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WAR DEPARTMENT : : OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF 
 WAR COLLEGE DIVISION. GENERAL STAFF. No. 22 
 
 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION 
 
 OF THE ARMIES OF 
 
 FRANCE, GERMANY, AUSTRIA, RUSSIA, 
 
 ENGLAND, ITALY, MEXICO, 
 
 AND JAPAN 
 
 (SHOWING CONDITIONS IN JULY. 1914) 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1916 
 

 ^ 
 
 
 War Department 
 
 Document No. 499 
 
 Ofice of the Chief of Staff 
 
 (2) 
 
 D. of D. 
 MAY 1 I9I6 
 
\ 
 
 War Department, 
 Office of the Chief of Staff, 
 
 Washington, JanvAmj Uf, 1916. 
 
 The following revision of (xeneral Staff Document No. 17, show- 
 ing at a date as close as practicable to the outbreak of the war in 
 Europe, July, 1914, the strength and organization of the armies of 
 France, Germany, Austria, Russia, England, Italy, Mexico, and 
 Japan, is published for the information of the Regular Army and 
 the Organized Militia of the United States. 
 By order of the Secretary of War: 
 
 H. L. Scott, 
 Major General, Chief of Staff. 
 
 3 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 A great many authorities liave been consulted in the preparation 
 of the data, and it is believed that the figures are accurate as far 
 as the data go. The great military powers have been increasing their 
 resources since 1911 to an unknown extent, and at mobilization they 
 had at their disposal much larger armies than would be indicated by 
 the figures given in this study. 
 
 As no reliable data have been made public, no accurate estimate 
 can be given of the real fighting force of these nations as it existed 
 at the outbi'eak of the war. 
 
 It will be noted that all the data obtained have been summed up 
 in tables which immediately follow this introduction. It should be 
 borne in mind, however, that the separate studies on the several 
 countries should be carefully considered before drawing conclusions 
 from the tables. Before introducing the tables it seems desirable to 
 formulate a few general facts on the organization of foreign armies, 
 as too much insistence can not be laid on the fact that a bare inspec- 
 tion of the tables is liable to lead to false conclusions. 
 
 Classifying the general remarks on organization under appropriate 
 headings we have — 
 
 INFANTRY. 
 
 ~ The real basis of the infantry organization of all foreign armies is 
 the battalion. The typical battalion is composed of 4 companies 
 and has a strength on the war footing of some 20 to 25 officers and 
 900 to 1.100 men, counting from about 900 to 1,000 rifles. 
 
 In speaking of a foreign battalion it must, therefore, be borne in 
 mind that its fighting strength is greater than that of our battalion. 
 
 CAVALRY. 
 
 The basis of all foreign cavalry organization is the squadron. The 
 foreign squadron numbers on a war footing from 120 to 150 sabers. 
 Regiments contain from 3 to 6 squadrons. 
 
 It Avill therefore be noted that in speaking of a foreign squadron 
 we mean a force of about one-half the strength of the United States 
 squadron. Similarly, the cavalry regiment of foreign services is 
 about one-half, or less, the strength of our regiments. 
 
 FIELD ARTILLERY. 
 
 The battery is usually taken as the unit of field artillery organiza- 
 tion. For the purposes of comparison a more correct unit is the 
 battalion. 
 
 Leaving Russia aside, it may be said that there are two great sys- 
 tems of field artillery organization. These may be called, naming 
 
 5 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 them after their great exponents, the French and the German. The 
 essential differences betAA^een these two systems may be summarized 
 as follows: 
 
 The French system takes 4 guns as the firing unit, the battery, and 
 assigns all of the ammunition which should be available upon entry 
 into action to the battery ; batteries count 5 officers, sometimes 4, and 
 170 men. • 
 
 Under the German system the firing unit, battery, counts 6 guns, 
 and only so nnich amnumition as is needed for the immediate service 
 of the pieces is assigned to the batteries ; the remainder of the ammu- 
 nition which should be available upon entry into action being assem- 
 bled in an ammunition battery (light ammunition column), wdiich 
 forms an integral part of the battalion. 
 
 In both systems the number of firing batteries in the battalion is 
 three, the German system having an additional battery for ammuni- 
 tion gives that system 4 battery organizations to the battalion. 
 
 Under the German system the strength of firing batteries is about 
 5 officers and 150 men and that of ammunition batteries is 4 officers 
 and 188 men. The strength of battalion staffs is not dependent 
 upon the particular system. 
 
 Leaving aside battalion staffs it will be noted that under the French 
 system the battalion counts about 15 officers, 510 men, and 12 guns. 
 whereas under the German system it counts 19 officers, 638 men, and 
 18 guns. It is thus apparent that under the French system the bat- 
 talion has l:f officers and 42^ men per gun, while the German system 
 allows l^ig- officers and 35f men per gun. If the strength of the 
 ammunition columns of the army corps be considered it will be found 
 that the slight differences in the number of officers and men re(iuired 
 per gun under the two systems practically vanish. 
 
 The advantages and disadvantages of the two systems as set forth 
 by the adherents of one or the other are too w^ell known to make 
 it necessary to repeat them here. Moreover, the arguments of those 
 who have really studied the question have but little weight with 
 their opponents who have equally given it serious consideration. The 
 Russian system is obsolete, but is considered in the special study on 
 that country. 
 
 FORTRESS ARTILLERY. 
 
 In most foreign services all artillery is on one list. That branch 
 of artillery known as fortress artillery has no counterpart in our 
 service. Fortress artillery garrisons the land fortresses of the coun- 
 try and furnishes artillery of various types to the mobile troops. The 
 amount of mobile artillery which would be provided by the foot 
 artillery in war is naturally dependent upon the character of the war, 
 whether offensive or defensive, etc. It is, therefore, impossible to say 
 by how much the artillery with the mobile troops, as shown in the 
 tables, would be augmented in war. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 COAST ARTILLERY. 
 
 The coast artillery shown for Germany does not give a correct 
 idea, for many of the coast fortifications of that country are garri- 
 soned by marines. 
 
 SANITARY TROOPS. 
 
 While the number of sanitary troops shown by the tables is small 
 for foreign armies as compared with the number maintained by the 
 United States, it should be borne in mind that in w^ar much of the 
 "bearer and first-aid duty" is performed in foreign services by men 
 drawn from and forming part of the line. Furthermore, drivers for 
 ambulances and for other nontechnical purposes are drawn from the 
 train. The necessity for maintaining a nucleus in peace for expan- 
 sion in war does not therefore exist in the same degree in foreign 
 countries as in the United States. Similar remarks are, however, 
 true for services other than sanitary. 
 
 EXPANSION ON MOBILIZATION. 
 
 In all foreign countries of any consequence large numbers of fidh/ 
 trained reserves exist. These men are assigned to organizations and 
 in those organizations complete equipment of every kind and descrip- 
 tion is so stored as to facilitate immediate issue. Every horse in 
 civil life has its place assigned and its owner is warned as to where it 
 is to be turned in on mobilization : the same is true of vehicles. In 
 the formation of certain classes of trains the Government simply 
 directs teamsters with their teams, harness, and wagons to report at 
 previously specified places. It is thus simply a matter of hours for 
 the great powers to mobilize. 
 
 Inasmuch as the frontiers of possible enemies adjoin their own, and 
 the functioning of the mobilization of those enemies is equally com- 
 plete, all nations on the continent of Europe maintain their cavalry 
 and horse artillery at practically war strength and station those arms 
 on the frontiers to secure the few hours which are necessary for 
 mobilization. 
 
 It is thus evident that the lessons (obtaihed by a study of the 
 organization of the armies of those nations which trust to preparation 
 rather than to luck) as to the relative and actual degree of expan- 
 sion of which the several arms are capable can have but little appli- 
 cability to the conditions obtaining in the United States. 
 
 CONDITIONS OK SERVICE. 
 
 Aside from the features of compulsory service and the consequent 
 existence of large masses of reserves in foreign countries, there are 
 certain conditions of service with reference to daily duties which 
 should be borne in mind in applying principles of foreign organiza- 
 
8 
 
 INTEODUCTTON. 
 
 tion to conditions as they actually exist in the United States. In 
 all foreign services the efficiency of peace training with respect to its 
 effect in war is the sole object in view. But the real point is that 
 this is put into practice and does not savor of a mere theory. Every- 
 thing is, in foreign services, subordinated with absolute rigor to the 
 tactical training of troops and the preparation by various depart- 
 ments and services for war. Organizations, departments, and serv- 
 ices, as well as individuals, are judged solely from the standpoint 
 of their preparation to pass at once to a condition of war. 
 
 Fatigue duties, guard, paper work, and kindred duties of the kind 
 common in the United States service are, in foreign states of impor- 
 tance, either absolutely unknown or exist in such minor degree as to 
 be infinitesimal. Special duties, such as officers and men for various 
 schools, detached service of all kinds, mobilization, command and 
 training of territorial and reserve forces, information duty, etc., are 
 performed by officers and men who are additional to those serving 
 with organizations. Moreover, the headquarters of such organiza- 
 tions have the men and officers they need as part of the headquarters 
 of the units; accordingly company units are not drained for clerks, 
 messengers, laborers, etc. 
 
 The absence of fatigue duties and the other facts above stated 
 result in a condition which can hardly be appreciated in the United 
 States, namely: If a company unit is, under the budget, entitled to 
 4 officers and 100 men, it has that number for daily duty. The point 
 of this condition is apparent. 
 
 The tables showing principal data and the detailed studies are 
 appended in the order named. 
 
 The forces of the United States have been included in the tables 
 to facilitate comparison. 
 
 Table shoiving higher organization existing in time of peace. 
 [No militia, reserve, or territorial troops are included.] 
 
 Country. 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Austria s 
 
 Russia 
 
 England * 
 
 Italy 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Japan 
 
 United States 
 
 Army 
 
 Divis- 
 
 Cavalry 
 
 Infantry 
 
 Cavalry 
 
 corps. 
 
 ions. 
 
 divisions. 
 
 brigades. 
 
 brigades. 
 
 21 
 
 47 
 
 10 
 
 92 
 
 38 
 
 25 
 
 .50 
 
 1 
 
 112 
 
 69 
 
 16 
 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 58 
 
 19 
 
 37 
 
 76 
 
 27 
 
 160 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 51 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 Field 
 artillery i 
 brigades.' 
 
 1 Army corps, divisions, and brigades differ in organization and in number of men and guns. Per army 
 corps the minimum number of gims is as follows: France, 144; Germany, 160; Austria, 180; Russia, 108; 
 England, 144; Italy, 104; Japan, 108 (for comparison only— Japan has no army corps, 36 gims to a divis- 
 ion), not including the heavy artillery. 
 
 2 The number of guns to a field artillery brigade differ widely in the different armies. 
 
 3 Common army onlv. 
 
 < Figures are for regulars in the British Isles only. In addition, there are 14 divisions, 42 infantry brigades, 
 14 field artillery brigades, and 14 mounted brigades of territorial troops in the British Isles. In India 
 there are 9 divisions, 9 field artillery brigades, and 8 cavalry brigades. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Table shoving peace strength by arms of the service. 
 [Only officers and men with colors are considered.] 
 
 Country. 
 
 France i 
 
 Germany 
 
 Austria 2 
 
 Russia 
 
 England * 
 
 Italy 5 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Japan ^ 
 
 United States ' 
 
 Infantry. 
 
 509, 456 
 507, 231 
 196, 957 
 815, 000 
 151,261 
 193,514 
 
 20, 326 
 149, 402 
 
 37,500 
 
 Cavalry. 
 
 81,556 
 85, 792 
 47, 151 
 138, 000 
 20, 716 
 27,410 
 7,318 
 14,585 
 14,913 
 
 Field 
 artillery. 
 
 118,302 
 
 91,368 
 
 37, 069 
 
 153, 792 
 
 34,694 
 
 41,493 
 
 1,912 
 
 18,918 
 
 5,787 
 
 Foot 
 
 Coast 
 
 artil- 
 
 artil- 
 
 lery. 
 
 lery. 
 
 4,446 
 
 7,246 
 
 38,357 
 
 (?; 
 
 9,934 
 
 (?) 
 
 18,056 
 
 14, 152 
 
 628 
 
 14, 965 
 
 7,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 (?) 
 
 (?) 
 
 6,899 
 
 
 
 19, 734 
 
 Technical 
 troops. 
 
 27, 866 
 30, 403 
 12, 994 
 
 3 37,448 
 9,096 
 15, 836 
 657 
 16, 727 
 11,199 
 
 Train. 
 
 11,202 
 12,600 
 4,914 
 (?) 
 6,772 
 5,940 
 215 
 11,427 
 
 
 Sani- 
 tary. 
 
 6,123 
 6,615 
 2,933 
 
 (?) 
 5,069 
 5,666 
 
 (?) 
 3,484 
 4,620 
 
 Total 
 
 peace 
 
 strength. 
 
 818, 532 
 806,016 
 370, 725 
 1, 284, 000 
 255, 438 
 305, 033 
 
 32, 000 
 250, 000 
 
 92, 081 
 
 ' Includes troops stationed in Algiers and Tunis, and such colonial troops as are stationed in France. 
 Budget estimates of 1914. Budget estimates metropolitan army, 1914, 7.36,000. 
 
 2 Common army only. For Landwehr, see study on Austria. 
 
 3 Includes miscellaneous organizations, staffs, school detachments, etc. 
 
 * Regular army only. Indian army, colonial forces, and territorial forces are mentioned in study on 
 England. Territorial force, British Isles, numbers 315,408. Canadian permanent force and organized 
 militia numbers 81,797. 
 
 6 Exclusive of troops in Africa. 
 
 * Japan does not publish its peace strength. 
 
 ' Based on Army List, Oct. 20, 1915. The Porto Rico Regiment is counted as infantry. Technical 
 troops include Engineers, Ordnance, Signal Corps, and the 6,000 enlisted men of the Quartermaster Corps. 
 Includes 6,098 recruits. 5,000 Philippine Scouts not counted. Enlisted men of the Medical Department 
 ( Hospital Corps) (4 ,012) , and enlisted men of the Quartermaster Corps are, under the law , not to be counted 
 as part of the strength of the Army. 
 
 The following table shows the fighting strength in 1911. Since 
 that date, most of the great powers have increased their initial 
 mobilization strength, but the extent of the increases has not been 
 made public. 
 
 Table showing fighting strength of three arms on nwbilization. 
 [Existing organizations only considered.] 
 
 Country. 
 
 France 2 
 
 Germany 
 
 Austria 3 
 
 Russia 4 
 
 England!* 
 
 Italy 
 
 Mexico 6 
 
 Japan 
 
 Troops in United States: 
 Regulars (1914) 7 .... 
 Organized Militia. . . 
 
 Total 
 
 Infantry 
 rifles. 
 
 618, 450 
 633,000 
 420,300 
 973, 152 
 135,020 
 300,000 
 53, 760 
 228,000 
 
 36,000 
 232,000 
 
 Cavalry 
 sabers. 
 
 66,750 
 76,500 
 37, 800 
 111,825 
 15,000 
 20, 880 
 14,016 
 14,550 
 
 13,068 
 7,740 
 
 20,808 
 
 Field guns. 
 
 2,936 
 
 3,866 
 1,854 
 4,432 
 1,170 
 1,470 
 170 
 954 
 
 96 
 260 
 
 Sabers per 
 thousand 
 infantry 
 bayonets. 
 
 107. 93 
 120.85 
 
 89.93 
 114.91 
 111.09 
 
 69.99 
 260.71 
 
 63.81 
 
 363 
 33 
 
 Field guns 
 per thou- 
 sand in- 
 fantry bay- 
 one ts.i 
 
 4.74 
 6.10 
 4.41 
 4.55 
 8.66 
 4.90 
 3.27 
 4.18 
 
 Fully 
 trained 
 reserves 
 available 
 for passing 
 from peace 
 to war foot- 
 ing. 
 
 2,300,000 
 4,000,000 
 1,600,000 
 3, 800, 000 
 215,000 
 1, 250, 000 
 None. 
 1,000,000 
 
 2.66 
 1.01 
 
 None. 
 None. 
 
 1.34 
 
 None. 
 
 1 Since the beginning of the present war in Europe the total number of guns has been greatly increased, 
 also the percentage of guns per thousand, not only by adding new gims but by employing guns that had been 
 considered obsolete for many years. 
 
 2 For all existing units for mobilization in France, see separate study. 
 
 3 Common army only. Figures are approximate. (See study.) 
 
 * The peculiar situation of Russia makes it impossible for her to assemble her total force upon any one 
 theater of war. 
 
 t" Regulars only. For territorial forces, extra reserves, etc., see study. 
 
 6 Total strength in ranks considered. The deductions which should be made for noncombatanta are not 
 accurately known. Laws for compulsory service exist and might be put into effect in war. 
 
 ' This assumes that organizations can be raised to war strength. No trained men available for this 
 purpose. 
 
 Note. — For probable initial mobilization, see studies on several countries. 
 
10 
 
 INTRODUCTION". 
 
 The plan on page 11 shows the above graphically. 
 
 The outline drawings on pages 12, 13, and 14 give an additional 
 graphical representation of the war strength of the several countries, 
 considering existing regular organizations only. In the figures the 
 areas are proportional to the actual war strength of the several arms. 
 
 As a matter of fact the figures for the United States are too large, 
 for the reason that trained men are not available for passing to the 
 war footing which the drawings represent. 
 
 Note. — Due to an error ; the figure on page 13 representing the Italian cavalry is too 
 large. It should be about midwaj' between its actual size and that for Japan. 
 
 Peace strength of the Oryanised Militia and Regular Army and Militia of the 
 
 Vnited States. 
 
 Organized 
 Militia. 
 
 Regular 
 
 Army and 
 
 Militia. 
 
 Infantry 
 
 Cavalry 
 
 Field artillery 
 
 Foot artillery 
 
 Coast artillery 
 
 Teclmical troops 
 
 Train 
 
 Sanitary 
 
 Total peace strength 
 
 101, 437 
 
 4,940 
 
 6,228 
 
 
 
 7,680 
 
 3,275 
 
 
 
 4,339 
 
 128, 043 
 
 138,937 
 
 19, 853 
 
 12, 015 
 
 
 
 27,414 
 
 14,474 
 
 
 
 9,059 
 
 220, 124 
 
 Table sltowing percentages of several arms of total peace strength. 
 
 Country. 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Austria." 
 
 Russia 
 
 England 
 
 Italy 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Japan 
 
 United States: 
 
 Regulars 
 
 Organized Militia 
 
 Total 
 
 Infan- 
 try. 
 
 62.24 
 62.93 
 63.17 
 63.46 
 59.19 
 63.44 
 63.52 
 64.95 
 
 36.73 
 79.23 
 
 60.38 
 
 Cav- 
 alry. 
 
 9.96 
 10.63 
 15.12 
 10.75 
 
 8.11 
 
 8.99 
 22.86 
 
 6.34 
 
 14.60 
 3.85 
 
 .33 
 
 Field 
 artil- 
 lery. 
 
 14.45 
 11.33 
 11.81 
 11.98 
 13.56 
 13.60 
 5.97 
 8.22 
 
 5.67 
 4.86 
 
 Foot 
 artil- 
 lery. 
 
 0.55 
 4.76 
 3.18 
 1.40 
 .24 
 2.30 
 
 (?) 
 2. 
 
 
 
 
 Coast 
 artil- 
 lery. 
 
 0.88 
 
 (?) 
 
 (?) 
 
 1.10 
 
 5.85 
 
 1.64 
 
 (?) 
 
 19.33 
 6.00 
 
 Tech- 
 nical 
 troops. 
 
 3.44 
 
 3.77 
 
 4.16 
 
 (?) 
 
 3.56 
 
 5.19 
 
 2.05 
 
 7.27 
 
 10.97 
 2.55 
 
 11.92 
 
 6.29 
 
 Train. 
 
 1.36 
 1.56 
 1.58 
 (?) 
 2.65 
 1.95 
 .37 
 4.96 
 
 
 
 
 Sani- 
 tary 
 troops. 
 
 0.77 
 .82 
 .91 
 
 (?) 
 
 1.98 
 
 1.86 
 
 (?) 
 1.51 
 
 4.53 
 3.38 
 
 3.94 
 
 Miscel- 
 lane- 
 ous- 
 
 6.35 
 4.20 
 .07 
 11.31 
 4.86 
 1.03 
 5.23 
 3.76 
 
 8.17 
 .13 
 
 3.92 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 11 
 
 
 
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12 
 
 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 
INTKODUCTIOIS" 
 
 13 
 
 ■3r^. 
 
 
14 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 RUSSIA 
 
 GERMANY 
 
 ENGLAND 
 
 U.S. 
 
 WAll COLLEGE DIVISION, GENERAL STAFF. 
 
 E. H. Smith, Del. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 The French Army proper is known as the Metropolitan Army. 
 This army is divided between France and Algiers. This study will 
 confine itself to the Metropolitan Army with a bare mention of 
 colonial forces. 
 
 highp:k okganizatiox. 
 
 There are '20 army corps organized in peace. In addition there is 
 one colonial army corps. xA.rmy corps usually have two divisions in 
 peace; in war and in exceptional cases, three. The number of corps 
 troops varies considerably. There are 47 divisions and 92 infantry 
 brigades; 21 field artillery brigades are distributed among the 21 
 corps. 
 
 There are also 10 cavalry divisions organized in peace. As a rule, 
 the cavalry division contains 20 to 24 squadrons and 2 horse batteries. 
 
 Two of the divisions depart from this rule by having 30 squadrons 
 each. There is a total of 38 cavalry brigades. 
 
 AVAR STRENGTH, 1914. 
 
 About 5,500,000 men have had military training (Veltze). This 
 for a war of defense is practically its resources in men. 
 
 Peace estahlishment and approximate war strength. 
 
 
 Infantry. 
 
 Cavalry. 
 
 ArtiUery. 
 
 other 
 arms and 
 depart- 
 ments. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Men. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Peace 
 
 1386,3.38 
 3 2,600,000 
 
 73,369 
 430,000 
 
 97, 571 
 588,000 
 
 2,720 
 3,200 
 
 60.422 
 260,000 
 
 2 620, 420 
 
 War. 
 
 3, 878, 000 
 
 
 
 1 Including gendarmerie, 21,998, and garde r^publicaine, 2,993. 
 
 2 Peace strength Metropolitan Army, 712,000, including an extra class of about 200,000 men. 
 
 3 Active army, 1,009,000; reserves and depots, 1,600,000; territorial army, 818,000; territorial reserves, 
 451,000; total (approximate), 3,878,000.. 
 
 Per cent of peace strength to total population : 
 
 Population (in France), census 1911 39,601,509 
 
 Peace .strength 792, 423 
 
 Per cent 2 
 
 Annual appropriation (1913) $196,644,875 
 
 15 
 
16 
 
 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES 
 
 INFANTRY. 
 
 The battalion usually has 4 companies, sometimes 3, sometimes 
 5 or 6, or even more. The number of battalions in regiments varies 
 greatly. The maximum is 4 battalions to the regiment. There are 
 173 regiments. 
 
 Figures as to the total number of battalions vary. Taking 173 
 as a basis and adding battalions not parts of regiments gives 615 
 battalions: to this must be added 30 battalions of colonial troops 
 stationed in France, making a total of 651 battalions. Von Loebell 
 and Veltze each give 657 battalions. The difference is probably due 
 to the fact that those authorities count native Saharan troops not 
 considered here. As a rule, the infantry company has 3 officers and 
 125 men in peace. 
 
 The total infantry strength in peace is as follows : 
 
 
 Battal- 
 ions. 
 
 Officers 
 and men. 
 
 stationed in France: 
 
 578 
 36 
 37 
 
 318,037 
 
 
 22,012 
 
 
 46, 289 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 651 
 
 1386,338 
 
 
 
 1 With a supi^osed additional number of about 70,000 men. 
 
 FIELD ARTILLERY. 
 
 The French field artillery was reorganized in 1909. The typical 
 formations are: 
 
 Batteries to the battalion. 
 Battalions to tlie regiment- 
 
 Regiments to the hrigade 3 
 
 One brigade is assigned to each corps; the Sixth and Seventh Corps 
 have brigades of 1 regiments each. 
 
 The brigade is divided between corps and divisional artillery — 
 1 regiment to the corps and 1 to each division. 
 
 There are 61 regiments and 5 separate battalions, with a total of 
 689 batteries. To this must be added 3 regiments of colonial artil- 
 lery stationed in France, with 36 batteries, giving a total of 725 
 batteries. Batteries have 4 guns each. There are no light-ammuni- 
 tion columns. 
 
 The peace strength of batteries varies accoi'ding to several sched- 
 ules, viz, 3 officers, 90 men; 3 officers, 100 men; 3 officers, 120 men; 
 3 officers, 130 men; 3 officers, 160 men. There is a considerable 
 number of men belonging to the regiment not assigned to batteries. 
 In addition, eacli regiment has a ''section of workmen" numbering 
 17 men. 'the total numbers of field artillery and the peace distri- 
 bution are as follows: 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 17 
 
 Officers 
 and men. 
 
 Stationed in France: 
 
 Metropolitan Army , 
 
 Colonial army 
 
 Stationed in Algiers and Tunis: Metropolitan Army 
 
 Total 
 
 76,419 
 
 It will be noted that the total number of batteries provides about 
 34J batteries per army corps. Various authorities unite in sup- 
 posing that the initial mobilization of France will see for the artillery 
 a similar expansion to that already noted for the infantry (except in 
 a smaller degree), and that the number of batteries for a mobilized 
 corps will be 36. The number of guns per corps will thus be 144: — 
 the same as the German corps except for heavy guns. 
 
 It is possible that the fortress artillery would mobilize some mobile 
 batteries, but there are no definite data. 
 
 The war strength of batteries is 4 officers, possibly 5, and 170 men, 
 except that mountain batteries have 200 men. 
 
 Mountain batteries have G g-uns in war. 
 
 FOOT ARTILLERY. 
 
 All officers of artiller}', including field artillery, are on one list. 
 Foot artillery is divided into two branches: Coast artillery and for- 
 tress artillery. The latter garrisons the land fortifications. It is 
 believed that, in certain cases, a part of the fortress artillery may be 
 used with the mobile forces. 
 
 There are in all 11 regiments with 80 batteries in France and li 
 battalions with 8 batteries in Algiers and Tunis. 
 
 Separating the two branches, we have: 
 
 Fortress artillery . — There are 47 batteries in France Avith none in 
 Algiers and Tunis. The peace strength of batteries is 3 officers and 
 110 men. 
 
 The total strength of the fortress artillery is about 4,446 officers 
 and men. The war strength is not definitely known, but is probably 
 double the peace strength. 
 
 Coast artillery. — There are 42 batteries in France and 8 in Algiers. 
 The peace strength of batteries in France is 3 officers and 110 men: 
 in Algiers and Tunis, 3 officers and 200 men. The total is as follows : 
 
 Bat- 
 teries. 
 
 Officers 
 and men. 
 
 France 
 
 Algiers and Tunis 
 
 Total 
 
 50 
 
 3,985 
 3,261 
 
 7,246 
 
 23926°— 16- 
 
18 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 The war strength of batteries is not definitely known. It may be 
 noted, however, that organizations in Africa are somewhat under war 
 strength, though the}^ are nearer that strength than organizations in 
 France. It is. therefore, safe to say that the average war strength of 
 batteries of coast artillery is at least 3 officers and 200 men. 
 
 ArtiUery icorhmcn. — The foot artillery has sections and companies 
 of workmen aggregating 2,321 officers and men. It is not known just 
 how these are divided between the coast and fortress artillery ; they 
 are probably about equall}' divided. 
 
 CAVALRY. 
 
 The typical formations of cavalry are: Five squadrons to the regi- 
 ment; 2 regiments to the brigade; 2 brigades to the division. The 
 number of brigades and divisions has already been given. 
 
 There are 79 regiments in France, 10 in Africa, and also some mis- 
 cellaneous organizations, 91 in all. 
 
 The peace strength of squadrons is 5 officers and 150 men, 141 of 
 whom may be counted as sabers. 
 
 It is said that the actual strength is somewhat below the authorized 
 strength. 
 
 The total strength and distribution of the cavalry in peace is as 
 follows : 
 
 Squad- 
 rons. 
 
 Officers 
 and men. 
 
 France 
 
 Algiers and Tunis. 
 
 Total . 
 
 395 
 50 
 
 71,956 
 9,600 
 
 81, 556 
 
 The war strength of scjuadrons is 5 officers and 160 men, the 
 strength in sabers being about 150. In war one squadron of each 
 regiment is left behind as a depot squadron. 
 
 TECHNICAL TROOPS. 
 
 There is no division, as in the United States, between signal troops 
 and engineers. All technical troops are known as engineers. 
 
 There is some question as to the organization of engineers in so far 
 as concerns the numbers of companies and battalions. The budget 
 shows 8 regiments. The number of companies per battalion varies 
 from 3 to 7. The total number of companies is probably 101. 
 
 The peace strength of companies varies; the strongest companies 
 number 4 officers and 160 men. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 The total strength and its distribution is as follows: 
 
 19 
 
 ' 
 
 OflBcers. 
 
 Men. 
 
 France 
 
 504 
 31 
 
 16 220 
 
 
 1,800 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 535 
 
 18,020 
 
 
 The war strength of the major portion of engineer companies is 
 •1 officers and 252 men. 
 
 AVIATIOX TROOPS. 
 
 The aviation troops consist of 8 companies, one of which is of 
 aviators (pilots), and some sections not yet formed. The officers 
 come from the various branches of the service. There are 3 captains, 
 4 lieutenants, 2 adjudants, 20 sergeants major oi* quartermaster ser- 
 geants, 25 corporals, 5 master mechanics, 5 buglers, 230 men, 136 
 horses. 
 
 TRAIN. 
 
 The train troops are organized into "squadrons." Each S(|uadron 
 contains 3 companies. There are 20 " squadrons " stationed in 
 France and 12 separate companies in Algiers and Tunis. 
 
 The normal peace footing of companies is 4 officers and 87 men. 
 
 The total peace strength and its distribution is as follows : 
 
 France 
 
 Algiers and Tunis 
 
 Total 
 
 Officers. 
 
 360 
 45 
 
 405 
 
 Men. 
 
 7, 770 
 2,750 
 
 10, 520 
 
 In war each " squadron " forms additional companies. The total 
 war footing is not accurately known. 
 
 SANITARY TROOPS. 
 
 The authorized peace strength of the medical department is 1,475 
 officers and 6,123 men. 
 
 The budget for 1910, however, only allows 1,462 officers. 
 The distribution is as follows: 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Men. 
 
 France 
 
 Algiers and Tunis 
 
 Total 
 
 952 
 510 
 
 1,462 
 
 3,888 
 2,235 
 
 6,123 
 
20 STRENGTH AND OEGANIZATION OF ARMJES. 
 
 VETERINARIANS. 
 
 The peace footing is 467 officers. 
 
 REMARKS ON TROOPS. 
 
 In addition to the organizations noted aboAe there are a great many 
 special oi'ganizations, schools, etc. 
 
 In addition there are, of course, administrative ortieers. general 
 staff, etc. There are. for example, 1.345 officers of the intendance, of 
 whom 1,050 are in France. 
 
 TOTAL PEACE STRENGTH. 
 
 The total peace strength of the French Army, exclusive of colonial 
 troops but including gendarmes and " republican guards," is as 
 follows : 
 
 Officers 29, 209 
 
 INIen 735,088 
 
 Total, including everything according to the 1914 budget 818, 532 
 
 Of these, 26,368 officers and 709,796 men are stationed in France. 
 There are, in addition, 2,083 officers and 23,573 men of the colonial 
 army stationed in France. This brings the total force stationed in 
 France up to 28,451 officers and 733,307 men. The grand total of 
 the Metropolitan Army and the colonial troops stationed in France is 
 31,202 officers and 732,528 men, including gendarmes and republican 
 guards. There are, in addition, a great many reserve officers, but the 
 exact numbers are unknown. 
 
 TOTAL WAR STRENGTH. 
 
 [Based on 1011 estimates. Increases have not been made public] 
 
 The organization of the maximum mobilization of France can not 
 be given with any degree of accuracy. The sum total of trained men 
 which she is able to mobilize amounts to about 3,800,000 men; pos- 
 sibly a little more. 
 
 It is probable that her initial tnobilizatioti would be devoted to 
 bringing her army corps and cavalry divisions up to the typical for- 
 mations already mentioned. 
 
 This assumption would give a strength of the three arms in France^ 
 on the initial mobilization, of: 
 
 Battalions of infantry 640 I Batteries 786 
 
 Squadrons of cavalry 395 I 
 
FRANCE. 21 
 
 The fighting strength of the three arms on initial mobilization 
 would thus be: 
 
 Infantry rifles 518,000 I Field fiiins 2,944 
 
 Cavalry sabers 59, 250 I 
 
 The above estimate is a minimum. It is probable that even the 
 initial mobilization would see an increase in infantry and artillery 
 over the figures given up to a total of 1,380,000 combatants, including 
 Algerian troops. 
 
 COLONIAL TROOPS. 
 
 Besides the troops already mentioned, there are about 87,000 
 colonial troops. About 19,500 of these are Europeans and the re- 
 mainder are natives. These troops are stationed in various colonies, 
 such as Indo-China. 
 
 They are organized as follows: 
 
 Battalions of infantry 59 I Squadron of cavalry 1 
 
 Batteries of artillery 31 I Companies of engineers 3 
 
 CONDITIONS or SERVICE. 
 
 The Metropolitan Army alone is considered. 
 •^ Service is compulsory and liability extends from the twentieth to 
 the forty-fifth year of the citizen's age. 
 
 Service with the colors is two years for all arms. After serving 
 with the colors, the men pass into the reserve of the active army, in 
 which they serve for 11 years, during which they are subject to two 
 periods of instruction, one for 23 days, the other for 17 days. From 
 the reserve of the active army the men pass to the " territorial army,'' 
 in which they serve for six years, subject to one period of seven days' 
 instruction. The final service is with the " reserve of the territorial 
 army" : this service is for six years; the men receive no training, but 
 are subject to muster. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Commander in chief: The President. 
 
 Actual commander in chief, by delegation of the President, the 
 minister of war. who is assisted by a military cabinet, a special staff, 
 and a civil cabinet. 
 
 There is a superior council of the national defense, that examines 
 all questions of national defense requiring the cooperation of the dif- 
 ferent ministerial departments. 
 
 A superior council of war, charged with all the questions relating 
 to preparation for war. 
 
 The (^^eneral Staff of the Army. 
 
22 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 ORGANIZATION. 
 
 The largest permanent unit in time of peace is the army corps, of 
 which France has 21, each corps corresponding to a territorial dis- 
 trict from which it is recruited. One of these corps is in Algeria. 
 
 THE AKMY CORPS. 
 
 Commanded by a general of division (major general) specially 
 detailed. 
 
 1. tStaJf. — Aides (Officiers d'ordonnance), 1 chief of staff, 1 sub- 
 chief of staff, general staff officers, officials, interpreters, etc. ; total, 
 14 officers, 66 men (8 cyclists), 62 horses, 10 vehicles. 
 
 2. Services. — Sanitary director, veterinary, pay, post, telegraph, 
 justice, gendarmerie, escort (1 platoon cavalry), train; total 1 and 2, 
 54 officers, 340 men (19 cyclists), 240 horses, 44 wagons. Three in- 
 fantry divisions (one of which a reserve division). One corps cavalry 
 regiment. Artillery, 45 batteries (4 pieces), 180 guns (this includes 
 divisional artillery). One engineer company with corps bridge 
 train; 1 engineer park with mine and telegraph detachment; 1 corps 
 artillery park ; 1 headquarters ambulance company ; 8 to 12 field 
 hospitals; 1 butchery detachment; 1 administration convoy; 1 assist- 
 ing convoy; 1 field bakery : 1 live-stock park ; 1 mobile remount depot. 
 
 Total of corps, 24 to 36 batallions, 8 to 12 squadrons, 144 to 180 
 
 guns. 
 
 Fighting strength : 
 
 Rifles 22,848-34,272 
 
 Lances 1,144- 1,716 
 
 Guns 144- 180 
 
 THE INFANTRY DIVISION. 
 
 Commanded by a general of division (major general). 
 
 Staff. — Aides: general staff; interpreters, officials, etc. 
 
 Services. — Artillery, infantry, sanitary, pay, post, justice, gendar- 
 merie; escorts, one-half platoon cavalry; total, 20 officers, 105 men 
 (11 cyclists), 87 horses, 10 wagons. Two or 3 infantry brigades (of 
 2 regiments of 3 battalions each) ; 1 chasseur battalion; 1 reserve 
 squadron: artillery, at least 9 batteries (4 guns), 36 guns; 1 engineer 
 company with division bridge train; 1 ambulance company; 1 butcher 
 division ; total, 12 to 18 battalions, 1 squadron, 36 to 48 guns. 
 
 Fighting strength, rifles, 11,424 to 17,136; lances, 143; guns, 36 
 to 48. 
 
 Proportion of cavalry and artillery in an infantry division (2 
 brigades) at war strength : For every 1,000 rifles, 12 to 9 sabres, 3.1 to 
 2.8 guns. 
 
 Note. — Including heavy artlllpry, France counts 4.0 gun.s per 1,000 rifles. 
 
PEANCE. 23 
 
 THE BBIGADE. 
 
 Commanded by a major general. 
 
 Two regiments. 
 
 The regiment. — One colonel, 1 lieutenant colonel, 1 adjutant (" cap- 
 tain major"), 1 supply officer (lieutenant), 1 color bearer (lieuten- 
 ant), 1 surgeon major (captain), 1 bandmaster (lieutenant), 1 master 
 artificer (the sergeant major has immediate charge of the regimental 
 combat train), 1 sergeant hospital corps, 1 baggage-master (sergeant 
 in charge of post office), 1 veterinary, 1 farrier sergeant, under- 
 farriers, 1 chief armorer, workman armorers, 1 saddler, 1 sapper 
 corporal, 12 sappers, 1 principal musician, 1 drum major, musicians 
 (band), 12 mounted scouts (drawn from cavalry in war time), 
 bicyclist, orderlies, 21 teamsters (in addition to company and bat- 
 talion teamsters), 2 or 3 machine-gun sections, 12 clerks. 
 
 Transportation (in addition to battalion and company) : Eight 
 riding horses, 2 ration and baggage wagons, 1 rolling kitchen, 13 
 provision WMigons, 2 tool wagons, 1 forge, 3 battalions. 
 
 War strength, G8 officers, 3,190 men (not including band, 
 underfarriers, workman armorers, bicyclist, and orderlies), 183 
 horses, 63 vehicles. 
 
 Fighting strength, 2,856 rifles ; 1 to 6 machine guns. 
 
 MACHINE GUNS. 
 
 Total strength of a section on a Avar basis, 1 officer, 29 men, 13 
 animals, composed as follows: 
 
 Firing section of 2 guns; 1 lieutenant commanding section; 1 ser- 
 geant assistant; 2 corporals, chiefs of piece; 2 privates, gunners; 2 
 privates, loaders; 2 privates, assistant loaders; 1 private, range 
 finder; 1 private, armorer; 1 corporal, in charge of ammunition 
 supply; 4 privates, ammunition servers; 1 private, orderly and 
 '•agent de liaison"; 9 privates, packers; 9 pack animals, 2 animals 
 for gim and carriage, 6 for ammunition, 1 extra. 
 
 CoTTibat train. — One corporal, in charge of combat train; 2 privates, 
 teamsters; 4 draft horses; 1 caisson, capactiy 21,900 cartridges. Each 
 pack animal carries 1,800 cartridges. Total ammunition supply 
 available each section, 32,700 cartridges. 
 
 The hattallon. — One major, 1 adjutant (captain or lieutenant), 1 
 surgeon (lieutenant), 1 assistant surgeon (contract surgeon), 2 ser- 
 geants, 2 corporals, 1 bicyclist, 2 teamsters, 3 orderlies, 4 companies, 
 19 officers (7 mounted), 1 contract surgeon, 1.011 enlisted men, 1 meat 
 wagon, 1 medical wagon. 
 
 The coTnpany. — One captain (mounted), 3 lieutenants. War 
 strength, 250 men; 7 horses; 3 vehicles (1 ration and baggage wagon, 
 1 rolling kitchen — still in experimental stage — 1 ammunition wagon). 
 
24 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 Fighting strength, 238 ritles. The 250 men inchide 4 musicians, 1 
 hospital corps attendant, 4 litter bearers, 3 teamsters. The company 
 at war strength is composed of 16 squads, combined into 4 sections. 
 The first lieutenant commands the first section ; the second lieutenant 
 commands the fourth section; the third lieutenant or sergeant major, 
 the second section ; the adjudant, the third section. 
 
 THE CAVALRY DIVISION. 
 
 One headquarters, 3 brigades, smaller units of the different arms of 
 the service. 
 
 The brigade. — Two regiments. 
 
 The regiment. — One colonel; 1 lieutenant colonel; 2 majors (chefs 
 d'escadron), commanding a half regiment; 1 captain, adjutant; 1 
 captain, treasurer ; 1 captain, in charge of material ; 1 lieutenant, 
 assistant to treasurer; surgeons, variable; veterinarians, variable; 
 total staff, 9 officers, 14 horses: supplementary officers, 3 captains 
 (performing functions on the staff and in charge of the mobilization) ; 
 4 active squadrons; 1 depot squadron. War strength, 35 officers, not 
 including surgeons and veterinarians; 683 men (not including men 
 of the auxiliary service, 60 men to the regiment) . Officers' horses, 48 ; 
 troopers' horses, 670. Fighting strength, 572 lances. 
 
 The squadron. — One captain, 4 lieutenants. War strength, 5 offi- 
 cers, 160 men, 143 riding horses, 4 draft horses. Fighting strength, 
 143 lances. 
 
 FIELD ai:tillp:i!Y. 
 
 The regiment. — One colonel ; 1 lieutenant colonel ; 3 majors (chefs 
 d'escadron) ; 1 major; 1 captain (adjutant major) ; 1 captain, direc- 
 tor of the park; 1 captain, charge of mobilization; 1 captain, instruc- 
 tor of equitation ; 1 captain, treasurer ; 1 captain ; 1 major surgeon ; 
 1 contract surgeon; 1 major, veterinarian; 1 first veterinarian; 1 
 second veterinarian; 1 third veterinarian; 1 aid veterinarian, 9 to 
 12 batteries. 
 
 The battery (peace strength). — Light battery, 3 officers, 90 to 160 
 men; 57 horses, 4 pieces. Horse battery, 103 horses, 4 pieces. War 
 strength, 5 officers, 170 to 200 men. 
 
 PROMOTION OF OFFICERS. 
 
 Second lieutenants are promoted to first lieutenants after two 
 years. Lieutenants are promoted to captains by arm as vacancies 
 occur, two-thirds by seniority, one-third by selection. 
 
 Captains are promoted majors as vacancies occur, one-half by 
 seniority, one-half by selection. All promotions above majors are 
 made by selection. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 The German Army as now organized in peace consists of 25 army- 
 corps and 1 cavalry division, besides certain special troops, schools, 
 recruiting districts, etc. 
 
 The organization into armies is provided for by existing head- 
 quarters and staffs of 6 so-called inspection districts. 
 
 Normally the army corps is composed of 2 infantry divisions and 
 certain train troops and other auxiliaries. Thei-e are now, however, 
 2 corps having 3 divisions each, making a total of 50 divisions and 1 
 cavalry division. 
 
 While the cavalry divisions which Avould mobilize in war are not 
 all formed in time of peace, there exist certain staffs for such divis- 
 ions and they are assembled for instruction from time to time. 
 
 The division in peace varies somewhat in organization. There is, 
 however, a definite normal division, and such divisions would be the 
 rule in war. The reason for the variations in time of peace is found 
 in the fact that the strength of the army is established by a law oper- 
 ative over a period of five years. Each periodical laAV increases the 
 strength of the army, but the staffs are not always created at the 
 same time as the troops. It thus happens that each period sees cer- 
 tain troops for whom staffs do not exist for the formation of the type 
 units. As a rule each periodical law, however, establishes the nec- 
 essary staffs for those units which were created by the preceding law. 
 
 INFANTRY. 
 
 The typical infantry formations are as follows: Four companies 
 to the battalion, 3 battalions to the regiment, 2 regiments to the 
 brigade, 2 brigades to the division, with one of the divisions in a 
 corps having an extra battalion of sharpshooters (Jagers or 
 Schutzen). 
 
 There are 112 infantry brigades with 217 regiments. There are 
 651 battalions of infantry. The strength of battalions in peace is 
 either 18 officers and 641 men, or 22 officers and 719 men, depending 
 upon circumstances. The infantry numbers in peace, including ma- 
 chine-gun detachments, 17,690 officers and 489,541 men. The strength 
 of the battalion in war is variously estimated at from 980 rifles to 
 1,000 rifles. It is probable that the war-strength battalion is able 
 to count 25 officers and 1,000 rifles and that the ration strength is 
 about 1,100 officers and men. 
 
26 STEENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 ARTILLERY. 
 
 All officers of artillery are on one list. The artillery is divided 
 into field and foot (fortress) artillery. 
 
 The fortress artillery garrisons the land fortresses, such as Metz, 
 etc., and furnishes the heavy field and siege artillery needed with the 
 mobile arm. Seacoast fortifications are under the navy. 
 
 FIELD ARTILLERY. 
 
 The typical field artillery formations are as follows: Three bat- 
 teries to the battalion, 2 battalions to the regiment, 2 regiments to 
 the brigade. The battery has G guns. There are 50 field artillery 
 brigades and 100 regiments. There are 609 batteries. 
 
 The peace strength of batteries varies according to circumstances, 
 as follows: Four officers and 143 men, 4 officers and 124 men. 
 
 The field artillery numbers in peace 4.692 officers and 82.091 men. 
 The battery in war counts 5 officers and 150 men. 
 
 Each battalion in war has a light-ammunition column of 4 officers 
 and 188 men. 
 
 The total war strength of a battalion is thus about 660 officers and 
 men. 
 
 FOOT (fortress) ARTILLERY. 
 
 The organization of the foot ai'tillery varies greatly. It may be 
 said, how'ever, that the typical formations are as follows: Four 
 batteries to the battalion, 2 battalions to the regiment. 
 
 There are 24 regiments, 48 battalions, 226 batteries. 
 
 The peace strength of a battalion is usually about 21 officers and 
 600 men. 
 
 The foot artillery numbers in peace 1,613 officers and 36,744 men. 
 
 The war strength varies according to the service. For a heavy 
 howitzer battalion the strength in officers and men is 1,230, including 
 its light-ammunition column. 
 
 As a rule 1 battalion of heavy field howitzers is, in w\ar, assigned 
 each army corps. Each of these battalions consists of 4 batteries of 
 4 guns each. 
 
 Heavy field mortar batteries and siege batteries are assigned 
 according to particular necessities. 
 
 CA^ ALRY. 
 
 The typical formations of cavalry are as follows: Five squadrons 
 to the regiment, 2 regiments to the brigade. There are 1 cavalry 
 division, 69 brigades, 110 regiments. 547 squadrons. The s(juadron 
 should not be confused with the squadron in the United States. 
 
 In peace the regiment has 26 officers and 740 men. 
 
GERMANY. 27 
 
 The cavalry numbers in peace 2,585 oilicers and 81,07 1 men. 
 
 The squadron on a war footing numbers 5 offiicers and, probably, 
 180 men, of whom 150 are counted as sabers. 
 
 It is probable that the regiment only mobilizes 4 squadrons, the 
 fifth squadron being left behind as a depot squadron. 
 
 TECHNICAL TROOPS. 
 
 It is necessary to consider engineer and signal troops together if 
 we wish to make any comparison between these organizations and 
 those of the United States. 
 
 (xermany divides troops of this class into pioneer troops and 
 " Verkerstruppen."' literally communication troops. The latter are 
 further subdivided — for example, railroad troops, telegraph troops, 
 airship troops, etc. 
 
 These troops number altogether in peace 1,030 officers and 29,713 
 men. 
 
 These troops are capable of almost indefinite expansion in war. It 
 may be noticed that the normal composition of pioneer companies 
 serving with divisions on a war footing is 270 men. 
 
 AMATION TROOPS. 
 
 There are 5 battalions, comprising 6 field officers, IG captains, 58 
 lieutenants, 6 surgeons, 1 veterinary, 6 hospital corps men, 25 em- 
 ployees, 174 noncommissioned officers, 1.164 men, 17 laborers, 64 
 horses. 
 
 SUPPLY TRAIN. 
 
 Each battalion is composed of 3 companies and a bakery detach- 
 ment. 
 
 There are 23 battalions. The peace strength of a battalion is 14 
 officers and about 349 men. 
 
 The total peace strength is 346 officers and 7,692 men. The train 
 can be almost indefinitely expanded in war. 
 
 SANITARY TROOPS. 
 
 The medical department is composed in peace of a total of 2,288 
 officers and 4,327 men. 
 
 It is impossible to give any accurate idea of the strength of the 
 sanitary troops in war, except for those serving with the army corps. 
 
 REMARKS ON TROOPS. 
 
 In addition to the troops noted above, there are a great many 
 special organizations, schools, castle guards, etc. 
 
 In addition there are, of course, administrative officers, general 
 staff, etc. 
 
28 STRENGTH AND OROANIZATTON OF ARMIES. 
 
 VETERINARIANS. 
 
 The i^eace footing is 7C1. 
 
 TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFICERS. 
 
 The total number of officers, exchisive of medical officers and 
 veterinarians, on a peace footing is 25,722. These are divided among 
 grades as follows: 
 
 Captains 6, 585 
 
 Lieutenants 15, 554 
 
 Special grades (usually lush)_ 220 
 
 General officers 389 
 
 Regimental commanders (colo- 
 nels) 668 
 
 Majors 2,356 
 
 A noticeable feature of the German officei- corps is the number of 
 nonregimental officers — 2,91G. 
 
 All detached service is performed by extra officers. An organiza- 
 tion has the officers to which it is entitled constantly with it. 
 
 In addition to the above there are about 25.000 reserve officers. 
 
 TOTAL PEACE STRENGTH. 
 
 The total peace strength amounts to 806,016 officers and men. To 
 these there should be added from 10 to 12 thousand " Einjahrigfrei- 
 willigers." These men serve for one year, defraying their own 
 expenses. 
 
 TOTAL A\'AK STRENGTH. 
 
 The organization of Germany's maximum mobilization can not be 
 given with any degree of accuracy. The sum total of trained men 
 which she is able to mobilize amounts to 4,610,000. 
 
 What is believed to be a conservative estimate of her >niti<il 
 mobilization is as follows (this for 1911; increases have not been 
 made public) : 
 
 Battalions of infantry 962 I Batteries (light) 82S 
 
 Squadrons of cavalry__: 528 j Batteries (heavy) 92 
 
 The fighting strength of the three arms on the initial mobilization 
 would thus be : 
 
 Infantry rifles 962,000 j Field guns 5,336 
 
 Cavalry sabers 79,200 I 
 
 COLONIAL TROOPS. 
 
 No German troops of the army proper serve outside the home 
 country in time of peace. 
 
 Exact data as to the numbers of colonial troops are not available, 
 but it is a conservative estimate that such troops total over 10,000 
 officers and men. 
 
GERMANY. 29 
 
 CONDITIONS OF SERVICE. 
 
 t^-' Service is compulsory and liability' extends from the seventeenth 
 to the forty-fifth year of the citizen's age. 
 
 The total period of service is divided into numerous categories, of 
 which only the more important will be mentioned. 
 
 Service with the coloi's is three years with the cavalry and horse 
 artillery and two years for other arms. 
 
 After serving with the colors, the men pass into the reserve, in 
 Avhich they serve 4 j-ears and 6 months or 5 years and 6 months, 
 according to the arm of the service. During their service the men of 
 the reserve may be called out for two periods of training of 8 weeks 
 each. In practice the majoi'ity of the reserA^e is seldom held longer 
 than 28 days for each period. 
 
 Passing from the reserve the men go into various other categories. 
 The characteristic of this transition is the constant diminution of the 
 period for which the men are liable to be called out for peace train- 
 ing. This diminution is continued until reaching the " Landsturm "; 
 they are only liable for call in war. Germany has more men annually 
 arriving at the age of military service than she needs for duty with 
 the colors. Somewhat over one million men annually present them- 
 selves, of whom a little more than 250,000 are actually drafted for 
 duty with the colors. 
 
 Note. — The new " Cjuinquennate " for 1911-1915 provides for increases as follows: 1 
 battalion of infantry, 112 machine-gun companies; 2 field artillery brigade staffs, 2 field 
 artillery regimental staffs, 4 field artillery battalion staffs, 18 field batteries, .". foot 
 artillery brigade staffs, 6 foot artillery regimental staffs, several battalion staffs, and 15 
 foot batteries. In addition, there are certain increases in other staffs and technical 
 troops. 
 
 Peace strength, 31,459 officers; 768,540 noncommissioned officers and 
 men, approximately; 157,788 horses; 669 battalions of infantry; 550 
 squadrons; 633 batteries (6 guns), with engineer, communication 
 troops, etc. 
 
 War strength, 1913, real military resources, 7,000,000 men, of whom 
 4.000,000 have had military training. This for a war of defense, 
 and is practically its resources in men. For an offensive war there 
 would be available: the active army, the reserve, the Ersatz reserve, 
 the first division of Landwehr, a total of about 3.000,000 men. These 
 would again divide into a " first-line " army of about 1,700,000 men 
 and a "second-line" army of about 1,300,000 men. 
 
 It is calculated that the field army in the third week of a great war 
 would consist of the 070 battalions, 440 squadrons, and 635 batteries, 
 with technical, departmental, and medical troops, say 670,000 rifles, 
 70,000 lances, 3.800 guns— 800,000 men— reinforced by 350 fresh bat- 
 talions. 
 
 Behind these forces there would become shortly available for sec- 
 ondary operations about 460 battalions of first-division Landwehr, 
 
30 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 and 200 squadrons, and about 220 batteries of the reserve and Land- 
 wehr. 
 
 In addition, there would be left behind depot troops to form the 
 nucleus on which the second division Landwehr and Landsturni 
 Avould eventually be built up. 
 
 Per cent of peace strength of army to total population : 
 
 Population (census 1910) 64, 93."), 933 
 
 Peace 800, 000 
 
 Per cent : 1. 2 
 
 Anual appropriation (1913) $210,482,580 
 
 ADMINISTRATION . 
 
 Commander in chief: The Emperor, absolutely in time of war, 
 somewhat limited in time of peace, as to the Bavaria, Saxony, and 
 Wurtemburg contingents. He is assisted by a military cabinet con- 
 sisting of the ministry of war, the great general staff, the inspectors 
 of the army, the inspectors of the various arms. 
 
 ORGANIZATION. 
 
 The largest permanent unit in time of peace is the army corps. 
 Germany has at present 25. Each corps, excepting the Guard Corps, 
 stationed in Berlin, has a territorial district assigned to it from 
 which it is recruited. 
 
 THE ARMY CORPS. 
 
 Commanded hy a general. — Consists in time of peace of 2 divisions 
 of infantry (each having 1 brigade of cavalry) ; 1 to 3 regiments 
 of heavy artillery (6 army corps have no heavy artillery; 1 has 1 
 battalion, 14- have 1 regiment each, 3 ha^e 2 regiments each, 1 has 
 3 regiments) ; 1 to 2 battalions of pioneers with bridge train; 1 to 2 
 Jager battalions (in 16 of the 25 corps) ; 1 battalion (4 companies) 
 train troops. 
 
 Communication troops. — Two corps have railroad, telegraph, and 
 balloon and aviation corps; 1 corps has telegraph, balloon, and avia- 
 tion troops; 1 corps has railroad and telegraph troops; 2 corps have 
 telegraph troops. 
 
 Composition and strength of a moh'dlzed army corps. — Two in- 
 fantry divisions, 1 company pioneers, 1 section' balloon troops, ^ com- 
 pany field signal troops, 1 section radio troops, 1 section telephone 
 troops, 1 cavalry telegraph section (sometimes a battalion of heavy 
 field howitzers is added, 4 batteries of 4 guns each — IG guns), 12 
 ammunition columns (4 infantry and 8 artillery), 13 supply col- 
 umns, 1 corps bridge train, 2 field bakery columns, 12 field hospitals, 
 2 horse depots. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 War sircn<jth. 
 
 31 
 
 
 Men. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Vehicles. 
 
 including 
 
 guns. 
 
 Composition. 
 
 Fighting 
 strength. 
 
 Fighting troops 
 
 36,000 
 5,000 
 
 9,000 
 5,000 
 
 1,200 
 1,200 
 
 25 battalions, 
 
 8 squadrons, 
 
 24 batteries 
 
 25,750 rifles, 
 
 Ammunition and train columns 
 
 1,200 lances. 
 144 guns. 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 41,000 
 
 14,000 
 
 2,400 
 
 
 
 
 THE DIVISION. 
 
 The division is commanded by a lieutenant general who exercises 
 supervision over all the troops composing it in their instruction and 
 training. He directs the division maneuvers and supervises those 
 of the brigades, and is the head of military justice in the division. 
 
 Staff of the division commander. — One officer of the general staff; 
 1 adjutant; 3 to 4 judge advocates; 1 head of supjll}^ service; 1 divi- 
 sion surgeon; several chaplains. 
 
 C omposition of the division. — Two to three brigades of infantry (12 
 to 18 battalions) ; 1 regiment of cavalry (4 squadrons) ; 1 brigade 
 of field artillery; 1 company of engineers (pioneers) ; 1 light bridge 
 train; 1 sanitary company (ambulance company) ; 1 telephone sec- 
 tion; 2 infantry ammunition columns; 4 artillery ammunition col- 
 umns; 6 supply columns; 4 field hospitals; 1 horse depot. 
 
 Num,erical strength. — Men, 17,000; horses, 4,000; vehicles (includ- 
 ing guns), 600. 
 
 Fighting strength. — Twelve thousand two hundred and fift}' rifles 
 (13,500 if Jagers are attached), 600 lances, 72 field guns. Propor- 
 tion of cavalry and artillery in an infantry division at war strength : 
 For every thousand rifles, 50 lances, 6 guns. 
 
 THE BRIGADE. 
 
 Infantry, cavalry, and field artillery consists of 2 regiments and 
 is commanded by a major general. 
 
 THE IJNFAXTRY REGIMENT. 
 
 Consists of 3 battalions and a machine gun company, commanded 
 by a colonel or lieutenant colonel. 
 
 War strength, 3,290 men, 190 horses, 59 vehicles; fighting strength, 
 3,000 rifles. 
 
 Transportation: One headquarters baggage wagon, 1 intrenching 
 tool wagon. 
 
 The infantry haftalion. — Commanded by a major; 1 battalion 
 adjutant; 4 companies. 
 
 Transportation: Combat train. 1 battalion sanitary wagon; field 
 train, 1 headquarters baggage wagon. 
 
32 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 Upon mobilization the company signal details are united into a 
 telephone detachment for the purpose of maintaining communica- 
 tion with the regiment. 
 
 The infantry cOTnpany. — Commanded by a mounted captain. 
 From 3 to 4 lieutenants. 
 
 AVar strength, 270 men, 10 horses. 4 vehicles (combat train, 1 ammu- 
 nition wagon, 1 field kitchen ; field train, 1 ration wagon, 1 baggage 
 wagon). 
 
 Fighting strength, 250 rifles. 
 
 The company is divided into 3 platoons, a platoon into half 
 platoons, and the half platoons into squads of 8 men. 
 
 The 270 men include 4 musicians, 4 litter bearers, 4 cyclists, 3 signal 
 men, and 4 teamsters. The teamsters are supplied from the train 
 battalions upon mobilization, who. upon reporting to the company, 
 are attached thereto and reenforced in the company. 
 
 The machine gun company. — Officers: One captain, 3 lieutenants, 
 all mounted. Six guns, divided in 3 platoons of 2 guns each. War 
 strength, 90 men, 40 horses, 12 vehicles. 
 
 Jagers. — These are infantry that have received a special training 
 in musketry. 
 
 THE CAVALRY DIVISION. 
 
 Commanded by a lieutenant general, and consists of 3 brigades of 
 cavalry (2 regiments, 4 squadrons each) : 1 battalion of horse artil- 
 lery (3 batteries of 4 guns each, 12 guns) : 1 machine gun section 
 ((') machine guns) ; 1 pioneer section (35-40 men) ; 1 radio section; 1 
 light ammunition column. 
 
 War strength, 5,000 men, 5.300 horses. 200 vehicles (including 
 guns) : fighting strength, S.OOO lances. 12 guns. 
 
 CavaliT divisicms are not formed in peace time. Upon mobiliza- 
 tion the peace army corps lose all the cavalry assigned to them except 
 one regiment per division — the divisional cavalry. Cavalry divisions 
 are then formed as above. There are 110 regiments of cavalry. The 
 60 divisions will require 50 regiments of divisional cavalry leaving 
 60 regiments — 30 brigades — 10 divisions, one of which (Guards) is in 
 existence in times of peace, the other 9 would be organized at once 
 upon mobilization. 
 
 Smaller units of the different arms of the service. 
 
 THE CAVALRY REGIMENT. 
 
 Consists of 5 squadrons in time of peace. Upon mobilization the 
 fifth squadron is used to fill up the other 4, and then becomes the 
 depot squadron. The regiment is commanded by a colonel or lieuten- 
 ant colonel. Each regiment has a bridge equipage carried upon two 
 6-horse wagons that permits the construction of a bridge. 1 by 20 
 meters, or 2 by 12 meters, or 3 by 8 meters, or a raft of 16 square 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 33 
 
 meters surface. Each regiment has 2 telephone detachments, each 
 consisting of 1 noncommissioned officer and 3 privates. 
 
 War strength, 730 men, 800 horses, 19 vehicles, 4 squadrons; fight- 
 ing strength, 600 lances. 
 
 The squadron. — Commanded by a captain ; 3 to 4 lieutenants. 
 
 War strength, 180 men, 180 horses, 3 vehicles; fighting strength, 
 150 lances. 
 
 FIELD ARTILLERY. 
 
 The brigade. — Commanded by a major general or colonel and con- 
 sists of 2 regiments — 72 guns; 1 battalion of the field artillery of 
 each army corps is a howitzer battalion. 
 
 The regiTnent. — Commanded by a colonel or lieutenant colonel. It 
 has 2 battalions (some have 3) — 36 guns. 
 
 The 'battalion. — Commanded by a major. Consists of 3 batteries — 
 18 gims. 
 
 The battery. — Commanded by a captain; 3 lieutenants (4 with a 
 horse battery). A mobilized battery has 6 guns, divided into 3 
 platoons of 2 guns each. 
 
 Armnunitlon. — In limbers 6X36 — 216 shrapnel; in ammunition 
 wagons 6X90 — 540 shrapnel; in first store wagon 36 shell. Total for 
 battery, 792 rounds; total per gun, 132 rounds. 
 
 The horse artillery upon mobilization is assigned to the cavalry 
 division. 
 
 Mar strength of artillery units. 
 
 Unit. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Vehicles. 
 
 150 
 170 
 
 135 
 225 
 
 17 
 17 
 
 480 
 
 400 
 
 53 
 
 370 
 
 460 
 
 36 
 
 930 
 190 
 
 820 
 190 
 
 106 
 24 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 25 
 
 Composition. 
 
 Fighting strength. 
 
 Battery: 
 
 Field 
 
 Horse 
 
 Battalion: 
 
 Field 
 
 Horse 
 
 Regiment 
 
 Light ammunition column 
 
 Cavalry division 
 
 3 batteries. . 
 ft batteries. . 
 \3 batteries. . 
 
 6 batteries. . 
 
 3 sections . . 
 
 Not known. 
 
 6 guns. 
 6 guns. 
 
 18 guns. 
 12 guns. 
 12 guns. 
 36 guns. 
 
 3 ration and bag- 
 gage wagons — 24. 
 
 PROMOTION or OFFICERS. 
 
 No law regulates promotion nor limits age. The Emperor pro- 
 motes officers conforming to certain traditions. Practically, officers 
 deemed fit for a higher grade are promoted by seniority. Those that 
 are passed over are warned to apply for retirement. 
 
 Promotions take place as follows: To first lieutenant from the 
 arm; captain, by corps in the infantry, cavaliy, and artillery, by 
 arm in the chasseurs, pioneers, and train; to major, from the arm, 
 except in the infantry, where it is by regiment. 
 
 23926°— 16 3 
 
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
 
 The dual monarchy of Aiistria-Hiiiigary maintains three separate 
 armies supported by the Empire, by Austria, and by Hungary, 
 respectively. 
 
 These armies are known as the common army, the Austrian (Cis- 
 leithane) Landwehr, and the Hungarian Landwehr, respectively. 
 The two Landwehr armies differ, however, from the Landwehr of 
 other countries in that they are maintained with the colors in time 
 of peace. At the same time their organization is somewhat miscel- 
 laneous, and it is believed that to gain a clear idea of the Austrian 
 system it is necessary to consider the common army separately from 
 the two Landwehr armies. To save space all the Landwehr troops 
 are grouped together. It may also be noted that the common army 
 is known as the first line, and the two Landwehr armies as the second 
 line. 
 
 HIGHER ORGANIZATION. 
 
 In the common army there are 16 army corps with 33 divisions. 
 There arc 15 divisions in the Landwehr. There are 5 cavalry divi- 
 sions organized in peace; they are attached to army corps and all 
 belong to the common army. 
 
 The common army has 58 brigades of infantry and 19 brigades of 
 cavalry. In the Landwehr there are 30 brigades of infantry and 
 probably 6 of cavalry. There are 16 brigades of field artillery in the 
 common army, organized in peace. 
 
 The above is believed to be correct, although some authorities give 
 a greater number of brigade organizations for infantry and cavalry. 
 
 INFANTRY. 
 
 The formations of infantry vary, but it may be said that the typical 
 formations are 4 companies to the battalion ; 4 battalions to the regi- 
 ment; 2 regiments to the brigade; 2 brigades to the division. In the 
 common army there are 110 regiments with 467 battalions. In the 
 Landwehr there are 72 regiments with 228 battalions. 
 
 The strength varies greatly in peace. Some of the Landwehr com- 
 panies have as Ioav as 5 officers and 50 men. For the common army 
 the usual strength is 5 officers and 92 men to the company. 
 34 
 
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
 
 The total peace strength is as follows : 
 
 35 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Common army 
 Landwehr . . . . 
 
 Total. .. 
 
 11,243 
 6,415 
 
 185,814 
 62, 107 
 
 17,658 
 
 247, 981 
 
 In war the battalion numbers about 1,000 officers and men, count- 
 ing about 900 rifles. The typical army corps thus has a war strength 
 of about 28,800 infantry rifles. 
 
 FIELD ARTILLERY. 
 
 The present organization is as follows: 
 
 
 Brigades. 
 
 Regiments. 
 
 Battalions. 
 
 Batteries. 
 
 Common army 
 
 16 
 
 62 
 
 131 
 
 306 
 
 T.finflwfihr 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The peace strength varies greatly; the usual battery strength is 
 5 officers and 90 or 109 men. In addition to the battery strength 
 regiments have a reserve of men. 
 
 The total peace strength is as follows (minimum figures) : 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Common army 
 Landwehr .... 
 
 Total... 
 
 2,297 
 397 
 
 34,772 
 5,796 
 
 2,694 
 
 40, 508 
 
 It is understood that in war the regiments mobilize a large addi- 
 tional number of batteries, but no definite information is available. 
 
 The opinion is ventured that the war organization corresponds, so 
 far as concerns artillery, to that of Germany. This would give 3 
 batteries and a light ammunition column to the battalion, the 
 strength of batteries being about 150 men. This would require the 
 mobilization of an extra battery for the majority of battalions and 
 the division of the existing regimental ammunition column into two 
 columns, one for each battalion of the regiment. 
 
 As to the number of pieces in the battery on a war footing the con- 
 sensus of opinion seems to point to 6. With the old material it was 
 8 with 6 officers and 190 men. 
 
 It is believed that the " transitory state " is responsible for the lack 
 of reasonably accurate information on this subject. 
 
36 STKENGTII AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 FORTRESS ARTILLERY. 
 
 The fortress artillery is divided between coast artillery and the 
 garrisons of land fortresses as distinguished from coast fortifica- 
 tions. It is all part of the common army. The total is 6 regiments 
 with 24 battalions and 92 batteries. The total number of officers 
 and men on a peace footing are 574 and 9,360, respectively. 
 
 Dividing them by the character of their service we have : 
 
 COAST ARTILLERY. 
 
 Some companies are serving as coast artillery. 
 
 Definite data as to the total peace strength of these troops are not 
 available. Estimating the strength as slightly greater than that of 
 other fortress organizations would give 100 officers and 2,000 men. 
 
 The war strength is probably 250 men per company. 
 
 FORTRESS ARTILLERY (lANd). 
 
 This artillery garrisons the various land fortifications and fur- 
 nishes siege and heavy field artillery as well as, probably, some ma- 
 chine guns, to the mobile forces. 
 
 The war strength of batteries is 6 officers and about 250 men. 
 
 CAVALRY. 
 
 The typical formations of cavalry are: Six squadrons to the regi- 
 ment, 2 regiments to the brigade, 2 brigades to the division. 
 
 There are 19 brigades with 42 regiments and 252 squadrons in the 
 common army, and G brigades with 16 regiments and 101 squadrons 
 in the Landwehr. The peace strength of squadrons in the common 
 army is nominally 5 officers and 171 men ; some of the men are, how- 
 ever, detached to form pioneer and other detachments at head- 
 quarters. 
 
 The strength of squadrons of Landwehr is 5 officers and 72-128 
 men for the Austrian and 4 officers and 64-100 men for the Hun- 
 garian. 
 
 Total strength and distribution are as follows: 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Common army. 
 Landwehr 
 
 Total. 
 
 1,987 
 826 
 
 45, 164 
 9,197 
 
 2,813 
 
 54,361 
 
 The war strength of squadrons, both armies, is 5 officers and 171 
 men, counting 150 sabers. Each regiment also forms a reserve squad- 
 ron and a depot squadron ; cadres exist for these in peace. 
 
AUSTEIA-HUNGARY. 37 
 
 TECHNICAL TROOPS. 
 
 These troops have a variety of organizations. There are 15 pioneer 
 battalions with 5 companies each and cadres for reserve companies, 
 and 14 battalions of sappers, charged with the attack and defense of 
 lines of communication. 
 
 There is 1 brigade of communication troops, consisting of 1 
 railroad and 1 telegraph regiment, 207 officers, 427 noncommis- 
 sioned officers, and 1,805 men; also an aero section of 19 officers, 25 
 noncommissioned officers, and 119 men; and an automobile detach- 
 ment of IG officers, 25 noncommissioned officers, and 134 men. The 
 war strength of companies is 5 officers and 223 men. 
 
 All technical troops belong to the common army. The total of all 
 technical troops is as follows : 894 officers, 12,100 men. 
 
 The peace strength of pioneer companies is 5 officers and 112 men. 
 
 In war these troops are enormously expanded. In the first place 
 each battalion of pioneer troops forms 2 extra companies, then each 
 company is raised to about 5 officers and 250 or more men. 
 
 TRAIN TROOPS. 
 
 There are IC so-called divisions (battalions). They all belong to 
 the common army. 
 
 The total is 444 officers and 4,626 men. 
 
 These troops are capable of enormous expansion in war, but no 
 definite data are available. 
 
 SANITARY TROOPS. 
 
 The peace strength is 1,247 officers and 3,060 men, all belonging to 
 the common army. 
 
 The war strength is not known. 
 
 REMARKS ON TROOPS. 
 
 In addition to the troops noted there are special formations, 
 schools, staffs, etc. 
 
 TOTAL PEACE STRENGTH. 
 
 The total peace strength is 34,069 officers, including a certain 
 number of officials classed as officers, and 438,646 men. 
 
 TOTAL WAR STRENGTH. 
 
 It is impossible to give any definite accurate statements as to 
 Austria's maximum mobilization or even as to her initial mobiliza- 
 tion. Estimates as to the total number of fully trained men subject 
 to call vary. 
 
38 STRENGTH AND OEGANIZATTON OF AEMIES, 
 
 Following the conservative plan which has been used in estimating 
 the strength of other countries, it may be said that Austria has 
 2,000,000 fully trained men subject to call. 
 
 Assuming that the initial mobilization would be confined to raising 
 existing organizations to a war footing we would have: 
 
 Common army : 
 
 Infantry battalions 467 
 
 Batteries field artillery 366 
 
 Squadrons cavalry 252 
 
 Landwehr : 
 
 Infantry battalions 228 
 
 Batteries field artillery 34 
 
 Squadrons cavalry 101 
 
 This would give the following fighting strength of the three armies : 
 
 Common army : 
 
 Infantry rifles 420, 300 
 
 Field ^ns 2,196 
 
 Cavalry sabers 37,800 
 
 liandwehr : 
 
 Infantry rifles 205,000 
 
 Field guns ^___ 204 
 
 Cavalry sabers 15,150 
 
 The latest estimate of war strength is as follows : Common army, 
 1,360,000 men; Landwehr (Austrian), 2-10,000 men; Landwehr (Hun- 
 garian), 220,000 men; Landsturm, 2,000,000 men; Ersatz reserve, 
 500,000 men. An approximate total of 4,320,000 men. 
 
 It will be noted that the above figures do not consider the use 
 of any fortress artillery as field artillery, nor do they consider the 
 formation of additional organizations of any arm. 
 
 It is not certain that Landwehr organizations mobilize at the 
 strength of regulars. 
 
 All in all, the figures for the common army may be considered 
 reliable, while those for the Landwehr, so far as concerns war organi- 
 zation, are but little more than an incomplete guess. 
 
 CONDITIONS OF SERVICE. 
 
 Service is compulsory and liability extends from the nineteenth 
 to the forty-second year of the citizen's age. 
 
 Service is divided into numerous categories. The most important 
 of these are as follows : Common army, 3 years with the colors and 7 
 years in the first reserve ; during the latter period the men are subject 
 to call for 3 periods of training of 4 weeks each. Landwehr, 2 years 
 with the colors and 10 years in the first reserve; during the latter 
 period the men may be recalled for instruction under varying and 
 complex rules. 
 
 Peace strength, 191 'i. 
 Common army : 
 
 Officers 24, 978 
 
 Cadets 1,703 
 
 Men . 344,044 
 
 Austrian Landwehr : 
 
 Ofl!icers 5, 230 
 
 Cadets__ 307 
 
 Men 49,654 
 
AUSTRIA-HUKGARY. 39 
 
 Hungarian Landwelir, oflicers and men 42,800 
 
 Bosnian troops, officers and men 8,000 
 
 Total 472,716 
 
 War strength, 1914- 
 
 Common army t. 360, 000 
 
 Laudwehr, Austrian 240, 000 
 
 I.andwehr, Hungary 220, 000 
 
 Landsturm 2, 000, 000 
 
 Krsatz i-eserve 500, 000 
 
 Total (approximately) 4, 320, 000 
 
 Per cent of peace strength to total population : 
 
 Population 51, 340, 878 
 
 Census 1910 
 
 Peace strength 472, 716 
 
 Pen cent 0.9 
 
 Annual appropriation for the army, 1913, exclusive of the appro- 
 priation for gendarmerie and military police $111, 125, 426 
 
 ADMINISTRATTON. 
 
 Commander in chief: The Emperor and King. 
 Military chancellerie, an intermediate organization between the 
 Sovereign and the ministers of war. 
 
 Minister of war of the Empire, common army. 
 Minister of war, Cisleithan, Austrian army. 
 Minister of war, Transleithan, Hungarian army. 
 
 GENERAL STAFF. 
 
 The chief of staff is under the direct orders of the Emperor. How- 
 ever, except in special cases, he reports through the minister of war. 
 
 ORGANIZATION. 
 
 The highest organization in time of peace is the corps. There are 
 16 army corps. 
 
 THE ARMY CORPS IX NORMAL WAR FORMATION. 
 
 Headquarters. 
 
 One company and 1 platoon cavalry, escort; 3 divisions, infantry 
 (2 common, 1 Landwehr) ; 1 regiment artillery, light or howitzer; 1 
 battalion pioneers, 1 light bridge train ; 1 tool column ; 1 ammunition 
 park; 1 detachment telegraph and telephone; 1 train squadron; 1 
 field hospital ; 1 subsistence convoy. 
 
 Fighting strength: Austria-Hungary keeps secret the fighting 
 strength of her units. The fighting strength of a corps of three divi- 
 sions is probably 45,000 rifles, 132 guns. 
 
40 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 THE DIVISION. 
 
 There are 49 divisions, of which 33 are of the common army, 8 of 
 Austrian Landwehr, 8 of Hungarian Landwehr. 
 
 Headquarters: One company of infantry, 1 phitoon of cavah\y, 
 escort; 2 brigades of infantry; 3 squadrons of cavah-y; 1 regiment 
 of field artillery; 1 ammunition park; 1 telegraph detachment; 1 
 subsistence convoy ; 1 ambulance company ; 1 train squadron ; an 
 effective strength of about 15,000 rifles, 24 to oG guns. 
 
 Proportion of cavalry and artillery in an infantry division at war 
 strength : For every 1,000 rifles, 30 sabers and 1.6 to 2.4 guns. 
 
 THE INFANTRY BlUGADE. 
 
 As a rule 2 regiments form a brigade. 
 
 The infantry regiment. — A regiment consists of the regimental 
 staff, 4 battalions, and 1 skeleton or depot battalion. Regiment has 
 about 4,000 men ; say about 3,600 rifles. 
 
 The hattalion. — A battalion consists of 4 companies. It has about 
 1,000 men. 
 
 The company. — In 1909 a company of the common army consisted 
 of 4 sections. Peace footing. 1 captain; 1 first lieutenant; 2 second 
 lieutenants; 10 noncommissioned officers, and 82 men. 
 
 In 1914 of the 1,632 companies of the common army (infantry), 
 506 have a strength of 120 men and 1,126 a normal peace footing of 
 92 men. 
 
 In 1909 the Landwehr infantry had companies of 55 to 62 men. 
 In 1914 and later these companies Avill be increased to 95 and 120 
 men. 
 
 The war strength of a company is about 250 men. 
 
 Machine guns. — A machine-gim detachment consisting of 2 guns, 
 1 officer, 3 noncommissioned officers, 9 men, 1 horse, 4 mules has been 
 attached during recent preparation against Servia to each infantry 
 battalion. Each gun is provided with 20,000 cartridges. 
 
 CAVALRY DIVISIONS. 
 
 Ten cavalry divisions (2 Hungarian Landwehrs). 
 
 The division. — Two brigades of cavalry of 2 regiments each; 1 de- 
 tachment of machine guns; 1 battalion of horse artillery; 1 ammuni- 
 tion column; 1 train squadron; effective strength 3,600 troopers, 12 
 guns. Smaller units of the different arms of the service. 
 
 The regiment. — There are 42 cavalry regiments of the common 
 army, 6 of Austrian Landwehr, and 10 of Hungarian Landwehr. 
 The regiment is commanded by a colonel or lieutenant colonel. Two 
 majors, each commanding 3 squadrons. 
 
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 41 
 
 Staff: One subaltern, regimental adjutant; 1 subaltern, regimental 
 commissar}'; 1 subaltern, commanding pioneer troop; 1 surgeon; 1 
 clerical officer ; 1 veterinary surgeon ; 2 sergeants ; 2 noncommissioned 
 officers, telegraph operators; 3 noncommissioned officers, clerks; 2 
 buglers; 1 gunsmith; 6 officers' servants; 6 squadrons (active); 1 
 pioneer squadron; 1 depot squadron. Peace strength: Forty-five 
 officers, 1.083 men, 1,021 horses. 
 
 The squadron. — The peace strength differs. A squadron of a com- 
 mon army consists of 5 officers, 21 noncommissioned officers, 145 men, 
 and 149 Government horses. A squadron of the Austrian Landwehr 
 consists of 5 officers, 1 cadet, 9 noncommissioned officers, 63 men, and 
 60 Government horses. A squadron of the Hungarian Landwehr 
 consists of 4 officers, 1 cadet, 7 noncommissioned officers, 57 men, and 
 from 43 to 58 Government liorses. The war strength is 150 riders. 
 
 THE ARTILLERY. 
 
 CoTnnhon army. — Forty-two regiments of light artillery (each regi- 
 ment consists of 5 batteries of 6 pieces) ; 14 regiments of light 
 howitzers of 4 batteries each; 8 battalions of horse artillery; 8 bat- 
 talions of heavy artillery (each battalion of 2 batteries of 2 pieces) ; 
 10 regiments of mountain artillery (each regiment has 1 battalion of 
 4 batteries of light guns, and 1 battalion of 2 batteries of howitzers). 
 
 Austrian Landwehr. — Eight batteries of light artillery; 16 bat- 
 teries of light howitzers. 
 
 Hungariari Landwehr. — Two regiments of light artillery, each 
 regiment of 5 batteries ; 2 battalions of horse artillery. 
 
 Battery^ peace footing. — Batteries in field-gun or field-howitzer 
 regiments have 1 captain, 3 subalterns; 11 mounted noncommissioned 
 officers, including 1 bugler; 72 gunners and drivers; 2 noncommis- 
 sioned officers and 2 privates, telephone detachments; 10 artificers 
 and officers' servants; 19 Government horses (riding); 24 draft 
 horses, 6 reserve draft horses, 4 guns, 2 caissons, 1 telephone Avagon, 
 1 baggage wagon, 2 provision wagons. 
 
 PROMOTION. 
 
 Principally by seniority, exceptionally by selection. The number 
 of promotions by selection must not exceed one-fifth of the vacancies. 
 Officers can not be proposed for selection when they are in the last 
 quarter of the seniority list. Promotion from the grade of colonel 
 ^ is exclusively by seniority, but officers thus promoted must have been 
 found efficient. 
 
RUSSIA. 
 
 It is difficult to make a satisfactory brief resume of the Hussian 
 Army. This is due to several causes. In the first place, the vast 
 extent of Russia's territory, the internal conditions of the nation, and 
 the character of the countries adjoining her make it necessary for 
 her to maintain what amounts to three separate armies, namely, the 
 Army of Europe and the Caucasus; the Army of Central Asia; the 
 Army of Siberia and Eastern Asia. Then the troops are divided 
 up into numerous categories, some of which are most unusual and 
 about which there is little information that can be depended upon. 
 For example, we find " active troops," " reserve troops," " 2d reserve 
 troops," and " fortress troops." 
 
 For these reasons it is thought well to confine this study to the 
 active troops and to the fortress troops. 
 
 HIGHER ORGANIZATION. 
 
 The entire territory is divided into 13 districts, each district having 
 a commander, who presumably commands the forces mobilized in 
 the district in war. 
 
 There are 37 army corps, with 59 divisions organized in peace. 
 In addition there are 23 cavalry divisions organized in peace. The 
 cavalry divisions are usually assigned to army corps in peace. The 
 cavalry division usually contains 24 squadrons, with 2 horse batteries. 
 
 The organization of the army corps varies in peace, but usually 
 has two divisions. 
 
 The strength of the army corps at full war strength is probably 
 29,000 infantry rifles, 1,800 cavalry, and 112 guns, with a varying 
 additional number of heavy guns. 
 
 INFANTRY. 
 
 Typical formations are as follows: Four companies to the bat- 
 talion ; four battalions to the regiment; two regiments to the brigade ; 
 two brigades to the division. 
 
 There are, however, regiments with 2 or 3 battalions and battalions 
 with 5 or more companies. There are 160 brigades w^th 343 regi- 
 ments in the active army. The total number of battalions in the 
 active army is 1,258. 
 42 
 
RUSSIA. 43 
 
 Of fortress troops there are 44 infantry battalions. The infantry 
 battalion numbers in peace, on the average, about 500 officers and 
 men. 
 
 The total peace strength of the infantry of the active army and of 
 the fortress troops is, therefore, as follows : 
 
 Officers 
 and men. 
 
 Active army___ 793, 000 
 
 Fortress troops 22, 000 
 
 Grand total 815, 000 
 
 The war strength of the battalion is, probably, 872 rifles with a 
 total of 1,000 officers and men. 
 
 ARTILLERY. 
 
 The artillery is divided between the artillery of the active army 
 and that of the fortress troops, as well as the categories not consid- 
 ered here. 
 
 The batteries of the fortress troops are further divided into 
 "sortie" batteries, "siege" batteries (including heavy field) and 
 " fortress batteries." Of the latter class some are serving as coast 
 artillery. Separating these various classes we have : 
 
 FIELD ARTILLERY. 
 
 The Russian artillery organization is peculiar. Batteries con- 
 tain in peace 4 to 8 guns, 8 in war, and are commanded by lieutenant 
 colonels. As the battery is so organized as to be divisible into two 
 self-sustaining " half batteries," it may be said that the Russian " bat- 
 tery " in war is in reality a battalion. Two or three batteries form 
 a group (regiment), and two or three groups a brigade, commanded 
 by a general officer. 
 
 As a rule there are 6 batteries (48 guns), in one of the divisions of 
 a corps and 8 batteries (64 guns) in the other division. 
 
 Horse artillery batteries have 6 guns. There are 61 artillery 
 brigades in the active army, with 199 "groups" (regiments). 
 
 The total number of batteries (battalions) in the active army is 
 549. 
 
 In the fortress troops there are 5 " sortie batteries," giving a total 
 of 554 batteries (battalions). 
 
 The battery in peace has 6 officers and 164 men. 
 
 The total peace strength of the field artillery is as follows : 
 
 Officers 
 and men. 
 
 Active army 1^2, 942 
 
 Fortress troops - 850 
 
 Grand total 153, 792 
 
 The war strength of batteries is at least 6 officers and 201 men, 
 possiI)ly more. 
 
44 STRENGTH AND OEGANIZATTON OF ARMIES. 
 
 SIEGE (heavy field) ARTILLERY. 
 
 There are 58 batteries, all of which are carried as a part of the 
 fortress troops. The peace strength Is 8 officers and 119 men, giving 
 a total of some 7,076 officers and men. 
 
 The war strength of these batteries is probably 3 officers and 238 
 men. 
 
 FORTRESS ARTILLERY. 
 
 There are 2G4 companies of fortress artillery. Of these 116 are 
 serving at fortresses situated on the seacoast; for the purposes of 
 this paper it is assumed that these 116 companies are all serving as 
 coast artillery, although such is not believed to be the case. 
 
 The peace strength of these organizations varies. An average is 
 probably 3 officers and 119 men per company. We thus have : 
 
 Officers and men. 
 Fortress artillery 18, 056 
 
 Coast artillery 14, 152 
 
 It is to be remembered that the figures given for coast artillery 
 are the maxiTnum. 
 
 The war strength of organizations of fortress and coast artillery is 
 not definitely known, but probably averages 3 officers and 238 men 
 per battery. 
 
 CAVALRY. 
 
 The cavalry organizations vary greatly. The regiment contains 
 from 2 to 6 squadrons — 6 being the most frequent number. As 
 already stated there are 23 cavalry divisions organized in peace. 
 
 There are 7451/2 squadrons in the active army. The strength of the 
 squadron varies greatly. The maxi7num average is probably 5 officers 
 and 150 men. There are in the active army in peace about 138,000 
 officers and men. There are no cavalry organizations in the "fortress 
 troops." 
 
 The war strength of the squadrcm probably averages 5 officers and 
 163 men, counting 150 sabers. 
 
 TECHNICAL TROOPS. 
 
 These troops comprise engineer and signal troops. In the active 
 army there are 299 companies of these troops. In the " fortress 
 troops" there are 47 companies. 
 
 In the active army the technical troops are usually organized into 
 battalions of 4 companies each. They are further organized into 17 
 brigades of a varying number of battalions. 
 
 In peace the strength of organizations varies very greatly. As an 
 average 4 officers and 120 men per company is believed to be about 
 
RUSSIA. 45 
 
 correct. This would gne a total for the active and fortress troops 
 of 37,448 officers and men. The war strength varies also. A Tnini- 
 mum average is about 4 officers and 200 men. 
 
 SUPPLY TRAIN. 
 
 On a peace footing there are 5 battalions of 4 companies each in 
 Europe, and there are 2 companies in Siberia. The peace strength of 
 these organizations is not known. It is probably very large, consid- 
 ering the number of organizations, as on mobilization they furnish 
 a complete supply train for each army corps. 
 
 SANITARY TROOPS. 
 
 The sanitary officers have no military rank, but instead have civil 
 rank. The total peace strength of surgeons is 3,500; this includes 
 surgeons of classes of troops other than those considered here. The 
 peace strength of enlisted sanitary troops is not known. 
 
 The war footing of sanitary troops is not known. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS ON TROOPS. 
 
 It is to be noted that there are many officers of infantry, cavalry, 
 and artillery not included in the above. Neither are the men of 
 various staffs, etc., included. 
 
 Neither are the staff officers included. There are also a great many 
 special formations for schools, police, etc., concerning which no 
 accurate information is available. 
 
 TOTAt PEACE STRENGTH. 
 
 The total peace strength amounts all told to about 1,284,000 officers 
 and men. 
 
 TOTAL AVAR STRENGTH. 
 
 The total niunber of trained men subject to call amounts to about 
 6,000,000. 
 
 The organization of these troops probably would follow the same 
 proportions as those in the active army raised to a war footing. 
 
 The vast extent of Russia, the condition of many of her subjects 
 and of more of her neighbors, and the peculiar political constitu- 
 tion of some of her provinces, combine to render it very prob- 
 lematical as to the number of troops Russia can mobilize on any one 
 theater of war. Some authorities maintain that the difficulties cited 
 limit the number which she can mobilize on any one theater to about 
 1,000,000 trained men. If, however, we remember that in the war 
 with Japan, Russia mobilized and had in the field at the end of the 
 war a million men and that the theater of war was only to be reached 
 by a single line of railway several thousand miles in length, it seems 
 
46 
 
 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 that on a conservative estimate Russia could mobilize 2,000,000 
 fully trained men upon her European frontiers. 
 
 CONDITIONS or SERVICE. 
 
 i Military service is obligatory. Passing from service with the 
 colors the men pass into various reserves. 
 
 On account of the great variet}'^ of reserves, liability to call, etc., 
 no further statements can be given in a brief form. 
 
 Russia's active army consists of 37 army corps. In time of war 
 the permanent units with the addition of reserves will form new 
 units; it is thought that each army corps will form 2 divisions of 
 reserves. 
 
 Each division will receive a brigade of artillery of reserve. 
 
 Summary of peace establish ments. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Infantry 
 
 Cavalry 
 
 Artillery 
 
 Other arms and departments 
 
 Total 
 
 Estimate of tear strength 
 
 Infantry 
 
 Cavalry 
 
 Artillery 
 
 Other arms and departments j. 
 
 Other trained men available 
 
 Total 
 
 815,000 
 138,000 
 186,000 
 65,000 
 
 1,284,000 
 
 3,904 
 
 Men. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 1,968,321 
 273, 703 
 487,673 
 262, 180 
 
 2,970,429 
 
 5,606 
 
 5,962,306 
 
 5,606 
 
 Composition of army. 
 
 1. Active army. 
 
 2. First reserve. 
 
 3. Second reserve. 
 
 4. Militia (Opoltchenie). 
 
 ' Service, obligatory between 21 and 43 years, unless especially 
 excepted. («) Infantry and field artillery, 3 years active, 7 years 
 in first reserve, 8 years in second reserve, 5 years in militia, {h) Cav- 
 ali*y and horse artillery, 4 years active, 7 years in first reserve, 6 years 
 in second reserve, 5 years in militia. (<?) All born Cossacks serve 
 beginning with twentieth year and serve 1 year in the preparatory 
 category, 4 years in each of the first, second, and third categories of 
 active service, and 5 years in the reserve category. 
 
 Per cent of peace strengtii to total population : 
 
 Population, 166,107,700. 
 
 Census. 1909. 
 
 Army strength, 1909, 1,000,000. 
 
 Per cent, 0.67. 
 Annual appropriation (1912)__„ $296,274,82.5 
 
RUSSIA. 47 
 
 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Commander in chief : The Czar. 
 
 The chief command and administration is vested in the war min- 
 istry. The minister himself reports directly to the Czar. The war 
 ministry has various subdivisions, of which the most important are 
 the council of war, the general staff, the intendance, the inspectors- 
 general of cavalry, artillery, engineers, schools, target practice; army 
 command. 
 
 ARMIES. 
 
 On mobilization, 3 or 4 army corps are formed into armies. Ex- 
 cluded from the army corps and brought directly under the com- 
 mander of the army are the following: The cavalry (Cossack) divi- 
 sions and independent brigades; the sections of heavy artillery of 
 the field army, the technical troops with the exception of the sapper 
 battalions; and the train battalions. In addition, special train sec- 
 tions are assigned to armies. 
 
 THE AKMY CORPS. 
 
 Two infantry divisions, 1 field howitzer section — 12 guns, 1 field- 
 howitzer park section, 1 telephone section, 1 telegraph company, 1 sap- 
 per company, 1 veterinary hospital, 2 movable bakers' ovens, 1 hy- 
 giene section, 1 corps-supply transport, corps section of field engineer 
 park, cavalry or cossack sections. 
 
 Fighting strength, 29,000 rifles, 900 sabers, 64 machine gims, 108 
 guns. Total, 1,100 oificers and officials, 13,000 men, 12,000 horses. 
 
 THE CAVALRY CORPS. 
 
 It is intended to form cavalry corps of 2 or 3 cavalry or Cossack 
 divisions each. 
 
 The projected formation in war is as follows: Two cavalry divi- 
 sions, corps-supply transport. 
 
 THE INFANTRY DIVISION. 
 
 Two infantry brigades; 3 squadrons cavalry; 1 artillery brigade; 
 1 park artillery brigade; 1 telephone section; 1 bridge park; 1 
 sapper company; division train; sanitary transport consisting of 1 
 disinfecting section, 2 field hospitals, 1 divisional hospital ; supply 
 transport. Fighting strength : 11,400 rifles ; 450 sabers ; 32 machine 
 guns; 48 gims. Total strength: 500 officers and officials, 20,000 men, 
 4,900 horses. Proportion of cavalry and artillery in an infantry 
 division at war strength: For every 1,000 rifles, 31 sabers, 3.3 guns. 
 
 The infantry brigade. — Two regiments of 4 battalions. 
 
48 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 The reghnent. — In peace as well as war, there are 348 infantry 
 and rifle regiments with 1,252 battalions, out of which there are in 
 Europe 280 regiments with 1,032 battalions; in Turkestan, 22 regi- 
 ments with 44 battalions; and in Siberia, 44 regiments with 176 
 battalions. The infantry and the Siberian rifle regiments have 4 
 battalions of 4 companies each. The European and Turkestan rifle 
 regiments only 2 battalions of 4 companies each. Each company has 
 4 platoons. 
 
 The men who are not called to the front, as for instance, scribes, 
 gunsmiths, artisans, sanitary, veterinary, and men of the trains, are 
 formed in peace and w^ ar into a separate noncombatant company ; in 
 regiments of 2 battalions, into a noncombatant detachment. 
 
 Each infantry and rifle regiment has a machine gun company of 
 8 guns, of which only 4 are in harness in peace. 
 
 In each regiment there are formed from the separate companies 
 scouting and information detachments. The former (scouting) are 
 not mounted in the European regiments, and consist, in a 4-battalion 
 regiment, of 2 officers and 64 men. The Asiatic regiments in war all 
 have mounted scouting detachments. In Siberia, they consist of 3 
 officers and 150 men. 
 
 The information detachments consist of the messengers (orderlies) 
 and the telephone sections. The former section in a 4-battalion 
 regiment consists of 1 noncommissioned officer, 12 mounted men, and 
 4 bicyclists. The telephone section has in peace 10 men, in war, 30 
 men, 2 horses, 2 carts. It can lay a distance of 10 kilometers. In 
 addition, each company has 8 men-trained as signallers. An infantry 
 or a rifle regiment of 4 battalions has 3,600 rifles. 
 
 The hattalion. — The typical battalion has 4 companies. 
 
 The cOTnpany. — War strength, commanded by a captain, not 
 mounted, 3 lieutenants, 20 noncommissioned officers, 217 men ; total, 
 4 officers, 237 men. Normal peace strength, 3 or 4 officers, 7 non- 
 commissioned officers, 2 drummers, 100 men. 
 
 Machine-gun company. — War strength, 3 officers mounted, 45 men, 
 30 horses, 4 pieces. Peace strength, 3 officers mounted, 25 men, 10 
 horses, 2 pieces. One company to each regiment. 
 
 The above from " Les Armees des Principales Puissances." 
 
 In 1913 it was reported that the machine-gun company had 8 guns 
 in war and 4 in peace. 
 
 THE CAVxVLIlY DIVISION. 
 
 Two brigades; 1 horse machine-gun company; 1 horse artillery 
 section. Fighting strength, 3,000 sabers, 8 machine guns, 12 guns. 
 
 The cavalry hrigade. — Two regiments of 6 squadrons each. 
 
 The regiment. — In peace and war there are 68 cavalry or " horse " 
 regiments and 2 half regiments, with 404 squadrons and sotnias. The 
 
RUSSIA. 49 
 
 4 guard cuirassier regiments have 4 squadrons each and the other 
 cavalry regiments 6 squadrons. 
 
 The tactical unit of the cavalry is the squadron or sotnia of 4 
 platoons. The command unit is the regiment or half regiment. 
 
 The regiment has under its orders a mounted sapper detachment, 
 consisting of 2 officers and 16 men, for the execution of technical work 
 (destruction, telegraph service, construction of river crossings). 
 
 The squadron. — Five officers, 12 noncommissioned officers, 151 
 troopers. Each squadron and sotnia has a scouting detachment of 16 
 men specially trained as patrol leaders. 
 
 FIELD ARTILLERY. 
 
 The hrigade. — Two groups of 3 batteries each, 48 guns. 
 The hattery. — War strength, 6 officers, 21 noncommissioned officers, 
 180 men, 182 horses, 8 pieces. 
 23926°— 16 i 
 
ENGLAND. 
 
 The military forces of Great Britain fall under several categories. 
 The principal of these are: The regular forces and the territorial 
 forces. The regular forces are again divided into British forces — In- 
 dian forces and colonial forces. Exact data are not available for the 
 native Indian forces; accordingly, this study will not take those 
 forces up in the detail devoted to other forces. 
 
 In addition to the forces already enumerated, certain of the col- 
 onies — Canada, for example — maintain considerable forces of militia. 
 As has already been indicated, exact data as to the number of men 
 of the several arms are lacking for some of the various categories. 
 Moreover, it is thought that the purposes of this study would be 
 served by detailed statements of the British forces (regular). How- 
 ever, as the territorial forces are considerable and correspond more 
 nearly to our militia forces than any other body maintained by a 
 first-class power, a brief statement will be made of those forces. 
 
 HIGHER ORGANIZATION. 
 
 The bulk of the British forces (regular) within the British Islands 
 is organized into six divisions and four cavalry brigades (1 cavalry 
 division). 
 
 The territorial force is organized as follows: Fourteen divisions 
 (similar to those of the regulars), 14 mounted brigades, 14 field 
 artillery brigades. 
 
 The forces in India, including regular and native, are divided 
 into two armies. These armies contain a total of 9 divisions and 
 8 cavalry brigades. 
 
 The division in India is smaller than is usually the rule (about 
 13,000). 
 
 REGULAR FORCES. 
 INFANTRY. 
 
 The battalion consists of 4 companies. Regiments exist, but as 
 they are not used in practice they will not be considered here. 
 
 The battalion is commanded by a lieutenant colonel, the company 
 by a major or captain. 
 50 
 
ENGLAND. 51 
 
 Four battalions form a brigade, as a rule. There are 3 brigades to 
 the division. There are 18 brigades stationed in the British Islands 
 (it appears, however, from the estimates that only 17 brigades are 
 provided with brigadier generals commanding). There are 27 
 brigades in India, counting native troops. There are 83 battalions 
 stationed in the British Islands, 23 in the colonies other than India, 
 and 52 in India, giving a total of 157 battalions of regular infantry. 
 Battalions vary in strength according to stations, etc. At home the 
 battalion usually numbers 21 officers and from 777 to 995 men ; in the 
 colonies, 28 officers and 904 men; in India, 29 officers and 1,081 men. 
 
 Cadres also exist for so-called " reserve battalions." There are 
 103 of these battalions, 27 of which are termed "extra reserve." 
 The function of the reserve battalion, proper, is to supply men to 
 fill up vacancies in the battalions. The "extra reserve" battalions 
 may, if necessary, be mobilized in war — probably utilized on lines of 
 communications. 
 
 The peace strength of the ordinary reserve battalion is 8 officers 
 and 90 men ; for the extra reserve, 6 officers and 30 men. 
 
 The total peace strength of infantry is as follows: 
 
 Officers 
 and men. 
 
 British Isles 76, 032 
 
 Colonies 21,587 
 
 India 53,642 
 
 Total 151,261 
 
 The numbers for the British Isles include 1,368 officers and men 
 for duty with the territorial forces; reference will be made to these 
 and others for the various branches later on. The total number of 
 infantry officers is 4,906. 
 
 The war strength of the battalion is 29 officers and 955 men, with 
 an additional officer and 90 men left at the immediate base to fill up 
 the first vacancies. Deducting attached sanitary troops, teamsters, 
 etc., indicates the number of rifles available for the battalion firing 
 line as about 860. 
 
 ARTILLERY. 
 
 The British artillery (all branches) is known as "The Eoyal 
 Regiment of Artillery." The " regiment " is divided into " The Royal 
 Horse Artillery," "The Royal Field Artillery," and "The Royal 
 Garrison Artillery." The mistake is frequently made of considering 
 the garrison artillery as coast artillery. As a matter of fact, a large 
 portion of "The Royal Garrison Artillery" is field artillery. The 
 explanation for this state of affairs is found in the well-known tenacity 
 with which the English cling to traditions. 
 
52 STRENGTH AND OEGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 In the following the artillery has been grouped where it belongs. 
 Even so, it is believed that too much has been assigned the coast 
 artillery, as no account is taken of such of the garrison artillery as is 
 serving as fortress artillery (land) or as, for example, legation 
 guards at Peking, China. 
 
 REGULAR FIELD ARTILLERY. 
 
 The English field artillery, as is the case with their artillery in 
 general, has a peculiar organization. 
 
 Batteries are commanded by majors, and contain 6 guns, except 
 that heavy field gun batteries only have 4. 
 
 Batteries are grouped in "brigades" (battalions), commanded by 
 lieutenant colonels. Here again there is an exception, as the heavy 
 gun batteries are not " brigaded." " Brigades " are grouped under a 
 general officer to form divisional artillery. Brigades are composed 
 of 3 batteries, except for the horse artillery and for howitzers, in 
 which 2 batteries form the brigade. 
 
 The group of " divisional artillery " contains: Four brigades (1 of 
 which is equipped with howitzers) , and 1 heavy gun battery — a total 
 of 70 guns per division. Howitzer brigades are being increased to 
 3 batteries; this will give 76 guns per division. Cavalry divisions 
 have 2 brigades, or a total of 24 guns. 
 
 There are in the British Isles 6 organized groups of " divisional 
 artillery." The number of such groups in India is not definitely 
 known, but is probably 9, corresponding to the number of divisions. 
 
 There are 14 " brigades " of horse artillery organized in time of 
 peace, comprising 28 batteries. These batteries are stationed as 
 follows : 
 
 Batteries. 
 
 British Isle.s 14 
 
 Colonies otlier tlian India 3 
 
 India 11 
 
 In addition there is 1 "depot" and 1 "riding establishment," 
 besides cadres of officers and men for forming 9 ammunition columns. 
 
 The peace strength of batteries varies according to three schedules, 
 viz, higher, 5 officers and 170 men; lower, 5 officers and 139 men; 
 Indian, 5 officers and 175 men. There are 6 batteries on the higher 
 establishment, 8 on the lower, and 11 on the Indian. Batteries in 
 colonies other than India are on a special establishment which is 
 about the same as the Indian. 
 
 The " depot " contains 5 officers and 201 men, the " riding estab- 
 lishment" 6 officers and 129 men. For cadres of ammunition 
 columns there are maintained in peace 17 officers and 174 men. 
 
ENGLAND. 53 
 
 The total number of horse artillery is as follows: 
 
 Officers 
 and men. 
 British Isles 3, 074 
 
 Colonies other than India 531 
 
 India 1 1, 923 
 
 Grand total 5, 528 
 
 There are 50 brigades of light artillery organized in time of peace, 
 comprising 150 batteries. In addition there are 9 batteries of moun- 
 tain artillery and 12 batteries of heavy field artillery. The total of 
 the light, mountain, and heavy is thus 171 batteries. Although the 
 mountain and heavy artillery is not carried in the station list as 
 organized in "brigades," staffs exist for such organizations at the 
 rate of 3 batteries to the brigade. In addition the mountain artillery 
 is organized as a " division." There are also 6 " depots." 
 
 The strength of batteries varies. In the light artillery there are 21 
 batteries, with 5 officers and 164 men each, 66 with 5 officers and 137 
 men each, 18 with 4 officers and 87 men each, 33 with 5 officers and 
 174 men each, 9 wdth 5 officers and 147 men each, and 3 with 5 officers 
 and 179 men each. 
 
 The " depots " each have 4 officers and 192 men. 
 
 There are also 13 ammunition columns, each having a strength of 
 about 4 officers and 60 men. 
 
 Combining all the field artillery, including horse, we have its sta- 
 tions and numbers as follows: 
 
 Officers 
 and men. 
 
 British Isles 
 
 Colonies (other than India) . 
 India 
 
 Total 
 
 119 
 
 9 
 
 71 
 
 19,087 
 
 1,383 
 
 14, 179 
 
 199 
 
 34,649 
 
 In addition there are in England 12,000 special reserves for the 
 field artillery. This personnel is handled by the "training bat- 
 teries." In war it brings the units up to war strength and may form 
 new units. 
 
 The war strength of batteries is as follows: Horse batteries, 5 offi- 
 cers and 203 men ; horse artillery light ammunition column, 4 officers 
 and 214 men; "brigade" of horse artillery (headquarters, 2 batter- 
 ies, and light ammunition column), 17 officers, 1 medical officer, 668 
 men, 12 guns. In addition 1 officer and 63 men are left at the im- 
 mediate base as a first reenforcement. 
 
 Field batteries, light, have 5 officers and 193 men. Light ammuni- 
 tion column, 5 officers and 302 men. 
 
54 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 The "brigade" of light artillery (headquarters, -1 batteries, and 
 light ammunition column), 24 officers, 1 medical officer, 939 men, 18 
 guns. In addition 1 officer and 89 men are left at the immediate 
 base as a first reinforcement. 
 
 The howitzer brigade (2 batteries, 12 guns, and light ammunition 
 column) has a total of 24 officers, 1 medical officer, and 533 men. 
 In addition 1 officer and 51 men are left at the immediate base. 
 
 The heavy field gun battery has 4 guns and a light ammunition 
 column, with a total of 6 officers and 224 men. In addition 22 men 
 are left at the immediate base. 
 
 The divisional ammunition column carries both artillery and small 
 arms ammunition. It has a total of 19 officers, 1 medical officer, and 
 809 men. In addition 1 officer and 79 men are left at the immediate 
 base. 
 
 EEGXTI.AR SIEGE ARTILLERY. 
 
 There are 3 companies, organized as a brigade, with a total of 20 
 officers and G08 men. These companies are all stationed in the 
 British Isles. 
 
 The w^ar strength of a battery of siege artillery varies between 5 
 officers and 124 men and 5 officers and 181 men, with additional men 
 at the base, etc. 
 
 REGULAR COAST ARTILLERY. 
 
 As has been stated, this paper considers all of that portion of the 
 " Royal Regiment of Artillery " not definitely known as field or siege 
 artillery to be coast artillery. As a matter of fact, as has also been 
 indicated, this is believed to be too great an allowance for the coast 
 artillery. However, the figures are: 
 
 Companies. 
 
 British Isles 
 
 Colonies (exclusive of India) . 
 India 
 
 34 and 4 " de- 
 pots." 
 26 
 21 
 
 The " colonies other than India " include Gibraltar, Malta, Aden, 
 Singapore, Hongkong, Capetown, and Bermuda, not to mention less 
 important places. 
 
 The peace strength of companies varies greatly. Some have 4 
 officers and about 100 men, while others have as high as 7 officers and 
 230 or more men. 
 
 The total number of companies and strength on a peace footing is 
 shown below . 
 
ENGLAND. 
 
 55 
 
 
 Companies. 
 
 Officers 
 and men. 
 
 British Isles 
 
 34 
 26 
 21 
 
 
 Colonies (other than India) 
 
 5, 236 
 3,151 
 
 India 
 
 
 Total 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 
 In addition there are 43 officers and 1,440 men in the special reserve 
 for that portion of "The Royal Regiment of Artillery" known as 
 Garrison Artillery. The numbers of these belonging to the several 
 classes of artillery are not definitely known. 
 
 REGULAR CAVALRY. 
 
 As a rule regiments have 3 squadrons, the so-called " Household 
 Cavalry" (3 regiments) have 4 squadrons to the regiment. It is 
 imderstood that eventually there will be a " depot " for each regi- 
 ment, but at present there are only 6 such organizations for the entire 
 cavalry. The squadron conforms to the troop in the United States 
 in that it is the lowest administrative unit, etc. It counts about 150 
 sabers in war and is commanded by a major — in this it follows the 
 precedent set by the English field artillery. 
 
 There are, as a rule, 3 regiments to the brigade. 
 
 Four brigades in the British Isles are organized in peace, with 
 probably 3 in India. 
 
 The total number of regiments is 31, with a total of 99 squadrons 
 and 6 " depots." 
 
 The peace strength of regiments is as follows: Household regi- 
 ments, 24 officers and 408 men; regiments of the line at home, 23 
 officers and 673 men ; colonies, 23 officers, 569 men ; India, 27 officers, 
 594 men. The apparent reduction on foreign service is due to the 
 fact that a small nucleus of men is left at home. This will not be the 
 case after all regiments are provided with " depots." 
 
 Two depots each have 6 officers and 103 men ; the other 4 each have 
 5 officers and 82 men. 
 
 The location and number of regiments and of officers and men is as 
 follows : 
 
 
 Regiments. 
 
 Officers 
 and men. 
 
 British Isles 
 
 17 
 
 .5 
 9 
 
 12,077 
 3 023 
 
 Colonies (other than India) 
 
 India 
 
 5,616 
 
 
 
 Total.... 
 
 31 
 
 20, 716 
 
 
 
 In addition there are 934 special reserves. 
 
 The war strength of cavalry is as follows: Squadron, 6 officers and 
 151 men, of whom probably 145 may be counted as sabers. The regi- 
 
56 
 
 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 ment has 3 squadrons, with a total strength of 24 officers, 1 medical 
 officer, and 528 men. The strength in sabers of the regiment is about 
 475. In addition to the above figures 1 officer and 52 men are left 
 at the immediate base as a first reenforcement. 
 
 REGULAR TECHNICAL TROOPS. 
 
 Technical duties, which in the United States pertain to the Engi- 
 neers and to the Signal Corps, are performed by the Royal Engineers. 
 
 The company is the unit of organization, but higher officers than 
 company commanders exist in due proportions. 
 
 The peace strength varies so greatly that no attempt is made to 
 give details. 
 
 The following shows the number of officers and men and their dis- 
 tribution (10 depots and the permanent staff of the territorial force 
 are included in the figures) : 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Men. 
 
 British Isles 
 
 Colonies (other than India) 
 India 
 
 Total 
 
 501 
 178 
 376 
 
 6,844 
 
 2,249 
 
 3 
 
 1,055 
 
 9,096 
 
 In addition there are 1,287 special reserves. 
 
 The war strength of engineers varies according to duty. The mini- 
 mum strength of companies is about 3 officers and 106 men, the 
 maximum 6 officers and 386 men. 
 
 KOYAL FLYING CORPS. 
 
 Military section : Consists of a staff, 7 aeroplane squadrons of 12 
 machines each, forming 3 groups of 4 machines, 1 dirigible squadron, 
 1 repair shop per squadron, 1 commander, 12 pilot officers, 13 non- 
 commissioned officers. Also a replacement personnel. Total per 
 squadron : Nineteen officers, 23 mechanicians, 14 noncommissioned 
 officers, 153 men. 
 
 REGULAR TRAIN TROOPS. 
 
 The army service corps supplies transport, provisions, fuel, and 
 light to the army, and also has duties in connection with barracks, etc. 
 The peace strength is as follows : 
 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Men. 
 
 British Isles 
 
 356 
 100 
 
 5,604 
 
 Colonies (other than India) 
 
 712 
 
 India . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 456 
 
 6,316 
 
 
 
 There are in addition 1,000 men of the special reserve. 
 
ENGLAND. 
 
 57 
 
 The war strength ol' the army service corps is not definitely known, 
 but is very large. 
 
 REGULAR SANITARY TROOPS. 
 
 The peace strength is as follows : 
 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Men. 
 
 British Isles 
 
 547 
 157 
 324 
 
 3,159 
 
 Colonies (other than India) 
 
 882 
 
 jTiflin. . 
 
 
 
 
 Total :. 
 
 1,028 
 
 4,041 
 
 
 
 In addition there are 1,000 men of the special reserve. 
 The war strength is not known. 
 
 REGULAR VETERINARY CORPS. 
 
 The peace strength is as follows: 
 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Men. 
 
 British Isles 
 
 83 
 20 
 61 
 
 142 
 
 Colonies (other than India) 
 
 81 
 
 India . . 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 164 
 
 223 
 
 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS OX REGULAR FORCES. 
 
 The study of England's forces now as compared to their condition 
 before the Boer War reveals a vast advance. 
 
 Especially noteworthy are the measures she has taken to secure 
 trained reserves for filling up her units on mobilization and the pro- 
 vision of officers and men of the regular service for duty with the 
 territorial forces. On this duty there are 592 officers, 16 vvarrant 
 officers, 2,302 sergeants, and 27 musicians and privates. 
 
 CONDITIONS OF SERVICE, REGULAR ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 Service is voluntary. The enlistment period is usually for 12 years, 
 of which a certain portion is passed with the colors and the remainder 
 in the reserve. Service with the colors is usually 3, 7, or 8 years, 
 depending on the arm of the service and other conditions. 
 
 TERRITORIAL FORCE. 
 
 As has already been mentioned, the territorial force more nearly 
 corresponds to the Organized Militia of the United States than does 
 any other foreign force. 
 
58 STRENGTH AND OEGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 The territorial force does not serve beyond the limits of the 
 British Islands, except by its own consent. 
 
 Its organization corresponds exactly with that of regular divisions 
 in so far as the proportions of the several arms is concerned. The 
 total strength of units is, however, smaller. The total strength of a 
 regular division is 21,600, whereas that of the territorial division is 
 about 16,950. Since the proportion of the several arms is the same, 
 the detailed composition is not considered here. There are organized 
 in time of peace 14 divisions and 14 mounted brigades, besides certain 
 units of coast artillery, etc. The total of the territorial force is 
 315,408. 
 
 COLONIAL TROOPS. 
 
 All of the colonies maintain bodies of native troops. Exact data 
 as to the numbers and distribution among the several arms are lack- 
 ing. In general, it may be said, however, that such forces are strong 
 in infantry and police and weak in the other arms. 
 
 India has a native army of some 162,000 men, a portion of whom 
 could be used outside of India. 
 
 The Canadian forces are divided into permanent and active militia. 
 The combined peace strength of these two forces is as follows : 
 
 Officers 
 and men. 
 
 Infantry 52,290 
 
 Field artillery 4, 629 
 
 Garrison artillery 2,287 
 
 Cavalry 12,622 
 
 Engineers 1, 900 
 
 78,350 represents authorized strength. 
 
 Actually, the numbers are somewhat below those figures. 
 
 In addition there are reserves, under various names, to the number 
 of 39,346. The law permits conscription both in peace and war. 
 
 The artillery listed as " garrison artillery " is probably two-thirds 
 heavy field. 
 
 Permanent force. — One regiment infantry; 1 squadron mounted 
 rifles; 2 squadrons dragoons; 2 horse batteries; 5 companies garri- 
 son artillery ; 2 companies engineers : 5 train detachments, 3,520 men. 
 
 The active militia, 90 battalions infantry, of from 6 to 12 com- 
 panies each, usually 8 ; 25 regiments of cavalry of from 4 to 5 squad- 
 rons each, usually 4; 10 brigades artillery of from 2 to 3 batteries 
 each and a munition column; 3 independent batteries; 3 regiments 
 garrison artillery of from 3 to 4 companies; 1 battery heavy artil- 
 lery ; engineers, 4 field companies and 1 field telegraph section ; train, 
 8 companies; total, 73,350. 
 
 In mobilization, the active militia will form 20 brigades of infan- 
 try, at 4 battalions each, 4 brigades of cavalry of 3 to 4 regiments 
 each. It will mobilize at 114,000 men. 
 
ENGLAND. 59 
 
 Australia and New Zealand have compulsory military training; 
 the Australian force is permanent, 2,909; citizen soldiers, 42,261. 
 With volunteers, rifle clubs, cadets, etc., there is a total force of 
 about 182,000. In New Zealand the force amounts to about 30,000 
 men. 
 
 PEACE STRENGTH, OCT. 1, 1913. 
 
 Regular army : 
 
 British establishment 170, 722 
 
 Indian establishment (British troops in India) 76,528 
 
 Army reserve : 
 
 Regular reserve 145, 000 
 
 Special reserve 61, 427 
 
 Territorial forces 246, 600 
 
 Territorial force reserve 1, 669 
 
 Total, including staff, depots, and miscellaneous 707, 466 
 
 The Indian army is not included in the above. 
 
 WAK STRENGTH. 
 
 It is difficult to estimate the war strength of Great Britain. In 
 doing so, her large colonies of Canada and Australia must be con- 
 sidered, as they have always sent men to the defense of the Mother 
 Country. 
 
 In the war in South Africa, 1899-1902, Great Britain disposed, 
 during the entire war, of 448,495 men, distributed as follows : 
 
 Total from home 337, 219 
 
 Total from India 18, 534 
 
 Total from colonies 30, 328 
 
 Raised in South Africa 52, 414 
 
 Total 448,495 
 
 The population of Great Britain (England, Scotland, Ireland, 
 Wales) is 45,370,530; of Canada, 7,206,643; and of Australia, 
 4,8^6,625. She has the material to raise a vast army, given time and 
 necessity. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Commander in chief : The King. 
 
 The committee of defense: The prime minister is the presiding 
 officer. Studies questions of defense and military and naval meas- 
 ures necessitated by political conditions. 
 
 WAR OFFICE. 
 
 The command and the administration of the army is controlled 
 by the war office, at the head of which is the secretary of state for 
 war, assisted by his cabinet. 
 
60 STEENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 THE GENERAL STAFF. 
 
 The general staff, under the direction of the chief of staff, is 
 divided into three bureaus. The chief of staff acts under the minister 
 of war. The three bureaus of the general staff are (1) military oper- 
 ations, (2) director of staff duties, (3) director of military training. 
 
 ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Great Britain is divided into 8 military commands, viz, Camp of 
 Aldershot, south, east, north, west, Scotland, Ireland, and London. 
 Aldershot is the station of the expeditionaiy force. There can be 
 mobilized a force of 6 infantry divisions, 1 cavalry division, 2 bri- 
 gades mounted infantry, and the necessary auxiliary troops, of an 
 approximate total of 160,000 men. 
 
 THE DIVISION. 
 
 Headquarters, 3 infantry brigades, 1 headquarters divisional artil- 
 lery, 3 field artillery brigades, 1 field artillery (howitzer) brigade, 
 1 heavy battery and ammunition column, 1 divisional ammunition 
 column, 1 headquarters divisional engineers, 2 field companies engi- 
 neers, 1 signal company engineers, 1 cavalry squadron, 1 divisional 
 train, 3 field ambulances. Total strength, 18,073 officers and men, 
 5,592 horses. 
 
 Fighting strength, rifles, 11,67G; sabers, 150; guns, 76; machine 
 guns, 24. 
 
 THE INFANTRY BRIGADE. 
 
 Consists of 1 headquarters; 4 battalions. 
 
 Proportion of cavalry and artillery to an infantry division: For 
 every 1,000 rifles, 12.8 sabers, 6.5 guns. 
 
 The regiment. — Great Britain has 73 infantry regiments. Each 
 regiment formerly consisted of one or more battalions of 8 com- 
 panies each. There are 157 of these 8-company battalions of which 
 83 are stationed in Great Britain proper, 22 in the colonies, and 52 
 in India. The battalions of a regiment are entirely separated for 
 command but have a common depot. 
 
 A special army order issued from the war office authorizes the 
 adoption as from October 1, 1913, of the 4-company organization in 
 battalions of the foot guards and infantry of the line. The text 
 of the order is as follows : 
 
 Organization of an infantry hattalion. — {a) A 4-company organi- 
 zation will be adopted in battalions of the foot guards and in all 
 regular battalions of infantry of the line serving at home or in the 
 colonies, with effect from October 1, 1913. 
 
ENGLAND. 61 
 
 ( 6 ) The noncommissioned officers and men of the machine-gun sec- 
 tion and the personnel will be distributed for discipline and admin- 
 istration in peace amongst the four companies under regulations to 
 be issued later. 
 
 (c) Each company will be commanded by a mounted major or a 
 mounted captain, with a captain as second in command. 
 
 (d) A company is divided into 4 platoons, each commanded by a 
 subaltern in so far as the number of subalterns available will allow. 
 When a subaltern is not available to command, his place should be 
 taken by a senior noncommissioned officer, who should usually be 
 the senior noncommissioned officer belonging to the same platoon. 
 Each platoon will be subdivided under regulations to be issued later. 
 
 (/) The companies will be designated by the letters A, B, C, D. 
 The platoons will be numbered consecutively throughout the battal- 
 ion from 1 to 16. 
 
 This organization does not apply to the regiments in India. 
 
 TTie battalion. — Headquarters, 1 lieutenant colonel, 1 major, 1 ad- 
 jutant, 1 quartermaster, 1 transport officer (detailed from subal- 
 terns), 1 sergeant major, 1 quartermaster sergeant, 1 clerk, 1 sergeant 
 drummer, 1 sergeant cook, 1 transport sergeant, 1 sergeant shoemaker, 
 
 11 drivers (first line transport), 6 batmen, 1 pioneer sergeant, 10 pio- 
 neers, 1 signaler sergeant, 1 signaler corporal, 15 signaler privates, 
 16 stretcher bearers, 2 orderlies for medical officer. Attached : 1 offi- 
 cer, 8 privates, medical corps, 2 armorers, 4 drivers army ser^dce 
 corps, train transport, 1 machine gun section, 4 companies. 
 
 The machine-gun section. — 1 subaltern, 1 sergeant, 1 corporal, 
 
 12 privates, 2 drivers (first line transport), 1 batman, 2 guns. 
 
 The company. — War strength: Commanded by a major (or cap- 
 tain) mounted, 1 captain second in command, 4 subalterns, 1 com- 
 pany sergeant major, 1 company quartermaster sergeant, 8 sergeants, 
 4 drummers or buglers, 10 corporals, 188 privates, 3 drivers (first 
 line transport), 6 batmen. Total, 6 officers, 221 other ranks. 
 
 THE CAVALRY DIVISION. 
 
 One headquarters, 4 cavaliy brigades, 1 headquarters cavalry 
 divisional artillery, 2 horse artillery brigades, 1 field squadron, 1 sig- 
 nal squadron, 1 headquarters cavalry divisional army service corps, 
 4 cavalry field ambulances. Total strength, 9,269 men; 9,815 horses. 
 Fighting strength, 6,269 sabers, 24 guns, 24 machine guns. 
 
 The cavalry brigade. — Consists of 3 cavalry regiments and 1 signal 
 troop. Smaller units of the different arms of the service. 
 
 Th£ regimefit. — One lieutenant colonel, 1 major, 1 adjutant, 1 sig- 
 naling officer, 1 ([luii'termaster, 1 regimental sergeant maior, 1 
 quartermaster sergeant, 1 transport sergeant, 1 clerk, 1 sergeant 
 
62 STRENGTH AND OKGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 trumpeter, 1 sergeant cook, 1 signaling sergeant, 1 farrier quarter- 
 master sergeant, 1 saddler sergeant, 1 saddletree maker, 5 signalers, 
 2 orderlies for medical officer, 7 drivers, 13 batmen. One machine- 
 gun section, 3 squadrons. 
 
 There are 31 regiments of regular cavalry, 19 stationed in the 
 United Kingdom, 3 in the colonies, and in India. 
 
 The squadron. — War strength : One major, 1 captain, 4 subalterns, 
 1 squadron sergeant major, 1 squadron quartermaster sergeant, 8 
 sergeants, 1 farrier sergeant, 1 shoeing smith corporal, 3 shoeing 
 smiths, 1 saddler, 2 trumpeters, 8 corporals, 10-t privates, 3 signalers, 
 6 drivers, 12 batmen. Total, 6 officers, 151 other ranks, 153 riding 
 horses, 2 pack, 12 draft. 
 
 FIELD AETILLERY. 
 
 The hrigade. — Headquarters, 23 officers, 772 men, 748 horses. 
 Consists of 3 batteries, each of six 18-pounder quick-firing guns. 
 
 The field artillery howitzer brigade consists of 3 batteries, each of 
 six 4.5-inch quick-firing howitzers, 22 officers, 755 men, 697 horses. 
 
 The heavy artillery battery and ammunition column consists of 
 four 60-pounder B. L. guns, 6 officers, 192 men, 144 horses. 
 
 The battery. — A horse artillery battery, including ammunition 
 column, has six 13-pounder quick-firing guns, and consists of 9 officers 
 and 330 men. A field artillery battery has six 18-pounder quick- 
 firing guns, and consists of 5 officers, 193 men, and 172 horses. 
 
 PROMOTION. 
 
 By seniority in the corps up to and including the grade of major; 
 by selection above the grade of major. 
 
ITALY. 
 
 The Italian military system is complicated. It is composed of the 
 regular army, the mobile militia, and the territorial militia. The 
 two latter categories are not constantly under arms and in reality 
 form a kind of reserve (Landwehr) into which men pass after service 
 with the colors. Both the mobile and the territorial militia are com- 
 posed of all arms of the service. The available data as to the strength 
 of the militia are so conflicting as to make it impossible to give any 
 reliable figures as to the composition and strength of the several arms 
 of the service in those forces. 
 
 For these reasons this study will confine itself to the regular army 
 and will consider the militia only as a reserve for bringing units up 
 to strength on mobilization. 
 
 Moreover, there is a system in vogue of giving extensive (unlim- 
 ited) periods of leave to the men so that the full number provided 
 by the budget is always short (in men actually with the colors) by 
 several thousand. The figures as to the total strength of the several 
 arms are, therefore, to be regarded as approximate. Nevertheless, 
 the figures given offer an approximation to the relative strength of 
 the several arms. 
 
 HIGHER ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Commanders and staffs for four armies exist in time of peace. 
 There are 12 army corps, 25 divisions, and 3 cavalry divisions 
 organized in peace. 
 
 INFANTRY. 
 
 The typical formations are 4 companies to the battalion, 3 bat- 
 talions to the regiment, 2 regiments to the brigade, 2 brigades to 
 the division. Battalions of " Bersaglieri " and "Alpine troops" 
 have 3 companies each, while regiments of these troops have 3 or 4: 
 battalions. 
 
 There are 51 brigades, 116 regiments, 389 battalions. 
 
 Each regiment has a " depot." 
 
 The total number of infantry officers is 7,891. 
 
 A close approximation to the total number of officers and men of 
 infantry is 162,000 for the peace footing.^ 
 
 The Avar strength of units is difficult to estimate. A considerable 
 part of the infantry is composed of cyclists and of Alpine troops. 
 
 ' In Europe. 
 
 63 
 
64 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 The war strength of these organizations runs from 120 to 150 men 
 per company. On the other hand, the infantry of the line probably 
 nmnbers 250 men to the company. 
 
 ARTILLERY. 
 
 All artillery officers are on one list. 
 
 The main subdivisions are the field artillery and the fortress 
 artillery. The latter is composed of coast artillery and of fortress 
 (land) artillery proper. 
 
 Dividing the artillery among the several classes, we have: 
 
 FIELD ARTILLERY. 
 
 There are 36 regiments of field artillery, with 72 battalions, 193 
 4 to 6 gun batteries, 36 train companies, and 36 depots (train com- 
 panies form light ammunition columns). There are 2 regiments of 
 heavy field artillery, wdth 10 battalions, 20 batteries, and 2 depots. 
 
 There is 1 regiment of horse artillery, with 4 battalions, 8 bat- 
 teries, 4 companies of train, and 1 depot. 
 
 There are 2 regiments of mountain artillery, with 8 battalions, 24 
 batteries, and 2 depots. 
 
 Totaling the above, we have: Forty-one regiments, 90 battalions, 
 263 batteries, 40 train companies (light ammunition columns), 41 
 depots. 
 
 At least a portion of the depots are used in connection with the 
 mobile militia. In addition to the above, there are various remount 
 establishments, " directorates," etc. These organizations are fixed 
 under the law by royal decree, but no definite data are available. It 
 will be seen that, deducting 6 batteries for the 3 cavalry divisions, 
 about 20 batteries are available for each of the 12 army corps. 
 
 If the heavy batteries have 6 guns each, the number of guns per 
 corps would be about 120. 
 
 The peace strength of batteries is not definitely known. The 
 Italian artillery is being rearmed with modern guns and the strength 
 of organizations somewhat increased. 
 
 Under the old organization the strength of batteries varied between 
 3 officers and 90 men and 4 officers and 141 men. 
 
 The total peace strength is about 34,000 officers and men and is 
 probably being increased. 
 
 The war strength at least for the new materiel, 4 officers, 152 men, 
 
 COAST AND FORTRESS ARTILLERY. 
 
 There are 10 regiments of coast artillery. 
 
 The peace strength of companies is 3 officers and 107 men. The 
 total peace strength of the coast artillery, including headquarters 
 detachments, is about 5,000 officers and men. 
 
ITALY. 65 
 
 The war strength of companies is 5 officers and 200 men. 
 
 The total peace strength of fortress artillery, including detach- 
 ments, is about 6,500 to 7,000 officers and men. 
 
 According to Veltze, materiel exists at Alessandria, Mantua, and 
 Piacenza for forming 3 groups of 9 batteries each of mobile artillery. 
 
 CAVALRY. 
 
 There are 8 brigades with 29 regiments and a certain number of 
 depots. 
 
 The total number of cavalry officers under the new law is 985. 
 
 In peace each regiment has 5 squadrons with a nominal strength of 
 
 4 officers and 155 men each. The total peace strength is thus about 
 27,000 officers and men. 
 
 It appears that in war each regiment would have 6 squadrons with 
 
 5 officers and 133 men each, counting 120 sabers. 
 
 TECHNICAL TROOPS. 
 
 The engineers have various establishments, headquarters, etc. 
 
 There are 6 regiments, 21: battalions, 79 companies, 6 depots. The 
 total number of engineer officers is 610. 
 
 The peace strength varies, the usual strength is 3 officers and 110 
 or 120 men per company. 
 
 The total peace strength is about 11,000 officers and men. 
 
 In war, companies have from 200 to 250 officers and men. 
 
 SUPPLY TRAIN. 
 
 There is one company for each of the 12 army corps. The total 
 peace strength is about 2,500 officers and men. The war strength 
 is unknown. 
 
 SANITARY TROOPS. 
 
 The law provides 763 medical officers and 12 companies of varying 
 strength — about 5,600 officers and men. 
 
 GENDARMES. 
 
 The police might, in war, be employed to a limited extent. Some 
 authorities go so far as to think they would all be so employed. 
 They actually form an integral part of the army. 
 
 There are 12 so-called legions, with 671 officers and about 26,000 
 men. About -1,000 of these men are mounted. The remainder are 
 dismounted. It is probable that in war the carbineers would mobilize 
 one infantry brigade, numbering about 7,000 officers and men. 
 23926°— 16 5 
 
66 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 In addition to the troops enumerated there are numerous special 
 formations, schools, etc. 
 
 As has already been indicated, many of the " depots " are supposed 
 to be used in connection with the mobile militia. 
 
 For example, it is supposed that no fewer than 672 officers and 
 8,640 men of the regular infantry, already enumerated, are used for 
 the mobile militia. 
 
 TOTAL PEACE STRENGTH. 
 
 The total peace strength of the regular army is 305,000. 
 
 TOTAL WAR STRENGTH. 
 
 The complex system and the custom of giving indefinite leave to 
 untrained men render it difficult to estimate Italy's strength in fully 
 trained men. On paper she could mobilize 3,500,000 men. A con- 
 servative estimate would seem to be 1,300,000 fidhj trahied men. 
 
 COLONIAL TROOPS. 
 
 In addition to the troops already mentioned, Italy maintains in 
 her African possessions 132 officers and 4,530 men ; of the latter, 660 
 are Italians and the remainder natives. 
 
 CONDITIONS OF SERVICE. 
 
 Service is compulsory, and liability extends from the twentieth 
 to the thirty-ninth year of the citizen's life. Service with the colors 
 is nominally for three years, but as the budget is seldom sufficient, 
 many men are released with one or two years' training. These pass 
 from the colors to a form of leave status, in which they serve to 
 complete a total period in the regular army of eight or nine years. 
 
 The men then pass into the mobile militia, from whence they go 
 into the territorial militia. During their stay in the category of the 
 "conge illimite," as well as in the militia, the men are subject to 
 calls for instruction — 30 days per year for the leave status and mobile 
 militia, 30 days in 4 years for territorial militia. 
 
ITALY. 67 
 
 Peace and ivar strength {trained men), hudr/et of 1912. 
 [The figures are difficult to verify.] 
 
 
 Infantry. 
 
 Cavalry. 
 
 Artillery. 
 
 Other 
 arms 
 and 
 depart- 
 ments. 
 
 Other 
 
 trained 
 
 men 
 
 avail- 
 able. 
 
 
 
 Men. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Peace ' 
 
 134,860 
 3 566,000 
 
 26,000 
 3 18,000 
 
 40,600 
 =39,000 
 
 1,480 
 4 2, 320 
 
 49,400 
 3 77,000 
 
 
 252 340 
 
 War 2 
 
 s 400,000 
 
 1 100 000 
 
 
 
 1 Budget strength, 1912. 
 
 2 Active army and mobile militia. 
 
 3 Approximate strength of men of the active army and mobile militia incorporated in moliilized units at 
 war estalilishment. 
 
 * Two thousand and eighty-six field guns and 234 mountain guns. 
 
 6 Trained territorial militia; in addition, al)out 1,500,000 totally untrained men are enrolled in the terri- 
 torial militia. 
 
 Composition of the forces. — {a) The active army, (h) the mobile 
 militia, (c) the territorial militia, (d) the volunteer corps, (e) cus- 
 toms guards, (/) colonial troops. 
 
 Recruits fit for service are divided into three categories. The terms 
 of service in each category are shown in the following table : 
 
 Categories. 
 
 Active 
 army with 
 the colors. 
 
 On per- 
 manent 
 furlough. 
 
 Mobile 
 militia. 
 
 Territorial 
 militia. 
 
 Total. 
 
 First 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 7 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 
 19 
 
 Third 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The strength of the various categories varies every year. 
 
 The third category is for those men among the recruits who are 
 exempt for family reasons from military service. 
 
 Men on permanent furlough or militiamen of all classes are liable 
 to be called out for periodical terms of training. The number called 
 out depends upon financial considerations. 
 
 Per cent of peace strength of army to total population : 
 
 Population (census, June, 1911) 34,947,865 
 
 Peace strength 250, 860 
 
 Per cent 0. 69+ 
 
 Annual appropriation (1913-14) .$82,927,703 
 
 Of which about .$7,800,000 was for increased expenses in Tripoli. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Commander in chief, the King. 
 
 The supreme commission of defense of the state, which studies 
 questions of defense and arranges the cooperation of the army and 
 navy. 
 
 The council of the army, which studies questions of the army. 
 
68 STRENGTH AND OEGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 The ministry of war, which comprises 7 bureaus of administration, 
 viz, general affairs, personnel, civil personnel and pensions, logistics 
 and supply, etc., artillery and engineers, recruiting and troops, re- 
 vision of accounts. 
 
 The general staff. 
 
 The general inspections, which provide the instruction and techni- 
 cal direction of special branches of the service. 
 
 ARMY COMMANDS. 
 
 There are four designated army commands, whose commanders 
 are designated in peace time, but their duties are confined to the 
 inspection and supervision of the groups of corps that they would 
 command in war. 
 
 In time of war an army consists approximately of 1 major general, 
 chief of staff; 1 staff colonel; 1 major; 3 staff captains; 3 aids-de- 
 camp. Intendance, 1 major general, army intendant; 1 colonel, chief 
 of intendant staff; 2 staff captains; 1 aid-de-camp. 
 
 Troops^ etc. — Three to four corps, 1 cavalry division, 1 detachment 
 heavy artillery, 2 bridge trains, 1 telegraph company, 1 balloon park, 
 1 electric light park, 1 artillery park, 1 engineer park, 15 field hos- 
 pitals, 1 advance depot medical materials, 1 field bakery, 1 subsistence 
 park, 1 clothing depot, 1 remount depot. 
 
 ARMY CORPS. 
 
 There are 12 army corps. The corps is commanded by a lieutenant 
 general. His staff consists of 1 colonel; 1 lieutenant colonel; 1 
 captain; 2 captains, attached; 1 veterinary officer; 1 transport officer; 
 1 aid. 
 
 The army corps commander decentralizes some of his authority to 
 the artillery and engineer commands, and is further assisted by 
 directors of the medical, commissariat, and veterinary services. 
 These directors act as technical advisers to the army corps com- 
 mander, and are responsible for the proper working of their de- 
 partments. 
 
 In war the component parts of an army corps are 2 infantry 
 divisions of the active army, 1 infantry division of the mobile militia, 
 1 regiment of Bersaglieri, 1 regiment of cavalry, 1 regiment of field 
 artillery containing 2 groups each of 2 batteries with 6 guns to the 
 battery (36 giins),^ 1 telegraph company and park, 1 corps artillery 
 park, 1 ammunition column, 1 engineer park, 1 supply ambulance 
 company, 4 field hospitals, 1 supply column, 1 reserve supply park. 
 Approximate strength, 50,000 men, 8,400 horses, 126 guns. 
 
 ^ A few regiments have 4 gun batteries. 
 
ITALY. 69 
 
 INFANTRY DIVISION. 
 
 There are 24 active divisions and 12 of mobile militia, each com- 
 manded by a lieutenant general. 
 
 Staff: One lieutenant colonel, 1 or 2 staff captains, 2 or 3 attached 
 staff captains, 1 orderly officer, representatives of medical and com- 
 missariat services. 
 
 In war a division consists of 2 infantry brigades, each of 2 regi- 
 ments, total 12 battalions; 1 regiment of field artillery containing 
 2 groups, one of 2 and one of 3 batteries, with 6 guns to the battery, 
 total 30 guns ; 1 company of engineers, 1 bridging section (-14 yards 
 of bridge) ; 1 telephone park (25 units line and 16 stations) ; 1 divi- 
 sional ammunition column, 1 field ambulance, 1 supply section. Ap- 
 proximate strength, 14,200 men, 1,400 horses, 30 guns. 
 
 Proportion of cavalry and artillery in infantry division at war 
 strength : For every 1,000 rifles, no sabers, 2.5 guns. 
 
 The hrlgade. — The 96 regiments of infantry are organized in 48 
 brigades. 
 
 The regiment. — The infantry of the line consists of 2 regiments 
 of grenadiers and 94 regiments of the line; the regiments are com- 
 posed for the most part of 3 or 4 company battalions, a machine-gun 
 section, and a depot for the regiment and one for the mobile militia ; 
 24 regiments have a fourth battalion, but these units are being used 
 as part of the colonial army, and do not alter the composition of the 
 regiments in Italy. 
 
 The Bersaglieri consist of 12 regiments of light infantry recruited 
 from selected men of good physique. Each regiment except three 
 consists of 3 battalions, 1 cyclist battalion, and a depot. Each in- 
 fantry and cyclist battalion has 3 companies. The excepted regi- 
 ments have 4 battalions. 
 
 The Alpini regiments are 8 in number, divided into 26 battalions, 
 78 companies, 26 machine-gun sections, 26 nuclei for mobile militia, 
 and 8 depots. 
 
 The infantry regiment is organized as follows: Headquarters, 1 
 colonel, 1 lieutenant colonel or major at the depot, 1 lieutenant colonel 
 or major at nucleus for militia mobilization, 3 or 4 captains, 3 cap- 
 tains at nucleus for militia mobilization, 1 captain at depot, 3 lieu- 
 tenants, 3 lieutenants at nucleus for militia mobilization, 2 captains 
 (medical officers) , 1 bandmaster, 3 battalions, 12 companies, 1 machine- 
 gun section, 1 depot, 1 nucleus for militia mobilization. 
 
 War establishment: Each battalion, 24 officers, 1,019 men, 15 
 horses, 5 wagons. The regiment, 78 officers, 3,113 men, 63 horses, 
 18 wagons. The battalion, 24 officers, 1,019 men, consists of 4 com- 
 panies. The company, commanded by a captain, mounted, in peace 
 
70 STEENGTH AND OKGAXIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 varies in strength, but averages 3 officers and 75 men; in war, 5 
 officers, 250 men, 1 horse. 
 
 Machine guns. — One section to each regiment of infantry, cavah\y, 
 and Bersaglieri, and to each battalion of Alpini. The war strength 
 of a section for infantry is 1 officer, 26 men, 16 pack or draft animals, 
 2 guns, 1 small-arms ammunition cart, 1 baggage cart. 
 
 THE CAVALRY DIVISION. 
 
 Commanded by a lieutenant general or major general. The staff: 
 One colonel, 1 captain, assisted by representatives of the medical and 
 commissariat services. In war a cavahy division is composed of 
 2 brigades of cavalry, each of 2 regiments of 5 squadrons each, a total 
 of 20 squadrons; 1 group of horse artillery, 2 batteries of 4 guns each, 
 a total of 8 guns; 1 battalion of cyclist Bersaglieri; 1 cavalry ambu- 
 lance company ; 1 supply section ; 1 bridging section (44 yards of 
 bridge) ; 1 divisional ammunition column. Approximate strength, 
 4,200 men, 4,200 horses, 8 guns. 
 
 The reghnent. — Headquarters: One colonel or lieutenant colonel, 
 1 lieutenant colonel or major, 1 lieutenant colonel or major at depot, 1 
 or 2 captains, 1 captain at depot, 1 lieutenant, 4 or 5 lieutenants, 2 
 medical officers, 1 administrative officer, 2 veterinary officers, 5 squad- 
 rons, 1 depot, 1 mounted machine-gun section. There are 29 regi- 
 ments, 4 heavy cavalry, 8 lancers, 17 light cavalry. A regiment has 
 from 36 to 39 officers, 908 other ranks, 790 horses. 
 
 The squadron. — War strength : Four officers, 105 other ranks, 150 
 horses. 
 
 FIELD AETILLEKY. 
 
 The regiment. — Commanded by a colonel or lieutenant colonel. 
 Groups and depots are commanded by lieutenant colonels or majors. 
 Batteries and transport companies are commanded by captains. The 
 staff includes 2 medical and 2 veterinary officers. There are 2 groups 
 of batteries and 1 transport company, and 1 depot to a regiment. 
 
 The first 12 regiments, each of 6 batteries divided into 2 groups, 
 form the corps artillery of the 12 army corps; the remaining 24 
 regiments constitute the divisional artillery of 24 of the 25 divisions. 
 
 Regiments of divisional artillery are formed of 2 groups, one of 3 
 and one of 2 batteries. 
 
 The 36 depots each contain regular cadres for one mobile militia 
 battery. The depots when reenforced by men of the mobile militia 
 are expected to furnish 63 batteries in case of mobilization. 
 
 The artillery is composed of the following units : One regiment 
 of horse artillery, 36 regiments of field artillery, 2 regiments of heavy 
 field artillery, 2 regiments of mountain artillery, 10 regiments of 
 fortress artillery. 
 
ITALY. 7 1 
 
 The hattery. — War footing: Four officers, 152 other i-anks, 122 
 horses, 6 guns. (Some batteries have 4 guns only.) 
 
 PROMOTION. 
 
 By selection and seniority. Second lieutenants are promoted after 
 three years of service to first lieutenantcies. From first lieutenant to 
 captain, one-fourth by selection, three-fourths by seniority, all sub- 
 ject to examination. Lieutenants are promoted to captaincies, even 
 if there are no vacancies in that grade, after 15 years' service as offi- 
 cers. Promotion to the grades of major and lieutenant colonel by 
 seniority exclusively^ From the grade of colonel exclusively by 
 selection. 
 
MEXICO. 
 
 The Mexican Army has been disorganized by the various revolu- 
 tions in late years. The data below show it approximately as it 
 existed at the time President Porfirio Diaz left office. 
 
 HIGHER ORGANIZATION. 
 
 There is no organization, at present, higher than the regiment in 
 time of peace. Divisional organization is said by some authorities 
 to be in contemplation. 
 
 INFANTRY. 
 
 All organization in Mexico is somewhat peculiar. The underlying 
 idea of Mexican organization is to arrange for the maximum possible 
 expansion in war. 
 
 The battalion has 4 companies. Regiments of infantry do not exist 
 in peace, but battalions are commanded by colonels, with a full regi- 
 mental staff. In war each battalion forms an additional battalion, 
 thus constituting a regiment of 2 battalions. 
 
 In peace there are 34 battalions; in addition there are 4 skeleton 
 battalions (2 companies each) and 2 regional companies. 
 
 The peace strength of the company proper is 9 officers and 14.5 men. 
 
 The total infantry strength in peace is 1.182 officers and 19,144 men. 
 
 The war strength of regiments is 47 officers and 1,745 men. The 
 exact number of rifles in the regiment is unknown. The total in- 
 fantry strength in war is 3,100 officers and 53,706 men. 
 
 FIELD ARTILLERY. 
 
 The artillery in peace has 2 batteries to the battalion and 2 bat- 
 talions to the regiment: There are in peace 2 regiments (8 batteries) 
 of mountain artillery, 1 regiment (4 batteries) of horse artillery, 2 
 regiments (8 batteries) of light artillery. The total number of bat- 
 teries on the peace footing is therefore 20, Avith, in addition, the 
 skeleton organization just referred to. Batteries each have 6 guns, 
 except horse batteries, which have 4. 
 
 The peace strength of batteries varies between 6 officers and 79 
 men and 8 officers and 120 men, except that mountain batteries each 
 72 
 
MEXICO. 73 
 
 have 10 officers and 88 men. The total peace strength is 1.912 officers 
 and men. 
 
 The expansion in batteries on mobilization is as follows: The 
 mountain artillery doubles, other regiments each form 2 additional 
 batteries. The " squadron " is doubled in personnel and has 32 guns. 
 
 The total war strength is 3,142, with 176 guns. 
 
 In addition, there are ammunition columns, the strength of which 
 is not known. 
 
 COAST ARTILLERY. 
 
 There are a few minor and unimportant detachments of coast 
 artillery. No definite data are available. 
 
 CAVALRY. 
 
 In peace 4 troops form a regiment at full peace strength, and 2 
 troops form a regiment at skeleton strength. 
 
 Troops have two peace footings — skeleton and full peace. The 
 respective footings are 6 officers and 72 men and 8 officers and 105 
 men. 
 
 There are 14 regiments and 4 skeleton regiments. 
 
 The total peace strength is 496 officers and 6,822 men. 
 
 In war each regiment has 6 troops. 
 
 The war strength of troops is 5 officers and 140 men; the exact 
 number of sabers counted is not known. 
 
 The total war strength is 548 officers and 14.016 men. 
 
 TECHXICAL TROOPS. 
 
 There are a number of miscellaneous organizations, totaling 56 
 officers and 601 men, including 1 battalion of engineers. 
 The war strength is about 100 officers and 1,000 men. 
 
 TRAIN. 
 
 The peace strength is 9 officers and 206 men. The war strength is 
 not known. 
 
 SANITARY TROOPS. 
 
 One company. 
 
 REMARKS ON TROOPS. 
 
 In addition to the troops noted, there are 12 regiments of rurales 
 (police) of 250 men each. There are also some miscellaneous organi- 
 zations. 
 
 TOTAL PEACE STRENGTH. 
 
 The total peace strength is 32,000. 
 
74 STRENGTH AND OEGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 T,OTAL WAR STRENGTH. 
 
 Aside from new organizations, Mexico's total war strength may be 
 reckoned at about 100,000 officers and men. 
 
 CONDITIONS OF SP:RVICE. 
 
 In theory, service is compulsory. Actually, it is not so. exaept, 
 perhaps, for some classes. 
 
 It is probable that conscription would be resorted to upon mobili- 
 zation. « 
 
JAPAN, 
 
 The rapid progress of Japan as a military nation, the secrecy 
 maintained by her concerning reserves, territorial organizations, etc., 
 as well as the system of training Japanese school children in the 
 rudiments of drill and military discipline, make it extremely difficult 
 to make an accurate inventory of the Japanese military resources. 
 This study is then to be regarded as showing the Tninimum forces 
 which Japan has available, for it will confine itself to those forces 
 which are definitely known to be available. 
 
 As indicating the constant and rapid progress made by Japan in 
 preparation for war, it may be mentioned that in the period from 
 1894 to 1904 Japan's fully trained force about doubled. Still more 
 striking is the fact that the trained force which she is able to put 
 into the field to-day is at least double that which she had available 
 at the period of the Eusso-Japanese War. 
 
 HIGHER ORGANIZATIOX. 
 
 The division is the highest permanent organization in time of 
 peace. There are, however, 11 generals and 22 lieutenant generals, 
 besides other officers, available for the command and staff of such 
 armies as may be formed in war. There are 19 divisions organized 
 in peace. In addition there are certain special organizations outside 
 the Japanese islands proper. In these special organizations the regi- 
 ment is the liighest unit, except that the Korean troops are organized 
 into an infantry brigade. Including the brigade just referred to, 
 there are 39 brigades, 4 cavalry brigades, and 3 field artillery brigades 
 organized in peace. The normal composition of a division is: Two 
 brigades of infantry, 1 regiment of cavalry, 1 regiment of field 
 artillery, and the necessary auxiliary troops. Brigades of cavalry 
 and of field artillery appear to be assigned to divisions in time of 
 peace. There are also 11 mountain batteries which are apportioned 
 among the divisions in peace. 
 
 INFANTRY. 
 
 There are 4 companies to the battalion, 3 battalions to the regi- 
 ment, 2 regiments to the brigade. There are 80 regiments, 4 of 
 
76 STllENGTH AND ORGANIZATIOlSr OP ARMIES. 
 
 which are special troops (already mentioned), with 247 battalions. 
 Seven of the battalions are not assigned to regiments; of these 7 
 battalions, all except 1 belong to the special troops. The peace 
 strength of regiments is 80 officers and 1,734 men. The total peace 
 strength is 6,547 officers and 142,855 men. It is understood that 
 the mobilization plan upon which Japan is working contemplates the 
 organization of a duplicate for each battalion maintained in peace 
 and also a depot for each regiment. This doubling does not apply 
 to the special troops. It is not believed that these reserve organi- 
 zations have been completely worked out. 
 
 There are 229 battalions in the army proper; assuming that the 
 arrangements for increasing the number of battalions have been 
 completed, mobilization would see 456 battalions and 76 depots, 
 besides 18 special battalions. The special battalions w^ould probably 
 not be available, unless the theater of war were in the territories in 
 which they are stationed. 
 
 The number of men per battalion upon mobilization is variously 
 estimated. The maximum of these estimates would give the bat- 
 talion about 1,000 rifles, while the minimum would give it about 900. 
 In view of what was done in the Russo-Japanese War, it is believed 
 that, notwithstanding the increased number of organizations, the 
 estimate of 1,000 rifles to the battalion on the war footing is about 
 correct. 
 
 It would thus appear that Japan can mobilize 456,000 fully trained 
 infantry, in addition to 18,000 special troops and 76,000 in depots. 
 
 ARTILLERY. 
 
 All Japanese artillery officers are on one list. The heavy artillery 
 is partly mobile and parth' coast. It is practically impossible to 
 separate the heavy artillery into classes. This study will therefore 
 consider all heavy artillery under one lieading. 
 
 FIELD ARTILLERY. 
 
 The German system — 6 guns to the battery, 3 batteries to the bat- 
 talion, 2 battalions to the regiment — is followed. 
 
 There are 25 regiments, with 3 separate battalions, giving a total 
 of 161 batteries ; 2 of these batteries belong to the special troops. The 
 3 separate battalions, 11 batteries, are mountain battalions. There 
 are 10 horse artillery batteries. 
 
 The peace strength of batteries is 5 officers and about 120 men. 
 The regimental strength is 42 officers and 662 men. The total peace 
 strength is 1,114 officers and 17,804 men. The field artillery on 
 mobilization undergoes a similar expansion to that already noted for 
 
JAPAN. 77 
 
 the infcantry. The completed project would see 322 batteries of 
 6 guns each available. This would mobilize 275 six-gun batteries. 
 The war strength of batteries is 5 officers and 154 men each. The 
 strength of light ammunition columns is not definitely known, but 
 is probably identical with that of the Germans — 4 officers and 
 188 men. 
 
 HEAVY ARTILLERY. 
 
 That this branch furnishes heavy field, siege, and coast artillery 
 is definitely known. It is also known that there are in existence 
 6 regiments, with a total of 36 companies and 24 independent bat- 
 talions. 
 
 Like the field artillery and the infantry, this branch expands in 
 war. Indications point to 126 batteries as the number that would be 
 mobilized under present conditions. The division of these batteries 
 into the several classes can not be given with any assurance. It is 
 believed, as an approximation, that Japan would endeavor to accom- 
 pany each 1,000 rifles with one heavy field gun; this, of course, is in 
 addition to the field artillery already noted. 
 
 CAVALRY. 
 
 The scarcity of horses in Japan, the great demands on the available 
 supply, and the expense of maintenance of cavalry have combined to 
 retard the development of this arm. 
 
 There are 27 regiments with a total of 97 squadrons. The peace 
 footing of squadrons is about 5 officers and 136 men. 
 
 The total peace footing is 663 officers and 13,922 men. 
 
 In war it is supposed that each regiment would form a reserve regi- 
 ment of two squadrons and, in addition, a depot squadron. The war 
 strength of squadrons is but slightly greater than that in peace. 
 
 The total war strength in sabers, exclusive of reserve organizations, 
 may be reckoned at 14,550. 
 
 TECHNICAL TROOPS. 
 
 There are 19 battalions of engineers of 3 companies each. 
 
 The peace strength of battalions is 21 officers and 374 men each. 
 
 There is also a "communication brigade," consisting of 1 railway 
 regiment, 1 telegraph section, and 1 balloon section. The peace 
 strength of the engineers proper is 399 officers and 13,490 men. 
 
 The peace strength of the railway troops is 75 officei's and 2,100 
 men. The strength of the telegraph section is 38 officers and 625 
 men. The strength of the balloon section is unknown. 
 
78 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 Each battalion of engineers forms an extra battalion in war as 
 well as a depot company. The war strength of battalions is about 
 660 men. 
 
 The total war strength, including railway and telegraph troops, is 
 about 32,862 officers and men. 
 
 TRAIN. 
 
 The train troops are organized into battalions of 2 companies each. 
 On the peace footing there are 19 battalions of 2 companies each; 1 
 battalion is assigned to each division. The peace footing of battalions 
 is 17 officers and 596 men. The total peace strength of the train is 
 303 officers and 17,124 men. 
 
 The train expands enormously in war; some authorities state that 
 each battalion in war forms an extra company. The war strength of 
 companies is probably 10 officers and 880 men. 
 
 The total war footing is not accurately known. Various authori- 
 ties indicate that the Avar strength of the train of the 19 divisions 
 existing in peace is about 51,000 officers and men. 
 
 SANITARY TROOPS. 
 
 In 1910 the Japanese Army list shows 1,247 sanitary officers. 
 The present strength in sanitary men is not known. As an indication, 
 it may be noted that in 1906 there were 2,202 men with 1,282 officers. 
 As the strength in officers has not materially changed since 1906, it 
 may be assumed that the present strength in men is about 2,200. 
 
 The war strength is unknown. 
 
 VETERINARIANS. 
 
 The army list for 1910 shows 229 officers. 
 
 REMARKS ON TROOPS. 
 
 Besides the troops above mentioned, there are a number of special 
 organizations, schools, gendarmes, etc. The number of officers of 
 intendance borne on the 1910 army list is 999. 
 
 TOTAL PEACE STRENGTH. 
 
 The peace strength is variously estimated. It is certain that it is 
 at least 250,000 men, and it is possibly more. 
 
 TOTAL WAR STRENGTH. 
 
 As already indicated, there is some difference of opinion as to the 
 extent to which the ultimate plan of mobilization has been developed. 
 Bringing the existing organizations to the war footing, ignoring spe- 
 
JAPAN, 79 
 
 cial troops and reserve orgiinizations. would give a fighting strength 
 of the three arms about as follows : 
 
 Infantry rifles 228, 000 
 
 Cavalry sabers 14, 550 
 
 Field guns (with possibly 228 heavy field guns in addition) 954 
 
 If we assume that the plans for mobilization have been completed 
 the above figures for infantry rifles and field guns would be doubled, 
 while the cavalry would be increased by about one-half. 
 
 There are at least 1,000,000 fully trained reserves subject to call on 
 mobilization. 
 
 ARMY, 1913. 
 
 Japan's active army consists of 19 divisions (2 more authorized). 
 It has 19 reserve divisions. The Japanese general staff in 1906 
 worked out a plan to increase the then 17 active divisions to 25, with 
 a corresponding number of reserve divisions. This plan was to be 
 completed in 11 years. So far but 2 active divisions and 2 reserve 
 divisions have been added, and the plan has been temporarily halted. 
 
 The strength of the army on a peace footing is 15,500 officers, 
 220,000 men, 45,000 horses. 
 
 When mobilized the army will number, approximately, 400,000 
 rifles, 17,000 sabers, 1.38G pieces of field artillery, 288 pieces of heavy 
 field artillery, 1,000 pieces of heavy siege artillery, 200,000 horses. 
 
 If the proposed plans, checked for the time being, are carried out, 
 Japan in 12 years will be able to put in the field 1,500,000 trained 
 men. 
 
 COMPOSITION or THE FORCES. 
 
 (1) The active army (Gueneki) ; (2) its reserve (Yobi) ; (3) the 
 army of reserves, or second reserve (Kobi) ; (4) the replacement 
 troops, reserves of recruitment (Hoju) ; (5) the national army (Ko- 
 kurnin). first and second parts. 
 
 CONDITIONS OF SERVICE. 
 
 ' Service obligatory upon all males between the ages of 17 and 40. 
 The period of service is regulated as follows: 
 
 Gueneki. — Three years, save for the infantry where men pass the 
 third year under the status of furlough, and in the train, where the 
 service is but 6 months. 
 
 Yohi. — Four years and 4 months comprising men coming from 
 Gueneki. 
 
 Kohi. — Ten years comprising men coming from Yobi. 
 
 Hoju. — Twelve years and 4 months comprising men of character 
 very good or good, who are in excess of the needs of Gueneki, 
 
80 STRENGTH AND OEGANIZATION OF ARMIES. 
 
 Kolifiimin. — First part, for 2 years and 8 months comprising men 
 coming from Kobi; for 7 years and 8 months, men coming Hojn, 
 who have received a little instruction. Second part, comprismg all 
 the men from 17 to 40 years not comprised in the preceding cate- 
 gories. 
 Per cent of peace strength to total population : 
 
 Population 52, 000, 000 
 
 Census 1912 
 
 Peace strength 235, 500 
 
 Per cent 0. 45 
 
 Annual appropriation (1913-1914) ^ $07,775,181 
 
 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 The Emperor is commander in chief of the armj?^ and navy; the 
 determination of their organization and strength depends upon him. 
 
 He is assisted by (1) The council called Gensu, or the marshals 
 (and admirals); (2) the superior council of v^ar; (3) the war de- 
 partment; (4) the general staff; (5) the general inspection of mili- 
 tary instruction; (6) the inspector general's department, and the 
 imperial headquarters. 
 
 ARMY COMMANDS. * 
 
 The division is the highest command in peace. Each division 
 except the guard is assigned a district. There are apparently no 
 higher commands formed in peace. 
 
 THE DIVISION WAR STRENGTH. 
 
 Commanded by a lieutenant general. 
 
 Headquarters: General staff, 1 colonel or lieutenant colonel, chief; 
 1 lieutenant colonel or major, assistant chief; 2 captains, adjutant 
 general's department, 5 officers (1 major, 2 captains, 2 lieutenants) ; 
 1 aide de camp ; 1 commissioner of gendarmerie ; 2 officers for escort 
 duty. There are 30 officers classed as noncombatants, who pertain 
 to the supply and medical departments, etc. Two brigades of infantry, 
 each of 2 regiments; the brigades are commanded by a major general 
 with 2 staff' officers; 1 regiment of cavalry of 3 squadrons; 1 regiment 
 of field artillery, of 2 groups each of 3 batteries, each G gims ; total 36 
 guns; 1 battalion engineers; 1 pontoon train; 1 telegraph detach- 
 ment; 2 companies litter bearers; 8 ammunition columns; 4 commis- 
 sary; G field hospitals. Mobile remount herd. 
 
 TOTAL OF DIVISION. 
 
 Combatants, 432 officers, 13,652 men, 11,174 rifles, 36 guns. 
 Xoncombatants, 101 officers, 4,680 men, 4.831 horses. 1,682 vehicles. 
 Proportion of cavalry and artillery to an infantry division at war 
 strength : For every 1,000 rifles 38 sabers, 3.2 guns. 
 
JAPAN. 81 
 
 THK INFANTRY BinOADE. 
 
 Two regiments, commanded by a major general with "2 statf officers. 
 
 The regiment. — Headquarters: 1 colonel; 1 captain, adjutant; 1 
 lieutenant color bearer; 1 sergeant musician; 1 corporal armorer; 1 
 sergeant nurse; 4 clerks. Three battalions of 4 companies each; 
 1 machine-gun company. For train, see battalion organization. 
 Total strength, 69 officers, S,06T men. Fighting strength, 2,791 men. 
 
 The hattalion. — One major; 1 lieutenant, adjutant; 1 accounting 
 officer; 2 surgeons; 1 corporal musician; 1 corporal nurse; 2 clerks 
 for accounting office; 1 artisan armorer; combat train of battalion, 
 consisting of 1 of the 2 horses belonging to the major, 1 horse bearing 
 medical supplies, 18 ammunition horses, 2 horses carrying tools, 
 1 extra horse; regimental battalion train, consisting of 9 baggage 
 horses, 10 horses carrying kitchen utensils, 16 horses with subsistence 
 supplies, 1 horse with shoeing supplies, 2 extra horses; 4 companies. 
 
 The coTnpany. — War strength : Commanded by a captain not 
 mounted, 3 lieutenants; 1 adjudant (a superior noncommissioned 
 officer, corresponds to a first sergeant); 1 sergeant major; 1 
 quartermaster sergeant; 8 sergeants; 1 corporal quartermaster; 8 
 corporals; 10 first-class privates; 162 second-class privates (including 
 
 1 slioemaker. 1 tailor, and 4 men). Total, 106. In 1912 the average 
 company had a total strength of 158 on a peace footing. 
 
 The machine-gun company. — An infantry regiment has a com- 
 pany of 6 guns; one officer; 3 noncommissioned officers; 18 servers; 
 36 drivers; 24 pack horses (carrying 57,600 cartridges) ; 6 pack 
 horses carrying guns; 6 horses regimental train; 2 saddle horses. 
 In maneuvers the machine-gun companies have been assembled into 
 " brigades." 
 
 TITK CAVAI.ltY UKTGADE. 
 
 Outside the divisional cavalry Japan will niobili/e 4 independent 
 brigades of cavalry, each brigade consisting of 2 regiments of 4 
 squadrons each. Total, about 1,160 sabers, with smaller units of 
 different arms of the service. 
 
 The regiment. — Headquarters: One colonel; 1 major, second in 
 command; 1 captain, adjutant; 1 lieutenant, colorbearer; 2 sui-geons: 
 
 2 veterinarians; 2 accounting officers; 1 farrier sergeant; 1 corporal 
 saddler; 1 artisan armorer; 4 nurses. A divisional regiment has 3 
 squadrons; an independent regiment has 4 squadrons. The strength 
 of a 4-squadron regiment is 596 combatants, 146 noncombatants, 782 
 horses. 
 
 The squadron. — Wai- strength: One captain; 4 lieutenants; 1 ad- 
 judant; 1 sergeant major; 1 quartermaster sergeant; 6 sergeants; 6 
 23920°— 10 — -0 
 
82 STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATIOX OF ARMIES. 
 
 corporals (of Avhom 1 is a farrier); 5 farriers; 1 mirse. Total of 
 squadron, 145 combatants, 31 noncombatants, 184 horses. The squad- 
 ron is divided into -t platoons. 
 
 FIELD AKTILLERY. 
 
 The regimint. — Each regiment has 2 groups of 3 batteries each: 
 each battery has G guns. Total guns each regiment, 36. 
 
 The battery. — AVar strength: One captain; 4 lieutenants; 1 adju- 
 dant ; 1 sergeant major ; 1 farrier sergeant ; 6 sergeants, chiefs of piece : 
 1 quartermaster corporal ; 6 corporals. Total — combatants, 5 officers, 
 127 men; noncombatants, 18 men, 128 horses, (> guns, 6 caissons (27 
 vehicles). 
 
 PROMOTION. 
 
 Partly by selection, partly b}^ seniority, with no fixed proportion 
 between the two methods. 
 
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