State of Contiecttcut 
 
 REPORT 
 
 OF 
 
 The Connecticut Agricultural 
 Experiment Station 
 
 NEW HAVEN, CONN. 
 
 INHERITANCE IN CORN 
 
 BEING PART VI OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF 1911 
 
 JUNE, 1912 
 
 CONCLUSION 
 
 ilNi*^^ 
 
ih. . it9 
 

 
 PART VL 
 
 INHERITANCE IN CORN. 
 
 By H. K. HAYES. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 For the last six years this Station has been studying the inheri- 
 tance of corn characters, and in 191 1 a technical bulletin was 
 published on the subject. The purpose of this paper is to state 
 as clearly as possible some of our results which have practical 
 value to corn growers and breeders in two different particulars. 
 
 First, a large number of corn varieties are grown in Con- 
 necticut and often several of them on the same farm. In spite 
 of usual precautions, slight accidental crossings between varieties 
 take place which cause serious embarrassment to growers of seed 
 corn and plague everyone who wants to raise corn which is 
 uniform in appearance. In the following pages is stated what 
 can be done to detect and cull out the accidental hybrid seed. 
 
 Second, many more or less successful attempts have been and 
 are being made to develop new hybrid varieties which shall com- 
 bine desirable qualities from both parents. Accurate knowledge 
 of the way in which these desirable qualities are inherited will 
 simplify operations and prevent disappointment. 
 
 The Formation of the Seed 
 
 Following the general rule, seed corn can only be produced by 
 a union of male and female elements. The tassels and silks of 
 corn, which are the male and female reproductive organs, are 
 borne on widely separated parts of the plant. Each thread of silk 
 grows from a spot on the cob where the kernel is to be and where 
 the female cells are produced. The office of the silk is to collect 
 the pollen grains which are formed in the tassel. A mature 
 pollen grain falling on a mature silk germinates and sends out 
 a tube which, guided by the silk, reaches the ovary. Through 
 this tube two male cells pass, and on reaching the female cells, 
 
4o8 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, IQII. 
 
 unite with them. One unites with the egg cell to form the 
 embryo or undeveloped plant and the other fuses with a second 
 female cell to form the endosperm of the seed. This endosperm 
 is the surrounding tissue in which the food material is stored. 
 The embryo of the corn seed is the germ or chit, the rest of the 
 seed within the outer covering is the endosperm. 
 
 The fusion of the cells just described, called fertilization, is at 
 once followed by rapid growth and the production of a seed. 
 When the pollen comes from the same plant which bears the silk, 
 there is "self-fertilization ;" when it comes from another plant of 
 the same variety there is "cross-fertilization;" when from 
 another variety there results "hybridization." As a commercial 
 variety of corn is generally composed of many types in a complex 
 hybrid condition, due to constant inter-crossing, there is no exact 
 distinction between "cross-fertilization" and "hybridization" as 
 applied to corn. 
 
 The Law of Heredity 
 
 The transmission from one generation to another of the promi- 
 nent features, such as sweet, dent and flint characters, color of 
 seeds, etc., which distinguish varieties of corn, follows what is 
 known as Mendel's Law of Heredity, which may be illustrated 
 from his own work with peas. For this discussion Darbishire's 
 book, "Breeding and the Mendelian Discovery," has been freely 
 used. 
 
 The edible pea may be divided into two classes, the tall and 
 the dwarf. One difference between them is in the length of the 
 internodes, i. e., the sections of the stem between two nodes or 
 joints where the leaves are attached. This causes the tallness or 
 the shortness of the whole plant. 
 
 Moreover, the pea is a normally self-fertilized plant, i. e., seed 
 is formed by the union of male and female cells of the same 
 plant. 
 
 This seed, if from a tall race, will produce nothing but tall 
 plants, and if from a dwarf plant will yield dwarfs only. 
 
 Now, if a cross is made between a tall and a dwarf race by 
 applying the pollen of one variety to the stigma or female recep- 
 tive organ of another variety, and the seeds produced by this 
 "cross" are sown, nothing but tall plants will appear. These are 
 no shorter than the pure tall plants and in many cases they are 
 
THE LAW OF HEREDITY. 409 
 
 somewhat taller because of the increased vigor due to crossing 
 two pure races. 
 
 When we sow the seed from the above hybrid generation we 
 obtain tall and dwarf plants in the ratio of about three tall to 
 one dwarf in every four. These dwarfs, if self-fertilized, will 
 all breed true as to height in later generations, but while some of 
 the tall plants will breed true others will again give tall and 
 dwarf plants in the ratio of three to one. 
 
 These facts are easily explained by the present Mendelian 
 theory, which is not essentially different from Mendel's inter- 
 pretation. A plant or animal does not transmit its characters 
 in a bunch as it were, as if the entire organism were the unit, 
 but its various characters are inherited separately. 
 
 Each reproductive cell, whether in pollen or ovule of the tall 
 pea, contains a factor, structure or unit quality of tallness which 
 we may represent by T. A union of male and female cells of tall 
 peas will be a union of reproductive cells, all of which contain T, 
 and a tall race will result. Each such reproductive cell of the 
 dwarf pea lacks the structure or factor which produces the tall 
 race. This lack may be represented by t, and from their fusion 
 only dwarfs result. 
 
 But when the tall and dwarf races are crossed, each seed is 
 the result of a union of reproductive cells, the one from the tall 
 race containing T and the one from the dwarf race containing t. 
 But the tall character in this generation is "dominant;" i. e., 
 it conceals or masks the other. Such characters as tallness and 
 dwarfness are said to be contrasted or allelomorphic pairs, and 
 as only tall plants are produced when tall and dwarf are crossed, 
 the tall character is said to be a dominant one and the dwarf 
 character a recessive condition. 
 
 Now, if all the seeds of this hybrid are planted and their blos- 
 soms self-fertilized, we may explain the conditions as follows : 
 Half of the male cells are supposed to contain only T, the factor 
 for tallness, and half only t, the factor for dwarfness. The 
 same is true of the female cells. We may represent the situation 
 and the resulting progeny thus : 
 
 
 T- 
 
 -^T 
 
 
 Male 
 
 T^ 
 
 ><T 
 
 Female 
 
 cells 
 
 t " 
 
 cells 
 
 
 t- 
 
 — > t 
 
 
41 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 From the diagram it appears that one-quarter of the resulting 
 seeds have received T from both pollen and ovule, or (T + T). 
 They can produce only tall progeny. One-quarter have received 
 t from both, or (t -j- t) and can produce only dwarf progeny. 
 The remaining half of the seeds are like those from which they 
 themselves were grown, i. e., they are formed by a union of cells, 
 one of which contains T and the other t, or (T -f t). But when 
 the dominant factor T is received from only one reproductive cell 
 the plant when grown is a tall one and can not be distinguished 
 from the pure tall race. 
 
 The only method of distinguishing between the pure tall and 
 hybrid tall plants is by breeding from them. The pure tall plants 
 will, of course, give only tall progeny, while the hybrid tall 
 plants will again give both tall and dwarf plants. 
 
 The first important fact which this illustrates is that the 
 external appearance of a plant is not a correct criterion of its 
 breeding qualities, but that the contents of the reproductive cells 
 are the important feature, and that in most cases the only way of 
 determining these contents is to breed from them. 
 
 We should also note that only one of the factors of a con- 
 trasted pair is found in a single reproductive cell. Thus, in the 
 case above described no reproductive cell consisted of a mixture 
 of the factors for both tall and dwarf plants but contained either 
 the one or the other. 
 
 The fact that there is often a dominance of one condition over 
 another in the first hybrid generation of a cross is of especial 
 importance to the corn growers of Connecticut. A partial report 
 of this matter was given in 1907 by East. 
 
 Dominance of Characters in Corn Breeding 
 
 After crossing, the characters here given behave in the follow- 
 ing manner : 
 
 Flint or Dent is dominant to Sweet. 
 Yellow " " "No Yellow or White. 
 
 Purple " " " No Purple or White. 
 
 Red Pericarp " " " No Red or White. 
 
 Red Cob " " " No Red or White. 
 
FLINT OR DENT — SWEET CROSSES. 4II 
 
 Flint or Dent — Sweet Crosses 
 
 If a sweet corn is used as the female parent and is crossed 
 with a starchy corn, either a flint or a dent, there result hybrid 
 seeds which cannot be distinguished from seeds of the starchy 
 parent. This result is due to the fact that the endosperm of 
 corn is hybridized as well as the embryo. (See The Formation 
 of the Seed.) 
 
 A microscopic study of the starch grains of sweet corn shows 
 them to be small, angular and abortive, while those of a flint 
 or dent are much larger and are circular in outline. Something 
 is evidently introduced by the pollen of the starchy corn which 
 enables the sweet variety to proceed in its starch development 
 and form seeds which are not visibly different from the starchy 
 parent. 
 
 If, on the other hand, starchy corn, flint or dent, is used as 
 the female parent and is pollinated with sweet corn pollen, no 
 immediate effect is apparent. The starchy corn already contains 
 the dominant factor and masks or hides the presence of the sweet 
 character which is recessive. 
 
 The practical use of these facts is as follows : 
 
 No extreme care need be used in isolating sweet com plots 
 from field corn, as any crossing on the sweet corn shows in the 
 first year, and at harvest the hard starchy kernels can be dis- 
 carded. The sweet kernels, those with a wrinkled appearance, 
 when grown v/ill always produce sweet corn. 
 
 But, on the other hand, as there is no immediate visible change 
 when field corn is pollinated with sweet corn pollen, there is no 
 method of detecting and rejecting the hybrid kernels. The field 
 com seed should always therefore be saved from that part of the 
 field which is farthest from the sweet com plot. 
 
 Sometimes seeds of a semi-starchy nature appear in sweet corn 
 varieties. In a study of the inheritance of starchy-sweet crosses 
 a few ears of this nature were met with. Semi-starchy seeds 
 have also been mentioned as occurring in a number of pure sweet 
 races by Halsted of New Jersey. To determine the inheritance 
 of this peculiarity, the most starchy and most sweet kernels were 
 selected from a self-fertilized semi-starchy ear. The result of 
 two years' selection of the most wrinkled kernels for planting 
 produced ears nearly all of which were of a pure sweet nature. 
 No ears have as yet been produced of a pure starchy nature. 
 
412 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II, 
 
 Such semi-starchy ears are often encountered by sweet corn 
 canning factories and give much trouble. Selection of the most 
 wriukled seeds for planting will assist in eliminating the semi- 
 starchy types. 
 
 Yellow — White Crosses 
 
 Our results indicate that in many cases there are two separately 
 inherited characters for yellow color in corn, either of which 
 can produce this color. This fact, although of great scientific 
 in^pprtance, does not materially change the methods of producing 
 pure seed of either the yellow or white variety. The color which 
 produces the yellow varieties of corn is an endosperm character. 
 When white com is crossed with pollen from a yellow variety 
 the resulting progeny always has a yellow color, although it is 
 sometimes lighter than the pure yellow. If the white corn plot 
 is not completely isolated from the yellow variety some hybrid 
 seeds will be produced. On saving the white corn seed, those 
 seeds which are hybrid can be detected by their yellow color and 
 removed, with the assurance that when nothing but white seed is 
 planted the seed is pure for this character. 
 
 When yellow is the female parent and is crossed with white 
 corn the resulting seed is yellow. In some crosses the hybrid 
 seeds are light yellow, but, on the other hand, some hybrid yellow- 
 white seeds are dark yellow, so it is impossible to separate the 
 pure yellow from the hybrid yellow seed except by breeding. 
 Therefore, yellow corn, when intended for seed, must be grown 
 at a considerable distance from white varieties. 
 
 Intentional crossing of two varieties is usually done with the 
 idea of obtaining an improved variety by combining the desirable 
 qualities of both parents. Suppose a white corn with a large 
 stdlk has bfeen crossed with a yellow variety with a good ear 
 and that a type has been produced with both these characters 
 (large stalk and good ears), but the ears are composed of such a 
 heterogeneous mixture of )^ellow and white seeds that they have 
 no value as seed corn. The problem is to obtain ears which will 
 produce either all white or all yellow seeds. The easiest method 
 is to select only pure white seeds for planting, which in turn will 
 produce only white corn. If a yellow variety is desired it can 
 be most easily produced by planting all yellow seeds and self- 
 
PURPLE — WHITE CROSSES. 413 
 
 fertilizing a number of ears, i. e., the pollination of the silks of a 
 plant by its own pollen grains. This is most easily performed 
 as follows : 
 
 Just before the silk appears a bag should be placed over the 
 ear and another over the tassel. About five days later, when the 
 silk is well showing, the stalk should be bent over and the tassel 
 bag carefully removed. This will contain a certain amount of 
 yellow dust or pollen which should be carefully dusted over the 
 silks, and the ear again covered. After maturity, these hand- 
 fertilized ears should be harvested and examined. All ears which 
 contain only yellow seeds will produce only yellow progeny. It 
 is necessary to self-fertilize a large number of ears so that several 
 pure ears may be allowed to cross naturally the following season 
 in order not to obtain evil effects from inbreeding. 
 
 Purple — White Crosses 
 
 Only a few races of purple com are grown in Connecticut, of 
 which Black Mexican sweet is the best known example, although 
 a purple pop variety is sometimes seen in the market. This 
 purple color is due to a dye which is present in a single row 
 of cells, known as the aleurone layer, which is found just under- 
 neath the pericarp or outer hull of the seed. As this layer is 
 a part of the endosperm, there is an immediate effect when non- 
 purple races are crossed with purple varieties. The conditions, 
 however, are different than in the crosses previously mentioned. 
 
 From an analysis of crosses between Black Mexican sweet and 
 several non-purple races the following facts have been established. 
 The purple color is due to at least two separately inherited 
 factors found in the reproductive cells, both of which must be 
 present in order to produce a purple condition. By crossing a 
 white race which we found to contain one of these factors with 
 another white race which contained the other factor, purple seeds 
 were obtained. In one cross there was no visible effect in some 
 kernels when a non-purple race was crossed with pollen from a 
 purple variety. This we explain by the presence of something 
 in this race Avhich inhibited the production of purple. These 
 facts, however, will not be further discussed here. 
 
 When pure seed of a purple race is desired, it is necessary that 
 it be isolated from other corn plots. Of course, when Black 
 
414 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II, 
 
 Mexican sweet is fertilized with pollen from starchy races, either 
 dent, flint, or pop, those seeds which are of a hybrid nature will 
 be of a hard starchy condition and can therefore be rejected. 
 
 Non-purple races, of either flint, dent, pop, or sweet, from 
 which seed is saved, should not be grown near a purple variety, 
 as there is no surety that hybrid seeds can be rejected. All 
 kernels showing any purple color will be found to be hybrids and 
 by rejecting these the greater part of the hybrid seeds can be 
 removed. 
 
 Red Pericarp — White Pericarp Crosses 
 
 The pericarp of corn is the outer hull. It is in this portion of 
 the seed that the red color of the common red races of corn is 
 found. If a paper bag be placed upon an ear before silking time 
 and be removed after the silks have fully developed, thus leaving 
 it unfertilized, the places on the ear where the seeds would have 
 been formed, had pollination taken place, will be found to consist 
 almost entirely of this outer hull or pericarp. This portion of 
 the seed is therefore just as much a part of the mother plant as 
 its tassels or silks and is not immediately affected by pollination. 
 For this reason an ear has either a red pericarp color on all of its 
 seeds or on none of them. 
 
 If a seed is soaked for a short time in water this outer hull 
 may be easily removed. This red color conceals all other colors 
 which may be present in the seed. Thus, an ear of corn may 
 contain both yellow and white, or purple seeds, or any of these 
 colors in a pure condition, yet if the red pericarp is present these 
 facts are obscured. Thus we are further impressed with the 
 fact that all of the characters so far discussed are separately 
 inherited. 
 
 If a red pericarp corn is crossed with a non-colored race, no 
 matter which is the female parent, there will be no immediate 
 visible effect. If these hybrid seeds are planted, the crop for 
 the following season will consist of all red pericarp ears. If 
 these ears are self-fertilized and grown, red and non-red pericarp 
 ears will be received in the ratio of three to one. 
 
 Besides this solid red pericarp there are mosaic red, commonly 
 called "Bloody Butcher," varieties. This mosaic red is inherited 
 as a pattern color. In common with many variegated races of 
 
RED COB — WHITE COB CROSSES. 415 
 
 plants this condition does not breed true but always gives some 
 non-colored and, in some cases, some deep red progeny. There is 
 also a pericarp color which varies in intensity due to light condi- 
 tions. If the ear is stripped of its husks before maturity all seeds 
 are partially covered with red, in other cases the red color is only 
 seen as a slight blush on some seeds near the tip of the ear. This 
 color is inherited in the same manner as the deep red pericarp 
 color. 
 
 As there is no method of detecting a cross between red and 
 non-red races, seed of either sort should only be grown in 
 isolated plots at some distance from the other variety. 
 
 Red Cob — White Cob Crosses 
 
 The directions for selecting exhibition com, issued by the 
 extension department of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, 
 state that white corn usually has white cobs, that red cobs in 
 yellow corn are preferred, while a variation in cob color shows 
 a mixture and poor breeding. 
 
 It is not believed that the color of the cob is of any practical 
 importance, although for the sake of a uniform appearance a 
 "mixture" is not advisable. In a study of a cross between a red 
 pericarp, red cobbed variety, and a race which lacked these colors, 
 the pericarp and cob colors were coupled in inheritance, i. e., 
 when separation took place all red cobs had red pericarps and 
 all white cobs had white pericarps. In other cases no coupling 
 has been observed and each character is separately inherited. 
 
 The cob color behaves exactly similar to the pericarp color in 
 crosses. Red is dominant to white and in the second generation 
 there are, on the average, three red cobs to one white. 
 
 In case of a mixture of red and white cobs, or pericarp colors, 
 pure races for either the one or the other can be most quickly 
 got by self-fertilizing a number of ears, as explained under the 
 heading Yellow-White Crosses. All non-colored self-fertilized 
 ears for either cob or pericarp will give non-colored progeny. 
 Of the self fertilized red ears, one-third will breed true and two- 
 thirds will again give a mixture. The breeding nature of these 
 can be tested by growing about ten hills of each and noting 
 results. The remainder of the seeds from each ear should be 
 reserved and all ears which, by test, give only red-eared progeny 
 can be used to m.ultiply the variety the following year. 
 
4l6 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 Summary of Crosses Showing Dominance 
 
 In the preceding discussion we have considered the appearance 
 of crosses, the production of seed of pure varieties, and the 
 inheritance of characters. 
 
 Summing up these results, we find that when a white corn is 
 crossed with a yellow variety the resulting seeds are always 
 yellow. Likewise when sweet corn is pollinated with starchy 
 races (dent, flint, or pop) the resulting seeds are always of a 
 starchy appearance. Pure seeds for the characters, sweetness, 
 or white color can therefore be told by inspection. When ears 
 show a mixture of yellow and white or starchy and sweet 
 seeds we may be sure that the white seeds and the sweet seeds 
 are pure for these respective characters. Thus no extreme isola- 
 tion from other varieties of either sweet or white corn seed plots 
 need be practiced, as the crossed seeds can be detected and elim- 
 inated. Seed plots in all other cases must be isolated from other 
 varieties. 
 
 In case a mixture has been received of yellow and white seeds 
 and a yellow race is desired, this can be obtained by planting 
 yellow seeds and self-fertilizing a number of ears, as we know 
 that all self-fertilized ears which contain only yellow seeds will 
 thereafter give yellow progeny. 
 
 When a variety produces some colored and some non-colored 
 ears for either cob or pericarp colors, there is no surety that 
 either selected color will breed true. As a larger part of the 
 seeds of an ear is normally "cross-fertilized" there is a small 
 chance of receiving either a red or white ear in which some seeds 
 will not be fertilized with pollen from a plant bearing an opposite 
 color and, when planted, give a mixture. Pure varieties can be 
 most quickly obtained by self-fertilizing a number of ears as 
 previously explained under the heading "Red Cob-White Cob 
 Crosses." 
 
 It is always necessary to self-fertiHze a number of ears so that 
 several pure ears may be allowed to cross naturally the following 
 season. 
 
 When attempting to produce an improved variety by crossing 
 two types, each of which contains a desirable character, the aim 
 of the breeder is to combine both desirable characters in one 
 variety. As we have learned, each character is generally sep- 
 
SUMMARY OF CROSSES SHOWING DOMINANCE. 417 
 
 aratel)^ inherited, although some cases of coupHng have been 
 reported in which two or more characters are inherited together. 
 The method of inheritance of any character can be determined by 
 crossing a variety which contains this character with another in 
 which it is either absent or is present in a modified condition and 
 by studying the appearance of this character in later generations. 
 The knowledge of the manner in which each character is inherited 
 enables the breeder to combine desirable features of one variety 
 with those of another. 
 
 When the parents differ by two separately inherited characters 
 we may illustrate the results as follows : 
 
 Suppose one parent is a yellow sweet corn in which there is 
 only one inherited factor for the yellow color and the other 
 parent is a white flint corn. As we have seen, yellow is dominant 
 to white, and flint or starchiness is dominant to sweetness. Since 
 these are endosperm characters, the immediate cross of the above 
 parents will be a yellow flint corn. But the following generation, 
 if self-fertilized, will consist of ears containing four sorts of 
 seeds in the ratio of nine yellow starchy, three white starchy, 
 three yellow sweet and one white sweet. The yellow starchy com 
 is produced when the factors for yellow and starchiness are both 
 present. As both are dominant factors, only a part of the nine 
 yellow starchy seeds will breed true. Theoretically, one out of 
 every nine will give ears containing only yellow starchy seeds, 
 two will breed true for the yellow color but will be hybrid for the 
 starchy character, two others will breed true for the starchy con- 
 dition but will give both yellow and white seeds, and four will 
 again produce ears containing all four sorts of seeds. 
 
 Of the three white starchy seeds, all will breed true to the white 
 color, but only one of every three will give pure sta;rchy ears. 
 Likewise, of the three yellow sweet seeds, all will give sweet 
 progeny, but only one out of every three will give pure yellow 
 ears. The white sweet seeds will all breed true, giving only 
 white sweet progeny. 
 
 Our parent varieties were yellow sweet and white flint. From 
 crossing these varieties two new sorts have therefore been pro- 
 duced, namely, white sweet and yellow flint. This cross illus- 
 trates what we mean bv a recombination of characters. 
 
4l8 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 Inheritance of Characters Which do not Show Dominance 
 
 From the viewpoint of the improvement of corn by a cross 
 between two varieties, each of which contains some desirable 
 character, the phenomenon of dominance is of little importance. 
 The result desired is to obtain a race which contains both bene- 
 ficial characters. 
 
 The following crosses conform to the essential feature of 
 Mendel's law, i. e., the separation of characters in the reproduc- 
 tive cells of hybrids and their chance recombination — although 
 the conditions are of a complex nature. 
 
 After crossing, the characters given below do not show domi- 
 nance. The first hybrid generation is intermediate in appearance 
 and the second hybrid generation gives both intermediate and 
 parent types. 
 
 Crosses between Flint and Dent races. 
 
 Crosses between races which differ in row numbers. 
 Crosses between races which differ in height of plants. 
 Crosses between races which differ in length of ears. 
 Crosses between races which differ in size of seeds. 
 
 Crosses between Flint and Dent 
 
 Flint corn has hard, smooth and oval grains generally nearly 
 as broad as long, while dent corn is indented on the top and the 
 length of the seeds is much greater than their breadth. The 
 characteristic difference between flint and dent is due to the 
 amount and position of homy starch in the endosperm. Flint 
 seeds have the embryo and soft starch surrounded by the horny 
 starch. In dent races the soft starch extends from the center 
 to the cap, the sides of the seed being composed of homy starch. 
 
 There is no immediate visible effect when dent and flint races 
 are crossed, the character being inherited as a plant character. 
 For this reason seed of either sort must be produced in isolated 
 plots. Frequently an ear from a flint-dent cross contains both 
 indented and flinty seeds, yet selection of either kind for planting 
 gives like results. An ear which contains both flint and dent 
 seeds is generally a hybrid. 
 
 The first generation of a cross between a flint and dent is of a 
 uniform nature and intermediate in appearance. Sometimes this 
 generation is more like the flint parent, sometimes more like dent 
 
CROSSES BETWEEN RACES WITH DIFFERENT ROW NUMBERS. 419 
 
 in appearance and in other cases strictly intermediate. Self- 
 fertilized ears of this generation produce a wide range of varia- 
 tion the following season, a few ears resembling flint, others 
 resembling dent, and the greater part again of an intermediate 
 nature. Self-fertilized ears either of the pure dent or pure flint 
 type produce pure races when grown, but the intermediates again 
 show wide variabilities. In this cross there is often difficulty in 
 separating pure dent or pure flint from intermediates, by inspec- 
 tion. As in some previous cases, the only sure method of deter- 
 mining the breeding nature of an ear is by growing it and 
 examining its progeny. 
 
 Crosses between Races which Differ in Row Numbers 
 
 There is a wide range of row classes in corn. The most com- 
 mon flint races are eight-rowed sorts and some dent races produce 
 as high as thirty-six rows. This character is quite markedly 
 affected by conditions ; thus, an eight-rowed flint frequently 
 produces some twelve-rowed ears. A sixteen-rowed selection 
 which has been inbred for a number of years has a normal fluctu- 
 ation of from twelve to twenty rows with a mean value of sixteen 
 rows. In pure races these fluctuations, due to environmental or 
 physiological conditions, are non-inherited. 
 
 Crosses between races which differ in row numbers are of an 
 intermediate nature in the first generation, the range of classes 
 being somewhat larger in the second generation than in the first. 
 Some of these second generation plants breed comparatively true, 
 although the greater part again break up the following year. 
 
 There must be several inherited factors for row classes in corn, 
 as different varieties breed true to different row classes. The 
 row classes of most commercial varieties of corn can be changed 
 by selection and either increased or decreased. This is due to 
 the fact that corn is naturally cross pollinated, and a commercial 
 variety really consists of a complex hybrid condition. 
 
 Crosses Between Races which Differ in Height of Plants 
 
 Plant height is a complex character and, without doubt, due to 
 many inherited factors. Our reasons for this belief are the large 
 number of known varieties which differ from each other in plant 
 height. In common with other size characters, environmental 
 
420 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II, 
 
 conditions have the power to greatly modify the height of plants. 
 The fluctuations within a pure race are very large and make the 
 analysis of the inheritance of such characters almost impossible. 
 Some of our experimental races have been constantly inbred for 
 a period of six years and are very uniform in appearance. 
 Under ordinary field conditions, the difference in height of dif- 
 ferent plants of such pure races is often as great as two and a 
 half feet. 
 
 Two crosses have been studied between races which differ in 
 plant height, both giving similar results. One was a dent-flint 
 cross and the other a cross between Tom Thumb pop and Black 
 Mexican sweet. The results were as follows : The first genera- 
 tion of the cross proved to be as uniform as either parent and 
 was somewhat larger than the average of the parents. This 
 increased height over the average of the parents is due to 
 increased vigor and not to dominance. 
 
 Self-fertilized ears of this first generation, when grown, pro- 
 duced a wide range of variability for plant height, embracing 
 the range of both parent forms. Of course, it is not to be 
 expected that many of these forms will breed true the following 
 year, yet selection of forms like either parent will doubtless give 
 an approach toward the parental condition. 
 
 Length of Ears and Size of Seeds 
 
 Only one cross between races which differ in ear length has 
 been carefully studied. This was between Tom Thumb pop, with 
 an ear length of from five to eight centimeters, and Black Mexican 
 sweet, with an ear length of from thirteen to twenty-one centi- 
 meters. The first generation of this cross had a range of varia- 
 tion of nine to fifteen centimeters. This generation was no more 
 variable than the parent races, and was of an intermediate ear 
 length, although somewhat larger than the average of the parents. 
 The second generation was very variable and produced some ears 
 which closely approached the parental forms in length. 
 
 The above cross was also used to study the inheritance of 
 weight of seeds. The size of the seeds is determined in a large 
 measure by the pericarp, which is a mother plant character. For 
 this study, twenty-five seeds were weighed from each ear. The 
 first generation was intermediate in weight of seeds and no more 
 
INHERITED DWARF FORMS. 42 1 
 
 variable than the parent forms. The second generation presented 
 a wide range of variation. Some short ears produced large 
 seeds, while some long ears produced small seeds. 
 
 Summary of Crosses not Showing Dominance 
 
 The preceding crosses do not show the phenomenon of domi- 
 nance, yet all behave in a similar manner. The first generation 
 of these crosses is of an intermediate appearance and the second 
 generation has a range of variation from one parent form to the 
 other. Some of these second generation forms will breed true, 
 but it is impossible to determine, by inspection, which these are. 
 The only method of determining the breeding nature of these 
 second generation forms is by row tests. 
 
 Abnormalities 
 
 There are a number of abnormalities of corn which are often 
 found in commercial races. These appear to be of two sorts ; 
 first, those which arei produced by some unusual environmental 
 condition and are non-inherited, and second, inherited abnormali- 
 ties. Of these two classes the heritable one is of interest to the 
 commercial grower or seedsman because it is important to know 
 the quickest method of getting rid of these abnormalities if they 
 appear. 
 
 The following abnormalities have been found to be inherited: 
 
 Dwarf forms. 
 
 Divided ears. 
 
 Irregularity of rows of seeds. 
 
 Dwarf Forms 
 
 Dwarfs have appeared several times in our cultures, and in all 
 cases but one in strains which have been inbred for one or more 
 seasons. Inbreeding, as used here, means the pollinating of the 
 silks of a plant by its own pollen grains. 
 
 In one instance, some dwarf plants appeared in a commercial 
 culture of Stowell's Evergreen Sweet. A normal plant from this 
 culture was inbred and gave both dwarf and normal plants the 
 following season. A cross was made between a normal plant and 
 a race in which dwarfs had never appeared, which, when grown, 
 
42 2 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 gave only normal plants, two of which were self-fertilized. One 
 of these ears produced only normal plants, and the other gave 
 both normal and dwarf forms. 
 
 Several attempts to self-fertilize such dwarfs have proved 
 unsuccessful and in one case when a few mature seeds were 
 produced they failed to germinate. Emerson of Nebraska suc- 
 ceeded in self-fertilizing some similar dwarfs which appeared in 
 his cultures and when grown only dwarfs were produced. 
 
 It seems very probable that we are dealing with a condition in 
 which normal plants are dominant to dwarfs, as is the case of the 
 tall and dwarf peas. The dwarfs which have appeared in our 
 corn cultures, unlike dwarf peas, are absolutely valueless. The 
 low per cent, of seeds which germinate from strains which pro- 
 duce some dwarfs points to the fact that in some cases such 
 abnormalities have not been able to develop. 
 
 If dwarfs appear in an otherwise valuable strain they can be 
 most quickly eliminated as follows : By hand pollinating a large 
 number of ears we may expect to receive one out of every three 
 which will give only normal plants. The hand pollinated ears 
 should be tested by planting a part of each and reserving the 
 remainder of the seeds. The seed from all ears which in this test 
 gives only normal plants may be used to develop the strain the 
 following season. Such a method should not be used unless the 
 strain is a valuable one. 
 
 Divided Ears 
 
 A desirable ear of corn should be cylindrical in form and should 
 not have too large a cob, i. e., the proportion of shelled corn to 
 cob should be large. 
 
 There are several classes of abnormalities which show different 
 degrees of division of the cob. A form with a monstrous, flat- 
 tened, and in extreme cases a divided tip, is frequently seen in 
 races which have a large number of rows, such as dents and pops. 
 At our State Fair this year, one entry for the best six-ear lot of 
 yellow dent corn contained one such ear. Such an ear produces 
 a large proportion of cob which is valueless and also an ear which 
 is hard to shell. 
 
 The above abnormality belongs to the inherited class, although 
 environment has the effect of retarding or accelerating its mani- 
 
INHERITANCE OF IRREGULAR ROWS. 423 
 
 festation. One of our inbred races of dent produces, on the 
 average, about two-thirds of its progeny with a flattened ear and 
 one-third with both a flattened ear and a divided tip. A cross 
 between this strain and a strain with a flattened cob gave, in the 
 first generation, about the same per cent, of divided tip ears as is 
 produced by the divided tip parent. 
 
 Divided tip is dominant in crosses to normal tip, but the domi- 
 nance is not complete. In such cases there is the added difficulty 
 of not being able to tell the recessive form from the dominant by 
 inspection. Flattened cobs have proved dominant in crosses over 
 cylindrical cobs. 
 
 There are different degrees of cob division and in the extreme 
 case the cob is grooved and only four rows are produced. 
 Although we have not found this four-rowed condition to be 
 inherited, there is no doubt of the fact that the tendency to 
 division is sometimes inherited. We have often found the same 
 pknt producing one ear which is four-rowed and another with 
 eight rows. When the tendency to division is an inherited char- 
 acter an inspection of the eight-rowed ear showed a tendency 
 towards row splitting at the butt of the cob. In some cases we 
 found this character to be non-inherited. Any row culture pro- 
 ducing aver five per cent, of such ears should probably be 
 discarded. 
 
 Irregularity of Rows of Seeds 
 
 The greater part of the ears of our commercial varieties of 
 com have regular rows. Sometimes, as we have noted, two or 
 more rows are dropped from a part of the ear, but even then the 
 rows of seeds are regular and straight. 
 
 Nearly all varieties produce some ears which show irregular 
 rows, the kernels being packed closely together on the ear, 
 making it almost impossible to count the row number. Such 
 irregular ears are undesirable, the seeds presenting differences 
 of size and shape which are not conducive to even dropping by 
 cornplanters. Regular-rowed ears also present a more attractive 
 appearance. 
 
 Country Gentleman sweet corn is an irregular-rowed variety 
 which proves that in some cases irregularity of rows is an 
 inherited character. Irregular-rowed ears have often appeared 
 
424 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I91I. 
 
 in our cultures and proved to be non-inherited, in all but one 
 case. A self-fertilized, irregular-rowed ear of a white flint strain 
 produced thirty-three normal and fifteen irregular ears, while a 
 normal self-fertilized ear produced one hundred and twenty-five 
 normal and five irregular ears. One of these five irregular ears 
 was self-fertilized, and the following year produced fifty-six reg- 
 ular ears and one irregular ear. A regular-rowed ear from the 
 irregular-rowed strain produced seventy-nine regular and twenty- 
 nine irregular-rowed. 
 
 The manner of the inheritance of this character cannot be 
 definitely stated, yet the character is an inherited one. Any 
 commercial row culture which contains much over five per cent, 
 of irregular ears should be discarded to eliminate the undesirable 
 character. 
 
 Summary of Results 
 
 Corn is a normally cross-fertilized plant, and for this reason 
 a commercial variety is composed of many types. Any variety 
 can be made more uniform by selection. The benefit of selection 
 seems chiefly due to the elimination of the poorer types, leaving 
 only the better sorts. 
 
 The improvement of corn by selection has been thoroughly dis- 
 cussed in previous bulletins and will be only briefly mentioned 
 here. Bulletin 152 gives directions for producing a breeding 
 plot in which each row is grown from a single ear. Each row is 
 then harvested separately, the yield and appearance determining 
 the value of the selection. Such commercial row cultures have 
 been and will continue to be of great value. We should not, 
 however, expect too much from such a method. The increased 
 yields which have been received by such methods are believed to 
 be due to the elimination of undesirable types of which the pre- 
 ceding abnormalities are examples. Row cultures are of ines- 
 timable value in such work. 
 
 In Bulletin 168 we discussed corn breeding methods and came 
 to the conclusion that the growing of first generation hybrids 
 would prove beneficial and materially increase corn yields. Some 
 varieties will doubtless prove more beneficial for this work than 
 others ; however, all investigators agree that crosses between 
 highly selected sorts will prove most valuable. 
 
GENERAL SUMMARY. 425 
 
 It is hoped that the corn growers of Connecticut will not 
 discard this article because of its technical nature and the diffi- 
 culty of understanding this class of results. The subject of the 
 inheritance of plant characters is a complex one, yet the seedsman 
 or farmer who applies the known principles of inheritance and 
 breeding to his own work will certainly receive a benefit thereby. 
 
PLATE XXV. 
 
 a, Rhode Island white flint (starchy parent) ; b, Early Crosby (sweet 
 parent) ; c, result of immediate cross of a and b, showing dominance 
 of the flint type; d, result of planting seeds of c. The result of planting 
 starchy seeds of d is shown by e, f, g. The result of planting sweet 
 seeds is shown by /;. 
 
Pr.ATE XXVI. 
 
 
 a, At left, upper ear, Jllmois low protein dent. Middle ear, immediate 
 result of cross between low protein dent and Stowell's Evergreen sweet, 
 and lower ear, Stowell's Evergreen sweet. At right, result of planting 
 seeds of the hybrid ear. 
 
 .u 
 
 ' III n h i U 
 n Hill fM I 
 
 n 
 
 It u 
 
 II 1 1 
 
 II » 
 
 b, At left, Rhode Island white flint; at right, Longfellow yellow (lint; 
 in center, immediate result of cross between yellow and white flint, show- 
 ing dominance of the yellow color. Lower ear is a self-fertilized ear 
 grown from hybrid seeds of central ear. 
 
PLATE XXVII. 
 
 ':3W 
 
 a. At left, the color which develops in sunlight; in center, variegated 
 color which does not breed true ; at right, common red pericarp. 
 
 b, The second generation of a cross between the pericarp color which 
 develops in the light and a white pericarp variety, giving, on the 
 average, 3 colored ears to i white. The non-colored ear, if self-fertilized, 
 will breed true. One out of every three, on the average, of self-fertilized 
 colored ears will breed true. 
 
PLATE XXVIII. 
 
 a, The first generation of a cross between a red and white pericarp, 
 sliowing dominance of the red pericarp. The pericarp has lieen removed 
 from two rows of seeds, sliowing a mixture of yellow and white endo- 
 sperm colors. 
 
 b, At left, Longfellow flint; at right, Illinois high-protein dent; in 
 renter, result of growing a cross between them. 
 
PLATE XXIX. 
 
 1 
 
 a, The ear above is a self-fertilized dent ear, received from growing 
 the hybrid shown in Plate IV, h (frequency about i in lo). Random 
 sample of its progeny below. 
 
 b, The ear above is a self-fertilized flint ear, received from i^rowing 
 the hybrid shown in Plate IV', b (frequency about i in i6). Random 
 sample of its progeny below. 
 
PLATE XXX, 
 
 a, Tom Thumb pop, showing variation in length of ear. Length is 
 given in even centimeters and the number of individuals in each class 
 is given below (one-sixth of natural size). 
 
 
 /.,-ff.i. 
 
 /3 
 
 H 
 
 iS 
 
 lb 
 
 /y 
 
 /s 
 
 /7 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 y.Ki. 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 u 
 
 ;s 
 
 lb' 
 
 7S 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 h. Black Mexican sweet, showing variation in length of ear (one-sixth 
 of natural size). 
 
PLATE XXXI. 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 b 
 
 
 ISPI 
 
 
 
 !3 
 
 "fSiii 
 
 LervjtW 
 
 lO 
 
 II 
 
 1-: 
 
 14 
 
 /Vo, Va, 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 /I 
 
 /£ 
 
 /+ 
 
 ,'7 
 
 ? 
 
 a, Variation in length of ear of the first generation of a cross between 
 Tom Thumi? and Black Mexican (one-sixth of natnral size). 
 
 b. \ ariation in length of ear of second generation of cross between 
 Tom Thnmb and lUack Mexican (one-sixth natural size). 
 
PLATE XXXII. 
 
 A dwarf, appearing in a commercial culture of Stowell's Evergreen 
 sweet, compared with a normal ear of the latter. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abortion medicine .• 212 
 
 Acetanilid in headache powders 179 
 
 Acid phosphate, analyses of 39 
 
 Alabama (Aletia) argillacea 267, 339 
 
 Aletia argillacea 339 
 
 Alfalfa, notes regarding yield of 237 
 
 bread 212 
 
 meal 227, 250 
 
 American Agricultural Chemical Co. : — 
 
 A. A. C. Co.'s Complete manure with 10% potash 62 
 
 Complete tobacco manure 62 
 
 (Carb.) 62 
 
 Grass and lawn top dressing 62 
 
 H. G. Fertilizer with 10% potash 62 
 
 Tobacco manure 62 
 
 Tobacco starter and grower 62 
 
 Bone meal 46 
 
 Dry ground fish 55 
 
 Fine ground bone 46, 48 
 
 Grass and oats fertilizer 54, 56 
 
 Ground tankage 6 and 30 50 
 
 Acid phosphate 40, 41 
 
 Castor pomace 27 
 
 Double manure salt 43 
 
 Genuine German kainit 2 
 
 H. G. dried blood 2 
 
 sulphate of potash 2 
 
 Muriate of potash 44 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Thomas phosphate powder 38 
 
 Bradley's Complete manure for potatoes and vegetables . . 62 
 
 top dressing grass and 
 
 grain 62 
 
 with 10% potash 62 
 
 Corn phosphate 62 
 
 Eclipse phosphate 62 
 
 Farmers' new method fertilizer 62 
 
 Niagara phosphate 62 
 
 Potato fertilizer 62 
 
 manure 62 
 
428 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 Page 
 American Agricultural Chemical Co., cont'd: — 
 
 Bradley's X. L. Superphosphate 62 
 
 Church's Fish and potash 62 
 
 Great Eastern General 62 
 
 H. G. Vegetable, vine and tobacco fertilizer 62 
 
 Northern corn special 62 
 
 North Western Fish, bone and potash 62 
 
 Market garden phosphate 62 
 
 Potato and truck guano 2 
 
 10% potato fertilizer 62 
 
 Universal fertilizer 62 
 
 Packers' Union Animal corn fertilizer 64 
 
 Gardeners' complete manure 64 
 
 Potato manure 64 
 
 Quinnipiac Climax phosphate 64 
 
 Corn manure 64 
 
 Market garden manure 64 
 
 Phosphate 64 
 
 Potato . manure 64 
 
 phosphate 64 
 
 Read's Practical potato special 64 
 
 Standard superphosphate 64 
 
 Vegetable and vine fertilizer 64 
 
 Wheeler's Corn fertilizer 64 
 
 Havana tobacco grower 64 
 
 Potato manure 64 
 
 Grass and oats 54-56 
 
 Williams & Clark's Americus Ammoniated bone super- 
 phosphate 64 
 
 Corn phosphate 64 
 
 H. G. Special fertilizer . . 64 
 
 Potato manure 58, 64 
 
 Potato phosphate 64 
 
 Royal bone phosphate 2 
 
 Anthracnose of cherries and plums 398, 401 
 
 currants 405 
 
 Ants, how to get rid of 3^6 
 
 Aphiochata nigriceps 328 
 
 Aphis, apple, green 265 
 
 rosy 26s 
 
 woolly 343 
 
 pine 343 
 
 Aphis pomi 265 
 
 sorbi 265 
 
 Apiary inspection 275 
 
 Apple aphis, green 265 
 
 rosy 265 
 
INDEX. 429 
 
 Page 
 
 Apple aphis, woolly 343 
 
 leaf crumpler 341 
 
 tent caterpillar 342 
 
 Apples, benefits of spraying 366 
 
 candied 202 
 
 details of spraying experiments 376 
 
 immune and susceptible varieties 359 
 
 leafburn 360 
 
 recommendations for spraying 370 
 
 results of two years' experiments 358 
 
 russeting 362 
 
 scald of 363 
 
 spray inj uries 360 
 
 Archips cerasivorana 309 
 
 Armour Fertilizer Works : — 
 
 All soluble 58, 64 
 
 Ammoniated bone and potash 58, 64 
 
 Bidwell's Formula for all crops 58, 66 
 
 Bone, blood and potash 66 
 
 Complete potato 58, 66 
 
 Corn king 66 
 
 Fish and potash 58, 66 
 
 Fruit and root crop special 58, 66 
 
 High grade potato 58, 66 
 
 Market garden 66 
 
 Bone meal 46 
 
 5-35 Tankage 52, 53 
 
 German kainit 43 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Star phosphate 40, 41 
 
 Aspidiotus perniciosus 268 
 
 Atlantic Fertilizer Co. : — 
 
 Atlantic Dissolved phosphate 40, 41 
 
 Atlantic gluten feed 222, 238 
 
 Atomic sulphur 356, 361, 369, 273, 375, 400, 402, 405 
 
 Baker Caster Oil Co. : — 
 
 Pure castor pomace 37 
 
 Barberry hedges, a pest of 292 
 
 Basic slag, analyses of 38 
 
 Basilona imperialis 341 
 
 Beef scrap 231, 254 
 
 Beet pulp, dried 227, 250 
 
 molasses 227, 250 
 
 Berheris canadensis 292 
 
 Thunbergii 292 
 
 vulgaris 292 
 
43° CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 i' 
 
 Page 
 Berkshire Fertilizer Co. : — 
 
 Berkshire Ammoniated bone phosphate 66 
 
 Complete fertilizer 66 
 
 Grass special 58, 66 
 
 Long Island special fertilizer 66 
 
 Potato and vegetable phosphate 66 
 
 Tobacco special (carb.) 66 
 
 Ground bone 46 
 
 Black knot of cherries and plums 399 
 
 Blatchford's calf meal 229, 252 
 
 Blissus leucopterus 265 
 
 Boardman, F. E. : — 
 
 Boardman's Complete for potatoes and general crops 66 
 
 Bohl, Valentine : — 
 
 Self recommending fertilizer 46 
 
 Bone, method of valuation 7 
 
 manures, analyses of 47 
 
 Bordeaux mixture 350, 361, 362, 369, 397 
 
 Bowker Fertilizer Co. : — 
 
 Bowker's Bone and wood ash fertilizer 66 
 
 Complete alkaline tobacco grower 66 
 
 (carb.) 66, 82 
 
 Corn phosphate 66 
 
 Early potato manure 66 
 
 Farm and garden phosphate 66 
 
 Fisherman's brand fish and potash 66 
 
 Gloucester fish and potash 66 
 
 Highly nitrogenized mixture 2 
 
 Hill and drill phosphate 66 
 
 Lawn and garden dressing S8, 66 
 
 Market garden fertilizer 59, 66 
 
 Potato and vegetable fertilizer 66 
 
 phosphate 68 
 
 Special crop grower 2 
 
 Sure crop phosphate 68 
 
 Tobacco starter 68 
 
 Stockbridge Special complete manure for corn and all grain 
 
 crops 68 
 
 Special complete manure for potatoes and 
 
 vegetables 68 
 
 Special complete manure for seeding down, 
 
 permanent dressing and legumes 59, 68 
 
 Special complete manure for tobacco 68 
 
 Special complete manure for top dressing and 
 
 for forcing 59, 68 
 
 Bowker's Dry ground fish 55 
 
INDEX. 431 
 
 Page 
 Bowker Fertilizer Co., cont'd: — 
 
 Bowker's Fresh ground bone 46 
 
 Market bone 46 
 
 Pure unleached Canada hardwood ashes 93) 94 
 
 Tobacco ash elements 59. 68, 82 
 
 Acid phosphate 40, 41 
 
 Muriate of potash 44 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Brandy 212 
 
 Brewers' grains, dried 227, 248 
 
 Brown rot of cherries and plums 402 
 
 Browntail moth, checking the spread of the 281 
 
 work, Killingly 285 
 
 Pomf ret 284 
 
 Putnam 283 
 
 Thompson 282 
 
 Woodstock 284 
 
 Buckwheat products 225, 248 
 
 Buffalo Fertilizer Co. : — 
 
 Buffalo Celery and potato special 68 
 
 Farmers choice S8, 68 
 
 Fish guano 68 
 
 H. G. Manure 68, 82 
 
 New England special 68 
 
 Tobacco producer 68 
 
 Top dresser 60, 68 
 
 Vegetable and potato 68 
 
 Bone meal 46 
 
 Ground bone 46 
 
 Lime-kiln ashes 91 
 
 Tankage 49, 50 
 
 Butter and butter substitutes 195, 211 
 
 Buttermilk 210 
 
 Cocoa butter 163 
 
 Camphor liniment 162, 205 
 
 Castor pomace, analyses of 37 
 
 Chermes pinicorticis 343 
 
 pinifolicB 343 
 
 Cherries, experiments in spraying 398 
 
 recommendations for spraying 404 
 
 Cherry tent-maker 309 
 
 tortrix 309 
 
 Chili sauce 1 10 
 
 Chittenden, The E. D., Co. : — 
 
 Chittenden's Complete tobacco and onion grower 68 
 
 Connecticut tobacco grower 68 
 
 Fish and potash 68 
 
432 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 Page 
 Chittenden, The E. D., Co., cont'd: — 
 
 Chittenden's Potato and grain 70 
 
 manure 60, 70 
 
 Tobacco special 70 
 
 Chocolate 102 
 
 methods of analysis of 109 
 
 milk 108 
 
 sweet 104 
 
 Chop feeds 228, 250 
 
 Chrysanthemum leaf-miner 342 
 
 Chrysopa 289 
 
 Cicada, appearance of the periodical 2^6 
 
 Cider 112 
 
 Clark Seed Co., The Everett B. :— 
 
 Clark's Special mixture for general use 58, 70 
 
 10% brand 58, 70 
 
 Clisiocampa americana 342 
 
 Cob meal 225, 246 
 
 Cocoa 114, 195 
 
 Cocoas, misbranded 124 
 
 Cod liver oil, methods of analysis of 170 
 
 wine of the extract of 171 
 
 emulsions 163, 205 
 
 Coe-Mortimer Co. : — 
 
 E. Frank Coe's Celebrated special potato fertilizer 60, 70 
 
 Complete manure with 10% potash 70 
 
 Gold brand excelsior guano 58, 60, 70 
 
 H. G. Ammoniated bone superphosphate . . 70 
 
 New Englander corn and potato fertilizer 60, 70 
 
 Red brand excelsior guano 60, 70 
 
 Tobacco and onion special 70 
 
 Peruvian Tobacco fertilizer 70, 82 
 
 Vegetable grower 60, 70 
 
 XXX Pure ground bone 46 
 
 Muriate of potash 44 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Thomas phosphate powder 38 
 
 Coffee 211 
 
 cereal 160 
 
 Condensed milk 200 
 
 Connecticut Valley Orchard Co. : — 
 
 C. V. O. Co.'s H. G. complete fertilizer 70, 84 
 
 Cooper's Fertilizer, Peter: — 
 
 Peter Cooper's Pure bone dust 46 
 
 Copidosoma truncatella 328 
 
 Corn, see Maize. 
 
 and cobmeal 225 
 
INDEX. 433 
 
 Page 
 
 Corn and oat feeds 228, 250 
 
 breeding, dominance of characters in 410 
 
 crosses between races differing in height of plants 419 
 
 having different row number 419 
 
 of flint and dent varieties 418 
 
 or dent with sweet varieties of 411 
 
 purple and white varieties of 413 
 
 yellow and white varieties of 412 
 
 having red cob, crosses with varieties having white cob . . . 415 
 
 pericarp, crosses with varieties having white 
 
 pericarp 414 
 
 feed 225 
 
 inheritance in 407 
 
 of crosses not showing dominance 418 
 
 dwarf forms of 421 
 
 divided ears 422 
 
 irregularity of rows of 423 
 
 length of ears and size of seeds 420 
 
 summary of crosses showing dominance 416 
 
 Cotton hull ashes, analyses of 92 
 
 moth 267, 339 
 
 seed feed meal 221, 238 
 
 meal 220, 238 
 
 analyses of 25 
 
 Cracker waste ' 232 
 
 Cream 127, 195, 210 
 
 of tartar 160, 196 
 
 Currant worm 405 
 
 Currants, anthracnose of 405 
 
 the spraying of 405 
 
 Cutworm food 217 
 
 Cylindrosporium Podi 398 
 
 Cyllene rohinice 345 
 
 Dairy feeds 229, 252 
 
 Diabetic foods. See gluten preparations. 
 
 Digestibility of feeds 233 
 
 Digestible nutrients purchasable for one dollar 234 
 
 Dioryctria abietella 341 
 
 Dissolved rock phosphate, analyses of 39 
 
 Distillers' grains, dried 227, 250 
 
 Dominance of characters 409 
 
 Dried blood, analyses of 24 
 
 Drug products, report on 162 
 
 Egg, dried 212 
 
 Eldredge, T. H. :— 
 
 Eldredge's Special fish and potash fertilizer 70 
 
 superphosphate 70 
 
434 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, IQII. 
 
 Page 
 
 Elm scale 344 
 
 tree food, analysis of 98 
 
 Entomosporium maculatum 396 
 
 Essex Fertilizer Co. : — 
 
 Essex Complete manure for corn, grain and grass 70 
 
 potatoes, roots and vegetables 60, 72 
 
 Fertilizer for grass and top dressing 72 
 
 Market garden and potato manure 72 
 
 Special tobacco manure 72 
 
 Tobacco starter and grower 72 
 
 XXX Fish and potash 72 
 
 Ground bone 46 
 
 Euproctis chrysorrhcea 272, 281 
 
 Euvanessa antiopa 268 
 
 Exhibits of entomological department • 264 
 
 Expenditures of entomological department 259 
 
 Feeding stuffs, abstract of law concerning 219 
 
 Feeds, average composition and digestibility 235 
 
 digestibility of 233 
 
 summary of examinations of 232 
 
 Fertilizer elements, trade values of, in 191 1 6 
 
 Law, summary of I 
 
 Fertilizer Materials Supply Co : — 
 
 Acid phosphate 40, 41 
 
 Basic slag 39 
 
 Double manure salt 43 
 
 Dry ground fish 55 
 
 Muriate of potash 42, 44 
 
 Tankage 52, 53, 87 
 
 Tuttle's No. 4 corn mixture 72 
 
 Fertilizers, classification of 2 
 
 explanations concerning analyses 3 
 
 mixed, method of valuation of 8 
 
 number entered for sale i 
 
 sampling and collection of 2 
 
 valuation of 4 
 
 Fish 211 
 
 analyses of dry ground and acidulated 54 
 
 Flies, how to get rid of 338 
 
 Flour 211 
 
 Food and drug products, summary of examinations of 215 
 
 products, report on loi 
 
 Forest tent caterpillar 343 
 
 Frisbie, L. T., Co. : — 
 
 Frisbie's Corn and grain fertilizer 72 
 
 Potato manure 72 
 
 Vegetable grower 60, 72 
 
INDEX. 435 
 
 Page 
 Frisbie, L. T., Co., cont'd: — 
 
 Frisbie's Fine bone meal 46 
 
 Ground tankage 50 
 
 Acid phosphate 40, 41 
 
 Muriate of potash 44, 45 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Fusicladiufu pyrinum 396 
 
 Galerucella luteola 268 
 
 German Kali Works : — 
 
 Kainit 43 
 
 Muriate of potash 44 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Sulphate of potash 43 
 
 Gloeosporhim Ribis 405 
 
 Gluten feed 224, 244 
 
 meal, analysis of 98 
 
 preparations 134, 196 
 
 Glycerophosphates, elixir of 212 
 
 Gossyparia spuria 344 
 
 Grape j nice 129 
 
 Gymnosporangium Japonicum 274 
 
 Gypsy moth, progress in controlling 277 
 
 work, cost of 280 
 
 Stonington infestation 278 
 
 Wallingford infestation 278 
 
 Hlair wastes, analyses of 98 
 
 Headache preparations 179, 205 
 
 Heredity, the law of 409 
 
 Hickory bark borer 341 
 
 Home mixtures, analyses of 88, 89 
 
 Hominy feed 224, 246 
 
 Horse feeds 228, 252 
 
 Husted's molasses feed 230, 254 
 
 steam cooked feed 229, 252 
 
 Ice cream 136, 195, 21 1 
 
 powders 137 
 
 Ichthyura inchisa 310 
 
 Imperial moth, parasite of 341 
 
 Inspection, apiary 275 
 
 nursery 269 
 
 imported stock 271 
 
 work, summary of entomological 264 
 
 Iodine, tincture of 180 
 
 James, Ernest L. : — 
 
 James' ground bone 46 
 
 Jams 160, 211 
 
 Jtiniperiis chinensis var. compacta 274 
 
43^ CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II, 
 
 Page 
 
 Juniperus tachikyaku 274 
 
 Kainit, analyses of 43 
 
 Ketchup 196 
 
 Lathromeris cicada 303 
 
 Latreilliniyia bifasciata 341 
 
 Lead arsenate, analyses of 218 
 
 effects of 352, 357 
 
 Lemon extract 196 
 
 Lemonade sugar 201 
 
 Leopard moth 266, 317 
 
 bibliography 334 
 
 summary 337 
 
 Leptinotarsa decemlineata 3H 
 
 Lime, air-slaked, analyses of 89 
 
 and sulphur, self-boiled ...353, 361, 362, 373, 375, 400, 401, 402, 405 
 
 in various forms, analyses of 88, 89, 90 
 
 juice 129 
 
 water 181 
 
 Lime-kiln ashes, analyses of 91 
 
 Lime-sulphur, Blanchard's 352 
 
 Grasselli's 352, 362, 397 
 
 Niagara 353 
 
 Sherwin-Williams 353> 402 
 
 Sterling 353 
 
 Thomsen 353, 362 
 
 Vreeland 353 
 
 spray mixtures 35i 
 
 Limestone, analyses of 88 
 
 Linseed meal 222, 238 
 
 Listers Agricultural Chemical Works : — 
 
 Lister's Ammoniated dissolved bone phosphate 72 
 
 Complete tobacco manure 7^ 
 
 (carb.) 72 
 
 Corn and potato fertilizer 72 
 
 Potato manure 7'^ 
 
 Special grass mixture 72 
 
 10% fertilizer 7^ 
 
 Standard pure bone superphosphate of lime 7^. 
 
 Success fertilizer 72 
 
 3-6-10 for potatoes 72 
 
 Celebrated ground bone and tankage 50 
 
 Litomastix (Copidosoma) truncatella 328 
 
 Liquid manure, analyses of 9° 
 
 Locust, appearance of seventeen-year 266, 296 
 
 borer 345 
 
 Mace ^96 
 
INDEX. 437 
 
 Page 
 
 Maize 224 
 
 meal 224, 246 
 
 red dog flour 225, 246 
 
 Malacosoma (Clisiocampa) americana 342 
 
 disstria 343 
 
 Malt sprouts 226, 248 
 
 Manchester, E., & Sons : — 
 
 Manchester's Formula 72, 84 
 
 Special 72, 84 
 
 Mapes F. & P. G. Co. :— 
 
 Average soil complete manure 58, 74 
 
 Cereal brand 58, 74 
 
 Complete manure "A" brand 58, 74 
 
 Corn manure 58, 74 
 
 Economical potato manure S8, 74 
 
 Fruit and vine manure 58, 74 
 
 Potato manure 58, 74 
 
 Seeding down manure 74 
 
 Tobacco ash constituents 74 
 
 manure, wrapper brand 74 
 
 starter, improved 58, 74 
 
 Top dresser improved, full strength 74 
 
 half strength 74 
 
 Vegetable or complete manure for light soils 58, 74 
 
 Dissolved bone 74 
 
 Maple leaf scale, woolly 345 
 
 leaf-stem borer 266, 305 
 
 sugar 211 
 
 Alarguerite fly 342 
 
 Marl, analyses of 92 
 
 Mash feeds for poultry 231, 254 
 
 Massaspora cicadina 304 
 
 Melalopha (Ichthyura) inclusa 310 
 
 Meltose 161 
 
 Mendel's law of heredity 408 
 
 Milk 138, 196, 210 
 
 adulterated 139 
 
 Mineola indiginella 342 
 
 Mocha-stone moth, poplar 310 
 
 Molasses 200, 211 
 
 feed, Quaker dairy 229, 230 
 
 Muck, analyses of 97 
 
 National Fertilizer Co. : — 
 
 National Ammoniated bone phosphate 74 
 
 Complete corn and grain fertilizer 74 
 
 grass fertilizer 74 
 
438 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 Page 
 National Fertilizer Co., cont'd: — 
 
 National Complete root fertilizer 60, 74 
 
 tobacco fertilizer 74 
 
 Connecticut Valley tobacco grower 74 
 
 Eureka potato fertilizer 74 
 
 Fish and potash 74 
 
 Formula "A" 76 
 
 Market garden fertilizer 76 
 
 Potato phosphate , 76 
 
 XXX Fish and potash 76 
 
 Tobacco special 76 
 
 (carb.) 76 
 
 Soluble bone and potash 54, 56 
 
 Dry ground fish 55 
 
 Ground bone 46, 48 
 
 Natural Guano Co. : — 
 
 Sheep's head brand of pulverized sheep manure 95 
 
 New England Fertilizer Co. : — 
 
 Corn and grain fertilizer 76 
 
 phosphate 76 
 
 H. G. Potato fertilizer 76 
 
 Perfect tobacco grower 76 
 
 Potato fertilizer 76 
 
 Superphosphate 76 
 
 Ground bone 46 
 
 Tankage 2 
 
 Niantic Menhaden Oil & Guano Co. : — 
 
 Bone, fish and potash 76 
 
 Corn and grain fertilizer 76 
 
 H. G. Tobacco fertilizer 76 
 
 Market garden 76 
 
 Potato and vegetable manure 76 
 
 Sheepino natural guano 95 
 
 Acidulated fish guano 55 
 
 Dry ground fish guano 55 
 
 Nitrate Agencies Co. : — 
 
 Peruvian guano 76 
 
 Acid phosphate 40, 41 
 
 Kainit 43 
 
 Muriate of potash 43 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Sulphate of potash 43 
 
 Nitrate of soda, analyses of 23 
 
 Nitrogen availability, pot experiments on 14 
 
 in mixed fertilizers, solubility of organic 56 
 
 raw materials, cost of 99 
 
INDEX. 439 
 
 Page 
 
 Nitrogen "inactive" 57 
 
 modified neutral permanganate method to determine 
 
 solubility of 9 
 
 of raw materials, solubility of organic by the alkaline 
 
 permanganate method 12 
 
 solubility of organic 8 
 
 Nitrogenous superphosphates, guaranties of 60 
 
 valuation of 61 
 
 and guanos, analyses of 62-85 
 
 Nitrous ether, spirit of 181, 205 
 
 Nurseries, inspection of Connecticut 269 
 
 Nursery firms receiving certificates in 191 1, list of 270 
 
 stock, inspection of imported , 271 
 
 Oat hulls 226, 248 
 
 Oats ^ 226, 248 
 
 Oil cake feed 222 
 
 Olds & Whipple :— 
 
 O. & W.'s Complete tobacco fertilizer 76 
 
 Corn and potato 76 
 
 Fish and potash 76 
 
 Grass fertilizer 76 
 
 H. G. Potato fertilizer "^d 
 
 Special phosphate 76 
 
 Dry ground fish 55 
 
 Grey pomace 37 
 
 Vegetable potash 46 
 
 Acid phosphate 40, 41 
 
 Carbonate of potash 45 
 
 Cotton hull ashes 92 
 
 H. G. Sulphate of potash 43 
 
 Lime 90 
 
 Precipitated bone 39 
 
 Tankage 50 
 
 Olive oil 200, 212 
 
 Omphalocera cariosa 294, 295 
 
 dcntosa 260, 263, 267, 292, 294, 295 
 
 Onion maggot 286 
 
 Opium 205 
 
 Orange preparations 129 
 
 sugar 134 
 
 Ortho-arsenite of zinc 346 
 
 Pamphilius persicum 314 
 
 Paprika 146 
 
 methods of analysis of 148 
 
 Parmenter & Polsey Fertilizer Co. : — 
 
 P. & P. Grain grower 78 
 
 34 
 
440 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 Page 
 Parmenter & Polsey Fertilizer Co., cont'd: — 
 
 P. & P. Plymouth Rock brand fertilizer 78 
 
 Potato fertilizer 78 
 
 grower 78 
 
 Special tobacco grower 78 
 
 Ground bone 46 
 
 Peach sawfly 314 
 
 Peaches, benefits of spraying 374 
 
 details of spraying experiments 391 
 
 recommendations for spraying 376 
 
 results of two years' experiments 371 
 
 spray injury to 372 
 
 Pears, experiments in spraying 396 
 
 recommendations for spraj-^ing 397 
 
 Pcgomyia ceparum 286 
 
 Pepsin 183 
 
 method of testing 185 
 
 Percentage difference, meaning and calculation of 84 
 
 Periodical cicada 296 
 
 Phenacoccus accricola 268, 345 
 
 Phorbia (Pegomyia) ceparum 286 
 
 Phosphates with potash salts, analyses of 54 
 
 Phosphoric acid in raw materials, cost of 100 
 
 Phytomysa chrysarJhemi 342 
 
 Pine aphids, v/oolly 343 
 
 Pissodes strobi 263, 268, 307 
 
 Plowrightia morbosa 399 
 
 Plums, experiments in spraying 398 
 
 recommendations for spraying 404 
 
 Phisia brassic(v 328 
 
 Poplar mocha-stone moth or tent-maker 310 
 
 Porthetria dispar 277 
 
 Potash, analyses of double sulphate of 43 
 
 high grade sulphate of 43 
 
 m.uriate of 43. 44 
 
 analj'^sis of carbonate of ^ 45 
 
 misbranded muriate of 45 
 
 in raw materials, cost of 100 
 
 Potassium iodide, determination of, in extract of sarsaparilla I93 
 
 Potato beetle, Colorado 311 
 
 Poultry feeds 230, 254 
 
 mash feeds 230, 254 
 
 Precipitated bone phosphate, analyses of 39 
 
 Priophorus accricaulis 266, 305 
 
 Protena dairy feed 230, 254 
 
 Pteronus ribesi 405 
 
INDEX. 441 
 
 Page 
 Pulverized Manure Co. : — 
 
 Wizard brand manure 95 
 
 Purina feed 229, 252 
 
 Pyralid 292 
 
 Quinces, experiments in spraying 396 
 
 recommendations for spraying 398 
 
 Quinine pills 188, 210 
 
 Raspberry syrup 129, 196 
 
 Recessive characters 409 
 
 Red dog flour 223, 244 
 
 Relishes 151 
 
 Rhagoletis cingulata 399 
 
 Rosstelia atirantiaca 396 
 
 Rogers & Hubbard Co. : — 
 
 Hubbard's "Bone Base" Complete phosphate 78 
 
 Grass and grain or fruit fertilizer 78 
 
 New mai-ket garden phosphate ... 78 
 
 Oats and top dressing 78 
 
 Potato phosphate 60, 78 
 
 Soluble corn and general crops 
 
 manure 78 
 
 Soluble potato manure 78 
 
 tobacco manure 78 
 
 Pure raw knuckle bone flour 46 
 
 Strictly pure fine bone 46 
 
 Rogers Mfg. Co. : — 
 
 All round fertilizer 78 
 
 Complete corn and onion 78 
 
 potato and vegetable 78 
 
 Fish and potash 78 
 
 H. G. Grass and grain 78 
 
 Oats and top dressing 78 
 
 Soluble tobacco 78 
 
 Tobacco and potato 78 
 
 grower 78 
 
 Tobacco starter 78 
 
 Pure fine ground bone 46 
 
 knuckle bone flour 46 
 
 Acid phosphate 40, 41 
 
 H. G. Sulphate of potash 43 
 
 Muriate of potash 43 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Root beer extract 150 
 
 Rum 212 
 
 Rust on juniper from Japan 274 
 
 Rye products 225, 248 
 
 Salad dressing 151 
 
442 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 Page 
 Sanderson Fertilizer & Chemical Co. : — 
 
 Kelsey's Bone fish and potash 80, 84 
 
 Sanderson's Atlantic coast bone fish and potash 78 
 
 Corn superphosphate 80 
 
 Formula A 80 
 
 B 80 
 
 Potato manure 80 
 
 Special with 10% potash 80 
 
 Top dressing for grass and grain 80 
 
 Fine ground bone 46, 48 
 
 fish 55 
 
 Muriate of potash 43, 44 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Thomas slag 38 
 
 Special mixture 4-8-8 84 
 
 Sarsaparilla. extract of 189 
 
 Sauces, table 158 
 
 Schisoneura lanigera 343 
 
 Schreineria seuzera 328 
 
 Schumacher's calf meal 229, 230, 254 
 
 stock feed 230, 254 
 
 Scolytus quadrispinosus 341 
 
 Septoria pyricola 396 
 
 Seventeen-year locust in Connecticut in 191 1 296 
 
 Shay, The C. M., Fertilizer Co. : — 
 
 Shay's Corn fertilizer 80 
 
 Grass fertilizer 80 
 
 Potato manure 80 
 
 Bone 46 
 
 Tankage 50 
 
 Acid phosphate 40, 41 
 
 Chrysanthemum fertilizer 98 
 
 Muriate of potash 44, 45 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Special mixture 80, 84 
 
 Sheep manure, analyses of 95 
 
 Shoddy waste, analyses of 98 
 
 Shoemaker, M. L., & Co. : — 
 
 "Sv/ift-Sure" Superphosphate for general use 80 
 
 potatoes 80 
 
 truck, corn and onions .. 80 
 
 Bone meal 46 
 
 "Snuff" 210 
 
 Soda, analyses of nitrate of 23 
 
 water 200, 212 
 
 colors 202 
 
INDEX. 443 
 
 Faee 
 
 Soda water flavors 202 
 
 syrups 200 
 
 Soups, condensed 161 
 
 Sphecius speciosus 303 
 
 Spraj' mixtures, cost of 349 
 
 pumps 348 
 
 Sprayers, gasoline power 348 
 
 Sprays on apples, peaches, etc., tests of summer 347 
 
 Steero Bouillon Cubes 162 
 
 Stock feeds 229, 252 
 
 Sucrene dairy feed 230, 252 
 
 Sulphur and lead arsenate 357, 362, 367, 369 
 
 sprays, Bogart's sulphur compound 355, 362 
 
 One-for-all 355, 362 
 
 Sulfocide 355, 362, 369, 373 
 
 Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co.: — 
 
 Swift's Lowell Animal brand 80 
 
 Bone fertilizer 82 
 
 Empress brand 82 
 
 Potato manure 82 
 
 phosphate 82 
 
 Perfect tobacco grower 80 
 
 Potato grower 80 
 
 Special corn and vegetable manure 80 
 
 grass mixture 80 
 
 potato fertilizer 80 
 
 Superior fertilizer 80 
 
 Tobacco manure 80 
 
 Ground bone 46 
 
 Nitrate of soda 2 
 
 Tankage, analyses of slaughter house 49, 50 
 
 spurious 52 
 
 method of valuation 7 
 
 Tanner &: Wilcox : — 
 
 Tanner & Wilcox' Reliable potato and garden phosphate . . 82 
 
 Tent caterpillar 342 
 
 Theobroma, oil of 163 
 
 Thomas slag, analyses of 38 
 
 Tibicen septendecini 296 
 
 Tmetocera ocellana 267 
 
 Tobacco ashes, analyses of 95 
 
 stems, analyses of 96 
 
 Totty's carnation fertilizer, analysis of 98 
 
 Trade values of fertilizer elements in 191 1 6 
 
 Unicorn dairy ration 229, 252 
 
 Union grains, Biles' ready ration 229, 252 
 
444 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 Page 
 
 Valuation of bone and tankage, method of 7 
 
 mixed fertilizers, method of 8 
 
 Valuations, explanations concerning 4 
 
 Vanilla extract 202 
 
 Vegetable potash, analysis of 46 
 
 Vinegar 155, 203, 212 
 
 methods of analysis of 157 
 
 Weather conditions, effect on spraying 363 
 
 Wells & Downs : — 
 
 W. & D. Special economical 6-8-5 82 
 
 Wheat and corn feed 227, 252 
 
 cob feeds 228, 252 
 
 bran 222, 238 
 
 feed 223, 242 
 
 middlings 223, 240 
 
 Whiskey 212 
 
 White pine weevil 263, 268, 307 
 
 Wilcox Fertilizer Co. : — 
 
 Wilcox Complete bone superphosphate 82 
 
 Fish and potash 82 
 
 4-8-10 fertilizer 82 
 
 Grass fertilizer 82 
 
 H. G. Fish and potash 82 
 
 Tobacco special 82 
 
 Potato fertilizer 82 
 
 onion and vegetable phosphate 82 
 
 Special superphosphate 82 
 
 Dry ground acidulated fish 54, 55 
 
 fish guano 55 
 
 Ground steamed bone 2 
 
 H. G. Tankage 49, 50 
 
 Pure ground bone 46 
 
 Acid phosphate 40, 41 
 
 Basic slag meal 38 
 
 H. G. Sulphate of potash 43 
 
 Muriate of potash 44 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Browning's formula 84 
 
 Fielden's formula i 84 
 
 2 84 
 
 1, grain and potatoes 84 
 
 2, grass 84 
 
 Wine of the extract of cod liver oil 171 
 
 Wirthmore rations 229, 252 
 
 Witch hazel, extract of 194 
 
 Wood ashes, analyses of 94 
 
INDEX. 445 
 
 Page 
 Woodruff, S. D., & Sons :— 
 
 Woodruff's Home mixture 58, 82 
 
 Worcestershire and other sauces 158 
 
 Zeuzera asculi 317 
 
 pyrina 266, 317, 320 
 
 Zinc, ortho-arsenite of 346 
 
 analysis of 2i,7 
 
 « 
 
v,^ 
 
INDEX. 439 
 
 Page 
 
 Nitrogen "inactive" 57 
 
 modified neutral permanganate method to determine 
 
 solubility of 9 
 
 of raw materials, solubility of organic by the alkaline 
 
 permanganate method 12 
 
 solubility of organic 8 
 
 Nitrogenous superphosphates, guaranties of 60 
 
 valuation of 61 
 
 and guanos, analyses of 62-85 
 
 Nitrous ether, spirit of 181, 205 
 
 Nurseries, inspection of Connecticut 269 
 
 Nursery firms receiving certificates in 191 1, list of 270 
 
 stock, inspection of imported 271 
 
 Oat hulls 226, 248 
 
 Oats 226, 248 
 
 Oil cake feed 222 
 
 Olds & Whipple :— 
 
 O. & W.'s Complete tobacco fertilizer 76 
 
 Corn and potato 76 
 
 Fish and potash 76 
 
 Grass fertilizer 76 
 
 H. G. Potato fertilizer 76 
 
 Special phosphate 76 
 
 Dry ground fish 55 
 
 Grey pomace ^7 
 
 Vegetable potash 46 
 
 Acid phosphate 40, 41 
 
 Carbonate of potash 45 
 
 Cotton hull ashes 92 
 
 H. G. Sulphate of potash 43 
 
 Lime 90 
 
 Precipitated bone 39 
 
 Tankage 50 
 
 Olive oil 200, 212 
 
 Omphalocera cariosa 294, 295 
 
 deniosa 260, 263, 267, 292, 294, 295 
 
 Onion maggot 286 
 
 Opium 205 
 
 Orange preparations 129 
 
 sugar 134 
 
 Ortho-arsenite of zinc 346 
 
 Pamphilius persicum , 314 
 
 Paprika 146 
 
 methods of analysis of 148 
 
 Parmenter & Polsey Fertilizer Co. : — 
 
 P. & P. Grain grower 78 
 
 34 
 
440 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I91I. 
 
 Page 
 Parmenter & Polsey Fertilizer Co., cont'd: — 
 
 P. & P. Plymouth Rock brand fertilizer 78 
 
 Potato fertilizer 78 
 
 grower 78 
 
 Special tobacco grower 78 
 
 Ground bone 46 
 
 Peach sawfly 314 
 
 Peaches, benefits of spra3ang 374 
 
 details of spraying experiments 391 
 
 recommendations for spraying 376 
 
 results of two years' experiments 371 
 
 spray inj ury to 372 
 
 Pears, experiments in spraying 396 
 
 recommendations for spraj'ing 397 
 
 Pegomyia ceparum 286 
 
 Pepsin 183 
 
 method of testing 185 
 
 Percentage difference, meaning and calculation of 84 
 
 Periodical cicada 296 
 
 Phenacoccus acericola 268, 345 
 
 Phorhia {Pegomyia) ceparum 286 
 
 Phosphates with potash salts, analyses of 54 
 
 Phosphoric acid in raw materials, cost of 100 
 
 Phytomyza chrysanthemi 342 
 
 Pine aphids, woolly 343 
 
 Pissodes strobi 263, 268, 307 
 
 Plowrightia niorbosa 399 
 
 Plums, experiments in spraying 398 
 
 recommendations for spraying 404 
 
 Plusia brassiccc 328 
 
 Poplar mocha-stone moth or tent-maker 310 
 
 Porthetria dispar 277 
 
 Potash, analyses of double sulphate of 43 
 
 high grade sulphate of 43 
 
 muriate of 43t 44 
 
 analj'sis of carbonate of 45 
 
 misbranded muriate of 45 
 
 in raw materials, cost of 100 
 
 Potassium iodide, determination of, in extract of sarsaparilla .... I93 
 
 Potato beetle, Colorado 311 
 
 Poultry feeds 230, 254 
 
 mash feeds 230, 254 
 
 Precipitated bone phosphate, analyses of 39 
 
 Priophorus acericaulis 266, 305 
 
 Protena dairy feed 230, 254 
 
 Pteronus ribesi 405 
 
INDEX. 441 
 
 Page 
 Pulverized Manure Co. : — 
 
 Wizard brand manure 95 
 
 Purina feed 229, 252 
 
 Pyralid 292 
 
 Quinces, experiments in spraying 396 
 
 recommendations for spraying 398 
 
 Quinine pills 188, 210 
 
 Raspberry syrup 129, 196 
 
 Recessive characters 409 
 
 Red dog flour 223, 244 
 
 Relishes 151 
 
 Rhagoletis cingulata 399 
 
 Rcestelia aurantiaca 396 
 
 Rogers & Hubbard Co. : — 
 
 Hubbard's "Bone Base" Complete phosphate 78 
 
 Grass and grain or fruit fertilizer 78 
 
 New market garden phosphate ... 78 
 
 Oats and top dressing 78 
 
 Potato phosphate 60, 78 
 
 Soluble corn and general crops 
 
 manure 78 
 
 Soluble potato manure 78 
 
 tobacco manure 78 
 
 Pure raw knuckle bone flour 46 
 
 Strictly pure fine bone 46 
 
 Rogers Mfg. Co.: — 
 
 All round fertilizer 78 
 
 Complete corn and onion 78 
 
 potato and vegetable 78 
 
 Fish and potash 78 
 
 H. G. Grass and grain 78 
 
 Oats and top dressing 78 
 
 Soluble tobacco 78 
 
 Tobacco and potato 78 
 
 grower 78 
 
 Tobacco starter 78 
 
 Pure fine ground bone 46 
 
 knuckle bone flour 46 
 
 Acid phosphate 40, 41 
 
 H. G. Sulphate of potash 43 
 
 Muriate of potash 43 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Root beer extract 150 
 
 Rum 212 
 
 Rust on juniper from Japan 274 
 
 Rye products 225, 248 
 
 Salad dressing 151 
 
442 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 ■ Page 
 Sanderson Fertilizer & Chemical Co. : — 
 
 Kelsey's Bone fish and potash 80, 84 
 
 Sanderson's Atlantic coast bone fish and potash 78 
 
 Corn superphosphate 80 
 
 Formula A 80 
 
 B 80 
 
 Potato manure 80 
 
 Special with 10% potash 80 
 
 Top dressing for grass and grain 80 
 
 Fine ground bone 46, 48 
 
 fish 55 
 
 Muriate of potash 43. 44 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Thomas slag 38 
 
 Special mixture 4-8-8 84 
 
 Sarsaparilla, extract of 189 
 
 Sauces, table 158 
 
 Schisoneura lanigera 343 
 
 Schreineria seusera 328 
 
 Schumacher's calf meal 229, 230, 254 
 
 stock feed 230, 254 
 
 Scolytus quadrispinosus 341 
 
 Septoria pyricola 396 
 
 Seventeen-year locust in Connecticut in 191 1 296 
 
 Shay, The C. M., Fertilizer Co. : — 
 
 Shay's Corn fertilizer 80 
 
 Grass fertilizer 80 
 
 Potato manure 80 
 
 Bone 46 
 
 Tankage 50 
 
 Acid phosphate 40, 41 
 
 Chrysanthemum fertilizer 98 
 
 Muriate of potash 44. 45 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Special mixture 80, 84 
 
 Sheep manure, analyses of 95 
 
 Shoddy waste, analyses of 98 
 
 Shoemaker, M. L., & Co. : — 
 
 "Swift-Sure" Superphosphate for general use 80 
 
 potatoes 80 
 
 truck, corn and onions .. 80 
 
 Bone meal 46 
 
 "Snuff" 210 
 
 Soda, analyses of nitrate of 23 
 
 water 200, 212 
 
 colors 202 
 
INDEX. 443 
 
 Page 
 
 Soda water flavors 202 
 
 syrups 200 
 
 Soups, condensed 161 
 
 Sphecius speciosus 303 
 
 Spray mixtures, cost of 349' 
 
 pumps 348 
 
 Sprayers, gasoline power 348 
 
 Sprays on apples, peaches, etc., tests of summer 347 
 
 Steero Bouillon Cubes 162 
 
 Stock feeds 229, 252 
 
 Sucrene dairy feed 230, 252 
 
 Sulphur and lead arsenate 357, 362, 367, 369 
 
 sprays, Bogart's sulphur compound 355, 362 
 
 One-f or-all 355, 362 
 
 Sulfocide 355, 362, 369, 373 
 
 Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co. : — 
 
 Swift's Lowell Animal brand 80 
 
 Bone fertilizer 82 
 
 Empress brand 82 
 
 Potato manure 82 
 
 phosphate 82 
 
 Perfect tobacco grower 80 
 
 Potato grower 80 
 
 Special corn and vegetable manure 80 
 
 grass mixture '. 80 
 
 potato fertilizer 80 
 
 Superior fertilizer 80 
 
 Tobacco manure 80 
 
 Groimd bone 46 
 
 Nitrate of soda 2 
 
 Tankage, analyses of slaughter house 49, 50 
 
 spurious 52 
 
 method of valuation 7 
 
 Tanner & Wilcox: — 
 
 Tanner & Wilcox' Reliable potato and garden phosphate , . 82 
 
 Tent caterpillar 342 
 
 Theobroma, oil of 163 
 
 Thomas slag, analyses of 38 
 
 Tibicen septendecim 296 
 
 Tmetocera ocellana 267 
 
 Tobacco ashes, analyses of 95 
 
 stems, analyses of 96 
 
 Totty's carnation fertilizer, analysis of 98 
 
 Trade values of fertilizer elements in 191 1 6 
 
 Unicorn dairy ration 229, 252 
 
 Union grains, Biles' ready ration 229, 252 
 
444 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 Page 
 
 Valuation of bone and tankage, method of 7 
 
 mixed fertilizers, method of 8 
 
 Valuations, explanations concerning 4 
 
 Vanilla extract 202 
 
 Vegetable potash, analysis of 46 
 
 Vinegar 155, 203, 212 
 
 methods of analysis of 157 
 
 Weather conditions, effect on spraying 363 
 
 Wells & Downs : — 
 
 W. & D. Special economical 6-8-5 82 
 
 Wheat and corn feed 227, 252 
 
 cob feeds 228, 252 
 
 bran 222, 238 
 
 feed 223, 242 
 
 middlings 223, 240 
 
 Whiskey 212 
 
 White pine weevil 263, 268, 307 
 
 Wilcox Fertilizer Co. : — 
 
 Wilcox Complete bone superphosphate 82 
 
 Fish and potash ' 82 
 
 4-8-10 fertilizer 82 
 
 Grass fertilizer 82 
 
 H. G. Fish and potash 82 
 
 Tobacco special 82 
 
 Potato fertilizer 82 
 
 onion and vegetable phosphate 82 
 
 Special superphosphate 82 
 
 Dry ground acidulated fish 54, 55 
 
 fish guano 55 
 
 Ground steamed bone 2 
 
 H. G. Tankage 49, 50 
 
 Pure ground bone 46 
 
 Acid phosphate 40, 41 
 
 Basic slag meal 38 
 
 H. G. Sulphate of potash 43 
 
 Muriate of potash 44 
 
 Nitrate of soda 23 
 
 Browning's formula 84 
 
 Fielden's formula i 84 
 
 2 84 
 
 1, grain and potatoes 84 
 
 2, grass 84 
 
 Wine of the extract of cod liver oil 171 
 
 Wirthmore rations 229, 252 
 
 Witch hazel, extract of 194 
 
 Wood ashes, analyses of 94 
 
INDEX. 445 
 
 Page 
 Woodruff, S. D., & Sons :— 
 
 Woodruff's Home mixture 58, 82 
 
 Worcestershire and other sauces 158 
 
 Zeusera asculi 317 
 
 pyrina 266, 317, 320 
 
 Zinc, ortho-arsenite of 346 
 
 analysis of 217 
 
State of Connecticut 
 
 PUBLIC DOOUMEI^T JSTo. 24 
 
 Thirty-fifth Anntml Report 
 
 OF 
 
 The Connecticut Agricultural 
 Experiment Station 
 
 Being the annual report for the year ended October 31 
 
 1911 
 
 TRINTED BY ORDET{ OF THE LEGISLATURE 
 
 HARTFORD 
 
 Published by the State 
 1912 
 
publication 
 
 approved by 
 
 The Board of Control. 
 
 THE TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & TAYLOR COMPANY 
 
CONNECTICUT AfiRICDLTURAL EIPERIMENT STATION, 
 
 September 30, 191 1 
 
 BOARD OF CONTROL. 
 
 His Excellency, Simeon E. Baldwin, ex officio. President. 
 
 Prof. H. W. Conn, Vice President Middletown 
 
 George A. Hopson, Secretary Wallingford 
 
 E. H. Jenkins, Director and Treasurer New Haven 
 
 Joseph W. Alsop • Avon 
 
 Wilson H. Lee Orange 
 
 Frank H. Stadtmueller Elmwood 
 
 James H. Webb Hamden 
 
 STATION STAFF. 
 
 Administration. E. H. Jenkins, Ph.D., Director and Treasurer. 
 
 Miss V. E. Cole, Librarian and Stenographer. 
 
 Miss L. M. Brautlecht, Bookkeeper and Stenographer. 
 Chemistry. 
 
 Analytical Laboratory. John Phillips Street, M.S., Chemist in Charge. 
 
 E. Monroe Bailey, Ph.D., C. B. Morrison, B.S., 
 
 R. B. Roe, A.B., C. E. Shepard, Assistants. 
 
 Hugo Lange, Laboratory Helper. 
 
 V. L. Churchill, Sampling Agent. 
 
 Proteid Research. 
 
 Botany. 
 
 Entomology. 
 
 Forestry. 
 
 Plant Breeding. 
 
 Buildings and Grounds. 
 
 T. B. Osborne, Ph.D., Chemist in Cliarge. 
 Miss E. L. Ferry, A.B., Assistant. 
 Miss Luva Francis, Stenographer. 
 
 G. P. Clinton, S.D., Botanist. 
 
 E. M. Stoddard, B.S., Assistant. 
 
 Miss M. H. Jagger, Seed Analyst. 
 
 Miss E. B. Whittlesey, Herbarium Assistant. 
 
 W. E. Britton, Ph.D., Entomologist; also State 
 
 Entomologist. 
 
 B. H. Walden, B.Agr., D. J. Caffrey, B.S., 
 A. B. Champlain, Assistants. 
 
 Miss E. B. Whittlesey, Stenographer. 
 
 Samuel N. Spring, M.F., Forester; also State 
 
 Forester and State Forest Fire Warden. 
 W. O. Filley, Assistant; also Asst. State Forester. 
 Miss E. L. Avery, Stenographer. 
 
 H. K. Hayes, B.S., Plant Breeder. 
 
 C. D. HuBBELL, Assistant. ' 
 
 William Veitch, In Charge. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Officers and Staff iii 
 
 Contents v 
 
 Report of Board of Control ix 
 
 Report of Treasurer xv 
 
 Errata xviii 
 
 Report on Commercial Fertilizers I 
 
 The Fertilizer Law and its Observance i 
 
 Sampling and Collection of Fertilizers 2 
 
 Explanations concerning Analyses and Valuations 3 
 
 The Solubility of Organic Nitrogen 8 
 
 A Modified Method to determine Nitrogen Solubility g 
 
 Solubility of the Organic Nitrogen of Raw Materials 12 
 
 Pot Experiments on Nitrogen Availability 14 
 
 Analyses of Raw Materials chiefly valuable for Nitrogen ... 23 
 
 Raw Materials chiefly valuable for Phosphoric Acid .... 38 
 
 Raw Materials chiefly valuable for Potash 42 
 
 Raw Materials containing Nitrogen and Phosphoric Acid 47 
 
 Mixtures of Phosphates with Potash Salts 54 
 
 Nitrogenous Superphosphates 56 
 
 Home Mixtures 86 
 
 Lime in various Forms 87 
 
 Cotton Hull and other Ashes 92 
 
 Miscellaneous Manures and Wastes 95 
 
 Report on Food Products loi 
 
 Chocolate 102 
 
 Chili Sauce no 
 
 Cider 112 
 
 Cocoa 114 
 
 Cream 127 
 
 Fruit Juices 129 
 
 Gluten Preparations 136 
 
 Ice Cream 136 
 
 Milk 138 
 
 Paprika 146 
 
 Root Beer, Relishes, Salad Dressing 150 
 
 Vinegar 155 
 
 Table Sauces and Miscellaneous 158 
 
 Report on Drugs 162 
 
 Camphor Liniment. Cocoa Butter 162 
 
 Cod Liver Oil and other Emulsions 163 
 
 Wine of the Extract of Cod Liver Oil 171 
 
 Headache Preparations 179 
 
 Iodine Tincture. Lime Water 180 
 
vi CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Report on Drugs, cont'd. 
 
 Spirit of Nitrous Ether 181 
 
 Pepsin 183 
 
 Quinine Pills and Compound Extract of Sarsaparilla 188 
 
 Extract of Witch Hazel 194 
 
 Food and Drug Products examined for the Dairy Commis- 
 sioner 195 
 
 Miscellaneous Foods and Drugs 210 
 
 Summary of Results 215 
 
 Report on Commercial Feeding Stuffs 219 
 
 Law regarding Sale 219 
 
 Oil Seed Products 220 
 
 Wheat Products 222 
 
 Maize Products 224 
 
 Rye and Buckwheat Products 225 
 
 Oat and Barley Products 226 
 
 Miscellaneous Feeds 227 
 
 Proprietary Feeds 228 
 
 Digestibility of Feeds by Ruminants 233 
 
 Average Composition Digestibility and Selling Price of Feeds 233 
 
 Notes regarding the Yield of Alfalfa 237 
 
 Tables of Analyses of Feeds 238 
 
 Analyses of Bean Pods and Straw 258 
 
 Report of the Entomologist 259 
 
 Work of the Department 260 
 
 Entomological Features of 191 1 265 
 
 Inspection of Nurseries and Imported Stock 269 
 
 Inspection of Apiaries 275 
 
 Progress in Controlling the Gypsy Moth 277 
 
 Checking the Spread of the Brown-Tail Moth 281 
 
 The Onion Maggot 286 
 
 The Pyralid 292 
 
 The Seventeen- Year Locust 296 
 
 The Maple Leaf-Stem Borer 305 
 
 Preliminary Tests to Prevent Damage by the White Pine 
 
 Weevil 307 
 
 The Cherry Tent Maker 309 
 
 The Poplar Mocha-Stone Moth 310 
 
 The Colorado Potato Beetle 311 
 
 The Peach Saw Fly 314 
 
 How to get rid of Ants 316 
 
 The Leopard Moth 317 
 
 How to get rid of Flies 338 
 
 Brief Insect Notes 339 
 
 Report on Tests of Summer Sprays on Apples, Quinces, etc 347 
 
 Types of Sprays used 349 
 
 General Results with Apples 3S8 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vll 
 
 Report on Tests of Summer Sprays on Apples, etc., cont'd. 
 
 Recommendations 370 
 
 General Results with Peaches 371 
 
 Recommendations 375 
 
 Details of the Experiments 376 
 
 Experiments with Pears and Quinces 396 
 
 Cherries and Plums 398 
 
 Currants 405 
 
 Inheritance in Corn 407 
 
 Index 427 
 
Report of the Board of Control 
 
 OF 
 
 THE CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT 
 
 STATION. 
 
 To His Excellency, Simeon E. Baldivin, Governor of Connecticut: 
 
 The Board of Control of The Connecticut Agricultural Experi- 
 ment Station herewith respectfully submits its report for the 
 year ending November i, 191 1. 
 
 The following minute regarding William Henry Brewer, for 
 many years a member of this Board, was adopted by the Board 
 at its meeting on December 22, 1910: 
 
 Professor William H. Brewer, Ph.D., LL.D., a member of this Board for 
 thirty-three years, died at his home in New Haven on November 2, 1910. 
 His manifold work as geographer, botanist, sanitarian and teacher needs 
 no recital here. 
 
 As one of the pioneers in bringing agricultural science to the knowl- 
 edge of farmers and teaching its value for practical ends, his name 
 will be held in grateful remembrance by the farmers of this State. 
 
 Born and brought up on a farm and having personal experience of 
 farm work, he began his studies in Yale College with the object of 
 fitting himself for the life of a farmer. Drawn by his tastes for natural 
 science and eagerness to follow up the studies he had begun, he finished 
 the regular course and graduated at the Sheffield Scientific School in 
 1852. After studying abroad at Paris, Heidelberg and Munich, serving 
 as a college professor at Washington College, Pennsylvania, and the 
 University of California, and working for four years on the survey of 
 California, he returned to the Scientific School of Yale as professor of 
 agriculture in 1864, and held that position until his retirement as professor 
 emeritus in 1903. 
 
 He was professor of agriculture not onlj^ within college halls but 
 everywhere in the State. His intimate acquaintance with practical farm- 
 ing, his scientific attainments, the wide range of his knowledge and of his 
 interests, together with his broad common sense, made him a welcome 
 and effective speaker at farmers' gatherings everywhere. 
 
 He was earnest and influential in establishing this Agricultural Experi- 
 ment Station and he served it wisely and effectively until he died. His 
 last public act was to attend a meeting of this Board only a few days 
 before his death. 
 
X CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 Probably no one in the University during the last fifty years was 
 called on so often and so variously for public service outside of the 
 institution as Professor Brevi^er, and in all of it he was faithful, tactful 
 and efficient. 
 
 The Members of this Board wish here to record their sense of 
 personal loss, their appreciation of his rare qualities as a friend and 
 adviser, and of his long and effective labors for the advance of 
 agriculture. 
 
 It is Ordered that this minute be entered on the records of this Station 
 and that a copy be sent to Professor Brewer's family. 
 
 A detailed account of the work of each of the several depart- 
 ments of the Station will appear in the reports of individual 
 members of the staff, which are now in preparation. 
 
 We therefore only call attention to certain facts relating to 
 the Station welfare which will not be discussed in those 
 publications. 
 
 The General Assembly, at the January session of 1911, appro- 
 priated $6,500 to this Station to cover the loss caused by the fire 
 of January 10, 1910. 
 
 Chapter 192 of the Public Acts of 191 1 provides for the 
 printing of an annual report of this Station, which had been the 
 practice for thirty years, in place of the biennial report required 
 by statute during the last four years. 
 
 Chapter 134 of the Public Acts of 191 1 requires that the net 
 contents of all packages of food products shall be plainly marked 
 on the outside in terms of weight, measure, or numerical count, 
 and that the director of this Station, with the Dairy and Food 
 Commissioner, shall establish rules and regulations as to the 
 reasonable variations and allowances which shall be permitted. 
 No penalty is to be enforced prior to eighteen months from 
 the passage of this Act. 
 
 Chapter 274 forbids adulteration of turpentine or spirits of 
 turpentine and makes it the duty of the Dairy and Food Com- 
 missioner and the director of this Station "acting jointly" to 
 enforce this law. To the Commissioner alone is given the right 
 of inspection. This statute, unlike any other relating to adultera- 
 tion, makes the Station jointly responsible for enforcing the 
 law. This is a departure from previous policy. Hitherto the 
 Station's responsibility has been limited to testing suspected 
 
REPORT OF THE BOARD OF CONTROL. XI 
 
 articles, reporting its findings to the Commissioner, and giving 
 expert evidence in court when required. 
 
 There have been no changes of importance in the Station staff 
 except that Mr. Walter O. Filley has been appointed assistant 
 state forester, an office created by the last General Assembly, 
 and Mr. A. B. Champlain, an assistant in the entomological 
 department, resigned October i, 191 1, to accept a position in 
 the State Laboratory of Economic Zoology of Pennsylvania. 
 
 During the fall, an exhibit illustrative of the several depart- 
 ments of the Station work was made at six agricultural fairs 
 and also at the Station grounds in New Haven, the last espe- 
 cially for the teachers of the State who were attending a 
 convention at the time in New Haven. Members of the Station 
 staff were in constant attendance at all these exhibits to explain 
 them and to answer questions. This involved the almost 
 complete suspension of our regular laboratory work for nearly 
 six weeks, which was a serious interruption. The large attend- 
 ance, however, and the interest shown in the Station work as illus- 
 trated by the exhibits convince us that this is one of the most 
 effective ways of diffusing information regarding our w^ork 
 among the farmers of the State. 
 
 The Station has bought a farm of twenty acres at Mount 
 Carmel, not far from the city, including a small house for the 
 caretaker, has set out an orchard of apples and peaches for 
 experiment, has begun an experiment on the effect both on the 
 crop and on the soil of fertilizers and manures, and another, on 
 the handling of an old and neglected orchard. 
 
 At the Centerville field, which will be given up in the spring 
 of 191 2, we have over 800,000 white pine seedlings, three years 
 old, which are being sold at cost to citizens of this State for 
 forest planting. 
 
 On this field also com and tobacco breeding work, as well 
 as other experiments, has been carried on during the present 
 year. Hereafter this work will be concentrated on our own 
 fields at Mount Carmel. 
 
 The Station receives one-half of the so-called Adams Fund 
 which, by Act of Congress and the rulings of the Secretary of 
 Agriculture, must be used wholly for scientific research, prefera- 
 bly in a small number of "projects" approved by the Office of 
 
XU CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 Experiment Stations. The Station's share of this fund is 
 devoted to two projects: a study of the laws of inheritance in 
 maize and tobacco, and a study of the composition, structure and 
 relative nutritive value of the vegetable proteins. This last pro- 
 ject, which has engaged Dr. Osborne's time for many years, 
 now receives very substantial aid from the Carnegie Institution 
 of Washington. 
 
 Bulletin 167, Inheritance in Maize, gives an account of five 
 years' study of the subject, and Bulletin 168 is a discussion of 
 the facts discovered which may be of immediate practical 
 account. The results of work on the other project are published 
 in physiological and chemical journals and in monographs of the 
 Carnegie Institution and are not further noticed in this report. 
 
 During the year there have been issued parts of a biennial 
 report aggregating 512 pages with 21 plates in editions of 10,000 
 copies, and three bulletins aggregating 174 pages with 30 plates. 
 Nine thousand five hundred copies of one of these were printed, 
 of another three thousand, but of the third, which was so tech- 
 nical as to be of value chiefly to investigators, only one thousand 
 were printed. The spray calendar has also been revised to 
 include the results of recent work and is mailed as requested. 
 
 Fifty-one addresses have been given by members of the staff 
 at farm institutes, field meetings, granges and other gatherings 
 of farmers, and the Station correspondence has involved the 
 writing of more than 9400 letters and manuscript reports. 
 
 The following summary shows in brief the departments of 
 the Station work and the special directions it has taken: 
 
 Entomological Department. 
 
 Inspection of all the nurseries in the State and of imported 
 nursery stock to prevent distribution of insect and fungous pests ; 
 inspection of apiaries on request or complaint ; gypsy moth con- 
 trol work at Stonington and Wallingf ord ; . search for the brown- 
 tail moth and destruction of its winter nests in northeastern 
 Connecticut; studies of life-histories of certain insects, prepara- 
 tion of exhibits; and publications in various journals on entomo- 
 logical subjects ; also cooperation with the botanical department 
 in the study of summer sprays, which is described below. 
 
REPORT OF THE BOARD OF CONTROL. Xlll 
 
 Botanical Department. 
 
 The preparation of artificial cultures of many fungi, most 
 of them of economic importance, for purposes of investigation; 
 studies on the oospore production of the potato blight in arti- 
 ficial cultures and the relation of media to the stages and char- 
 acter of growth of fungi in artificial cultures ; publication of , 
 papers on botanical subjects; studies in the field of the chestnut 
 blight, calico of tobacco and peach yellows ; tests of Millar's 
 Cream muskmelon; and spraying experiments with melons, 
 cucumbers and potatoes. 
 
 In cooperation with the Entomological Department, very 
 extensive and careful tests have been made to determine the 
 comparative value of the various summer sprays on apples, 
 peaches, pears, plums, cherries and some other fruits. The tests 
 were made in thirteen orchards and involved the individual 
 examination of 93,000 apples and about 25,000 peaches. 
 
 Seed Testing. 
 
 Tests of purity and vitality of field and garden seeds and 
 identification of weed seeds for farmers and dealers ; and studies 
 of methods of seed testing. 
 
 Forestry Department. 
 
 The care of the three Station nurseries, containing about 
 1,100,000 young trees for forest planting; care of the Station 
 forest plantations, including forest planting, cleaning out worth- 
 less species and liberation cutting; a test of basket willows; a 
 demonstration planting of red and white pine at Putnam Memo- 
 rial Camp Ground; inspection of State forests and destruction 
 of pine weevil ; making fire lines and improvement thinning at 
 the Portland forest ; the careful gathering of statistics of the 828 
 forest fires of the year which caused damage amounting to more 
 than $235,000. New and desirable legislation has been secured 
 regarding forest fires and the work of the forest fire wardens 
 further systematized. Examinations of woodland for private 
 owners have been made and advice given regarding planting, 
 thinning and cutting. In cooperation with the U. S. Forest 
 Service a study is being made of the woodworking industries of 
 
XIV CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II. 
 
 the State, to get if possible a better utilization of home-grown 
 woods and give the woodland owner information as to markets 
 for his product. 
 
 Chemical Department. 
 
 Analyses and published reports of all commercial fertilizers 
 sold in the State, of commercial feeds, and of human food pro- 
 ducts and drugs ; examinations of foods and drugs for the Dairy 
 and Food Commissioner, and expert evidence in court as 
 required ; study of methods of analysis ; and analytical work 
 required in connection with field experiments. 
 
 Plant Breeding. 
 (Supported by Adams Fund) 
 Studies of inheritance of characters in corn and tobacco and 
 of the yields of first year corn hybrids. 
 
 Protein Research. 
 (Supported by Adams Fund) 
 Studies of the composition, structure and relative nutritive 
 values of the vegetable proteins. 
 
 The above list of the important parts of the Station work 
 illustrates how it covers the whole State and affects the interests 
 of all its citizens, v/hether farmers or not. 
 
 Each session of the General Assembly adds to the State's 
 requirements of the Station, the calls made by farmers and others 
 for the help which it is the object of a Station to give, and 
 the natural and inevitable expansion of its work have made the 
 Station's income insufficient for its needs. The strictest economy 
 will be necessary for the next year, and without a larger income 
 than it now has the work which it is doing must thereafter be 
 lessened and its working force cut down. For the general 
 expenses of the Station no increase of appropriation has been 
 made by the State since 1895. 
 
 All of which is respecctfully submitted. 
 
 George A. Hopson, Secretary. 
 
REPORT OF THE TREASURER, 1911 
 
 E. H. Jenkins, in account with The Connecticut Agricultural Experi- 
 ment Station for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1911. 
 
 Receipts. 
 Balance on hand, October i, 1910 (State Agricultural 
 
 Appropriation) $1,655.26 
 
 State Appropriation, Agriculture $10,000.00 
 
 State Appropriation, Food 2,500.00 
 
 State Appropriation, Insect Pest 3,000.00 
 
 State Appropriation, Gypsy Moth 4,000.00 
 
 United States Appropriation, Hatch 7,500.00 
 
 United States Appropriation, Adams 7,500.00 
 
 Analysis Fees 12,500.00 
 
 Sale of Farm Products 80.79 
 
 Miscellaneous Receipts 339.8i 
 
 From the Lockwood Estate 16,611.23 
 
 64,031.83 
 
 Total $65,687.09 
 
 Disbursements. 
 
 E. H. Jenkins, director, salary $2,800.00 
 
 E. H. Jenkins, treasurer, " 400.00 
 
 W. H. Brewer, salary 8.34 
 
 G. A. Hopson, " 75.00 
 
 V. E. Cole, " 850.00 
 
 L. M. Brautlecht, " 750.00 
 
 J. P. Street, " 2,500.00 
 
 T. B. Obsorne, " 2,400.00 
 
 E. M. Bailey, " 1,550.00 
 
 C. B. Morrison, " 1,158.34 
 
 R. B. Roe, " 1,093.75 
 
 C. E. Shepard, " 875.00 
 
 W. E. Britton, " 2,000.00 
 
 G. P. Clinton, " 2,200.00 
 
 E. M. Stoddard, " 758.32 
 
 S. N. Spring, " 2,500.00 
 
 W. O. Filley, " 1,030.73 
 
 H. K. Hayes, " 1,125.00 
 
 E. L. Ferry, " 1,033.32 
 
 H. Lange, " 925.00 
 
 V. L. Churchill, " 825.00 
 
 Wm. Veitch, " 675.00 
 
 Luva Francis, " 350.00 
 
XVI CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9II, 
 
 E. L. Avery, salary $ 390.00 
 
 H. W. Kiley (Labor) 728.00 
 
 Wm. Pokrob " 728.00 
 
 C. D. Hubbell " 728.00 
 
 Geo. Graham " 724.00 
 
 M. H. Jagger "- 499.00 
 
 Jos. Keating " 180.00 
 
 L. Robinson " 475.00 
 
 L. Nolan " 173.00 
 
 Labor 3,842.79 
 
 Publications 1,137.82 
 
 Postage 357.71 
 
 Stationery 709.31 
 
 Telephone and Telegraph 161.69 
 
 Freight and Express 296.30 
 
 Gas, Kerosene and Electricity 545.28 
 
 Coal 1,583.00 
 
 Water 134-44 
 
 Chemicals and Laboratory Supplies 897.82 
 
 Agricultural and Horticultural Supplies 2,567.05 
 
 Miscellaneous Supplies 575-76 
 
 Fertilizers 480.51 
 
 Feeding Stufif s 188.98 
 
 Library and Periodicals 843.58 
 
 Tools and Machinery 334-31 
 
 Furniture and Fixtures 294.00 
 
 Scientific Apparatus 218.02 
 
 Live Stock 11.00 
 
 Traveling by the Board 118.11 
 
 Traveling by the Staff 1,295.91 
 
 Traveling in connection with Adams Fund Investi- 
 gations 139.71 
 
 Fertilizer Sampling 231.60 
 
 Food Sampling 249.25 
 
 Insurance 65.80 
 
 Insect Pest Appropriation to State Entomologist .... 3,000.00 
 
 Contingent 572.51 
 
 Lockwood Expenses 400.00 
 
 Gypsy Moth Appropriation to State Entomologist . . . 4,000.00 
 
 New Buildings 396.90 
 
 Betterments 1,035.39 
 
 Repairs 337-14 
 
 Rental of Land 105.00 
 
 Purchase of Land 6,000.00 
 
 $65,634-49 
 Analysis Fees on hand Sept. 30, 191 1 52.60 
 
 Total $65,687.09 
 
 UAp'13 
 
REPORT OF THE TREASURER. XVll 
 
 New Haven, Conn., Nov. 14th, 191 1. 
 This is to Certify that we have examined the accounts of E. H. 
 Jenkins, Treasurer of The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 
 for the year ending Sept. 30th, 191 1, have compared the same with the 
 vouchers therefor and found them correct. 
 
 William P. Bailey, 
 Edward S. Roberts, 
 
 Auditors of Public Accounts. 
 
 E. H. Jenkins, in account with The Connecticut Agricultural Experi- 
 ment Station for the fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 191 1, 
 
 Receipts and Disbursements in connection with the rebuilding of the 
 laboratory building destroyed by fire January 10, 1910. 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 Balance on hand Oct. i, 1910 $141.48 
 
 Salvage 5-89 
 
 $147-37 
 
 Disbursements. 
 
 Fixtures $ 3.05 
 
 Apparatus, Laboratory Supplies and Miscellaneous 22.97 
 
 Part of interest on loan of $6,000 121.35 
 
 $147-37 
 
 This Certifies that we have examined the account which relates to 
 loss by fire and rebuilding new building, have compared the same with 
 the vouchers therefor and find them correct, the said account being closed 
 and balanced by the expenditure of all moneys in the account, same being 
 evidenced by vouchers on file and bank book. 
 
 William P. Bailey, 
 Edward S. Roberts, 
 
 Auditors of Public Accounts. 
 
XVlil CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION REPORT, I9I I. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 124, Stollwerck's Milk Cocoa is stated to contain 
 glucose. This statement is an error. There is no evidence of 
 the presence of glucose' or other adulterant in this brand. 
 
 Page 200, nineteenth line from top, for henzoic read benzoic. 
 
 Page 227, "The Biles' product" mentioned under Dried Dis- 
 tillers' Grains refers only to rye grains, the analysis of which is 
 given on page 250, and not at all to the other and higher grade 
 brands of distillers' grains sold by the Biles Company. 
 
 Page 229. The manufacturers state that Husted's Steam 
 Cooked Feed contains only whole and cracked corn and whole 
 oats but no wheat.