F 752 BtG6 DBPAETMENT OF THE INTBEIOE r— r-< 1" r, i?HlL0SOPif£l4L SOCI BULLETIN 1 — OF— WASHINGTON OF thp: UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ]sro. 17 o SURVEY OF THE BOUNDARY LINE BETWEEN IDAHO AND MONTANA FROM THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY TO THE CREST OF THE BITTERROOT MOUNTAINS.— GooDE umm Of G0NG!tFH3. RECtivEL . JAY2 11901 WASHIi^GTOX GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1900 Glass. F?^'^ Book Bli5.4 DEPAETMBNT OF THE INTEEIOE BULLETIN UNITED 'STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ::Nro. 170. WASHINGTON G-OVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1900 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUE YET CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR SURVEY OP THE BOUNDARY LINE BETWEEN IDAHO AND MONTANA FROM THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY TO THE CREST OF THE BITTERROOT MOUNTAINS BY BICHARD URQUHART GOODE WASHINGTON aOVEKNMENT PRINTINa OFFICE 1900 /- 7f^^ CONTENTS. Page. Letter of transmittal ,. 9 Instructions 11 Boundary lines. 15 Account of operations 18 Latitude, longitude, base line, azimuth, and triangulation 21 Latitude 21 Longitude 23 Spokane base line. 25 Azimuth 25 Triangulation 29 Transit and stadia work 40 Monuments , 47 The international boundary west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains, and the Mooyie Trail monument 58 Financial statement 63 Index 67 5 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate I. Crest of Bitterroot Mountains 16 II. A, Cabinet Range; B, Summit of Cabinet Range, showing points touched by boundary line 18 III. A, Camp south of summit of Cabinet Range; B, Quartzite slate near summit of Scotchman Peak 20 IV. Astronomic piers in court-house grounds at Spokane, Washington. 23 V. Diagram of triangulation for control of the Idaho-Montana boundary 30 VI. Transit station on random line 40 VII. Granite boundary-line monuments , - 46 VIII. Design for iron post 48 IX, Post 48, at summit of timbered ridge 50 X. Post 42, and line cut through timber 53 XI. A, Granite monument on boundary line near Leonia, Idaho; B, sectional monument at summit of Bitterroot Mountains 54 XII. Clark Fork of Columbia River just west of boundary line 56 XIII. Summit of Bitterroot Mountains, showing pack train loaded with sections of granite monument. 60 XIV. Map of boundary line 66 Fig. 1. Design for stadia rod. 41 7. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. , February 21, 1900. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a detailed report relat- ing to the survey of the boundary line between Idaho and Montana from the international boundary to the crest of the Bitterroot Moun- tains. I wish to make acknowledgment of the valuable services rendered in this connection by Messrs. S. S. Gannett and D. L. Reaburn, in iield and office, and by Mr. E. T. Perkins, jr., in the field. Mr. Gan- nett prepared the greater portion of the material relating to latitude, longitude, base line, azimuth, and triangulation. Very respectfully, Richard U. Goode, Geographer. Hon. Charles D. Walcott, Director United States Geological Survey. SURVEY OF THE BOUNDARY LINE BETWEEN IDAHO AND MONTANA FROM THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY TO THE CREST OF THE BITTERROOT MOUNTAHiS. By Richard U. Goode. INSTRUCTIONS. The survey of the boundary line between Idaho and Montana was provided for by the Fifty-fourth Congress in the sundry civil act approved June 4, 1897. The following correspondence is self-explanatory: Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C, June 5, 1897. The honorable the Secretary of the Interior. Sir: In response to your verbal request, I have the honor to transmit herewith suggested instructions relating to the survey of the boundary line between Idaho and Montana. I am, with respect, your, obedient servant, Chas. D. Walcott, Director. instructions relating to the survey op the boundary line between idaho and montana. Included in the act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Gov- ernment for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, and for other purposes, is found the following law: For surveying that portion of the boundary line between Idaho and Montana beginning at the intersection of the thirty-ninth meridian with a boundary line between the United States and the British possessions, including the retracing of so much of the international boundary line as may be found necessary for the determination of said intersection, then following said meridian south until it reaches the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains, and for locating points on said meridian by triangulation from the Spokane base of the United States Geological Survey, and on the continuation of said boundary line along the Bitterroot Moun- tains between Idaho and Montana, seven thousand six hundred and fifty dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be immediately available: Provided, That the Secretary of the Interior shall direct that the survey shall be executed under the supervision of the Director of the Geological Survey by such persons as may be employed by or under him for that purpose, and such survey shall be executed under instructions to be issued by the Secretary of the Interior: Provided furthe''^. That the plats and field notes thereof prepared shall be approved and 11 12 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. certified to by the Director of the Geological Survey, and three copies thereof shall be returned, one for filing in the surveyor-general's office of Idaho, one in the surveyor-general's office of Montana, and the original in the General Land Office. In carrying out the provisions of the law above quoted three special processes are involved.- First. The accurate location of the thirty-ninth meridian on the ground by tri- angulation from the Spokane base of the United States Geological Survey, includ- ing the retracing of so much of the international boundary line as may be found necessary for the determination of the intersection of the thirty-ninth mei'idian with the said boundary line, as well as for locating points on the continuation of the boundary between Montana and Idaho along the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains. Second. The marking on the surface of the ground, by proper monuments, of the boundary as determined. Third. The preparation of the necessary plats and field notes. With reference to the'above, the following instructions will be observed: LOCATING THE BOUNDARY. The Spokane base of the United States Geological Survey is referred to the meridian of Greenwich, and the thirty-ninth meridian above mentioned has for its initial point the meridian of the old Naval Observatory at Washington. By applying the proper correction and referring the thirty-ninth meridian west of Washington to the meridian of Greenwich, the result is that the meridian to be determined as the boundary line between Idaho and Montana is 116° 03' 02 ".30 west of Greenwich. The triangulation from the Spokane base will be extended eastward so as to accu- rately locate the intersection of the meridian above mentioned west from Green- wich with the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains. It may be that this identical point can not be located directly by triangulation, but a point as near thereto as may be possible should be so located, and from this the exact point should be determined by careful traverse based on an astronomic or calculated azimuth and distances determined by direct chaining or stadia measurement, whichever may be most practicable. After the point referred to, namely, the intersection of the meridian 116° 03' 02 ".30 west from Greenwich with the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains, has been determined, the triangulation is to be extended northward, locating as many points as may be practicable as near as may be to the boundary line between Idaho and Montana until the international botmdary is reached. From the points so located by triangulation other points exactly on the boundary will be deter- mined by traverse in the manner hitherto mentioned. The international bound- ary line is supposedly on the forty-ninth parallel of latitude. It will not, however, answer the purpose to rely on the location of this parallel from the Spokane base, but it must be determined with reference to an existing monument or monuments, being carefully retraced until its point of intersection with the meridian is exactly located. The distance along the international boundary from the nearest monument, or the monument recovered, to the point of intersection will be determined either by triangulation or direct measurement with chain or stadia or a combination of the two methods. After points as above described have been located on the boundary line between Idaho and Montana from the international boundary to the summit of the Bitter- root Mountains, these points will be joined by true meridian lines, so that a suffi- cient number of points on the boundary in addition may be determined to fulfill the conditions made necessary under the provisions hereinafter mentioned for mark- GooDE.] INSTRUCTIONS. 13 ing the line. Upon the completion of the siirvey and marking of the portion of the boundary line coincident with the thirty- ninth meridian, the triangulation will be extended in a southeasterly direction so as to locate points on the continuation of the said boundary line along the Bltterroot Mountains. All triangulation will be executed in accordance with instructions issued by the Director of the United States Geological Survey under date of February 15, 1897. In running lines between points located on the boundary the following instruc- tions will be observed: The instrument used must be a first-class transit instrument, reading to minutes or less, with or without solar attachment, but provided with stadia wires, and must be kept constantly in adjustment. In running the line, double back and fore sights with telesoope direct and reversed must be taken, in order to guard against errors resulting from imperfect adjustment of the line of collimation. It is absolutely necessary to follow this method whenever meridian lines are run, in order to avoid errors in the course. When offset lines are necessary, the notes must fully explain the procedure, and a diagram of such offsets must be inserted after the verbal description. Observations on Polaris for azimuth must be taken on the line every night, weather and other circumstances permitting, and the record of such observations must be given in detail in the notes in the manner as described in the Manual of Surveying Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States, issued by the Commissioner of the General Land Office under date of June 30, 1894. Temporary marks will be established on the preliminary or random lines between located points, and on reaching a closing point the departure therefrom will be noted. The true line will then be established, and permanent marks placed by shifting the positions of the tenaporary marks with a swing proportionate to the closure error and distances. Distances along the line will be carried by stadia or chaining, so that it will be possible to locate accurately all monuments established, as well as all topographic and cultural features. The distances thus obtained will be checked in closirfg from one located point to another. A full description of all monuments, the character of the timber and soil, the distances to the crossing of all bridges, rivers, lakes, outlines of wooded areas, railroads, roads, trails, and other prominent features will be fully recorded in the field notes, and a sketch of the topographic features adjacent to the boundary line will be made, as well as from each triangulation station on or near the line and from any traverse that may be run in connection with the line. Intersections will be made whenever possible on all important objects susceptible of location. The magnetic declination will be determined in connection with each transit observation on the line. MARKING THE LINE. Monolithic monuments will be placed on the boundary at the following places: Near the Northern Pacific Railway, near the Great Northern Railway, and near the north bank of the Kootenai River. These monuments are to be 6 feet long and 10 inches square, minimum dimensions, and are to be placed in a truly verti- cal position, set 3 feet in the ground and with their faces directed to the cardinal points. They are to be of undressed stone, except for a space suflBcient to cut the words "Idaho" and "Montana" on the west and east sides, respectively, which will be dressed smooth, and tii-> letters shall be 2 inches high, of proportionate width and of the style known as Egyptian. The same kind of monuments will be placed on the line at the international boundary and at the summ.t of the Bitter- root Mountains if it shall be found practicable to transport them in one mass, otherwise they will be prepared in the quarry in every respect similar to those mentioned above and will then be sawed into sections of such size as to be readily 14 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. no. transported on pack mules to their destinations. They will then be firmly and securely cemeted with Portland cement and established in the same manner as the other stone monuments. The monument on the international boundary in addi- tion to having the inscription ' ' Idaho " and ' ' Montana "' on the west and east sides, respectively, will have "Canada"' inscribed on the north. Intermediate between the stone monuments above described will be placed at prominent summits, road, trail, or stream crossings, at distances not exceeding a mile apart, and intervisible whenever possible, wrought-iron posts 6 feet in length, 3 feet of which shall be above ground and 3 feet below the surface, with a brass cap similar in general design to the standard iron j)osts used by the United States Geological Survey. The cap surmounting the post will be inscribed as below, the line cut on the cap being coincident with the boundary line: IDAHO BOUNDARY lAlSTE MONTANA Under each post will be placed a stone marked with charcoal or a vial filled with ashes. It is assumed that generally a soil surface for the insertion of the stone or iron posts can be found sufficiently near the points it is desired to establish the monu- ments. If, however, the exact point should fall on rock at the international boundary or the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains, a hole will be chiseled in the rock to a depth of about 8 Inches and a little larger than the base of the monument. Into this hole the monument will be firmly cemented with the best Portland cement. If the point for the location of one of the iron posts should fall on a rock surface, a copper plug similar to that used by the United States Q-eological Survey will be cemented in the rock and a truncated conical mound of stone, not less than 2i feet high and 5 feet broad, will be placed to the north of the point at a distance of 4 feet from it. The copper plug will be stamped as MONT, follows: — rrz— — and will be properlv oriented. IDA. When suitable bearing trees are found within a distance of 100 feet of a stone monument or iron post, they must be marked on the side facing the corner in the manner prescribed in the manual for special corners. In addition, each iron post will be witnessed, when possible, by mounds of earth or stone, one in Idaho and one in Montana, the material for the mounds to be taken from pits, one north and one south of the post, dug crosswise of the line. The pits will be 3 feet east and west, 2 feet north and south, and 1 foot deep, and their centers, as well as the centers of the mounds, will be 4 feet from the center of the iron post. PLATS AND FIELD NOTES. Special attention is called to the provisions of the law relating to plats and field notes. All plats and field notes shall be approved and certified to by the Director of the Greological Survey, and four copies thereof shall be returned— one for filing in the surveyor-general's office of Idaho, one in the surveyor-general's office of Montana, one in the office of the Geological Survey, and the original in the General Land Office. All field notes must be transcribed on a typewriting machine. The results of the topographic notes will be embodied in a map which will be drawn on a scale of 1 inch to a mile. Detailed diagrams of the i)oints on the inter- national boundary and at the intersections of the Bitterro6t Mountains will be made. GooDE] BOUNDARY LINES. 15 All parties engaged in the prosecution of this survey will be sworn before an ofiflcer duly qualified to administer oaths at the beginning and end of the survey. The oath of the chief of party must be taken either before the clerk of the district court or a United States commissioner. (See Manual, page 64.) Department of the Interior, Washington, June 5, 1897. The Director of the Geological Survey. Sir: Your letter of the 5th instant has been received, submitting for my con- sideration and approval instructions relating to the survey of the boundary line between Idaho ami Montana, for which provision was made in the sundry civil appropriation bill, approved June 4. The instructions in question have been approved by indorsement thereon and are herewith returned. Very respectfully, C. N. Bliss, Secretary. Department op the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C, June 7, 1897. Mr. R. U. Goode, Geographer. Sir: The execution of the necessary work in connection with the survey of the boundary line between Idaho and Montana, as provided for in the sundry civil bill for the fiscal year 1897-98, is placed under your supervision. This work will be performed in accordance with instructions approved June 5, 1897, by the Secretary of the Interior. The sum of |7,650 has been appropriated in this connection, and you are author- ized, within the limits of the above appropriation, to employ such temporary field assistants as may be necessary for the proper prosecution of the survey, and to mak* such journeys and to order your assistants to make such journeys as may be necessary in carrying forward the work. Very respectfully, Chas. D. Walcott, Director. BOUNDARY LINES. Territorial and State lines in the northwestern portion of the United States have undergone many changes. Originally this area was in- cluded partly in Louisiana and partly in Oregon, the dividing line being the crest of the Rocky Mountains. Oregon Territory was organized August 14, 1848. Its area at that time included the present States of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and portions of Wyoming and Montana. The Territory of Nebraska, ' formed from a portion of the Louisiana Purchase, was organized May 30, 1854. Its original area extended from Minnesota on the east to the continental watershed on the west, and included the existing State of Nebraska and portions of Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. The Territory of Dakota was formed March 2, 1861, from parts of the State of Minnesota and the Territory of Ne- braska, and on March 3, 1863, the Territory of Idaho was formed of portions of Nebraska, Dakota, and Washington, the latter having been organized March 2, 1853, from a portion of the Territoiy of Oregon. Originally, Idaho contained about 324,875 square miles, but in 1864 it 16 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. was reduced 146,080 square miles by the formation of the Territory of Montana, which was taken entirely from Idaho, and in 1868 it was further reduced hy the formation of the Territory of Wj'oming, almost the whole of which (93,995 square miles) was taken from Idaho. Mon- tana to-day stands as originally organized, while Idaho contains about 84,800 square miles. The present boundaries of Montana are described as follows: Beginning at the intersection of the twenty-seventh meridian of longitude with the boundary line between the United States and the British possessions, it fol- lows said meridian south to the forty-fifth parallel of latitude; thence west on this parallel to the thirty- fourth meridian; south on the thirty- fourth meridian to the point where that meridian intersects the continental watershed; thence westward and northwestward, following the line of the continental watershed and the sum- mit of the Bitterroot Range to its intersection with the thirty-ninth meridian; thence north on the thirty-ninth meridian to the boundary line between the United States and British possessions, and east on that boundary line to the point of begin- ning. The present boundaries of Idaho are described as follows : Beginning at the intersection of the thirty-ninth meridian with the boundary line between the United States and the British possessions it follows said meridian south until it reaches the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains; thence southeast- ward along the crest of the Bitterroot Range and the Continental Divide until it intersects the meridian of thirty- four degrees of longitude; thence southward on this meridian to the forty-second parallel of latitude; thence west on this parallel of latitude to its intersection with a meridian drawn through the mouth of the Owyhee River; north on this meridian to the mouth of the Owyhee River; thence down the midchannel of the Snake River to the mouth of the Clearwater; and thence north on the meridian which passes through the mouth of the Clearwater to the boundary line between the United States and the British possessions, and east on said boundary line to the place of beginning. The boundarj^ under discussion is the common one mentioned above. In the United States State boundary lines may be grouped in two general classes: First. Those that are defined by some natural physical feature, such as an ocean or a lake shore, the channel or bank of a stream, tli^e summit of a range of mountains, or a watershed. Second. Those that are defined by imaginarj'- lines which must be , traced on the earth's surface by astronomic or mathematical processes. Such a line may be a meridian of longitude, a parallel of latitude, a line between two points (such as a portion of the eastern boundary of Nevada, which is from the intersection of the one hundred and twen- tieth meridian and the thirty-ninth degree of latitude to a point on the Colorado River where it intersects the thirty-fifth degree of lati- tude), a line defined by azimuth and distance or a number of such lines consecutively joined (such as the boundary line between Maine and New Hampshire), a line determined by a given direction from a certain point terminating at its intersection with some other line wooDE.] BOUNDARY LINES. 17 (such as a portion of the western boundary of Idaho, which runs from a point in the channel of Snake River opposite the mouth of the Clear- water due north to the thirty-ninth parallel of latitude), or a tangent or arc of a circle (such as the western and northern boundary of Del- aware). Generally speaking, boundary lines of the first class need no mon- uments to indicate their location, while those of the second class must be perpetuated by marks of some kind after their positions have been determined. The boundary line between Idaho and Montana is made up of two sections, falling into the two classes mentioned. The first section is that part defined as the thirty-ninth meridian, between the interna- tional boundary and the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains ; and the second section is the sinuous line corresponding to portions of the crest of the Bitterroot and Rocky mountains, this line beginning at the intersection of one meridian line and terminating at another meridian line. The first section has been located and marked by monuments, as will appear hereafter. The second section is consid- ered to be adequately determined, since it follows a watershed, and its terminal points have been marked — the northern one by the results of the survey under discussion, and the second by the results of the survey of the western boundary of Wyoming, which line follows the thirty-fourth meridian from the forty-first parallel to the crest of the Rocky Mountains. The survey of the latter line was authorized by an act of Congress approved March 3, 1873, and was made, under contract, by Alonzo V. Richards, astronomer and surveyor, in June, July, August, and September, 1874. The following is a description of the corner of Idaho and Montana on this line, as taken from the report of the survey above referred to: At 245 miles 56 chains and 50 links the corner of Idaho and Montana was estab- lished on the crest of the Rocky Mountains. It is commemorated by a pine post 11 feet long by 15 inches in diameter, 3^ feet in the ground, marked on north face "34° W. L., 1874;" on south face, " 246 m, 56 chs. 50 Iks.; " on east face, "Wyom- ing; " on southwest face, "Idaho; " on northwest face, ' ' Montana; " and is squared 2 feet at the upper end in the shape of a pentagon. The point is further per- petuated by a stone in the bottom of the pit in which this post was set, marked "A. V. R," with several charred blocks. A conical mound of earth and stone was raised 4 feet high by 7 feet in diameter, with a pit in the corner of each of the three Territories 3 feet square by 3 feet deep. Then, on the top of the mound, on the east side, was placed a flat sandstone, marked " Wyoming;" another on the southwest side, marked "Idaho," and one on the northwest side, marked "Mon- tana." Nineteen pine trees are noted as witnesses to this post. It will be noted that the law provides for locating points on the con- tinuation of the boundary line along the Bitterroot Mountains between Idaho and Montana. It was not possible to extend the triangulation beyond the southern extremity of the meridional portion of the bound- ary line, on account of the available funds not being sufficient for Bull. 170 2 18 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. the purpose. In fact, the appropriation made would not have been adequate for the work that was accomplished if it had not been pos- sible to utilize, in connection with the boundarj^ line, work done under other appropriations. In this manner about 50 miles of the boundary were accurately located in connection with the survey of the Hamilton quadrangle, a portion of which is embraced within the limits of the Bitterroot Forest Reserve. The crest line of the Rocky and Bitterroot mountains between Idaho and Montana is generallj^ a clearly defined summit or watershed, so that no serious question need arise as to its identification as an inter- State boundary. (See PI. I.) In a few localities, notably in some of the passes, there are morasses of small extent out of which the water flows or seeps in both directions. If the question of placing monu- ments to mark this line ever arose, the location of monuments in such swampy localities as are found to exist would probablj^ fulfill all necessary requirements. It is, however, very desirable that topo- graphic maps of the adjacent territory be prepared. Such maps would clearly differentiate the true summits from the diverging spurs, and prevent any possible misconception as to the location of the line. After these maps had been prepared there would be no further ques- tion of surveying, but merely one of placing monuments, should this be considered necessary. It frequently happens, as the result of greater or less relative ero- sion or uplifting, that spurs have an elevation higher than that of the main watershed, and this is remarkably the case in certain portions of the Bitterroot Mountains. In fact, in those portions where detailed examinations have been made all of the higher points of the range are uniformly from 6 to 8 miles east of the present divide, and it is prob- ably true that this divide, in the course of geologic time, has retreated from an irregular line which passed through these high points. This, if true, is due partly to the fact that the waters of the Bitterroot River draining to the eastward have a greater relative rate of fall, and consequently greater erosive power, than had the waters flowing westward through the Clearwater, and thus the territory tributary to the former is gradually being captured by and added to that of the latter. ACCOUNT OF OPERATIONS. The work in connection with the boundary line extended through portions of three field and office seasons. The act providing for the survey of the boundary line was approved June 4, 1897, and Mr. E. T. Perkins, jr., topographer, was immedi- ately detailed for field work in connection with the triangulation. Mr. Perkins left the city of Washington on June 10, and proceeded to Spokane, Washington, by way of Boise, Idaho, stopping at the latter place to arrange for the transportation of certain property to I). S. GEOLOGICAI. SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 170 PL. II A CABINET RANGE. Jl. SUMMIT OF CABINET RANGE, SHOWING POINTS TOUCHED BY BOUNDARY LINE (A AND B). QOODE.] ACCOUNT OF OPERATIONS. 19 be used in connection with the work. The party was organized at Spokane, and at first consisted of only a paclter and a cook, but was afterwards increased by the addition of a field assistant, when angle observations were begun. When occasion required, for instance in clearing the timber for a triangulation station, extra men were hired by the day. Transportation was at first by saddle and pack animals alone, but later a light spring wagon was added to the outfit. The work was greatly retarded by smoke during the summer, which was at times so dense as to render observations impossible, and by unusually early storms in the fall. All operations were entirely suspended about October 1, the snow being so deep as to render prac- tically impossible the ascent of the peaks used as triangulation stations. The season's work consisted in extending the triangulation from the Spokane base eastward, through a longitudinal interval of about 70 miles, to the boundary line. Fifteen stations were erected, nine of which were occupied, and one observation for azimuth was made. Another object accomplished during the field season was the identification on the ground of the Mooyie Trail monument, which had been established by the Northwestern Boundary Commission. This monument was about 8|- miles west of the boundary line between Idaho and Montana, and was the nearest monument or mark of any kind on or near the international boundary that could be identified. Further reference will be made to the Mooyie Trail monument. After the party was disbanded, Mr, Perkins proceeded to California for duty. During the winter the office work pertaining to the tri- angulation was done under the direction of Mr. S. S. Gannett. Three figures were adjusted by least squares, and the geodetic positions of nine points were computed. One of the stations, Divide, was found to be 6, 072' feet east of the Idaho-Montana boundary line, and another station, Scotchman-, was found to be 7,842 feet west of it. Field operations were resumed in June, 1898, two parties being organized, one for the extension and completion of the necessary tri- angulation, the other for running the random line northward from the point determined as the intersection of the thirty-ninth meridian west from Washington with the crest of the Bitterroot Mountains. Mr. Perkins continued the triangulation, and the line party was organized by Mr. S. S. Gannett, topographer, with Mr. D. L. Reaburn, as transit man, the latter assuming charge of the party after the work was started. Mr. Perkins extended his work of the preceding year northward to the international boundary, occupying nine new stations and reoccu- pying four old ones. A high signal was erected over the Mooyie Trail monument, and this point was located. Unfortunately the character of the country was such that it was impossible to get a location by triangulation near the northern terminus of the inter- state boundary line. 20 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. Mr. Gannett was instructed to carefully examine the topographic features of the country adjacent to the triangulation station Divide, in order to determine whether it was on the true summit of the Bit- terroot Mountains, and then, by traverse from the Divide station, to locate the exact point on the summit from which, as the initial point, the random line should be projected northward. Observations for azimuth were obtained at Divide, the details of which will appear hereafter, and also at the end of the traverse line. This traverse was run along the divide westward through a longitudinal interval which was supposed to be 6,072 feet, but, unfortunately, owing to an error in the field computations, the location of the initial point was made 177 feet too far east. This error was discovered in the office, and in the adjustment of the random line it was entirely eliminated from the final results. Work on the random line was commenced July 11 by the party under Mr. Reaburn, which consisted of one recorder, two rodmen, two packers, three axmen, and a cook. The region traversed was along the entire line very rough and generally covered with timber. There were few roads or open trails, and the transportation problem was a difficult one. A pack train was provided, and it was generally necessary to make long detours and to cut out trails in order to estab- lish camps at convenient points near the line. Toward the close of the season a great deal of snow was encountered on the high ridges, the party narrowly escaping being snowed in without provisions. The survey of the random line was completed to the vicinity of the international boundary on October 31 in snow 2| feet deep. Horizontal and vertical distances along the entire line were obtained by stadia measurements. The total rise and fall of the boundary line was about 63,000 feet, the average length of sights 350 feet, length of line about 72 miles, number of transit stations 1,051, and number of azimuth stations 17. At the conclusion of the field season Mr. Perkins returned to the office and Mr. Reaburn was ordered to field duties elsewhere. During the office season of 1898-99, after the triangulation had been finally computed, an adjustment of the stadia work to the trian- gulation was made, and tables were prepared showing the exact lati- tudinal and longitudinal corrections to be applied at each station of the random line. Elevations were also computed from the vertical angles for each transit station. Six sheets on mounted drawing paper, each sheet extending through a latitudinal interval of 10', were then prepared. On these sheets was drawn the boundary line in its true position, and all topographic features which had been located from the random line were indicated. Such elevations as would be useful in sketching contours were also placed on the sheets, and the sheets thus arranged were used for sketching the topography adjacent to the line. Mr. Reaburn resumed field operations about the middle of June, U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY iiilMItt 1h BULLETIN NO. 170 PL. Ill A. CAMP SOUTH OF SUMMIT OF CABINET RANGE. B QUARTZITE SLATE NEAR SUMMIT OF SCOTCHMAN PEAK, QooDE.] LATITUDE. 21 1899, the party as organized being similar to that of the preceding season. The field work which remained was to remeasiire a portion of the line, place the monuments, cut out the true line, and secure additional data for the map. The line was divided into four sections, reference to which will be made hereafter. Three of them were controlled by triangulation, but the fourth, or northernmost section, not being so controlled, it was decided to remeasure that section with the stadia, and also to make a careful comparative measurement with a steel tape. The measure- ment with the steel tape served not only to check this section of the line, but was also used as a basis of comparison with the stadia meas- iirements and to determine a stadia factor, which was afterwards apj)lied to all of the stadia work. The measurements of the northernmost section were first made, and the northern terminal point of the line determined. The party then started southward, and the monuments were established, marked, and witnessed in accordance with the instructions. The topography was also sketched, but as the territory through which the line ran was for the most part covered with timber, it was impossible, without delaying the work beyond the limit of the available funds, to cover more than a narrow belt. This work was completed October 5, 1899, and after a short service in another locality Mr. Reaburn reported to the ofiice in Washington for the preparation of the final notes and plats. LATITUDE, XiONGITUDB, BASE LINE, AZIMUTH, AISTD TRI- ANGULATION. In the following pages is given a short account of the methods employed in establishing what may be termed ' ' the control " for the boundary line. By combining the results of the latitude, longitude, and azimuth observations with the base-line measurement, the position on the earth's surface and the length and true direction of a line were deter- mined. Through a system of triangulation based on the line thus established the positions of points near the boundary line were com- puted, as well as the distances and directions between these points. LATITUDE. The new county court-house at Spokane having been built very close to the longitude pier of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey of 1888, the latter could not be used as a latitude pier. A new pier was therefore built 67.4 feet east of the longitude pier, where an unobstructed view of the meridian could be obtained. (See PL IV.) A Fauth combined transit and zenith telescope (No. 534) was mounted on this pier, and in August, 1896, observations for lati- tude, by the Talcott method, were made by Mr. S. S. Gannett. Pairs 22 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. I BULL, 170. of stars wore selected from Safford's Catalogue of 2018 Stars. The apparent day places, however, were obtained from the Berliner Jahr- buch whenever possible; otherwise, they were computed by the usual methods, as explained in the American Ephemeris. Fifty-nine observations upon twenty-seven pairs of stars gave a weighted mean value for the latitude of the pier of 47° 39' 51'. 46 ± U".13. The results for dilfereut nights and for different pairs of stars are given in the following table : Results for latitude, Spokane {Washington) Station, 1896. [S. S. Gannett, observer and computer.] Stars (Safford), num- ber and class. Individual results. 47° 39'. Mean. Weight. Aug. 6. Aug. 7. Aug. 8. Aug. 9. 748 A, 759 A-.. Seconds. Seconds. Seconds. 51.54 Seconds. 50. 17 53.27 51.46 50.66 49.01 49.80 49.81 50.58 51.05 50. 65 49.71 51.30 52.52 51.74 51.57 52. 66 51.20 50.15 49.14 51.07 52.63 Seconds. 50.85 51.66 51.46 51.02 49.99 49.88 50. 24 50.79 49.81 50. 58 52.08 51.05 50.65 51.13 51.67 53.26 52.37 51.57 52.11 51.49 51.25 51.32 51.16 53.45 52. 63 50. 30 53.03 1.72 1.28 0.79 1.69 1.62 2.40 1.80 1.32 0.80 0.96 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.63 1.72 2.70 2.90 0.88 2.05 2.47 1.53 2.99 2.55 1.63 0.96 0.79 1.80 766 A, 782 C... 772 A, 782 C 50. 05 795 C, 801 AA... 51.69 50.04 50.16 50.90 50.78 50. 70 50.92 49.68 49.57 50.80 809 C, 852 A._- 814 A, 852 A 814 A, 856 AA .. 809 C, 856 AA 809 C, 834 AA 814 A. 834 AA... 882 AA, 917 C... 901 C 903 AA -- 52.08 903 A A, 920 C... 931 B, 949 A . 52. 56 52.15 53.58 52.90 53.12 52.38 957 A, 969 A .. 987 A, 989 B... 989 B,1000AA..- 1011 B, 1032 B... 53.81 52.46 1016 B,1032 B... 1032 B. 1037 B... 1032 B,1047 C... 1059 A, 1078 A. . 1188 AA, 1129 A .. 52.10 51.62 52.82 51.36 51.58 51.59 52.21 53.54 51.57 51.78 52.02 51.75 51.37 53.37 1129 A, 1146 B 1133 AA, 1158 A-- 1161 A, 1173 C 50.30 53.00 1202 AA, 1207 A... 53.06 Weighted mean, 47° 39' 51" .46 ± 0".13. GooDE.] OBSERVATIONS FOR LONGITUDE. 23 LONGITUDE. The meridional portion of the line is defined as corresponding to the thirty-ninth degree of longitude west from Washington. Section 435, Revised Statutes, provides that "The meridian of the Observatory at Washington shall he adopted and used as the Ameri- can meridian for all astronomical purposes," and this has been con- strued as meaning the old Naval Observatory. The latest adjustment by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey fixes the longitude of the center of the dome of the United States Naval Observatory (old site) at 5'' 08'" 12M53 ± 0^049, or 77° 03' 02".30± 0".74; hence the longitude of the meridian corresponding to the boundary line between Idaho and Montana is 116° 03' 02". 30. ■ The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey has published an adjusted network of telegraphic longitude determinations, including points distributed in various localities throughout the United States. This system includes the Naval Observatory at Washington and also a station at Helena, Montana. From Helena the Coast Survey in 1888 determined the longitude of a pier in the court-house grounds at Spokane. The nightly programme at each station was to observe, with an astronomic transit, two sets of ten stars each for local time, each half set consisting of four stars having a mean azimuth factor nearly equal to zero, and one circumpolar star. Two such half sets, with a reversal of the telescope in the Y's between them, give a strong time deter- mination. The same sets of stars were observed at Helena and at Spokane, thus giving the chronometer error for each local meridian. Between the two time sets the chronometers were compared by telegraph, thus giving the difference in time, and consequently in longitude, between the meridians within a small fraction of a second. As will be noticed in the following table, such observations and chro- nometer comparisons were made on four nights, when the observers interchanged places and made similar observations and chronometer comparison on four other nights, thus eliminating the effect of "per- sonal equation." 24 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [BULL. 170. The figures relating to this description, which were kindly furnished by the Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, are presented below : Resulting difference of longitude between the astronomic stations at Spokane, Washington, and Helena, Montana, as determined by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in September, 1SS8. Date. Observer. a o u O m a c3 ^ a W ^ "S it oi. cj B cj ».B fci'-' a* o a) a 5 B B.£f o i 5 d P. :4 a W 1888. Sept. 13.... Sept. 15 Sept. 33.... Sept. 24.... Sept. 36..-. Sept. 37.... Sept. 38.... Sept. 39.... ^^ < ■ B M c . td 6 ■ < ' // 31 34. 193 .318 .399 .383 31 34.616 .703 .667 .663' 31 M. 171 .164 .247 .324 Mean... 21 34.591 .673 .625 .619 Mean . . . 0. 032 .054 .052 .059 / // 21 34.183 .191 .373 .354 +0.208 -0.208 31 34.390 .399 .481 .462 .396 .479 .438 .433 6 5 5 10 4 4 5 5 II +0. 047 + .038 - .044 - .035 + .041 - .043 - .001 + .004 ± 009 .047 31 34.225 0.025 .029 .042 .044 21 34.604 .687 .646 .641 .035 21 34.644 31 34.435 Weighted mean. 31 34. 437 Transmission time, 0^.030 ± 0s.O03. Personal equation, Marr-Sinclair, 0^.308 ± 0s.009. At Spokane, transit No. 19 was mounted in the grounds of the county court-house. At Helena, transit No. 18 was mounted over the station in the northwest corner of the grounds of the United States assay office. The station was established in 1888. The court-houso tower is Os.334 or 4". 86 east and 0".811 south of the transit. A ASpokane-Helena=31" 34s.487 ± 0s.0(]9. A Helena (transit 1888), 7h tii^ 08^.789 ± 0^053. A Spokane (transit), 7h 49n" 43^.336 ± 0s.053. 117° 35' 48".39 ± 0".80. From the foregoing it will be observed that the probable error of the longitude determination of the Spokane pier is 0".80, or about 54 feet. Through a connection with the pier at Spokane the longitude of the meridian of the boundary line was established by triangulation and traverse, as will appear hereafter. • It may be remarked, in connection with the foregoing, that while the meridian of the Observatory at Washington is, by law approved September i>8, 1850, the American meridian for all astronomical pur- poses, the geodetic operations of the country generally are conducted with reference to the meridian of Greenwich as an initial point. Gov- ernment maps are usually referred to Greenwich, and standard time is reckoned from it. BASE LINE AND AZIMUTH, 25 SPOKANE BASE LINE. A site for this base line was found in the valley of the Spokane River, east of the city of Spokane, points for its expansion being located on the surrounding hills. The line was measured along a tangent of the Northern Pacific Railway, beginning about 2.5 miles east of the Spokane depot and extending eastward 5 miles. It was prepared by nailing boards 1 by 6 by 60 inches 300 feet apart along the cross-ties parallel to the rail. On each board a smaller board (1 by 4 by 12 inches) was nailed, and on the latter was tacked a strip of zinc 2 by 10 inches. At night two complete measurements were made with United States Geological Survey steel tape No. 1, under a tension of 20 pounds, temperature being taken by reading three ther- mometers at each tape length. The front end of the tape was marked on the zinc strip with a fine brad awl. The length of the tape used, compared with the mural standard of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey on October 30, 1895, was found to be 300.0075 feet; on December 5, 1896, 300.0058 feet. The mean of these two, 300.0067 feet, was adopted. Adopted coefificient of expansion F._ .0000065 Mean temperature of first measurement .,... 60^.35 Mean temperature of second measurement . . 59°. 25 Difference between the two measurements, when corrected for tempera- ture feet_. .006 Mean elevation of the line above sea level, as given by a profile furnished by the Northern Pacific Railway feet.. 1,972 Length of base corrected for temperature ... do 36,407.288 Correction for inclination do_.. — 0.156 Reduction to sea level -..do-__ — 2.491 Reduced length do... 26,404.641 Logarithm of length, in meters .- 3.9056963 The terminal points were transferred to the embankment 25 feet north of north rail, and the new points being intervisible, high tripod supports for the theodolite were necessary. AZIMUTH. The azimuth of the Spokane base line was determined by mounting 8-inch micrometer theodolite No. 300 over the west base and meas- uring the angle between Polaris and a mark placed at the east base. A series of observations, consisting of eighteen pointings (direct and reverse), was taken near elongation August 15, 1896, the resulting mean for azimuth west base-east base being 253° 18' 45". 80. With this value and the astronomic location of the cupola of the court-house at Spokane the positions of all triangulation stations and azimuths of all lines in the main belt of triangulation eastward 26 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. to Divide and Scotcliman stations, near the Idaho-Montana boundary line were computed. A check azimuth was observed at Divide trian- gulation station July 7, 1898, Avith the same theodolite. Twenty pointings (direct and reversed) on Polaris were obtained and referred to Scotchman station. Azimuth of line Divide-Scotchman computed from Spokane base. . 170 18 05.^7 Azimuth of same line by direct observation 170 18 10.25 Difference .-- --- 4.38 The observed value was adopted in the computation of positions in the extension of the triangulation northward to the international boundary. Examples of record and computation for azimuth determination are given herewith : Azimuth determinations at triangulation station Divide, July 7, 1S9S. S. 8. Oannett, observer. [Latitude () 47° 57' 57".51. Longitude (A ) 116° 01' 33".08] Azimuth mark- PolarisD Polaris R Azimuth mark. Azimuth mark. Polaris R Polaris R Azimuth mark. Time. h. III. s. 10 37 .53 10 33 48 10 42 02 10 46 08 Level. W. E. d. d. 13.0 16.0 11.8 18.0 34.8 34.0 -9.3 13.8 15.3 14.0 15.0 37.8 30.3 —3.5 14.0 11.5 13.5 12.0 27.5 23.5 -f4.0 16.0 16.0 18.2 14.0 34.3 30.0 +4.0 Microme- ter A. ° ' d. 331 09 03 255 33 34 75 36 08 41 09 18 78 10 33 113 39 14 393 40 03 258 09 38 Microme- ter B. " ' d. 41 09 13 75 34 07 255 34 31 221 08 11 358 09 09 392 38 08 113 40 11 78 10 14 Mean. 321 09 15 2.55 34 01 75 35 29 41 08 59 78 10 03 112 38 52 292 40 13 258 10 12 Angle. 34 24 46 34 36 30 34 28 50 34 30 01 Time by mean time watch, 34 seconds fast on one hundred and fifth meridian time. One division of striding level = 8".66; 1 division of micrometer = 2". 00. Level correction = — 'f | {w + w') — (e + e') i tan h; d being the value of a division of the level, w + iv' readings of west end of level bubble, e + e' readings of east end of level bubble, and h, the angular elevation of star, the foregoing for- mula reduces as follows: 3".66 X tan 47° 57' 57 " (1.11) = 1 ".01. QOODB.] AZIMUTH. 27 The formula for reduction of azimuth observations at any hour r/ SI n / , where a=sec (j) cot 6, b=tan ^ cot 6. ansie is tan A 1 — h cos t' log sec (f), 47 log cot 6, 88 log a 57 57=0.17421 45 46= 8.33439 = 8.50860 log tan ^=0.04505 log cot (^= 8. 33439 log 6 =8.37944 Watch correction =—0 34 Longitude correction = — 44 06 Total correction :-44 40 Computa- tion of first observation. Computa- tion of sec- ond obser- vation. Computa- tion of third observation. Computa- tion of fourth ob- servation. h. VI. s. 10 37 53 -44 40 h. m. s. 10 33 48 —44 40 h. m. s. 10 43 03 44 40 h. m. s, 10 46 08 44 40 Local mean time --. 9 43 13 +1 36 7 03 11 9 49 08 +1 37 7 03 11 9 57 22 +1 38 7 03 11 10 01 38 -1-1 39 7 03 11 16 47 59 -1 21 51 16 53 56 -1 21 51 17 02 11 -1 21 51 17 06 18 —1 21 .51 t 15 36 08 o ' // 231 33 00 9. 79383 8.37944 15 33 05 ' II 233 01 15 9. 77925 8. 37944 15 40 30 o ' // 335 05 00 9. 75769 8.37944 15 44 27 o ' // 336 06 45 9. 74630 8. 37944 8. 17337 .01490 1.01490 9. 89375 8. 50860 8.15869 .01441 1.01441 9. 90246 8.50860 8. 13713 .01371 1.01371 9.91381 8.50860 8. 13574 .01336 1.01336 9. 91915 8.50860 1 — b cos t . Log sin i 8.40335 0.00643 8. 41106 0. 00621 8.42341 0.00591 8.43775 0.00575 Log tan A- -. . 8.39593 / // 181 35 33 -34 34 46 +9 147 00 55 8. 40485 / II 181 37 18 -34 36 30 +3 147 00 50 8.41650 / 1/ 181 39 41 -34 38 50 —4 147 00 47 8.43200 181 30 49 —34 30 01 -4 147 00 44 Azim.utli of star Azimuth of mark The mean of twent}^ observations reduced in a similar manner = 147° 00' 51'M5. Check azimuths along the random line were measured with Young transit No. 6838, The instrument was usually set over one stadia station and a mark placed on another station. Six measurements (three direct and three reversed) of angle between Polaris and mark were then made. These observations w;ere reduced at once by the 28 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. no. method and tables giveu in the Manual of Surveying Instructions issued b)^ the General Land Office, 1894, pages 109-119. An example of record and computation follows. [July 19, 1898. Stadia Q ^". D. L. Reaburn, observer.] TELESCOPE DIRECT. Time. A. B. Mean. Angle. h. m. s. 03 30 1 19 00 180 03 30 1 18 30 / // 03 30 1 18 45 , » Polaris 9 03 40 1 15 15 TELESCOPE REVERSED. 9 15 18 180 23 00 180 02 30 22 30 180 02 30 180 22 45 02 30 Azimuth mark 1 20 15 TELESCOPE REVERSED. 35 14 00 36 38 30 215 14 00 216 38 30 35 14 00 36 38 30 Polaris 9 30 00 1 24 30 TELESCOPE DIRECT. 9 33 30 36 40 00 35 14 00 216 40 00 215 14 00 36 40 00 35 14 00 1 26 00 TELESCOPE DIRECT. 81 12 00 82 39 00 261 12 00 262 39 00 81 12 00 82 39 00 Polaris . ... 9 39 45 1 2T 00 TELESCOPE REVERSED. Polaris 9 41 45 82 41 00 81 12 00 262 40 30 261 11 30 262 40 45 81 11 45 1 29 00 [July 19, 1898. Stadia H 77. Latitude 48° 03' ; longitude 116° 03'. Watch fast 42" 36s on local time.] H. M. Upper culmination Polaris, July 15 17 43.5 Reduction to July 18 _ -__ _-. ._. —11.8 Upper culmination July 18, being culmination preceding time of ob- servation on July 19... =17 31.7 GOODE.] AZIMUTH AND TRIANGULATION. [D. L. Reaburn, computer.] 29 Computa- tion of first ob- servation. Computa- tion of second ob- servation. Computa- tion of third ob- servation. Computa- tion of fourth ob- servation. Computa- tion of fifth ob- servation. Computa- tion of sixth ob- servation. Time of observation h. m. 9 03.7 -43.6 8 31.1 -f34 h, in. 9 15.3 -43.6 8 33.7 +34 h. m. 9 30.0 —13.6 8 47.4 -f34 h. m. 9 33.5 ^3.6 8 50.9 +24: h. m. 9 39.7 —43.6 8 57.1 +Zi h. m. 9 41.7 -43.6 8 59.1 -f34 Subtract up. culmination _. 33 31.1 -17 31.7 33 33.7 17 31.7 33 47.4 17 31.7 33 50.9 17 31.7 33 57.1 17 31.7 33 59.1 17 31.7 14 49.4 33 56.1 15 01.0 33 56.1 15 15.7 33 56.1 15 19.3 33 56.1 15 25.4 23 56.1 15 27.4 Subtract from 33 56.1 -9 06.7 / // 181 13 45 1 15 15 179 58 30 8 55.1 o / // 181 18 30 1 30 15 179 58 15 8 40.4 o / // 181 33 13 1 34 30 179 58 43 8 36.9 o / r/ 181 34 16 1 36 00 179 58 16 8 30,7 / // 181 36 00 1 27 00 179 59 00 8 38.7 Azimuth Polaris- o / // 181 37 00 1 29 00 179 58 00 Mean = 179° 58' 33" showing this portion of the random line to deviate from the true meridian by 1' 27". TRIANGULATION. The triangulation connecting the Spokane base with the boundary line was done with an 8-inch micrometer theodolite, reading by two micrometers to two seconds and by estimation to one second. Direc- tions were read in sets, each set consisting of pointings with telescope direct and reversed from left to right and from right to left. Four or more of such sets were usually taken. A few secondary locations on or near the boundary line were made with the transit. All of the observations were reduced in the office by least squares. The following list gives descriptions, latitude, longitude, azimuths, and distances of the triangulation stations determined which have a bearing on the boundary line. A diagram of the triangulation is also presented. (See PI. V.) SPOKANE, EAST BASE. Station mark: A dressed stone, 7 by 7 by 36 inches, set 30 inches in ground, 25 feet north of north rail, and 94 feet eastward from sign "U. S. marked " Trent 1 mile." The stone is marked on top + E. Base." 30 SURVEY OP IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull.ito, [Latitude, 47° 41' 01".94. Longitude, 117" 16' (lO .81.] To station— Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. = , , Meters. Moran 14 37 16.03 194 35 48. 17 3. 9939436 West base . . 73 33 19.07 80 03 46.43 353 18 45.80 359 55 31.41 3. 9056963 4. 0956581 Court-house cupola Little Baldy 117 19 34.54 397 16 30.04 3. 7433303 Skalan - 388 10 38.61 108 32 55.95 4. 3409600 SPOKANE, WEST BASE. Station mark: A dressed stone, 7 by 7 Iw 36 inches, set 30 inches in the ground, 25 feet of north rail and 218 feet eastward from signboard, "IT. S. " R. R. X'ng -J mile." Top of the stone is marked + W. Base." [Latitude. 47'= 39' 47 ".28. Longitude, 117° 33' 10 ".45.] To station— Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Court-honse cupola. Tomkinson 91 45 38.07 137 10 ,30.83 309 54 31.35 353 18 45.80 378 57 36.00 334 00 35.75 371 43 56.36 317 06 36.14 39 56 00.31 73 33 19.07 99 14 36.34 144 03 41.01 Meters. a. 6595819 3. 9881446 3. 7474331 3. 9056963 4. 4609400 3. 9500715 Little Baldy East base ... Skalan Moran COURT-HOUSE CUPOLA, SPOKANE. (Not occupied. ) This point is connected, by direct measurement, with longitude pier of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey of 1888 and with lat- itude pier of the United States Geological Survey of 1896. It is also connected, bj^ triangulation, with the stations of the base expansion. The point located is the center of the flagstaff, which is over the cen- ter of the cupola of the new court-house. Latitude, 47° 39' 51". 76. Longitude, 117° 25' 49". 21. MORAN, SPOKANE COUNTY. Location of station : On the northern end of a high, wooded ridge, about 8 miles southeast of Spokane, in a cleared field about 50 feet west of the ruins of a log cabin. A wagon road runs to the station. U. S. GEOUOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 170 PL.V _ C ANADA l''7°_ BO UNDARY "united STATES | T LINE DL\GRAM OF TRIANGULATION FOR THE CONTROL OF THE IDAHO -MONTANA BOUNDARY 1897. 10 5 10 20 o Carlton^ l^ittleBaldy ^ SPOKANE ^e^mST^ ./ Chilco us BIEN a CO. t GOODE.] TRIANGULATION. 31 Station mark: a dressed stone, 8 by 8 by 36 inches, set 30 inches in the ground, marked "U. S. A-" [Latitude, 47° 35' 53". 67. Longitude, 117= 17' 59". 70.] To station- Azimuth. Back azimuth. Lojr. distance. Court-house cupola .. - _". Tomkinson .... Little Baldy.... 126 55 28. 15 140 29 39.00 168 33 40.57 263 25 05.73 O ' // 306 49 41.22 320 22 39.05 348 32 14.04 83 38 50.36 Meters. 4. 0883682 4. 2697837 4. 0900766 4. 3704936 Skalan LITTLE BALDY, SPOKANE COUNTY. Location of station : On a small flat-topped hill 5 miles northeast of Spokane, and in the center of a cleared field on the highest part of hill. A fringe of tall pine trees extends around the hill. Station mark : A dressed stone, 8 by 8 by 36 inches, set 30 inches in the ground, marked " U. S. A-" [Latitude, 47° 42' 24". 16. Longitude, 117° 19' 56". 74.] To station- Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. o , o / // Meters. Court-house cupola _ . . 57 24 18. 29 237 19 57.66 3. 9409363 Tomkinson 103 43 22. 18 283 37 48.45 3. 9857308 MounfCarJton _ 214 13 33.20 34 23 09. 80 4. 4590100 Skalan 389 58 08.50 110 13 20.40 4. 4378494 East base , . 297 16 30.04 117 19 34.54 3.7433303 TOMKINSON, SPOKANE COUNTY. Location of station : On the southern part of a small table-land 4 miles north of Spokane, on the highest knoll in pasture of Mr. Tom- kinson and one-eighth of a mile southwest of his house. Station mark: A dressed stone, 8 by 8 by 36 inches, set 30 inches in the ground, marked "U. S. A-" [Latitude, 47° 43' 38". 24. Longitude, 117° 27' 37".85.] To station — Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Carlton Court-house cupola o / // 329 52 16.64 343 36 09.45 O / II 50 07 28. 61 163 37 33.41 Meters. 4. 5339434 3. 8637730 32 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [BULL. 170. SKALAN, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. Location of station: Twentj^ miles east of Spokane, Washington, and 3 miles east of Washington-Idaho boundary line. The summit is a l)ald, rocky ridge, and can be reached by a good trail from Dr. Dennison's ranch, on the east side of Skalan Creek. Station mark: A copper bolt set in solid rock, above which is a cairn 5 feet in diameter at base and 5 feet in height. [Latitude, 47' 37' 19 ".26. Longitude, 116° 59' .23 ",15.] To station— Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Moran . / II 83 38 50.36 110 13 20.40 164 08 34.00 212 17 12.70 228 45 58.75 / II 263 25 05.73 289 58 08.50 344 02 57. 76 32 38 06. 17 49 06 20.29 Meters. 4. 3704936 4. 4378494 4. 5378730 4. 8158528 4. 6587750 Little Baldy Carlton BlacktaiL Chilco - CAELTON, SPOKANE COUNTY, WASHINGTON. LocatioQ of station: About 35 miles by road and trail northeast of Spokane, Washington. The mountain has two summits of nearly equal height and about one-third of a mile apart. The station is on the southern summit, which is flat and bald, but has a growth of pine and spruce trees on its western side. There is a good trail to station from The Meadows. Station mark: A copper bolt set in solid rock, above which is a rock cairn 5 feet in diameter and 5 feet in height. [Latitude, 47° 55' 13". 71. Longitude, 117° 06' 57". 26.] To station- Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. / // o ' II Meters. Little Baldy. -. 34 23 09.49 214 13 31.91 4. 4589864 Tomkinson. _ 50 07 28.61 229 52 16.64 4. 5239434 Blacktail •. 243 24 10.03 274 01 32. 58 344 02 57.76 63 50 44.00 94 27 33. 97 164 08 34.00 4. 6954456 4.6416575 4. 5378730 Chilco Skalan ... BLACKTAIL, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. Location of station : On a bald point near the south end of summit, near the western shore of Lake Pend Oreille and east of Cocolalla, on GOODE.] TRIANGULATION. 33 Northern Pacific Railway. It can be easily reached by trail from T. Trumbull's ranch. Station mark : A copper bolt sunk in solid rock, above which is a cairn 5 feet in diameter and 5 feet in height. [Latitude, 48° 07' 07".09. Longitude, 116° 31' 13".03.] To station— Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. o ' II ' II Meters. Chilco . 1 53 09.56 32 38 06. 17 181 53 39. 78 212 17 12.70 4. 4029303 4. 8158528 Skalan - . - . . ^ - Carlton 63 50 44.00 243 24 10. 63 4. 6954456 Round Top 228 10 27. 76 48 23 33. 96 4. 4305996 Scotchman 256 23 33.71 76 42 07.01 4. 5246835 CHILCO, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO, Location of station : On the south end of grassy summit south of the steamboat landing on Lake Pend Oreille. It can be easily reached from Collins's ranch by Leiberg trail. Station mark: A copper bolt sunk in solid rock, above which is a rock cairn 5 feet in diameter at base and 5 feet in height. [Latitude, 47° 53' 28".75. Longitude, 116° 31' 53".09.] To station— Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Skalan - Carlton ' II 49 06 20. 29 94 27 33. 97 181 52 39.78 305 48 07.03 335 10 00. 98 357 35 15.63 o / II 228 45 58.75 274 01 32. 58 1 53 09. 56 26 00 41.75 45 30 01.97 77 47 46.64 Meters. 4.6587752 4. 6416575 4.4029303 4. 6816159 4.6734537 4. 5875063 Blacktail Round Top Scotchman Divide SCOTCHMAN, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. Location of station: On the southwestern of three summits, about a mile west of the Idaho-Montana boundary line and 6 miles north- east of Clark Fork, a station on the Northern Pacific Railway. It can be reached from Lightning Creek by an old Indian trail — a roundabout way, though the easiest one. Station mark : A copper bolt in solid rock, above which is a rock cairn 5 feet in diameter and 5 feet in height. Bull. 170 3 34 fiURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. [Latitude, 48' 11' 19". 36. Longitude, 116° 04' 58 '.02.] To station— Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Chilco o / II 45 30 01.97 76 42 07. 01 129 21 22.70 350 15 33.38 o / // 225 10 00. 98 256 22 33.71 309 13 54.54 170 18 05.87 Meters. 4. 6724527 4. 5246835 4. 2047087 4.4001417 Blacktail Round Top - Divide . ROUND TOP, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. Location of station: Northeast of Hope, on tlie Sherry trail, near Hogeye camj), on the southern end of the summit, which extends 100 yards north and south. Station mark : A copper bolt sunk in rock, above which is a rock cairn 5 feet in diameter and 5 feet in height. [Latitude, 48° 16' 47".86. Longitude, 116'^ 14' .58".88.] To station— Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. o , o / // Meters. Chilco _.. -- 26 00 41.75 205 48 07.02 4.6816159 Blacktail. - 48 22 33. 96 228 10 27.76 4. 4305996 Scotchman, 309 13 54.54 120 21 22. 70 4. 2047087 Divide _ 334 24 02. 60 154 34 02. 58 4. 5855553 DIVIDE (1). Location of station : On a knoll on divide of the Bitterroot Mountains on the boundary line between Idaho and Montana. It is not the highest iDoint, but it is almost cleared of timber. Station is best reached from Heron, Montana, by the Elk Creek trail. Station mark: A copper bolt sunk in solid rock, above which is a rock cairn 3 feet in height and 3 feet in diameter. [Latitude, 47° 57' 57".51. Longitude, llO"^ 01' 33 '.08.] To station — Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Chilco --. ' /' 77 47 46.64 154 34 02.58 170 18 05.87 257 25 15.62 334 24 02.60 350 15 33.38 Meters. 4.5875062 4.58.55553 4.4001417 Round Top Scotchman MOOYIE TRAIL MONUMENT. Oil or near the lioundary line between Kootenai County, Idaho, and Britisli Columbia, about 32 miles northward from Bonners Ferry. GOODE.] TRIANGULATION. 35 Easily reached by the new Wild Horse trail, 5 miles from Round Meadows or Prairie. Monument is about a half mile beyond a por- tion of trail filled with loose rocks, and just beyond a heavy growth of timber and underbrush. Where the trail crosses the international boundary there is a large tree squared about 4 feet above the ground. On the south side of the tree are cut the letters "U. S.," on the north side the letters "B. C." Monument is west of this tree. Station mark : Copper bolt sunk in soil, over which is a monument of loose stone and a tree 20 feet in height. [Latitude, 49° 00' 01". 51. Longitude, 116° 14' 19".48.] To station- Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Border . ' // 267 48 09.25 353 09 44.78 o / II 87 49 12. 16 173 10 30.25 Meters. 3. 22930 4. 01339 Hell Roaring BLUE, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. Location of station : On southeasternmost of three summits of nearly equal height, 5^ miles west of Sand Point, on Great Northern Railway, 7 miles west of Sand Point, on Northern Pacific Railway; eight hours' travel from Carr's ranch, on Rider Creek, passing " Old Baldy," thence along ridge. Station mark : Copper bolt in solid rock, over which is a rock cairn 5 feet in, height. [Latitude, 48° 24' 01".52. Longitude, 116° 38' 55. '78.] To station— Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Doust . / II 232 53 14.44 236 01 09. 17 299 03 30.80 343 00 37. 10 o 1 II 53 12 26.21 56 31 23.44 119 28 52. 14 163 06 22.39 Meters. 4. 5965347 4.7758946 4. 6825857 4. 5152727 Newton Scotchman . Blacktail.. . DOUST, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. Location of station : About 7 miles southeast from Bonners Ferry. Best reached from Wright's ranch, in Paradise Valley. Follow trail leading to mineral claims of Doust & Wright to summit of Wright Mountain, thence along ridge over fallen timber to station; three hours' travel. Station mark: Copper bolt in solid rock, above which is a rock cairn 5 feet in height. 36 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull.170. [Latitude, 48" 36' 50 .16. Longitade, 116° 13' 18' .15. J To station — Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. ' // O ' II Meters. Blacktail. ,. /. 21 59 49. 24 201 46 25.83 4. 7734417 Blue. 53 12 26.21 232 53 14.44 4. 5965347 Hell Roaring 179 57 47.07 359 57 46.29 4. 5150730 Ewing _ . . 206 31 13.33 26 41 59.63 4. 5929986 Cross 232 19 53.73 242 25 12. 51 347 40 26.39 52 29 34.08 62 36 15. 35 167 46 40. 40 4. 3000841 4. 3089562 4. 6847536 Newton - . Scotchman HELL ROARING, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. Location of station : On southern end of the eastern of two round peaks at the head of Hell Roaring Creek. From Round Prairie a trail runs south of Hell Roaring Creek to summit of mountain. Station mark: Copper bolt in solid rock, above which is a rock cairn -4^ feet high. [Latitude, 48' 54' 30'. 02. Longitude, 116° 13' 19". 18.] To station— Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Mooyie Trail monument Border O ' II 173 10 30.25 182 36 16.26 262 28 39.26 322 24 20.27 359 57 46.29 o / // 353 09 44.78 2 36 33. 65 82 39 27. 78 142 34 02. 70 179 57 47.07 Meters. 4. 01339 4. 01348 4.2471106 4. 4137728 4. 5150730 Ewing - - - Cross -- Doust SCOTCHMAN (2), KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. A secondary station near boundary post No. 72, at summit of Cabi- net Mountain, occupied with transit. [Latitude, 48° 12' 50^^40. Longitude, 116° 03' 14''^98.] To station- Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Scotchman . . 37 07 25 355 37 01 357 34 30 o ' // 217 06 08 175 38 16 177 34 42 Meters. 3.54730 4. 44183 3. 87099 Divide . Transit station 1 54 QOODE.] TRIANGULATION. 37 BUCKHORN, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. A secondary station near boundary post No. 23, at summit of Yak Mountain, occupied with transit. [Latitude, 48° 46' 22'''.57. Longitude, 116° 03' 16'''.03.] To station— Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Doust . .- 34 55 05. 20 181 09 14.60 335 15 17. 30 196 47 42.90 327 38 03. 50 o / II 214 47 32. 90 1 09 25.90 145 18 48.30 16 51 04.97 147 40 20.26 Meters. 4. 33338 4. 18013 4. 00320 4. 25810 3. 81428 Transit station 949 Newton E wing , - - Cross BLACKTOP, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. A secondary station near boundary post No. 74. Reached from Clark Fork, Idaho, by trail to Homestake cabin; thence to divide between Blue and Mosquito creeks; then by four hours' travel (on foot) to station, following along slope of mountain. Station mark: Cross cut on solid rock, under a rock monument 3 feet in height. [Latitude, 48° 11' 50". 73. Longitude, 116° 03' 49".38.] To station- Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance.. Scotchman Transit station 154 55 42 30 349 37 03 235 41 29 169 37 39 Meters. 3. 23516 3. 75359 NEWTON, FLATHEAD COUNTY, MONTANA. Location of station : On second summit southeast of Newton Pass, on trail from Newton's ranch to Sylvanite. Station mark : Iron bolt in solid rock, above which is a rock cairn 5 feet in heiarht. [Latitude, 48° 41 ' 54".51. Longitude, 115° 58' 35" 26.] To station- Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Scotchman 7 56 25.44 56 31 23.44 62 36 15.35 140 57 32.97 178 55 40.21 187 51 39.02 336.01 09.17 342 25 12. 51 320 56 10.33 358 55 22.48 Meters. 4. 7576096 4.7758946 4. 3089562 3. 5525754 4. 4087123 Blue ., Doust . Cross Ewing 38 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [BULL. 170. EWING, FLATHEAD COUNTY, MONTANA. Location of station : In extreme northwestern corner of State, about 35 miles northeast of Bonners Ferry, Idaho. It can be reached by trail to Buckhorn mines, thence along divide 4 miles to break-off, thence northeast down into the basin or meadows, thence ascending- ridge in northwest direction, thence along ridge to summit. Station mark : Copper bolt in loose rock, above which is cairn of rocks 44 feet high. [Latitude, 48° 55' 43".99. Longitude, 115" 58' 58 ".82.J To station- Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Cross - . Buckhorn 4 25 15.00 16 51 04.97 26 41 59.63 65 56 28.90 82 39 27. 78 115 18 08.80 358 55 22.48 184 24 09.92 196 47 42. 90 206 31 13. 33 245 53 26.30 262 28 39.26 295 07 37.22 178 55 40.21 Meter.'i. 4. 3602056 4. 2581050 4. 5929986 3. 7325500 4.2471106 4. 2747300 4. 4087124 Doust Transit station 949 Hell Roaring Border Newton ... CROSS, FLATHEAD COUNTY, MONTANA. Location of station: On first summit northwest of Newton Pass, on trail between Sylvanite and Newton's ranch. Station mark: Copper bolt in loose rocks, above which is cairn of rocks 4^ feet high. [Latitude, 48° 43' 24". 24. Longitude, 116° 00' 25", 26.] To station— Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Doust O ' // 52 29 34. 08 142 34 02. 70 147 40 20. 26 184 24 09. 92 320 56 10.32 O 1 II 232 19 53.73 322 24 20.27 327 38 03. 50 4 25 15.00 140 57 32.97 Meters. 4. 3000841 4. 4137728 3. 8142800 4. 3602056 3. 5525754 Hell Roaring Buckhorn Ewing Newton BORDER, IN CANADA. Location of station : Just north of Kootenai County, Idaho. Reached from the Mooyie Trail by a trail to Grierson's ranch ; thence by Indian trail to small lake lying to the east; thence ai-ound lake to ridge; thence up ridge to station. GOODE.J TRIANGULATION. 39 station mark: Copper bolt in solid rock, above which is a rock cairn 4^ feet high. [Latitude, 49° 00' 03". 60. Longitude, 116° 12' 56". 12.] To station — Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Hell Roaring o ' // 2 36 33.65 87 49 12. 16 295 07 37.22 o / 182 36 16. 26 267 48 09.25 115 18 08.80 Meters. 4.01348 3. 22930 4. 27473 Mooyie Ewing . TRANSIT STATION 154. A secondary station near boundary post No. 78; best reached by trail from Clark Fork, Idaho, by way of the Homestake cabin, to Blue Creek; two hours' travel to cabin, one and one-half hours from cabin to camp on Blue Creek. The lidge leading from Blue Creek to the station can be ascended on the south side in one and one-half hours. Station mark : Copper bolt in rock, over which is a rock cairn 3 feet in height. [Latitude, 48° 08' 50". 14. Longitude, 116° 02' 59". 84.] To station — Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Blacktail 84 58 53 152 05 45 177 34 42 354 53 39 264 37 52 332 04 17 357 34 30 174 54 44 Meters. 4. 54599 3.71732 3. 87099 4. 30621 Scotchman Scotchman (2) Divide TRANSIT STATION 949, NEAR IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. A secondary station on a large hill near boundary post No. 9, 6^ miles south of international boundary. Station mark : None. Reference mark: Signal tree, distant 138 feet, azimuth to which is 308° 55'. [Latitude, 48° 54' 32". 59. Longitude, 116° 03' 01 ".05.] To station— Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. Buckhorr Doust 1 09 25. 9 21 04 23. 9 245 53 36. 3 181 09 14.6 200 56 39.8 65 56 28.9 Meters. 4. 18013 4. 54598 3. 73255 Ewing 40 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. DIVIDE (2). This triangulation station is not on the meridional portion of the line, but on the crest of the Bitterroot Mountains, farther south, and was located in connection with the survey of the Bitterroot Forest Reserve. It is on the main summit of the Bitterroot Range, on the boundary line between Montana and Idaho, 20 miles (air line) west of Grants- dale. It can be reached from the Lost Horse Pass (camp being at Twin Lakes) bj' following the northwest face of the mountain north- east from the Twin Lakes to the crossing of Moose Creek, thence up the creek to the Meadows. The peak lies to the northwest, about 2,000 feet above the meadow. Station mark : A rock cairn 5 feet in diameter and 8 feet in length. [Latitude, 46° 11' 32".l. Longitude, 114° 28' 12 '.2.] To station— , Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. ! V7ard (2) El Capitan 279 32 28 344 06 39 99 40 31 164 09 53 Meters. 4. 16360 4. 32652 TRAlSrSIT AT^D STADIA WORK. The transit used was one manufactured by Young & Sons, of the type known as No. 10 mountain transit, the maker's number being 6838. The horizontal circle was 4f inches, and this circle, as well as the vertical cii'cle, was graduated to read with verniers to 1'. The instrument was provided with a compass attachment, fixed stadia wires, and a tripod with extension legs. The extension legs were at times very necessary, as may be seen from PI. VI. Two stadia rods, of seasoned white pine, three-fourths inch in thickness, 12 feet in length, and 4 inches across the faces, were made in Spokane. The lower portions of the rods were tapered to a point and shod with steel. The design of the rod was black on a white ground. (See fig. 1.) By a series of tests the stadia interval was found to be in the ratio of 1 foot on the rod to 100 feet horizontal distance, as nearly as could be determined, and the rods were graduated to even feet and tenths. The extreme divisions of the rods included 10 feet, and each tenth was divided into five parts, so that hundredths could be easily read by estimation. No numbers were placed on the rods. In practice the rods were held verticallj^ proper corrections being applied for reducing all sights to the horizontal. There was no expectation of obtaining exact independent results for distances measured with the transit and stadia upon the basis of the stadia wires in the transit being set in the ratio of 1 to 100 and the U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 170 PL. VI TRANSIT STATION ON RANDOM LINS GOODE.] TRANSIT AND STADIA WORK. 41 rods being divided so as to read to hundredths. In point of fact, probably neither of these conditions existed, even when the instrument was fresh from the hands of the maker and when the rods were newly- graduated at Spokane, and much less likely is it that they existed when the instrument was subject to rough field usage and the rods were used under entirely different and variable circumstances. It was believed, however, that they could be relied upon in determining intermediate distances between points the exact distances between which were known, and so long as the ratio between the wire interval and the graduated portions of the rods remained nearly constant the purpose intended to be sub- served would be accomplished. Thus, when a line was run with the stadia between two points whose positions were rigidly fixed by triangulation and the resulting error was proportionately distributed, suffi- ciently accurate results were obtained, much more nearly accurate than could have been obtained by chaining, especially after certain corrections had been applied. The method used in running the random line was as follows: The line started from an astronomic azimuth, the initial point being on a high ridge and marked with a large signal. This signal was, when possible, used as a backsight, the instrument being transited in the direct and reversed position and the mean of the two points determined for the foresight being adopted. Of course in a timbered country it was generally not possible to see the backsights for any great distance, but whenever a ridge was crossed the trees were cut out (see Pis. IX and X) and a new backsight was established. In addition, frequent observations for astronomical azimuth were made, and thus additional checks were obtained. If any considerable discrepancy was discovered between the astronomical azimuth and the instrumental line, the latter was rerun in order to obtain a satisfactory check. Further, the line was connected with the triangulation and accurately adjusted thereto in azimuth as well as in distance. When the line was adjusted to the triangulation it was apparent that the transit man had introduced into his work a decided personal equation, which had the effect of constantly swinging his line in azimuth too far to the westward, as will appear hereafter. The stadia distances were read from both backsights and foresights, so that the length of each sight was obtained in duplicate, one distance depending on rod No. 1 and the other on rod "No. 2, the mean being adopted. In the same Fig. 1.— Design for stadia rod. 42 SURVEY OP IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bullito. way vertical angles were checked by reading backsights and fore- sights; and thus levels were carried over the whole line. The height of the instrument above the ground station was deterjnined at each point, and a corresponding height was sighted on the stadia rods. This height was obtained by having one of the legs of the tripod marked to tenths of a foot and bj^ using the plumb bob as a measuring line. The magnetic declination was read at each transit station. The stadia line was divided into four sections : First section. This section extended from the zero of the random line, namely, the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains, to transit sta- tion 154, and was controlled by connection with the triangulation system at both terminal points. At the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains it was connected by traverse with the triangulation sta- tion Divide, and transit station 154 was located directly by triangu- lation. The distance determined by stadia was 62,071 feet, and by triangulation 62,276 feet, the discrepancy being 205 feet, or 1 in 304. The azimuth correction in this section was found to be 0° 0' 33", cor- responding to a swing of 10 feet to the east in the random line at station 154 in order to make it a true meridian line. Second section. This section was included between stations 154 and 800. Station 800 was connected by a short traverse with the triangu- lation station Buckhorn. The distances determined by stadia and triangulation were, respectively, 228,014 and 228,734 feet, the dif- ference being 720 feet, or 1 in 318. The azimuth swing at station 800 was 71 feet to the east, corresponding to an angular correction of 0° 01' 04". Third section. This section was between stations 800 and 949. Sta- tion 949 was located directly by triangulation. The distance by stadia was 49, 132 feet and by triangulation 49, 190 feet, the difference being 58 feet, or 1 in 848. The swing in azimuth at station 949 amounted to 12.5 feet to the east, corresponding to an angular correction of 0° 0' 52". 4. The positions of transit stations 0, 154, 800, 949, and 1046 corre- siDond approximately to those of monuments 92, 78, 23, 8, and 0, respectively. Fourth section. This section closed on the international boundary, and it was unfortunate that a location by triangulation could not be obtained near its terminus, but the nature of the country rendered such a location impracticable, there being no elevated points near bj^ and the timber being very tall and dense. It was therefore checked by careful steel-tape measurements, the tape being held horizontally under a constant tension of about 15 pounds, a plumb bob being used at each end. This section extended between station 949 and a point 45 feet north of station 1046. The distance by stadia was 33,103 feet and by steel-tape measurement 33,219 feet, the discrepancy being 116 feet, or 1 in 286. It is proper to add that there are two small corrections which should GOODE.] TRANSIT AND STADIA WORK. 43 have been applied to the distance obtained and used on this section, one being that for reduction to sea level, amounting to —8 feet, and the other that for reduction on account of tape, which, after com- parison with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey standard, was found to be +12 feet. Thus, theoretically, the monument was placed 4 feet too far north, but the error, compared with that which might result from unavoidable station error, is so small that it may be considered as negligible. It might be well to explain what is meant by "station error." It is the error which is more or less inherent in all astronomic determina- tions, being caused by the deviation of the plumb bob, on account of varying local attractions, from the true vertical. Its existence may be detected by direct measurements between two astronomic stations. Assuming an astronomic location to be made at ^, a connection by triangulation with another station, B, and the position of B thus deduced from that of A, then if the astronomic position of B is deter- mined, the discrepancy between the astronomic position and the posi- tion determi;ied by triangulation from A represents the combined station error. Efforts have been made to deduce a law, based on the contour and density of adjacent land forms, which shall define the amount of attraction affecting the plumb bob which might be expected in any particular case, but nothing satisfactory has been accom- plished, owing principally to the fact that it is impossible to give an accurate value to the various components which constitute the mass of any given section of the earth's crust. The following table gives the results obtained directly from the stadia, and which were used in reducing the random line to the true line, both in distance and in azimuth. These figures do not, however, represent the degree of precision obtained by the stadia in measuring the distances, as they are unaffected by any corrections. Table showing discrepancy between computed and measured distances, also discrep- ancy in azimuth. Sec- tion. Sta- tions. Com- puted distance. Stadia distance. Latitu- dinal dis- crep- ancy. Discrep- ancy. Longitu- dinal discrep- ancy, random line west of true line. Discrep- ancy. Mean an gular error in azimuth. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. 1 0-154 63,276 63,071 205 1 in 304 10 1 in 6,238 033 3 154-«00 338,734 338,014 730 1 in 318 71 1 in 3, 323 0104 3 800-949 49,190 49,133 58 1 in 848 13.5 1 in 3, 937 53 The distances measured by the stadia should be corrected before any satisfactory comparison can be made with the computed distances for the purpose of testing the accuracy of the stadia work. Two conditions will be considered. The first is based upon the 44 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [mi.L.m. supposition that the rods were graduated arbitrarily into regular divisions, which were sufficiently small to admit of reading distances approximately to a foot, and that the stadia wires were set at some fixed interval. The fact that the rods were actually graduated so as to be read, as nearly as might be, to feet, tenths, and liundredths, and that the wire interval was approximate in the ratio of 1 to 100, does not enter at all into the theory of this condition. In fact the rod might be graduated in any systematic manner and the wires placed at any fixed interval without affecting the results after the proper corrections had been applied. An analogous case would be one in which certain distances were measured with a chain or tape the exact length of which was not known at the time the measurement was made but which was afterwards determined and the correction applied. The tape might prove to be 99 feet in length, but this would not affect the ultimate results after proper allowance had been made. The fourth section of the boundary line furnished a means by which the relation between the distances determined by the stadia and careful measurements with a steel tape, in other words, the stadia factor, might be ascertained. Table of comparisons of stadia and steel-tape measurements from transit station 949 (post 8) to the international boundary (post 0), section 4- Location. steel tape. stadia. Difference. Discrepancy. Station 949 Feet 4,618.6 8,606 13,760.5 18,148.3 23, 596. 2 27, 153 31,106 33, 219 Feet. 4,601.5 8,572 13, 698 18,077 23, 512 27, 062. 5 31,000 33, 103 Feet. 17.1 34 62.5 71.3 84.2 90.5 106 116 1 in 270 1 in 253 1 in 220 1 in 254 1 in 280 1 in 300 1 in 293 1 in 286 Post 7 Post 6 Post5 Post4 Post3 Post 2 Postl PostO An inspection of the foregoing table will develop the fact that the ratio existing between the results from the steel-taije and the stadia measurements is fairly constant. The steel-tape measurements were carefully made with a 100-foot steel tape, under conditions approxi- mating those under which the other portions of the line were meas- ured independently by the stadia, except that the surface was probably not so broken and the change of elevation not so great, thus favoring the accuracy of the tape measurement. The steel tape was after- wards compared with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey standard, and the values in the table are affected by a small correc- GOODE.] TRANSIT AND STADIA "WORK. 45 tion necessary to reduce them to the standard. Thus the comparison may be considered as determining the stadia factor, or the amount by which each stadia distance should be corrected in order to reduce it to a true measurement. It appears from the table that in a distance of- 33,219 feet the stadia measurement was 33,103 feet, or a difference of 116 feet, which cor- responds to 1 in 286 ; this correction to be added to the stadia results. It might be argued that it would be preferable to obtain the stadia factor by direct comparison with the computed lengths of the lines in sections 1, 2, and 3; and so it would if the rods were to be used for other purposes, but for the present purpose, which is to make a com- parison between the computed distances and the direct stadia meas- urements, the other method is adopted. Table showing discrepancies between stadia distances corrected for stadia factor and computed distances. Section. stations. Stadia dis- tance reduced to mean sea level. Correc- tion for stadia factor, 1 in 286. Corrected stadia distance. Computed distance. Discrep- ancy; add to stadia distance. Discrepancy. 1 2 3 0-154 154-800 800-949 Feet. 62,061 227,967 49, 119 Feet. +217 +797 +172 Feet. 62,278 228, 764 49,291 Feet. 62, 276 228, 734 49, 190 Feet. — 2 — 30 —101 1 in 31, 139 1 in 7, 625 1 in 488 A combination of the figures in the foregoing table indicates that in a total distance of 340,200 feet, or about 65 miles, there was an apparent error of 133 feet, or 1 in about 2,565. It would not, of course, be proper to claim any such accuracy for the stadia work, and in fact the figures themselves do not justify such a claim, as the range between them is too great to admit of any general deduction from the three combined results. For the purposes of this discussion it would have been better if the line could have been divided into more numer- ous sections and if more than one comparison for the determination of the stadia factor could have been made. A second condition is represented by the supposition that the rods were originally accurately subdivided so as to read to feet, tenths, and hundredths and that the stadia wires were at a fixed interval of 1 to 100. A correction inherent to this condition, from the theory of stadia measurement, is that of / 4- c, / corresponding to the distance from the plane of the cross wires to the objective, and c being the distance from the center of the instrument to the objective. In order to obtain a correct distance the measurement should, then, be from a point which is / -f- c, or, in the instrument used, 0. 95 feet, ahead of the center of the transit. In other words, this amount should be added to the distance obtained at each transit station. 46 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE, [bull. 170. Table shoiring discrepancies between stadia distances affected by ^'f+c" correction and computed distances. Sec- tion. 1... 2... 3..- 4... Stations. / Stadia dis- tance re- duced to mean sea level. Correc- tion for f+c. Corrected distance. Computed distance. Discrep- ancy add to stadia distance. Discrepancy. 0- 154 154- 800 800- 949 949-1,046 Feet. 62,061 227, 967 49, 119 33, 058 Feet. + 146 +614 + 142 + 92 Feet. 62, 207 228, 581 49,261 33, 150 Feet. 62, 276 228, 734 49, 190 33, 174 Feet. + 69 +153 - 71 + 24 1 in 903 1 in 1,495 1 in 693 1 in 1,381 The mean discrepancy for the whole distance is 175 feet, or 1 in 2,133. This, it will be observed, approximates that obtained after application of the stadia-factor correction. The results from the application of the /+ c correction serve to indicate that the rod was graduated approximately correctly, as in- tended, and the stadia wires were fixed so as to read distances on the rod approximately in the proportion of 1 to 100. As the stadia-factor correction was systematic, the results obtained for distances along the boundary line bj'^ a direct adjustment of the original stadia dis- tances to fit the triangulation exactly correspond to those which would have been obtained if the stadia-factor correction had been first applied and the remaining discrepancy afterwards adjusted to the triangula- tion. The only check obtained with reference to vertical distances or measurements of height is that furnished hy the portion of the line between the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railroads. Along the former road is a line of precise levels run by the United States Geological Survey from a mean sea-level connection at Tacoma, Wash- ington. The stadia line was connected with a bench mark of the pre- cise levels, and this bench mark is the datum upon which the elevation of the stadia line is based. The profile of the Great Northern Railway adjusted to the United States Geological Survey precise levels fur- nished an elevation at Leonia to which the stadia line was joined. The resulting discrepancy was 73 feet, which is greater than might reasonably be expected, but it is possible that some of the error may be in the railroad profile. The details relating to the profile of the boundary line between these two railroads are as follows: Sum of horizontal components, 201,188 feet; sum of vertical components, 42,700 feet; discrepancy in closure, 73 feet; discrepancy referred to horizontal components equals 1 in 2,756; discrepancy referred to vertical components equals 1 in 585. Extensive and careful experiments with the stadia were made by the ■wmnMHSi GooDE.] MONUMENTS. 47 Boundary Commission engaged in the survey and re-marking of the boundary between the United States and Mexico west of the Rio Grande ; and as the conclusions reached so nearly correspond to those arrived at in connection with the Idaho-Montana line, the following quotations are made : The method by stadia is cheap and rapid; requires less cutting than that by chain; is carried on under the eye of an instrument man, presumably of a high order of intelligence; gives heights and angles, and enables objects to be located from the line which is being measured; is ordinarily more accurate than the chain, and can be successfully used where the chain can not be, experience on this survey having shown that the stadia lines over mountains, hills, and canyons were more accurate than those on level plains and wide valleys. * * * In view of this proof of the inevitable change in the value of the interval, the common practice of painting a rod to correspond with the stadia interval of a cer- tain hour and day and then continuing the use of such rod unchecked and unchanged during the widely different seasons of this country oftentimes — in fact, for many years at a time — is seen to be inviting the large systematic error which almost without exception characterizes such work. If this evidence be taken to prove the fact that even so-called fixed stadia wires actually change their relative positions, or, what amounts to the same thing, appear to change on account of the influence of differential refraction at different seasons, then the present method of painting the rod to correspond with the determined interval is objec- tionable because of the cost of regraduating and repainting the rod to correspond to such change in interval. A method entirely free from this objection of cost, and one which the writer has found to stand every test during several years of field use. is that which uses rods divided into true units of feet, yards, or meters and employs an interval factor in the computation of distances. With this system a change in the interval simply means the loss of an hour's time in the preparation of a new table for reduced or true distances corresponding to any rod reading. MOISTJMENTS. The monuments used along the meridional portion of the line are of two kinds — stone and iron. The stone monuments are of granite, 6 feet in length and 10 inches square, undressed except for spaces sufficient to permit cutting the words "Idaho" and "Montana," on opposite sides. These monuments are placed in the more prominent localities, and are monolithic in all cases where it was possible to transport them in one mass to the proper position; otherwise they were cut into ten sections, so that they could be carried on pack mules, and were bolted and cemented together when established in place. The monuments at the international boundary and at the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains, these being the terminal points of the meridional portion of the line, are of stone made from sections, as described, and monoliths are placed near the points at which the boundary line crosses the ISTorthern Pacific and Great Northern rail- ways. (See PL VII.) The iron monuments are hollow posts of wrought iron, 6 feet in length and'^about 4 inches in outer diameter, covered with a coat of asphaltum tar. At the bottom they are flared 48 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOL^NDARV LINE. [bull. no. to a width of 12 inches, to insure more secure planting. These posts are set to a depth of 3 feet below the surface of the ground, 3 feet remaining above ground, and a conical mound of earth being raised around them to a height of 2 feet. On the tops of the posts are riveted bronze caps, on Avhich is cut appropriate lettering, and the number of the monument and the distance (in miles) from the international boundary are stamped in lai-^e figures. (See PI. VIII.) In addition to the four stone monuments referred to, eighty-nine iron monuments were placed. The sites for the monuments were chosen with reference to the topographic features of the countrj^ instead of being placed at even miles, as has usually been the custom on bound- ary lines, but there are few intervals greater than a mile between the monuments, the average interval being about three-fourths of a mile. They were placed generally on summits, or near streams, roads, or trails, and so as to be intervisible when possible. Between the monu- ments the line is thoroughly cut out, and adjacent trees are blazed, so that it can be readily recognized in any locality. The stone monuments were quarried at Medical Lake, Washington, and cost $14.50 apiece delivered at the railroad station nearest the point at which they were established. The iron posts were made in St. Louis, and cost $2.08^ delivered to the United States quartermaster at St. Louis. Previous to the work herein referred to no attempt had ever been made to locate and mark the Idaho-Montana boundarj^ line, but the engineers of the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways had estimated the points at which it crossed their tracks and established marks according to this estimation. , The accepted crossing on the Northern Pacific was found to be about one-fourth of a mile west of the true line and that of the Great Northern about 1 mile east of the true line along the railway track, but only about a half mile east thereof in direct longitude. Kootenai County, Idaho, spent a considerable sum of money in grading a road up the mountain from Leonia toward Sylvanite, which, when the boundary line was located soon after, was found to be in Flathead Countj^, Montana. Each monument is witnessed by pits and mounds wherever practi- cable, the pits being dug across the line distant 4 feet north and south of the post, and the mounds being 4 feet east and west thereof. The dimensions of the pits are 3 by 2 by 1^ feet, and the mounds were constructed from the excavated material. The monuments are fur- ther witnessed, usually \iy four blazed bearing trees, one in each quad- rant. The two trees in Idaho at post 48, for instance, were deeply engraved "Idaho P. 48 B. T.," and the two trees in Montana were marked in a corresponding manner. (See PI. IX. ) Under each monu- ment was placed about a quart of charcoal. In the notes the distance and bearing to the witness trees w^re marked and the trees described. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ULLETIN NO. 170 PL. VIM DESIGN FOR IRON POST. GooDE.] , MONUMENTS. 49 Complete copies of these notes can be found in the offices of the Geo- logical Survey and the General Land Office in Washington and of the surveyors-general in Idaho and Montana. A general description of the monuments is given below. The fig- ures followed by the letter " M " indicate the distance in miles and hundredths of a mile from the initial monument. Initial monument : Stone masonry monument, 6 feet long, 10 by 10 inches square, consisting of ten sections cemented and bolted together. An aluminum bench-mark tablet is set with cement in the top of the monument stamped "1899, Elev. 4500." The monument stands amid tall, dense timber on west slope of ridge, about a half mile east of creek. 1. Iron post, stamped "0.40 M.," on west slope of ridge, amid tall, dense timber. ' 2. Iron post, stamped " 1.15 M.," on west slope of ridge, amid tall, dense timber. 3. Iron post, stamped "1.82 M.," on west slope of ridge, amid tall, dense timber. 4. Iron post, stamped "2.85 M.," on top of a ridge making out from the west slope of the main ridge, amid tall, dense timber. 5. Iron post, stamped "3.68 M.," between two branches, 30 feet apart, of a small creek flowing west, about a half mile east of the junction of said creek with a creek flowing north, amid dense timber. 6. Iron post, stamped "4.66 M.," 30 feet south of a creek flowing west and about one-fourth mile east of the junction of said creek with a creek flowing north, amid dense timber. 7. Iron post, stamped "5.415 M.," amid dense timber, 300 feet south of a small creek flowing west, and about one-fourth mile east of creek flowing northwest. 8. Iron post, stamped "6.295 M.," 2.5 miles north of the Buckhorn mine, on bare grassy ridge, 100 feet east of edge of green timber. A lone fir tree stands 200 feet east of the post. 9. Iron post, stamped "6.825 M.," If miles north of the Buckhorn mine, amid heavy fir timber, on west slope of high timbered ridge. 10. Iron post, stamped "7.53 M.," 1 mile north of the Buckhorn mine, on top of ridge, amid fir timber. 11. Iron post, stamped "8.21 M.," in north end of basin, at south edge of green timber, 100 feet east of foot of slope. 12. Iron post, stamped "8.61 M.," on top of bare ridge, a half mile east of the Buckhorn cabins. 13. Iron post, stamped "9.03 M." (post should have been stamped " 9.00 M."), on top of bare rocky ridge, a half mile south of the Buck- horn mines, about 600 feet southeast from the highest point on the ridge. 14. Iron post, stamped "9.505 M." (post should have been stamped Bull. 170 4 50 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bli.l.17o. "9.47 M."), on soutli edge, cibout halfway between the top of ridge and eiuek, on a small secondary ridge bearing S. 60° W., amid scat- tering fir timber, just north of an open space. 15. Iron post, stami^ed "10.16 M.," amid dense timber, on south bank of a creek flowing west, about 330 feet north of another creek flowing in same direction. 16. Iron post, stamped "11.005 M.," amid heavy timber, on top of a ridge on main west slope. 17. Iron post, stamped "11.49 M.," amid dense timber, on top of high ridge bearing west. 18. Iron post, stamped "12.12 M.," on top of a heavily timbered ridge south of creek in deep ravine, and a half mile east of creek flowing northwest. 19. Iron post, stamped "12.915 M.," 20 feet north of creek flowing northwest, about 1 mile north of Windy Pass? trail. 20. Iron post, stamped " 13.70 M.," on top of timbered ridge, 30 feet south of Windj^ Pass trail, three-fourths of a mile north of Skin Creek. 21. Iron i30st, stamped "14.40 M.," on top of north bank, 100 feet distant from Skin Creek, amid heavj^ timber. 22. Iron post, stamped "14.86 M.," 1^ miles north of summit of Yak Mountain, a half mile south of Skin Creek, on top of heavily timbered ridge bearing northeast. 23. Iron post, stamped "15.62 M.," a half mile north of summit of Yak Mountain, on rocky ridge one-fifth of a mile northeast from Buck- horn triangulation station, amid scattering fir timber. 24. Iron post, stamped "16.215 M.," 10^ miles north of Leonia, on summit of Yak Mountain, 30 feet east of the highest point of the right-hand peak of three which are on the northwest end of the range as seen from the vicinity of Leonia. A signal tree stands 32 feet south and 2 feet east of the post. This post is visible from the whole sur- rounding country. 25. Iron post, stamped "16.81 M.," 9f miles north of Leonia, amid heavy timber, on slope of Yak Mountain, 0.6 mile south of the summit. 26. Iron post, stamj)ed "17.50 M.," 9.1 miles north of Leonia, on top of a heavil}^ timbered east-west ridge, on slope of Yak Mountain. 27. Iron post, stamped "18.05 M.," 8^ miles north of Leonia, one- fourth of a mile north of Curly Creek, on the south edge of a bench, at southern edge of thick growth of small j)ines. 28. Iron post, stamped "19.06 M.," 7| miles north of Leonia, 1 mile north of Kinzie's ranch, at foot of mountain 2 miles west of Cross triangulation station, one-fifth of a jnile north of Kingsley Creek, amid heavy timber. 29.^ Iron jjost, stamped "19.79 M.," 6| miles north of Leonia, amid heavy timber, 300 feet north of edge of meadow at Kinzie's ranch and 10 feet north of trail leading northwest from that ranch. 30. Iron post, stamped "20.40 M.," 6.1 miles north of Leonia, one- GooDE.] MONUMENTS. 51 fourth of a mile north of Newton's house, at north end of meadow, where a large spring comes out, 10 feet south of wagon road, 200 feet west of foot of hill. 31. Iron post, stamped "21.22 M.," 5.4 miles north of Leonia, a half mile south of Newton's house, at southeast corner of large meadow, at west edge of timber, and 75 feet east of Curly Creek. 32. Iron post, stamped " 21.73 M.," 4.9 miles north of Leonia, about' 1 mile north of Lang's ranch, 500 feet south of Curly Creek, and 10 feet north of wagon road. 33. Iron post, stamped "22.23 M.," 4.4 miles north of Leonia, 0.8 mile north of where the line crosses a valley just west of Lang's ranch, amid heavy timber on side hill, about midway between valley on the west and top of hill on the east. 34. Iron post, stamped "23.12 M.," 3.5 miles north of Leonia, 0.2 mile south of where the boundary line crosses Curly Creek, amid heavy timber on west slope, about 600 feet east of Curly Creek. 35. Iron post, stamped "24.10 M.," 2.5 miles north of Leonia, on top of a ridge bearing N. 30° E., where the line ascends from Curly Creek bottom, amid dense timber. 36. Iron post, stamped "24,965 M.," 1,7 miles north of Leonia, on high ground, 0.2 mile north of Lime Creek. 37. Iron post, stamped "25.79 M.," 0.9 mile north of Leonia, 10 feet south of wagon road, amid heavy timber. 38. Iron post, stamped "26.14 M.," a half mile north of Leonia, on top of east bank of Kootenai River, 180 feet above surface of water. 39. Stone monument, 6 feet by 10 inches by 10 inches, with an alu- minum bench-mark tablet, stamped "26.64 M.," cemented in its top, located at Leonia, near foot of hill west of Great Northern Railway monument ; bears S, 5° W. , 584 feet distant from depoli chimney, (See PI, XI, A.) 40. Iron post, stamped "27.45 M.," 0.9 mile south of Leonia, at north edge of large timber and at south edge of brush, on steep east slope. 41. Iron post, stamped "28.215 M.," 1.6 miles south of Leonia, on flat amid heavy timber and dense underbrush, a half mile southwest of the Keeler cabins. 42. Iron post, stamped "29.115 M.," 2.5 miles south of Leonia, 0.3 mile south of a creek flowing east and 0.4 mile north of a creek flow- ing southeast into Star Creek, on top of a ridge bearing S. 45° E., amid thick small pines. (See PL X.) 43. Iron post, stamped "30.03 M.," 3.4 miles south of Leonia, on top of south bank of deep ravine, one-fifth of a mile west of where it joins a creek flowing southeast; amid heavy timber. 44. Iron post, stamped "31.03 M.," 4.4 miles south of Leonia, 1 mile north of Star Creek, amid heavy timber, on small ridge 200 feet north of small stream flowing east. 52 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. 45. Iron post, stamped "32.17 M.," 5.5 miles south of Leonia, 200 feet south of Star Creek, a half mile below the mouth of a creek which empties into Star Creek from the southwest, about 600 feet above the mouth of a ravine which enters Star Creek from the southeast, and about 50 feet higher than the bed of creek ; amid large timber. 46. Iron post, stamped "33.01 M.," 6.4 miles south of Leonia, 0.9 mile south of Star Creek, amid large scattering pine trees and dense small pines, on top of an east-west ridge about midway between Star Creek on the west and the top of high ridge on the east. 47. Iron post, stamped "33.74 M.," 7.2 miles south of Leonia, on steep slope draining west into Star Creek, 150 feet north of a small stream bearing N. 45° E., amid dead and scattering live timber. 48. Iron post, stamped "34.755 M.," 8.2 miles south of Leonia, on top of high timbered ridge, bearing SW.-NE., which forms the divide between Star and Callahan creeks. A line 20 feet in width was cut in the timber and can be seen from the summit of Yak Mountain and intermediate points to the north and from the summit of the Cabinet Mountains and intermediate points to the south. (See PI. IX.) 49. Iron post, stamped "35.37 M.," 3.4 miles north of west fork of Callahan Creek, on top of a heavily timbered ridge bearing east-west, about a half mile east of the junction of said ridge with the main ridge, the point of junction being the highest point on the main ridge. 50. Iron post, stamped "36.31 M.," 2.5 miles north of the west fork of Callahan Creek, on top of a timbered ridge bearing NW.-SE., about 1,000 feet northwest of a trapper's cabin, in saddle on said ridge. 51. Iron post, stamped " 36.86 M.," 2 miles north of the west fork of Callahan Creek,* on west point of ridge, amid dead and scattering live trees about one-fourth of a mile west of top of high ridge bearing east. 52. Iron post, stamped " 37.52 M.," 1.3 miles north of the west fork of Callahan Creek, on top of a bare ridge bearing southeast, about halfway between the top of the ridge on the west and a deep ravine on the east. 53. Iron post, stamped "38.57 M.," 0.25 mile north of the west fork of Callahan Creek, one-fourth of a mile west of a deep ravine from the north, on point of ridge bearing southeast, amid scattering trees and brush. 54. Iron post, stamped "39.59 M.," on top of high timbered ridge between the west and main forks of Callahan Creek. 55. Iron post, stamped "40.51 M.," in Callahan Creek bottom, 50 feet west of bank of creek and just east of the old Lightning Creek trail, amid large, dense timber. 56. Iron post, stamped "41.51 M.," 1 mile south of Callahan Creek on high, flat ridge bearing nearly east-west, amid tall timber. QOODE.] MONUMENTS. 53 57. Iron post, stamped "42.35 M.," 1.8 miles south'of Callahan Creek on top of timbered ridge bearing NE.-SW. 58. Iron post, stamped "43.50 M.," on top of liigh-timbered ridge wMch forms the divide between Callahan and Keeler creeks, near the head of the east fork of Callahan Creek. 59. Iron post, stamped "44.16 M.," on point of ridge between and about 300 feet west from the junction of two gulches which form the north branch of Keeler Creek, amid dense timber. 60. Iron post, stamped "44.72 M.," on top of heavily-timbered ridge bearing S. 60° E., betAveen two forks of Keeler Creek. 61. Iron post, stamped "45.10 M.," in deep canyon, 50 feet south of the west fork of Keeler Creek, amid heavy timber. 62. Iron post, stamped "46.01 M.," on top of high east-west tim- bered ridge between two west forks of Keeler Creek. 63. Iron post, stamped "46.68 M.," amid heavy timber on top of bench 600 feet north and about 100 feet above the west fork of Keeler Creek, about a half mile west of the junction of the west fork with the main branch of that creek. 64. Iron post, stamped "47.78 M.," 150 feet north and 40 feet above Keeler Creek, which bears N. 30° E., nearly opposite the mouth of a canyon in the cliffs on east side of creek, at the east edge of timber. 65. Iron post, stamped "48.67 M.," 2.35 miles north of the east fork of Lightning Creek, on top of the east-west rocky ridge which forms the divide between Keeler and Lightning creeks, about 400 feet west of a saddle and 100 feet east of a hump on the ridge. 66. Iron post, stamped "49.54 M.," 1.5 miles north of the east fork of Lightning Creek, on top of a grassy east-west ridge, about 600 feet east of a peak where the ridge joins a north-south ridge, amid scat- tering fir trees. 67. Iron post, stamped "50.09 M.," 0.9 mile north of the east fork of Lightning Creek, at the top of slope, in top of rocks on southeast end of a ridge. 68. Iron post, stamped "50.99 M.," on bench 435 feet north of the east fork of Lightning Creek and about 200 feet higher than the creek, amid heavy timber nearly opposite the mouth of a ravine on south side of creek. 69. Iron post, stamped "51.85 M,," on top of high rocky ridge between two east forks of Lightning Creek, in top of rock ledge. 70. Iron post, stamped "52.725 M.," 10 feet south of the east fork of Lightning Creek, amid large timber. 71. Iron post, stamped "53.24 M.," a half mile south of the east fork of Lightning Creek, 1 mile north of summit of Cabinet Moun- tains, on top of ridge bearing N. 15° E., amid scattering pine and fir trees. 72. Iron post, stamped "54.22 M.," on summit of Cabinet Moun- tains, between the head waters of East Lightning and West Blue 54 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bcll.170. creeks, about 1,000 feet northeast from a peak, at west edge of small fir trees arid grass, where rocks begin in ascending the peak, about one-third mile west of a saddle on summit ridge. This point is visi- ble from post 24 on the summit of the Yak Mountains and from all prominent intermediate points, also from post 92, on the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains and from intermediate points. 73. Iron post, stamped "54.905 M.," on top of narrow rocky ridge bearing S. 36° E., 0.7 mile south of the summit of the Cabinet Moun- tains, 0.4 mile south of basin at head of West Blue Creek, amid scat- tering fir and pine trees. 74. Iron post, stamped "55.58 M.," on top of rock ledge 1.4 miles south of the summit of the Cabinet Mountains, 0.7 mile north of West Blue Creek, on east slope of rocky ridge, 0.6 mile east of the triangu- lation station Blacktop, and 900 feet south of a small stream flowing east. 75. Iron post, stamped "56.285 M.," 2.1 miles south of the summit of the Cabinet Mountains, 30 feet east of West Blue Creek, 120 feet south of where line crosses creek under high cliffs on east side of creek, 8 feet south of a 36-inch hemlock stump and amid heavy timber. 76. Iron post, stamped "57.14 M.," 2.9 miles south of the summit of the Cabinet Mountains, on west side of West Blue Creek and 173 feet south of where line crosses it, opposite almost perpendicular cliffs on the east side of creek, about 0.25 mile above the mouth of a canyon from the northeast, amid large timber just west of an old trail. 77. Iron post, stamped " 57.975 M,," 3.7 miles south of the summit of the Cabinet Mountains, on a small bench on steep rocky slope, one-fourth mile east of West Blue Creek. 78. Iron post, stamped "58.93 M.," 4.7 miles south of the summit of the Cabinet Mountains, on top of a narrow ridge, 200 feet above West Blue Creek and about opposite the south end of a long ridge on the west side of the creek, amid scattering pine trees. 79. Iron post, stamped "59.975 M.," 3 miles north of Clark Fork of Pend Oreille, on top of north bank of West Blue Creek at south side of large flat; in open ground. 80. Iron post, stamped " 60.79 M.," 2.1 miles north of Clark Fork, on flat ground, amid heavy, dense timber, about 600 feet west of edge of bench, where the surface descends to West Blue Creek. An old trail crosses the line 150 feet south of the post. 81. Iron post, stamped "61.605 M.," 1.3 miles north of Clark Fork, on top of flat ridge, amid heavy timber, 30 feet southeast of a pond 100 feet in diameter. 82. Iron post, stamped "62.35 M.," 0.5 mile north of Clark Fork, on top of flat east-west ridge, amid heavy timber. 83. Stone monument 6 feet long, 10 inches by 10 inches square, with an aluminum bench-mark tablet stamped "63.03 M." cemented GooDE.i MONUMENTS. 55 in its top, located 7 feet north of the Northern Pacific Railway, 1 mile eastward from Cabinet, Idaho, 450 feet eastward from sign "1 mile to Cabinet," 150 feet eastward from a cut at sharp curve in railroad track. 84. Iron post, stamped "63.98 M.," 1 mile south of the Northern Pacific Railwa}^ 0.2 mile northward from Baker's house, amid heavy timber on south bank of small stream flowing N. 75° W. 85. Iron post, stamped "64.95 M.," 1.9 miles south of the Northern Pacific Railway at the foot of mountain, 100 feet west of the mouth of a small stream in deep ravine ; amid heavy timber. 86. Iron post, stamped "65.70 M.," 2.7 miles south of the Northern Pacific Railway, under west brow of a long, narrow ridge, about 300 feet south from where the ridge begins steep descent; amid dense timber. 87. Iron post, stamped "66.50 M.," 3.5 miles south of the Northern Pacific Railway, on top of high east-west ridge, about 300 feet east of its junction, with a north-south ridge ; amid scattering large timber. 88. Iron post, stamped "67.46 M.," on top of high east-west tim- bered ridge, 1 mile north of the west fork of Elk Creek, about one- fourth mile east of where the ridge joins north and south ridge. 89. Iron post, stamped " 68.475 M." (post should have been stamped "•68.44 M."), in heavily timbered bottom, 60 feet north of the dry bed of the west fork of Elk Creek, about 1 mile west of the mouth of a creek from the southwest. 90. Iron post, stamped "69.08 M.," on top of harrow east- west ridge between the west fork of Elk Creek and a small stream from the southwest, amid timber. 91. Iron post, stamped "69.76 M.," on top of nearly bare ridge between two ravines bearing northeast. 92. Stone masonry monument, 6 feet long, 10 inches by 10 inches square, consisting of ten sections cemented and bolted together. An aluminum bench mark stamped " 92-70.717 M., 4,850 feet" is cemented into the top of the monument. The monument stands on the top of a bare grassy ridge, amid scattering dead trees, at the junction of a ridge from the west with said ridge. The ridge at this point bears NW.-SE. and forms the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains. (See PL XI, B.) It will be recalled that it has been j)reviously mentioned that an error was made in the field computation, the result of which was to locate the starting point of the random line 177 feet east of the true point. The transitman did not know of this error when he surveyed the random line, but as a result of a personal equation introduced into his work his line varied from a true line by a constant swing toward the west, so that when he reached the international boundary the point on the random line was 43 feet east of the true point. Thus, in 56 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. about 71 miles the transitman ran a line which at its terminal point was 134 feet "out" in azimuth. With this explanation the following table is self-explanatory: Table showing number and kind of monuments, distances, elevations, m,agnetic fleclinations and time of magnetic observations along the boundary. Num- ber of monu- ment. Distance from inter- national bound- ary. Eleva- tion at monu- ment. Distance west from random line. Miles. Feet. Feet. 0.00 4,505 43 0.40 4,691 49 1.15 5,008 59.5 1.83 5,186 65 2.85 5,496 74 3.68 ,5,223 79.8 4.66 5,167 82 5.415 5,477 82.5 6.295 6,124 8.3.5 6.835 5,954 84 7.53 6,069 85 8.21 5,713 86 8.61 6,116 87 a 9. 00 6,161 87 69.47 6,613 88 10.16 4,595 89 11.005 5,514 90 11.49 5,407 91 13.12 .5,300 91.5 13.915 4,375 93 13.70 5,700 94 14.40 4,374 95 14.86 5,448 95 15.62 6,290 96 16.215 6,627 96 16.81 5,406 97 17.50 4,966 98 18.05 3,817 98 19.06 2,864 99 19.79 2,523 100 30.40 2,504 100.5 21.23 2,490 101 31.73 3,520 103 23.23 2.694 103 23.12 2,541 103 34.10 2,418 104 24.965 2,425 105 25.79 2,199 106 26.14 1,978 107 36.64 1,833 107 27.45 2,678 107 38.215 3,021 108 29.115 3,546 109 Kind of monu- ment. Mag- netic declina- tion (east). Time of magnetic ob- servation. 0. 1. 3, 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 13. 14 15. 16. 17, 18. 19. 20. 21 23. 23 24, 25 26 27 28, 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Stone Iron post. do.... do.... do.-.. do_.-. do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do..., do... Stone — Iron post. do..., do.... 23 10 33 03 23 15 23 18 23 06 23 00 23 08 23 08 23 02 23 02 23 03 22 54 23 05 23 03 22 55 22 52 23 12 23 05 22 45 33 01 22 57 22 43 23 03 23 25 22 30 23 00 23 08 23 05 23 03 22 59 22 50 22 56 23 00 22 50 22 08 22 45 22 48 23 39 22 35 9 a.m., Oct. 31, 1898. 1p.m., Oct. 30, 1898. 8 a.m., Oct. 30, 1898. 1.30 p.m., Oct. 28, 1898. 3 p.m., Oct. 27, 1898. 3 p.m., Oct. 26, 1898. 8.30 a.m., Oct. 26, 1898. 11 a.m., Oct. 25, 1898. 3 p.m., Oct. 22, 1898. 8 a.m., Oct. 22, 1898. 1p.m., Oct. 21, 1898. 10 a.m., Oct. 21, 1898. 1p.m., Oct. 20, 1898. 4 p.m., Oct. 19, 1898. 2 p.m., Oct. 18, 1898. 3.45 p.m., Oct. 17, 1898. 9 a.m., Oct. 17, 1898. 1p.m., Oct. 15, 1898. 3 p.m., Oct. 10, 1898. 8 a.m., Oct. 10, 1898. 8.30 a.m., Oct. 8, 1898. Noon, Oct. 7, 1898. 5 p.m., Oct. 3, 1898. 1p.m., Oct. 3, 1898. 5 p.m., Oct. 2, 1898. 10.30 a.m., Oct. 2, 1898. 1p.m., Oct. 1,1898. S a.m., Oct. 1,1898. 9 a.m., Sept. 30, 1898. 4.30 p.m., Sept. 28, 1898. 11 a.m., Sept. 28, 1898. 1.30 p.m., Sept. 26, 1898. 8.30 a.m., Sept. 26, 1898. 1.30 p.m., Sept. 24, 1898. 4 30 p.m., Sept. 23, 1898. 1p.m., Sept. 23, 1898. 8 a.m., Sept. 23, 1898. 1.30 p.m.. Sept, 20, 1898. 2.30 p.m., Sept. 19, 1898. a Stamped 9.03. ;. Stamped 9.505. QOODE.] MONUMENTS. 57 Table showing number and kind of monuments, etc. — Continued. Num- ber of monu- ment. Distance from inter- national bound- ary. Eleva- tion at monu- ment. Distance west from random line. Kind of monu- ment. Mag- netic declina- tion (east). Time of magnetic ob- servation. Miles. Feet. Feet. . / 43 30.03 3,533 110 Iron post _ 23 33 5 p.m., Sept. 18, 1898. 44 31.03 3,357 113 do— . 23 45 1 p.m., Sept. 16, 1898. 45 32 17 3 163 114 do 46 33.01 4,410 115 do.— 33 37 1p.m., Sept. 14, 1898. 47 33.74 4,392 116 do.... 32 40 4.30 p.m., Sept. 12, 1898. 48 34.755 6,137 118 do...- 22 38 8 a.m., Sept. 12, 1898. 49. 35.37 5,993 119 do.... 32 25 11 a.m., Sept. 10, 1898. 50 36.31 5,535 120 do.... 22 15 3 p.m., Sept. 9, 1898. 51 36.86 5,573 121 do.... 22 43 9 a.m., Sept. 9, 1898. 52 37.53 4,740 182 do.... 21 26 13.30 p.m., Sept. 7, 1898. 53, 38.57 3,498 109 do.... 54 39.59 4,433 123 do.... 22 39 13.30 p.m., Sept. 5, 1898. 55 40.51 3,089 125 do.... 23 35 3.30 p.m., Sept. 4, 1898. 56 41.51. 4,793 126 do-... 32 25 4 p.m., Sept. 3, 1898. 57 42-35 5,446 127 do.... 32 10 3.30 p.m., Sept. 3, 1898. 58 43.50 5,870 129 do — . 23 13 13.30 p.m., Aug. 29, 1898. 59 44.16 4,887 131 do.... 22 15 1.30 p.m., Aug. 27, 1898. 60 44.72 5,107 132 . ...do— . 23 05 3 p.m., Aug. 26, 1898. 61 45.10 3,993 133 do.... 32 23 9 a.m., Aug. 26, 1898. 62 46.01 5,176 134 do—. 25 20 3.30 p.m., Aug. 34, 1898. 63 46.68 3,867 135.5 do.... 21 45 5 p.m., Aug. 33, 1898. 64 47.78 4,053 137 do..-. 22 03 4.30 p.m., Aug. 20, 1898. 65 48.67 5,666 139 do.... 33 30 3 p.m., Aug. 19, 1898. 66 49.54 5,781 139 do.-.- 22 a5 9 a.m., Aug. 19, 1898. 67 50.09 5,833 139 do.... 22 28 2.30 p. m., Aug. 13, 1898. 68 50.99 3,633 141 do.... 22 20 2.30 p.m., Aug. 13, 1898. 69 51.85 5,903 141 do 33 10 10 a.m., Aug. 11, 1898. 70 53. 725 4,084 142 do.... 23 35 10 a.m., Aug. 9, 1898. 71 53.24 5,366 142 do.... 33 30 3 p.m., Aug. 8, 1898. 72 54.22 6,780 163 do.... 23 14 8 a.m., Aug. 8, 1898. 73 54.905 6,197 163 do.... 23 28 7.30 a.m., Aug. 6, 1898. 74 55.58 5,349 164 do.... 21 50 1p.m., Aug. 5, 1898. 75 56.285 4,139 165 do.... 33 10 8.45 a.m., Aug. 3, 1898. 76 57.14 3,774 166 do.... 33 30 11 a.m., July 30,1898. 77 57. 975 3,856 166 do—. S3 53 6.30 p.m., July 38,1898. 78 58.93 4,206 167 do.... .23 05 10 a.m., July 38, 1898. 79 59.975 3,655 168 do...- 33 33 1.30 p.m., July 37,1898. 80 60.79 2,663 169 do.... 32 15 Noon, July 36, 1898. 81 61.605 2,667 169 do.— 33 27 4 p.m., July 24,1898. 82 63.35 2,487 170 do.... 33 33 1.30 p.m., July 33,1898. 83 63.03 3,225 170 Stone 22 32 3 p.m., July 21, 1898. 84 63.98 2,416 171 Iron post. 33 33 3. 45 p.m., July 20, 1898. 85 64.94 2,501 172 do.... 33 36 9. 30 a.m., July 19, 1898. 86 65.70 3,990 173 do.-.. 33 30 12. 30 p.m., July 18, 1898. 87 66.50 4,953 173 do — 33 04 10. 30 a.m., July 16, 1898. 88 67.46 4,793 174 do.... 33 30 4 p.m., July 14,1898. 89 a 68. 44 3,667 175 do.... 22 30 11 a.m., July 13, 1898. 90 69.08 4,341 176 do..-. 32 20 11 a.m., July 12,1898. 91 69.76 3,555 176 . ..do.... 92 70.717 4,848 177 Stone .... 22 15 10. 30 a.m., July 9,1898. a Stamped 68.475. 58 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. no. THE INTJSRKATIONAL BOUNDARY WEST OF THE SUMMIT OF THE ROCKY MOUNT AIIS^S, AND THE MOOYIE TRAIL MONUMENT. On August 11, 1856, a law was jiassed by Congress authorizing tlip appointment of a commission to unite with a similar commission to be appointed by Great Britain for the purpose of carrying into effect the first article of the treaty of June 15, 1846, that is to determine and mark the boundary line between the United States and British pos- sessions westward from the summit of the Rocky Mountains. In February, 1857, Mr. Archibald Campbell was appointed commissioner for the United States, and Lieut. John G. Parke, United States Army, was appointed chief astronomer and surveyor. Three commissioners were appointed by Great Britain. Captains Prevost and Richards, of the Royal Navy, were first and second commissioners, respectively, their duties being limited to the determination of the water boundary referred to as " the channel which separates the Continent from Van- couver's Island." In the summer of 1858, Col. J. S. Hawkins, Royal Engineers, appointed by the British Government commissioner to determine the boundary line along the forty-ninth parallel, arrived in the United States prepared for field operations. At a meeting of the joint commission the following agreement relating to the plan of work was entered into: After discussing plans for determining and marking the line as far eastward as the Cascade Mountains, it was concluded to be inexpedient at the present time, in consequence of the great expense, consumption of time, and the impracticable nature of the country, to mark the whole boundary by cutting a track through the dense forest. It was therefore agreed to ascertain points on the line by the determination of astronomical points at convenient intervals on or near the boundary and to mark such astronomical stations, or points fixed on the parallel forming the boundary, by cutting a track of not less than 20 feet in width on each side for the distance of half a mile or more, according to circumstances. Farther, that the boundary be determined and similarly marked where it crosses streams of any size, perma- nent trails, or any striking natural feature of the country. In the vicinity of settlements on or near the line it is deemed advisable to cut the track for a greater distance and to mark it in a manner to be determined hereafter. Under this plan it seems that the work was prosecuted through the field seasons of 1858, 1859, and 1860, but owing to the war between the States, which followed soon after, all operations were suspended, and no detailed report was ever published. The following is an extract from a short report by Mr, Archibald Campbell, United States commissioner, published in House Executive Document No. 86, Fortieth Congress, third session: The work of running and marking the land boundary was carried on through a country previously almost unknown. The forty-ninth parallel extends over rug- ged and precipitous mountains that attain great elevation, and in the Cascade oooDE.] THE LINE WEST OF THE SUMMIT. 59 Range, on and near the boundary, perpetual snow covers many of the peaks, whose northern gorges are filled up with immense glaciers. The timber on the western slope of the Cascade Mountains is dense, being a heavy growth of pine and fir that in many places stands over a fallen forest not yet decayed. This is the character of the country as far eastward as the valley of the Similkameen River, one of the tributaries of the Columbia. Here the timber becomes more open and surveying operations less diflScult. After passing the Okinokane River, which is the lowest line of the great valley between the Cascade and the Rocky Mountains, the country again becomes rough and the timber more dense, but less so than the western slope of the Cascade Mountains. It being impossible to follow the forty -ninth parallel continuously, the line of survey was carried over the nearest practicable route for a pack trail, connecting each astronomical station, making a total length of line of survey of about 800 miles. Astronomical stations were established by parties of the joint commission at almost every accessible point from which the boundary line is ascertained, and marked by a- vista across all valleys and trails, where rough stone monuments were erected over posts buried in the ground to indicate the exact line. The reconnoissance work extends over an area of about oO,000 square miles. Within this space the barometrical heights of over 800 points have been obtained. A magnetic survey, extending over a range of 30° 20 in latitude and 4° in longi- tude, with the necessary observations of the magnetic elements of the astronom- ical stations, was also made. The entire length of the land boundary line is over 9° in longitude, or about 410 miles, and the length of the route traveled in surveying it is double that distance. Trails had to be opened for three-fourths of the distance traveled, involving great labor in cutting, grading, and bridging to make the route practicable for pack- mule transportation. The water courses were numerous and rapid, rendering the fords frequent and dangerous, and a slight rise of many of the streams would have made them impassable but for the timely precaution of building bridges at small streams and ferryboats at the river crossings. Many of the trails opened are now traveled routes to the mines then and since discovered', which are rapidly develop- ing that section of the country, where almost every valley of any extent afiiords facilities for agricultural pursuits. In collating the results of the survey reports upon the geology, botany, and natural history of the country reconnoitered were prepared and complete maps, on a large scale, made of the entire boundary and the adjacent country. A gen- eral map has also been made, showing the extent of the country traversed. And to facilitate the survey of the public lands photographic duplicates of the detailed sheets, showing each monument on the boundary line, with its geographical posi- tion, were furnished to the General Land OflSice. Photographic duplicates of the detailed sheets of the water boundary have also been made and furnished the Department of State in illustration of the question of the boundary channel. Copies of the maps referred to in Mr. Campbell's reports are in existence. The boundary-line maps are in 14 sheets, with the title, Detailed Maps of the Northwest Boundary, from Point Roberts to the Rocky Mountains, between the United States and the British Posses- sions, under the' treaty of June 15, 1846, showing monuments, cuts, and other marks. The scale of the maps is 1 : 60,000, and the topog- raphy is shown in hachures. The general map referred to is in con- tours and apparently on the same scale as the detailed maps. From an inspection of the detailed map it appears that there are 60 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bdll. 170. two portions of the boundary line which seem to be adequately marked, one of them being from Point Roberts, on Juan de Fuca Strait, eastward for a distance of about 41 miles, and the other being from Similkameen River, across the northern boundary' of what was for- merly the Colville Indian Reservation, to the Columbia River, a dis- tance of about 91 miles ; the eastern part of this latter portion, however, is not so well marked as the Wrestern part. The portions which are inadequately marked — in fact, not marked at all — comprise intervals as follows: Portions of international boundary west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains and the Mooyie Trail monument which are not marked. Miles (approximate ) . West slope of Cascade Mountains - - - 16 Across summit of Cascade Mountains to Pasay ten River , 54 Pasayteu River to one hundred and twentieth meridian 24 One hundred and twentieth meridian to Similkameen River 15 Cohimbia River to Clark Fork 10 Clark Fork to Kootenai Moiintain. --. 11 Kootenai Mountain to Kootenai River . 28 Kootenai River to Mooyie Trail ..- - 15 Mooyie River to Yaak River : 25 Yaak River to summit west of Kootenai River 17 Summit west of Kootenai River to Kootenai River 5 Kootenai River to summit .-. — 5 « Summit to Wigwam River - 14 Wigwam River to Flathead River - 14 Flathead River to Kishemeen Creek . 4 Kishemeen Creek to summit of Rocky Mountains _ 13 There is no question as to the desirability of properly marking the boundary line, although it is true that the unmarked portions are in a rough, mountainous, and unsettled section, and the expense and labor connected with making the necessary resurveys and placing monuments would be large. When the boundary line between Idaho and Montana was run northward to the international boundary, it was not possible to locate its terminal point as satisfactorily as might have been desired, because of the fact that tliere was no monument on the international bound- ary within a reasonable distance with which a connection could be t made. The same is true of the boundary line between Washington and Idaho, and also of a guide meridian run by the Geological Survey northward from the thirteenth standard parallel in Idaho. The Washington Forest Reserve, the Priest River Forest Reserve, and the Flathead Forest Reserve abut against this boundary, and in making the topographic survey of these reserves, as well as in pro- jecting the public-land lines northward, it is very important that there should be well-defined monuments to which these surveys can be connected. There are, of course, many other apparent reasons GooDE.] ST.\TE DEPARTMENT RECORDS. 61 why the international boundary should be permanently and conspic- uously marked, but special reference is made to those mentioned, for they have a bearing on the work of the Geological Survey. As the instructions relating to the Idaho-Montana boundary line provided for a connection by triangulation or other methods with a monument on the international boundary, inquiry was made at the State Department for information on the subject and permission was granted to examine the records of the Northwest Boundary Survey. A visit was made to the manuscript room of the Department, and several lists of geographical positions were found. As these positions have not been published heretofore, two lists are given below. The second list gives geographical positions, and is signed by oflELcers of the British and American commissions. Extracts from State Department records of United States Northwest Boundary Survey. [In lead-colored chest in manuscript room.] Camp Columbia ' 117° 37' 33". 9 on brink of hill, west bank of river. ' 117° 37' 05". 2 near east bank of river. Camp Kootenay West.. 116° 35' 44". 9 on side of mountain, west side of valley. 116° 31' 05". 9 on brow of first hill, right bank of river. Camp Mooyie 116° 12' 22". 3 on side of mountain, west side of valley. 116° 11' 54". 5 on plateau above creek. Position approxi- mate. 116° 11' 25". 6 on left bank of creek close to water. 116° 11' 24" on high bluff left bank. Position approxi- mate. Camp Kootenay East... 115° 16' 01". 4 on east bank of ravine beyond which the mountains rise. 115° 11' 11". 2 on right bank of Kootenay River. 115° 10' 11", 6 on second plateau, left bank of river. 115° 03' 28". 7 at foot of mountain, left bank small creek. (N. B. — This station was moved from its position as placed by the United States surveyors by the British surveyors. Description is of the new position.) Lat. N. Long. W. Gr. oil) o I II CampColumbia 48 59 50.4 117 37 41.8 Fort Shepherd Station 49 00 00.0 117 37 19.4 Junction of Salmon River with Clarks Fork 49 01 32.4 117 23 24.5 Pend O'Reille Station 49 00 03.5 117 21 52.9 Kootenay Mountain Station 49 00 12.8 117 10 48.4 Triangulation pole 48 58 48.0 117 00 33.1 Sinyakuateen depot ...48 09 23.8 116 43 42.9 Camp Kootenay "West ...48 59 55.1 116 31 16.2 Junction of trails near Acklewcache 48 54 21.4 116 22 03.1 Mooyie Trail monument ...49 00 01.3 116 14 59.2 CampMooyie 49 01 26.0 116 12 40.5 YahtStation 48 59 55.4 115 38 51.0 1 Monuments changed by English commission after verification. 62 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. no. From the foregoing list it appeared that the Mooyie Trail monu- ment was the point on the international boundary nearest the Idaho- Montana boundary line, and Mr. Perkins was instructed to make a search for it. The monument is about 32 miles from Bonners Ferry, Idaho, and is easil}^ reached by the new Wild Horse trail. It is on the west side of and near the trail between Round Meadows hay ranch, or Walters Prairie, and Mooyie River, and about 5 miles from the former. It is aboiit a half mile beyond a section of the trail which for a distance of about one-fourth mile is filled with loose rock. As the monument is approached the trail passes through a heavy growth of timber and underbrush. The monument consists of a large pile of partly angular rocks, now knocked down by fallen trees. Originally, the trees in the immediate vicinity of the monument were cut down. It will be observed that the latitude for the Mooyie Trail monu- ment given in the list signed by the ofiicers of the United States and British commissions is 49° 00' 01". 3, or 1".3 (about 132 feet) north of the parallel constituting the international boundary, and it was sup- posed that the point marked by the monument was in that latitude, and therefore not exactly on the international boundary. During the field season of 1898 the triangulation was extended so as to locate this monument, and its position deduced from the Spokane base is as follows: Latitude, 49" 00' 01". 51; longitude, llfi° 14' 19".48. The check in latitude, 21 feet, was considered very satisfactory, and even the discrepancy^ in longitude, about 2,647 feet, was not more than might be expected, considering the lack of telegraphic facilities at the time of the Northwest Boundarj^ survey. The point determined as the true one for the intersection of the international boundary and the Idaho-Montana boundary line was located with reference to the Mooyie Trail monument, so that there need be no large discrepancy, except that due to station error, when the inter- national boundar}^ is ultimately traced and marked, it being assumed that the work alreadj^ done by the Northwest Boundary survey will be accepted and utilized. The distance from the point on the Idaho-Montana boundary line at the crest of the Bitterroot Mountains to the international boundary, used in placing the initial monument, was computed as follows, the constants being taken from United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Report, 1884, Appendix No. 6 : Latitude. Transit station, crest of Bitterroot Mountains.. 47 58 35.56 International parallel 49 0.00 Difference. 1 01 34.44 HooDK.] FINANCIAL STATEMENT. 63 1° =69.097 miles =364,832 feet. 1' =1,853. 16 meters. log. log. log. log. log. log. jction ' = 1" =30.886 meters, 1. 489762 24". 44 1.388101 754. 85 meters = 3. ar7863 1,853.16 2, 608. 01 meters, 3. 416309 meters to feet, 0. 515984 8,554 feet = 3.932293 364, 832 Jorn 373, 386 feet. +21 373, 407 feet, total distance. FINANCIAIj statemei^t. A financial statement is presented below showing how the amount appropriated for the survey of the boundary line was expended. As already mentioned, however, this amount does not represent the entire cost of the work, for the greater portion of the animals and outfit were transferred from other localities, where they had been used by parties of the Geological Survey working under other appro- priations. Further, it was possible to use a portion of the triangula- tion done in connection with the forest surveys, and the expenses of the party while engaged in sketching topography were charged in part against the appropriation for topographic surveys. No portion of the salary of the geographer in charge of the work was paid from the appropriation for the boundary line, nor were any office salaries charged against it. But for this material assistance, which did not in any way detract from other work, the cost of the boundary survey would probably have been increased more than twofold. On the other hand, a large portion of what was accomplished in connection with the boundary line can be utilized in other directions. The appro- priation of $7,650 was originally made for expenditure during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898. The unexpended balance on that date was, however, made available by act of Congress for the year ending June 30, 1899, and again, in a similar manner, the unexpended balance at the latter date was reappropriated for the fiscal year end- ing June 30, 1900. The appropriation became practically exhausted in October, 1899. 1 By triangulation connection -with Mooyie Trail monument, the position of this monument is 0."21 farther north than as given by the international boundary survey, hence to reduce all positions to the international-boundary survey system, latitudes of United States Geological Survey triangulation are decreased 0".21, or its equivalent, 21 feet, the distance from initial point on Bitterroot Mountains to forty-ninth parallel being increased 31 feet. 64 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull.170 Financial statement relating to appropriation for survey of boundary line between Idaho and Montana. To whom paid. For what paid. E. T. Perkins, jr. , topographer do - G. M. Metzler Isaac I. Lewis Lindsay & Merriam F.O.Berg Bolly, Mason, Marks & Co Spokane Dry Goods Co -. Mark E. Davis. S.H.Rush E.T. Perkins, jr E.C. Murphy E.T. Perkins, jr Pay roll of employees C.P.Willis Exchange National Bank E.T. Perkins, jr United States Express Co Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. Pay roll of employees. E.T. Perkins, jr S.H.Rush - Richard Smith Oregon Short Line R. R... E.T. Perkins, jr Pay roll of employees - H. Baumgarten John O'Connell Young & Sons E.T. Perkins, jr Pay roll of employees Northern J'aciflc Railway Co E.T. Perkins, jr Pay roll of employees Schoellhorn- Albrecht Machine Co . . . E.T. Perkins, jr Northwestern Storage and Trans- portation Co. do. P.Morrison H. L. Schermerhorn do Western Union Telegraph Co do P.Morrison H.Louis Schermerhorn P. Morrison Northwestern Storage and Trans- portation Co. P.Morrison Services, June 8-30.. Traveling expenses Shoeing, etc ToUage supplies, etc Subsistence supplies Tentage Hardware Saddles, blankets, and pack covers . Saddlery, etc. Saddlery, etc Field expenses One mule Field expenses Services, July, 1897 One horse Horses and mules Field expenses Freight Transportation Services, August, 1897 Field expenses Harness Wagon. Transportation Field expenses.. Services, September, 1897. Stamps Transportation Transit Field expenses. Services, October, 1897 Transportation Field expenses Services, November, 1897 . Iron monuments Field expenses Storage . do Pasturage . Storage do Telegrams. do Pasturage . Storage Pasturage . Storage Pasturage FINANCIAL STATEMENT. 65 Financial statement relating to appropriation for survey of boundary line beticeen Idaho and Montana — Continued. To whom paid. For what paid. 1S9S. June S 11 July 13 Aug. 3 11 11 11 ir Sept. 13 13 13 13 13 13 21 21 21 Oct. 11 U 16 26 26 Oct. 19 19 Dec. 13 1899. Jan. 17 Feb. 16 Mar. 20 20 June 30 July 17 31 Aug. 8 Sept. 12 16 P.Morrison _, H. Louis Schernierhoru Lindsay & Hall Pay roll of employees Arend & Ken ward Holly, Mason, Marks & Co P.Morrison D. L. Reaburu do R.U.Goode Gordon Daugherty Pay roll of employees Giles & Peat. D. L. Keaburu Oregon Railroad and jSTavigation Co F.B.Collow Northern Pacific Railway Co Pay roll of employees W. E.R.Brewster Pay roll of employees D.L. Reaburn , do do Northern Pacific Railway Co Southern Pacific Co - do S . W . Johnson Great Northern Railway Co. . . United States Express Co Western Union Telegraph Co . do Pay roll of e mployees D.L. Reaburn Pay roll of employees E.J. Brooks & Co D.L. Reaburn do Pasturage Storage Siibsistence supplies Services, July, 1898 , Subsistence supplies Hardware Pasturage Field expenses -_-.do , ...-do Subsistence supplies Services, August, 1898 Stone monuments Field expenses Transportation Subsistence supplies Transportation Services, September, 1898 Subsistence supplies , Services, October, 1898 .. , Field expenses do do Transportation do -. do Pasturage Transportation Expressage Telegrams do Services, June, 1899 . . . ■Field expenses Services, July, 1899 ... Steel dies and letters Field expenses do Total Amount appropriated . Balance Bull. 170- INDEX Fage. Astronomic piers at Spokane, Wash., plate showing 22 Azimuth, observations for 25-29 Base line, measurement of 25 Bitterroot Mountains, character of 18 plate showing monument at summit of 54 plates showing views of summit of 16, 60 Blacktail, Idaho, triangulation station at. . . 32-33 Blacktop, Idaho, triangulation station at. . . 37 Blue, Idaho, triangulation station at 35 Border, Canada, triangulation station at 38-39 Boundary line, map of 66 Boundary lines, classes of 16-17 Boundary lines in the Northwest 15-18 Buckhorn, Idaho, triangulation station at. . 37 Cabinet Range, plates showing views of 18, 20 Campbell, A. , extract from report of 58-59 work of 58 Carlton, Wash. , triangulation station at 32 Chilco, Idaho, triangulation station at .33 Clark Fork, plate showing view of 66 Cross, Mont., triangulation station at 38 Divide, Idaho, azimuth determinations at . . 26 triangulation station at 34, 40 Doust, Idaho, triangulation station at 35-36 Ewing, Mont. , triangulation station at 38 Financial statement 63-65 Gannett, S.S., work of 19,21,26 Hawkins, J. S., work of 58 Hell Roaring, Idaho, triangulation station at 36 Idaho, boundaries of 16 description of post at corner of Montana and 17 International boundary, surveys of 58-63 Latitude, observations for 21-22 Leonia, Idaho, plate showing view of monu- ment near 54 Little Baldy , Wash. , triangulation station at 31 Longitude, observations for 28-24 Page. Montana, boundaries of 16 description of post at corner of Idaho and 17 Monuments, description of 47-48 location of 49-56 plates showing 46, 54 table showing number and kind, dis- tance, elevations, etc 56-57 Mooyie Trail Monument, triangulation sta- tion at 34-35 Moran, Wash., triangulation station at 30-31 Newton, Mont. , triangulation station at 37 Parke, J. G. , work of 58 Perkins, E.T., jr., work of 18,19 Prevost, — , work of 58 Reaburn, D. L., work of 19, 20, 21, 28 Richards, A. v., work of 17 Richards, — , work of 58 Round Top, Idaho, triangulation station at. 34 Scotchman, Idaho, triangulation station at 33-34, 36 Scotchman Peak, plate showing view near summit of 20 Skalan, Idaho, triangulation station at 32 Spokane, Wash. , measurement of base line at 25 observations for latitude at 22 plate showing astronomic piers at 22 triangulation stations at 29-30 Stadia and transit work 40-47 Stadia rod, design for 41 Stadia work, remarks on 47 Tomkinson, Wash., triangulation station at 81 Transit and stadia work 40-47 Transit station, plate showing view of 40 Transit station 154 , triangulation at S9 Transit station 949, triangulation at S9 Triangulation, diagram of 30 work in 29-40 Walcott, CD., letter of instructions by 11-15 67 o II ADVERTISEMENT. XVII. Seventeenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1895-96, Charles D. Walcott, Director. 1896. 8°. 3 pt. in 4 vol. xxii, 1076 pp., 67 pi. and maps; xxv, 864 pp., 113 pi. and maps; xxiii, 542 pp., 8 pi. and maps; iii, 543-1058 pp., 9-13 pi. XVIII. Eighteenth Annual Report of the United State.s Geological Survey, 1896-'97, Charles D. Walcott. Director. 1897. (Tarts II and III, 1898.) S^'. 5 pt. in 6 vol. 440 pp., 4 pi. and maps; v, 653 pp., 105 pi. and maps ; v, 861 pp.. 118 pi. and maps; x, 756 pp., 102 pi. and maps; xii, 642 pp., 1 pi. ; 643-1400 pp. XIX. Nineteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1897-98, Charles D. Walcott, Director. 1898. (Parts II, III, and V, 1899.) 8°. 6 pt. in 7 vol. 422 pp., 2 maps; v, 958 pp., 172 pi. and maps; v. 785 pp., 99 pi. and maps; viii, 814 pp., 118 pi. and tuaps; xvii, 400 pp., 110 pi. and maps; viii, 651 pj)., 11 pi.; viii. 70C pp. XX. Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1898-'99, Charles D. Wal- cott, Director. 1899. (Parts II, III, IV, V, and VII, 1900.) 8°. 7 pt. in 8 vol. 551 pp., 2 maps; v, 953 pp., 193 jd. and maps; v, .595 pp., 78 pi. and maps; vii, 060 pp., 75 pi. and maps; xix, 498 pp., 159 pi. and maps; viii, 616 pp.; xi, 8u4 pp., 1 pi.; v, 509 pp., 38 pi. and maps. MONOGRAPHS. I. Lake BonneviUe, by Grove Karl Gilbert. 1890. 4°. xx, 438 pp. 51 pi. 1 map. Price $1.50 n. Tertiary History of the Grand Canon District, with Atlas, by Clarence E. Dutton, Capt., U. b. A. 1882. 4°. xiv, 264 pp. 42 pi. and atlas of 24 sheets folio. Price $10.00. III. Geology of the Comstock Lode aud the Washoe District, with Atlas, by George F. Becker. 1882. 4°. XV, 422 pp. 7 pi. and atlas of 21 sheets folio. Price .$11.00. rV. Comstock Mining and Miners, by Eliot Lord. 1883. 4°. xiv, 451 pp. 3 pi. Price $1.50. V. The Copper- Bearing Rocks of Lake Superior, by Roland Duer Irving. 1883. 4°. xvi,464 pp. 151. 29 pi. and maps. Price $1.85. VI. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Older Mesozoic Flora of Virginia, by William Morris Fontaine. 1883. 4°. xi, 144 pp. 54 1. 54 pi. Price $1.05. VII. Silver-Lead Deposits of Eureka, Nevada, by Joseph Story Curtis. 1884. 4°. xiii, 200 pp. 16 pi. Price $1.20. Vin. Paleontology of the Eureka District, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. 1884. 4°. xiii, 298 pp. 241. 24 pi. Price $1.10. IX. Brachiopoda and Lamellibranohiata of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls of Ne\\ Jersey, by Robert P. Whitfield. 1885. 4°. xx,338pp. 35 pi. 1 map. Price .$1.15. X. Dinocerata. A Monograph of an Extinct Order of Gigantic Mammals, by Othniel Charles Marsh. 1886. 4°. xviii, 243 pp. 561. 56 pi. Price $2.70. XI. Geological History of Lake Lahontan, a Quaternary Lake of Northwestern Nevada, by Israel Cook Russell. 1885. 4°. xiv, 288 pp. 46 pi. and maps. Price $1.75. XII. Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville, Colorado, with Atlas, by Samuel Franklin Emmons. 1886. 4°. xxix, 770 pp. 45 pi. and atlas of 35 sheets folio. Price $8.40. XIII. Geology of the Quicksilver Deposits of the Pacific Slope, with Atlas, by George F. Becker. 1888. i°. xix, 486 pp. 7 pi. and atlas of 14 sheets folio. Price $2.00. XIV. Fossil Fishes and Fossil Plants of the Triassic Rocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut Val- ley, by John S. Newberry. 1888. 4°. xiv, 152 pp. 26 pi. Price $1.00. XV. The Potomac or Younger Mesozoic Flora,- by William Morris Fontaine. 1889. 4°. xiv, 377 pp. 180 pi. Text and plates bound separately. Price $2.50. XVI. The Paleozoic Fishes of North America, by John Strong Newberry. 1889. 4°. 340 pp. 53 pi. Price .$1.00. XVII. The Flora of the Dakota Group, a Posthumous Work, by Leo Lesquereux. Edited by F. H. Knowlton. 1891. 4'=. 400 pp. 66 pi. Price $1.10. XVIII. Gasteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls of New Jersey, by Robert P. Whitfield. 1891. 4°. 402 pp. 50 pi. Price $1.00. XIX. The Penokee Iron-Bearing Series of Northern Wisconsin and Michigan, by Roland D. Irving and C. R. Van Hise. 1892. 4°. xix, 534 pp. 37 pi. Price $1.70. XX. Geology of the Eureka District, Nevada, with Atlas, by Arnold Hague. 1892. 4°. xvii, 419 pp. 8 pi. Price $5.25. XXI. The Tertiary Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of North America, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1893. 4^. xi, 200 pp. 18 pi. Price 90 cents. XXII. A Manual of Topographic Methods, by Henry Gannett, Chief Topographer. 1893. 4°. xiv, 300 pp. 18 pi. Price $1.00. XXni. Geology of the Green Mountains in Massachusetts, by Raphael Pumpelly, J. E. WolflF, and T. Nelson Dale. 1894. 4°. xiv, 206 pp. 23 pi. Price $1.30. XXrV. Mollusca and Crustacea of the Miocene Formations of New Jersey, by Robert Parr Whitfield. 1894. 4°. 195 ]ip. 24 jd. Price 90 cents. XXV. The Glacial Lake A gassiz, by Warren Upham. 1895. 4°. xxiv, 6.58 pp. 38 pi. Price $1.70. XXVI. Flora of the Amboy Clays, by John Strong Newberry; a Posthumous Work, edited by Arthur Hollick. 1895. i°. 260 pp. 58 pi. Price $1.00. XXVII. Geology of the Denver Basin, Colorado, by S. F. Emmons, Whitman Cross, and George H. Eldridge. 1896. 4°. 556 pp. 31 pi. Price $1.50. ADVERTISEMENT. Ill XXVni. The Marquette Iron-Bearing District of Michigan, with Atlas, by C. E. Van Hise and W. S. Bayley, including a Chapter on the Republic Trough, by H, L. Smyth. 1897. 4°. 608 pp. 35 pi. and atlas of 39 sheets folio. Price $5.75. XXIX. Geology of Old Hampshire County, Massachusetts, comprising Pranklin, Hampshire, and Hampden Counties, by Benjamin Kendall Emerson. 1898. 4°. xxi, 790 pp. 35 pi. Price $1.90. XXX. Fossil Medua®, by Charles DoolittleWalcott. 1898. 4°. ix, 201 pp. 47 pi. Price $1.50. XXXI. Geology of the Aspen Mining District, Colorado, with Atlas, by Josiah Edward Spurr. 1898. 4°. XXXV, 260 pp. 43 pi. and atlas of 30 sheets folio. Price $3.60. XXXII. Geology of the Yellowstone National Park, Part II, Descriptive Geology, Petrography, and Paleontology, by Arnold Hague, J. P. Iddings, W. Harvey "Weed, Charles D. Walcott, G. H. Girty, T.W.Stanton, and F.H.Knowlton. 1P99. 4°. xvii,893pp. 121 pi. Price $2.45. XXXIII. Geology of the Narragansett Basin, by K. S. Shaler, J. B. Woodworth, and August F. Eoerste. 1899. 4°. xx,402pp. 31 pi. Price $1. XXXIV. The Glacial Gravels of Maine and their Associated Deposits, by George H. Stone. 1899. 4°. xiii, 499 pp. 52 pi. Price $1.30. XXXV. The Later Extinct Floras of North America, by John Strong Newberry ; edited by Arthur Hollick. 1898. 4°. xviii, 295 pp. 68 pi. Price $1.25. XXXVI. The Crystal Falls Iron-Bearing District of Michigan, bj^ J. Morgan Clements and Henry Lloyd Smyth ; with a Chapter on the Sturgeon Ri\'er Tongue, by William Shirley Bayley, and an Introduction by Charles Richard Van Hise. 1899. 4°. xxxvi, 512 pp. 53 pi. Price $2. XXXVII. Fossil Flora of the Lower Coal Measures of Missouri, by David White. 1899. 4°. xi, 467 pp. 73 pi. Price $1.25. XXXVIII. The Illinois Glacial Lobe, by Frank Leverett. 1899. 4°. xxi, 817 pp. 24 pi. Price $1.60. XXXIX. The Eocene and Lower Oligocene Coral Faunas of the United States, with Descriptions of a Few Doubtfully Cretaceous Species, by T. Wayland Vaughan. 1900. 4°. 263 pp. 24 pi. Price $1.10. In preparation: — Adephagous and Clavicom Coleoptera from the Tertiary Deposits at Florissant, Colorado, with Descriptions of a Few Other Forms and including a Systematic List of the Non-Rhyncophorous Ter- tiary Coleoptera of North America, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. — Flora of the Laramie and Allied Formations, by Frank Hall Knowlton. BULLETINS. 1. On Hypersthene-Andesite and on Triclinic Pyroxene in Augitic Rocks, by Whitman Cross, with a Geological Sketch of Buffalo Peaks, Colorado, by S. F. Emmons. 1883. 8°. 42 pp. 2 pi. Price 10 cents. 2. Gold and Silver Conversion Tables, giving the Coining Value of Troy Ounces of Fine Metal, etc., computed by Albert WiUiams, jr. 1883. 8°. 8 pp. Price 5 cents. 3. On the Fossil Faunas of the Upper Devonian, along the Meridian of 76° 30', from Tompkins County, NewTork, to Bradford County, Pennsylvania, by Henry S.Williams. 1884. 8°. 36 pp. Price 5 cents, 4. On Mesozoic Fossils, by Charles A. White. 1884. 8°. 36 pp. 9 pi. Price 5 cents. 5. A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States, compiled by Henry Gannett. 1884. 8°. 325 pp. Price 20 cents. 6. Elevations m the Dominion of Canada, by J. W. Spencer. 1884. 8°. 43 pp. Price 5 cents. 7. Mapoteca Geologica Americana. 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Price 5 cents. 13. Boundaries of the United States and of the Several States and Territories, witli a Historical Sketohof the Territorial Changes, by Henry Gannett. 1885. 8°. 135 pp. Price 10 cents. (Exhausted.,- 14. The Electrical and Magnetic Properties of the Iron-Carburets, by Carl Barus and Vincent Strouhal. 1885. 8°. 238 pp. Price 15 cents. 15. On the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Paleontology of California, by Charles A. White. 1885. 8°. 33 pp. Price 5 cents. 16. On the Higher Devonian Faunas of Ontario County, New York, by John M. Clarke. 1885. 8° 86 pp. 3 pi. Price 5 cents. IV ADVERTISEMENT. 17. On the Development of Cr.tstallization in tlie Igneous Ilocks of Washoe, Xevada, Tritli Koteson the Geology of the District, by Arnold Hague and Josei)h P. Iddings. 1885. 8°. 44 pp. Price 5 cents. 18. On Marine Eocene, Fresh-water Miocene, and Other Fos.sil Mollusea of 'Westeru Xorth America, by Cliarles A. AVhite. 1885. 8^. 26 pp. 3 pi. Price 5 cents. 19. Xotes on the Stratigraphy of California, by George F. Becker. 1885. 8-. 28 pp. Price 5 cents. (Exhausted.) 20. Contributions to tlie Mineralogy of the Rocky ^lountaius, by Whitman Cro.ss and AV. F. Hille- brand. 1.^85. 8^. 114 pp. 1 pi. Price 10 cents. 21. The Lignites of the Great Sioux Picservation. A Ileport on the Region between the Grand and iiloreau Rivers, Dakota, by Bailey 'Vrillis. 1885. 8^. 16 pp. 5 pi. Price 5 cents. 22. On Kew Cretaceous Fossils from California, by Charles A. White. 1885. 8^. '25 pp. 5 pi. Price 5 cents. 23. Observations on the Junction between the Eastern Sandstone and tlie Keweenaw Series on Keweenaw Point. Lake Superior, by It. D. Irving and T. C. Charuberliu. 1885. 8-. 124 pp. 17 pi. Pi-ice 15 cents. 24. List of Marine Mollusea. comjirising the Quaternary Fossils and Recent Forms from American Localities between Cape Hatteras and Ca])e Roque. including the Bermudas, by William Healy Dall. 1885. 8°. 336 pp. Price 25 cents. 25. The Present Technical Condition of the Steel Industry of the United States. byPhiueas Barnes. 1885. 8°. 85 pp. Price 10 cents. 26. Copper Smelting, by Henry M. Howe. 1885 8^. 107 pp. Price 10 cents. 27. Report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal Tear 1884-'85. 1886. 8^. 80 pp. Price 10 cents. 28. The Gabbros and Associated Hornblende Rocks occurring iu tlie ISeighboihood of Baltimore Maryland, by George Huntington AVilliams. 1880. 8°. 78 pp. 4 pi. Price 10 cents. 29. On the Fresh-water Invertebrates of the Korth American Jurassic, by Charles A. White. 1880. 8". 41 pp. 4 pi. Price 5 cents. 30. Second Contribution to the Studies ou the Cambrian Faunas of Korth America, by Charles Doo- little Walcott. 1886. 8=. 309 pp. 33 pi. Price 25 cents. 31. Systematic Review of oitr Present Knowledge of Fossil Insects, iucludiug Myriapods and Arach- nids, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1886. 8". 128 P11. Price 15 cents. 32. Lists and Analyses of the Mineral Springs of the United States ; (a Preliminary Study), by Albert C. Peale. 1886. 8". 230 pp. Price 20 cents. 33. JTotes ou the Geology of Northern California, by J. S. Diller. 1886. S°. 23 pp. Price 5 cents. 34. Ou the Relation of the Laramie Molluscan Fauna to that of the Succeeding Fresh-water Eocene and Other Groups, by Charles A. White. 1886. 8^. 54 pp. 5 pi. Price 10 cents. 35. Physical Properties of the Irou-Carbitrets, by Carl Bartis and Vincent Strouhal. 1880. 8^. 62 pp. I'rice 10 cents. 36. Sub.sidence of Fine Soliil Particles iu Liquids, by Carl Bartts. 1880. 8='. 58 pp. Price 10 cents. 37. Types of the Laramie Flora, by Lester F. Ward. 1887. 8^. 3.54 pp. 57 pi. Price 25 cents. 38. Peridotite of Elliott County, Kentucky, by J. S. Diller. 1887. 8°. 31pp. 1 pi. Price 5 cents. 39. The Upper Beaches and Deltas of the Glacial Lake Agassiz, Ijy Warren Upham. 1SS7. 8°. 84 pp. 1 pi. Price 10 cents. 40. Changes iu River Courses in Washington Territory due to Glaciation, by Bailey Willis. 1887. 8°. 10 pp. 4 111. Price 5 cents. 41. On the Fossil Faunas of the Upper Devonian — the Genesee Section, Kew York, by Henry S. Williams. 1887. 8=. 121 pp. 4 pi. Price 15 cents. 42. Report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal Year 1885-'80. F.W.Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1887. 8^. 152 pp. 1 pi. Price 15 cents. 43. Tertiary and Cretaceous Strata of the Tuscaloosa. Tombigbee, and Alabama Rivers, by Eugene A. Smith and Lawrence C. Johnson. 1887. 8^. 189 pp. 21 pi. Price 15 cents. 44. Bibliography of Xorth American Geology for 1880, by Kelson H. Darton. 1887. 8^. 35 pp. Price 5 cents. 45. The Present Condition of Knowledge of the Geology of Texas, by Robert T. Hill. 1887. 8=. 94 pp. Price 10 cents. 46. Nature and Origin of Deposits of Phosphate of Lime, by R. A. F. Penrose, jr., with an Intro- duction by N. S. Shaler. 1888. 8^. 143 pp. Price 15 cents. 47. Analyses of Waters of the Yellowstone National Park, -with an Account of the Methods of Analysis employed, by Frank Austin Gooch and James Edward Whitfield. 1888. 8='. 84 pp. Price 10 cents. 48. On the Form and Position of the Sea Level, by Robert Simpson Woodward. 1888. 8°. 88 pp. Price 10 cents. 49. Latitudes and Longitudes of Certain Points in Missouri, Kansas, and Kew Mexico, by Robert Simpson Woodward. 1889. 8'^. 133 pp. Price 15 cents. 50. Formulas and Tables to facilitate the Construction and Use of Maps, b_y Robert Simpson Wood- ward. 1889. 8=. 124 pp. Price 15 cents. ADVERTISEMENT. V 51. On Invertebrate Fossils from the Pacific Coast, by Cbarles Abiatbar TThite. 1889. 8°. 102 pp. 14 pi. Pi'ice 15 cents. 52. Subaerial Decay of Eocks and Origin of the Pied Color of Certain Formations, by Israel Cook Eussell. 1S89. 8°. 65 pp. 5 pi. Price 10 cents. 53. The Geology of Kantncket, by Katbauiel Southgate Sbaler. 18S9. 8=. 55 pp. 10 pi. Price 10 cents. 54. 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Clarke, Chief Chemist. lS9u. 8°. 174 pp. Price 15 cents. 61. Contributions to the Mineralogy of the Pacific Coast, by 'William Harlow Melville and "Waldemar Liudgren. 1890. 8=. 40 pp. 3 pi. Price 5 cents. 62. The Greenstone Schist Areas of the Menominee and Marquette Eegions of Michigan; a Contri- bution tothe Subject of Dynamic Metamorphism in Eruptive Eocks, by George Huntington "Williams; with an Introduction by Eoland Duer Irving. 1890. 8°. 241 pp. 16 pi. Price 30 cents. 63. A Bibliography of Paleozoic Crustacea from 1698 to 1889, including a List of North American Species and a Systematic Arrangement of Genera, by Anthony "W. Togdes. 1890. 8°. 177 pp.. Price 15 cents. 64. A Eeport of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal Tear 1888-'89. F. "W. Clarke. Chief Chemist. 1890. 8°. 60 pp. Price 10 cents. 65. Stratigraphy of the Bituminous Coal Field of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and "West Virginia, by Israel C. "White. 1891. 8°. 212 pp. 11 pi. 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Glaciation of the Yellowstone Valley north of the Park, by Walter Harvey Weed. 1893. 8°, 41 pi>. 4 pi. Price 5 cents. 105. The Laramie and the Overlying Livingston Formation in Montana, by Walter Harvey Weed, with Report on Flora, by Frank Hall Knowlton. 1893. 8°. 68 pp. 6 pi. Price 10 cents. 106. The Colorado Formation and its Invertebrate Fauna, by T. W. Stanton. 1893. 8°. 28S pp. 45 pi. Price 20 cents. 107. The Trap Dikes of the Lake Champlain Region, by James Furman Kemp and Vernon Free- man Marsters. 1893. 8c. 62 pp. 4 pi. Price 10 cents. 108. A Geological Recounoissance in Central Washington, by Israel Cook Russell. 1893. 8°. 108 pp. 12 pi. Price 15 cents. 109. The Eruptive and Sedimentary Rocks on Pigeon Point, Minnesota, and their Contact Phenom- ena, by William Shirley Bayley. 1893. 8°. 121 pp. 16 pi. Price 15 cents. 110. The Paleozoic Section in the Vicinity of Three Forks, Montana, by Albert Charles Peale. 1893. 8°. 56 pp. 6 pi. Price 10 cents. 111. Geology of the Big Stone Gap Coal Field of Virginia and Kentucky, by Marius R. Campbell. 1893. 8°. 106 pp. 6 pi. Price 15 cents. 112. Earthquakes in California in 1892, by Charles D. Perrine. 1893. 8°. 57 pp. Price 10 cents. 113. A Report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry during the Fiscal Years 1891-'92 and 1892-'93. F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1893. 8^. 115 pp. Price 15 cents. 114. Earthquakes in California in 1893, by Charles D. Perrine. 1894. 8°. 23 pp. Price 5 cents. 115. A Geograpliic Dictionary of Rhode Island, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8°. 31 pp. Price 5 cents. 116. A Geographic Dictionary of Massachusetts, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8°. 126 pp. Price 15 cents. 117. A Geographic Dictionary of Connecticut, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8°. 67 pp. Price 10 cents. 118. A Geographic Dictionary of Now Jersey, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8°. 131pp. Price 15 cents. 119. A Geological Reconnoissance in Northwest Wyoming, by George Homans Eldridge. 1894. 8°. 72 pp. 4 pi. Price 10 cents. 120. The Devonian Systeui of Eastern Pennsylvania and New York, by Charles S. Prosser. 1895. 8°. 81 pp. 2 pi. Price 10 cents. ADVERTISEMENT. VII 121. A Bibliography of North American Paleontology, by Charles Rollin Keyes. 1894. 8°. 251 pp. Price 20 cents. 122. Results of Primary Triangulation, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8=. 412 pp. 17 pi. Price 25 cents. 123. A Dictionary of Geographic Positions, by Henry Gannett. 1895. 8°. 183 pp. 1 pi. Price 15 cents. 124. Revision of Nortli American Fossil Cockroaches, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1895. 8°. 176 pp. 12 pi. Price 15 cents. 125. The Constitution of the Silicates, by Frank "Wigglesworth Clai-ke. 1895. 8°. 109 pp. Price 15 cents. 126. A Mineralogical Lexicon of Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden Counties, Massachusetts, by Benjamin Kendall Emerson. 1895. 8°. 180 pp. 1 pi. Price 15 cents. 127. Catalogue and Index of Contributions to North American Geology, 1732-1891, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1896. 8°. 1045 pp. Price 60 cents. 128. The Bear River Formation and its Characteristic Fauna, by Charles A. White. 1895. 8°. 108 pp. 11 pi. Price 15 cents. 129. Earthquakes in California in 189-(, by Charles D. Perrine. 1895. 8°. 25 pp. Price 5 cents. 130. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy for 1892 and 1893, by Fred Boughton Weeks. 1896. 8°. 210 pp. Price 20 cents. 131. Report of Progress of the Division of Hydrography for the Calendar Years 1893 and 1894, by Frederick Haynes Newell, Topographer in Charge. 1895. 8^. 126 pp. Price 15 cents. 132. The Disseminated Lead Ores of Southeastern Missouri, by Arthur Winslow. 1896. 8°. 31 pp. Price 5 cents. 133. Contributions to the Cretaceous Paleontology of the Pacific Coast : The Fauna of the Kuoxville Beds, by T. W, Stanton. 1895. 8°. 132 pp. 20 pi. Price 15 cents. 134. The Cambrian Rocks of Pennsylvania, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. 1896. 8°. 43 pp. 15 pi. Price 5 cents. 135. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy for the Tear 1894, by F. B. Weeks. 1896. 8°. 141 pp. Price 15 cents. 136. Volcanic Rocks of South Mountain, Pennsylvania, by Florence Bascom. 1896. 8°. 124 pp. 28 pi. Price 15 cents. 137. The Geology of the Fort Riley Military Reservation and Vicinity, Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1896. 8°. 35 pp. 8 pi. Price 5 cents. 138. Artesian-Well Prospects in the Atlantic Coastal Plain Region, by N. H. Darton. 1896. 8°. 228 pp. 19 pi. Price 20 cents. 139. Geology of the Castle Mountain Mining District, Montana, by W. H. Weed and L. V. Pirsson. 1896. 8°. 164 pp. 17 pi. Price 15 cents. 140. Report of Progress of the Division of Hydrography for the Calendar Year 1895, by Frederick Haynes Newell, Hydrographer in Charge. 1896. 8°. 356 pp. Price 25 cents. 141. The Eocene Deposits of the Middle Atlantic Slope in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, by Will- iam Bullock Clark. 1896. 8°. 167 pp. 40 pi. Price 15 cents. 142. A Brief Contribution to the Geology and Paleontology of Northwestern Louisiana, by T. Way- land Vaughan. 1896. 8°. 65 pp. 4 pi. Price 10 cents. 143. A Bibliography of Clays and the Ceramic Arts, by John C. Branner. 1896. 8°. 114 pp. Price 15 cents. 144. The Moraines of the Missouri Coteau and their Attendant Deposits, by James Edward Todd. 1896. 8°. 71 pp. 21 pi. Price 10 cents. 145. The Potomac Formation in Virginia, by W. M. Fontaine. 1896. 8°. 149 pp. 2 pi. Price 15 cents. 146. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Miner- alogy for the Year 1895 by F. B. Weeks. 1896. 8°. 130 pp. Price 15 cents. 147. Earthquakes in California in 1895, by Charles D. Perrine, Assistant Astronomer in Charge of Earthquake Observations at the Lick Observatory. 1896. 8°. 23 pp. Price 5 cents. 148. Analyses of Rocks, with a Chapter on Analytical Methods, Laboratory of the United States Geological Survey, 1880 to 1896, by F. W. Clarke and W. F. Hillebrand. 1897. 8°. 306 pp. Price 20 cents. 149. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy for the Year 1896, by Fred Boughton Weeks. 1897. 8°. 152 pp. Price 15 cents. 150. The Educational Series of Rock Specimens Collected and Distributed by the United States GeologicalSurvey,by Joseph Silas Diller. 1898. 8°. 400 pp. 47 pi. Price 25 cents. 151. The Lower Cretaceous Gryphaeas of the Texas Region, by R. T. Hill and T. Wayland Vaughan. 1898. 8°. 139 pp. 35 pi. Price 15 cents. 152. A Catalogue of the Cretaceous and Tertiary Plants of North America, by F. H. Knowlton. 1898. 8°. 247 pp. Price 20 cents. 153. A Bibliographic Index of North American Carboniferous Invertebrates, by Stuart Weller. 1898. 8°. 653 pp. Price 35 cents. 154. A Gazetteer of Kansas, by Henry Gannett. 1898. 8°. 246 pp. C pi. Price 20 cents. VIII ADVERTISEMENT. 155. Earthquakes in Cnliforuia iu 1896 and 1897, by Charles D. Perrine. Assistant Astronomer in Charge of Earlh(iuake Observations at the Lick Observatory. 1898. 8-. 4T pp. Price 5 cents. 156. Bibliography ami Imlex of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy or the Tear 1897, by Fred Bougbtou Weeks. 1898. 8". 130 pp. Price 15 cents. 157. The Gneisses. Gabbro-Schists. and Associated Rocks of .So uth-n-estern Minnesota, by Christopher ■Webber Hall. 1899. 8". 160 pp. 27 pi. Price 45 cents. 158. The Moraines of Sontheast«rn South Dakota and their Attendant De])osits, by James Edward Todd. 1899. 8=. 171 pp. 27 pi. Price 25 cents. 159. The Geology of Eastern Berkshire County, Massachusetts, by B. K. Emerson. 1899. 8^. 139 pp. 9 pi. Price 20 cents. ICO. A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States (Third Edition), compiled by Henry Gannett. 1899. 8=. 775 pp. Price 40 cents. 161. Earthquakes in California iu 1898, by Charles D. Perrine Assistant Astronomer in Charge of Earthquake Obser^-atious at the Lick Observatory. 1899. 8^. 31 pp. 1 pi. Price 5 cents. 162. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy for the Tear 1898. by Fred Boughtou Weeks. 1899. 8=. 163 pp. Price 15 cents. 163. Flora of the Montana Formation, by Frank Hall Knowlton. 1900. 8^. 118pp. Price 15 cents. 164. Iteconnaissauce in the Rio Grande Coal Fields of Texas, by Thomas Wayland Taughan, includ- ing a Report on Igneous Rocks from the San Carlos Coal Field, by E. C. E. Lord. 1900. 8°. 100 pp. 11 pi. and maps. Price 20 cents. 165. Contributions to the Geology of Maine, by Henry S. Williams and Herbert E. Gregory. 1900. 8°. 212 pp. 14 pi. Price 2n cents. 166. A Gazetteer of Utah, by Henry Gannett. 1900. 8-. 43 pp. 1 map. Price 15 cents. 167. Contributions to Chemistry and Mineralogy from the Laboratory of the United States Geological Survey, Frank W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1900. 8°. 166 pp. Price 15 cents. 168. Analyses of Rocks, Laboratory of the United States Geological Survey, 1880 to 1899, tabulated by F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1900. 8^. 308 pp. Price 20 cents. 169. Altitudes iu Alaska, by Henry Gannett. 1900. 8-. 13 pp. frice 5 cents. 170. Survey of the Boundary Line between Idaho and Montana from the International Boundary to the Crest of the Bitterroot Mountains, by Richard Urquhart Goode. 1900. 8^. 67 pp. 14 pi. Price 15 cents. In preparation : 171. Boiindaries of the United States and of the Several States and Territories, with an Outline of the History of all Important Changes of Territory (Second Edition), by Henry Gannett. 172. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy for the Tear 1899, by Fred Boughton Weeks. 173. Synopsis of American Fossil Bryozoa, including Bibliography and Synonymy, by John M. Nickles and Ray S. Bassler. 174. Survey of the Northwestern Boundary of the United States, 1857-1800, by Marcus Baker. — Triangulation and spirit leveling iu Indiitn Territory, by Charles II. Fitch. — Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, by Oliver Perry Hay. WATER-SUPPLT AND IRRIGATION PAPERS. By act of Congress approved June 11, 1896, the following provision was made : "Provided, That hereafter the reports of the Geological Survey In relation to the gauging of streams and to the methods of utilizing the water resources may be printed in octavo form, not to exceed one hundred pages in length .ind live thousand copies in number; one thousand copies of ■which shall be for the official use of the Geological Survey, one thousand five hundred copies shall be delivered to the Senate, and two thousand five hundred copies shall be delivered to the House of Rep- resentatives, for distribution." Under this law the following papers have been published : 1. Pumping Water for Irrigation, by Herbert M.Wilson. 1890. 8^ 57 pp. 9 pi. 2. Irrigation near Phoenix, Arizona, by Arthur P. Davis. 1897. 8-. 97 pp. 31 pi. 3. Sewage Irrigation, by George W. Rafter. 1897. 8^. 100 pp. 4 pi. 4. A Reconnoissance iu Southeastern Washington, by Israel Cook Russell. 1897. 8°. 96 jjp. 7 pi. 5. Irrigation Practice on the Great Plains, by Elias Branson Cowgill. 1897. 8^. 39 pp. 12 pi. 6. Underground Waters of Southwestern Kansas, by Erasmuth Haworth. 1897. 8°. 65 pp. 12 pi. 7. Seepage Waters of Northern Utah, by Samuel Fortier. 1897. 8^. 50 pp. 3 pi. 8. Windmills for Irrigation, by E. C. Murphy. 1897. 8^. 49 pp. 8 pi. 9. Irrigation near Greeley, Coloriido, by David Boyd. 1897. 8-. 90 pp. 21 pi. 10. Irrigation iu Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, by F. C. Barker. 1898. 8^ 51pp. U pi. 11. River Heights for 1890, by Arthur P.Davis. 1897. 8°. 100 pp. 12. Underground W.itera of Southeastern Nebraska, by N. H. Darton. 1898. 8='. 56 pp. 21 pi. 13. Irrigation Systems in Texas, by William Ferguson Hutson. 1898. 8^. 67 pp. 10 pi. 14. New Tests of Pumps and Water-Lifts used iu Irrigation, by O.P.Hood. 1898. 8°. 91pp. 1 pL 15. Operations at River Stations, 1897, Part I. 1898. 8-. 100 pp. 16. Operations at River Stations, 1897, Part II. 1898. 8=. 101-200 pp. 17. Irrigation near Bakersfield, California, Ijy C.E.Grunsky. 1898. 8°. 96 pp. 10 pi. 18. Irrigation near Fresno, California, by C. E. Grunsky. 1898. 8°. 94 pp. 14 pi. ADVERTISEMENT. IX 19. Irrigation near Merced, California, by C.E. Grunsky. 1899. 8". 59 pp. 11 pi. 20. Experiments with Windmills, by T. 0. Perry. 1899. 8'=. 97 pp. 12 pi. 21. Wells of jSTortheru Indiana, by Frank Leverett. 1899. 8=. 82 pp. 2 pi. 22. Sewage Irrigation, Part II, by George "W.Eafter. 1899. 8=. 100 pp. '^ pi. 23. Water-right Problems of the Bighorn Mountains, by Elwood Mead. 1899. 8°. 62 pp. 7 pi. 24. Water Eesources of the State of New York, Part I, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 8°. 99 pp. 13 pi. 25. Water Resources of the State of Xew York, Part II, by G.W. Rafter. 1899. 8°. 101-200 pp. 12 pi. 26. Wells of Southern Indiana (Continuation of No. 21), by Frank Leverett. 1899. 8°. 64 pp. 27. Operations at River Stations for 1898, Part I. 1899. 8^. 100 pp. 28. Operations at River Stations for 1898, Part II. 1899. 8=. 101-200 pp. 29. Wells and Windmills in JTebraska, by ErAvin H. Barbour. 1899. 8'^. 85 pp. 27 pi. 30. Water Resources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, by Alfred C.Lane. 1899. 3°. 97pp. 7pl. 31. Lower Michigan Mineral Waters, by Alfred C.Lane. 1899. 8°. 97 pp. 4 pi. 32. Water Resources of Puerto Rico, by Herbert M. Wilson. 1899. 8°. 48 pp. 17 pi. 33. Storage of Water on Gila River, Arizona, by Joseph B. Lippincott. 1900. 8=. 98 pp. 33 pi. 34. Geology and water resom-ces of SE. South Dakota, by J. E. Todd. 1900. 8°. 34 pp. 19 pis. In preparation: 35. Operations at River Stations, 1899, Part I. 36. Operations at River Stations, 1890, Part II. 37. Operations at River Stations, 1899, Part III. 38. Operations at River Stations, 1899, Part IV. 39. Operations at River Stations, 1899, Part V. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. When, in 1882, the Geological Survey was directed by law to make a geologic map of the United States, there was in existence no suitable topographic map to serve as a base for the geologic map. The preparation of such a topographic map was therefore immediately begun. About one-fifth of the area of the country, excluding Alaska, has now been thus mapped. The map is published in atlas sheets, each sheet representing a small quadrangular district, as explained under the next heading. The separate sheets are sold at 5 cents each when fewer than 100 copies are purchased, but when they are ordered in lots of 100 or more copies, whether of the same sheet or of different sheets, the price is 2 cents each. The mapped areas are widely scattered, nearly every State being represented. About 900 sheets have been engraved and printed; they are tabulated by States in the Survey's " List of Publications," a pamphlet which may be had on application. The map sheets represent a great variety of topographic features, and with the aid of descriptive text they can be used to illustrate topographic forms. This has led to the projection of an educational series of topographic folios, for use wherever geography is taught in high schools, academies, and colleges. Of this series the first two folios have been issued, viz : 1. Physiographic types, by Henry Gannett, 1898, folio, consisting of the following sheets and 4 pages of descriptive text: Fargo (N. Dak. -Minn.), a region in youth; Charleston (W. Va.), a region in maturity; Caldwell (Kans.), a region in old age; Palmyra (Va.), a rejuvenated region; Mount Shasta (Cal.), a young volcanic mountain; Eagle (Wis.), moraines; Sun Prairie (Wis.), drumlins; Donald- sonville (La.), river flood plains; Boothbay (Me.), a fiord coast; Atlantic City {N. J.), a barrier-beach coast. 2. Physiographic types, by Henry Gannett, 1900, folio, consisting of the following sheets and 11 pages of descriptive text: Norfolk (Va.-N. C), a coast swamp; Marshall (Mo.), a graded river; Lexington (Nebr.), an overloaded stream; Harrisburg (Pa.), Apjialachian ridges; Poteau Mountain (Ark.-Ind. T.), Ozark ridges; Marshall (Ark.), Ozark Plateau; West Denver (Colo.), hogbacks; Mount Taylor (N.Mex.), volcanic peaks, plateaus, and necks; Cucamonga (Cal.), alluvial cones; Crater Lake special (Oreg.), a crater. GEOLOGIC ATLAS OF THE UNITED STATES. The Geologic Atlas of the United States is the final form of publication of the topographic and geologic maps. The atlas is issued in parts, or folios, progressively as the surveys are extended, and is designed ultimately to cover the entire country. Under the plan adopted the entire area of the country is divided into small rectangular districts (designated quadrangles), bounded by certain meridians and parallels. The unit of survey is also the unit of publication, and the maps and descriptions of each rectangular district are issued as a folio of the Geologic Atlas. Each folio contains topographic, geologic, economic, and structural maps, together with textual descriptions and explanations, and is designated bj' the name of a principal town or of a prominent natural feature within the district. Two forms of issue have been adopted, a "library edition" and a "field edition." In both the sheets are bound between heavy paper covers, but the library copies are permanently bound, while the sheets and covers of the field copies are only temporarily wired together. Under the law a copy of each folio is sent to certain public libraries and educational institutions. The remainder are sold at 25 cents each, except such as contain an unusual amount of matter, which are priced accordingly. Prepayment is obligatory. The folios ready for distribution are here listed. ADVERTISEMENT. 1 Area, in Price, Ko. Name of sheet. State. Limiting meridians. Limiting parallels. .square in miles. cents. 1 Livingston Montana.. 1100-111° 450-460 3,354 25 2 Ringgold 1 Georgia... 1 Tennessee ij 85°-85° 30' 34° 30' -35° 980 25 3 Placervillfi California 120° 30'-121° 38° 30'-39° 932 25 4 Kingston a Tennessee 84° 30'-85° 350 30'-36o 969 25 5 Sacramento Calit'oruia 1210-121° 30' 38° 30'-39° 932 25 6 Chattanooga Tennessee 850-85° 30' 350-35° 30' 975 25 7 Pikes Peak a ] Colorado.. 1050-105° 30' 38° 30'-39° 932 1 25 8 Sewanee Tennessee 85° 30'-86o 350-350 30' 975 ' 25 9 Anthracite-Crest- ed Butte. |- Colorado.. Virginia .. ] 106O 45'-107o 15' 38° 45'-39° 465 50 10 Harpers Ferry . . < West Va.. Maryland. 1 770 30'-78o 39°-39° 30' 925 25 11 Jackson ( California. Virginia . . ) 1200 30'-121o 38°-38o 30' 938 25 12 Estillville I Kentucky. Tennessee 1 820 30'-83o 36° 30'-37o 957 25 13 Fredericksburg. . < Maryland. Virginia .. } 770-77' 30' 380-380 30' 938 25 14 Staunton < Lassen Peak Virginia .. West Va . . J 79°-79° 30' 380-38° 30' 938 25 15 California. 1210-122° 40O-41O 3,634 25 16 Knoxville •! Tennessee N.Carolina > 83° 30'-84o 350 30'-36o 925 25 17 Marys ville California 121° 30'-122o 390-390 30' 925 25 18 Smartsville ( California Alabama.. 1210-1210 30' 390-390 30' 925 25 19 Stevenson < Georgia... Tennessee 85° 30'-86° 34° 30'- 35° 980 25 20 Cleveland Tennes.see 84° 30'-85° 350-350 30' 975 25 21 I'ikeville Tennessee 850-85° 30' 35° 30'-36° 969 25 22 McMinn ville Tennessee 85° 30'-86o 350 30'-36° 969 25 23 Domini ..........s Maryland . Virginia .. } 76° 30'-77o 38°-38° 30' 938 25 24 Three Forks Montana.. 111°-112° 45°-46° 3,354 50 25 Loudon Tennessee 84°-840 30' 35° 30'-36o 969 25 26 Pocahontas < Morristown Virginia . . West Va.. } 810-810 30' 370-370 30' 951 25 27 Tennessee 830-830 30' 963 25 28 Piedmont i Maryland. West Va.. } 790-790 30' 390-390 30' 925 25 29 Nevada City : Nevada' City- 1 f 121° 00' 25"-121o 03' 45" 390 13' 50"-39° 17' 16" 11.65 ) Grass Valley . > California. { 121° 01' 35"-12lo 05' 04" 390 10' 22"-39o 13' 50" 12.09 } 50 Banner Hill..) [ 120° 57' 05"-121° 00' 25" 390 13' 50"-39o 17' 16" 1L65 ) 30 Yellowstone Na- tional Park: Gallatin ] Canyon 1 Shoshone ( Wyoming. 1100-1110 440-450 3,412 75 Lake J 31 Pyramid Peak California. 120°-120o 30' 38° 30'-39o 932 25 32 Franklin I Briceville Virginia .. West Va.. } 790-790 30' 380 30'_39o 932 25 33 Tenn essee 840-840 30' 36'-36o 30' 963 25 34 Buckhannon West Va . . 800-80° 30' 38° 30'-39o 932 25 35 Gadsden , . , Alabama. . Colorado.. California. 86°-86o 30' 104° 30'-105° 120° 30'-121o 340-340 30' 38°-38o 30' 390 30'-40° 986 938 919 25 36 Pueblo 50 37 Downieville 25 38 Butte Special Montana.. 112° 29' 30"-112o 36' 42" 45° 59' 28"-46° 02' 54" 22.80 50 39 Truckee California. Tennessee 1200-1200 30' 84° 3n'-85° 390-390 30' 36°-36° 30' 925 963 25 40 Wartburg 25 41 Sonora California. Texas 120°-120° 30' 100°-100° 30' 37° 30'-38° 29° 30'-30° 944 1,035 25 42 Nueces 25 43 BidwellBar California. 1210-121° 30' 390 30'-40° 918 25 44 Tazewell | Boise Virginia . . West Va.. } 810 30'-82o 37°-37° 30' 950 25 45 Idaho 116°-116o 30' 43° 30'-44° 864 25 46 Kichmond Kentucky 840-84° 30' 37° 30'-38° 944 25 47 London Kentucky 84°-84o 30' 37°-37o 30' 950 25 48 Tenmile District Special. Roseburg Colorado.. 106° 8'-106o 16' 390 22' 30"-39o 30' 30" 55 25 49 Oregon . . . 1230-123° 30' 430-43° 30' 871 25 50 Holyoke < Mass Conn } 720 30'_73o 420-420 30' 885 50 51 Big Trees California I200-I200 30' 38°-38° 30' 938 25 52 Absaroka : Craudall "1 Ishawooa / Wyoming. 1090 30'-110o 440-44° 30' 1,706 25 53 Staudingstoue Tennessee 850-85° 30' a Out of stock. 360-360 30' 963 25 ADVERTISEMENT. XI Ko. Name of sheet. State. Limiting meridians. Limiting parallels. Area, in square miles. Price, in cents. 54 "Washing- ton. Montana.. Montana.. 122°-122° 30' 1100-111° 1103-111° 107° 4.S'-108d 470-47° 80' 47°-48° 460-47° 37° 4.=;' 3S0 812 3,273 3. 295 236 950 25 55 56 57 Tort Benton Little Belt Mts . . . Telluride 25 25 25 58 Colorado.. 104O-104O 30' i 370-370 30' 25 STATISTICAL PAPERS. MineralResourceaof the United States, 1882, by Albert Williams, jr. 1883. 8°. xvii, 813 pp. Price 50 cents. , Mineral Resources of the United States, 1883 and 1884, by Albert "Williams, jr. 1885. 8°. xiv, 1016 pp. Price 60 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1885. Division of Mining Statistics and Technology. 1886. 8°. vii, 576 pp. Price 40 cents. MineralResourcesoftheUnitedStates, 1886, by David T.Day. 1887. 8°. viii,813pp. Price 50cent8. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1887, by David T. Day. 1888. 8°. vii, 832 pp. Price 50 cents. MineralEesourcesof the United States, 1888, by David T.Day. 1890. 8°. vii, 652 pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1889 and 1890, by David T. Day. 1892. 8°. viii, 671 pp. Price 50 cents. MineralResourcesof the United States, 1891, by David T.Day. 1893. 8^. vii, 630 pp. Price 50 cents. MineralResourcesoftheUnitedStates, 1892, by David T.Day. 1893. 8°. vii,8o0pp. Price50cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1893, by David T. Day. 1894. 8°. viii, 810 pp. Price 50 cents. On March 2, 1895, the following provision was included in an act of Congress : ^^ Provided, That hereafter the report of the mineral resources of the United States shall be issued, as a part of the report of the Director of the Geological Survey." In compliance with this legislation the following reports have been published : Mineral Resources of the United States, 1894, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1895. 8°. xv, 646 pp., 23 pi. ; xix, 735 pp., 6 pi. Being Parts III and IV of the Sixteenth Annual Report. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1895, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1896. 8°. xxiii, 542 pp., 8 pi. and maps; iii, 543-1058 pp., 9-13 pi. Being Part III (in 2 vols.) of the Seventeenth Anniial Report. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1896, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1897. 8°. xii, 642 pp., 1 pi. ; 643-1400 pp. Being Part Y (in 2 vols.) of the Eighteenth Annual Report. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1897, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1898. 8°. viii, 651 pp., 11 pi. ; viii, 706 pp. Being Part YI (in 2 vols.) of the Nineteenth Annual Report. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1S98, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1899. 8°. viii, 616 pp.; ix, 804 pp., 1 pi. Being Part YI (in 2 vols.) of the Twentieth Annual Report. The money received from the sale of the Survey publications is deposited in the Treasury, and the Secretary of the Treasury declines to receive bank checks, drafts, or postage stamps ; all remittances, therefore, must be by bioney order, made payable to the Director of the United States Geological Survey, or in currency— the exact amount. Correspondence relating to the publications of the Survey should be addressed to — The Director, United States Geological Survey, "Washington, D. C. "Washington, D. C, June, 1900. [Take this leaf out and paste the separated titles upon three of your catalogue cards. The first and second titles need no addition; over the tliird write that subiect under which you would place the book in your library.] LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS. United States. Department of the interior. (U. S. geological survey.) Department of the interior | — j Bulletin | of the | United States I geological survey | no. 170 | [Seal of the department] | Washington | government printing office | 1900 Second title: United States geological survey | Charles D. Wal- cott, director | — ( Survey | of the | boundary line between Idaho and Montana | from | the international boundary to the crest | of the Bitterroot Mountains | by | Eichard Urquhart Goode | Washington | government printing office | 1900 8°. 67 pp. 14 pis. Goode (Richard Urquhart). United States geological survey | Charles D. Walcott, di- rector I — I Survey | of the | boundary line between Idaho and Montana | from | the international boundary to the crest | of the Bitterroot Mountains | by | Eichard Urquhart Goode | [Vi- gnette] I Washington | government printing office | 1900 so. 67 pp. 14 pis. [United St.\tes. Department of the interior. (V. S. geological survey.) Bulletin 170.1 United States geological survey | Charles D. Walcott, di- rector I — I Survey | of the | boundary line between Idaho and Montana | from | the international boundary to the crest | of the Bitterroot Mountains | by | Eichard Urquhart Goode | [Vi- gnette] I Washington | government printing office | 1900 8°. 67 pp. 14 pis. [United States. Department of the interior. (U. S. geological survey.) Bulletin 170.1 Bull. 170 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Im-- ^ U- vAw, fc.««' * :i^ m :mm-3.