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c3T4l«T8rREtT 
 NEW YOUK CITY 
 
The 
 
 JUGOSLAVS 
 
 the 
 
 United States 
 
 of 
 
 America 
 
 Published by the 
 
 Jugoslav Section of America's Making, Inc. 
 
 New York City 
 
 1921 
 

 
 PRINTED BiT 
 
 The Interkational Press, 150 Lafayette St., New York 
 
America s Making 
 
 JUGOSLAV SECTION 
 
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 
 
 John J. Gkgurevich, Chairman 
 
 Rainer F. Hlacha, Vice -Chairman 
 
 Dr. a. H. Mookey, Vice-Chairman 
 
 Prof. Dr. M. S. Stanoyevic, Vice-Chainnan 
 
 Ivan INIladineo, Secretary 
 
 D. B. Tripcevich, Treasurer, and 
 
 Chairmen of the followino: committees : 
 
 Exhibit and, Art Committee 
 Leo Zakra.jskk, (l\airman 
 
 Members : 
 Mrs. Helen P. Arguello 
 Mrs. RuziCA Jobst 
 Stjepan Jobst 
 Frank Primozic 
 
 Festival Committee 
 Ignac Hude, Chairman 
 
 Members : 
 Miss Mimi Dercar 
 Mrs. Anna Mladineo 
 Miss Ursula Zakrajsek 
 Emilij Blazevich 
 John Koncan 
 J. Cvetkovich 
 B. B. Rados 
 V. Ujcich 
 HiNKO M. Sgiuppa-Zupa 
 
 Finance Committee 
 AuTUR NiKOLORic, Chairman 
 
 Members : 
 Frank Lupsha 
 Ljuba Salevich 
 Leopold Sorger 
 
 Publicity Committee 
 Dr. Jozo Poduje, Chairman 
 Members : 
 
 Rainer F. Hlacha 
 
 Ivan Mladineo 
 
 Dr. ]\I. S. Stanoyevic 
 
THE JUGOSLAVS 
 
 Bj Dr. M. S. Stanoyevich 
 Columbia University/ 
 
 THE Jugoslavs, or as they call themselves Jugosloveni (the 
 South-Slavs), form a special national individuality be- 
 longing to the great family of Slavonic nations. Ethno- 
 graphically they are nearest to the Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, 
 Czechoslovaks and Bulgarians, both by religion and by racial 
 characteristics. Before the end of the fifth century they lived 
 on the northern slopes of the Carpathians, but since the sixth 
 century of the Christian era they have migrated to the south 
 and west, settling down in the depopulated territory of the 
 Balkan Peninsula. Since then they have steadily occupied the 
 provinces which are now known as Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, 
 and which form the State of Jugoslavia. 
 
 When the Jugoslavs came to the Balkans, some of them 
 settled in the west and gradually passed under the Roman 
 sway, while the others who came into contact Avith the Byzan- 
 tines acknowledged the supremacy of their emperors. The for- 
 mation of the first Jugoslav state began in the seventh century 
 by the Slovenes who lived in Carinthia, Carniola, Styria, Gorica 
 and Gradiska. But this state did not last longer than one 
 hundred years, as Charlemagne wrenched it apart and annexed 
 it to his empire in 778. However, the destruction of the 
 Slovene state did not mean the destruction of all the Jugoslav 
 race. In the ninth century the Croats and Serbs formed their 
 own states, the former on the Adriatic littoral, and the latter 
 in the upper Drina region. The Croatian kingdom of Tomislav 
 and Zvonimir which existed throughout the whole of the ninth 
 and tenth centuries, was at last annihilated by the Hungarians 
 
 5 
 
in 1120. The Serbian state continued its struggle for existence 
 contending fiercely first with Bulgaria, which was then a power- 
 ful empire, and then with the empire of Byzantium (in 1018). 
 Towards the end of the 12th century the Grand Zupan 
 (Prince) Stefan Nemanja united the two Jugoslav pirncipali- 
 ties, Raska and Zeta, under his sceptre, freed himself entirely 
 from B^^zantium, and founded a powerful Serbian state. This 
 state was a well organized political body and exercised a most 
 beneficial influence upon the people for more than two hundred 
 years. Numerous monasteries were built during that time, 
 which became the chief centres of science, art and literature, 
 under the patronage of the kings themselves. New laws and 
 canons were framed. The celebrated Code of Dusan Neman j- 
 ic (1349) was based on the ancient judicial and common law 
 of the Jugoslavs. Trade flourished exceedingly, owing to com- 
 mercial relations with the first independent Jugoslav Republic of 
 Dubrovnik (Ragusa), and through Ragusa with the West. 
 The exploitation of the large number of gold, silver, and copper 
 mines, contributed to the general wealth and culture of the 
 country. The reign of Emperor DuSan (1331-1355), is 
 verily the apotheosis of the Jugoslav race. It represents its 
 most glorious page of national history. 
 
 Towards the end of the 14th century the Turks appeared 
 in Europe, and arrested the course of Jugoslav national life- 
 All that had been achieved during two centuries, at the 
 cost of so much blood and sacrifice, crumbled away, almost over- 
 night. The Turkish invasion was an unavoidable calamity. It 
 was something terrific, and irresistible like the floods that break 
 down ever}^ dike and barrier, and against which all cff'orts prove 
 unavailing. The Turks did not merely conquer ancient Jugo- 
 slavia ; they conquered Bulgaria, Greece, Rumania, Hungary, 
 and even menaced Austria, Venice, and Poland. The Jugo- 
 slavs now served Europe as a rampart and bulwark in her need ; 
 they sacrificed themselves for her, and gloriously fulfilled the 
 duty imposed upon them by the moment, proving themselves 
 truly the propugn-acuhim. rejviVicac cliristnnnc, antemurnlc 
 Clinstianitath. 
 
The Turkish domination lasted about four hundred years. 
 The beginning of the 19th century brought dehverance and 
 national awakening to the Jugoslav nation. What had seemed 
 dead under the long and oppressive foreign domination sudden- 
 ly revived, and the work of emancipation began to gain ground. 
 Serbia was the first to set herself free and form a state. But 
 at what painful cost! No American can form any idea of the 
 obstacles and difficulties that beset a political emancipation in 
 those days. Who realizes today what it costs a nation in blood 
 and effort to free itself from a foreign yoke? And then, when 
 the victory is gained, what endless further efforts are needed 
 to obtain even the smallest amount of sanction for their achieve- 
 ment from the high tribunal of world diplomacy.? The Serbian 
 liberation was both painful and difficult, it began in 1804 and 
 ended after one hundred and fourteen years. 
 
 Character and Custojns of the People. 
 The character of the South Slavonic nation supplies the key 
 to many mysteries in the modern Jugoslav state. Living in 
 the midst of many conflicting forces, the Jugoslavs present the 
 interesting spectacle of a brave, hardy, obedient and simple 
 people. They are mostly of dark complexion, possessing 
 considerable powers of endurance. Their brown eyes are 
 indicative, now of some intense grief, now of some great 
 joy. They are sensitive and emotional, but by way of 
 compensation they have a certain resiliency which saves them 
 from permanent depression or continued exultation. They have 
 a fertile imagination, and their power of observation of all 
 natural phenomena is strongly developed. It is to their poetical 
 disposition and their personal valor that they owe the spread of 
 the knowledge of their name throughout the world. 
 
 The home life of the Jugoslavs is very simple, but in some 
 ways it is ideal. Their hospitality has long been famed. The 
 Greek Emperor Mauritius said of them that they were atten- 
 tive to foreigners, whom they conducted through their territory. 
 The Serbian King Stefan Neman j a treated Frederick Barbaros- 
 sa and the Crusaders with such munificent and frank hospitaHtv 
 
 7 
 
at Nis that the German historians spoke of it with great praise. 
 DuSan's Code (see above), contains a special paragraph con- 
 cerning hospitahty ; it runs : "Wlhoever refuses to admit a mer- 
 chant for the night will be punished in proportion to the harm 
 that has thereby resulted to the said merchant." During the 
 Middle Ages the Jugoslavs considered as semi-believers the 
 Franks, Germans, Hungarians and Armenians, and yet they 
 were legally protected and enjoyed numerous privileges within 
 the Jugoslav boundaries. But the law counselled them not to 
 marry Jugoslav Avomen as the Serbians disapproved of it. 
 Woman is highly respected and protected everywhere in Jugo- 
 slavia, as she is considerably more burdened with work than the 
 man. The woman is the first to rise in the morning, and the 
 last to retire at night. During the day she has no time to rest, 
 doing the entire housework, and also a certain portion of purely 
 man's work. 
 
 During the long winter nights the girls and young married 
 v/omen often assemble at some house to spin, either for their 
 hostess or themselves. In the former case they are served with 
 food and drink, otherwise not, but they may bring something 
 with them. Such an assembling is called preJo (spinning-bee), 
 and it is sometimes attended by young men, who help to make 
 the time pass gaily. In Croatia and Slavonia they bring their 
 banjos or tamburas and play. At fairs or on feast days when 
 the village folk assemble outside the monasteries and churches, 
 various games, like stone or dart-throwing, wrestling, leaping, 
 etc., are indulged in. During the "White Week" (Carnival) 
 hardly any work is done, and every evening there are meetings 
 and dances at the various houses. The best known and most 
 popular dance is the kolo (round dance). Men and women take 
 hands, forming a circle or semi-circle, and dance to the music 
 of the flute, bagpipe, or fiddle. Another musical instrument 
 often used in Jugoslavia is the gusle (violin with a single cord). 
 Peasants and shepherds all play the gusle, but they do not 
 know as many airs to sing to its accompaniment as do the real 
 guslars. The chanting of the national songs is essential, not on 
 
 8 
 
account of the melody, but for the subject, which is liistorical, 
 dealing with heroic victories. 
 
 Industry and Trade. 
 
 Jugoslavia is a very young country, not only in name but 
 from the economic point of view. Its productive activity has 
 not been developed to any great degree. The principal 
 industry from the oldest times has been agriculture. The 
 other occupations in the eyes of the people have comparatively 
 little importance. About 83 per cent, of the total population 
 cultivate the soil and produce raw materials ; 7 per cent, follow 
 industrial pursuits, 4 per cent, trade, and 6 per cent, are in 
 state civil service. 
 
 The most important cereals cultivated in Jugoslavia are: 
 maize, wheat, barley, rye and oats. Maize succeeds very well 
 throughout the whole country ; it is the principal food and 
 constitutes almost the sole nourishment of three-quarters of the 
 population. Large quantities of maize are also used for the 
 feeding of cattle, especially for the fattening of pigs, and a 
 considerable portion is exported abroad. The cultivation of 
 w^heat comes next in importance to that of maize. This grain 
 is chiefly sown in the fertile plains, and is usually given OA'er 
 for consumption in the town ; a large proportion is also ex- 
 ported, chiefly the variety known as "red wheat" which is of a 
 special quality. Barley, rye and oats are wndely cultivated in 
 the mountainous regions and used for feeding cattle or for 
 export. 
 
 The raising of cattle is also one of the most important 
 branches of national production ; cattle form the principal 
 export (50 per cent, of total exports). The meat of 
 Jugoslav cattle is much appreciated abroad for its excellent 
 quality, which comes from the fact that the cattle live in the 
 open air, feed in natural pastures, drink pure water in rivers 
 and brooks, and are thus protected from any disease. The 
 raising of horned cattle and pigs is conducted on the largest 
 scale and has contributed the proverbial phrase "pig wars" 
 once only known in Serbia and' Austria now after the war 
 familiar to all Europe. 
 
 .9 
 
Of the domestic Industries, flour milling is one of the 
 greatest importance especially in Backa. There are 50 large 
 flour mills in the country. Brewing and distilling are ex- 
 tensively carried on, as are also weaving, tanning, boat-making, 
 jjottery, and iron-working. Carpet-weaving is one of the oldest 
 industries in Serbia, while Slovenia and Croatia are famous for 
 their embroideries. Carpets are principall}' produced at 
 Pirot, and they are named after that place (Pirotski cilimi). 
 These cilims are made of pure wool, dyed with natural colors 
 by local dyers, who pride themselves that the process of dye- 
 ing and color mixing is a mysterious secret transmitted by 
 father to son and is known only to the inhabitants of the 
 city of Pirot. 
 
 The connnerce of Jugoslavia is dependent upon natural 
 and social conditions of the country. Among such con- 
 ditions are the geographical position, area, capital, labor, 
 education, and administration. Jugoslavia possesses an area of 
 95,628 square miles and a population of 12,000,000. Of these 
 11,400,000 are in Jugoslavia proper and about 600,000 in 
 Jugoslavia Irredenta (under Italian rule). According to 
 official reports, the imports to the country in 1920 amoinited to 
 3,000,000,000 dinars, and exports to 1,000,000,000 dinars. 
 The principal imports are textiles, agricultural products, chemi- 
 cals, leathers, metals, and machinery. Exports : maize, wheat 
 and oats, cattle, pigs and other animals, fruits, timber and 
 timber goods. The trade is mainly with Italy, France, England, 
 Austria, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Greece, Bulgaria, and un- 
 fortunately very little with the United States of America. 
 
 Literature and Art. 
 
 Jugoslav literature began with the years in which the 
 Southern Slavs adopted the translation of the Bible in their 
 own language. That translation was made in the ninth century 
 by two brothers, Cyril and Methodius, the "Slavonic Apostles" 
 who came from Salonica as missionaries, and travelled all over 
 the Jugoslav lands. The best and the most celebrated author 
 at the very beginning of tlie ancient period was St, Sava (1164- 
 
 10 
 
1236), who wrote books concerning the church discipline and 
 regulations. His most famous work was Life of St. Simeon, 
 viz. the biography of his own father, Stefan Nemanja, the first 
 sovereign of the united Serbian state in the Middle Ages. Out- 
 side of the biographical and historical works there are hardly 
 any original creations. But there are many translations and 
 imitations of Byzantine literary works. For instance, there was 
 a very much read book The Story of Alexander the Great, also 
 a Story of the Trojan War, and many half-religious and half- 
 romantic legends. The most popular of the romances of that 
 early time was the story of Vladimir and Kosara, one of the 
 oldest novels in Europe. 
 
 With the invention of the printing press and the spread 
 of the Renaissance, Jugoslav literature received a new 
 impetus in form and spirit. Fifty years after Gutenberg's in- 
 vention the Jugoslavs already had their books printed. The first 
 Serbian printed book, Octoechos, was issued in 1494 at Obod 
 (Montenegro). A copy of this rare book is still to be seen 
 in the British Museum. One of the first Croatian printed books 
 is Judith of Marko Marulic, published at Venice in 1521. 
 During the first half of the 16th century the Serbians had 
 several printing presses in different places in their country, 
 namely, at Belgrade, Skadar, Gorazde, and MileSeva. But 
 in the second half of that century these institutions ceased 
 to exist, as the Turkish rule fell like a terrible nightmare over 
 the Serbian nation. From the 15th to the 18th century the 
 only Jugoslav country free of the Turks was Dalmatia. The 
 centre of her literary activity was the Republic of Dubrovnik 
 (Ragusa). The people of the Dalmatian towns in the 
 times of Renaissance were inspired with the notions and ideas 
 of Western European civilization. The most prominent 
 authors who made efforts to write in the language which the 
 people spoke, were Sisko INIenCetic (1475-1527), Mavro Vetranic 
 (1482-1576), Marin Drzic (1518-1567), Ivan Gundulic (1588- 
 1638), Junije Palmotic (1606-1657), and Ignjat Gjorgjic 
 (1675-1737). 
 
 II 
 
The new period of Jugoslav literature dates c-jci the 
 liberation of Serbia from the Turkish domination, i.e. from 
 the beginning of the 19th century. Dositije Obradovic (1739- 
 1811), Valentin Vodnik (1758-1819), Jernej Kopitar (1780- 
 1844), Vuk Karadzic (1787-1864), Urban Jarnik (1784- 
 1844) Petar Petrovic Njegos (1813-1851), France Presern 
 (1800-1849), Ljudevit Gaj (1809-1872), Stanko Vraz (1810- 
 1851), Branko Radicevic (1824-1853), and Jovan Popovic 
 Sterija (1806-1865), are great figures in the national life of 
 the Jugoslav people. Thanks to the efforts of these moralist.^, 
 poets, reformers, and men of letters, the idea of Jugoslav unity 
 was widely disseminated among the people. Religious intoler- 
 ance between the Catholics, Orthodox, and Protestants, had lost 
 much of its force. A^uk Karadzic collected ten volumes of 
 national songs, Avhich are regarded as chef d'oeuvres not only 
 in Jugoslav but in all Slavonic literature. 
 
 In the second half of the 19th century Jugoslav letters 
 made great progress. The men who revolutionized literature 
 and created new schools are Ivan Mazuranic (1814-1890), Petar 
 Preradovic (1817-1872), Jovan Jovanovi Zmaj (1833-1904), 
 Gjura Jasksic (1832-1878), Ivan Kukuljevik (1816-1889), 
 Vojislav Ilic (1862-1894), Ivan Trnski (1819-1910), Silvije 
 Kranjcevic (1865-1908), Jakov Ignjatovic (1824-1880), 
 Janko Veselinovic (1865-1905), Sima Matavulj (1852-1908), 
 Stevan Sremac (1855-1906), Avgust Senoa (1838-1881 ), Josip 
 Kozarac (1858-1906), Ljuba Nenadovic (1826-1895), Janko 
 Krsnik (1852-1897), and Jovan Skerlic (1878-1914). The 
 writings of these men give true pictures of life, rich in humor 
 and emotion. They wrote excellent studies of Jugoslav sur- 
 roundings, criticism, and powerful character sketches. . The 
 younger generation is represented by Gjalski, Ducic, Tucic 
 Rakic, Santic, Stankovic, Ilic, Nazor, Vidric, Katalinic As- 
 kerc, Corovic, Cankar, Govekar, Nusic, Vojnovic, Begovic, 
 Ogrizovic and Pandurovic. There are touches of Zola, Poe 
 and Maeterlinck in some of these talented authors, and they 
 certainly deserve to be better known abroad. 
 
 12 
 
In the field of Jugoslav art the most distinguished names 
 are Stevan Todorovic, Uros Predic, George Krstic, Pavle 
 Jovanovic, Marko Murat, and Rista Vukanovic. All these 
 artists are noted for their deep and warm coloring in land- 
 scape and historical paintings. The wholesome influence of 
 the contact with other countries of Europe is manifested in the 
 work of great painters such as Bukovac, Medovic, Kovacevic, 
 Vidovic, Racki, Ivckovic, Crncic, Subic, Grohar, Vesel, Jakopic, 
 and Jama. It would be wrong to endeavor to classify these 
 modern artists into schools. It is true that some of them in 
 different stages of their development, are subject to the in- 
 fluences of the divers conflicting currents flowing through 
 European art, but they discriminately assimilate only the best 
 constituents, winnowing away all that is artificial, insincere 
 and hysterical. 
 
 Sculpture in Jugoslavia is principally used in connection 
 with public works and buildings. It has produced worthy 
 smaller and larger reliefs, busts, and monuments in honor of 
 men winning fame in war or in the domains of science, 
 art and literature. Among the most successful sculptors are 
 Ubavkic, whose various marble and bronze works can be seen 
 in public and private collections. George Jovanovic and Siraa 
 Roksandic executed several large bronze monuments dedicated 
 to the Jugoslav heroes. Ivan Mestrovic, unrivalled in his art, 
 is known beyond the borders of his country. His sculptures 
 exhibited in London, Rome and Paris besides other European 
 cities, aroused the wonder and delight of countless visitors, both 
 artists and the general public. The younger sculptors and 
 architects who show their ardor and faith in the great mission 
 of Jugoslav art are Franges, Rendic, Zajc, Bemekar, Valdec, 
 Plccnik and Kovacic. 
 
 The other branches of art: music, singing and dancing 
 are likewise cultivated with success in Jugoslavia. They find' 
 good models in the past for artistic creations, according to the 
 direction and sense of modem thought and feeling. For the 
 Jugoslav nation will remain true to the tendency displayed in 
 European art — to be a devoted and earnest participator in the 
 universal labor for the progress of humanity. 
 
 13 
 
THE JUGOSLAVS IN AMERICA. 
 
 HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF THE JUGOSLAV 
 IMMIGRATION'' 
 
 Jugoslav immigration to the United States up to 1880 
 was sporadic rather than steady. Since that time, however, 
 it has become continuous and numerous, especially since 1902. 
 Among the earliest Jugoslav immigrants in America were 
 seamen and missionaries. 
 
 It is hard to say when Jugoslavs first came to America : 
 it was certainly early. Several Dalmatians arrived in 1700 
 by the way of India. The town of Croatan, in the state of 
 North Carolina, was founded about 1800, by ship-wrecked 
 sailors from Croatia who established a little colony. The 
 descendants of these sailors are, of course, totally Ameri- 
 canized, but the name of the town recalls the race of the 
 original settlers. 
 
 As early as the seventeenth century Jugoslav missionaries 
 appeared on American soil. Perhaps the first among them 
 was the Croatian Jesuit Baron Ivan Rataj, who died in New 
 Mexico in 1680 after devoting many years in that state to 
 missionary work. He was followed by many other mis- 
 sionaries, the most prominent of whom was Ferdinand KonSak, 
 who came to INIexico in 1730. Two years later he was ex- 
 ploring in Southern California. He published the first map 
 of California and may be considered as one of the first 
 pioneers on the Pacific Coast. To American students he is 
 better known as "Gonzales," the Spanish adaptation of his 
 name. Another prominent missionary and pioneer was Josip 
 Kundek, who arrived in 1838 and founded Ferdinand, Jasper, 
 and certain other towns in the State of Indiana. 
 
 * The statistical and historical data hereinafter referred to have been 
 obtained through the courtesy of the Foreign Language Information 
 Service. 
 
 14 
 
It is worthy of note that the work of these missionaries 
 in America was supported by collections made in the churches 
 of Jugoslavia. According to the records kept in the archives 
 of the provincial government Croatia alone sent for the sup- 
 port of churches and schools 57,400 Florins during ISSO-IO. 
 This sum in those days represented an iiumensely liiglier 
 value than to-day. 
 
 In large numbers, Dalmatians began to appear in ("aH- 
 fornia in search of gold after 1849. INIany of them, Hke 
 tlie Vikings of old, left their native coast in small sailing- 
 boats and, crossing the ocean and passing the Straits of 
 Magellan, arrived in California. California, ever since, has 
 had a special attraction for the Dalmatian. This is not 
 strange for climatically and geographically that coast re- 
 minds these people strongly of their native land. 
 
 So far as is known the first Slovene to come to America 
 was a Catholic missionary and Saint — Bishop Baraga wlio 
 devoted himself to the spread of civilization and religion in 
 the Northwest. Bishop Baraga's work among the Indians 
 is an interesting chapter of American history. 
 
 Frederick Baraga was born in 1797 in his father's castle 
 near the city of Ljubljana. After studying law at the 
 University of Vienna, he entered the priesthood. In 1831, 
 he fulfilled his long-cherished desire for missionary work among 
 the Indians of the American Northwest and came to Amer- 
 ica. In 1853 he was elevated to the bishopric for the newly 
 created See, which then comprised not only the upper penin- 
 sula of Michigan but a great part of lower Michigan, 
 northern Wisconsin, eastern Minnesota and part of Ontario. 
 He died in 1868 at the age of seventy. His memory lives 
 in the name of the Baraga County, Michigan. 
 
 Bishop Baraga was also distinguished in literature. He 
 published a grammar and dictionary of the IfXnguage spoken 
 by the Chippewa Indians. In the same language he issued 
 translations of the Bible for his flock of converted Indians 
 and a book of prayers was compiled by him in the Ottawa 
 language. 
 
 15 
 
The splendid achievements of Bishop Baraga called for 
 more workers of the same type and the Slovenians have 
 given five Bishops to American dioceses. 
 
 Early Slovenian innnigrants settled in Minnesota as home- 
 steaders. There they founded a town, Kraintown, about 
 fifty years ago, named after their original province Krain 
 (Carniola). The second generation of farmers lives there now, 
 very prosperous and good Americans. The Slovenes first 
 appeared in Chicago and in Iowa in 1863 ajid, in 1866, they 
 fovmdcd their chief fanning colony in Brockway, INIinnesota. 
 They came to Omaha in 1868. About 187'3 their present 
 large colony in Joliet was founded. They began to settle 
 in New York about 1878. 
 
 It was, however, not until the '90s of the last century 
 that the Jugoslavs began to immigrate in large numbers. 
 Serbia proper had comparatively no emigration. Macedonia 
 and IMontenegro contributed but slightly ; the bulk of Jugo- 
 slavs in the United States — Serbs, Croats and Slovenes — are 
 from provinces formerly belonging to Austria-Hungary. 
 
 yWMBER OF JUGOSLAVS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION 
 
 TROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Census figures as to the Jugoslavs arc very niisleaditi'' 
 as the census of the foreign born takes into account simplv 
 the country of nativity. The Jugoslavs in America, nearly 
 all coming from provinces of former Austria-Hvuigary, were 
 classified as Austro-Hungarians. 
 
 Even the subsidiary statistics based on mother-tongues 
 do not offer any reliable source of information. This is 
 evident from the fact that these statistics show more Slovenes 
 than Croats in America while there are actually about twice as 
 many Croats as Slovenes. 
 
 An approximate estimate of the Jugoslavs in the TTnited 
 States may be derived from the available statistics of immi- 
 gration, and furthermore, from the data of Jugoslav organi- 
 zations which have branches in every city or settlement where 
 there is a group of Jugoslavs. 
 
 i6 
 
The following data, representing a conservative estimate 
 
 of the Jugoslavs throughout the United States, have been 
 
 compiled by the Jugoslav Section of the Foreign Language 
 
 Information Service on the basis of reports from the entire 
 
 countrv. The total number of Jugoslavs in the United States, 
 
 according this estimate is (335,000. The proportion between 
 
 Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is about the following: 
 
 Croats 350,000 
 
 Slovenes 195,000 
 
 Serbs 90,000 
 
 Distribution according to States: 
 ..... 500 Nebraska 
 
 Alabama ....... 
 
 Alaska 1,500 
 
 Arizona 3,500 
 
 Arkansas 500 
 
 California ^/ 1^,000 
 
 Colorado . 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Dis. of Columbia . 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Towa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts . . . 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 16,000 
 
 1,800 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 2,200 
 
 110,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 7,200 
 
 12,000 
 
 500 
 
 2,000 
 
 100 
 
 600 
 
 500 
 
 27,000 
 
 35,000 
 
 500 
 
 11,000 
 
 14,000 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire 
 New Jersey . . . 
 New Mexico . . 
 New York .... 
 North Carolina 
 North Dakota . 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oklahoma .... 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania . . 
 Rhode Island . . 
 South Carolina 
 South Dakota 
 Tennessee .... 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington . . 
 West Virgin!,') . . 
 Wisconsin . . . . , 
 Wvoniinp' 
 
 3,100 
 
 1,500 
 
 50 
 
 2,900 
 
 3,400 
 
 19,000 
 
 25 
 
 450 
 
 70,000 
 
 300 
 
 5,600 
 
 145,000 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 2,050 
 
 300 
 
 2,200 
 
 3,800 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 14,000 
 
 9,000 
 
 22.000 
 
 6,500 
 
 Total 
 
 635,000 
 
 17 
 
Main Settlements. 
 
 The following brief summary gives the main groupings 
 of Jugoslavs throughout the United States, omitting smaller 
 and scattered settlements : 
 
 1. New York City and Hoboken (14,000). 
 
 2. Buffalo and surroundings. 
 
 3. The hard coal district of Eastern Pennsylvania and 
 
 adjacent parts of New York State. 
 
 4. Western Pennsylvania, especially in the steel and coal 
 
 districts of Johnstown and Pittsburgh, with adjacent 
 parts of West Virginia (Wheeling) and Ohio 
 (Youngstown). Pittsburgh with Alleghany County 
 (70,000) represents the largest grouping of Jugo- 
 slavs. In the city of Pittsburgh is the most im- 
 portant Serb colony and one of the two most 
 important centers of Croats, the other one being 
 Chicago. 
 
 5. The coal mines and lumber camps of West Virginia. 
 
 6. Cleveland and surroundings (50,000) and Akron, O. 
 
 Cleveland is the most important Slovene colony in 
 the United States. 
 
 7. Detroit (6,000). 
 
 8. The copper mining district of Northern Michigan. 
 
 9. The Chicago industrial districts including Joliet, La- 
 
 Salle, and adjacent parts of Indiana (Gary). 
 Next to the coal and steel district of Pittsburgh, 
 Pa., this is the largest grouping of Jugoslavs. 
 Chicago itself, with approximately 45,000 Jugo- 
 slavs is a very important center of Jugoslavs in 
 America. 
 
 10. Milwaukee and surrounding territory up to Sheyboygan, 
 
 Wis. 
 
 11. The iron ore district of Northern Minnesota (St. Louis 
 
 county). 
 
 12. Kansas City and the coal basin of Pittsburgh, Kansas. 
 13^. Denver, Pueblo, and Lcadville, Colo., and the Colorado 
 
 mine districts. 
 
 i8 
 
14. The mining districts of Wyoming (Rock Springs), Mon- 
 
 tana (Butte, Helena) and Salt Lake City, Utah. 
 
 15. Seattle, Wash. 
 
 16. Portland, Ore. 
 
 17. San Francisco, Cal., with Oakland (17,000) ; Fresno, 
 
 Sacramento, Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Clara, 
 etc., and the whole coast of California. 
 
 18. The copper mine district of Arizona (Bisbee, Globe). 
 
 19. Galveston, Tex. 
 
 20. New Orleans, La., and the Mississippi Delta. 
 
 21. Juneau, Alaska. 
 
 Industrial Distfibution 
 
 The geographical distribution of Jugoslavs, as stated in 
 the previous paragraph, points in a way to their industrial 
 distribution as well. We see that the coal mining and steel 
 producing states* have the largest portion of Jugoslav popu- 
 lation. There are no steel, smelter or similar works without 
 some Jugoslav workers. They are also found in large num- 
 bers in all copper-mining regions. 
 
 It is interesting to note that practically three-fourths of 
 the total Jugoslav immigrant population in the United States 
 is dependent upon the metal and coal industries. 
 
 Regarding the iron mines it is generally estimated that in 
 the Iron District of Minnesota, producing most of the iron 
 ore in U. S., 50 per cent of all employees are Jugoslavs. 
 The United States Steel Corporation estimated that in 1918 
 there were 25,000 Jugoslavs in their employ. Here again 
 statistics understate the facts as in many industrial plants 
 Jugoslavs are being classified as Austrians or Hungarians. 
 
 In the coke industry a large part of the labor is under- 
 taken by Jugoslavs. It is reported that 40 per cent of the 
 workers in the coke ovens of Western Pennsylvania are Jugo- 
 slavs. 
 
 The Jugoslavs are prominent in the zinc mines of Illinois, 
 but more so in copper mining districts, as in the Calumet region 
 of Michigan, in Montana and in Arizona. On account of the 
 present utterly demoralized conditions in this industry they 
 
 19 
 
have been scattered, and are no longer to be found in these 
 centers as heretofore. 
 
 Thej are employed in large numbers in stockyards, espe- 
 cially in Chicago, Kansas City and Omaha. 
 
 In the lumber industry, as lumberjacks, they are found 
 everywhere. However, they have a certain specialty of their 
 own in this particular industry. In the Southern States there 
 are few Jugoslavs, and these are either down on the sea- 
 coast, at Galveston, New ^^ Orleans, Mobile, or in the interior 
 of the Southern States. Those in the interior are employed 
 in the lumber industi-y, particularly in the production of 
 "French claret staves." These staves are manufactured ex- 
 clusively by the Jugoslavs, and are exported to European 
 countries, mostly to France. They are made by hand and 
 in the same manner as in the old country. This industry 
 began in 1895. 
 
 As a skilled worker, the Slovene mechanics are exten- 
 sively useful particularly in the automobile industry. Prof. 
 Pupin said at the Peace Conference that "the work of 
 skilled Slovene mechanics in the factories of Detroit, Toledo, 
 Cleveland, and Pittsl)urgh contributed towards the winning 
 of the war just as much as an army of 25,000 fully equipped 
 soldiers." 
 
 The majority of the Slovenes in New York are employed in 
 manufacturing hats. They are highly appreciated skilled 
 workers since they have already learned the trade in their 
 home country. Great is the number of Slovene girls employed 
 in this industry as skilled workers and foreladies. 
 
 The Jugoslav Section of the Foreign Language Informa- 
 tion Service made a survey of the occupations in which Jugo- 
 slavs are engaged. These statistics cover twenty-nine states and 
 show that Jugoslavs are engaged in a large variety of occupa- 
 tions. 
 
 20 
 
Occupations of the Jugoslavs in the U. S. A. 
 
 Steel, Iron and Zinc Mines, 
 
 Smelters, Refiners and Works 42.0 per cent 
 
 Coal mining 12.0 
 
 Lumber Industry 6.5 
 
 Stockyards 6.0 
 
 Fruit Growing 5.0 
 
 Chemical Works •i.O 
 
 Railroads 4.0 
 
 Electrical Manufacturing .... 4.0 
 
 Farming 3.0 
 
 Copper Mining 3.0 
 
 Fishers 2.0 
 
 Automobiles 2.0 
 
 Sailors and Longshoremen... 1.5 
 
 Business 1.0 
 
 Oyster Industry 0.5 
 
 Professions and other activities 3.5 
 
 ORGANIZATIONS. 
 
 The main organizations of the Jugoslavs in the United 
 States are the fraternal benevolent societies. These societies 
 were first established in San Francisco and New Orleans. 
 The leading national organizations of this kind are as follows: 
 
 Branches Members 
 
 National Croatian Society, Pittsburgh 417 52,000 
 
 Croatian League of Illinois, Chicago 153 11,000 
 
 Croatian League of the Pacific, San 
 
 Francisco 23 2,500 
 
 Youth National Croatian Society, Whiting 10 1,200 
 
 Croatian Brotherhood of Montana, Great 
 
 Falls 5 600 
 
 St. Joseph's Benevolent Society, Kansas 
 
 City 5 2,400 
 
 Slovene National Benefit Society, Chicago. . 524 35,000 
 
 Slovene Progressive Benefit Union, Chicago 159 5,000 
 
 21 
 
Grand Camiolian Slovenian Catholic Union 
 
 Joliet 134 18,000 
 
 South Slavonic Catholic Union, Ely 104? 11,000 
 
 Western Slavonic Association, Denver 23 3,000 
 
 Slovenian Croatian Union, Calumet 25 2,000 
 
 Slovenian Mutual Benefit Association, Cleve- 
 land 18 2,400 
 
 Holy Family Society, Joliet 13 1,000 
 
 South Slavic Benevolent Union "Sloga," 
 
 Milwaukee . 9 1,600 
 
 Serbian Society Srbobran-Sloga, Pittsburgh 107 7,000 
 
 Loyal Serb Society "Srbadija," New York 87 5,000 
 
 Serb Federation "Sloboda," Pittsburgh 10 2,500 
 
 It goes without saying that Jugoslavs have also social, 
 cultural and political organizations including a nationally 
 organized singing society. 
 
 22 
 
PRESS. 
 
 The enclosed photographs of the Serb, Croat and Slovene 
 newspapers in the United States offer some idea of the ex- 
 tent of the Jugoslav press in America. 
 
 i 
 
 THE AMERICAN SRBOBRAN 
 
 CPnCKH IMCHHK 
 
 S.-rbian HL-rald 
 
 ScmAhL ;<i; i'-i 
 
 CMP)KAJ f 
 
 CPnCHM flHEBHMH ^^E;" - 
 
 SERBIAN DAILY - 'L 
 
 
 
 ' " "''''■' "■'*'^ 
 
 MDIil Bi!&®i!ftllil[l[ EDPlii 
 
 
 cpncM,,CTPm 
 
 SRPSK.^ STRAZ.4. 
 
 yjEAMHiEHO CPnCTBb 
 
 T Kb Kiox 
 
 SERB NEWSPAPERS 
 23 
 
v/ 
 
 There are 16 Croatian, 12 Slovene and 8 Serbian news- 
 papers which are published in New York, Pittsburgh, Cleve- 
 land, Chicago, Milwaukee, Calumet, Mich., San Francisco, 
 Los Angeles, Jolict, 111., and Galveston, Tex. Of these there 
 
 ^ ' -^ II - 
 
 M 
 f^.=n JUGOSLOVENSKl ^-i, \ t^_ 
 
 W"^ SVIJTET '"' ^^ ' ^ '"^ 
 
 ' iVlJESNIK,! • 
 
 i-^ (JLASNIKJSTINF ^/^ " ^ '^ ' '^ 
 
 ; L_'i^^J,S^ -W^ NAROEM'tisf'" -"'^^' ' 
 
 ■■' "■"••"■■■"""""■5ESP0SLENE 
 
 ^ Z N A N J E c\ ; V>''\7rr I ^- ^^^ \ 
 
 : -.- ' — --- — '—^— HKvfci^^ ^ mmmmimmm ■ ^ 
 
 JEDINS^vn ": "^;^- - : 
 
 Mwrva ■ oslovenski Glasnik 
 
 SVEZA -^^ ^-" -^ --^ 
 
 HRMTSKI GLASNiK -^1* ^ 
 
 CBOAriAN HKHAI.D 
 
 "HRVATSKA'i 
 
 UL iwm\' III IIIL .--/."V/.VMN CKO)IU.\ CSIO?t' 
 
 CKOAT NEWSPAPEES 
 24 
 
are 7 dailies, 1 tri-weekly, 1 semi- weekly, 19 weeklies, 3 semi- 
 monthlies and 7 monthlies. Of the daily papers four are 
 publisiicd in New York, one in Pittsburgh, one in Cleveland, 
 and one in Chicago. Their circulation is national. ^ 
 
 GLAS NARODA 
 
 
 SLOVENIJAi^ ' 
 
 r^-^' 
 
 ENAKOPRAVNOST 
 
 > 
 
 ^ClALISTIdNA ZARJA ^ ^. 
 
 l5> 
 
 S^^SVOBODE 
 
 
 • 
 
 .^ 
 
 craivoft'T 
 
 .!>vi-;\m: 
 
 A^a(A#DOIMOVINA 
 
 SLOVENE NEWSPAPERS 
 
 '^5 
 
Churches, Schools and Orphanages. 
 
 As a result of diverse political and religious influences, 
 the Jugoslavs are divided into three chief religious sects, 
 the Roman Catholic, the Greek-Orthodox and the Mahometan, 
 the Croats and Slovenes belong as a rule to the first with a 
 certain percentage of Greek Catholics among the Croats. 
 The Serbs are as a rule of Greek Orthodox religion. 
 
 The same religious divisions exist among the Jugoslavs 
 in America, although the Mahometans are few and have no 
 congregations. 
 
 There are in the United States 38 Slovene Catholic 
 parishes, 26 Croat Catholic and 2 Greek-Orthodox parishes, 
 and 23 Serb Greek-Orthodox parishes. These are located in 
 the large Jugoslav centers. 
 
 Schools are maintained in connection with the churches, 
 instruction generally being given by the nuns. In the United 
 States the Jugoslavs support 26 schools — 14 Slovene and 12 
 Croat, the language of instruction being English. 
 
 The Croatian Orphanage of America is an organization 
 supported by two of the largest Croatian fraternal socie- 
 ties. This institution is at present collecting funds to erect 
 an orphanage building at Des Plaines, 111., toward which 
 e.ich nicmbcr of the National Croatian Society and Croatian 
 League of Illinois contributes five cents monthly. — 
 
 THE JUGOSLAV AS AN AMERICAN CITIZEN. 
 
 The number of Jugoslavs that liave become American 
 citizens can only be approximated. According to an estimate 
 of the U. S. Immigration Commission made in 1910, about 
 one third of the immigrated Jugoslavs were naturalized or 
 were holding first papers ; since then, the proportion has 
 become larger. Private estimates put it now at 65 per cent. 
 
 During the war, the number of Jugoslavs in the Amer- 
 ican Army was noteworthy. Among the 78 winners of the 
 Congressional Medal, there were two Jugoslavs: Jake Alex 
 and James I. Mestrovich. Several tliousands enlisted in tlie 
 Jugoslav volunteer Army and went to the Salonika front. 
 
 26 
 
The amount subscribed by Jugoslavs for the five Liberty 
 Loans, has been estimated by the Foreign Language Division 
 of the War Loan Organization of the JJ. S. Treasury De- 
 partment to be $50,000,000.00. The donations to the Amer- 
 ican Red Cross were also substantial, the largest Croat 
 benevolent organization alone donating $20,000. The num- 
 ber of Jugoslav members of the Red Cross in the year 19i^0 
 was estimated to be 100,000. , 
 
 BUSINESS AND TRADE. ^ 
 
 Jugoslav thrift is witnessed to by the number of banks 
 wholly or partly owned, managed and supported by Jugo- 
 slavs. Among them may be named the Frank Sakser State 
 Bank, the Slavonic Immigrant Bank and the Agency of the 
 Bank of Jugoslavia, all of New York, the North American 
 Trust and Savings Bank of Cleveland, the First State Bank 
 of Ely, Minn., and Grover's National Bank of San Jose, 
 Cal. While in Cleveland, St. Louis, Chicago and elsewhere 
 Jugoslav Building and Loan Associations are assisting our 
 immigrants to own their homes. 
 
 Several Jugoslav consumers' societies have co-operated 
 successful! v in establishing direct connection between ])ro- 
 ducer and consumer. 
 
 Li addition to the occupations of fruitgrowing and fishing 
 (which will receive separate mention) the Jugoslav on the west- 
 ern coast is nbtablv successful in the restaurant business. Three 
 hundred and twenty-five irtestaurants in San Francisco ,and 
 three hundred in Southern California are owned by Jugoslavs. 
 
 Fruit-GroK'i7ig. 
 The part the Jugoslavs have played in making Cali- 
 fornia a great orchard state is not to be ignored. In rais- 
 ing the young trees, the very foundation of the fruit grow- 
 ing industry the Jugoslavs have been most successful. Many 
 years ago, before many of our finest orchards Avere planted, 
 a little colony of Jugoslavs settled near Watsonville in the 
 beautiful Pajaro Valley. They planted apple-trees and now 
 the apples from this valley are unsurpassed. 
 
 27 
 
Shortly after the Jugoslavs had settled near Watson- 
 ville others from their country took up the old Spanish land 
 grants in the Santa Clara Valley. Here they planted many 
 fruit trees but chiefly prunes and apricots. These delicious 
 fruits dried are now widely known and marketed as Santa 
 Clara prunes and apricots. 
 
 Farther north near Fresno the Jugoslavs, coming in in- 
 creasing numbers, interested themselves in the raisin and grape 
 industries. In the Sonora and Sacramento Valley pears are 
 their specialty. 
 
 The value of any race to any country depends directly 
 on what the race can produce. There can be no finer or bet- 
 ter manner of producing than that of turning a barren 
 plot into a bearing orchard. The orchards of California 
 testify to the industry and patience of the Jugoslavs. 
 
 Fishers and Sailors. 
 
 Jugoslavs from the Littoral have always been known 
 throughout the commercial world as marines, sailors and 
 shipbuilders. First among the Jugoslav immigrants to Amer- 
 ica, they settled along the Atlantic Coast and later on the 
 Pacific where they followed their ancient customs in all in- 
 dustries pertaining to the sea. 
 
 INIany of them continued' to follow the sea. No Amer- 
 ican "clipper" — the most famous type of sailing ship in 
 the world — sailed the high seas without Jugoslavs among 
 its crew. The old Brooklyn streets adjoining East River even 
 now harbor some of the aged sea-wolves who were born along 
 the Adriatic. 
 
 Later when the sailing ships gradually disappeared, most 
 of the Jugoslav mariners stayed ashore and engaged in long- 
 shoremen trades. There are now several thousand Jugoslavs 
 employed along the Hudson and East Rivers of New York, 
 a great many of them composing the crews of tug boats, 
 large scows and ships used in harbor works. 
 
 All the principal shipbuilding yards on the Atlantic 
 employ thousands of Jugoslavs and hundreds more are en- 
 
 28 
 
gaged in the yards of the Pacific coast particularly of 
 Oakland, Cal., and of Puget Sound. Jugoslavs were also 
 among the first makers of ship masts in the pine forests of 
 Oregon. 
 
 Early immigrants from the Dalmatian Islands settled 
 on the Pacific Coast and developed the fishing industry. In 
 the north the salmon fisheries of the Columbia River and 
 nearby bays and in the south the tuna fisheries of San Pedro 
 and San Diego, Cal., offered opportunities soon realized by 
 Adriatic fishermen. They have been successful not only in 
 the securing but in the canning and marketing of sea-food. 
 
 The oyster industry of the south especially on the Mis- 
 sissippi delta was largely developed and is still operated by 
 Jugoslavs. The towns of Olga and Empire, Louisiana, which 
 are the centers of that industry are almost entirely inhabited 
 by Jugoslav oystermen and their families. 
 
 SOME PROMINENT JUGOSLAVS IN AMERICA. 
 
 Among the Jugoslavs who liave made splendid con- 
 tributions to the intellectual and industrial development of 
 the United States may be mentioned the following: 
 
 MICHAEL PUPIN, Professor at Columbia University 
 and member of the National Academy of Sciences. For his 
 well-known inventions in long distance telephony, wireless 
 telegraphy, etc., he received: The Herbert prize of the French 
 Academy, the Carson Gold Medal of the Franklin Institute, 
 The Social Science Associations' Gold Medal, The Edison 
 Gold Medal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 
 
 NIKOLA TESLA, the inventor of the polyphase induc- 
 tion motor which is one of the epoch-making devices in the 
 art of electrical engineering. This invention was acquired 
 and developed by the Westinghouse Electrical Company 
 and' is in general use all over the world. 
 
 HENRY SUZALLO, President of the University of 
 Washington, Seattle Wash. One of the foremost educators 
 in this country. 
 
 29 
 
CAPTAIN ANTHONY F. LUCAS, a native of Istria, 
 who was the first to strike oil in Texas and who may be con- 
 sidered the father of the oil industry in Texas. He is one 
 of the biggest authorities on oil in this country. 
 
 REV. F. JAGER, Professor of the University of 
 Minnesota, one of the foremost authorities on bee culture in 
 the United States. Bee culture stands higher in Slovenia 
 than in any other part of the world, and this distinguished 
 Slovene is transplanting this great art from his native land 
 to the United States. 
 
 VASO CHUKOVICH, pioneer miner of the Northwest 
 ;.\nd particularly of Colorado, who is now one of the fore- 
 most citizens of Denver, Colo. 
 
 VICTOR G. VECKI, of San Francisco, a well-known 
 physician and authority on patholog}^ and author of many 
 books on this subject. 
 
 The type of Jugoslav immigrant indicates that he be- 
 longs to a young and vigorous race. He is tall of stature 
 and usually of dark complexion. He is a hard and indus- 
 trious worker and a stubborn fighter as shown in the World 
 War. To his success as a farmer may be added his no small 
 contribution to the intellectual and technical advancement of 
 the United States. He should be welcome to this country as 
 a valuable prospective citizen. 
 
 30 
 
The Finest Fruits 
 in all the world 
 
 SUNSWEET 
 Prunes »»* Apricots 
 
 Grown in the wonderful orchards oi^California by 
 
 men of our own blood- California h: iDeen good 
 
 to Jugoslavs. There on the sun^swe ^t slopes of 
 
 her foothills our countrymen have found a new 
 
 home and prosperity. As members of the 
 
 California Prune and Apricot Growers 
 
 Association they grow and sell this, the 
 
 most famous brand of fruit that 
 
 comes from the golden state. 
 
 Whenever you order 
 Prunes or Apricots 
 . ask for 
 
 SUNSWEET 
 
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