157 i THE :. REGIONS PENNSYL^A-IS^l^ MAPS AXD CHARTS OF OIL CREEK, ALLErxHENY RIVER, ETC. g^ S;boro«gljlj2 ^cUiiblt Saorl;, carcfwlljr CfimpiUb. By F. M. L. GILLELEK PITTSBURG, PENN.: JOHN P. HUNT, PUBLISHER, 59 Fifth Street, Masonic Hall. LONDON: THIEBNEII & CO..,C0 PATERNOSTER ROW- Eutorod uccording to Act of Congress, in tlio your 18(H, by JOHN P. HUNT, In the Cleric's Oflico of tlio District Court of tlio Uiiitcil Hlnion for the Western District of P(MnisylvHnii>. KTKHKOTYPKD AT TUB rUANKLIN TYPE FOnNI>BT, CINCINNATI, 0. i4c\ P E E F A C E . When a new discovery has been announced to the world, /e always have a share of tolerably educated people whose names and conversational style frequently introduce them into society. This class are known by their wholesale nega- tiving of all things new. They have not succeeded this time. The universal household use of oil, with its admira- ble properties, compared to other fulminating liquids, has made it a staple now necessary to every family. The discovery and development of petroleum, as described in the text of our work, was made at an early date by the aboriginals of the country, who used it for civic and relig- ious purposes. At a later period, and yet in the recollection of many middle-aged men, the oil was gathered and published as having rare medicinal qualities. The fifty-cent bottles car- ried large labels, advertising petroleum as a cure-all for "all the ills which mankind might be heir to." Its sale, however, as a cure-all, wiis soon eclipsed by the industry and Capital which dcnclojx'd it, and threw it into market for light and lul)ri(!atiiig purposes; and which now forms a wealthy article of export, commensurate with other materials of America. We publish this work in order to delineate the real oil region of Pennsylvania. The importance and wealth of this region, contributing to the necessaries of every family, is as yet but poorly comprehended'. We furnish a very accurate map of Oil Creek, together (iii) IV PKHFACE. with its tributaries. The AUogliciiy Iviver, ciirenilly (kiliuc- atcd, with towns, villafics, 111:1 indiu-turinj;' ostal)lishiiieiits of iron and salt, and oil rofinevios, are especially noticed. This information is an especial desideratum to a stranger. The work abounds in illustrations, Avhilo the statistical tables furnish an accurate list of oil companies, their stock, etc., together with exportations from Kastern cities. To have an accurate account oi' the oil regi(Tns, with maps strictly drawn, has required labor, and it is hoped that a generous public will ajipreciate the efibrts of the editor and publisher to distribute inibrmatiou concerning ;j necessary household comfort. CON ^r v: N 1^ s All(fi;lioiiy IJivcr 7 Bii;; BroUcriHtriivv ('reck •-'' 1V\^ Ih-okoiKstniw IhIhikI '-!' Bi^ SomboTiiHs IhIiukI '"^ Black Fox iMliuid I'"' Bald Eagle Mnud 'KV Bull Crook iHliiiMJ '>■* Cherry IJiin I'^ Cherry Tree Kuii ''^ Clarke'fl IhUukI -•'^ Courfion iHlniids ■>'> CogHlcy'H Inland -'^ Crooked Creek lnhindH ^>'-i Dale'fi iKlaiid ■''>.'{ Evaiilt'8 Defeat, Island •I'J Einlenton '1 1 Early'H Island -I't Franklin 1^1 Frceport '-'■■'> l<'oiirtccii Mile Island T)!) (iooHe Flat Inhind •"!'> Hemlock iHlaiidH •i'-i Hickory Town JHland •{•'{ ]l()lnian'H Inlaml •>t Hemlock Creek IslandK •^^> IIorHc Creek Inhuid '•>^ Hare's Island •'^•7 Jackfion'H Island -'i J. Thompson's Island 27 Jack's Island •'">■'> Kittanninfj 22 Karn's Island r)5 Mead's Island 25 Mill stone Island '<() VI CONTENTS. PAOS Maple Island 35 McCray's Island 36 McDowell's Island 38 Mahoning Islands 50 Murphy's Island 54 Mad-Dog Island 54 Nicholson's Islands 53 Nine-Mile Island 56 New York Oil Companies 65 Oil Regions 11 Oil City 14 Oil Creek 16 Oil Creek Island, No. 1 37 Oil Creek Island, No. 2 38 Plurnerville 13 Pithole Island 36 Puckerty Island 56 Pittsburg — Its Early History 58 Its Water and Railroad Facilities 59 Population and Business 60 Business Character 61 Petroleum 62 Pittsburg Oil Companies 64 Philadelphia Oil Companies 65 Robert Thompson's island 28 Sharpsburg 24 Scott's Island 26 Steward's Islands 29 Shafer's Island 38 Steen's Island 39 Stover's Island 43 Stump Creek Islands 45 Six-Mile Island 57 Tidioute... = 19 Tarentum 24 Tidioute Island 31 Tionesta Islands 34 Two-Mile Run Island 38 Tar's Island 51 White Oak Island 31 Wilnut Islands 36 ALLEGHENY RIVER. The Allegheny River rises in the northern part of Pennsylvania, passes through the edge of New York, then winds its way back into Pennsylvania. It me- anders through Warren County to the extent of fifty miles, and, when in Venango County, it directs its course to every point of the compass. Probably no river in the world rolls for the same distance so strange a current. Its name, Allegheny, was given by the Seneca tribe of Indians. Its etymology gives the definition "Fair Water." The French, during their occupation of the country, hailed its flowing current as " La Belle Riviere.'' The wild and rugged country along its banks, the high and precipitous hill- sides, often rising into blufts and clifi^'s, present the grand and picturesque of nature's parentage. As it flows along, now southward, again almost directly north, it forms curves which add grace and majesty to itself. It courses its way through the several counties of Warren, Venango, Clarion, Armstrong, and Allegheny, whose agricultural, coal, and oil pro- ducts find their way to market by the navigation which this useful river affords. It has many tribu- taries, small, and apparently insignificant; yet along its banks enterprise and capital have developed wealth — wealth in lumber, coal, iron, and oil. Small (7) 8 ALLEGHENY RIVEB. rivulets, tracing their way through mountain defiles, have been surveyed, the banks and meadows pros- pected, and, erelong, the smoke of the furnace or the thundering of the forge-hammer will add not only to the scenery, but to the wealth of the nation. The ax of the lumberman re-echoes through the lofty pines ; the saw-mill, with its measured click, hightens the bewilderment of a visitor who may ascend a rug- ged cliff to survey the grandeur of the surrounding regions. While sixty to eighty million feet of lumber and eighty millions of shingles descend the river, it is suggested, "Are not the supplies exhausted?" Visit the regions ; see the supply. " Inexhaustible !" you respond. The ax and its ally, the saw-mill, are as in- dustrious as when the first raft slowly wound its way to the Ohio, to exchange its unhewed logs for the com- mon staples of life. But while wealth accumulated slowly, and prosperity gradually opened its portals, through strong, industrial effort, in iron and lumber, a new source of wealth was auspiciously opened — a product for the world's consumption — an article of positive household necessity — the petroleum of the Alleghany regions. To-day its necessity for light and lubricating purposes are not only recognized at home, but the most distant foreign countries enlarge their orders. Thus the rugged districts through which the Alleghany and its tributaries run are made important aids toward the progress of the ago. We have, in our work, attempted to define the boundary line of present discoveries, and have given a chart of the famous Oil Creek, the contributions of which are now amazing the most latent of capitalists. We have likewise given a chart of the Alleghany Iliver, with its tributaries, its most important towna ALLEGHENY RIVER. 9 and villages, names of large iron furnaces, salt-works, and otl'.er places whose magnitude of business invites attention, as a guide to those who are strangers to this wealthy district. Oil Creek is particularly de- fined in the chart, but it may not be amiss to give a short historical account of it. The discovery of oil can not well be claimed by the present generation. Upon investigation, we fi.nd that the creek was named by the Seneca Indians, on account of a peculiar kind of inflammable oil found floating upon the surface of the water. They used it as an unguent, and, tra- dition says, often in their religious festivals. It was as celebrated with the Indian nations as tlie naphtha of tbe Caspian Sea. With it they mixed their war- paint, which gave them a hideous, glistening appear- ance, and added great permanency to the paint, as the oil rendered it impervious to water. A commandant of Port Duquesne writes to Gen- eral Montcalm, the unfortunate hero of Quebec, in 1753, thus : " I would desire to assure your Excellency this is a most de- lightful land. Some of the most astonishing natural wonders have been discovered by our people. While descending the Alle- gheny fifteen lea,2:ues below the mouth of the Conewango, and then above Fort Venango, we were invited, by the chief of the Senecas, to attend a religious ceremony of his tribe. We landed and drew up our canoes on a point where a small stream entered the river. The tribe appeared unusually solemn. We marched up the stream about half a league, where the company had arrived some days before us. Gigantic hills begirt us on every side. The scene was sublime. The surface of the stream was covered with a thick scum, which burst into a complete conflagration. The oil had been gathered and liglited by a torch. The Indiana gave forth a triumphant shout, that made the hills and valleys re-echo again and again," 10 ALLEGHENY RIVER. Centuries ago acquaintance was held with this ma- terial; but it remained for the present circumspect- ive, investigating ago to develop it, and introduce it into the households of One-half of the civilized nations. How important, then, is the Allegheny, with its tributaries, upon the waters of which may be seen hourly boat after boat, covered with the iron-hooped barrels, calmly descending its waters, to contribute this great necessary of domestic and mechanical life ! We need not here describe the towns situated along the banks of this useful stream. In the text we have given the characteristics of each. Suffice it to say, How could they be otherwise than flourish- ing? The time is j^t in the recollection of many when this portion of Pennsylvania was noted for its ster- ility, compared to the rich agricultural valleys of Eastern Pennsylvania. To-day no more wealthy region can be found in the United States. The min- eral and oil products are sources of fabulous wealth, and enterprise and activity developing them to their maximum yield. For the cheap and facile transportation of all these immense products, let us give the Allegheny the credit to which she is entitled, and yet not forget her virgin name, " La Belle Riviere." THE OIL REGIONS. The oil, as it comes from the earthi, either naturally, or is expelled by artificial means, forms one of the discoveries of the age, which tends so much to the comforts of mankind. Much theorizing has been done in regard to its geological parentage. While the territory over which it manifests itself has been visited and explored by amateur as well as profes- sional geologists, an acknowledged difference of the- ory, as to its fountain sources, producing new theories, until we have them multiplied to an unusual extent. One thing we know, oil abounds in this portion of Pennsylvania, and capital is making it yield to a profitable extent. Quantities sufiicient to supply the nation with what is now an indispensable requisite of every household furnished by the en- terprise of individuals and companies. The character of the soil, with oil localities, may be noticed without committing ourselves to any par- ticular theory about its origin, which would be for- eign to a work of this kind. Geological surveys have discovered petroleum in the anthracite and calciferous beds of JSTew York, and traces of it even in quartz-crystal regions. The limestone of Canada exudes small quantities, while the fossil coral at Watertown, Nev/ York, gives evi- dence of oil. Again, it occurs on the surface of a (11) 12 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. spring, and issues from the Utica slate, on Great Manitouline Island, on Lake Huron. At Black Rock, in the iSTiagara River, we have the corniferous beds, where it occupies cavities in fossiliferous formations, and in sufficient abundance to be an object of com- merce. It is said that in Enniskillen, in Western Canada, there is a deposit of solid bitumen, or mineral tar, half an acre in extent, below which are limestone beds. In Erie, Seneca, and Cattaraugus Counties, New York, the rocks of the Chemung period (by which geologists convey a sandstone formation) aflbrd abundant oil-springs. At Chicago, Illinois, recent explorations have discovered traces of oil. Parties are now eno-ao-ed in further and more extensive eflbrts to develop the territory. The oil-wells of the Allegheny and its tributaries are found in subcarboniferous sandstone, often de- scending through overlying carboniferous strata. This region of Pennsylvania seems to be the only place from which large quantities have been realized. In all other attempts small quantities have been obtained; but here can be found wells which flow from fifty to eight hundred barrels daily, while the region of Oil Creek itself exports eight thousand barrels daily. There can be no doubt but this region is the basin of petroleum. The outer edges may yield it in quantities to excite speculative movements, but the recompense in oil appears to be small, compared to that of Yenango, Green, and Fayette Counties, of Pennsylvania. Petroleum is a compound of hydrogen and carbon. Chemists vary its composition between Cig II20 and C26 H23. In becoming inspissated it is often more or CHERRY RUN. 13 less oxydized, losing sometimes, in part, its fusibility and its soluljility in ether. Within the past year it is estimated that no less than two hundred oil companies, representing an aggregate of nearly one hundred millions of dollars, have been organized, principally for operation in the Pennsylvania oil regions. Many of these companies are now successfully operating flowing wells in the Venango district. Cherry Run Exhibits marked evidences of good wells. There has not yet been a failure to obtain oil on Cherry Run. Many companies, with capitals ranging from $150,000 to 1500,000, are busily at work sinking wells along this territory, some of which have secured remunerative wells. The greatest flowing well ia about half a mile from the mouth of the river. Its yield is about two hundred and fifty barrels daily. The contiguous territory gives evidence of oil, and much of it is noAv ready for lease. This run seems to be immediately upon the great basin of oil lying be- neath the territory of about fifty square miles, and is esteemed, by men who have had much experience in oil-well explorations, to be profitable to those who sink wells. The course of the run is almost parallel with Oil Creek. In the village of Plumerville and its vicinity, the sudden erection of derricks, visible every-where, gives evidence of the faith of companies and capital- ists in expending time and money on its territory. There is, consequently, a great excitement in this region. The discovery of a two-hundred-and-fifty- 14 TiiK OIL i;i':<;i(>NS ov I'KNMSylvania. biUTol well \)v\- diciii draws iidvcnturcra; and the lands contiguous, as woll as those more remote, have been quickly leased, and derricks every-wbere rearing their tall heads, while speculators in land and oil may be seen traversing the i-oads, eager to engage which may seem jirolitablc, in their judgmenl. Oil City. Oil City is situated on the Allegheny River, at the mouth of Oil Creek, one hundred and tifty miles above Pittsburg. Oil C^reek divides the place, over which there is a bridge connecting the two parts of the city. It is the port for the oil of the territories for some miles above on the creek, and forms the chief harbor for oil shii)ment8 from the Oil Creek, Cherry liuu, and Cherry-tree Ivun territories. OIL CITY. 15 The iiniiicnsc qnantities of oil upon tlio liindings at cerlain seasons, iiwaitini^ sliipiueiit, })resent, in tliem- Belvcs, a curiosity for strano-ors, while Avagou after wagon — estimated to he from one thousand to fifteen hundred (hiily — arrive and traverse its streets, laden with the products of the upper territory, astonish the stranger. For its commanding position in the oil trade it deservedly commands its name, and is enti- tled to the attention of visitors as well as capitalists. In its main streets flowing wells, as well as pumping wells of profitable yield, are now in operation, while here and there new explorations are daily making. The different landings from which shipments are made, with their wonderful heaps of hai'rels, and fleets of boats lading and unlading, j^resent a scene of busy activity rarely witnessed in u ])lace of similar size. The resident po])ulation is computed to l^e about four thousand, and steadily increasing; and it is not unr(?asonable to l)elieve that, as further developments are made, there will continue to be di-awn hither capi- talists from Europe as well as our owji country, ready to invest in this city of the oil trade; and it is a v^ery reasonable anticipation, consequent upon present developments, with steadily advancing yields, that, in a few years, it will present a city of metropolitan appearance. The bridge which connects the two parts of the city is a wooden structure, and over it heavy teams are continually crossing, with a large number of vehicles and horsemen. It commands a view of the mouth of Oil Creek with its multitud(! of barges, while a view up the creek reveals a fleet of boats jammed to such a degree that a stranger may W(>11 wonder 16 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. how even tlu^ most skillful Ixtativum could navigate throtii:!,-h tlieiii. From this bridge the great Pond Fresh, of uliicli a. very correct view is given, was wit- nessed ])}' crowds, ^^■llo looked upon the grand specta- cle with awe and wonder. The average shipnunit from Oil Creek is estimated at about eight thousand Ijarrels, which, at the })resent time, may be considered worth about forty millions annually. Tliis, to a great extent, finds its way down the Alleghany River, where ready transhipment is made to the eastern cities. Of this large exportation Oil City enjoys a fair proportion. Some large refine- ries arc located in and about the city, the business of which forms a heavy part of the capital employed iu this emporium of the oil trade. On. Creek. Oil Civek is the outlet of a small lake in the north- west part of Crawford County, between the villages of l\ice\'ille and Union. Its course is south-east; its length about thirty miles; and empties into the Alleghany one hundred and fifty miles above Pitts- burg. From its source to its mouth exphn-ations for oil havc^ been made, and immense quantities ob- tained. Along its borders a forest of derricks may be seen, some producing tiowing wells, while others are pumping. The most productive wells are located within twelve miles of its mouth. However, many very re- munerati\',MvclIs ai'e in operation above this distance, and the territory indicates oil, although perhaps not ecpnilly developed. The Watson plats, below Titus- ville, corrobt)rate this by late developments in many good wells. OIL CREEK. 17 The average depth of wells along the creek is about seven linndred feet — the greatest depth, one thousand feet. The plats have yielded the richer products in the aggregate, yet many wells on the hill-sides have been very compensatory, among which we may mention the Noble Well, which flowed, at its firgt opening, about twenty-five hundred barrels daily. This well, with others, with their derricks and immense tanks, furnish a very picturesque sight to a stranger, as he meanders his way amid the tanks, the derricks, and the industrial efibrts along the banks of the creek. The plats very frequently alternate — now upon one side of the creek, again upon the other. Their width is from one-eighth to half a mile, and present a business appearance never before witnessed among the hills of Pennsylvania. By reference to the chart, two tributaries of very great importance may be traced. The positions along the creek are desig- nated, as will be observed, by farms — as the Clapp farm, the jMcClintock farm, the Buchanan farm, and others. Between the Buchanan farm and the J. McCUintock farm is the terminus of Cherry Run, a small tributary running almost parallel with the creek itself. Many explorations have been made on this run with abundant yields, some wells producing from two hundred and fifty to three hundred barrels daily. ISTot far from its source the pleasant village of Plumerville is located, whose citizens enjoy a church, school, hotel, and the usual surroundings of a pleasant village, near which place may be seen the refineries of Messrs. W^arren & Co., and one under the name of the Hiniiboldt Refinery, under the highh' successful management of Messrs. Buez, Lu^ 18 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. '' dovick I'c Co. Both retiueries have largo capitals emplovml, and are oonsidovcd equal, in wealth and immensity ot" business, to any other in the oil regions. It "will he observed that Cherry-tree Run, which rises betwoon the Rynd and the Dempsey farms, is an- other tributary of Oil Creek. Along its banks most valuable territory may be found. As yet, it has scarcely received that attention -which other depart- ments of this region have. The Oil Creek region possesses almost tabulous wealth, both in a state developed and undeveloped, and invites the attention of capitalists from Europe, as well as from all districts of the ITuited States, and may now be considered, in point of present and pro- spective wealth, the India of America. Warren. Warren, the county seat oi' Warren, is situated on the right bank of the Allegheny. It is elegibly sit- uated, and commands picturesque views both up and down the river. It was incorporated in 1S8'2. Xear the center of the town, which is about one- fourth of a mile tVom the river, is the public square : around its sides are situated the public buildings. It contains an academy, which, with the court-house, is built of brick. The jail, prothonotary's office, and bank building are of stone, and of respectable archi- tectural appearance. The place contains five churches : the Method- ist F.piscopal, German Methodist, PresbN-teriau, Lu- theran, and Rou\an Catholic. The dwellings and business houses are generally Avooden. tirmly erected, and well painted, the neatness and cleanly appearance ot' which strike a visitor's eye upon entering the I'IDIOUTE. 19 town. However, many costly and elegant brick buildings have been ei'ected within a few years past. We may enumerate the Carver House, the Tanner, the Watson, the Johnsoii blocks, besides nntny ])ri- vate residences. The scat of justice Avaa fixed at Warren at the organization of Ihc c'oimly, M:u\'li !(!, 1810. It is two hundred aiul twcuty-llircc miles from Pittsburg by land, and two hundred and three by river. The business of Warren varies with the seasons of the year. During the rafting IVcshcts, the whole country^ as well as Warren, i>rescnls a business-like appearance. All is busllc with tlic [trc[):irations of lumbermen. Warren nuiy be considered at the lu^;id of slcnni navigation on the Allegheny Rivei", nuxny mill-diims having been constructed up the river, which obstruct the further passage of steamboats. Jlcavily freighted keel-boats from Pittsburg also arrive and de]';irt at certain seasons of the year. During these rafting seasons Warren enjoys a harvest of trade, to which it is so justly entitled, from the character and liberality of its business men. TiDIOUTE. Tidioute is situated on the right side of the river. It comprises two considerable villages — Upper and Lower Tidioute — which are about a uiilc apart. It contains a number of stores, taverns, mechanic sho})s, etc. It likewise has I'resbyterian and Methodist churches. Here we enter upon the oil territory of the Alle- gheny River, undeveloped, developing, and developed. Evidences oi" oil have long been observable along the 20 THE OIL REGION ;> OF PENNSYLVANIA. river margins, and the enterprise of individual capi- talists and companies of large capitals have ventured on this region. Some have been successful to a sat- isfactory extent, while others are busil}" engaged in erecting derricks, importing engines, together with other accompaniments necessary for well-boring. The evidences are very favorable. It may safely be pre- dicted that this region will, at no ver}^ distant day, be able to compete with territories of older develop- ment. If enterprise, activity, and capital are true levers of success, the prediction seems safe, and need not be feared. The town is enlivened by the presence of oil operators, speculators, agents for Eastern com- panies, and others who are on prospecting tours. " Petroleum is one of the newest of our products. It was discovered just when it was wanted — when there was trouble in the manufacturing world about the production of oils, of which machinery alone re- quired immense quantities for lubricating purposes. The problem of a cheap light was also becoming serious, in consequence of the exhaustion of the whale fisheries, and even by the increasing valui,) of the fat of the hog, in consequence of its employment for illumination. In camphene and such burning Ihiids there were dangerous gases, which led to frequent explosion of lamps. But another use of petroleum presents itself At the commencement of the South- ern Rebellion, the E"orth was completely cut off from the turpentine districts. The A'-ery small supplj' in Northern hands quickly advance^ to exorbitant rates. In fact, it could not supply the demand for painting and other mechanical purposes. But, happily, in the refining of crude oil, an article designated l)cnz(.-U> I'KANKLIN. 21 was discovered, the cliemical purposes of which proved themselves the equal, if not the superior, of the prod- ucts of the Southern pine, at once relieving the wants of builders and other mechanics. It now forms an important article of domestic as well as foreign com- merce. Such are the results of the late oil discover- ies, administering to the wants of mankind in so numerous etfectual ways. " Petroleum was introduced to the world just at the moment when it was sorely needed. To our own people it has been a blessing, but to foreign nations a boon, which it is shown they appreciated, by the heavy and increasing demand for the article, which has already become an important commercial mate- rial." During the rafting freshets Tidioute becomes lively in business aspects. There are several large saw-mills in its vicinity, many of which have temporary rail- roads to carry their lumber to the river. The lum- bering business furnishes employment for several hundred men, adding much to the trade of the place. Franklin. Franklin, the county seat of Venango County, Pennsylvania, is situated on the Allegheny, at the mouth of French Creek. It was laid out in 1795, and contains the usual county buildings, together with six churches. There are several large mills and furnaces in the vicinity, from which much trade is derived. The dams on French Creek aiFord im- mense water-power for mills. Population, 1,500. The locality of Franklin is now considered one of the *2:reat reservoirs or basins of the oil reo-ions. Its 22 TUK OIL RKiJloNS OF PENNSYLVANIA. iiiHuoiiso prodiu'dNo th:ii-;u'U'r, wliich is now being ilovi>lo|>0(l, |ti"()vi>s (lio iHM'taiiilv ol" obtainiiiii; an abiuulant and steady How oi' oil wlu'i'ever the terfi- tory is pierced. Numerous oil-\\ oils haw been struck, and tbe indiciitioiis arc that the supply socnis to be inc\hauslil)K\ lis uses are nuiUiplyiuii- aiul certain. The Allei;"iieuy and its ti-ibutaries proihice the iilu- niiinitiui;- oils, beu/.iue, luhrieatiui;" antl [mint oils, etc. Many who have been carefully in'os|)cctiui;" this stream have dccidcil on purchasiuii' and boring at or near Kranklin, and every thin^j- indicates certain success. Kirr.WNMNt:. Kittanniuii', the seat o\' /lustice tor Armstrouij County, is a Ncry beautiful tmvn. It is haudsouu'ly Bituatod on tbo left bank oi' tlu^ river. The buildinii'S are good, and gcitcrally built ol' bi'ick; many are handsome, and display the taste and refinement oi' the proprietors. Four streets run parallel with the river, and which are crossed at right angles by eight other spacious ways. It was laid out in lSt">4; incorporated into a borough in IS'Jl. Topulation, about o.etH). Visitors are oftei\ induced to remain some time, to enjoy the surrounding picturesque scenery and the pure, exhilarating atmosphere which this location atlbrtls. The place contains a very tine hotel, which visitors delight to eulogiy.e, on account of its really pleasntit appointments. Large chambers, handson\ely tur- nished, with high ceilings, excellent ventilation, a table with all thai an epicure could desire; and, above all, a clever landlord, in the person of Mr. l\eynolds. (after whom the house is named, " The I'llEKPORT. 28 Reynolds Ilotisi'"'), mw sullicicnf to seduce ;i wciwy traveler to "put u])" tor licall lifiil invigonitioii and the cnjoyuu'iit of a teiiiporarv Iioiih'. FkKKI'OHI'. Frecport, situahMl on the li^lil li:nd< ol" the Alle- gheny, 18 a floui'isliiiig villanc, and, lor ils liandwoiiie location, is Rccond to no oIIht town or villai^o on tlie river. It posHesses many naliiral advantii_u;'eH. Huf- falo Creek empties into tiie river at llie lower (uid of the town; and at its mouth is a lloiiriHliin^ village, which is a jiopular rcndczvouH lor boatmen during the seasons of Ihx^d and ice. Frceport Island, at tlui up]»cr j)ai't of the village, forms a fine c(\<\y in front of IIk; town — an excellent landing-place for rafts and boats. The canal from Pittsburg to JMiiladiiphia passes directly tlirougli liere. Four daily trains of cars, on the Alleglieny Valley Railroad, [lass by on the oj)po- sitc side of the river. The |)lac<' contains many large stores and hotels, besides many mechanic sho|)S, foundries, steam-mills, woolen factories, etc. It was inc()i-poi'at(!d on April 8, iH'jli, and now contains nearly 2,500 inliabitants. It is bl(!ssed will) s('\cii churches: the Methodist Episco))al, Haplist, rresbylcrian, liUlheran, Sec^eder, Episc,o])al, and lioman (,'atliolic. With these advant- ages Frecport may be con.sidci'cd a progressive town, fully " lip to tlu; age." 24 the oil regions of pennsylvania. Tarentum. Tarentum, situated on the right shore, above the mouth of Bull Creek, is an exceedingly well-built town. It is twentj-one miles above Pittsburg by the canal, which passes through it. The locks of the canal afford an excellent water privilege. Sev- eral mills are situated in the vicinity, propelled both by water and steam, besides large salt-works and coal-mines. The place contains the usual number of churches, stores, shops, etc. Sharpsburg. Sharpsburg is situated on the right bank of the Alleghany. Its appearance, in a business view, indi- cates it a thriving town. It has had a very rapid growth, and its increase of population, buildings, etc., anticipate a large town at an early period. It contains several extensive manufacturing establish- ments, rolling-mills, sash factoiy, steam and keel- boat building, etc. It is five miles from Pittsburg by the river. %lli|l!llllii|i I r iiiii ip^^^ THE ALLEGHENY RIYER DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 1. Morrison's Bars. [Warren, 1 mile — Pittsburg, 202 miles.] After passing the pier of a bridge, (that once spanned the Allegheny, and which, after being un- roofed in a gale of wind, was suffered to become so much injured and exposed that it gave way, and its wooden remains floated down the river), the pilot should keep near the right shore as far as the licad of the riffle, one-hall' a mile above the bars. When half-way down the riffle, incline nearly to the mid- dle, so as to pass between the two bars. In high water, little or no notice need be taken of the right- hand bar. Mead's Island. [Warren, 3^ miles — Pittsburg, 199^ miles.] This island is large, containing three hundred acres, and very valuable. It is owned by Mrs. Mead. The channel here is to the right or left, but the right side is the better. Jiy this, a j>ilot need not cross back to the right again above Grass Flat Islands. Mead's Bar, from the island, stretches about one- fourth of a mile below the head. It reaches nearly (25) 26 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. half-way from the island to the right shore, throw- ins: a stronc: current into the rio;ht bank. Turn short around the bar, as chart directs. "When past the foot of the island, keep near shore, and look out for Jackson's and Grass Flat Islands. [Warren, 4f miles — Pittsburg, 198J miles.] These islands have frequently sliown themselves to be troublesome customers to many lumbermen. Thousands of dollars' worth of lumber have been lost upon them. Pilots should follow the channel to the extreme right of these islands, which is always the deepest and safest, until having passed the lower Grass Flat until even with the end of the latter island; then hold to the left, and prepare for Scott's Island. [Warren, 5 miles — Pittsburg, 197 miles.] Here the channel is to the left. The island is close to the right shore. There is little water to the right of it. Scott's Eddy is at the extremity of the island. Big Brokeiistraw Creek. [Warren, 6 miles — Pittsburg, 19G miles.] This creek rises in Erie County, Penn., and after receiving the waters of Colfee, Hair, Spring, Mullen- gar, and the Little Brokenstraw Creeks, empties into the Alleghany, seven miles below Warren. The Little Brokenstraw takes its rise in Chau- tauguo County, not tar from the head-waters of French Creek, and empties into the Big Broken- straw, seven miles above its mouth. The lumbering business is extensively pursued on all the tributaries. THE ALLEGHENY RIVER. 27 Several millions of feet of lumber, together -with an immense amount of shingles, yearly leave this point, and find a market throughout the country. Brokenstraw Eddy is a few rods below the mouth of this creek, upon the right side, forming a very excellent place for preparation for lumbermen. The village and land for a considerable distance around is owned by Dr. Wni. A. Ii'vine, grandson of General Wm. Irvine, of the Revolutionary army, and who was for several years Commissioner of the State, in superintending the survey of lands north- west of the Alleghany, under a law of 1792. Brokenstraav Island. [Warren, 7| miles — Pittsburg, lOo] miles.] Here we have the channel to the right. The island is about three-fourths of a mile long, and contains sixty-three acres of cultivated land. From the head of the island, in low water, keep near the middle. When approaching Dr. Irvine's house, incline to the right, to avoid the bar on the left, about opposite the house. After passing the bar, keep a little to the right of the middle, as far as the extremity of the island. The water is always deeper along the right shore. DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 2. J. Thompson's Island. [Warren, Of miles — Pittsburg, 193:} miles.] This island is owned by Mr. James Tbonip -wi It is over a mile long, and contains fifty-seven acres of tillable land. 28 Til 10 OIL REGIONS 0¥ PENNSYLVANIA. Iloiv (ho c'hiiimol is to (lie rii^lit. In low water, koo|) voiy iioiir (lie rii;'lit slioro iirouiul tlio riglit point l)i>lo\\- Dunn's Fjddy, until around to the niountaiu. \ o\i arc tluMi clear ot" tiie largo barn wliioh project iVoui the head of the island. Keep near the riiiht slu)iH> unli! Oeertield liar has been passed, which is 1h>K)W the middle of the island, and roaches about hall'-wav from the island to the right shore. Look well to Deoriiclil Bar in all stages of water. After [massing the foot oi' the island, keep the right shore down as far as Clarke's Island. [Wiirron, 11 J miles — rittsbiu'g, 191 J milos.] Channel again to the right. Enter the chute about midway between the island and right shore. Incline slightly to the right to avoid a bar which projects out a short distance from the head oi' the inland. Keep along the right shore until at the foot oi' the island. There is i\o channel to the left. IxOBERT Thompson's Island. [Wiinon, I'Jij miles — rittsburg, IW\ miles.] Here we have channels to the right ami left. The main travel is to the riii'lit in all staij:es oi' water. l''ri>m the foot of Clarke's Island, keep near the right shore, so as to be within a few feet of it while passing the head of the island, ^'ou are then clear of the large. Hat bar which projects out from the head oi' the island, and reaches half-way to the right shore. At'ter having passed the bar, rim over to the left about half-way to the island. l.>e carel'nl when passing the foot oi' Clarke's Island; take care of the stronu' current that makes *' THE ALLEGHENY KfVER. 29 the left. Observe a large rock three rods irom left shore. Steward's LsiiANDs. [Warren, 14.] miles — PiM.sburg, ]H8^ milps.] The first of these islands contains fifteen acres, and is owned by Mrs. Magee. The second contains twenty acres, and Ixilongs to l*eter Smith. Channel to the right. Tliis is the first general crossing-place below Warren. CllAKLlOY SmFTII's BahS. [Warren, Itj milcH — I'iUshiii-;;, IHO iriilcs.] The ice-gorge in 185^' nearly mined this portion of the river for navigation in low wat(!r. There are four different channels, nnd not ;iny of tlicni TONK Island. |\V;nroii, 17 inilo"* l'iltshm\!r. 1 Sn nulos.] IIkkk llio clinmiol is lo (ho KM'I, about tlio oontor of Iho \c\\ olinto. CiOOSK Kl.AT Isi.ANP. l\V:irroii, IS loilos Pitlsbm\!.\-, ISI iiiilos.] Cltamiol \o llio \c[\. 'TIum'o is also n oliannol (o iho ris;-lu ; Inil it is nol Iraxi'loil uuioli. MaOKk's |>.\1!. [\V:>noii, r.' inilof- riMfbius;-, 1S;> uiilos.) Olumnol to tlio riuht. Al'ior Icavinu- (lio lower Ooot^o Vh\\ Islautl. kooj^ noar llio luiiKllo. When pat'siut;" tlio l>ar, bo a litllo uoaror to tho rii;hl than loll shore; at'ler whioli inoHno to the let't. Oorut^ON ISI.ANPS. [W.'U-von, I'.'jj u\\los — Pitlssbvivg, ISoJ milos.] Ohaunel to the lel"(. Nv^ navi>rable ohaunel to tho ri^ht. Ma^u'iuk's Hah. |\V;>nvn. -1 u\ilos ritisbin-sr. ISl milos.] Here the ehannel is to the riii'ht. This bar is situ- ated on the let't. a tew rovls above the toot ot' the third (.\Mirson Island. It roaehes about halt-way tVoni the let't slu>re to the island. When passiuij it in low water. Iea\e iwo-ihinls ot' the river to the let't. 'I'lii; \i,i,Kiiiii'-.\v i!ivi:n. 81 TihiDii'i'i'; lsi,\Ni», I Wiirri'ii, :'•.' inili'H Til l-;lMir" , IM mile" | rilots sIkmiM, ill order lo li;i\'(> u rni-yrc\. kliowK'ilt;'^ ot" 1 Ills |il;ic(\ I li<>r(Miy;lil V ('\:iiihim" I lie cliiirl . In lii^li walcr, rnl'lM lliiil ('(iiiir iVoiii :ilii>\(' I lie ('oiiiMnn ]s1:iii(1m ;iI\v:i\'s i'o Id llic Idl ; Iml llif fciilcr, or clijiiiiicl wliirli riiiiM bfl w ('I'll llic Iii':mI of Ilic iMhiiid Mild Mil' ii|)|i('r middle Icir, erosMcM Ihc lio;il cliniincl, :iiid runs lo llic rit;lil of tlw lower niidillc Icir, in prcrcrjililc in low wnlcr. Tlic rii-lil or low wiilcr I»o:i.l cliiiiiiicl liiiiis lo llic ri;;lil :il llic ii|i|H'r end of llic cd. VVmri'i ()ak Island. I WiuTi'ii, '.'.>'i niili'M I'IIImIiiii'i.';, 177 iiiilrH.| h'roni Ihc Tool, ol" 'ridioiil-e lid;ilid lo While OiiU iJierc :ii'c no h': s lluili leii ishilids :iiid hiil'H, which _j;i\e Ihc ri\'er ii, rilL';;;'('d ;i|>|ic;ir:iiicc. l<'roiii Ihc ecu l,(!r lo Ihc lel'l shore, ishmd;:, Icirs, iiiid low Ih'imIs Hpo) Ihe ri\er; Ihc cliiiiiiicI is, lioW'e\er, :ilw':iyri lo the ri<.';lil. Tiiey ;ire well dcliiied on IIk- churl. The ruined \\ hile ()iik <'hule, which is I he nniiii il'uvclcd |i:itli in hi'di w;iler, i:i lo Ihe riidil- of (he iH)jUj(j, The ciciiilicl lo Ihc Icfl of While Onk ill coll- 32 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. sidered the best in low water, and many like it the better in high water. To run through this channel, hold over to the left, close to Isaac Jones' Island, after passing the little eide-bar near the head. DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 4. venango county, penn. Hemlock Islands. [Warren, 27f miles — Pittsburg, 175 J miles.] Channel to the left. In low water keep near the shore while passing the head-bar of the island, then incline toward the middle, and, when near the foot of the island, keep slightly toward the right of the middle, as far as the foot of the third, or lower island, then steer a straight course down about the center of tlie river, between Prather's Bars, passing to the right of Prather's Island, thence to the left, when you approach the bend beloAv. By this you avoid Siggiu's Bar, which projects from the right shore, and reaches half-way across to Dorkaway Island. When the river is very low, run quite near to this island. In rafting stages, Fishing Bar is under water. Be not deceived as to its precise location. Flat-bod^ts, in very low water, should keep near the left shore when passing Green's Landing. ^^^len about the middle of the hist Hemlock Islands, turn ehort to the riii'ht. ALlEUBEFf N«J DmiyTitin ALLEr,HEXY^«2 SJl^ds/rorn sTiore ^y 1^ / /,Snii(/is liars ^arinauleltv Lce in MJ3 .VfJ Bollv ffoUonBan aVMi'I/ .tn>nr /.>•/ Cour^fon TsZs. AiJ.E(JHKxy :(»;•) Sar £ust Jbrierfi'rJd arWMie-i o e « ^ iagill Chafe head ^'^^ \\ \f (lac Jones Isl- ALLECBENY N°4 (R/ick- astSickoryCr uFrather's the allegheny kiver. 33 Hickory Town Island. [Warren, 81J miles — Pittsburg, 171^ miles.] Channel to the left. Keep slightly toward the left of the middle until the large tow-head at the foot of the island has been passed. Then make a long cross- ing to the right shore, to prepare for Dale's Gap. The channel to the right of the island is very shal- low, and frequently dry. Dale's Island and Gap. [Warren, 33|- miles — Pittsburg, 169| miles.] Channel to the right. Keep quite near the right shore, around the right point, when entering the gap. After passing the large bar near the head of the island, keep slightly to the right of the middle until you arrive at the extremity of the island ; then turn short around the right-shore point, in order to pass the bar of Middleton's First Island, close by. Keep slightly toward the right of the middle until about half-way down the second island ; you are then clear of the head bar. l^ow turn to the left, so as to be close to the tow-head when passing it, at the foot of the island. After passing it, work over to the left, so as to pass about midway between Hunter's and May's Islands. ISTow turn slightly to the left, when descending the riffle, to avoid a large bar oi; right, below the foot of Hunter's Island. Then cr<,)is over to the right shore, to prepare for the Tionesta Islands. The channel to the left of Middleton Islands is much deeper to the right, and better in low water. To run through this channel, you should, when ap- proaching the foot of Pale's Island, keep gradually 34 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. to the left, 80 as to be quite near the gravel bar at the foot of the island. After passing the bar keep to the left, and pass about midway between the foot of Dale's left-hand Island and the head of Middle- ton's Upper Island. After passing the head of second Middleton Island, incline to the right, and run quite near the tow-head at the foot. You then avoid Tub's Bar, which makes out from the left at the mouth of Tub's Run. DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 5. TioNESTA Islands. Warren, Sl^ miles — Pittsburg, 165J miles.] These islands are thirteen in number, and extend along the river for about two miles. Some of them are under a liigh state of cultivation. Channel to the right. Alter passing the head of the second island, keep near the middle until about half-way down, then gradually work over to the left. Having passed the head of the lower island, keep to the left, so as to run close to its foot. This will carry you clear of Cushon's Bars on the right, which ex- tend nearly to the foot of the island. ISTow cross directly to the left shore ; and, when crossing, take care lest you be driven upon Cushon's Bars by the current that comes down from the left of the island. Holman's Eddy, a short distance below these islands, is a good landing. Holman's Island. [Warren, 41 miles — Pittsbui-g, 162 miles.] Here the channel is to the left. About half-way down the island are Holman's Bars. THE ALLEGHENY RIVER. 35 In high water, keep close to the left shore, and to the left of the bars ; but in low water the better chan- nel is to the right of the bars. When even with the head of the iwlaud, keep slightly to the right of the middle. After passing the bars, turn back to the left, so as to be above the head bar of Holman's Second Island. The water is not as deep, by six inches, to the left of Holman's Bars as at Maple Island. Maple Islands. [Warren, 42 miles — Pittsburg, 161 miles.] Channel about midway between the two islands that are on the right, and one close in to the left shore. When passing the lowermost island, keep about the middle of the river, and also while ap- proaching the bars in the bend immediately below. When around the bend, cross to the right shore, to prepare for Hemlock Creek Islands. DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 6. Hemlock Creek Islands. [Warren, 44J miles — Pittsbui'g, 158i miles.] Channel to the right. Keep close to the right shore until you have passed all of the islands ; after which cross to the left. This channel is a little deeper than either of the others. Flat-boats can go to the left of the first two islands, and to the right of the last two. There is also a center channel, which is fre- quently navigated with boats. This is between the first two, and to the right of the last two. Muskrat Eddy, a short distance below, is a good landing:. 86 the oil regions op pennsylvania. McCray's Island. [Warren, 46J^ miles — Pittsburg, 156f miles.] Main channel is to the left. From the foot of the Hemlock Creek Islands, keep near the left shore until the tow-head has been passed. Henry's Bar is situated in the bend below, a little to the right of the middle, and opposite Henry's residence. Channel to the left. PiTHOLE Island and Bars. [Warren, 48f miles — Pittsburg, 154 J miles.] After passing Henry's Bar, cross to the right. AYhen going down Pithole Riffle, keep quite near the right shore, to avoid a rough, rocky bottom on the left. Walnut Islands. [Warren, 50J miles — Pittsburg, 154| miles.] The low-water channel is to the right ; but, in fair running stages, the left is preferable. It is not so crooked; besides, the distance is less. When ap- proaching the island on the left above, observe the strong current which runs toward the right of the island. Downing's Bar and Horse Oreek Eddy. [Warren, 53 miles — Pittsburg, 150 miles.] This bar is so situated as to turn the raain current of the river directly to the left shore. It, therefore, aids in forming Horse Creek Eddy, which lies imme- diately below the bar on the right, and is the usual landing-place on the eve of the lirst day's run from Warren. In order to pass to the left of the bar and hind in the eddy, keep down about the miildle of the river THE ALLEGHENY RIVER. 37 until you have passed tlie head of the bar, theu turn short to the right. This is the deepest and safest channeh In very high water, rafts can go to the right of the bar, by keeping close to the right shore when running around the right point above, and land in the eddy with comparatively little labor. JSTever attempt this in low running stages. Sometimes boats and rafts land on the left, near the Fuman. DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 7. Horse Creek Island. [Warren, 54^- miles — Pittsburg, 148f miles.] Channel to the right. After passing the foot of the island, keep nearer to the right shore until you have passed Alcorn's Bars, which are to the left of the middle, the lowest of which is situated in the bend below. Oil Creek Island, Wo. 1. [Warren, 57i miles — Pittsburg, 14-5^- miles.] Channel to the right or left. In going to the right, after passing the head of the island, run closely to it, to avoid the large bar on the right below the mouth of Oil Creek. Oil Creek Eddy commences at the foot of the bar. This is the place for the embarkation of the immense yield of petroleum from Oil Creek. Oil City is situ- ated at the mouth of Oil Creek, and extends down the river as far as Thomas Morran's. [See Articles on " Oil City, Oil Creek, and Oil Begions," pages 14-24.] 38 tiip] oil llegions of pennsylvania. Oil Creek Island, No. 2. [Warren, 68A miles— Pittsburg, 144^ miles.] Channel to the right. From the foot of the island keep about three-fourths of the river to the left until you have passed nearly around the bend below, which is about one mile, after which incline over to the left shore. You are then clear of Holiday's Bars, at the head of the bend, on the left. Shafer's Island. [Warren, (U.] miles— Pittsburg, 141.] miles.] Channel to the left. Keep slightly to the left of the middle of the chute when passing the head bar of the island. DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 8. Two-Mile Run Island. [Warren, 02^ miles — Pittsburg, 140J miles.] Channel to the left — slightlv to the left of the middle of the chute. McDowell's Island. Channel to the left. Keep about the middle until at the foot of the island. You are now about the right distance from the left shore to run around the bend, and pass through the third space from the right shore to the remains of Franklin Bridge. In order to land in Franklin for the purpose of doing business, it will bo necessary to take this chan- nel, and cross the mouth of French Creek. THE ALLEdllliNY RIVER. 39 In high, water, boats can be landed an^^-where be- tween the bridge and lock. There is always plenty of water on Old Garrison Bar; but in low water it will be necessary to land either below the bar, and a little above the bridge, or at the upper steamboat landing, a few rods below the lock. The upper land- ing is performed by towing up, either before or after crossing French Creek. [See article on ^' FranJdin," page 21.] Hanging Rock Bar and Riffle. [Warren, 76| miles— Pittsburg, 126J miles.] Channel to the right or left. The easier and better channel is on the left. When you are nearly at the mouth of Big Sandy Creek, which comes in on the right above incline toward the left shore. After passing the l)ar cross to the right. This channel should always be run, except when leaving Big Sandy Eddy ; but with a large boat or raft it should not be attempted. After passing the bar, keep near the right shore down to Applegate's Riffle and Witherup's Bars. [Wiurcn, 77| miles— Pittsburg, 125i|- miles.] Channel to the right. Keep near the right shore while going down the riffle ; and, when down to the foot of the bars, prepare to go either to the right or left of Steen's Island. Steen's Island, [Wiu-ren, 78;| miles — Pittsburg, 124} miles.] Channel to the right or left. The deepest water is on the right; but the main track is to the left in almost every stage of water. Tlio water is about as 40 THE OIL REGIONS OP PENNSYLVANIA. deep oil the left as it is on Applegate's or Charley's Riffles. After passing the island, keep near the right shore, to prepare for Charley's Riffle and Bars. [Warren, 80 miles— Pittsburg, 123 miles.] Channel to the right. Keep near the right shore while going down the riffle, and when around the bend incline over to the left, to prepare for AVilliams' Bars. DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 9. Williams' Bars. [AVarren, 81| miles — Pittsburg, 121^ miles.] Channel to the left. These bars are situated about three-fourths of a mile above the mouth of Denison's Run, which approaches from the right. When pass- ing them, keep about three-fourths of the river to the right. After passing them, incline to the right, to prepare for Big Scrubgrass Island and Bars. [Warren, 83.V miles— Pittsburg, 119.^ miles.] Here we have three channels, all of which are to the right of the island. The one generally used, and probabl}^, under all circumstances, the safest, is the right-shore channel, and to the right of Pilot Rock. This channel is rather difficult to luvvigate, in conse- quence of a heavy press of water toward the right shore below Pilot Rock. The second or middle (.-lianncl is between the Pilot Rock and the tow-head. It is the deepest, and re- quires skill to navigate it. To go through it with ALU]r,llllXY NVT) I U(»ilock (% ALXEGHEXIYN0 6, TiTcLlni^ J-*^ ALLE {}RENY NS 7 <4lco7n-f /Jarx ALLEOHEXYXiia "'•e^U^Vi Ct^ £ast tiexHcL * THE ALLEGHENY RIVER. 41 a large boat or i-aft, keep slightly toward the right of the middle of the river. Be careful not to run upon the Pilot Rock or the tow-head on the left. The third channel between the tow-head and the foot of the island is not safe for large rafts, but good for flat-boats. After passing these bars, keep near the right shore, to prepare for Jacob's Bars. [Warren, 85J miles — Pittsburg, 117J miles.] The deepest and best channel is to the right of Bars No. 1 and No. 2. Cross to the left to avoid Bar No. 3, which juts out from the right shore nearly around the bend. After this, cross back to the right, to avoid Bar No. 4. The extreme left channel is a narrow one, exca- vated by keel-boatmen. Jacob's, or Falling Spring Riffle. [Warren, 86J miles — Pittsburg, 116J miles.] Eddy on the left, below the riffle. Falling Spring on the right. Jacob's Eddy, on the Right. [Warren, 88f miles — Pittsburg, 114]- miles.] Here we have a large bar on the eddy. Rafts ami boats frequently tie up for the night directly over it, although not very safely, especially when the watci' is falling fast. 42 the oil regions of pennsylvania. Montgomery's Falls and Elephant Bars. [Warren, 90} miles — Pittsburg, 112| miles.] Here we have again three channels. In low water, while passing the Elephant Bars at the upper falls, keep by the right-shore channel. "When you are at the foot of the riffle, incline to the left and run down about the middle of the lower falls. In high water, keep close to the left shore while passing the bars ; afterward incline toward the mid- dle of the river. The center channel is wider and a little deeper than the left channel. Davis' Bar. [Warren, 91| miles — Pittsburg, 111} miles.] This bar makes out from the right-shore point in the bond, and reaches across the river more than lialf-wav. In good running stages it is not noticed. Steer slightly toward the left of tlie middle when jjassing it; l»iit iu lov.' water run around near the left shore. Craig's Eddy is just below, on the left. Evault's Defeat Island. [Warren, 93} miles— Pittsburg, 109f miles.] Channel to the left. In low water, keep near the head of the island when about to pass it. By this you avoid a rough, rocky bottom along the left of the riffle. When you are two-thirds of the way down the riffle, gradually incline to the left. When the river is in good running stage, go down about the middle of the river. The right of the island is very frequently dry. the allegheny river. 43 Stover's Island. [Warren, 95| miles — Pittsburg, 107J miles. Channel to the right. This island is situated quite near the left shore. When at the foot of the island, keep about two-thirds of the river to the left until you pass Stover's Bar, immediately below the island. Patterson's Falls. [Warren, 97| miles — Pittsbui-g, 10-5| miles.] Steer down the middle of the river. When you arrive at the foot of the falls, keep near the right shore, in order to pass the right of Goif 's Bar, which is only a short distance below. This bar is situated in the middle of the river, and a short distance above a small stony point on the right shore. At low stages of water it is slightly covered with water. Look out for it. When going around the bend below, incline to the right shore, and prepare for Nicholson's Eddy and Hackney's Bar. [Warren, 99| miles — Pittsburg, 103|- miles.] Channel to the right. When opposite the little right-shore bar, a few rods below the boat-scaftbld, turn slightly to the right, in order to pass the head of Hackney's Bar; then incline more to the left. The head of the bar approaches so near the smaller one on the right, below the boat-scaflbld, as only to leave a very narrow passage, barely sufficient to navi- gate through. This must be done in season, for the main current of the river at this point crosses di- rectly to left of the bar; it then spreads over the 44 THE OIL REGIONS OP PENTSTSYLVANIA. bar, for the space of half a mile, back into the right channel. The bar is abont a mile long. When you approach the foot, cross directly to the left shore, to avoid a rocky bar ou the right point. DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 10. Emlenton and Bridge. [Warren, 102;{ miles— rittsburg, 100.\ miles.] The bridge has only one pier, which stands in the middle of the river. Channel to the right. In going past Emlenton, it will rcqnire more or less care to avoid rnbbing the rocks along the right shore, until you approach Rocky Point, which is below the town, at the head of Ritchie's Riffle. Emlenton, sitnatcd on the left bank of the river, presents a business-like appearance. It contains the nsnal snpply of mechanic-shops, stores, etc. Large ipiantitics of grain are annnally shipped from this }>lace. Upon the whole, this is qnite a point for trade. Cumming's Trunk Riffle and Cuawfouo's Bar. [Warren, 104i| miles— Vittsburg, '.ISJ miles.] Channel to the right. Keep slightly to the right of the u\iddle while passing the bar, whicli lies quite near the left shore. Stump Creek Edpy, on the Left. [Warren, lOOJ miles— Pittsburg, '.^Gj miles.] This, or Miller's Eddy, is the usual place oi' land- ing, on the second night after leaving Warren. the allegheny river. 45 Stump Creek Islands. [Warren, 108.| miles— Pittsburg, di\ miles.] Channel to the left. In very low water, after passing the head of the bar to the second islands, keep slig-htly out from the left shore, to avoid the rocky bottom on the left above the mouth of Clarion River. Now, turn short into the mouth of the creek ; then out again ; afterward hug the left shore until the middle of the third island has been passed, from which a bar juts out half-way to the left shore. The low-water boat channel is to the right of the first two islands. Cross back again into the left channel, near to the foot of the second island. This channel is dangerous for rafts. In high water, flat-boats can go to the right of the third island. Parker's Landing is on the right ; Graham's on the left, immediately below this island. Parker's Bars. [Warren, llOJ miles— Pittsburg, 92J miles.] The main rafting track, in a good stage of water, is upon the left, about midway l»otween the bar and the left shore. The center channel is the deeper and better in low water. Plat-boats can go to the right of the little bar op- posite the mouth of Parker's Run, a short distance below Parker's Landing. Parker's Falls. [Warren, lllj miles — Pittsburg, 91 1 miles.] Channel about the middle. 46 the oil eeaions of pennsylvania. Rattlesnake Falls. [Warren, 112J miles — Pittsburg, 90J miles.] Bar on the right and left. Channel about the middle. DIKECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 11. Miller's Eddy, on the Right. [Warren, 115J miles — Pittsburg, 87f miles.] This excellent eddy is formed by a large bar that juts out from the right shore, and turns the current toward the middle of the river. In high water it is two days' run from Warren. This is also a con- siderable place — business-like in its exterior. Mr. R. Oris well is heavily engaged in the manufacture of fire-brick, which forms an important item of export from this eddy. Black Fox Island. [Warren, 116 miles — Pittsburg, 87 miles.] Channel to the right. In low water, keep toward the island, until the bar has been passed on the right, below the saw-mill. IsTow turn to the right, to avoid the large bar which projects from the head of the island. Bald Eagle Island. [Warren, 117|^ miles — Pittsburg, 85| miles.] Channel to the right. Armstrong's Rapids, or Trudy's Riffle, and Trudy's Bars. In good running stages, after rounding Cinder Bank Bend, keep down the left shore. Some rocks THE ALLEGHENY RIVER. 47 in the water about three rods from the left shore, at the head of the riffle. In very low water, steer down about the middle of the river, and pass between the middle bar and the long, flat shore-bar on the right. I^Tow turn slightly to the right when going between the bars. Good Eddy on the right, in the bend below. Catfish Falls. [Warren, 122|- miles — Pittsburg, 80f miles.] Keep about two-thirds of the river to the left, at the commencement of the riffle, in order to pass be- tween the middle bar and the mill-dam on the right. The low-water channel for boats is down the left shore, and to the left of the middle bar, and very near the mouth of Catfish Kun. Catfish Eddy, on the left, below the large shore bar, and in front of the brick tavern, is a good land- ing-place for craft of all kinds. At the foot of this eddy is Brady's Bend. Around the bend, on the left, a short distance below the coal- scaflbld, under a point of rocks, is a good landing- place, and easy to land. Sugar Creek Rapids and Bars. [Warren, 124^ miles— Pittsburg, 78 J miles.] Keep down tiie left shore. Goose Bar. [Warren, 1"27^ miles — Pittsburg 75f miles.] Channel to the left. The main portion of this bar is situated in the short turn, opposite the point of 48 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. the mountain where it comes down to the river on the left, below Snyder's coal-scalibld. The head of the bar extends diagonally toward, and nearly to, the coal-seaftbld. In order to pass this bar systematically, when around to the crossing-point rocks on the right about half a mile above the coal-scaflbld, commence working gradually over to the left. The crossing is easy. The crossing-point rocks may be known by a thick grove of hemlocks back of them. McClure's, or Magonigle's Bars. [Warren, 128f miles — Pittsburg, 74^ miles.] Channel to tlie left. In low water, be close to the left shore, when opposite a house standing alone, about half a mile below the town of Phillipsburg. In good running stages of water, keep down the right shore, till the bars have been passed, l^ow, incline to the left, to avoid a rocky bar below the mouth of Frazier's Run. Below the rocky bar, on the right, is Gillespie's Eddy. Red Bank Eddy is on the left. Red Bank Rapids and McClatchie's Bars, [Warren, 131^ miles — Pittsburg, 71| miles.] •Channel to the right or left. In low water, after leaving Red Bank Eddy, work gradually over to the right-shore point, opposite the mouth of Red Bank Oreek- Keep near the inght-shore point ; then wear out toward the middle, to avoid a bar on the right, below the point. In good running stages, keep down to the left of the long middle bar, about live rods from the left .ehore. T„i'- ALLEOmmN'-it. .4^ \Pa,ttcrso2t\9 Mc'7ro7^o7i's Eddy Bo n t Sea Ffo 1(T \;i> . Ha dm er^'f Bor-h ^ f^ „ ;„ Mar \LLE(>HENYA?MO. Store ♦ li/MifC -• firYfTc (hiiiiiiht^,< '/'ill /I A- /,'////,• sCriai /:,ri/x /t'fir >f/iirif/i eh /f/x ' /A C/raJia/n 'h/jiuk/iiuj %^ \\X^ /•/•,•/• >/''/^^ \ %±:,i/ti'/siiaii- y~- .Umi/i i Jinn f I S/jf^/jf _Ba/'/c Jf^K'l- fvis.iu'e7J,f B7-ic7c la?- AlAiE GHE^VYNS II. tuhrBuiif: Bfiui \ Chm-infflbint Rock.t Goo «e J3 7or7rs Mftrs ALLEUBEHT ■^'-8«, ^'-^-v. Mocky Shore^ {4 , \{mtcuravBar the allegheny river. 49 Early's Island and Farly's Rapids. [Warreu, 133| miles — Pittsburg, G9i miles.] Channel to the left. In Ioav water, be quite near the left shore, when passing tlie head of the island, in order to avoid the little middle bar. Then turn out to the right toward the foot of the island, to avoid the large bar that projects from the left shore. DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 12. Dickson's Falls. [Warren, 18G miles — Pittsburg, G7 miles.] In very low water, the channel is near the right shore, at the head of the falls. The American Fur- nace is on the left. Nelly's Chute and Bar. [Warren, 138J miles — Pittsburg, 64J miles.] Channel to the right. In low water, keep near the right shore, when passing the head of the bar. The rock in the water near the right point, about a mile below, is of little account, except in very low stages of water. Mahoning Rapids. [Warren, 142J- miles — Pittsburg, GOi| miles.] In low water, after leaving Gray's Eddy, work gradually across to the right, so as to be about two- thirds across the river. When opposite the mouth of Mahoning Creek, pass between two small stony bars, the left one being about the middle of the river. When the bars have been passed, incline to the left, 5 30 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 3. Mill-stone Island. [Warren, 17 miles — Pittsburg, 185 miles.] Here the cliannel is to the left, about the center of the left chute. Goose Flat Island. [Warren, 18 miles — Pittsburg, 184 miles.] Channel to the left. There is also a channel to the right ; but it is not traveled much. Magee's Bar. [Warren, 19 miles— Pittsburg, 183 miles.] Channel to the right. After leaving the lower Goose Flat Island, keep near the middle. When passing the bar, be a little nearer to the right than left shore; after which incline to the left. CouRSON Islands. [Warren, 19| miles— Pittsburg, 183^ miles.] Channel to the left. Xo navigable channel to the right. Maguire's Bar. [AVarren, 21 miles— Pittsburg, 181 miles.] Here the channel is to the right. This bar is situ- ated on the left, a few rods above the foot of the third Courson Island. It reaches about half-way from the left shore to the island. "When passing it in low- water, leave two-thirds of the river to the left. THE ALLE({HF.XY RIVER. 31 TiDiouTE Island. [Warren, 22 miles — Pittsburp.-, 181 miles.] Pilots should, in oi'der to liave a correct knowledge of this place, thoronglily examine the chart. In high water, rafts that come from above the Courson Islands always go to the left; but the center, or channel which runs between the head of the island and the upper middle bar, crosses the boat channel, and runs to the right of the lower middle bar, is preferable in low water. The right or low-water boat channel turns to the right at the upper end of the eddy, and above the upper middle bar passes through the eddy and down the riffle about three rods from the right shore, crosses the center channel, and runs down close to the island, and to the left of the lower middle bar. The latter is deeper than either of the others, but too crooked at the heads of the upper and lower middle bars for rafts to get into. The bar on the right, beloAv Gordon's Run, reaches over half-way to the foot of the island. After pass- ing the island, cross to the right shore. White Oak Island. [Warren, 26 miles — Pittsburg, 177 miles.] From the foot of Tidioute Island to White Oak there are no less than ten islands and bars, which give the river a rugged appearance. From the cen- ter to the left shore, islands, bars, and tow-heads spot the river ; the channel is, however, always to the right. Thov are well defined on the chart. The famed Av^'hite Oak Chute, which is the main traveled path \n liigh water, is to the right of the island. The channel to the left of White Oak is con- 62 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. shouUl not bo done uules3 for the purpose of landing at Kit tanning". KlTTANNINa BkIDQE. [Warren, 158} miles — Pittsburg. 40} miles.] Channel tirst or second space from the right shore ; second space is the deeper. After passing the bridge, keep near the right shore until you have passed the bar, situated about the middle of the river in front of the roUlug-mill. at the lower end of the town. li\ good running stages, tlat-boats can go to the left oX' the bar. Blue Kock Eddy is on the let'r, below the bar, and a short distance above the town o{ Manorville. Coqslky's Island. [Wnrron, 1(>6J miles — Pittsburg, 47J^ miles.] Channel to the let"!. After passing the bar at the head of the island, incline to the right, to avoid the bar on the let't, opposite the foot of the island. When the island has boon passed, cross over to the right, and keep near the right shore until Montgomery's Bars have been passed, and you approach Crooked Crkkk Islands. [Wiirren, 15SJ miles — rittsbuvj:. 44i miles.] Channel to the right. In low water, run around to the right of the middle bar. which lies even with the head of the second island. At the foot of the bar, turn short to the let't toward the island, to avoid being driven upon the bar that extends upward from the head of Sloan's Island, on the right. .Vttcr this bar has been passed, incline THE ALLEGHENY RlVEU. 53 to tlie middle of the river ; nmke n loiio- erossinc; toward the white rocks on the right shore, to prepare for Nicholson's Islands and Falls. In good rnnning stages, rafts rnn direeliy over the middle bar, to which we have already alluded, near the head of the second island. Nicholson's Islands and Falls. [Warren, l(')li{ luilos — rittsliurji;, 111 'nit*"^-] Channel to the right. In good nmniug stages, steer slightly toward the right of the middle while going down the falls; but, in low w:>ttM', -aWcv ))as,s- ing the head of the tirst island, incline to llu> left, and keep near the islands. After passing the bar, which is a short distance below the loot of the second island, keep near the middle oi' Ihc i-iver until you liave passed the Corntield Bars : the one on (lie left, which extends across the mouth of Taylor's Kun ; the other, on the opposite side, is near the town of Clinton. Pickel's Eddy, on the Left. [Warron, 1(54| miles — Pittsburg, 38J miles.] This is the general landing-place on the eve of the third day's run from Warren, After leaving the eddy, steer so as to go to the right of Walker's Bar, a short distance below. The head of the bar extends u\) to the lower end of the eddy. Murphy's Eddy is a mile Ixilow, on tli(> right, and immediately below the cinder-bank to Hill's Salt- works, and opposite the foot oi' Wtilker's Bar. This eddy is convenient, l)ut not so large as J'iekel's. 64 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 14. Murphy's Island. [Warren, 166| miles— Pittsburg, 36^ miles.] Channel to right or left. The rafting channel is to the right. About midway between the head bar of the island and right shore is a small lump, or bar ; rafts can go either side of it. In very low water, flat-boats should go to the left of the island, as it is the deepest water, and nothing in the way, except a small rock, which lies a little below the middle of and quite near the island. Mad-Dog Island. [Warren, 168^ miles — Pittsburg, 34^ miles.] Channel to the right. After passing the head bar of the island, and when going down the riffle, care should be taken not to be driven ao-aiust the ris^ht shore. The water presses hard to the right, and is very swift. Aqueduct. [AVarren, 169J miles — Pittsburg, 33^ miles.] Channel first or second space from the right shore. Xiskiminitas Creek empties into the river on the left below the aqueduct. In passing the raih'oad bridge below the aque- duct, always take the middle space. Look out for thispLnce; it is well calculated to deceive. The bar on the right shore, a little below the aqueduct, turns the main current out toward the middle of the river. Many have attempted to descend through the next space to the right, but almost invariably shipwrecked on the second pier from the right shore. the allegheny river. sh Karn's Island. [Warren, 173J miles — Pittsburg, 29J miles.] Channel to the left. When going down the reach, work gradually over to the left ; and, when passing the head bar of the island, be very near the left shore. Jack's Island. [Warren, 175 miles — Pittsburg, 28 miles.] Channel to the right. While entering the chute, keep nearest the island, in consequence of a small bar near the right shore, and a small distance above the head of the island. When opposite the middle of the island, incline to the left, and pass near the foot, to avoid a large bar which juts out from the shore. DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 15. Bull Creek Island. [Warren, 178 miles — Pittsburg, 25 miles.] Channel to the left. About half a mile below the foot of the island, and near the mouth of Bull Creek, which enters upon the left, the Bull Creek bars com- mence. These bars extend diagonally, gradually nearing the left shore for about three-fourths of a mile. The end of the bars, and the narrowest place, is even with the lower salt-works. After passing the island, keep near the left shore, and when passing the lower salt-works, hug the left shore closely. In low water, be only a few feet from shore. After pass- ing the bars, in-line toward the middle. 66 THE OIL REGIONS OP PENNSYLVANIA. PucKERTY Island. [Warren, 183 miles — Pittsburg, 20 miles.] Channel to the left. After passing the bar at the foot of the island, keep slightly toward the middle until a large bar on the left has been passed, which extends downward from the mouth of Poketus Creek. Logan's Eddy is on the left below the bar. Fourteen-Mile Island. [Warren, 186^ miles — rittsbui-g, 16\ miles.] Channel to the left. lu good running stages, keep the straight channel, and near the left shore, to avoid the large bars that make out from the island. In very low water, keep the left or crooked channel. [See chart.'] The little bar near the white rock is of no consequence, except in very low running. Huland's Eddy is on the right, below the mouth of Deer Creek. Nine-Mile Island. [Warren, 191A miles— Pittsburg, lU miles.] Channel to the right or left. The best rafting chan- nel is to the left, although it is not traveled, perhaps, as much as the right. The crossing to the left is made very easy, if commenced on the ritHe, at Powers' Run, about a mile above. This channel is not crooked, and is much more easily navigatt^d. [Study the chart.] AI>LEfilHEiVY NKi;;. Tf'la.te.Jiock i)y ''^(ilt^'ot^k f LLEGHNYMIM4.. r '■'fall IVor/csW ' 'h JiiUlJioutl BTtd^e,. S r e«jt> en ■ t^ A*# *♦" ♦*♦♦♦ » *o^Z« Ho,.i^^^ ALLEftHEKTMJlG ''^xxJ'Iite. J. THE ALLEGHENY RIVER. 57 DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 16. Six-Mile Island. [Warren, 195} miles — rittsburg, 7f miles.] Channel to the left. Enter tlie chute to the right of the middle ; afterward incline to the right, and pass near the foot of the island, to avoid a large bar on the left, below the mouth of Negley's Run. Sharpsburg Bridge. [Warren, 197} miles — Pittsburg, 5f miles.] Channel second space from the right shore. Hare's Island, on the Right. [AVarrcn, 200} miles — Pittsburg, 2^ miles.] Garrison Island on the left; channel about mid- way. After passing the head bar of Hare's Island, keep to the right, and run close to the foot, in order to either land in the eddy below the island, or to pass the bridges. In passing the bridges, it is the usual custom to take the first or second spans from the right shore. After passing the lowermost bridge, incline outward, 80 as to be to the left of the middle vp^heu opposite the Point at Pittsburg. [Warren, 203 miles.] PITTSBURG. ITS LOCATION. Pittsburg, the second city of Pennsylvania, is situ- ated at the head of the Ohio River, formed by the junction of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers — the Allegheny running from the north-east, and the Monongahela from the south-west, meeting at an angle of about thirty-three degrees. its early history. Pittsburg has early associations in its history. Not only the early settlers of America, but even France and England, regarded the site a very important one to sustain the occupation of this department of a new country. As early as 1784, mention has been made by historians that the ground between Fort Pitt and the Allegheny River was disposed of by the original proprietaries. The sale embraced what was supposed to be about three acres, which was soon laid out in town-lots. This disposition of the land, no doubt, was influenced by the importance of the situation, already ratified by military operations, which have become historic. The visits of distinguished person- ages, for civic and military purposes, at this period, gave character and eclat to the embryo city. Very soon merchandising and manufacturing, with capital (58> PITTSBURG. 59 correspondent with the size and wants of the place, were established. Then came the more powerful civilizers — ^the school-house, the press, and the church. Connection with the East was transitory and unre- liable — sometimes by pack-mule transportation, at other times by an occasional traveler, who ventur- ously climbed the Allegheny, to take a glimpse at the opening of the Mississippi Valley. Five hundred inhabitants, in 1788, only four years subsequent to its original laying out, with very few, if any, of the comforts of civilized life, congregated together, remote from social ties, prognosticated al- ready the future greatness and prosperity which the present generation have seen verified. The small manufacturing establishment of that early day was but the parent of the present large establishments, which, in their proportions and character of manufacture, so justly entitles them to rank with a Bmningham or a Sheffield of another country. ITS AVATER AND RAILROAD FACILITIES. Water and railroad communications have created avenues for trade and intercourse in every direction throughout the country. Situated at the head of the Ohio River, it enjoys direct communication with the' Mississippi Valley, embracing a region of thousands of miles, with its cities, its towns, and its agricultural districts, necessarily requiring the manufactures of this industrial city. The Monongahela, as it courses its way through fertile districts, embraces enterprise and industry, with which Pittsburg can exchange with reciprocal benefits. 60 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. Again, tlie Allegheny Eiver, with its rich agricul- tural valley, presents another communication by which the products of the farm can be exchanged for the .products of the mine and the shop; while the oil region, with its immense wealth, situated upon this stream and its tributaries, can find a market or an outlet to all parts of the United States, through the manifold water and river communications which throw their branches throughout so much of that ter- ritory ; even oceanic transportation may be obtained. While river transportation is directed toward so many districts, the interior of the great Western States is brought near by railroads, and the Eastern cities visited with speedy and safe carriage by similar conveyances, affording communication with the sea- board. Large quantities of oil are now daily car- ried over the railroad to the East. The Allegheny Valley, with other small contiguous valleys, seem to be the actual oil region. This is predicated upon the fact that its products furnish the demand. The oil, to a great extent, finds its way to Pittsburg by the Allegheny River, which, when in a very low stage, is subserved by railroad transportation. POPULATION AND BUSINESS. The resident population of Pittsburg is about eighty etiousand. Birmingham and Allegheny cities are con- nected with Pittsburg by bridges, both of which are flourishing towns, and have many manufactories of iron, glass, and wares of other kinds, producing a large quantity yearly. There are in Pittsburg and its vicinity eighteen rolling-mills, with a large amount of capital invested, and employing some thousands of hands, besides PITTSBURG. 61 many very large foundries, together with many smaller ones, employing a very large number of hands and capital. The cotton factories, the glass, the white-lead, the manufactories of axes, hatchets, steel-springs, anvils, axles, vises, saws of every kind ; shovels, spades, forks, hoes, and every useful and ornamental article of iron which is now used, employ immense capital, which deservedly entitles this city to the rank of the greatest manufacturing power of America. The oil which daily descends the Allegheny, if in its crude state, finds a market. Large and capacious refineries are in operation, and add a boundless store of wealth and employ to the city. The levee of the Alleghen}^ with its boats unlad- ing, with its tiers of barrels arrayed with business- like precision, and the large storehouses and refine- ries fronting the river, present a scene of activity which, in its wealth, enhances the already great pros- perity of the Iron City, BUSINESS CHARACTER. The industrial energy and spirited character of its people often astounds a visitor. Here eyerybody works, not by proxy, but in projma j^ersona. The head of a wealthy manufacturing or mercantile estab- lishment may be often seen, in business hours, minus his coat and vest, now heaving a box, or a heavy piece of iron, with his porter's help ; again, rolling a box on a dray, with the muscular povv^er of the strong drayman himself. The timidity lest such work may be unfashionable, as voted in many mercantile circles of even less pro-- 62 THE OIL REOrONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. portion than the Smoky City, is here changed to a courage noble, manly, and unselfish. This fashion has made the city. It has made wealth. It has supplied the country with millions of necessaries, for which, in tlie absence of industrial care and labor, humanity would have been loss beuclited. The whole number of refineries in the city and vicinity is fifty-oiglit, with a capacity per week* of nine thousand barrels. Value of real estate, building, and machinery, $2,534,000 ; value Of refined oils, |8,599,223 ; wages paid per annum, $350,000. PETROLEUM. The sources of petroleum and mineral pitch in Asia and other countries are confined to the rocks of new, secondary, and tertiary ages, which in the Alleghany regions furnish such abundant supplies of petroleum. Bitumen, in the paleozoic basin of ]S"orth America, either in liquid or solid, depends upon oxygen, since, by oxydation, the petroleum becomes slowly changed into naphtha, which, at ordinary temperature, is solid. In the calcareous sand-rocks in New York, a black substance, which has been called anthracite, has been found, in which the bitumen appears to have lost its fusibility, and even its solubility. A similar material occurs in the Quebec group in Canada, which evidently showed that at some an- cient period it was semi-fiuid. It is very easy to distinguish between lignite and bituminous rocks. Some are disposed to regard the former as the source of bitumen. Later examina- PETROLEUM. 68 tions, however, show that bitumen has been gener- ated under different conditions from those which have transformed organic matter into coal. We find in the Utica and Hamilton formations highly inflammable pyro-schists, which contain no soluble bitumen ; but yet the Trenton limestone is impregnated with petroleum, and gave rise to many petroleum springs. It has now been safely concluded that petroleum has been generated by the transformation of organic matter in underlying strata. Some theories have been advanced that coal is the product of mineral substances, and that petroleum was distilled from coal. If this should be true, how could carbon acquire such a condition of purity if coal was the first product? There are some who trace the change of wood to peat, brown coal, and bituminous coal, through analysis. T. Sterry Hunt, M.A., F.R. S., when upon a geo- scientific research, and now refutes this theory in his logical survey of Canada, gave the country a thorough "Notes on the History of Petroleum, or Tlofk Oil." LIST OF OIL COMPANIES. T>ITT!SI?XJI10. Names of Companies. Acme Allegheny and Pittsburg Ardesco Bannei" Blood Farm and Ohio VaUoy Cherry Run Ceutral Citizens' Columbia Culbcvtson Pain Fayette Federal Fleming & Blood Germauia. Good Intent Horse Neck Iron City Linden Luscesco McAboy Cherry Run Merchants' National Newal's Run Nonpareil Noi'th American Ohio Valley Pittsburg and Great Western. Pittsburg and West Virginia Ross Smoky Citv Stella \ Story Venango Central West Virginia West Virginia Basin Whitelv Creek Capital. Nl'MBEU OF Shajjes. > $200,000 10,000 130,000 65,000 250,000 250,000 2,500,000 150,000 50,000 75,000 480,000 100,000 200,000 60,000 20,000 40,000 100,000 150.000 200,000 50,000 80,000 40,000 50,000 100,000 200,t)()0 100,000 40,000 100,000 100,000 25.000 ■ 75,000 20,000 20,000 60,000 75,000 20,000 20,000 IS^DE W Y o rtiv . Names of Companiks. Capital. NiiMBKR or Shares. 1500.000 300,000 2.000.000 5,000.000 4,t)00,000 200,000 "so.obo 200,000 60,000 400,000 40,000 iglOO 10 10 100 10 '^uohauan Oil and Rectifying 5 ^V^ A Tl K E N t^ LIST OF OIL COMPANIES. 65 ]V E AV Y O R Iv . (continued.) Names op Companies. Central Clinton Commercial C<(ftsolidated (of N. Y.) Enterprise Flowing AVell Grcfit Western Higligate Home Hope Island Kanawha Knickerbocker Manhattan ■ Maple Shade (of N. Y.) Marietta Miller Farm McKinley New York and West Virginia New York and Tennsylvauia . Noble Well Oil Creek Revenue Rynd Farm Story & McOlintock Success Union United States Capital. $5,000,000 500,000 5,000,0()() 1,000,000 100,000 50,000 5,000,000 5()0,0t)0 50(),0tH) 500,000 300,000 250,Ot)O 500,000 1,000,000 500,000 1,000,000 '250,000 2,000,000 Vesta Petroleum and Eetiniug. 100,000 125,000 500,000 500,000 NlIMBEIt OP Shakes. 50,000 50,000 60,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 '60,'6o6 25,000 50,000 100,000 20,000 50,000 5,000 200,000 10,000 12,500 50,000 5,000 0) o $10 100 10 10 50 100 io 10 10 6 10 10 10 26 20 60 10 io 10 10 100 liSJj A. f > I-: lu I» II I A. . Names of Companies. Minn 7. 77. ..... . 7. Adamantine Oil Co Alcorn Oil Co Allegheny lliver Oil Co Allegheny and l'itls))urg AUeglieny and Tidioute Oil... Allegheny and Walnut I{<'nil American Oil Co I5eacon Oil Big Tank Oil Co Blcakley Oil (,'o ,., 5 Capitai,. $500,000 500,000 500,000 75,000 500,000 250.000 .500,000 .500,(t00 500,000 500,000 NUMBEll Oi' Shares. 50,000 50,000 50,000 75,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 50,000 H P P^.^ $10 10 10 1 10 6 10 10 5 10 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. (CONTINCED.) Names of Companies. Briggs Brunei- Oil and Mining Bull Creek Oil Co Cherry Run Oil Co Columbia Oil Co., Pittsburg Commercial Oil Consolidated (of Philadelphia) Continental Cornplanter Cow Creek and Stilwell Run Curtin Delzell Oil Dark Hollow Decatur Densmore Diamond Eagle Rock Oil Co Egbert Oil Empire and Oil City Excelsior Oil Farel Franklin Lubricating Oil Co French Creek Lubricating Girard Globe Great Western Oil Co., N. Y Green Hill Hibbard Oil Co , Hoge Island Holland Petroleum Co , Hoover Hope Farm Horse Creek Hosiner Oil Co Howe's Eddy Hughes River Irwin Junction Keystone Lambcrton Oil and Manufacturing Co... ' Lancaster Maplo Shade (of Philadelphia) Mci^lintockville McCormick & McKissock McEUieny McGuire M Capital. NUMBKR OF ^4 Shares. $500,000 50,000 $10 500,000 100,000 5 1,000,000 100,000 10 200,000 20,000 10 2,500,000 250,000 10 500,000 50,000 10 600,000 00,000 10 500,000 50,(»00 10 1,000,000 100,000 10 500,000 100,000 6 500.000 50,000 10 2,000,000 200,000 10 500,000 50,000 10 400,000 40,000 10 500,000 50,000 10 500,000 50,000 10 500,000 50,000 10 500,000 50,000 10 500,000 50,000 10 500,000 100,000 5 500,000 50,000 10 500,000 25,000 20 450,000 00,000 15 100,000 10,000 IC 300,000 80,000 11 500,000 50,000 IC 600,000 50,000 U 500,000 100,000 f 250,000 25,000 It 500,000 50,000 11 500,000 50,000 u 500,000 50,(M)0 1( 500,000 50,000 1( 500,000 50,000 1( 300,000 30,000 11 500,000 50,000 11 500,000 50,000 11 500,000 50,000 1( 125,000 25,000 i 500,000 50,000 1( 500,000 50,000 1( 2,000,000 200,000 1 500,000 50,000 1 1,000,000 100,000 1 500,000 50,000 1 LIST OF OIL C0MPAN1K8. ()7 I» II I X^ A. I> E T^ T' 1 1 I V . (CONTINUKU.) Names of Comimnies. Metropolitan Middle Walnut Oil Co Mineral Noble & Delainator Oil (!Ireek I'elroleiini Oil Valley Petroleuni (of ronn.).... Oliiistcati ()riii.sl)y relroleiim Co OriTfanic Parker I'etruleuiu Co Pearson Petroleum Co Pennsylvania (\'utral Oil Co Pennsylvania Oil Creek Petroleum. Perry Petroleum Center Pliiladeljihia Oil ; Pliiiad('l|i)iia and Oil Creek Pliil;id('lj)liiM, and 'i'idioute Island Phillips Pit Hole Pittsburf;; and Oil Creek J'etrona.... Pope Farm Oil Quaker City Reliance Revenue Oil ('o River Oil Roberts' Oil and Mining Rock Rockland Schuylkill and Oil (Jreek Seneca Story Farm Story Centei- Oil Co Sugar (')'eek Sutle Jjubrieatiiif!; Oil Co Tarr Farm Oil (!o Tidioutc and Allegheny Tipton Union Upper Economy I'etroleuin Co, Van Uuren Oil (Jo , Vance Stewart , Venango West Viiginiii Washington Oil Co Wataon Petroleum Co Capital. ("(00,00(1 r)Oo,ooo r)00,ooo ;{7r>,oo() 500,000 r)00,oo() 500,000 500,000 200,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 250,000 500,000 500,000 200,0(10 5(10,000 5()(),00() 500,000 100,000 5()0,00() 250,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,t)00 500,000 1,000,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 250,000 250,000 50(t,000 50(t,()00 500,000 500,000 :{oo,oi)0 500,000 200,000 500,000 500,000 NruMM'.n OF tillAllKB. 50,000 50.000 50,000 50,000 «7,500 50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 20,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 10,000 50,000 50,()(t0 '1(1,00(1 50,000 50,000 50,(»(»0 10,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,0(»0 25,000 200,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 1 00,000 50,000 25,000 00,000 25,000 20,000 25,000 50,000 ^10 IC 1(\ 10 10 10 ](» 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 25 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 25 10 10 10 IC ](r 20 5 10 10 10 5 5 10 r> 10 20 5 20 10 20 10 Iron Block, No. 37 Fifth Street. DUFF'S ORIGINAL PLAN OF BUSINESS EDUC A.T ION, TnuKlit I'm- the lust Iwcnty-livc vciirs I'n.in liis Mstems of MERCANTILE, BANK, RAILROAD & STEAMBOAT BOOK-KEEPING, A'ilh First Piomium BUSINESS and ORNAMENTAL PENMANSHIP. The oiilv institution of tlie Icind in the United states eonducted by a PRACTICAL MFUCHANT. HARPER'S ENLARGED EnlTION OF DXJFF'S TVIEE.C A.ISrTILE BO OIC-KlEEFIKra-. Sold l)y IJoolvsellers genemlly. Price $1.S7. Postage 20 Cents. - aiictioned by Special Committees of tlie Americ-an Institute and J/ew York ( 1. amber of Commerce, as tlie most thorough system of accounts published. AWABDED FOUR SILVER MEDALS, WUic-h, with tlie following testimonials indicate tlie character of this v/ork : " No otlier work upon Hook-keeping explains tlie subject with so much clear- iM ssaiid simplleit>."— F. W. ISDMONJDS, Cashier Mechanics' Bank, M'aU st., K. 1'- " It gives a clear insight into all departments of this science."— A. S. FRA- ^^ ; ;R, Cashie)- of Seventh Ward Bank, X. Y. " As an extensive ship owner, American and European merchant, bank di- re. itor, etc., lie has born the reputation of the highest order of business talents."— ,1 .HN W. BUKNHAM, Merchant, No. S, /South street, N. Y. "Mr. Dull" is a man of rare qualifications for business."— JOHN M. D. TAY- 1,1 iR, Merchant, Union slreet. New Orleans. "Mr. Dull" IS a merchant of the first respectability."— J. LANDIS, Men-chant, .\r(o Orleans. " I graduated in DufT's College in half the time I expected. His admirable svstem includes nothing superfluoas, nor leaves out anything essential."— J. R. ( . .MPTON, O-ishier Niagara Bank, Lockport, N. Y. " It contains much matter important to the merchant."— C. O. HALSTEAD /'resident Manhallan Bank, N. Y. "'I'he most coiniilete work of tlie kind I Iiave ever seen."— .IAS. H. MURRAY, /•i.-sideiU Exelutniir Bank, I'itlsburgh. " The mostclear and comprehensive that I have met with."— JOHN SNYDER, ( ■ ..^hier Bank Bitisbnrgh. " You have put your own long experience as a merchant to good use in this work."— KICIIAKl) lUVIN, AJereliunl, No.USJ'Yunt street, N. Y. "The favorable opinions already expressed by gentlemen of competent au- 1 hority, are well deserved, and m tins fase very properly bestowed." V^npi^"'!? i^iVV} WOHTTT ^ Special Committee of the KoSi^KELLy' '''''"•; Chamber of Commerce. N. Y. F.xtrnct from the Minutes. PROSPER M. WETMORE, Secretary. "Your Coinmiltee unanimously concur in the opinion of the utility of the i'lproved nu-tluHl of Mr. Dutt,"- GUUDON J. JjFEDS, liecordinr/ /Secretary of the ..,iierivan 1 nut Hide, New York. A N 1-; W K N t A It K D IC D I T 1 O N OK DUFF'S STEAMBOAT BOOK-KEEPING, . I list pulilished bv the Author. Sold uy Hooksellers generally. Price S^2.00 P-.nouiK-ed by a 'competent Pittsburgh Accouiuant, "A PKKFiiCT Sy.stbm for srCH POOKS AND ACCOUNTS." '• The form of ilie Steamers Protest is worth more than the price of the Book. I never leave port without a copy of it aboard. '—A. C. McCali-am, Captain s .amer Areola. "There is nothing else on tlie subject published, of any value to the steamer's aicouutant."— .1. F. J. Allison, late First Clerk of steamer Fortune. lti)'Our Hank and. Railroad. Books are used in Manuscripts onli/. *s5"For full par- I ulars, send lor our elegant new Circular of 75 pages, octavo, with samples of our 1 . amau'a. writing, enclosing 25 cents to JPrlnc'ipal**. PITTSBURGH FEMALE COLLEGE, EEV. I. 0. PEESHING, D, D,, Prosident. Best sustained College in the State. Attendance puesent yeak, UPWARDS OF FOUR HUNDRIiD. Large and beautiful isKiric uuii.niNos, wiih all the modern improvements. Twenty able and aeeoinplisheii Teachers Are taught by Native Teachers. is very large, and is under tlie care of an accomplished Artist from New York, wiio has been eonneofed with ttie CoUetiefor BKVKN VEAK8. THE MUSICAL DEPARTMENT, Numbering, the past year, upwards of Two HUNDur.n, is under the care of riiOK. IIKNUY KOlIBOt'K, a German gentleman of rare musical talents, who has devoted his entire; life-time to his profession, and who has had ui-WAUUS of twenty-five YEARS EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING. Four additional leacliers are employed in the same Department. In this, as in all the other l^epartments, it is confidently believed that tlie College oilers advanta- ges unsurpassed by any similar institution in the land. THE BOA.R13I1VO 13JE:1PjVIIT3I1i:INT Is under the special care of the President. Fifty Dollaks per term— of four- teen weeks— pays all expenses in this Department, except fuel and washing. FALL TERM commences Tuesday August 2!>th, 1805. WINTER TERM, Tuesday December r)th, USCo. SPRING TERM Thursday March 23d, 1860, Send to President Pershing for a Catalogue. Pittsbckgii, May, 1S6">. l»i-«'H. T'riiislccw. PITTSBURGH n Ulli EiERAL liliCE AGiC!, No. 64 FOURTH STREET. COMPANIES REPRESENTED: 2ETNA, Hartford, Assets, $4,000,000. CHAETEK OAK, " " 375,000. HARMONY, New York, " 500,000. THAMES, Norwich, " 250,000. These old and popular Companies, having aggregate cash assets exceeding FIVE MILLIONS OF DOLLARS, Continue to accept risks on all descriptions of property, including Refineries, Petroleum and its Products, Either in "Warehouses, Tanks, Yard, or on Wharf, and in transit, ON REASONABLE TERMS. Policies issued without delay, and all business attended to with Fidelity and Dispatch, on application to A.. A., CA.TtriIEK. &. SRO., DEAT^KR IN f Ii0t0fiiiilit ||«tjei:iil^ OF EVERY DESCKIPTION, No. 52 St. Clair Street, opposite St. Clair Hotel, All Chemicals, Paper and Cameras thoroughly tested at my Pho- tographic Galleries, Nos. 46, 48 and 50 ST. CLAIR ST. Always on hand an extensive and complete assortment of Ca-me-ras, jl-pjpcb-rcut-ws, Cases, CherrhiGCbls, G-lcLss, (Plates, Jvfattzrig, (Passe- CPaTtozbts, (pTeseTueTs, (PlzotogTapJi-iG (Papei-, ^aoh- GTQ-ULTzds, S'ky- Lights, CTiai-rs, c/o., cfb. Orders by Mail or Express attended to with Promptness and Dispatch. PHOTOGRAPHIC GALLERY, 4(0. ^3 and Bt> S7. ©LAUa S'j*. WATER COLOR MINIATURES, LIFE-SIZE PHOTOGRAPHS \HZ RAYON, OIL, INDIA INK, etc. PHOTOGRAPHS WITH LAND- SCAPEAND FANCY BACKGROUNDS. IVORYTYPES. PITT.SBURGH, MAY, 1865. a-E3srE:R,.A.ij Foi^Eio-isr .A.C3-E:iNro"5r AT THE ADAMS' EXPRESS OFFICE. Passage to and from Europe in Sailing "Vessels. Drafts on all parts of Europe. W]Vt. BIIVGHA^lVr, .Jr., Adams Kxpress Office, o4 F'ifth Street, PITTSBURGH, PA, S1>.N OF THE ANVll,. IMPORTERSAND DEALERS IN ♦ Three doors above St. Charles Hotels 50 WOOD STREET, M. WHITMORE, C. H. WOLF, GEO, J. DUFF, THOS. H. LANE. o Xj If" , j':ei . Importer and Dealer in HARDWARE, Coiisistiiig in part of BLACKSMITHS', CARPENTERS', SADDLERS' AND COOPERS' TOOLS ; LOCKS, LATCHES, MILL xiND CROSS- CUT SAWS, AXES AND STEEL, RIFLE BARRELS, GUN TRIMMINGS, SADDLERY, HARDWARE, PLATFORM SCALES, CUTLERY, COFFIN TRIMMINGS, LACE LEATHER.. . Corner of Ldherty and St. Clair Streets,