^- ^ Lung nga lai Lung ya li Dragon tooih lychec 54 ti: ^ Sung lai Sung li Sung lychee 5i f$ 5"i ^ Hoi i k'un Hai erh ch'uan Baby's fist 56 If.^ ^ M Luk lo po Lu lo p'ao Cireen netted-si)k robe 57 :^ ^ Kok slui Chio shu * Rice dumpling 58 ^ It f n Fa ling t'au Hualingt'oii Flower ridge head 59 & \.3. l^, Kung ling sun Kung lir.g sun Grandfather leads grandson 60 Y # Nga kai Ya chi Young maid's tuft of hair 61 Mi ^ Fung lun Feng luan Phoenix egg 62 i^ 3£ 15 Paak yuk ang Pa yu ying White jade dish 63 rIE ^?c nl Yak pau lung Yu pan lung Jade coil dragon 64 H ■ 53; Lai chu Li chu Lye of a black horse 65 HJ^ Ti; ^ Chong un hung Chuang yuan hung Royal red 66 il ^S Mo pun Mo p"an Grinding pot 67 Hf M Shing wa Sheng hua Superior picture 63 )|f :^ ^ Tseung kwan li Chiang chun li General Ivchee 6'^ /h fjif ^ Siu ching un FTsiao ho pao Small quartz ball 70 /)% "iii^ ^ Sliiu ho pau Hsiao ho pao Small purse 71 Bi k% Ixt Che ku pan Che ku pan Partridee strip 72 T^ $£ Sin hung Cii'ien hung Fresh and bright red 73 IS i^i Ts'im luk Ch'icnlu Bamboo slip green 7+ !'ll> Mi Tsam ts.im fai Fs'im fei fu Penetrating to the lutigs ai^d boweis APPENDIX V yW'ALYSES OF LYCHEE AND LUNGAN FRUITS by Walter C. Blasdale ' ,^, _ . ^ ("lane Reducing , , Undcter- V\ater P.-.tem ..at ^^^^^^ g^^^^ Ash ^^.^^^ Nephelium lltchi (aril): Original material U.94 2.91 1.44 ^.M 66.58 2.21 7 45 . Water-free substance 3.43 1.69 5.25 77.27 2.60 8.75 Nephelium toiigan (aril): Original material 10.94 5.0L 1.04 37.50 27.54 2.3l 15. £6 Water-f.ee substance 5.63 1.17 42.11 30.70 2.59 17.S0 ^ U. S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 63 Printed by the Cor-iEGE Frees Cakton, China 149 APPENDIX VI THE LYCHEE (LITCHI CHINENSIS) A MYCORHIZAL PLANT. By FREDERICK V. COVILLE Botanist, United States Department of Agriculture The lychee plants brought to America by the United States Department of Agriculture and held in the greenhouse for pur- poses of study and propagation have seldom grown with luxuriance. Their stunted appearance and the poverty of their root develop- ment under the ordinary treatment of greenhouse plants indicated a lack of nutrition, and the idea suggested itself that the lychee might belong to that class of plants which require, or thrive best in, an acid soil. For a preliminary experiment, twelve seedling lychee plants were procured from the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Intro- duction (No. 46568). Three different soil mixtures were used, four plants being potted in each. For our present purpose only two of these soils need to be considered. One of these is the potting soil used for ordinary greenhouse purposes, made up of one part of rich loam, by bulk, one part of sand, and one part of well-rotted cow-manure. The other soil consists of two parts of upland peat and one part of clean sand. The plants were potted in these two soils June 21, 1920, in 4-inch pots. The pots were plunged in sand, in a greenhouse in which the minimum temperature in winter is 55° Fahr. at night, 70° in the daytime. In spring, summer, and fall the temperature goes much higher. The difference in behavior of the lychee in the two soils is conspicuous, as is shown by typical plants from the two lots, seven months after potting, reproduced in Plate XX. The growth of the plants in the ordinary potting soil is very feeble; in the acid soil it is free and luxuriant. Corresponding inequalities of growth have taken place underground. In the ordinary soil the root development is feeble and is confined chiefly to stout, unbranched leaders which have pushed through to the bottom of the pot. In the acid soil the plants have produced similar root leaders, but more freely, and in addition there is an extensive development of smaller much- branched roots. These lie chiefly at the sides of the root-ball, against the wall of the pot. Some of the plants in the ordinary soil have developed similar branched roots, but much less extensively. 151 152 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN The characteristic of greatest interest, however, in the acid- soil plants is that their branched roots are covered with tubercles, and that these tubercles are gorged with mycorhizal fungi. The appearance and the abundance of these tubercles are well shown in Plate XXI. Dr. Emil G. Arzberger, of the Office of Crop Technology, with exquisite technique, has fixed, stained, and sectioned the tubercles, and has made drawings and photographs. His descrip- tions and illustrations leave no question that these tubercles are genuine symbiotic mycorhizas. Three photographs and four drawings by Dr. Arzberger, showing the mycorhizal fungi in the cells of the tubercles, at enlargements of 195 to 830 diameters, are reproduced in Plates XXII and XXIII. None of the plants in the ordinary soil developed these tubercles. This experiment was conducted without knowledge that Professor Groff was writing a book on the lychee. Ordinarily such an experiment would be repeated many times for verification before the results were published, but it has seemed desirable to publish this brief statement at once, since the experiment points to con- clusions of fundamental significance in the life history of the lychee and suggests a definite and unusual line of agricultural practice, at the very beginning of the culture of the lychee in the United States. The experiment indicates that the mycorhizal fungus is beneficial to the lychee plant, probably, indeed, essential to its vigorous growth and productivity; that an acid soil is necessary for the maintenance of the fungus; and that a soil of peaty type is the most promising for lychee culture. Repeated experiments should be made to test the validity of these indications. Dr. Arzberger is making a detailed study of the lychee root fungus for more extended publication. Although these mycorhizal tubercles presumably occur on the roots of the lychee in China, they have never been recorded or observed there, so far as Professor Groff is aware. A reexamination of lychee culture in China, in the light of the present experiment, will be of great interest, for it is likely to be found that this industry is a genuine acid-soil culture, developed as such by the Chinese, unconsciously and empirically, from the ancient and cumulative experience of that amazing people. APPENDIX VII LACK OF WINTER DORMANCY AND THE LOW ZERO POINT OF GROWTH OF THE LYCHEE LIMITING FACTORS IN ITS CULTURE IN FLORIDA. By WALTER T. SWINGLE United States Department of Agriculture Canton, China, is in the same latitude as Havana, Cuba. Coconut palms abound in Cuba and also in southern Florida, but the visitor to Canton looks in vain for them. The coconut palms grow in numbers on the shores of Lake Worth, Florida, in latitude 26° 45', just three and one-half degrees north of Havana. The lychee has not as yet been grown successfully without protection in any part of Florida; and yet it is grown commerically in the southern part of Fukien Province, especially about Hsinghwa Fu (now P'ut'ien Hsien), two degrees north of Canton. I passed through Canton late in January, 1919, and found the weather cloudy and distinctly chilly. I was told that there had been prac- tically no sunshine for a month. To my surprise, the lychee trees growing on the dykes on the Canton Christian College grounds on Honan Island showed a beautiful wine-colored flush of new growth. The daily meteorological records of the Freeman Mete- orological Observatory at the Canton Christian College for January, 1919, give the following record of temperature and humidity: Day Temp, at 7 a.m. Max. Temp. Min. Temp. Humidity Avg. Humidity Deg. Cent. Deg. Cent. Deg. Cent. 7 A.M. per cent. 7 A.M., I P.M. 6 P.M., per cent I 13.0 17.8 10.8 95 86 2 9 4 12.8 9 70 61 3 4 I 134 4 61 52 4 5 6 15-6 3 8 72 56 5 7 6 19. 1 5 2 71 52 6 9 5 20.9 7 3 87 61 7 13 7 23 -5 9 81 73 8 17 5 23-4 13 4 92 91 9 19 4 25-5 17 97 89 10 19 27.9 18 4 96 83 II 19 8 26.4 17 98 86 12 14 I 20.0 13 9 83 75 13 14 2 19.9 137 77 93 153 154 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN Day Temp, at 7 a.m. Deg. Cent. Max. Temp. Deg. Cent. Min. Temp. Deg. Cent. Humidity 7 A.M. per cent. Avg. Humidity 7 A.M., I P.M. 6 P.M., percent. 14 15-4 20.7 139 88 86 15 17.7 20.5 17 3 93 86 16 13.2 19. 1 12 3 81 80 17 15-7 22.5 12 8 89 85 18 17.6 234 16 8 92 85 19 10.2 13-8 10 I 77 77 20 9.1 12.6 8 9 66 70 21 8.9 12.7 8 6 76 82 22 7-4 12. 1 6 8 89 87 23 10. 2 17-5 9 6 94 93 24 16. 1 23 3 15 2 98 97 25 12.8 II 8 95 93 26 12.5 9 3 98 93 27 12. 1 8 9 98 93 28 12.4 8 8 89 87 29 18. s 8 97 96 ,^0 14.0 150 7 9 89 94 31 95 10. 5 9 3 92 94 12.8 18.0 10.9 86 82 The mean temperature for the month, obtained by taking the mean be- tween the maximum and minimum, is 14.45 Cent, or 58.01 Fahr. Unfortunately, there is no sunshine record for January, 1 9 1 9. The record for February, 1920, which tabulates similar but slightly lower maximum temperatures, shows only the following hours of sunshine for the month: • Day of Hours and Minutes Month of Sunshine I o h. 33 min. 6 o h. 4 min. 15 o h. 19 min. 17 ■ 2 h. 20 min. 29 I h. 52 min. Total, 5 days 5 hrs. 8 min. Only five hours and eight minutes of sunshine for a month! And the last five days of January, 1920, had also been without sunshine. The raw winter climate of Hongkong, in the latitude of Cienfuegos, Cuba, is well known. Many other tropical plants besides the coconut fail to thrive there. In spite of the coldness of the winter climate, frost is practically unknown there and is very rare in Canton, and never severe. A comparison of the records for January, 1919, for Canton, LIMITING FACTORS OF GROWTH IN FLORIDA 155 China, and the average for six points in Florida* for a long period of years is shown below: Station Latitude Mean Temp. Mean Max. Mean Min. Hours of (Location) (North) °Fahr. °Fahr. °Fahr. Sunshine Canton, China. . 23° 06' 58.01 . 64.4 51.6 5 hr. 8 min. (Jan. 1919) (Feb. 1920) Key West, Fla. . 24° 34' 70.00 74.00 65.00 Miami, Fla . . . 25° 46' 65.00 74.00 57.00 Ft. Myers, Fla. . 26° 38' 62.00 72.00 52.00 Tampa, Fla . . . 27° 57' 59.00 68.00 50.00 194 hours Eustis, Fla 28° so' 58.00 69.00 48.00 Jacksonville, Fla. 30° 20' 55 00 64.00 46.00 161 hours It is evident at a glance that the Canton climate in January, 1919, was much colder than the average of south Florida points, and especially the mean maximum temperature was much lower. The thermometric records do not fully show the difference between South China and Florida, since the bright sunshine (50 to 60 per cent or more of the total possible) of the south Florida winter would heat the leaves, buds, and twigs of a tree to a higher tem- perature than that of the air, while nothing of the kind happens during cloudy weather in China. The records reprinted above show that at Canton, China, during the eleven days from January 8 to 18, 1919, the rninimum temperatures were above 12.3° Cent. (55.1° Fahr.), the daily mean temperatures were above 15.7° Cent. (61.3° Fahr.), and the maxi- mum temperatures were above 19.1° Cent. (66.4° Fahr.), the hot- test day being the loth with the minimum 18.4° Cent. (66.1° Fahr.), the mean 23.2° Cent. (73.7° Fahr.), and the maximum 27.9° Cent. (82.3° Fahr.). Probably the growth on the lychee trees observed about January 25 resulted from this spell of warm weather. Such a moderate warm spell as this is sure to occur during every Florida winter, with the added stimulus of bright sunshine half or more of the time. If a surmise be ventured, I would place the zero point of growth of the lychee, in the light of the facts recorded above, between 16° Cent, and 18° Cent, (about 6o°-65° Fahr.). It is clear that the lychee has a very low degree of winter dormancy. The fact that the lychee was growing at Canton in the last week of January, 1919, in spite of prolonged cloudy weather and low maximum and mean temperatures, proves that it is able to *Henry, Alfred J. Climatology of the United States. Weather Bulletin B., Washington D. C, igo6, pp. .SS2-161. 156 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN break out into new growth at relatively low temperatures; in other words, that it has a low zero point for vegetative growth, just as the West Indian lime. Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swing., and the guava, Psidium Guajava L., both of which are forced into a tender new growth by a few days of warm weather such as com- monly occur during a Florida winter. Both of these plants suflFer severely from cold in all but extreme south Florida. It appears very probable, then, that the lychee has hereto- fore failed to grow in Florida without protection not so much because of any extreme sensitiveness to cold as because of its lack of winter dormancy and low zero point of growth which cause it to put out tender new growth very liable to be injured by even moderate cold snaps. Experience in Florida has shown only too clearly that once the lychee has started into a tender new growth it is severely injured even by very slight frost that would have no effect whatever on mature leaves and twigs. It would appear desirable to test the lychee in south Florida by giving it the protection of a lath shed. Possibly the trees should be shaded on hot days to prevent the breaking out of new growth; certainly they should be protected by fire-pots, if neces- sary, on cold nights, and during cold winds if in growth. After the lychee has been grown successfully with such protection it might be possible to work out methods of culture in certain favored locations without the expense of sheds, giving only protection by fires during severe cold spells. The lychee is able to stand prolonged hot, moist weather in summer, in fact probably requires such weather in order to grow vigorously and fruit abundantly. The summer climate of south Florida is very much like that of south China, and doubtless the lychee will feel at home in Florida if it can be properly protected during the winter. In view of the exquisite flavor and superb beauty of the ripe fruit of the choicest varieties of the lychee, there is every reason to expect that this, the most highly esteemed fruit of China, will be grown in special greenhouses by amateurs all over the United States. Our hot summers, so trying to many flowers and fruits of Europe, would be beneficial rather than injurious to the lychee, and as a relatively low temperature during winter is advantageous to this tree, the expense of maintaining such a lychee house would be less than that of an ordinary greenhouse. Now that Professor Groff"has brought the finest varieties of the lychee to the United States and Dr. Coville has worked out the soil requirements of this plant, there should be no serious difficulty encountered in fruiting this tree under glass. APPENDIX VIII ROOTING LYCHEE CUTTINGS BY MEANS OF A HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HIGH HUMIDITY PROCESS. By EDWARD GOUCHER United States Department of Agriculture The vegetative propagation of certain woody plants, especi- ally some of the tropical and subtropical fruits, including the lychee, has always involved problems more or less difficult of solu- tion. In the past, various methods to root both hard and soft wood cuttings have been tried with varied success, but not any have proved entirely satisfactory or reliable. In the case of the lychee there has been special need for improved methods of propagation. Heretofore it has been neces- sary to propagate the desired varieties either by the inarch method or by grafting on seedling stocks. As these stocks must all be grown from short-lived seeds, secured abroad, which are very difficult to obtain in living condition, an attempt to establish in the United States an industry in this valuable fruit has been greatly retarded. With the object in view, therefore, of finding a solution of the difficulties, several experiments with cuttings of lychee were made as follows: (i) Cuttings were taken from the tips of young shoots. These were made from four to six inches long and the foliage was reduced about one-half. A ball of sphagnum moss was tied about the base of each cutting and these were then placed in pans in a warm propagating-case. (2) Another lot of cuttings was placed in a mixture of Jersey muck and silver sand, in a case similar to the above. Not any of the cuttings in either of these two experiments rooted, but their behavior was very valuable in later experiments. In the hot, humid atmosphere of the propagating-case all of the cuttings of lychee, placed in both the moss and soil, had their lower ends decayed, while the tops remained in splendid condition. And some cuttings formed a callus just above the surface soil, indicating that they needed more aeration at their base. (3) The third trial was then made with cuttings set in inverted pots, the stem ends shoved through the holes in the bot- tom. A small quantity of sphagnum moss was packed about the base so as to steady them, and the inverted pots were then placed on a bed of moss in the propagating-case. About forty per cent of 157 158 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN this lot formed roots, the remainder decaying at the base, but with some callousing above the dead wood. (4) In the final and most successful experiment a number of three-inch pots were two-thirds filled with a mixture of Jersey muck and silver sand of equal parts. The cuttings were made with only a small portion of the foliage removed. Each cutting was then tied to a six-inch pot label, and the labels were shoved down into the partly filled pots until the base of each cutting just touched the soil. These cuttings formed a callus in from eight to ten days and some sent their roots down into the soil in twenty days after planting. Eighty per cent of these cuttings rooted, and when they were thoroughly rooted the pots were filled with soil and the plants were removed to a cooler section of the propagating- case in order to prepare them gradually for greenhouse conditions. Construction of the Propagating-Case. The propagating-case contains a shallow, galvanized iron pan for water which is heated by means of an electric heater or a small oil-stove hot-water equipment. Over the pan is placed a false bottom of one-fourth-inch wire mesh which is covered with moss. Upon this moss the pots containing the cuttings are placed. Over the box, which is tightly constructed so as to conserve all the heat, a hinged sash is fitted. This must fit sufficiently snug to prevent evaporation. A very simple outfit for field use has been made similar to the above. The heating equipment consists of an oil-stove with water attachment. A small one gallon boiler is located immedi- ately over the oil-stove, not unlike an incubator. A one-inch pipe extends out from the top of the boiler, and under the water-tank which it encircles, and then returns to the bottom of the boiler. Preparation and Treatment of Cuttings. As already indicated, great care must be taken in the pre- paration of cuttings not to allow them to become dry. After they are removed from the parent plant they should be immediately immersed in water. The lychee seems to delight in a hot, moist atmosphere. A temperature of 85 to 90 degrees should be main- tained in the propagating-case and cuttings should be kept moist at all times. The foliage should be wet down several times during the day if necessary, and shaded from bright sunlight. The lychee is peculiar in its ability to stand up under these hot, moist condi- tions. Cuttings of other fruits will collapse completely; others ROOTING LYCHEE CUTTINGS 159 callous but do not send out roots; and still others go to pieces in a few days. The lychee, on the other hand, will quickly wither if allowed to become dry. The chief difficulties experienced have been in removing the plants from the sweat-box. This must be accomplished gradually, and in order to do this one should have one or two other boxes in which there is a gradual let-down of temperature and humidity. With the right kind of cuttings and facilities there is no reason why the propagation of the lychee from cuttings should not prove a most advantageous commercial method of multiplying desirable varieties of this interesting plant. APPENDIX IX SUNG CHIO'S ACCOUNT OF THE ORGANIZATION OF A LYCHEE CLUB AT P'UTTEN, FUKIEN PROVINCE, DURING THE MING DYNASTY* Translated by Michael J. Hagerty, Chinese Translator of the United States Department of Agriculture, assisted byCh'en Ts'ing-hua and Wu Mien INTRODUCTION Sung Chio (literary name Sung Ta-mo) in 1608 wrote his Li chih p^u or treatise on the lychee. He was a native of P'ut'ien district in Hsinghwa prefecture, one of the famous lychee-growing regions in Fukien Province. His treatise is reprinted both in the Imperial Encyclopedia (see p. 119, No. s) and in Mr. Wu's great work on Chinese Botany (see p. 120, No. 11). It contains seven chapters, as follows: i. "Fortunate Occupation" (Introduction); 2. "The Lychee Club"; 3. "The Narrative" (History); 4. "Records of the Simg Family Lychee" ; 5. "Lychee Wine"; 6. "Remarkable Events"; 7. "The Lychee Slave (Lungan)." The whole treatise is written in a highly imaginative style and is replete with hyperboles and literary allusions. The author extols the lychee above all other fruits. "The lychee is the genius, the Buddha of the fruits; there is nothing to be compared to it," so he begins his treatise. In the first chapter he tells of eating a thousand or two lychee fruits a day and a himdred thousand fruits during the season. Only two of his friends, Kuo Sheng-tai and Fang Tzu-tao, could eat as many. He says, "I took pleasure in separating the varieties and enjoyed compiling this treatise." Under the heading "Unalloyed Bliss in Eating the Lychee," he lists thirty-three favorable or auspicous circumstances which add to the pleasure of eating lychee, such as: "the coming of agreeable friends," "facing flowing water," "examining treatises on the lychee," etc., etc. Then under "Somber Happenings in Eating the Lychee," he lists thirty-four unfavorable circum- stances tending to diminish the pleasure derived from eating the lychees, such as: "heavy rains," "having people about who do not like to eat lychees," "lis- tening to bad poems or songs," "urging guests not to eat lychee under pre- tense of avoiding ill effects from the heat," appearance of the Pine cone vari- ety," (the last to ripen, marking the end of the season), etc., etc. *This translation of Sung Chio's account of a lychee club is taken from the second chapter of his Li chih p'u reprinted in the Chinese Imperial Encyclopedia, Book 273, Hui Kao, Pt. i, fol. 7 of the Small Edition, or Pt. i, fol. 15-16 of the Imperial Edition. Sung Chio's entire work and the five other treatises on the lychee reprinted in this En- cyclopedia, have been translated by Mr. Hagerty assisted by Ch'en Ts'ing-hua and Wu Mien. Photostat copies of the typewritten translations, as well as of the entire text of the Imperial Edition of the Encyclopedia referring to the lychee and lungan (Books 273-277 and part of Book 280, in all, 202 folios), may be secured by arrangement with the Library of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Translations of the other four treatises on the lychee (Nos. i, 2, 4 and 9, on pp. 118-119), not reprinted in the Imperial Encyclopedia, as well as the Chinese texts, can also be secured there. The Library of the U. S. Department of Agriculture has also a set of photostat copies of he historical and botanical references on the lychee from western sources, 409 pages in all, prepared by Mrs. Walter T. Swingle (Nos. 100-232, see pp. 127-141). These also may be secured by special arrangement. 160 THE ORGANIZATION OF A LYCHEE CLUB 161 CHAPTER II The Lychee Club "The people of the Min-hao^ region (though living near the lychee districts) do not all see the lychee. To see this fruit, to obtain some to eat during the ripening season, and when eating to obtain one's fill, to taste all the famous varieties — these, like visiting the Mermaids' palace- and Ch'i Nu's^ mansion to obtain all one wants of bright pearls an inch through and coral branches ten feet long, are not easy. The people of leisure in Wu^ and Yiieh^ (far distant from the lychee districts) who hear of this fruit can enjoy it only through their ears, though the hearing of it makes them imagine they can see it and causes their mouths to water so profusely that they wet their feet and are compelled to roll up the skirts of their robes, embarrassing them so that they do not know what to do. There has been no lack of curious people in the world who nevertheless do not travel a thousand or a hundred // to see this fruit. The natives (living in lychee districts) are so accus- tomed to seeing and hearing of this fruit that they do not appre- ciate those bright pearls and corals and even regard them as being no better than sweet peaches or sweet plums. So therefore I have written the metaphors on "Unalloyed Bliss" and "Somber Happenings" (see above) .^ "My friends of the same tastes as myself in the village are few and their capacity for eating lychee is very small. ^ Many times I have wanted to invite a number of friends to form a club like the Lien She^ and the Mei She,^ but for one reason or another this wish was never realized. At the end of spring Fang Tzu-tao came to see me and I talked to him about this subject. He was pleased and said: 'Last summer while visiting in Yiin-chien^" I earnestly thought about this fruit and now I shall not lightly reject this opportunity.' Accordingly, on the 6th day of the 6th month we began to meet in the Ts'ui family garden now belonging to the 1 Fuchow in Fukien Province. 2 The Shu I Chi (collection of notes on the wonderful, by Jen Fang of the early part of the 6th century) says that the Chiao JSn or Mermaids dwell under the water like fish, where they weave without stopping and when their tears drop from their eyes they turn into pearls. See T'zii Yuan p. .s6, under the igsth radical. 3 This is the 'hao' or pseudonym of Shih Ch'ung, a man famous for his great wealth, which he was fond of displaying. See Giles C. P. D., p. 651. ^ Kiangsu Province. 5 Chekiang Province. 6 This introductory paragraph is so obscure and so full of hyperboles as to be difficult to render literally in English. ' As compared with his own capacity to eat one or two thousand fruits a day. * Lien She — Lotus Club. 9 Mei She— Plum Blossom Club. 10 The present Huat'ing district in Sunkiang prefecture in Kiangsu. 162 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN brothers Lin Ch'ien-po and Lin Shou-po and we agreed to meet once every day until the lychee fruiting season was over and then stop. The by-laws of our club consisted of five articles. I was made director of the club. Though this fruit is a wonderful and mysterious thing, yet we are able to value, cherish, and also guard it by forming into a club those who have the same liking for it as ourselves. "We will meet when the weather is fine. For a tent we will use the heavy shade. For a bath we will use the cold fountain. For a covering we will use clothing that the breezes blow through. For illumination we use cool moonlight. To mix with the lychee we will use dark blue wine. For relief (from over-eating) we will drink cold syrup. To verify statements concerning the lychee we will use the old records. To record our business we will use new poems. "Although we are living in a foul, dusty world, still we are able to view the borders of the capital of the genii and while our bodies dwell within a fiery city, our spirits roam throughout the cool valleys. Not only those people of leisure living in Wu and Yiieh cannot gratify these longings, even Po Fu^ who broke the purple silk in Nan-pin^ or Su Weng who was presented with some deep red hornless dragon pearls (ch'en ch'iu chu)^ in Ling-piao* are like one who calls himself venerable when there is no Buddha around and that they could not compete with us is clear. By-Laws: (i) "The club begins to meet when the Huo shan (Volcano) variety is entirely ripe and ceases to meet on the day when the Sung lei (Pine cone) variety comes forth. Each day one member acts as director and procures three thousand fruits as an average, but if there are more, then the pleasure is greater. (2) "Whoever acts as director sends out announcements before the time of meeting. As the club has no fixed meeting- place, either an old Buddhist temple or a famous garden will be 1 Po ChU-i. , r.^ ■ , * This is an allusion to the following incident noted in the biography of Po Chti-i found in Old History of the T'ang dynasty: "The lychee fruit grown around the gorges of Pa I or Eastern Ssuch'uan has a hull that is like red silk, and inner skin that is like purple silk. Its pulp is bright like frozen snow with juice of a 'sweet sour' taste like rich, sweet wine." See P'ei WSn Yin Pu, Bk. 17, p. 58, r. „ . . . , 3 Ch'en Ch'iu chu — deep red, hornless dragon pearls. This is an allusion to an incident mentioned in the following two lines of a poem written by Su Tung-p'o upon eating some lychee fruit on the nth day of the 4th month: 'You rinse the wine cups and pour out the excellent wine, While on this transparent dish you present me with these deep-red hornless dragon pearls.' < Ling-nan. See P'ei W6n Yun Fu, Bk. 7, Pt. i, p. 108, r. THE ORGANIZATION OF A LYCHEE CLUB 163 suitable for this purpose. One may come by boat or horseback, following the course he finds suitable. The club will often meet in remote country places where we will have even more seclusion. (3) "The club will meet in the morning and adjourn in the evening. At noon we will eat some vegetable congee and in the evening supplement this with several cups of clear broth. There will be no large vessels of strong rank meats to mar the refinement of our gatherings. (4) "When about to separate each member must select a theme and a rhyme and at the following meeting he must present his poem. If it is not finished he is punished by having three thousand fruits taken from him. At meeting-time, members will devote themselves to eating and drinking and not occupy them- selves with poems and songs .but each following his own inclination may either take the tripod for warming tea, play chess, recline upon a pillow or mat, enjoy fragrant incense, chat, laugh and not bother about anything else. (5) "Those who disturb our ideas and who shirk should be dealt with strictly, while the dilettanti who enter (uninvited) shall not be excluded." APPENDIX X DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE I. Reproduction of a painting of the lychee attributed to the Sung Emperor, Hui Tsung (1100-1126 A. D.) and entitled "The Ch'en Purple Lychee Embroidered Fragrant Bag." Photograph, February, 1921, by permission of The Metropolitan Museum of Art (one-third natural size). PLATE II, Frontispiece. A Kwangtung lychee landscape. A nine-story pagoda, a Canton slipper-boat and lychee trees along the dykes of the streams. Honan Island, Canton, China. January, 1915. Photograph (No. 1049.544) by the author. PLATE III, Figure la. Reproduction of a rubbing of the "Li Chih P'u" by Ts'ai Hsiang (two-fifths natural size) . • This work was composed in Fukien Province, China, in 1059 A. D. It was dixaded into seven parts of which this page, scarred and cracked, represents the first portion of Part I. The work is possibly the oldest horticultural monograph extant. Ts'ai Hsiang's literary name is (Ts'ai) Chun-mo; and his canonization title, given by the Emperor after his death, is (Ts'ai) Chung-hsiang Rung. Photograph, December, 1920, for the author, from the copy in the Library of Congress Chinese collection. The set of rubbings from the inscription on stone, in the Library of Con- gress Chinese collection, is mounted, Chinese style, in a folded portfolio of 70 pages. Photostat copies of this, as well as of a set of rubbings from a facsimile copy on wood, in which all the characters are perfect, can be secured by arrangement with the Library of the United States Department of Agriculture. PLATE III, Figure ib. Reproduction of a copy of the "Li Chih P'u" by Ts'ai Hsiang, neatly written upon silk. This page also represents Part I of the work and is reproduced here about two-fifths natural size. The silk copy which has been in the possession of one Chinese family for at least five genera- tions, though slightly worm-eaten, is well preserved. Photograph, 1920, for the author. PLATE IV, Figure ic. Reproduction of a reprint of the "Li Chih P'u" by Ts'ai Hsiang, representing the first page of Part II as it appears in the Tsung Li Yaman reprint of The Chinese Imperial Encyclopedia (two-thirds natural size). Photograph, 1920, for the author, from the copy in the Library of Congress Chinese collection. PLATE V, Figure 2. Fruiting material of an herbarium specimen of Litchi philippinensis Radlk (one-half natural size) . The specimen was collected in Tambalos Province, Luzon, P. I., in April, 1905, by W. M. Maule. A quo- tation from Radlkofer, attached to the specimen, states: "These fruits seem really partly to split by exsiccation, but nevertheless the plant is from floral and anatomical characters a true litchi." It is important as a matter of record to note, on the leaves of this specimen, lychee leaf-galls, a species of Eriophyes, a conspicuous enemy of the cultivated lychee (see page 84) . Photograph by the author (No. 31 136), February, 1918, with permission of the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I. PLATE V, Figure 3. Fruiting material of an herbarium specimen of Euphoria cinerea Radlk (one-half natural size). The collector was H. N. Whitford. The fruits were secured from a 50-meter tree growing at the foot of a hill, on river-bottom land, along Lamao River, P. I. Photograph by the author (No. 31 134), February, 1918, with permission of the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I . 164 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 165 PLATE VI, Figure 4. The root system of a mature lychee tree, as seen along the side of a dyke, the earth of which had been washed away by flood. Near Nan Kang, Kwangtung, China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1151) by the author. PLATE VI, Figure 5. A flower panicle of the lychee, San yueh hung variety.' Near Nan Kang, Kwangtung, China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1152) by the author. PLATE VII, Figure 6. An irmer and an outer dyke along the Pearl River, both planted with lychee trees. In the low, wet field, bounded by these dykes, Cantonese farmers are setting out, in straight rows, young rice plants. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China, April, 1915. Photograph (No. 1057.595) by the author. PLATE VII, Figure 7. A lotus pond surrounded by dykes. The limb of a lychee tree extends out over the pond. Li Chih Wan (Canton's Public Fruit Park), Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1069.702) by the author. PLATE VIII, Figure 8. A dyked field in the Canton Delta, planted to sagit- taria. Cantonese women are standing in the mud, up to the knees, harvesting the crop. Notice again lychee trees planted along the dykes. Near Canton, China, December, 1913. Photograph (No. 1029.281) by the author. PLATE VIII, Figure 9. Fish-ponds, in which fish are cultured, formed by the dykes constructed along the Pearl River. Students standing under the lychee trees and fishing in the ponds. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China. Summer, 1916. Photograph (No. 4120.1339) by the author. PLATE IX, Figure 10. Pearl River dykes held in place by stone walls and lychee trees. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China. June, 1914. Photograph (No. 1038.443) by the author. PLATE IX, Figure ii. The Pearl River in flood, showing the ability of the lychee to withstand the submersion of roots for long periods of time. Floods in Kwangtung are frequent and severe, but lychee trees, planted along the dykes, withstand the force of the streams. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China. Jvily, 1915. Photograph (No. 1078.753) by the author. PLATE X, Figure 12. A walk aloiig a lychee dyke. Near Canton, China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1153) by the author. PLATE X, Figure 13. The dykes in south China are usually planted to fruit. Lychee trees on the left and plum trees on the right. Honan Island, Canton, China, January, 1915. Photograph (No. 1050.545) by the author. PLATE XI, Figure 14. Students picking lychee in the well-formed dyke plan- tation of the Canton Christian College. These trees are the Huai chih variety. The students often purchase a whole tree of fruits. This photo was taken when the tides were high and the water reached to the branches of the trees. Ling Nan, Canton, China, July, 1914. Photograph (No. 4052.454) by the author. PLATE XI, Figure 15. Crop watcher who, during the fruiting season of lychee, sleeps and eats on the dykes, thus protecting his crop. Note his thatched hut on the right, imder the trees. He has picked a basket of fruits and is preparing them for the market. Ling Nan, Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1063.695) by the author. 166 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN PLATE XII, FiGTTRE i6. Ling Nan lychee ready for the market. This is one of the types of basket, made locally from stripped bamboo, in which the fruit is marketed. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China, July, 1914. Photograph (No. 4053.455) by the author. PLATE XII, FiGXJRE 17. Clusters of lychee, Huai chih variety, as they form on the trees. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China, Jime, 1915. Photograph (No. 4070.694) by the author. PLATE XIII, FiGXiRE 18. A group of Canton Christian College Middle School students as seen at the time of a favorite practicum — a study of the varieties of the lychee. Ling Nan, Canton, China, June^ 1915. Photograph (No. 4069.693) by the author. PLATE XIV, Figure 19. A fruiting limb of a lychee tree. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1156) by the author. PLATE XIV, Figure 20. The head of a lychee tree in fruit, showing the ex- tremely heavy yield. Note especially how the heavily fruiting limbs have been braced with bamboo poles. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China, Jime, 1915. Photograph (No. 1157) by the author. PLATE XV, Figure 21. Lychee trees, along the dykes, the fruit of which is protected from the ravages of bats by meshed wire netting, stretched from poles stuck into the mud of the ponds. The flight of the bats to the trees is thus checked. Li Chih Wan, Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1068.700) by the author. PLATE XV, Figure. 22. A view of the terraced hills, planted to fruit, at Lo Kang. The irregularly constructed steps along the sides of these hills are from fifteen to twenty feet wide and quite level. The sides of the steps, as seen by a man standing on each terrace, are perpendicular and from four to six feet high. Lo Kang, Kwangtung, China, April 9, 1919. Photograph (No. 31480) by the author. PLATE XVI, Figure. 23. The outer stockade built about the famous F.ua lu lychee tree. With fruit worth $24 per catty (one and one- third pounds) no chances are taken by the owners with thieves. This, the original Kua lu tree, is said to produce fruit of very superior quality and flavor. However, layers from the tree planted elsewhere are said to be far inferior to the original. The original tree is very old and in the days of the Empire all the fruit was sent to Peking or foimd its way into the hands of ofl&cials. Tseng Ch'ing, Kwang- tung, China, June 28, 1918. Photograph (No. 31313) by the author. PLATE XVI, Figure 24. In addition to the stockade (Fig. 23), enclosing the Kua lu lychee, there is an inner fence of bamboo. In addition to this pro- tection against thieves, there is a fish-net thrown over the entire tree in order to protect the fruit from the attack of birds. It is reported that when the fruit is being picked from this tree it is customary for the owner to require pickers to sing in a loud voice, thus assuring that no fruit is being eaten. Tseng Ch'ing, Kwangtung, China, June 28, 1918. Photograph (No. 31316) by the author. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 167 PLATE XVII, Figure 25. Upland orchard of lychee, revealing the tree, in shape and size not unlike that of apple. The magnificent culture of these trees of Huai chih variety as seen on these foothills establishes the fact that it is not necessary to grow this tree along the streams if the rainfall is sufficient during the fruiting season. Hsin T'ang, district of Tung Kuan, Kwangtung, China, March, 191 7. Photograph (No. 1150) by the author. PLATE Xyill, Figure 26. Lychee nurseries at the village of Fang Yung. Lychee trees are very tender, especially when young and the nursery plantings are protected from the cold winter winds by a magnificent hedge of mango trees. Fang Yung, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 191 7. Photograph (No. 1149) by the author. PLATE XVIII, Figure 27. Fang Yung nurseryman in his orchard of specially selected and named trees, from which his nursery stock of lychee is propagated. Fang Yung, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 191 7. Photo- graph (No. 1148) by the author. PLATE XIX, Figure 28. A pair of Ta tsao — Large crop — lychee as seen in the nursery village of Fang Yung, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1147) by the author. PLATE XIX, Figure 29. Mr. Chan P'eng Cheung, nurseryman of Fang Yung, seated under a beautiful specimen of lychee, the Hsi chio tsu — Rhinoceros horn — variety. Notice the vines and lichens growing along the trunk of the tree. Fang Yung, Timg Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 191 7. Photograph (No. 1146) by the author. PLATE XX. An acid peaty soil better for the lychee than an ordinary fertile soil. On June 21, 1920, these two lychee plants were of similar size and condition of health. On January 11, 19 21, when this photograph was taken, the condition of the two was conspicuously different. The vigorous healthy plant at the left had been growing for the seven months in an acid soil, con- sisting of two parts of upland peat to one of sand, while the weak unhealthy plant at the right had been growing for the same period in an ordinary rich soil made up of equal parts of loam, manure, and sand. (One-fifth natural size.) Photograph from Frederick V. Coville. PLATE XXI. Healthy lychee root showing the mycorhizal tubercles. This is a photograph (six times natural size) of a healthy root from a lychee plant grown in an acid peat-and-sand soil. The tubercles are gorged with mycorhizal fimgi. Plants grown in an ordinary rich soil are small and weak and bear no tubercles. Photograph from Frederick V. Coville. PLATE XXII. Enlarged sections of lychee root tubercles showing the cells gorged with the mycorhizal fungus. Microphotographs by Dr. Emil G. Arzberger. Figure a. Median longitudinal section of a tubercle, showing the fungus mycelium in nearly all the cortical cells. (Magnification 195 diameters.) Figure h. Two of the outer cortical cells of a tubercle, showing the form of the fungus myceliimi. (Magnification 830 diameters.) 168 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN PLATE XXIII. Cells of lychee root tubercles containing the mycorhizal fungus. Drawings by Dr. Arzberger with the aid of a camera lucida. Figure a. Group of host cells from the outer part of the cortex, contain- ing a relatively stout mycelium. (Magnification 775 diameters.) Figure h. Group of host cells from the inner part of the cortex, showing a distorted host nucleus and the relationship of the branches of the mycelium to one another. (Magnification 775 diameters.) Figure c. Host cell from the outer part of the cortex, shoiving a large nucleus and the presence of cytoplasm. (Magnification 775 diameters.) Figure d. Group of inner cortical host cells, bordering on the vascular cylinder, showing the structure and relationship of the mycelial branches. (Magnification 500 diameters.) PLATE XXIV, Figure 30. Reclaimed swampy land, planted to lychee. A clear illustration of the raised-bed system of orchard planting, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 191 7. Photograph (No. 1145) by the author. PLATE XXIV, Figure 31. Scene of low-lying lychee groves, from substantially constructed bridge across a canal, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1143) by the author. PLATE XXV, Figure 32. Cantonese farmer at work along the dykes, fertilizing lychee trees with night soil. The fertilizer is carried in the buckets, from the boats (PLATE XXVI, Figure 34) ; small holes are dug near the base of the tree and a liberal quantity of this liquid fertilizer is poured into the holes. In the watery field on the left sagittaria is growing; in the field to the right the stubble remaining from the second crop of rice is seen. Near Canton, China, December, 1913. Photograph (No. 1026.242) by the author. PLATE XXVI, Figure 33. A raised-bed plantation of lychee, showing holes dug in the beds, into which the liquid night soil is poured. Honan Island, Canton, China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1144) by the author. PLATE XXVI, Figure 34. Unloading night soil boats for the fertilizing of lychee trees. Himdreds of these boats ply between Canton City and the country districts. The long bamboo handle on the dipper serves also as a pole on which to swing the two buckets when the man carries them, swung across his shoulder, to the dykes. Near Canton, China, December, 1913. Photograph (No. 1025.241) by the author. PLATE XXVII, Figure 35. Lychee fruits arriving at the markets in Canton. The fruits are transported from the districts in the large, covered, bamboo baskets, in the passage boats seen in the photograph. The man, singing as he jogs along, is carrying two of these heavy baskets of fruit, one attached to each end of a large bamboo pole swimg across his shoulder. Canton City, China, July, 1915. Photograph (No. 1077.739) t>y the author. PLATE XXVII, Figure 36. Extensive nursery beds of lychee as seen at Fang Yung. These plants have all been "Chinese air-layejed" from selected trees and planted closely together in nursery beds. Fang Yimg, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 191 7. Photograph (No. 1142) by the author. i DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 169 PLATE XXVIII, Figure 37. The common method of raising the young lychee trees from their nursery beds. A ball of earth is kept intact with each tree raised, held in place by ropes of rice straw carefully bound about the earth before the tree is moved. A large, sharp chisel is used to raise the tree. Fang Yung, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 191 7. Photograph (No. 1141) by the author. PLATE XXVIII, Figure 38. The lychee trees are transported from the nurseries in boats, as seen in the illustration. Timg Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 191 7. Photograph (No. 1140) by the author. PLATE XXIX, Figure 39. Potted lychee on sale in the Hua Ti Gardens near Canton. Hundreds of these plants, sold under variety names, can be found in these world-famous gardens. Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1073.709) by the author. PLATE XXIX, Figure 40. Potted fruits are favorite ornamentals of the Chinese. Small pots of fruiting lychee are not imcommon. Hua Ti Gardens, Canton, China, Jime, 1915. Photograph (No. 1072.708) by the author. PLATE XXX, Figure 44. A cluster of the famous No mi ts'z — Glutinous rice — lychee, from a layered plant. (One-half natural size.) Lo Kang, Kwang- tung, China, June, 1920. Photograph (No. 1349) for the author. PLATE XXX, Figure 46. A cluster of Hsiang li or Fragrant lychee from Sin Hing district, Kwangtung. (About one-third natural size.) The fruits are deep red in color, with a roughened surface. They are quite fragrant. Can- ton, China, summer, 1915. Photograph (No. 1136) for the author. PLATE XXXI, Figure 42. The most conspicuous insect enemy of the lychee — a highly decorated species of Pentatomidse, Tessaratoma papulosa. The winged adults, lychee-colored nymphs, and hatched and unhatched eggs are all shown about natural size. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College) , Canton, China, summer, 1915. Photograph (No. 1139) by the author. PLATE XXXII, Figure 41. An ingenious method of killing the lychee tree borer. Cantonese farmer, standing in the fork of the tree, shooting "hisser" firecrackers into the holes which the larvae have bored in the branches of the tree. Near Canton, China, January, 1914. Photograph (No. 1035.306) by the author. PLATE XXXII, Figure 43. The trunk of a lychee tree showing the work of the lychee borer and lichens growing over the bark. The sight of both is very common. Near Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1065.701) by the author. PLATE XXXIII, Figure 45. A natural size and natural color reproduction of the inarched type of No mi ts'z variety of lychee as produced at Lo Kang, Canton, China, summer, 1915. Photograph (No. 1137) for the author. PLATE XXXIV, Figure 47. The original parent tree of a famous variety of lychee, the Hsi chio tsu — Sai kok tsz — or Rhinoceros horn. In the Tseng ch'ing district the fame of this variety is next to that of the Kua lu or Hanging- green (see PLATE XVI). Liu ts'un, Tseng ch'ing district, Kwangtung, China, June 29, 1918. Photograph (No. 31330) by the author. PLATE XXXIV, Figure 48. View of the entire "Rhinoceros horn" tree, the trunk of which is shown in Figure 47. In the Tseng Ch'ing district this variety ranks third in earliness. Some idea of the size of this tree may be made by comparing it with the people standing along the road. This tree had a spread of head of more than sixty feet. The forked trunk, breast high, had a total circimiference of twelve feet. Liu Ts'un, Tseng Ch'ing district, Kwangtung, China, Jime 29, 1918. Photograph (No. 31329) by the author. 170 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN PLATK XXXV, Figure 49. The Hci yeh (Hak ip) or Black-leaf variety. (One- half natural size.) Fruit from TscnR Ch'ing district, Kwangtung, China, Juno, i()20. Photograph (No. 1327) for the author. PLATK XX5CV, FicuRK 50. The Fei tsu hsiao (Fi tsz siu) or Imperial concu- bine's laugh. (One-half natural size.) Fruit from Pei Shan, Pan Yu district, Kwangtung, China, June, ic)2o. Photograph (No. 1325) for the author. PLATK XXXVI, Fh'.ukk 51. The Ch'u ma tsu (Chu ma tsz) or Chinese grass fil)er variety. (One-half natural size.) Fruit from Lo Kang, Kwangtung, ('hina, June, 1920. Photograph (No. 1339) for the author. PLATK XXXVI, FicuRic 52. The Huai chih (Wai chi) lychce, as it appears on the Canton markets under the name of Hei yeh or Black-leaf. (About three- fourths natural size.) Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1135) for the author. PLATK XXXVII, FiGURK 53. The San yuch hung (Sam ut hung) or Third month red lychee. (About two-thirds natural size.) Canton, China, May, 1915. Photograi)h (No. 1130) for the author. PLATK XXXVII, FiGURK 54. Fruit and leaves of the Shan chih (Shan chi) or Mountain lychee. (About one-third natural .size.) This is one of the wild forms found growing in Kwangtung. The fruit invariably contains large seeds, and the flesh, which is thin, is very sour. The seed germinates readily, if planted shortly after removal from the fruit, and the seedlings are vigorous. In Lo Kang and other regions this type is often used for stock on which to graft or inarch the No mi Is'z and other varieties. Tseng Ch'ing district, Kwang- tung, China. June 29, 1918. Photograph (No. 31331) by the author. PLATK XXXVIII, Figure 55. The Chuang yuan hung (Chong un hung) lychee, not a commercial variety but nevertheless t|uite popular. (Two-thirds natural size.) Fruit from Pei Shan, Pan Yu district, Kwangtung, China, June, 1920. Photograph (No. 1323) for the author. PLATK XXXIX, Figure 56. Magnificent specimen of a lungan tree near a tem[)le along the road extending from the East Catc of Tseng Ch'ing city to Liu Ts'un. This tree was variety Yau yen (Yau ngan) or Soft lungan. It was forty feet high with a s[)read of head of sixty feet. The trunk, breast high, had a diameter of two feet, eight inches and a circumference of eight feet. Liu Ts'un, Tseng Ch'ing district, Kwangtung, China, June 29, 1918. Photo- graph (No. 313 1 9) by the author. PLATK XXXIX, Figure 57. The fruiting head of a fine specimen of lungan tree. Tseng Ch'ing district, Kwangtung, China, June 29, 1918. Photograph (No. 31320) by the author. PLATK XL, Figure 58. Mr. Kwok Wa Shau, with jwtted lungan seedling four- teen months old. The tree is a U un (Wu yuan) or Black ball variety, com- monly used for stock. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China November, 1919. Photograph (No. 31547) for the author. PLATK XLI, FiGUKE 59. A fruiting cluster of the U un (Wu yuan) or Black ball lungan. (About two-iiflhs natural size.) This is the variety commonly used for stocJ<. The fruit is edible but inferior to other varieties. Fruit from Pan Yu dis- trict, Kwangtung, China, July, 1918. Photograph (No. 31302) for the author. PLATE XLI, Figure fio. A cluster of She p'i or Snake skin lungan. (About two-thirds natural size.) This is one of the largest of the lungan, and, like all other varieties, has large seeds. Shih Wei T'ang, near Canton, China, July, 1918. Photograph (No. 31363) for the author. APPENDIX XI SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Page 7, footnote 3. For date and place of publication see page 28, footnote 2. Page 12. In a literal sense the words "Ling Nan" mean "South of the Range," a term used for Kwangtung and Kwangsi. According to Giles Chinese-English Dictionary "Ling" means a mountain range, and "Nan" means south. And according to the same author the range to which reference is made in the expression is the "Mei or Plum" range of mountains in the northeast of Kwangtung. Page 13. It is worth observing that Ts'ai Hsiang and Wu Ying K'uei did not agree in the use of the "wood" radical in writing the Chinese word representing the sound "chee." Ts'ai Hsiang always used the radical and in the frequent references to his "Li Chih P'u" in this work it has been incorrectly omitted. Page 16, footnote i. Various rubbings and copies of the Li Chih P'u by Ts'ai Hsiang have been in circulation but are now difficult to obtain. It has not only been reprinted in Ku Chin T'li Shu Chi Ch'eng (see page 18) but also in the Chih Wu Ming Shih T'u K'ao (see page 21 and No. 11, page 120). This monumental econo- mic botany of China contains no fewer than 17 14 excellent plates about 9^2 by 5^ inches, and each accompanied by a concise description of the plant figure. The historical part of the work gives a full account of 838 plants. A third edition was printed from the original blocks in iqiq by the Provincial Printing Office of Shansi at Taiyiianfu. A smaller reprint of this work, published in Western style and bound in two volumes with the English catch-title, "Readings in Chinese Plants," was issued in 1919 by Commercial Press, Ltd., of Shanghai. In this edi- tion the plates are 3^ by 2 inches. The Chinese stroke index to Chinese names of plants greatly facilitates ready reference. Six treatises on the lychee are re- printed in the Chih Wu Ming Shih T'u K'ao, including the original one by Ts'ai Hsiang. These are Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 recorded in the bibliography, pages 119 and 120, and a monograph, Chi Li Chih by Wu Tsai Ao, not included in the bibliography but cited on page 75, first paragraph and footnote one. Translations of these and other treatises by Mr. Hagerty and Mr. Ch'en may be secured by arrangement with the Library of the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Page 18, paragraph 2 and footnote 2a. According to Giles, the author's name is spelled "Chi Han"; but Bretschneider spells it "Ki Han." Page 20, line 4. Insert the name of Mr. Ch'en Tsing-hua after that of Mr. Michael J. Hagerty. Page 40. This synonomy of Euphoria longana, outlined by Karl Ludwig Blume (see page 129, No. 114), is subject to correction and revision. It includes some non-botanical names and is confusing. Page 68, paragraph 2. It should be noted that lychee grafted on the lungan in Hawaii has proved to be short lived. Page 88. Insert footnote 3 — Cheshire, F. D., in Plant Immigrants, Office Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction . . . (see Page 137, No. 188). Page 119, No. I. Ch'en T'ing's treatise will be found in Chao Tai Ts'ung Shu, section 48, Chia Chi, pages i-io. Lib. Cong. C338.5i(83). Page 119, No. 2. Ch'en Ting Kuo's treatise will be found in Chao Tai Ts'ung Shu, section 48, Keng Chi, pages 1-8. Lib. Cong. C338.5i(83). Page 119, No. 4. Lin Ssu Huan's treatise will be found in T'an Chi Ts'ung Shu, section 50, pages 1-5. Lib. Cong. C338.s(8o). 171 172 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN Page 1 20. To the nine standard works on the lychee listed here should be added the following three additional ones: Wu Tsai Ao, Chi Li Chih. See page 75, footnote i. T'u Pen Tsun, Li Chih P'u. See Bretschneider Botanicon Sinicum, i: 168. Preface only in the Imperial Encyclopedia. Huang Li Keng, Li Chih F'u. See Bretschneider Botanicon Sinicum, 1: 168. Not found. Page 129, No. ii8a. Bretschneider, Emil Vasilievich, 1833-1901, Botanicon Sinicum I. Notes on Chinese Botany from Native and Western Sources in Joiu-nal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1881. New Series. Vol. XVI, Part i, Shanghai. Printed by Noronha & Sons, No. 12 Canton Road, 1882, pages 167 and 168. Page 130, 1220. Cheshire, F. D., in Plant Immigrants (see 137, No. 188). Page 143. Note that the Cantonese names appear in the first column and the Mandarin in the second. POSTFACE This compilation of knowledge concerning the lychee and lungan is western in form but Chinese in spirit. Therefore it does not seem out of place to follow Chinese usage and to attach a postface. This gives the writer an opportunity to explain some things that would otherwise remain a mystery. The original body of the work and five appendices, pages I to 149, were printed on the College Press, Canton Christian College, Canton, China, where it was possible to insert Chinese characters. The work went to press about the time the writer was leaving for an extended trip to Siam, and consequently he had no opportunity to read the proof or to revise the work as it went through the press. Early in 1921 the unbound sheets were sent to the United States. There has been considerable advance in the scientific study of the lychee during recent months. Credit is due Dr. Frederick V. Coville for the discovery of mycorhizal fungi growing on the roots of lychee. Dr. Coville's article, well illustrated with draw- ings and microphotographs by Dr. Emil G. Arzberger, suggests the probability that an acid soil is essential for successful culture of the lychee. Chinese methods of propagating the lychee have never been highly satisfactory. Mr. Edward Goucher has finally worked out a most unusual process for rooting lychee cuttings that may not only revolutionize lychee propagation, but also that of other sub-tropical and tropical plants. Acknowledgment is due Mr. Goucher for his experiments and his explanation of the process as worked out with the lychee. Mr. Walter T. Swingle's statement of his observations on the Lack of Winter Dormancy and Low Zero Point of Growth of the Lychee should prove helpful in the culture of the lychee in Florida. Mr. Swingle also suggests the possibilities of the lychee as an attractive greenhouse plant. This is also the conviction of a number of observers who have seen the lychee in its native home. Mr. Michael J. Hagerty's clear translation, recording the 173 174 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN organization of a Lychee Club as early as the Ming dynasty, will prove of unusual interest. The additional material, pages 151 to 188, and all the illus- trations were printed at the Mount Pleasant Press, J. Horace McFarland Company, Harrisburg, Pa., in June, 1921. A portion of the edition will be bound in the United States, but copies for distribution in the Orient will be assembled and bound in China. We are only on the threshold of an understanding of this interesting and valuable fruit. A scientific lychee culture is essen- tial to China and is of interest to the West. The industry should be systematically developed in China and foreign markets created for the canned and dried products. It is the writer's hope that in the near future the Chinese will work out the scientific phases of lychee culture as well as they have the historical and literary lore of this most highly prized fruit. G. Weidman Groff. Washington, D. C, U. S. A. June 22, 1921. ERRATA Page lo, paragraph 3. For No Mi Chih read No mi ts'z. Page 16, footnote i. For future lime read past time. Page 17, footnote i. Cancel Emit Vasilievick. Page 18, paragraph 2, line 3. Cancel the. Page 18, footnote 2a, line i. For bear read bearing. Page 18, footnote 26, last line. For 47 read 54. Page 37, line 3. Cancel Laetji chinensis Osb. Itin. (1765) from the synonomy. Osbeck in his Dagbok. ofwer en Ostindisk Resa . . . (1757), translated into the German in 1765 and from the German into English in 1771, refers to the lychee as from China but does not give a Latin name as he does in the case of other plants he recorded. This name is therefore not a valid synonym. Page 45, paragraph 2. For sagilaria read sagittaria. Page 50, paragraph 2. For No mi chih read No mi ts'z. Page 52, paragraph 2. For Sin T'ang read Hsin T'ang. Page S3, paragraph i. Same correction as page 50, paragraph 2. Page 58, paragraph 2, line 3. For trees therefore read trees are therefore. Page 59, paragraph i, line 8. For fifteen wide rend fifteen feet wide. Page 59, paragraph 2, line 2. For is read in. Page 61, paragraph i, line r. For maintain the read maintain that the. Page 61, paragraph 2, last line. Cancel (fig. 40). Page 64, paragraph 2, line 3. Cancel q2. Page 66, paragraph r, line 5. For No mi chih read No mi ts'z. Page 66, paragraph i, last hne. For (fig. 18) read (fig. ^8). Page 67, paragraph i, line 7. Cancel 92. Page 67, paragraph 2, line 3. For No mi chih read No mi ts'z. Page 8s, paragraph 2, line 9. For (fig. 47) read (fig. 41). Page 88, paragraph 2, line i. For Sung Yu read Sung Chio. Page 93, paragraph 2, line 12. For these read there. Page 95, paragraph i, line 4. For rhinocerous read rhinoceros. Page 96, line 2 1 . For Shang kou huai read Shang shou huai. Page 98, paragraph 2, line 4. For (fig. 95) read (fig. fj). Page 100. Brackets should not extend below "Weight of rag (oz)." To secure the total of 16 ounces to the pound of fruit add only weight of seeds, flesh, skin, leaves and stem. The weight of rag is included in the weight of flesh. In the "No mi ts'z" column across from "Weight of rag" some error occurs in the state- ment "6 ^2." It should probably be " i >^" but could not be verified at time of correction. Page 107. Title at the top of page. For The Lychee read The Lungan. Pages 108 and 109. Subject to the same explanation and correction as recorded under pages loo and loi. Some error exists in the case of the weights recorded under "Hei ho shih hsia" lungan as the total of seeds, flesh, skin, leaves and stem is 15 instead of 16 ounces. No change can be made as original records were not available at time of correction. Page 116, paragraph i, line i. Cancel and. Page 1 19, No. 4. For Li Chih P'u read Li Chih Hua. 175 INDEX Acid-soil, 151, 152, 167, PI. XX. Adoretus convexus Burm., insect enemy, ^^' Adoretus tenuimaculatus, insect enemy, 85. Africa, 34. Ai chih, Chinese term for inarching, 67. Air-layering, 9, 10, 49, S3, 64-67, 91, 117, 168, PI. XXVII. Alapag, Philippine lychee relative, 26, 41. Algae, 86. American literature, 23-31, Amory, Charles, Florida grower, 112. Analytical table, lychee varieties, 100, 101 ; lungan varieties, 108, 109. A neung hat, variety of lychee, 50, 99, 143- Annals, Fukien, 121, 122; cited, 88. Kwangsi, 122. Kwangtung, 122-126; cited, 88. Kweichow, 122 Szechwan, 122. Anomala varicolor Gyll., insect enemy, 83. Archips postvittanus, insect enemy, 85, 86. Arzberger, Dr. Emil G., acknowledg- ment drawings and microphotographs by, 152, 167, PI. XXII, 168, PI. XXXIII, 173. Ashon, John, importer of lychee, 113. Autoserica nigrorubra Busk., insect enemy, 83. Baillon, Henry Ernest, cited, 23 Bamboo, 52. Banana, 58. Baskets, marketing, 166, PI. XII, 168, PI. XXVII. Bats, 63, 82, 86, 166, PI. XV, PI. XVI. Bedana, Indian variety of lychee, 102. Bengal, in. Bibliography — Chinese references, 119-126, 171, 172, Western references, 127-141. Big bull, variety of lychee, 144. Black ball, variety of lungan, no, 145, 170, Pis. XL, XLI. Black leaf, variety of lychee, 95, 143 170, PI. XXXV. Black seed stone gorge, variety of lun- gan, 145. Blasdale, Walter C, quoted, 149. Blume, Karl Ludwig, cited, 40, 171. Bonavia, Dr., quoted, 118. Borer, tree, 85, 169, PI. XXXII. Borneo, 69. Botany, 32-43. lychee, 37-39 lungan, 40-42 Boym, Michel, cited, 25. Bretschneider, E. V., cited, 17, 19, 171, 172; quoted, 18. Brewster, Rev. W. N., importer of lychee, 112. Buddhism, 93, 94. Budding, 10, 68. Burma, 39. Bursts the throat, variety of lychee, 143. By-Laws, Lychee Club, 162, 163. Calcutta, m. California, 6, 8, 57, 72, 112, 114, 118. Cambell, George, quoted, 57. Cambell, George Joseph, cited, 26. Campbell, Rev. Wm., quoted, 77. Canal mud, use of, 105. Canals, 48, 52. Canariuniy 50, 52. album (Lour.) Raench, 50. pime/a, Koen, 50. Candolle, Alphonse, cited, 29, 30. Canned lychee and lungan, 5, 75, 80, no. Canton — city, 46, 47, 48, 89. climate, 54, 55, 142, 153-155. climate compared with Florida, 153, delta, 45, 46, 54, 56, 59, 60, 165, PI. VIII. Kowloon Railway, 49, 51, 52. latitude, 153. location, 48, 153. markets, 71, 89, 92, 99. public fruit park, 47, 48. restaurants, 75. weather, 54, 55, 142, 1 53-155- 176 INDEX 177 Canton Christian College, i, 12, 21, 46, 82, 83, 85, 1 13, 153, 165, Pis. VIII, IX, XI, 166, Pis. XII, XIII, XIV, 169, Pis. XXXI, 170, PL XL. Cantonese, 89. Capnodium, fungus, 86, Carambola, 48. Carter, Humphrey G., cited, 60. Castanopsis mollisima, Bl., 50. Chafers, leaf, 83. Ch'ang An, transportation of lychee to, Changchow, prefecture in Fukien, 88. Ch'ang pau hau, variety of lychee, 99, Ch'an Ts'un, village, 95. Ch'an tsz, variety of lychee, 102, 164, PI. I. Ch'au p'i tan, insect enemy, 82. C/iau shiti yuk, variety of lychee, 143. Check, Ching, first introduction into Hawaii, 112. Chemical analysis, lychee, 80, 81, 149. Chen family purple, class of lychee, 88, 164, PI. I. Cheng Hsiung, cited, 88. Cheng pao hou, variety of lychee, 99, 143. Ch'eng T'ang, Emperor, B. C. 1766, 17. Ch'en T'ing, Li Chih P'u, 119, 171. Ch'en Ting Kwo, Li Chih P'u, 119, 171. Ch'en Ts'ing-hua, assistance acknowl- edged, 160, 171. Ch'en Ts'un, village, 95. Ch'en tzu, variety of lychee, 102, 164, PI. L Cheshire, F. D., cited, 88, 171, 172. Cheung Lok, 56. Chia huai, variety of lychee, 99, 143. Chiang chun It, variety of lychee, 50, 144. Chiao T'ang Sz, lychee region, 49, 65, 104. Chia Ssu Hsieh, cited, 19. Chi Han, cited, 62, 171. Chih Kang, lungan region, 104. Ch'ik Kong, lungan region, 104. Child's fist, variety of lychee, 144. Chih Wu Ming Shih T'u K'ao, citfed, 21, ^71-. Chi Li Chih by Wu Tsao Ao, cited, 75, 172, China, Indian variety of lychee, 102. China grass fiber, variety of lychee, 97, 143, 170, PI. XXXVI. Chinese — air-layering, 10, 49, 53, 64-67, 91, 117, 168, PI. XXVII. bibliography, 1 19-126. Collection in Library of Congress, 23, 22, 164. descriptive terms, 90, 91. gardeners, 65, 66, Imperial Encyclopedia, 160, 164, PI. IV. literature, 16-22, 104. nurserymen, 2, 65, 167, Pis. XVIII, XIX. nut, 5, 32. officials, 7. poets, 7, 16, 19, 116. treatises on the lychee by — Ch'en T'ing, Li Chih P'u, 119, 171- . Ch'en Ting Kwo, Li Chih P'u, 119, ^71- Cheng Hsiung, title not known cited, 88. Hsu P'o, Li Chih P'u, 119; quoted, 56,68,75,114. Huang Li Keng, Li Chih P'u, 172. Lin Ssu Huan, Li Chih Hua, 119, ^71- Sung Chio, Li Chih P'u, 119; cited, 20, 56, 66, 88; translated in part, 160-163. Tang Tao Hsieh, Li Chih P'u, 119; cited, 60, 61, 67. Ts'ai Hsiang, Li Chih P'u, 2, 11, 120, 164, PI. Ill, PI. IV, 171; cited, 16, 17, 20, 62, 63, 66; quoted, 56, 72, 88, 115. Ts'ao Fan, Li Chih P'u, 120. T'u Pen Tsun, Li Chih P'u, 172. Wu Tsao Ao, Chi Li Chih, 75; cited, 75, 172. Wu Ying K'uei, Ling Nan Li Chih P'u, 120; quoted, 2, ii; cited, 13, I7» 3i> 87, 88, 106, 107, 171; list of Kwangtung varieties, I46-148. writers, 7, 22, 82, 87, 116, 117. Chinfeng It, variety of lychee, I44, Ch'ing p'i, variety of lychee, 144. Ch'i Nu, pseudonym for Shih Ch'ung, 161. Ch'i yueh shou, variety of lychee, 144. Chong un hung, variety of lychee, 99, 143, 170, PI. XXXVIII. 178 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN Ch' o«p'//«w, insect enemy, 82. Chou Shao Yu, variety of lychee, 143. Chuanchow, prefecture of Fukien, 88. Chuangyuan hung, variety of lychee, 99, 143, 170, PL XXXVIII. CKu ma tsu, variety of lychee, 97, I43, 170, PI. xxxyi. Chu ma tsz, variety of lychee, 97, I43, i7o,Pl.XXXVI. Chung-hsiang Kung, Ts'ai Hsiang's canonization title, 164. Chun-mo, Ts'ai Hsiang's literary name, 164, Cienfuegos, Cuba, latitude compared, 154. Cinnamon flavor, variety of lychee, 93, .143- Citrus, 48, 65. Citrus aurantifolia, (Christm.) Swing., 156. Climate — adapted to lychee and lungan, 54-57. Canton compared with Florida, 153, 155- Seharanpur, 56. Cloth bag, variety of lychee, 143. Club, Lychee, 160-163. Cochin China, 44, 87. Cockroach, variety of lychee, 143. Cocoanut palms, 153, 154. Cold, ill effects, 55, 56, 114, 115; protec- tion, 60, 61; resistance, lungan, 58, 103. Cole, W. B., quoted, 105, 106, 107. Collins, G. N., quoted, in. Color, lychee, 100, loi ; lungan, 108, 109. Commerce, 7, 12, 71. Cook, O. F., quoted, in. Corsa, W. P., cited, 30. Coville, Frederick V., acknowledg- ment, 173; contribution by, 151; reference to work of, 1 56. Crisp meat lungan, variety name, 145. Crop watchers, 46, 165, PI. XL Cryptophlebia illepida^ insect enemy, 85. Crystal quartz ball, variety of lychee, 144. Cuba, 72, 113. Culture, 58-63. dyke, 58, 117. greenhouse, 156. hill type of lychee, 49, 50. in Florida, 153. Culture — lychee, 48-50, 114, 116, 117. methods, lungan, 104-106. raised-bed, 59, 117. upland, 59, 117, 167, PI. XVII. water type of lychee, 48, 49. Cuttings, ID, 157-159. Dapper, Olfert, cited, 25, 26. Dehiscent fruits, 35. Dehra Dun, India, 56. Delta, Canton, 45, 46, 54, 56, 59, 60, 165, PI. VIII; Pearl river, 58. Description — lychee, 37, 38, 39. lungan, 41, 42, 103. terms, 90, 91. Dews, value of, 60. Dimocarpus, 8, 28, 29. Diospyros kaki L., 50. Diseases, 82, 114, 117. Dishes, lychee, 75. Distance for planting, 58, 59. Ditches, 48. Door-yard tree, lungan, 104. Don, George A., cited, 23- Dragon eye, 5, 15, 103. Dried, 5, 50. lychee, 75, 76, 78, 79. lungan, 77. Drought resistance, 11, 69. Dudhia, Indian variety of lychee, 102. DuHalde, J. B., cited, 26. Duncan, K., acknowledgment, 3. Dykes, 45, 48, 58, 165, Pis. VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XL Early lychee, variety name, 144. Early rice, variety of lungan, 145. East Indies, 6, 29, 32. East river, 45, 52. Edwards' Botanical Register, cited, 29. Enemies, 9, 82-86. England, 29, in. Eriophyes, lychee leaf galls, 84, 85, 164, PI. V. Euphoria, 6, 32, 69, 70. cinerea, Radlk., n, 26, 34, 41, 70, 164, PI. V. longana. Lam., 5, 34, 41, 70, 171. Europe, in, 116, 117. European literature, 23-31. Exchange, influence of, 74. INDEX 179 Experiments, lychee, 69; needed, 11, 116; rooting lychee cuttings, 157, 158; soil, 151. Exports, 50, 52. Fa hok, variety of lungan, 73, 106, 108, no, 145. Fairchild, David, acknowledgment, 2. False ivai, variety of lychee, 143. Fang huangch'iu, variety of lychee, I43. Fang Kang, place in Fukien, 61. Fang Tsu-tao, friend of Sung Chio, 160. Fang Yung, lychee nursery village, 52, 53, 65, 167, PL XVIII, PI. XIX, 168, PI. XXVII, 169, PI. XXVIII. Fat meat ball, variety of lungan, I45. Fei tsu hsiao, variety of lychee, 95, 96, 143, 170, PI. XXXV. Feng li, chestnut, 50. Feng wan, Chinese synonym for lychee. Fertilizing, 61, 105, 106, 117, 168, PI. XXV, PI. XXVI. Firecrackers, use of, 85, 169, PI. XXXII. Fish, 45, 165, PI. VIII. H tsz sill, variety of lychee. 95, 96, 143, 170, PI. XXXV. Flavor, lychee, 91, 100, loi, in, 156; lungan, 108, 109. Flesh, lychee, 90. Fletcher, S. W., acknowledgment, 2. Florida, 6, 8, 30, 57, 60, 72, 113, 114, 118, 153; weather compared, 155, 156. Flower skin, variety of lungan, 1 10, 145. Flush of lychee, 54, 153. Flying riders, tribute bearers, 87. Foochow, prefecture of Fukien, 72, 88, 107. Food value, 80. Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, Office of, 2, 8. Foreign trade, 79. Form, lychee, 90, 100, loi; lungan, 108, 109. Formosa, 39, 44, 77. Fortune, Robert, quoted, 29. Foster, I. L., acknowledgment, 2. Fragrance, lychee, 9 1 . Fragrant variety of lychee, 93, I43, 169, PI. XXX. France, in. Freeman Meteorological Observatory, 153- Freeze, 54, 56, 57. Frost resistance, lychee, 11, 30, 54, 56, 57, 69, 82; lungan, 54, 56, 57. Frost protection, 114. Fruit park. Canton, 47, 116. Fruit worm, 85. Fuchow, 56. Fukien, province, 11, 32, 44, 68, 87, 88, 96, 104, 116. Fung Chung, lychee nursery village, 52, 53, 65, 167, Pis. XVIII, XIX, 168, PI. XXVII, 169, PI. XXVIII. Fungicides, 82. Fungi, 86. Fungi, mycorhizal, 152, 167, Pis. XXI, XXII, 168, PI. XXIII. Fung Kong, in Fukien, 61. Fung lut, chestnut, 50. Fung wong k'au, variety of lychee, I43. Galls, leaf, 84, 85. Gardeners, Chinese, 65, 66. Gazetteers, see Annals. General's lychee, variety name, 144. Georgeson, C. C, cited, 30. Glutinous rice, variety of lychee, 91, 99, 100, 143, 169, Pis. XXX, XXXIII. Glutinous rice ball, variety of lychee, 143- Gonzalez de Mendoza, Juan, quoted, 23. "Gootee" layering, 10, 64. Goucher, Edward, acknowledgment, 173; contribution by, 157-159. Gracey, Samuel L., shipment received from, 113. Grafting, 10, 49, 50, 68, 106, 157, 171. Grave land, use of, 83. Greenhouse culture, lychee, 156, 173. Green skin, variety of lychee, 144. Grosier, J. B. G. A., quoted, 27, 28. Group, lychee, 34-36, 69. Guam, 113. Guava, 48, 58, 59, 156. Habitat, lychee, 1 1,39, 54; lungan, 42,54. Ha chi, Chinese season, 95. Hadley, E. D., California grower, 112. Hagerty, Michael J., translations ac- knowledged, 2, 17, 20, 171, 173; translation by, 160-163. Hainan, 19, 39, 44. Hak hat shek hap, variety of lungan, 108, 145. 180 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN Hak ip, variety of lychee, 64, 73, 89, 95, 97, 100, loi, 143, 170, PI. XXXV. Hanging green, variety of lychee, 50, 92, 143, 166, PI. XVI. Han Wu Ti, Emperor, reference to, 87. Han Yen Chih, monograph on orange, 16. Harvesting, 63. Havana, Cuba, compared with Canton, 153- Hawaii, 6, 31, 67, 68, 70, 72, 85, 112, 117, 118. Hei ho shih hsia, variety of lungan, 108, 145. Hei y eh, variety of lychee, 64, 73, 89, 95, 97, loi, 143, 170, PI. XXXV. Henry, Alfred J., cited, 155. Henry, Augustine, quoted, 7. Henry, B. C, cited, 94. Heung lai, variety of lychee, 93, 143, 169, PI. XXX. Heungshan, district in Kwangtung, 98. Hiern, W. P., cited, 43. Higgins, J. E., 10, ii; cited, 15,31,64, 67, 75, 85, 86, I02; quoted, 68, 72, 84, 85, 112; shipment received from, 113. Hill lychee, 52. Hill type of lychee culture, 49, 50. Hinghwa, prefecture of Fukien, 88, 105. Hit and kill the cow, variety of lychee, 144. Ho Hung, P'ing, acknowledgment, 2, 21. Holotrichia plumbea planicollis Burm., Honam, island opposite Canton, 48, 1 64, Pis. II, X, 168, PI. XXVI. Honan. See Honam. Hongkong, 39; climate, 154. Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, cited, ;i2>- Hoplostermus chinensis Guer., insect enemy, 83. Ho Ti, proclamation of, 18. Howard, C. W., 85; quoted, 82, 83. Howard, L. O., cited, 84. Hsia chih, Chinese season, 95. Hsiang li, variety of lychee, 93, 94, 143, 169, PI. XXX. Hsiao erh ch'uan, variety of lychee, 144. Hsi chio tsu, variety of lychee, 53 94, 95, 143, 167, PI. XIX, 169, PI. XXXIV. Hsinghwa, Fukien, latitude, 153; lychee region, 1 1. Hsu P'o, Li Chih P'u, 119; quoted, 56, 68,75,114. Huai chih, variety of lychee, 46, 51, 64, 66, 73, 79, 89, 92, 96, 97, 98, loi, 144, 165, PL XI, 166, PI. XII, 167, PI. XVII, 170, PI. XXXVI. Hua kioh, variety of lungan, 73, 106, 108, no, 145. Huang ch'ung, insect enemy, 83. Huang Li Keng, Li Chih P'u, 172. Huang Tsun Keng, acknowledgment, 55- Hua Ti Gardens, 169, PL XXIX. Hui Tsung, Sung Emperor, 164. Humidity, 55, 66, 64. Humidity, high for rooting lychee, 157, 158. Hug shan, variety of lychee, 162. Hu pi (tiger skin), class of lychee, 88. Hybridization, 6, 11, 41, 42. I chih, Chinese synonym of lungan, 104. Imperial cuncubine's laugh, variety of lychee, 95, 143, 170, PL XXXV. Inarching, 10, 67, 106, 157. Indehiscent fruits, 34, 35. India, 6, 31, 32, 54, 56, 81, 1 11. Indian varieties, 102. Irrigation, 59. Insect enemies, 82-86, 1 14, 117. Insecticides, Chinese use of, 82. Insect protection, 62, 63. Insects, chicken food, 83. Intercropping, 58, 59. Introductions to — Bengal, in. Burma, 39. California, 6, 112, 118. Cuba, 113. East Indies, in. England, 29, in. Europe, III, 116, 117. Florida, 6, 30, 113, 118. France, in. Guam, 1 13. Hawaii, 6, 31, 112, 117, 118. India, 6, 31, in. Isle of Pines, 113. Other lands,i, 7, 8, n. Panama, 6, 1 13. Porto Rico, in, 113. Trinidad, 1 13. United States, 112, 113, 117, n8. INDEX 181 Introductions to — Western Hemisphere, 32. West Indies, 6, 1 1 1, 117, 118. Isle of Pines, 1 13. I Yin, cited, 17. Jade ice, variety of lychee, 144. Jade-purse, variety of lychee, 144. Java, 6. Jones, J., interest in Dominico, 112. Jonstonus, Johannes, cited, 25. Josselyn, Vice Consul, quoted, 81. Juice, lychee, 100, loi; lungan, 108, 109. Kao yuan, variety of lungan, 73, 109, 110,145. Kat tsat chi, variety of lychee, 143. Kau T'ong Sz, lychee region, 49, 65, 104. Ka waiy variety of lychee, 99, 143. Ka Ying, in Kwangtung, 57. Kenny, Consul, quoted, 77. Kew Royal Gardens Bulletin, quota- tion, 77. _ Ko un, variety of lungan, 73, 109, no, 145. Kua lu, variety of lychee, 50, 51, 92, 94, 143, 166, PI. XVI. Kuang Yu, cited, 17. Ku Chin T'u Shu Chi Ch'eng, cited, 18, 19,20,171. Kuei wei, variety of lychee, 50, 73, 89, 92, 93, 94, 97, 100, 143- Kuo Hua Ssin, acknowledgment, 2. Kuo Sheng-tai, friend of Sung Chio, 160. Kwai mi, variety of lychee, 50, 73, 89, 92, 93, 97, 100, 143. Kwa luk, variety of lychee, 50, 51, 92, 143, 166, PI. XVI. Kwangsi, province, 44. Kwangtung, province, li, 32, 44, 52, 58, 59, 63, 87, 88, 89, 94, 95, 96, 98, 104, 106, 116. Kwangtung, varieties of lychee, 143- I44; varieties of lungan, 145. Kwangtung Agricultural Experiment Station, cited, 54, 55. Kwok Wa Sau, acknowledgment, 2. Labor, in China, 63, 77, 82. Lai Chi Wan, public fruit park, 47, 48, 165, PI. VII, 166, PL XV. Lake Worth, Florida, compared, 153. Lamarack, Jean Baptiste, cited, 41. Lap Ts'au, Chinese 8th month, 106. Large crop, variety of lychee, 97, 144. Large purse, variety of lychee, 144. Larva, of moth in stem and fruit, 85. Layering, 10, 53, 64. Layered stock, 60. Leaf chafers, 83. Leaf galls, 84, 85, 164, PI. V. Legends, 22. Lemon, 57. Library of Congress, collection of Chinese works, 2, 3, 22, 164. Library of United States Department of Agriculture, 164; arrangement for translations and references, 160. Li Ch'eng Lan, acknowledgment, 2. Lichens, 86, 167, PI XIX, 169, PI XXXIII. Li Chiao, lychee region, 49, 96. Li Chih Hua by Lin Ssu Huan, 119, 171. Li Chih P'u. See Chinese treatises. Li Chih Wan, public fruit park, 47, 48, 165, PI. VII, 166, PI. XV. Lien She, lotus club, 161. Lik Kau, lychee region, 49, 86 Ling Nan, 11, 12,46,47,64,87, 104, 162, 171; lychee, 46; lychee centers, 47-53 Ling Nan Li Chih P'u by Wu Ying K'uei, 120; cited, 13, 17, 31, 87, 88, 107, 171; list of Kwangtung varieties, 146-148; quoted, 211. Lin Ssu Huan, Li Chih Hua, 119, 171. Liquid manure, 61, 168 Pis. XXV, XXVI. Li Shih Cheng, cited, 104. Litchi, 6, 32. ckinensis Sonn. See Lychee. 5, 27, 34. philippinensis, Radlk., 1 1, 34, 69, 164, PI. V. Literature, 16; Chinese, 16-22, 104; European and American, 23-31. Li Tsiu, Chinese 8th month, 106. Liu tsu, last patriarch of Buddhist Church in China, 93. Liu tsu fa t'ong, temple, 93. Liu yueh pao, variety of lungan, 145. Location of Canton, 48, 1 53. Lo Fau, famous mountain in South China, 19, 51. Lo F'eng Ssu, temple, 50. Lo Fou. See Lo Fau. 182 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN Lo Fung Tsz, temple, 50. Lo Kang Hsu, market town, 50. Lo Kang Tung, lychee region, 49, 50, 59, 91, 93, 97, 99, 166, PI. XV, 169, Pis. XXX, XXXIII, 170, PI. XXXVI. Lo Kong Hu, see Lo Kang Hsu. Lo Kong Tung, see Lo Kang Tung. Lok t'ong p'o, variety of lychee, 143. Longan. See lungan. Lo t'angp'u, variety of lychee, 143. Lo-ts'uen, native village of Liu tsu, 94. Lotus, 45. Lotus club, reference to, 161. Low land regions for lychee and lungan, 104, 105. Low zero point of growth, lychee, 153, 155,156. Lu Hwei-neng, Liu tsu s real name, 94. Luk Po Sz, lychee region, 49. Luk tso, last patriarch of Buddhist Church in China, 93. Luk tso fat t'ong, temple, 93. Luk ut pau, variety of lungan, 145. Lungan, 5, 3:^, 50, 103-110, 170, PI. XXXIX. analysis, I49. avenue tree, 104. botany, 40, 41. cold resistance, 58. color, 108, 109. cultural methods, 104-106. description, 41-43, 103. door-yard tree, 104. dragon eye, 15. dried, 77. flavor, 108, 109. form, 108, 109. frost resistance, 54, 56, 57. habitat, 42, 54. juice, 108, 109. market prices, 73. orchards, 58. origin of name, 15. other names, 15. pronunciation, 15. pulp, 78. seeds, 108, 109. spelling, 15. stock, for lychee, 67. surface texture, 108, 109. synonomy, 4.0, 41, 171. time of fruiting, 106, 108, 109. yield, 106. Lungly, 42. Lun T'au, lychee region, 49, 96. Lun T'ou, see Lun T'au, Lu Pu Sz, 49. Luzon, 69. Lychee, 1,33, 103. acid-soil, 151, 152, 167, PI. XX. age, 60. botany, 37, 39. chemical analysis, 80, 81, 149. club, 160, 163. color, 100, loi. culture, 48-50, 1 14, 116, 117. cuttings, 10, 157, 158. description, 37-39. dishes, 75. dried, 75, 78, 79. experiments, 69, 157, 158. flavor, 91, 100, loi, III, 156. flesh, 90. flush, 153. form, 90, 100, loi. fragrance, 91. frost resistance, n, 30, 54, 56, 57,69, 82. fruit park, 47, 116. fruit worm, 85. greenhouse culture, 156, 173. group, 34-36, 69. habitat, 39, 54. hill types, 52. juice, 100, loi. leaf chafers, 83. leaf galls, 84, 85, 164, PI. V. legends, 22. . low zero point of growth, 153, 155, 156. lungan, 73. market prices, 72, 73, 79. monographs (See Li Chih P'u), 16, 21, 119, 120. mycorhizal plant, 151, 152. national fame, 51. nurseries, 52, 53, 167, PI. XVIII. nut, 5, 32. orchards, 48, 49, 52, 58. origin of name, 13. ornamental, 66. painting, 164, PI. I. Philippine wild, 69. potted lychee, 66, 169, PI. XXIX. pronunciation, 13, 14. propagating-case, 158. INDEX 183 Lychee — propagation, 9-11, 49, 50, 53, 64, 91, 106, 116, 117. protection, 57, 60-64, ii4> 'S^, 166, PI. XV. seeds, 91, 100, loi. size of tree, 66. " slave, the lungan, 160. spelling, 15. surface texture, 100, 101. synonomy, 37. texture, 90. time of fruiting, 100, loi. transportation, 72. tree borer, 85. tribute, 71. varieties, 87-102. village nursery, 53. water-loving plant, 9, 64, 69, 88, 89, 95, 117- wine, 75, 91, 160. winter dormancy, 153, 155. writing of characters, 13, 14. yield, 166, PI. XIV. Ma ch'iao ch'un, variety of lychee, 99, I43-. Macmillan, Hugh F., quoted, 1 1 1. Mai kwai, variety of lychee, 99, 143. Malay Peninsula, 6, 34. Mango, 53, 57, 167, PI. XVIII. Manning, Robert, quoted, 8. Manuring, 61. Markets, 48, 87, 168. Canton, 71, 89, 92, 99. prices, lychee, 72, 73, 79. Marketing, 71; baskets, 166, PI. XII, 168, PI. XXVII. Martinio, Martino, quoted, 24. Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 30. Ma tseuk ch'un, variety of lychee, 99, 143- Ma Un, village, 98. Ma Yuen, village, 98. Mclean, Indian variety of lychee, 102. Meade, Theodore L., Florida grower, 112; cited, 57. Medicinal value, 7, 75, 117. Mediterranean fruit fly, lychee im- munity, 86. Met, Prunus mume, S. & Z., 50; Range of Mountains, 171. Mei She, Plum Blossom Club, 161. Meliona, 86. Meteorological records, Canton, 1 53, 1 54. Methods of planting, 60. Meyer, Frank M., shipment received from, 113. Micropenis, 86. Mi kueiy variety of lychee, 99, 143. Min-hao, region in Fukien, 161. Miquel, F. A. W., cited, 33. Mites, 84, 85. Mok Fai T'ong, acknowledgment, 72. Mo Hui T'ang, see Mok Fai T'ong, Monographs. See Chinese treatises. Montiero de Carvalho, Jose, cited, 7, 28. Most round lungan, variety name, 145. Mother's shoe, variety of lychee, 143. Moth larva, 85. Mountain lychee, variety name, 9, 39, 50, 54, 64, 67, 68, 69, 88, 89, 91, 98, 99, 117, 143, 170, PI. XXXVII. Mountainous lychee country, 49. Mozufferpore, 60. Mud, river beds, use of, 60. "Mui," Prunus mume, S. & Z., 50. Mulching, 61. Muzaffarpur seedless, Indian variety of lychee, 102. Mycorhizal fungi, 152, 167, Pis. XXI, XXII, 168, PI. XXIII. Mycorhizal plant, the lychee, 151, 152. Nam Hoi, district in Kwangtung, 21, 47, 48, 87, no. Nam Kong, lychee region, 49, 165, PI. VI. Nan Fang Ts'ao Chuang, cited, 18. Nan Hai, see Nam Hoi, Nan Kang, see Nam Kong, Nan Yueh, 17. National fame, the lychee, 51. Nepheliea, 6, 32, 33, 34. Nephelium, 6, 29, 30, 33. lappaceum Linn., 6, 35, 43. mutabile Blume, 6, 35, 43. New Zealand, 34. Night soil, 61, 105, 106, 168, Pis. XXV, XXVI. No mai t'sz, variety of lychee, 10, 50, 53, 66, 67, 73, 79, 89, 91, 92, 93, 96, 99, 100, 143, 169, Pis. XXX, XXXIII No mai t'un, variety of lychee, 143. No mi ts'z, variety of lychee. See No mai t'sz. 184 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN No mi tw'an. See No mai t'u». No no chih, variety of lychee, 143. Nooten, Madam B. H., cited, 43. North river, 45. Nurseries, 10, 52, 53, 60, 65, 66, 167, PI. XVIII, 169, PI. XXVIII. Nursery beds, 65, 168, PI. XXVII. Nurserymen, Chinese, 2, 65, 66, 87, 167, Pis. XVIII, XIX. Nursery stock, sale by weight, 65, 66. Nursery village, 52. Nut, Chinese, 5; lychee, 5, 32. Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Intro- duction, 112, 151. Officials, Chinese, 7. Oliver, G. W., quoted, 67. Oranges, 48, 59. Orchards, lychee, 48, 49, 58; lungan, 58. Origin of name, lychee, 13; lungan, 15. Ornamentals, lychee, 6, 66. Osbeck, Peter, quoted, 27; cited, 172. Pai la It chihy variety of lychee, 98, loi, 143- Pai Ian, Canarium, 50. Painting, lychee, 164, PI. I. Pak lam, Canarium, 50. Pak lap lai chi, variety of lychee, 98, loi, 143. Pak lik tsz, variety of lychee, 143. Pak Shan, lychee region, 49, 170, Pis. XXXV, XXXVIII. Panama, 6, 113. P'an T'ang, region near Canton, 47. Pan Yu, district in Kwangtung, 91, 93, 95, 96, 170, Pis. XXXV, XXXVIII, XLI. Pearl river, 45, 165, Pis. VIII, IX; delta, 58. Peaty type soil, most promising for lychee, 152. Pei hu lu, cited, 19. Pei Shan, lychee region. See Pak Shan. PI. XXXV. Pei Wen Chai, cited, 16. P'ei Wen Yun Fu, cited, 162. Pennsylvania State College Horti- cultural Mission, i. Pentatomidce, 82, 83, 169, PI. XXXI. Pen Tsao Kang Mu, cited, 18, 104. Pen Ts'ao Tu Ching, cited, 87. Perak, 69. Pharmaceutical Review, cited, 30, 31. Philippines, 6, 11. Philippine wild lychee, 69. Phoenix gem, variety of lychee, 143. Picking, 62, 165, PI. XI. Pine cone, variety of lychee, 160, 162. P'ing Chau, lungan region, 104, no. P'ing Chou, lungan region, 104, no. Plantations, dyked, 58. Plant Immigrants, cited, 171. Planting distance, 58, 59; methods, 60; time of, 60. Plum, 49, 58, 165, PI. X. Plum Blossom Club, 161. Poems, 19. Poets, Chinese, 7, 16, 19, 116. Pok chih, Chinese term for air-layering, 10, 64, 67. Po le tzu, variety of lychee, 143. Pond embankment, variety of lychee, 96, 144. Popenoe, F. W., cited, 31. Porto Rico, 72, III, 113. Po toi, variety of lychee, 99, 143. Potted lychee, 66, 169, PI. XXIX. Preparation of cuttings, 158. Preservation of lychee, 5, 75, 117. President of a Board embraces, variety of lychee, 96, 143. Prices, dried fruit, 79; fresh fruit, 72, 73; wholesale, 72, 73. Problems in introduction, 113, 114, Pronunciation, lychee, 13, 14; lungan, 15- Propagation, 9-1 1, 49, 50, 53, 64, 91, 106, 116, 117, 168, PI. XXVII. budding, 10, 68. Chinese air-layering, pok chih, 64, 67. grafting — tsieh chih, 68, 106, 171. inarching — ai chih, 67, 106. seedling method, 64, 106. Propagating-case, lychee, 158. Protection from cold, 57, 60-64, 114, 156, 166, PI. XV; from insects, 60, 61, 64; from sun scald, 62, 63; from thieves, 60. Pruning, 62. Pseudonephelium fumatum (Bl.) Radlk., 34,69. . ^ , Psidium Guajava L., 156. Public fruit park. Canton, 47, 48. Pulassan, 6, 33, 35, 43, 103. INDEX 185 Pulp, lungan, 78. Pummelo, 48. P'un T'ong, region near Canton, 47. P'un U, district in Kwangtung, 47, 48, 49, 65, 170, Pis. XXXV, XXXVIII, XLI. Pujai, variety of lychee, 99, 143. P'ut'ien, Fukien province, 160. P'ut'ien Hsien, Fukien, 153. Putnam, Herbert, acknowledgment, 3. Quarterly Journal of Science, quoted, III. Radlkofer, Ludwig, cited, ;^2y 34> A'^'i quoted, 164. Rainfall, 55, 56. Raised bed culture, 59, 117. Raised bed plantations, 59, 168, Pis. XXIV, XXVI. Rambutan, 6, 2,3, 35> 43. io3- Rambutan group, 35, 43. Range of lychee and lungan, 54. Read, B. E., cited, 76, 80, 81; quoted, 77, 80, 81. Reasoner Brothers, importers, 8, 112, 113; quoted, 57. Reasoner, E. N., quoted, 1 15. Recipes, 75. Reinking, O. A., quoted, 84, 86. Republic of China, 51,92. Resistance to drought, 11, 69. Restaurants, Canton, 75. Rhinoceros horn, variety of lychee, 94, 95, 143, 167, PI. XIX, 169, PI. XXXIV. Rice cinnamon, variety of lychee, 143. Rice, culture with lychee, 45, 52. River-bed soil, 60. Rooting lychee cuttings, 157, 158. Rose-scented lychee, Indian variety, 1 02. Round rump, variety of lychee, 144. Roxburgh, William, cited, 1 1 1 ; quoted, 8. Royal Horticultural Society, 28, 29. Royal Palm Nurseries, Florida growers, 113- Royal red, variety of lychee, 143, 170, PI. XXXVIII. Rushes in the pond, variety of lychee, 143- Sagittaria, culture with the lychee, 45, i65,Pl. VIII, i68,Pl.XXV. Saharanpur, climate of, 56. Sai kok tsz, variety of lychee, 53, 94, 95, 143, 167, PI. XIX, 169, PL XXXIV. Sai Kwan, western suburb of Canton, 47- . Saissetia hemispheric a, 85. Salting, 75. Salt water, ill effects of, 82. Sam ut hung, variety of lychee, 79, 96, 98, 99, 143, 165, PI. VI, 170, PI. XXXVII. San Hing, lychee region, 93, 94, 169, PI. XXX. San T'ong, city, 52, $2>y ^67, PI. XVII. Sanyueh hung, variety of lychee, 79, 96, 98, 99, 143, ^(>Sy PI. VI, 170, PI. XXXVII. Sapindacece, 6, 32, ^3, 69, 104. Sapindaceous fruits, botany of, 32-43. Sapindus, 32. acuminatus, Raf., 32. mukorosii, Gaertn., 32. Scale insects, 85. Scarabeidce, 83. Seeds and seedlings, 10, 64, 67, 157. Seeds, lychee, 91, loi; lungan, 108, 109; shipment of, 64, 114; viability of, 64, 1 14. Semmedo, Alvaro, quoted, 23, 24. Seventh month ripe, variety of lychee, 144. ^ Sha Ch'ung, village, 98 Shan chi, variety of lychee, 10, 50, 64, 67, 68, 79, 98, 99, 143, 170, Pi. XXXVII. Shan chih. See Shan chi. Shang shou huai, variety of lychee, 96, loi, 143. Shang Yung, lychee region, 49, 93, Shap ip lung ngan, variety name, 73, 109, no, 145. Sha t'ang li chih, variety name, 143. Sha t'ong lai chi, variety name, 143. Sha Yung, village, 98. Shek hap lung ngan, variety name, 106, 109,110,145. Shek T'an, station, 51. Shek Wai T'ong, lungan region, 104, no, 170, PI. XLI. She p'i lung ngan, variety name, 106, 109, no, 145, 170, PI. XLI. She p'i lung yen. See She p'i lung ngan. Sheung Ch'ung, lychee region, 49, 93. 186 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN Sheung shu wai, variety of lychee, 96, 101, 143. Shih Ch'ung, man famous for great wealth, 161. S/ii/i hsia lung yen, variety of lungan, 106, 109, no, 145. Shih, persimmon, 50. Shih Wei T'ang, lungan region, 104, no, 170, PI. XLI. Shih yeh lung yen, variety of lungan, 73, no, 145. Shik T'an, station, 51. Shipping seeds, 64, 114. Shu I Chi, cited, 161. Shui ching ch'iu, variety of lychee, 91, 144. Shuifau tsz, variety of lychee, 144. Shuijou tsu, variety of lychee, 144. Shui Sai Ts'un, village, 50, Shui Si Ts'un, village, 50. Shui tsing k'au, variety of lychee, 91, 144. Shui Wai, locality, 56. Shun Tak, district in Kwangtung, 95. Shun Te. See Shun Tak. Siam, II. Si Kuan, western suburb of Canton, 47. Singapore, 52. Sin Hsing, lychee region, 93, 94, 169, PI XXX Sin T'ang, city, 167, PI. XVII. Siu i k'un, variety of lychee, 144. Six months leopard, variety of lungan, 145. Size of tree, lychee, 66. Slave, lychee, the lungan, 160 Snake skin lungan, variety name, no, 145, 170, PI. XLI. Soapberry, 32. Soft lungan, variety name, 145, 170, PI. XXXIX. Soil, 59, 60, 65, 89, 99. adaptation, 69 experiments, 151. importance of in growing Kua lu, 51. preparation, 60, 114. variations, n, 69. Soil, of peaty type most promising, 152. Sonnerat, Pierre, quoted, 27. Sour lychee, variety name, 98, 144. South China, i, 6, n, 44, 58, 83, 89, 1 16, 118; climate, 155. South China Sea, 45. Sparrow egg, variety of lychee, I43. Spelling, lychee, 15; lungan, 15. Spraying, formulae, 84. Staunton, Sir G. L., quoted, 28. Stocks, 6, n, 41, 50, 67. Stone gorge lungan, variety name, 106, 109, no, 145. Straits Settlements, 43. Stuart, G., quoted, 76. Stuntz, S. C, acknowledgment, 2. Suan chih, variety of lychee, 98, 144. Sugar cane, 52. Sugar, variety of lychee, 143. Sumatra, 6. Sun chi, variety of lychee, 98, I44. Sung chia hsiang, variety of lychee, 144- Sung Chio, Li Chih P'u, 119; cited, ao, 56, 66; translated in part, 160-163. Sung family fragrance, variety of lychee, 144. Sung ka heung, variety of lychee, 144. Sung lei, variety of lychee, 162. Sung Yu. See Sung Chio. Sun scald, protection, 60. Sunwui, district in Kwangtung, 98. Superstition, 62. Surface texture, lychee, 100, 101 ; lun- gan, 108, 109. Su Shih, quoted, 19 Sweet cliff, variety of lychee, 144. Swingle, Maude Kellerman (Mrs. Wal- ter T.), acknowledgment, 24; prepa- ration of references, 160. Swingle, Walter T., acknowledgment, 2> 3> 173; contribution by, 153-156. Synonomy, botanical, lychee, 37; lun- gan, 40, 41, 171. Szchwan, province, 1 1, 39, 44, 87. Ta ho pao, variety of lychee, 144. Tai ho pan, variety of lychee, 144. Tai ngau ku, variety of lychee, 99, I44. Tai T'ong, lungan region, 104, 105. Tai tso, variety of lychee, 53, 94, 95, 97, loi, 144, 167, PI. XIX. T'am shai t'seng, variety of lychee, I44. T'ang po, variety of lychee, 95, 96, 144. Tang Tao Hsieh, cited, 60, 61, 67; Li Chih P'u, 1 19. T'an Hua, a literary degree, 52. Ta niu ku, variety of lychee, 99, 144. T'an shih ch'ang, variety of lychee, I44. INDEX 187 Ta T'ang, lungan region, 104, 105. Tat-mo, founder of Buddhism in China, 93- Ta tsao, variety of lychee, 53, 94, 95, 97, loi, 144, 167, PI. XIX. Taylor, W. S., cited, 3 1 ; Florida grower, 113- Temperature, 54, 55, 64. Temperature, high for rooting cuttings, 157, 158. Ten leaves lungan, variety name, no, '45; . . . , . Terminology in describing fruits, 90. Terms, Chinese for describing fruits, 90, 91. Terrace hills, 49, 50, 166, PI. XV. Tessaratoma papulosa, insect enemy, 82, 83, 169, PI. XXXI. Texture, lychee, 90. Therapeutic activity, 76. Thieves, protection, 51. Thinning, 62; of fruit and flowers, 105. Third month red, variety of lychee, 98, 143, 165, PI. VI, 170, PI. XXXVII. T'ien Pao, T'ang dynasty queen, 87. T'ien yeh, variety of lychee, 144. Tiger skin, class of lychee, 88. Time of fruiting, lychee, 100, loi; lungan, 106, 108, 109. Time of planting, 60. T'im ngam, variety of lychee, 144. Ting sz ngau, variety of lychee, 99, 144. Ting sz niu, variety of lychee, 99, 144. Ting un lung ngan, variety name, 145. Ting yuan lung yen, variety name, 145. Titoki group, 35. Titoki tree, 34. Tobacco stems, use of, 82. T'ong poky variety of lychee, 95, 96, 144, T'o Wa, lychee region, 49, 96. Trade, 117. Transplanting. See Planting. Transportation, 72, 117. Travelers, 7. Treatises. See Chinese treatises. Treatment for cuttings, 158. Treatments for Eriophyes, 84, 85. Tree borer, lychee, 85. Trees, prices of, 66. Tribute lychee, 17, 71, 87, 88. Tribute lychee, variety name, 144. Trigault, Nicolas, cited, 23, 24. Trimming, 60. Trinidad, 8, 113. Ts'ai Hsiang, Li Chih P'u, 2, 11, 120, 164, Pis. Ill, IV, 171; cited, 16, 17, 20, 62, 63, 66, 88; quoted, 56, 72, 88, 115. Tsai ma chih, variety of lychee, 1 44. Ts'ao Fan, Li Chih P'u, 120. Tsao ho, variety of lungan, 106, 1 10, I45. Tsao li, variety of lychee, 144. Tsang river, 51. Tsang Shing, district in Kwangtung, 47, SiiS'i) 59>62,92,94, 166, PI. XVI, 169, PL XXXIV, 170, Pis. XXXV, XXXVII, XXXIX. Ts'at ut shuk, variety of lychee, 144. Tseng Ch'ing. See Tsang Shing. Tseung kwan lai, variety of lychee, 50, H4- ^ . . Tsieh chih, Chinese term for graftmg, 10, 68, 106, 171. Ts'i Min Yao Shue, 19. Ts'ing Ming, 60. Ts'ing pi, variety of lychee, 144. Tsip chih, Chinese term for grafting, 68. Ts'iu yuk lung ngan, variety name, 109, 145. Ts'oi ma chi, variety of lychee, 144. Tso lai, variety of lychee, 144. Tso wo, variety of lungan, 106, 1 10, 145. Ts'ui you lung yen, variety name, 109, 145. T sun Jung lai, variety of lychee, 144. Tsz, persimmon, 50. Tuan Kung Lu, cited, 19. Tubercles, on roots of lychee, 152, 167, Pis. XXI, XXII, 168, PI. XXIII. Tu Hua, lychee region, 49, 96. Tu King Pen Ts'ao, 18. Tung Kuan, district in Kwangtung, 47, 52, 53, 167, Pis. XVII, XVIII, XIX, 168, Pis. XXIV, XXVII, 169, PI. XXVIII. Tung Kun. See Tung Kuan. T'u Pen Tsun, Li Chih P'u, 172. Typhoons, 56. United States, 112, 113, 117, 118. United States Department of Agricul- ture, 10. U lam, Canarium, 50. Un t'un, variety of lychee, 144. U un, variety of lychee, 106, no, 145, 170, Pis. XL, XLI. 188 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN Upland culture. See Hill type. Upland orchards, 59, 1 17, 167, PI. XVII. Varieties, 19, 22, 49, 53, 87-102, 107, 114,. 143, 145, 146-148- Varieties, lychee, 87-102. Varietiesoflychee, Kwangtung, 143, I44. Varieties of lungan, Kwangtung, 145. Vegetable hemp plant, variety of lychee, .^44-. Viability of seeds, 64, 114. Village, nursery, 53. Volcano, variety of lychee, 162. "Waai" — a dyked enclosure, 45. fVai chi, variety of lychee, 46, 51, 64, 73, 79, 89, 92, 96, 97, 98, loi, 144, 165, PI. XI, 166, PI. XII, 167, PI. XVII, 170, PI. XXXVI. Waichow, 19. Wai river lychee, variety of lychee, 97, 144, 165, PI. XI, 166, PI. XII, 167, PI. XVII, 170, PI. XXXVI. Walker, Robert Sparks, quoted, 7. Water chestnuts, 45. Water culture, 58, 61. Water farming, 49. Water float, variety of lychee, I44. Water-loving plant, lychee, 9, 64, 69, 88,89,95, 117- Water lychee, 9, 88, 89, 95. Water type of lychee culture, 48, 49. Watt, George, cited, 30. Weather, 54, 55; Canton, 54, 55, 142, 153, '55; Florida compared with South China, 153, 155. West Indian lime, 156. West Indies, 6, 1 1 1, 117, 1 18. Western Hemisphere, 32. West river, 45. White fragrant plant, variety of lychee, 143. White wax lychee, variety of lychee, 98, 143- Wholesale prices, 72, 73. ' Wild mountain lychee, variety of lychee, ?9> 144- Williams, Mrs. Rose S., translation, 19. Winds, effect of, 55, 58, 82. Wine, lychee, 75, 91, 160. Winter dormancy, lychee, 153, 155. Wong ch'ung, insect enemy, 83. Wong Tsun Kang, acknowledgement, 55- Writers, Chinese, 7, 22, 82, 87, 116, 117. Writing of characters, lychee, 13, 14. Wu, region in Kiangsu Province, 161, Wu Ch'i Hsun, cited, 21. fVu Ian. See U lam. Wu, Mien, assistance acknowledged, 160. Wu Tsao Ao, Chi Li Chih, 75, 172; cited, 75. Wu Ti, 16, 17. Wu Tsai Ao, cited, 75, 171. Wu Ying K'uei, Ling Nan Li Chih Pu', 120; cited, 13, 17, 87, 88, 106, 107, 171; list of Kwangtung varieties, 146-148; quoted, 2, 11. JVu yuan, variety of lungan, 106, no, 145, 170, Pis. XL, XLI. Ya niang hsieh, variety of lychee, 50, 99, 143- Yau ngan, variety of lungan, 145, 170, PI. XXXIX. Yau yen, variety of lungan, 145, 170, Pi. XXXIX. Ye shan chi, variety of lychee, 99, 144. Yeh shan chih, variety of lychee, 99, 144. Yield, lychee, 166, PI. XIV. Yield, lungan, 106. Yik chi, synonym for lungan, 104. Yuan Kiang, 21. Yuan t'un, variety of lychee, I44. Yiieh, region in Chekiang Province, 161. Yu Lo Nung, 21. Yu ho pao, variety of lychee, 99, 144. Yuk ho pau, variety of lychee, 99, 144. Yunnan, 21, 44. Yu ping, variety of lychee, 144. Yuk ping, variety of lychee, 144. Yun-chien, now Huat'ing in Kiangsu, 161. Zanonii, Giacomo, cited, 25.