and ds ■■.<■■.•' Bfi^^TirairBIIPRifj^-'M^^'fiSJ^Ri^Va PREFACE THE accompanying Rules, Regulations and In- structions for the Grading of Hardwood Lum- ber and Measurement of Timber were adopted June 3, 1902, at Louisville, Kentucky, by The Hard- wood Manufacturers' Association of the United States. These rules are revised and amended to date. October 1st, 1915. This Association will permit no infringement or violations of its rights under the copyright law. They are published only by this Association and advertising thereon will not be permitted. These rules are subject to the supervisory in- struction of the Chairman of our Executive Grading Commission. At the meeting of the Executive Grading Commis- sion and the annual meeting February 3, 4 and 5, 1913, a number of necessary changes were made, and which are embodied in this issue and became effective May 1, 1913. Also at the meeting of the Executive Grading Commission and the annual meeting January 21 and 22, 1914, changes were made in our rules for Boxboards and No. 2 and No. 3 Common Elm, Maple and Sycamore, notice of which was issued in supple- ment form July 15 and August 1, 1914, and which changes are now embodied in this issue. The Hardwood Manufacturers' Association of £>)e United States W. H. WELLEF, J. H. HIMMELBERGER, Secretary. President. Approved by the Enecr.' ive Grading Commission. . DELANEY, Chairman. Cincinnati, Ohio, October 1, 1915. Association Standard Grades OF POPLAR, OAK, COTTONWOOD, GUM AND OTHER HARDWOODS Classification, Official Grading and Inspection Rules of :::::: THE HARDWOOD MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES. <5^ INDEX. PAGE ASH 56 BASSWOOD 62 BEECH 82 WHITE 84 BIRCH, WHITE , 85 " RED 86 BLACK GUM 55 BUCKEYE 64 BUTTERNUT 76 CHERRY 68 CHESTNUT 59 COTTONWOOD 42 CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS 34 CYPRESS 118 ELM 87 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 9 GUM 48 HACKBERRY 58 HARDWOOD DIMENSION MATERIAL. 107 HICKORY AND PECAN 70 LOGS Ill MAHOGANY, CUBAN 108 P.1AHOGANY, MEXICAN AND AFRICAN 109 MAPLE 78 WHITE 81 OAK, PLAIN SAWED 26 QUARTER SAWED 30 POPLAR 13 SALES CODE 3 SYCAMORE, PLAIN 72 " QUARTERED 74 THICKNESSES, STANDARD 8 TUPELO 118 VEHICLE AND WAGON STOCK 89 WALNUT 66 WEIGHTS, OFFICIAL STANDARD 6-7 OCT 12 l9I^CU41t9.*34 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. SALES CODE AND INSPECTION RULES Title. These Terms, Rules and Regulations were adopted by the Hardwood Manufacturers' Asso- ciation of the United States, February 3, 1910, at their Eighth Annual Meeting, held at Cincin- nati, Ohio, and are known as the Sales Code and Inspection Rules of the Hardwood Manufactur- ers' Association of the United States. Purposes. When quotations, orders and contracts cover- ing the sale of forest products in which the members of this Association deal, contain the clause "subject to the Sales Code and Inspection Rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Associa- tion of the United States, adopted February 3, 1910," they shall be governed and controlled (with such exceptions as are specifically made in writing) by the following: — SALES CODE General Contingency Clause. 1. Quotations are based upon and orders and contracts accepted under a "General Contin- gency Clause," which recognizes that the Seller shall not be held liable for delays or non-deliv- eries of material, when occasioned by strikes, floods, fires, epidemics, car supply, delays of car- riers or any other causes, whatsoever, beyond the control of the Seller. In any of these events, the Seller may suspend further performance under the same until such causes and their effects shall have been removed. Prior Sale— Change Without Notice — Credit Rating. 2. All quotations are made subject to prior sale, change without notice, and Purchasers* credit rating proving satisfactory. H. M. A. OP THE U. S. SALES CODE. Written Order. 3. All orders and contracts shall be In writing. Order Acceptance. 4. All orders and contracts are subject to ap- proval and acceptance at the Main or Home Of- fice of Seller, and are not binding unless con- firmed in writing. Such acknowledgment shall contain all data appertaining to order, and ship- ment to be made in accordance therewith. Omissions and errors shall be corrected by the Purchaser in return mail. All forms used shall show the address of Main or Home Office of Seller. Delivered Price — Freight Rates — Switching Charges — Damage. 5. The delivered price (f. o. b. destination) Includes only the usual freight charges to point of delivery mentioned, and are based upon the freight rates in effect at time of quotation, with no allowance for switching or other terminal charges at destination. The Seller does not guarantee the continuance of those rates. In the event that freight rates change after accept- ance of order and before date of shipment, either party may cancel the contract, if the other party refuses to make the price accord with the changed rates. The Seller does not guarantee safe delivery, nor insure against breakage, loss or damage to material while in transit. Time of Shipments. 6. (a) When order, or contract, specifies def- inite time for shipment, failure to ship within said time, gives the Purchaser the privilege of cancelling the order or contract by wire, (b) When no definite time for shipment is specified, the Purchaser shall not be entitled to cancel such order or contract inside of thirty days from the date of order or contract without the con- sent of the Seller. Whenever shipments are not made within thirty days, the Seller shall forth- with notify the Purchaser, giving reasons for failure to ship. Purchaser shall then have the privilege of forthwith cancelling by wire. Should Purchaser fail to so cancel, the Seller shall have an additional thirty days in which to ship; pro- vided, however, that in case of Special or Worked material on hand at time of cancella- tion, all material must be accepted by Purchaser. H. M. A. OP THE U. S. SALES CODE. All material -en route or loaded preparatory to shipping on such orders, at date of receipt of cancellation, at Home or Main Office of Seller (with three days' grace if Home or Main Office of Seller is not at point of shipment), shall be likewise accepted. Otherwise order or contract shall remain in effect until cancelled by mutual consent. Terms of Payment. 7. Seller must promptly send to Purchaser an invoice for each carload, or other shipment. Each Invoice is due and payable as follows: Freight is due upon arrival of shipment, and must be paid by Purchaser; original "Expense Bill" (or certified copy thereof) must be sent to Seller; balance of invoice (remainder after deducting freight) is due sixty days from date of shipment and bears interest after maturity; provided, however, that Purchaser may pay the same ten days after date of invoice with a dis- count of 2%; or thirty days after date of invoice, with a discount of 1%. All payments must be made in funds at par New York or Chicago. Omissions and errors in invoice are subject to correction. Credit. 8. If, during the life of any order, or contract, the financial responsibility of the Purchaser be- comes impaired or unsatisfactory to the Seller, cash payments, with above discounts, or satis- factory security, may be demanded, in default of which, the order or contract may be cancelled by the Seller. Relnspection. 9. In event of complaint by Purchaser on the quality of material shipped, Purchaser shall pay freight, unload and hold rejected lumber intact, properly protected, and shall file complaint with Seller within five days after receipt of shipment. If on quantity, the entire shipment must be held intact. Payment of freight or invoice shall not be considered as an acceptance of the shipment, nor shall such payment work a forfeiture of the right to enter complaints and make corrections. Upon receipt of complaint by Seller, shipper shall at once request the Secretary of the Hard' wood Manufacturers' Association to have rein» spected the shipment in accordance with the rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Associa- H. M. A. OF THE U. S. SALES CODE. tion of the United States in effect. at the time of execution of contract, and the purchaser shall lend reasonable assistance in the reinspection thereof. Certificates will be issued by the said Asso- ciation showing the original shipper, the Pur- chaser and the results of such reinspection, the original being mailed to the shipper and the duplicate to the Purchaser. Settlement on Reinspection. 10. Both Seller and Purchaser shall be bound by such reinspection. The Purchaser shall accept all material of the grade purchased, and all of the next lower grade not in excess of 5% of the total quantity invoiced, and shall pay for said grade at current propor- tionate prices as shown by the latest publication of market conditions issued by the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association. All de-grades in excess of 5% shall be the property of the Seller. OFFICIAL STANDARD WEIGHTS OF HARDWOOD LOGS. Basis Actual Ash 10.00 9.84 Cottonwood 11.50 11.45 Cypress 9.00 8.99 Elm 10.00 10.18 Hickory 13.00 13.25 Gum 11.00 10.82 Poplar 7.50 7.35 Oak 11.00 10.95 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. OFFICIAL STANDARD WEIGHTS OF HARDWOOD LUMBER. Kinds of Wood Ash, . . Basswood, Beech, , Birch, . . Buckeye, Butternut, Cherry, . Chestnut, Thickness 1" and thicker rough Lbs. per Condition 1000 ft. dry 1" and thicker, 1" and thicker, 1" and thicker, 1" and thicker, I" and thicker, 1" and thicker, 1" and thicker, Cottonwood, 1" and thicker, Cottonwood, >£" Bevel Siding Cottonwood, Cottonwood, Cottonwood, W' Elm (soft), Elm (rock), Gum, . . . 1" and thicker, 1" and thicker, 1" and thicker, Gum, . . .1" and thicker, Gum, . . . >*>" Bevel Siding, Gum, . . . 13-16" Drop Siding, Gum, . . . 13-16" Flooring, , Gum, . . . %" Ceiling S2S Gum, . . .^"Ceiling , S2S Gum, . . . %" Ceiling S2S Gum, . . . W Ceiling, S2S Gum, ... 1" S2S 13-16" red 2 500 Gum, ... 1" S2S 13-16" sap 2,350 rough rough rough rough rough rough rough rough S2S . S2S . S2S . rough rough rough, red rough, sap SIS S2S S2S 3,500 2,600 4,000 4,000 2,600 2,800 4,000 2,800 2,800 850 1,000 1,200 1,500 3,200 3,800 3,300 3,100 900 2,200 2,200 850 1,300 2,000 1,600 Hickory, .1" rough Hickory, . Axles and Reaches, . . rough, dry Hickory green . Hickory, . Rim Strips rough . Maple (soft). 1" and thicker, .... rough . Maple (hard)l" and thicker rough . Oak, . . .1" and thicker, rough . Oak, . . . %" thick, rough . Oak, . . . ^" thick, rough . Oak, . . . %" thick, rough . Oak, . . . %" thick, rough . Oak Chair and Furniture Stock, 1" and thicker, Oak Squares, 1" x 1" and larger, Oak Wagon Stock and Felloes. . . . dry, Oak Wagon Stock and Felloes, . . . green . Oak Flow Handle Strips, dry Poplar, . . 1" and thicker, rough Poplar, . . %" rough Poplar, . . %" rough Poplar, . . y 2 " Bevel Siding S2S . Poplar, . . Drop Siding, S2S . Poplar, . . %" Ceiling S2S . Poplar, . . VJ' Ceiling and Partition, S2S . Poplar, . . W' Ceiling and Partition, S2S . Poplar, . . W Ceiling and Partition, S2S . Poplar. . . 13-16" Ceiling and Partition, S2S . Poplar, . . 1" S2S, to 13-16 Sycamore, . 1" and thicker rough Walnut, . . 1" and thicker, rough These weights have been established from actual tests. It has been the accumulation of information received from different sections of the country, showing the aver- age weights of the different varieties of wood and the different character of manufacture. Attests have been submitted showing the tests to be absolutely accurate, 5.000 4,500 6,000 5,000 3,000 4,000 3,900 2,000 2,200 2,700 3,200 4,200 4,200 4,500 6,000 4,250 2,800 1,600 2,100 850 2,000 800 1,200 1,500 1.750 2,000 2,200 3,200 4,000 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. THE STANDARD THICKNESSES FOR DRESSED LUMBER. Rough Stock. Dressed Stock %" surfaced two sides to 7/32" W %" %>' 1" 1W 1%" 1%" 2" 2V*" 2%" 3" 3%" 3%" 3%" 4" 5/16" 7/16" 9/16" 13/16" 1 3/32" 1 11/32" 1%" 1%" 2" 2%" 2%" 2%" 3" 3y 4 " 3%" 3y 4 " H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 9 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MANUFACTURE, INSPECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF HARDWOOD LUMBER Manufacture: 1. Lumber shall be manufactured of prac- tically uniform thickness and square edges, with all ragged ends trimmed off. Inspection: 2. The location, size, and kind of defects have much to do with the value of a board, and the inspector must depend to some extent on his own judgment, guided by the following rules: 3. In inspecting all lumber, both sides of the piece shall be taken into consideration in mak- ing the grade. In inspecting common grades, any board that will produce the required amount of cuttings of the regular thickness shall be passed, even if the balance of the board is not of the standard thickness, subject to restrictions of rule for mis-sawed stock. 4. The face side of lumber is the side showing the best quality or appearance. 5. l'ieces of lumber that would take two or three standard defects may have large defects equal in damage to two or three standard defects. 6. In grades below Firsts and Seconds and in woods where no Select grade is provided, boards 6 inches and over wide with one clear face shall be raised a grade above the reverse side. 7. Lumber shipped rough must be accepted on grades as shown in the rough, and not subject to any changes which may be caused by future mill working, except as to stained sap, as here- inafter stated. 8. Sap that will show bright after dressing to standard thickness shall be considered bright; all sap to be estimated in the average. 9. Any stain that will show bright after dress- ing to standard thickness shall not be considered a defect. 10. Splits that do not diverge more than one inch for each foot in length are to be considered straight splits. 11. Ordinary season checks are not to be con- sldert^d defects 12. A straight split not exceeding 6 inches In length in one end of a piece of lumber 8 Inches and over wide shall not be considered a defect. 10 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. i GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. "-3. The rules for the inspection of lumber are intended to define the poorest piece that will go into a given grade; all the better boards up to the next higher grade being also included in the grade described. In line boards twelve feet and longer shall be given advantage in grade, and eleven feet and shorter reduced. 14. CLEAR FACE CUTTINGS must show one face clear of all defects excepting bright sap, except as hereinafter stated. The reverse side of Clear Face Cuttings may contain small defects, or one large defect not exceeding 2 inches in diameter that will not materially weaken the strength of the piece, and that will not show through to the face when worked. SOUND CUTTINGS may contain firm knots; pin worm holes, sap and other defects which would not materially weaken the strength of the piece. The word "Cuttings" is intended to include both rippings and cuttings. 15. LOG RUN means the full run of the log with all boards included that will cut 50% or better into sound cuttings. The smallest cut- ting allowed must contain 72 square inches and must not be shorter than 2 feet nor narrower than 3 inches, Walnut and Cherry excepted, which will allow a minimum of 33 1/3% sound cuttings and the dimensions for the smallest cutting to be the same as above. 16. COMMON AND BETTER means the full run of the log with all grades below No. 1 Common excluded. This grade must contain at least 25% of Firsts and Seconds. 16a. THE PERCENTAGES OF FIRSTS re- quired in the combined grade of Firsts and Sec- onds in the different woods are as follows: 50%— Poplar. 40%— Bass wood, Soft Elm, Mexican Mahogany, Cottonwood. 35% — African Mahogany. 33 1-3% — White Ash, Birch, Hard Maple, Chest- nut, Sycamore, Red and White Oak (Plain and Quartered), Buckeye, Red and Sap Gum. 25% — Soft Maple, Brown and Black Ash, Cuban Mahogany. 20%— Beech, Butternut, Rock Elm, Hickory, Pecan, Walnut and Cherry. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 11 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. Measurement: 17. Lumber must be inspected and measured as the inspector finds it, of full length and width. He shall make no allowance for the pur- pose of raising the grade. 18. In the measurement of all lumber, frac- tions exactly on the half foot are to be dropped, and all fractions above the half foot are to be counted to the next higher figure on the board rule. 19. A careful piece tally must be kept of all lumber showing the face measure. This shall be considered the board measure in all lumber one inch and thinner. To obtain the board measure in stock thicker than one inch, multiply the face measurement by the thickness in inches. 20. In the absence of the shortest lengths in the grade where the same is allowed, the per cent of the next longer lengths may be increased proportionately. 21. Tapering lumber shall be measured at one- third the length of the board from the narrow end, except strips. 22. All widths and lengths mentioned in these rules shall be inclusive. 23. The standard lengths are four to twenty feet, with fifteen per cent of odd lengths in feet in any grade admitted as standard lengths. 24. The standard thicknesses for rough stock are: %, %, % %, 1, 1%, 1%, 1%. 2, 2%, 2%, 2%, 3, 3%, 3%, 3% and 4 inches. 10% of the ship- ment may be 1/16" scant of the standard thick- ness. 25. Lumber showing any greater variation in thickness than: 1/16" in %-inch stock, Ys" in % & %-inch stock, %" in 1 & 1-%-inch stock, y 2 " in l-y 2 & 2-inch stock, %" in over 2-inch stock, must be graded as in the regular grade shown according to defects, etc., but measured at the thin part, and tallied separately as mis- sawed lumber. In Common grades the percentage of cuttings required must be the part of the lumber only required to show the above variations. Standard Defects. 26. Each one of the following items consti- tutes a standard defect, any of which may ap- 12 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. pear In the board up to the limit specified in the rule covering its quality. a. One knot one and one-fourth inches in di- ameter. b. Two knots so located that they will not exceed in damage one standard knot. c. Worm holes, grub holes, or rafting pin holes not exceeding in damage one standard knot. d. Heart, shake, rot, dote, or any other de- fects not exceeding in damage one standard knot. e. Bark or waney edge not to exceed one inch in the average, running not to exceed one-third the length of the board, only showing on one aide and to be measured. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 13 POPLAR General Instructions, and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Bright Burls that will dress smooth are not to be considered defects in any grade. Sound Gum Spots are no defect in any grade. Open Gum Spots to be considered by the in- spector. The standard lengths and thicknesses are as designated under the heading of each grade. Grades and Nomenclature. The following are the standard grades of Poplar lumber adopted and the terms by which they are to be known: Rough Stock: Grades. Standard Thicknesses. Panel and Wide No. 1 % to 2 inches Fas or Firsts and Seconds com- bined as one grade % to 4 inches Selects % to 4 inches Saps % to 2 inches Wide No. 2 % to 2 inches No. 1 Common % to 4 inches No. 2 Common % to 4 Inches No. 3 Common % to 4 inches No. 4 Common % to 4 inches Scoots % to 4 inches Car Sign Boards 1 to 2^ inches Wagon Box Boards 1 inch Shorts % to 4 inches Strips % to 2 inches Quartered Poplar. Fas or Firsts and Seconds % to 2 inches No. 1 Common % to 2 inches No. 2 Common % to 2 inches Squares. 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 10x10, 11x11, and 12x12. Fas or Firsts and Seconds. No. 1 Common. Panel and Wide No. 1. Panel and Wide No. 1 are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of •dd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 14 H. M. A, OF THE U. S. POPLAR. Widths: 18 Inches and over. Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. Bright sap no defect. Panel. — 8 and 9-foot lengths must be clear. Seventy-five per cent of the total quantity must be clear of defects on both sides; the balance of the quantity may contain three de- fects, provided ninety per cent of the piece can be used for Panels four feet and longer, in the full width of the board. Splits six inches long in one end not to be con- sidered a defect in any board; splits longer than six inches not to be admitted. Wide No. 1.— 8 and 9-foot lengths will admit one standard defect. 10 and 11-foot will admit two standard defects. 12 to 16-foot will admit three standard defects. 17 to 20-foot will admit four standard defects. Splits admitted not to exceed fifteen inches in not to exceed ten per cent of the pieces. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 7 to 17 inches, up to 2 inches thick, 2^4 inches and thicker, 7 inches and over wide. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 8 inches and over wide. 8 to 9 inches must be clear. 10 to 11 inches will admit 1 inch of bright sap. 12 to 14 inches will admit one standard defect and 2 inches of bright sap, or 4 inches of bright sap if there are no knots or equal defects. 15 to 17 inches will admit two standard de- fects, or one standard defect and 3 inches of bright sap, or 6 inches of bright sap if there are no knots or equal defects. Seconds shall be 7 inches and over wide. 7 inches must be clear. 8 inches will admit 1 inch of bright sap. 9 to 11 inches will admit one standard defect and 1 inch of bright sap, or 3 inches of bright sap or equal defects. 12 to 14 inches will admit two standard de- fects and 2 inches of bright sap, or one stand- ard defect and 4 inches of bright sap, or 6 inches of bright sap if there are no other de- fects. 15 to 17 inches will admit three standard de- fects or two standard defects and 3 inches of H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 15 POPLAR. bright sap, or 6 inches of bright sap if there are no other defects. Splits not to exceed in length the width of the board admitted and to be considered one standard defect, and not over twenty per cent of the whole in either quality may be so split. Selects. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Selects shall include the following different kinds of boards: (1) A board having a face side as good as a First, the other side must be as good as a No. 2 Common. Sun checks admitted on the poor side of this board. (2) A board having a face side as good as a Second, the other side must be as good as a No. 1 Common. (3) A board that has one more standard de- fect than would admit it to a Second. Ex- amples: (a) A board 6 to 7 inches wide with one standard defect. (b) A board 8 inches wide with 1 inch of bright sap and one standard defect. (c) Boards 9 to 11 inches wide with 2 inches of bright sap and two standard defects, and accordingly as widths increase. Splits not to exceed the width of the board up to 10 inches are admitted. Boards over 10 Inches in width will admit a split one-sixth the length of the board. Saps. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 4 to 17 inches. Thicknesses: Standard. Saps will admit standard defects as follows: Up to 10 inches wide, none. 11 to 12 inches wide, one. 13 inches and wider, two. Splits not to exceed the width of the board up to 10 inches are admitted. Boards over 10 Inches in width will admit a split one-sixth the length of the board, if there are no other defects. Bright sap or sap that will show bright after dressing to standard thickness admitted. 16 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. POPLAR. Wide No. 2. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 18 to 23 inches, 24 to 27 inches and 28 inches and over. Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. Bright sap no defect. 8-foot lengths will admit two standard defects. 18 inches wide, except 8-foot lengths, may contain five standard defects and one additional defect for each two inches of additional width. Splits equal in length to the width of the board are admitted in not to exceed ten per cent of the boards, and are counted as a stand- ard defect. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 5 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap admitted. 20% of sound discolored sap admitted on face. No. 1 Common shall be inspected to grade according to the percentage of clear face cut- tings, as shown below: No piece or cutting to be less than 5 inches wide and 18 inches long. The following table explains fully how the widths and lengths of boards are to grade: No. of Width. Length. Per cent. Pieces. 6 inches 8 to 14 feet 90% 2 15 feet and over 90% 3 Ho 7 inches 8 to 10 feet 85% 2 " 11 feet and over 85% 3 8 to 9 inches 8 to 10 feet 75% 2 11 to 16 feet 75% 3 17 feet and over 75% 4 10 to 12 inches 8 to 11 feet 70% 2 12 to 16 feet 70% 3 " 17 feet and over 70% 4 13 in. and over 8 to 11 feet 66 2-3% 3 12 to 16 feet 66 2-3% 4 17 ft. & over 66 2-3% 6 No. 2 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths: 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 17 POPLAR. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Com- mon and that will work at least 50% into sap or clear face cuttings. No cutting to be less than 4 inches wide and 2 feet long. Sound discolored sap is not to be considered a defect in this grade. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. No. 3 Common must contain at least 50% sound cuttings. No cutting to be less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. Scoots. Scoots shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 4 Common. STANDARD GRADES FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES. Car Sign Boards. Lengths: 12 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 12 and 13 feet, 20% 14 and 15 feet, and the balance 16 to 20 feet. Widths: 13 to 17 inches. Thicknesses: 1, 1%, 1Y 2 , 2, and 2Ms inches. The face side must be free from all defect! except bright sap. The reverse side of this stock must be sound and rigid, for the purpose of making a solid sup- port for the face. Defects are allowed on the back which will not materially impair the strength of the piece. 18 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. POPLAR. Wagon Box Boards. Widths: Wide, 13 to 17 inches. Narrow, 9 to 12 inches. Lengths: 12, 14 and 16 feet, but 15% may be 11, 13, 15 feet. Thickness: Must be 1 inch thick when ship- ping dry. Defects: Must be free from defects excepting that no objection will be made to bright sap or sound discolored sap; also one sound knot, not to exceed l 1 ^. inches in diameter or its equiv- alent, showing on one face only. Eleven feet lengths to be free from splits: 12, 13 and 16 feet lengths will admit of a 12 inch split in one end or its equivalent in both ends; 14 and 15 feet lengths will admit of splits not to exceed 6 inches in one end or its equivalent in both ends. Note: 16 feet lengths may have other defects so that the board will make one side 11 feet long and one end piece 3 feet 6 inches long. Note: Five per cent in feet of a shipment that can be reduced in measurement by cutting the end or edge or both to a size ordered must be accepted and measured as box boards, sepa- rate tally to be kept of such boards, showing reduction in measurement. Note: Inspectors are cautioned that "woolly" cottonwood and lumber so warped that it cannot be used for box boards, must be excluded from this grade. SHORTS. Lengths: 12 to 42 inches — in multiples of 6 inches. Widths: 3 inches and up. Thicknesses: Standard. No. 1. Will admit not to exceed one 6-inch split and two standard defects. No. 2. Shall work 50% sound cutting. Wane admitted not to exceed 3 inches in width and one-third the length of the piece on one edge or the equivalent on both edges. This is to be used for Box Shook or cutting up purposes. STRIPS. Strips shall be measured at the narrow end and tallied lengths separate on the half and even inches. In event of beveled edges, the nar- row face shall be measured. Lengths: 8 feet and. over, admitting 15% of H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 19 POPLAR. odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 2%, 3, ZY 2 , 4, 4%, 5, 5^, and 6 Inches. Thicknesses: Standard. No. 1 Strips shall be clear of all defects, ex- cepting 1 Inch of bright sap showing only on one face. Select Strips will admit bright sap without limit, or, in the absence of sap, two sound knots, not to exceed %-inch each in diameter, or one standard defect. No. 1 Common Strips will admit bright or sound discolored sap without limit. In addition thereto 8 to 12-foot lengths may have two standard defects; 14-foot and over, three. No. 2 Common Strips will admit all pieces that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common, which can be used for cheap work without waste of more than one-third the length of any one piece. Pin-worm holes admitted. SQUARES. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Sizes: 4x4 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 10x10, and 12x12. Grades: Firsts and Seconds and No. 1 Com- mon. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Firsts are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes, and checks, but may have other defects, as follows: Bright Sap on Standard 2 Knots edges 8 to 12 feet long 1 or 2" 13 feet and longer 1 and 2' f 8 to 12 feet long 1 \ 13 feet and longer 2 8 to 12 feet long 2 13 feet and longer 2 8 to 12 feet long 3 13 feet and longer 3 8 to 12 feet long 4 13 feet and longer 4 8 to 12 feet long 5 13 feet and longer 5 Seconds will admit all knots, as described In Firsts, but bright sap will be admitted without limit. 4"x 4' 4"x 4' f 5"x 5' t 6"x 6' 7"x 7' 7"x V S"x 8' 8"x 8' 9"x 9' 9"x 9' 10"xl0' I2"xl2' or 2 and 3 or 3' and 3' or 3' and 3' or 3' and 3' or 4' and 4' 20 H. M. A. OF THE V. S. POPLAR. No. 1 Common. No. 1 Common Squares will include all Squares not up to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, that will cut two-thirds their length clear in pieces that can be used for newells and short turnings not less than 3 feet long, or will admit of stained sap without limit, if they have no more defects than would go in a Second, or will admit of season checks running full length on two sides. QUARTERED POPLAR. Defects in this kind of Poplar differ from those In plain sawed, and consist largely of spike knots and open gum spots. Bright sap no defect. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 5 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 5 inches must be clear. 6 to 7 inches, 8 to 12 feet long, will admit two knots showing 1-inch space on edge, or one de- fect condensed not exceeding a 2-inch space. 6 to 7 inches, 14 feet and longer, will admit three knots showing 1-inch space on edge, or one or two defects condensed not exceeding 3 inches in space. 8 to 9 inches, 8 to 12 feet long, will admit two knots showing iy 2 inches space on edge, or one defect condensed not exceeding 3 inches in space. 8 to 9 inches, 14 feet long and longer, will admit three knots iy 2 inches in space on edge, or one or two defects condensed not exceeding the same. 10 inches and wider, 8 to 12 feet long, will admit two knots 2 inches in space on edge, or one defect condensed not exceeding the same. 10 inches and wider, 14 feet and longer, will admit three knots 2 inches in space on edge, or one or two defects condensed not exceeding the same. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 21 POPLAR (Quartered). No. 1 Common. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap no defect. No. 1 Common shall be inspected to grade according to the percentage of clear face quar- tered cuttings as shown below. No piece or cutting to be less than 4 inches wide and 18 inches long. The following table explains fully how the widths and lengths of boards are to grade: No. Width. Length. Per cent. Pes 4 inches 8 to 12' 85 2 i< 13 to 20' 85 3 6 to G" 8 to 10' 80 2 " 11 to 14' 80 3 ** 15 and 16' 80 4 " 17 to 20' 80 5 7 to 8" 8 to 12' 70 3 " 13 to 16' 70 4 ■ 4 17 to 20' 70 5 9" and wider 8 to 12' 66 2-3 3 *• 13 to 16' 66 2-3 4 " 17 and 18' 66 2-3 5 ii 19 and 20' 66 2-3 6 No. 2 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 10% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright or slightly discolored sap no defect. No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common that will work at least 50% into clear face quar- tered cuttings. No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. POPLAR, DRESSED OR WORKED. General Instructions. 1. Dressed Poplar shall be inspected from the best or face side. The reverse side may contain defective dressing, but no other defects that would not go in the grade. 22 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. POPLAR (Dressed). General Instructions (Continued). 2. Slightly chipped grain on face side admit- ted, provided it does not exceed 6 inches square in Firsts and Seconds, 12 inches square in Saps and Selects, and 18 inches square in No. 1 Com- mon in the aggregate. 3. Imperfect manufacture in dressed or worked stock, such as torn grain, broken knots, mis- matched, insufficient tongue or groove, shall be considered defects and will reduce the grade ac- cordingly. 4. Partition, Ceiling, Flooring or Drop Siding, having less than three-sixteenths of an inch tongue, shall not be admitted in any grade above No. 2 Common. 5. Wane on the reverse side, not exceeding one-third the width, and running not to exceed one-sixth the length of any piece, provided the wane does not extend into the tongue, or over one-half the thickness below the groove, will be admitted. Bevel Siding. Bevel Siding is made from 1x4, 5, and 6-inch strips, S. 4 S. to 27/32 x 3%, 4%, and 5% inches and resawed on a bevel. No. 1. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Must be practically free of de- fects except 1 inch of sap or two knots on thin edge that will cover by lap. SELECTS. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Will admit two sound knots %" in diameter, or one standard defect. Sap admitted without limit. No. 1 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Sound discolored sap and scattering pin-worm holes not to be considered defects in this grade. In addition thereto boards may contain standard defects or their equivalent as follows: 4-foot lengths, one. 5 to 9-foot lengths, two. 10 to 14-foot lengths, three. 15 to 20-foot lengths, four. No. 2 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Will admit all pieces that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Com- mon which can be used for cheap siding without waste of more than one-third the length of any one piece. Pin-worm holes admitted. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 23 POPLAR (Dressed). Drop Siding. Made from 1x4, 5, and 6-inch strips. Widths: 3*4, 4*4, 5% inches net face, counted as 4, 5, and 6-inch respectively. Thicknesses: % inch net after surfacing. The above covers all grades. No. 1. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Must be practically free of de- fects on face side. SELECTS. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Will admit two sound knots %." in diameter, or one standard defect. Sap admitted without limit. No. 1 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Sound discolored sap and scattering pin-worm holes not to be considered defects in this grade. In addition thereto boards may contain standard defects or their equivalent as follows: 4-foot lengths, one. 5 to 9-foot lengths, two. 10 to 14-foot lengths, three. 15 to 20-foot lengths, four. No. 2 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Will admit all pieces that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common which can be used for cheap siding without waste of more than one-third the length of any one piece. Pin-worm holes admitted. Dressed Dimension Strips. Widths, 3 inches and over; stock S. 2 S. X A inch scant in width; stock S. 4 S. V 2 inch scant in width. Thicknesses: Standard. No. 1 Dimension: Lengths, 6 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Each piece must be practically clear on one face, 7 to 9" widths, 1" of bright sap admitted on one edge showing on face side, 10 to 12" widths 1V Z " of bright sap admitted on one edge showing on face side. SELECT Dimension: Lengths, 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Bright sap ad- mitted without limit, and in addition thereto one standard defect or its equivalent admitted in boards 8" and under wide, and two standard defects or their equivalent admitted in boards 9 to 12" inclusive. No. 1 COMMON Dimensions: Lengths, 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Shall admit of any number of sound knots that paint will cover, the board to work full length and width. 24 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. POPLAR (Dressed). Bright or sound discolored sap and scattered pin-worm holes not to be considered defects in this grade. No. 2 COMMON Dimension: Lengths, 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Shall include all boards that will work two-thirds or more of the same grade as No. 1 Common, in not to ex- ceed three cuts the full width of the boards, no cutting to be shorter than 3 feet. Casing and Base. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: Net, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7^, 8%, and 9% inches, counted ^-inch wider than net face. Thicknesses: 13/16 inch after surfacing. The above refers to and covers all grades. FIRSTS AND SECONDS. Each piece must be practically clear on face side. 7 to 10-inch wfdths, 1 inch of bright sap ad- mitted on one edge, showing on face side. SAPS AND SELECTS. Bright sap -admitted without limit, and in addition one standard de- fect or its equivalent to be admitted in boards 8" and under, and two standard defects or their equivalent in boards 9 to 10" wide. No. 1 COMMON. This grade will include all stock that will not come up to the grade of Saps and Selects, that will work two-thirds of its length clear face in pieces 3 feet long and longer, regardless of sap. Stained sap without limit, where there are no other defects, admitted in this grade. Flooring and Ceiling. Widths: 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5*4 inches net face, counted as 3, 4, 5, and 6 inches, respectively. Stock finished on the one-half inch shall be counted three-quarter inch wider than net face. Thicknesses: Flooring, 13/16" after surfacing. Ceiling, 5/16" counted as %", 7/16" counted as %", 9/16" counted as %", and 11/16" counted as The above covers all grades. No. 1. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Must be practically free from defects on face side. SELECTS. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Bright sap without limit or in the, absence of sap two sound knots not to ex- ceed % inch in diameter or one standard defect. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 25 POPLAR (Dressed). No. 1 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Bright or sound dis- colored sap and scattering pin-worm holes not to be considered defects in this grade. In addition thereto boards may contain the following stand- ard defects or their equivalent: 4-foot lengths, one. 6 to 10-foot lengths, two. 12 to 14-foot lengths, three. 16 to 20-foot lengths, four. No. 2 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Will admit all pieces that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common which can be used for cheap work without waste of more than one- third the length of any one piece. Pin-worm holes admitted. Partition. The rules for Flooring and Ceiling shall apply, except that the reverse side of the piece must not be of a lower grade than the face. Mouldings. No. 1. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% of 8, 9, and 10 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths, thickness, and, pattern to be governed by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: Bright sap or slightly discolored sap shall be admitted without limit; otherwise clear, except slightly chipped grain not to exceed one-twelfth the length of any one piece. No. 2. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% of 6, 7, and 8 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths, thickness, and pattern to be governed by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: No. 2 will Include all moulding that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 that will work 50% clear in pieces 4 feet and longer. Sound discol- ored sap is no defect. 26 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. PLAIN SAWED OAK, RED OR WHITE General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection. Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, Step Plank, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, Sound Wormy, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admittM and to be considered as one standard defect and not over 20% of the whole fn either quality may Me so split. Bright sap to one-third the width of the piece on the face side is no defect. STEP PLANK. Grades: First and Seconds and No. 1 Com- mon. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 10% of odd lengths. Widths: 10 to 15 inches. Thicknesses: 1, 1*4, 1%, and 2 inches. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). (Step Plank) Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade, and must show one face and one edge practi- cally free from all defects. The other side and other edge may contain sound defects that will not materially weaken the strength of the piece. Ten feet and over long may have one split not exceeding 12 inches in length. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 27 PLAIN RED OR WHITE OAK. No. 1 Common. (Step Plank) No. 1 Common will include all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, that can be used for Step Plank without waste of more than one-third of the piece. No piece or cutting to be less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face, up to 8 inches wide: over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is no defect. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 60% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. 28 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. PLAIN RED OR WHITE OAK. Sound Wormy. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must work at least 66 2/3% of cut- tings, which shall contain no other defects ex- cept pin or spot worm holes. No cutting allowed that is not at least 3 feet long and at least 3 inches wide. Sound discolored sap is no defect. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must work at least 50% sound cut- ting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 2 feet, nor narrower than 3 inches. Sound discolored sap is no defect. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. STRIPS. Strips shall be measured at the narrow end and tallied lengths separate on the half and even inches. In event of beveled edges, the narrow face shall be measured. Bright sap is no defect. Clear Face Strips. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 2, 2%, 3, 3%, 4, 4%, 5 and 5% inches. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must show one clear face, free from all defects. No. 1 Common Strips. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 2, 2%, 3, 3V 2 , 4, 4^, 5 and 5% inches. H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 29 PLAIN RED OR WHITE OAK. Thicknesses: Standard. This grade must work 66 2-3% clear face in not more than two pieces. No piece or cutting admitted which is less than 3 feet long and 2 inches wide. No. 2 Common Strips. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 2, 2%, 3, 3%, 4, 4%, 5 and 5y 2 inches. Thicknesses: Standard. This grade must work 50% clear face. No piece or cutting to be considered less than 2 feet long and 2 inches wide. Sound discolored sap is no defect. Sound Wormy Strips. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 2, 2y 2 , 3, 3%, 4, 4%, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: Standard. This grade must work at least 66 2/3% clear face cuttings, except for pin or spot worm holes. No cutting allowed that is less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece. Sound discolored sap allowed. 30 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. QUARTER SAWED OAK, RED OR WHITE General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Standard Grades: Fas., or Firsts and Seconds Step Plank, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, and No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade, and must show figure covering at least 90% of the face side. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may in?*-*>ase in proportion. One inch of bright sap is not a defect; each additional inch of sap to be considered as one standard defect. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. STEP PLANK. Grades: Firsts and Seconds and No. 1 Com- mon. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 10% of odd lengths. Widths: 10 to 15 inches. Thicknesses: 1, 1%, iy 2 , and 2 inches. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 31 QUARTERED RED OR WHITE OAK. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). (Step Plank) Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade, and must show one face and one edge practi- cally free from all defects. The other side and other edge may contain sound defects that will not materially weaken the strength of the piece. 75% of the face side must show figure. 10 feet and over long may have one split not exceeding 12 inches in length. No. 1 Common. (Step Plank) No. 1 Common will include all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, that can be used for Step Plank without waste of more than one-third of the piece. No piece or cutting to be less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths, 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches will admit one standard defect. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear figured face as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches IT to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 32 H. M. A. OP THE U. S. QUARTERED RED OR WHITE OAK. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face figured cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches. All cuttings must show figure on face side. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lensrths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at least 50% sound figured cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must contain 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. STRIPS. Strips shall be measured at the narrow end and tallied lengths separate on the half and even inches. In event of beveled edges, the narrow face shall be measured. Clear Face Strips. Must show figure covering at least 90% of the face side. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths: 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 2, 2V 2 . 3. 3y 2 , 4, 4^, 5 and 5% inches. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must show one clear quartered face free from all defects, excepting one-half inch of bright sap on 2, 2V 2 , 3 and 3%-inch strips, and 1 inch on 4, 4%, 5, and 5^-inch strips. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 33 QUARTERED RED OR WHITE OAK. No. 1 Common Strips. lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 2, 2%, 3, 3%, 4, 4%, 5 and 5^ inches. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect. Each piece must work 66 2/3% clear figured face in not more than two pieces. No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 feet long and 2 inches wide. No. 2 Common Strips. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 2, 2%, 3, 3V 2 , 4, 4%, 5 and 5% inches. Thicknesses: Standard. This grade must work 50% clear figured face. No piece or cutting to be considered which ia less than 2 feet long by 2 inches wide. Sound discolored sap is no defect. 34 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS AND SOUND SQUARE EDGE OAK GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. Those who are not familiar with the anatomy of the oak tree should, when reading over these rules, take into consideration that the rule de- scribes the poorest piece that goes into the grade and that a large per cent is above the grade described. Definition of Oak for Construction Purposes. The term "Construction Oak" means all such products of Oak in which the strength and durability of the timber is the controlling ele- ment in its selection and use. The following is a list of products which are recommended for consideration as "Construction Oak": Firsts are to be sound and free from heart, shakes and checks, but may have other defects as follows: I.— CONSTRUCTION OAK. (A) Trestle and Bridge Timbers: Mud Sills, Stringers, Caps, Posts, Bracing, Bridge Ties, Guard Rails, Struts and Girts, Sash and Sway Braces. (B) Docking and Platform Timbers: Mud Sills, Posts, Bracing, Caps, Stringers, Joists, Dock and Platform or Flooring Plank and Wales. (C) Platform or Flooring Plank can be either square edged or matched. (D) Locomotive Timbers: Sills, End and Truck Timbers. (E) Car Timbers: Car Framing, including Up- per Framing, Car Sills, End and Truck Timbers. Car Decking, Inside Lining. (F) Ties: Switch Ties, Cross Ties. (G) Framing for Building: Mud Sills, Posts, Girders, Framing, Joists, etc. (H) Bridge and Crossing Plank: Railroad Crossing Plank, Bridge Floor Planking. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 35 CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. (H'/ 2 ) Sheet Piling: Same as Crossing Plank, except may contain unlimited amount of heart. (H3/ 4 ) Round Piling. (I) Cattle Guards. (J) Track or Bumper Post. Items A, B, C, G hereafter designated as Structural Oak. II.— STANDARD DEFECTS. Definition of "Defect": Fault, Blemish, Mark of imperfection that will materially in- jure the strength. Measurements which refer to the diameter of ' knots or holes shall be considered as re- ferring to the mean or average diameter. II.— (A) KNOTS. (1) Sound Knot. A Sound Knot is one which is solid across its face, and which is as hard as the wood surrounding it; it may be any color and contain checks. (2) Loose Knot. A Loose Knot is one not firmly held in place by growth or position. (3) Pith Knot. A Pith Knot is a Sound Knot with a pith hole not more than y±' in diameter in the center. (4) Rotten Knot. A Rotten Knot is one that is not sound and not as hard as the wood sur- rounding it. (5) Pin Knot. A Pin Knot is a Sound Knot not over %" in diameter. (6) Standard Knot. A Standard Knot is a knot not over 2" in diameter. (7) Large Knot. A Large Knot is a Sound Knot more than 2" in diameter. (8) Round Knot. A Round Knot is one which is oval or circular in form. (9) Spike Knot. A Spike Knot is one sawn in lengthwise direction. The mean or the aver- age width shall be considered in measuring this knot. (10) Bird Peck. Bruises apparently caused by bird pecks during the growth process of the timber. Considered no defect. II.— (B) WORM DEFECTS. (1) Pin Worm Holes. Pin Worm Holes are very small holes caused by minute insects or worms. These holes usually are not over 1/16" in diameter, or smaller, and the wood surrounding them is sound and does not show any evidence of the worm hole having any effect on the wood other than the opening. 36 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. (2) Spot Worm Defects. ( Also known as Flag Worm Defects.) Spot Worm Defects are caused like Pin Worm Holes by minute insects or worms working on the timber during its growth. The size of the hole is about the same as Pin Worm Holes, but the surrounding wood shows a col- ored spot as evidenc ■ of the defect. This spot is usually sound, and does not affect the strength of the piece. (3) Grub Worm Holes. Grub Worm Holes are usually from about %" to 3/16" in width, and vary in length from about 1" to 1%" or \ x k" and are caused by grubs working in the wood. (4) Wooden Rafting Pin Holes. This defect sometimes appears on river timber which has been rafted and holes bored in the solid wood for tying the timber, and a solid plug or pin driven in the hole, filling it completely. These defects must be treated and considered the same as Knot Defects. Ordinary Metal, Rafting Pin or Chain Dog Hole is considered no defect. II. — (C) SAP. Definition of "Sap": The Alburnum of a tree — the exterior part of the wood next to the bark — Sap Wood, not considered a defect. Sound Heart: The term Sound Heart is used in these rules whenever heart of piece is split or opened and shows on outside of piece and its condition is sound and solid, not decayed. Open- ings between annual rings or checks not con- sidered a defect. II.— (D) WANE. Wane is bark or lack of wood from any cause on edges of timber. II.— (E) SHAKES. Definition of "Shakes": Shakes are splits or checks in the timber which usually cause a sep- aration of the wood between the annual rings. (1) Ring Shakes. Ring Shakes are openings between the annual rings usually showing only on the end of timber. (2) Through Shakes. Through Shakes £re shakes which extend between two faces of the timber. (3) Checks. A small crack in the wood due to seasoning, not considered a defect. II.— (F) GRAIN. Crooked op Cross Grain. Crooked or Cross Grain crosses the piece within a section 24" in H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 37 CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. running length of the piece. This is only con- sidered a defect in certain smaller sizes of di- mension for specific purposes. II.— (G) ROT. Any form of decay which may be detected as giving the timber a doty or rotten texture is a rot defect, including what is commonly known as dry rot. Water Stain, or what are sometimes called scalded or burnt spots, usually caused by timber lying in the water under cer- tain conditions before it is sawed, and burnt spots where the timber is improperly piled green, not considered defects, as they do not affect the strength of the piece. IN.— STANDARD NAMES FOR CONSTRUCTION OAK. Standard Names for Construction Oak Timber: White Oak and Red Oak. Unless specially men- tioned, these terms include the following: White Oak- White Oak. Chestnut or Tanbark Oak. Burr or Mossy Cup Oak. Rock Oak. Post or Iron Oak. Overcup Oak. Live Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Basket or Cow Oak. Yellow or Chinquapin Oak. Red Oak — Red Oak. Pin Oak. Black Oak. Water Oak. Willow Oak. Spanish Oak. Scarlet Oak. Turkey Oak. Black Jack or Barn Oak. Shingle or Laurel Oak. Term. — Mixed Oak means any kind of Oak. IV.— STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL OAK TIMBERS. (1) General Requirements. Except as noted, all Structural Timbers shall be White Oak, to be sound timber and sawed specified sizes; free from ring shakes and crooked grain, rotten knots, large knots in groups, rot, dote, and 38 PI. M. A. OF THE U. S. CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. wane in amounts greater than allowed In these specifications. (2) Boxed Hearts are permitted in pieces of 5x5 square and larger. The center of the heart should be boxed as near the center of the piece as practical, and not to exceed 30% of the piece? can have the center of the heart nearer than 1%" from any face; 20% may show one heart face, corner or edge, not to exceed 75% of the length of the piece. IV.— (3) WANE. Explanatory: The term 20% of number of pieces or amount shipped refers to each item and size of each car shipped. (a) Pieces 5x5 to 8x8 square may show 1" wane, side measurement on any two corners or edges, and this wane not to exceed more than 25% of the length of the piece singly, or 50% in aggregate. In the absence of wane on all cor- ners excepting one, the one corner may contain wane 50% of the length of the piece as above de- scribed; not to exceed 20% of number of pieces may have this defect. (b) Pieces over 8x8 including 12x12 square may show l^A" wane side measurement edge of any two corners or edges, and this wane not to exceed more than 33 1-3% of the length of the piece singly, or 66 2/3% in aggregate. In the absence of wane on all corners excepting one, the one corner may contain wane 66 2/3% of the length of the piece as above described; not to exceed 20% of number of pieces may have this defect. (c) Pieces over 12x12 square may show 1%" side measurement any two corners or edges, and this wane not to extend more than 40% of the length of the piece singly, or 80% in aggregate. In the absence of wane on all corners excepting one, the one corner may contain wane 80% of the length of the piece as above described; not to exceed 20% of number of pieces may have this defect. (d) In event that pieces have two faces as wide as above described and two faces narrower, the proportion of the amount of wane is ad- missible. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 39 CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. (e) Pieces 1" to 5" thick, not exceeding 8" wide, are governed by defect specifications above mentioned with the exception that they shall not contain wane, and not to exceed 20% of pieces 2" and thicker may show sound heart on one face; pieces under 2" thick must be free of heart. Pieces 8" and wider may contain wane as per paragraph b and d. (f) Rough sizes of Structural Timber shall not vary more than *4" scant of specified size. Dressed sizes may be %" scant after dressing. V.— (B) LOCOMOTIVE TIMBER OAK. PASSENGER COACH DIMENSION OAK. REFRIGERATOR CAR DIMENSION OAK. Thickness cut to order, widths cut to order, lengths cut to order. Unless otherwise noted, must be cut from White Oak. This stock, where- ever practical, should be cut outside the heart, and must be free of heart shake in pieces under 6x6 square. No attempt should be made to box the heart in pieces smaller than 5x7 unless heart is very small and tight. When heart is well boxed it must be firm and tight, and the center of the heart must not be nearer than 2" from any face. Must be sawed full to sizes, with square edges, and cut from sound timber, and free from worm holes, with the exception of a few small pin-worm holes well scattered, and an occasional spot worm. None of these defects, however, to affect the serviceability of the piece for the purpose intended. Must be free from split, rot or dote, large loose, rotten, or unsound knots; or, in other words, free of all defects af- fecting the strength and durability of the piece; sound standard knots well scattered not consid- ered a defect. V.— (C) FREIGHT CAR TIMBERS. Freight Car Dimensions, including all cars other than Refrigerator and Passenger Cars. Sizes cut to order. Unless otherwise ordered must be saw r ed from good Merchantable White or Red Oak Timber. This stock must be free from rot, shakes and splits, large, loose, rotten or unsound knots, any of which will materially impair the strength and durability of the pieces for purposes intended. This stock is intended to work full size and length without waste for side Posts, Braces, End Sills, End Plates, Drafting Timbers, Cross Ties, etc., used in the construc- tion of ordinary Freight or Stock Cars. On pieces 3" x 4" or equivalent girth measure and larger (nothing under 2" thick) heart check 40 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. showing on one corner or side admitted on 20% of the pieces in each car shipment. Well boxed, sound hearts admitted in this material in pieces 5x6 and larger. On pieces 3x4 to 6x6 inclusive, or equivalent girth measurement and larger (nothing under 2" thick) in absence of heart defects, wane on one corner, %" side measurement admitted. Pieces over 6" x 6" square may contain 1" wane side measurement on one corner, with other conditions same as 3x4 to 6x6 sizes. V.-^(D) TIES. (1) Switch Ties Sawed. Thickness eut to order; widths cut to order; lengths cut to order; unless noted to be White Oak. Must contain three sound solid sides. One face or one corner (not both) may show sound heart. Large sound knots, pin, spot, or an occasional grub worm hole not considered a defect. Sizes may vary %" from specified sizes. (2) Cross Ties Sawed. Specifications same as Switch Ties. V.— (E) BRIDGE, DOCK, CROSSING PLANK. N Lengths, cut to order. Widths, cut to order. Thickness, cut to order. Sizes cut to order, probably 2", 3" and 4" thick, 6", 8", 10", and 12" wide, 12', 14', and 16' long. This product is intended to work full one good sound face, and this face side must be square edge. Sound knots, small pin and spot worm holes no defect on face side. Must be free from rot and shake; practically square edges, admitting 1" of wane on each edge of reverse face, running two-thirds the length. Sound hearts on one side, rafting pin holes, knot holes, or grub holes not exceeding 2" in diameter admitted. V.— (F) SHEET PILING. Same as V (E), except that it may contain sound heart or heart check. V.— (G) CATTLE GUARDS. To be governed by specifications for Construc- tion Oak, reference IV. V.— (H) TRACK END OR BUMPING POSTS. To be governed by specifications for Structural Timbers, reference IV. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 41 SOUND, SQUARE EDGE OAK. Timbers: The center of the heart should be boxed as near the center of the piece as practi- cal, not over 20% may show heart not to exceed 75% of the length of the piece in the aggregate. Not over 20% may show wane, not exceeding one-sixth of the width of the piece in the aggre- gate. Surface shake extending not over one-sixth the length of the piece, worm holes, knots, splits, or other defects that do not materially impair the strength of the piece in working full length and width permitted. Ordinary season chocks are no defect. Plank: To have one sound face and two square edges on the face side, the face to be free from large unsound knots, rot or rafting pin holes, but will admit sound knots and other defects, none of which shall exceed in extent or damage a sound knot 2" in diameter in pieces 8" and under wide, and a sound knot 3" in diameter in pieces over 8" wide. The reverse side will admit heart and other defects that do not materially weaken the piece. 42 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. COTTONWOOD General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection. Slightly discolored sap which will dress up sound, not necessarily bright, but not black, ad- mitted in any grade. Standard Grades: Panel, Wide No. 1, Wagon Box Boards, Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. Panel. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 18 to 23 inches; 24 to 27 inches, and 28 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 8-foot lengths must be clear. 75% of the total quantity must be clear of knots on both sides; the balance of the quantity may contain three defects, provided 90% of the piece can be used for panels 4 feet and longer in the full width of the board. Splits 6 inches long in one end not to be con- sidered a defect in any board; splits longer than 6 inches not to be admitted. Wide No. 1. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 18 to 23 inches; 24 to 27 inches, and 28 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 8-foot lengths will admit two standard defects. 10-foot lengths and over will admit three standard defects. Splits 15 inches in length admitted in not to exceed 10% of the pieces. Wagon Box Boards. Widths: Wide, 13 to 17 inches. Narrow, 9 to 12 inches. Lengths: 12, 14 and 16 feet, but 15% may be 11, 13, 15 feet. Thickness: Must be 1 inch thick when ship- ping dry. Defects: Must be free from defects excepting that no objection will be made to bright sap or sound discolored sap; also one sound knot, not to exceed 1% inches in diameter or its equiv- H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 43 COTTONWOOD. alent, showing on one face only. Eleven feet lengths to be free from splits; 12, 13 and 16 feet lengths will admit of a 12 inch split in one end or its equivalent in both ends; 14 and 15 feet lengths will admit of splits not to exceed 6 inches in one end or its equivalent in both ends. Note: 16 feet lengths may have other defects so that the board will make one side 11 feet long and one end piece 3 feet 6 inches long. Note: Five per cent in feet of a shipment that can be reduced in measurement by cutting the end or edge or both to a size ordered must be accepted and measured as box boards, sep- arate tally to be kept of such boards, showing reduction in measurement. Note: Inspectors are cautioned that "woolly" cottonwood and lumber so warped that it cannot be used for box boards, must be excluded from this grade. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Standard defects are admitted as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 15 inches wide, four. 16 to 17 inches wide, five. ^Vs widths increase defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted, and are to be considered as one standard defect, but not over 20% of the whole may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 6 feet long must, be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: 44 H. M. A. OP THE U. S. COTTONWOOD. Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than IS inches nor narrower than 4 inches. Sound discolored sap no defect. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common, and that will work at least 50% into sound cut- tings. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. Sound discolored sap no defect. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet or over long shall work at least 25% into sound cuttings. No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. SHORTS. Lengths: 12 to 42 inches — in multiples of 6 inches. Widths: 3 inches and over. Grades: No. 1 and No. 2. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 45 COTTONWOOD (Dressed). No. 1. No. 1 will admit not to exceed one 6-inch split and two standard defects. No. 2. No. 2 shall work 50% into sound cuttings. Wane admitted not to exceed 3 inches in width and one-third the length of the piece on one edge, or the equivalent on both edges. This is to be used for Box Shook or cutting up purposes. SQUARES. No. 1 shall be practically clear of knots. No. 2 shall admit of sound knots, stained sap, small season checks, splits not exceeding 12 inches in length, and pin-worm holes. COTTONWOOD, DRESSED OR WORKED. General Instructions. 1. Dressed Cottonwood shall be inspected from the best or face side. The reverse side may con- tain defective dressing, but no other defects that would not go in the grade. 2. Slightly chipped grain on the face side ad- mitted, provided it does not exceed in the aggre- gate 6 inches square in Firsts and Seconds 8 to 12 inches wide; 10 inches square in Firsts and Seconds 13 inches and wider; 12 inches square in No. 1 Common 6 to 12 inches wide, and 16 inches square in No. 1 Common 13 inches and wider. 3. Imperfect manufacture in Dressed Stock, such as torn grain, broken knots, mismatched, insufficient tongue or groove, shall be considered defects and will reduce the grade accordingly. 4. Partition, Ceiling, Flooring, or Drop Siding, having less than 3/16-inch tongue shall not be admitted in any grade above No. 3. 5. Wane on the reverse side not exceeding one-third the width, and running not to exceed one-sixth the length of any one piece, provided the wane does not extend into the tongue, or over one-half the thickness below the groove, will be admitted. Standard Sizes of Dressed Cottonwood. FINISHING: %-inch S2S to 5/16-inch; %-inch S2S to 7/16-inch; %-inch S2S to 9/16-inch; 1-inch S2S to 13/16-inch; l^-inch S2S to 1 3/32-inch; 1%-inch S28 to 1 11/32-inch; 2-inch S2S to 1%- inch. 46 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. COTTONWOOD (Dressed). PARTITION: Dressed to 13/16-inch thick; 2%-inch; 3%-inch; 4 1 y 4-inch, and 5*4-inch face width. CEILING: %-inch dressed to 5/16-inch; %- inch dressed to 7/16-inch; %-inch dressed to 9/16-inch; %-inch dressed to 11/16-inch — same widths as Partition. Bevel Siding and Weatherboarding. Bevel Siding is made from lx4-inch, lx5-inch, and lx6-inch strips S4S to 13/16x3%-inch; 13/16x4% -inch and 13/16x5% -inch, resawed on a bevel. No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admit- ting 15% of odd lengths. Will allow sound sap without limit, but is oth- erwise clear except small defects which the lap will cover. No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admit- ting 15% of odd lengths. May contain imperfections in working, or other defects which can be removed in two cuts with- out waste of more than 10% of the length of any one piece. No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admit- ting 15% of odd lengths. Permits all classes of defects, but must work without waste of more than one-third of the contents of any one piece. Drop Siding and Ceiling. No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admit- ting 15% of odd lengths. Shall be one face clear and be otherwise sound. No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admit- ting 15% of odd lengths. May contain imperfections in working and un- sound defects which can be removed in two cuts without waste of more than 10% of the length of any one piece. No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admit- ting 15% of odd lengths. Permits all classes of defects, but must work without waste of more than one -third the con- tents of any one piece. Partition. No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admit- ting 15% of odd lengths. Must be clear of knots on both sides. No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admit- ting 15% of odd lengths. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 47 COTTONWOOD. May contain imperfections in working, and other defects which can be removed in two cuts without waste of more than 10% of the length of any one piece, No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admit- ting 15% of odd lengths. Permits all classes of defects, but must work without waste of more than one-third of the con- tents of any one piece. Mouldings. No. 1. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths, thickness, and pattern to be governed by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: Bright sap or slightly discolored sap shall be admitted without limit; otherwise clear, except slightly chipped grain not to exceed one-twelfth the length of any one piece. No. 2. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% of 6, 7, and 8 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths, thickness, and pattern to be governed by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: No. 2 will include all moulding that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 that will work 50% clear in pieces 4 feet and longer. Sound discol- ored sap is no defect. 48 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. CUM General Instructions and the following rules to govern the inspection: The standard grades are: Panel, Wide No. 1, First and Seconds Red, "Wagon Box Boards, Firsts and Seconds Sap, Red Common, No. 1 Common Sap, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, and No. 4 Common. Thicknesses: Standard. Panel. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 18 to 23 inches, 24 to 27 inches, and 28 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard, % to 2 inches. 8-foot lengths must be clear. 75% of the total quantity must be clear of knots on both sides; the balance of the quantity may contain three defects, provided 90% of the piece can be used for panels 4 feet and longer, in the full width of the piece. Splits 6 inches long in one end not to be considered a defect in any board; splits longer than 6 inches not to be admitted. In this grade bright sap or discolored sap, If sound, is not considered a defect. Wide No. 1. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 18 to 23 inches, 24 to 27 inches, and 28 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard, % to 2 inches. 8-foot lengths will admit two standard de- fects. 10-foot lengths and over will admit three standard defects. Splits 15 inches in length admitted, in not to exceed 10% of the pieces. In this grade bright sap or discolored sap, if sound, is not considered a defect. Firsts and Seconds (Fas) Red. Firsts and Seconds Red are combined as one grade. This grade shall show one red face. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 49 GUM. Firsts shall be 6 Inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and free from all defects except in pieces 8 inches and over wide, which will admit one standard defect. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 15 inches wide, four. 16 to 17 inches wide. five. As widths increase defects may Increase In proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted, and to be considered one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole lp either quality may be so split. Wagon Box Boards. Widths: Wide, 13 to 17 inches. Narrow, 9 to 12 inches. Lengths: 12, 14 and 16 feet, but 15% may be 11, 13. 15 feet. Thickness: Must be 1 inch thick when ship- ping dry. Defects: Must be free from defects excepting that no objection will be made to bright sap or sound discolored sap; also one sound knot, not, to exceed 1% inches in diameter or its equiv- alent, showing on one face only. Eleven feet lengths to be free from splits; 12, 13 and 16 feet lengths will admit of a 12 inch split in one end or its equivalent in both ends; 14 and 15 feet lengths will admit of splits not to exceed 6 inches in one end or its equivalent in both ends. Note: 16 feet lengths may have other defects so that the board will make one side 11 feet long and one end piece 3 feet 6 inches long. Note: Five per cent in feet of a shipment that can be reduced in measurement by cutting the end or edge or both to a size ordered must be accepted and measured as box boards, sep- arate tally to be kept of such boards, showing reduction in measurement. Note: Inspectors are cautioned that "woolly" cottonwood and lumber so warped that it cannot be used for box boards, must be excluded from this grade. Firsts and Seconds (Fas) Sap. Firsts and Seconds Sap shall grade the same as Firsts and Seconds Red, except that bright sap or discolored sap, if sound, Is not to be considered a defect in this grade. 50 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. GUM. Red Common. In this grade all cuttings shall show one red face. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 6 feet long must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches will admit one standard defect. Other widths and lengths must work at least 66 2/3% clear face, as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 1 Common Sap. No. 1 Common Sap shall grade the same as Red Common, except that sound sap, regardless of discoloration, shall not be considered a defect in this grade. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common Sap, and that will work at least 50% into sound cuttings. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. Black sap not to be considered a defect in this grade. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. No. 3 Common must contain at least 25% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. Black sap is not to be considered a defect in this grade. H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 51 GUM. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, cratinpr. etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. SHORTS. Lengths: 12 inches and up to 42 inches — in multiples of 6 inches. Widths: 3 inches and over. No. 1. No. 1 will admit not to exceed one 6-inch split and two standard defects. In this grade edges must be square. No. 2. No. 2 shall work 50% sound cutting. Wane admitted not to exceed 3 inches in width and one-third the length of the piece on one edge or the equivalent on both edges. This is to be used for Box Shook or cutting- up purposes. QUARTER SAWED GUM. Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common and No. 2 Common. Widths: 5 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Discolored sap. if sound, admitted. No figure required. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 5 inches and over. 5 inches must be clear. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and free from all defects, except pieces 8 inches and over wide, which will admit one standard defect. Seconds are 5 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 15 inches wide, four. 16 to 17 inches wide, five. As widths increase, defects may increase In proportion. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. GUM (Quartered). Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted, and to be considered one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Pieces 6 feet long must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches will admit one standard defect. Other widths and lengths must work at least 66 2/3% clear quartered face, as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Com- mon that will work at least 50% into sound quartered cuttings. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. Black sap not to be considered a defect in this grade. GUM, DRESSED OR WORKED. General Instructions. 1. Dressed Gum shall be inspected from the best or face side. The reverse side may con- tain defective dressing, but no other defects that would not go in the grade. 2. Slightly chipped grain on the face side admitted, provided it does not exceed in the aggregate 6 inches square in Firsts and Seconds 8 to 12 inches wide; 10 inches square in Firsts and Seconds 13 inches and wider; 12 inches H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 63 GUM (Dressed or Worked). square In No. 1 Common 6 to 12 inches wide, and 16 inches square in No. 1 Common 13 inches and wider. 3. Imperfect manufacture in dressed stock, such as torn grain, broken knots, mismatched, insufficient tongue or groove, shall be considered defects and will reduce the grade accordingly. 4. Partition, ceiling, flooring, or drop siding, having less than three-sixteenth inch tongue, shall not be admitted in any grade above No. 3. 5. Wane on the reverse side not exceeding one-third the width and running not to exceed one-sixth the length of any one piece, provided the wane does not extend into the tongue, or over one-half the thickness below the groove, will be admitted. Standard Sizes of Dressed Gum. FINISHING, %-inch S2S, 5/16-inch; %-inch S2S, 7/16-inch; %-inch S2S, 9/16-inch; lrinch S2S, 13/16-inch; 1%-inch S2S, 1 3/32- inches; 1% inches S2S, 1 11/32 inches; 2 inches S2S 1% inches. CASING AND BASE. Dressed to 13/16-inch thick; 3%, 4%, 5%, 6y 2 , 7%, 8%, 9%, and 11% inches wide. FLOORING AND PARTITION. Dressed to 13/16-inch thick; 2&, 3&, 4ft, and 5ft inches face width. Flooring to be S. 2 S. and center matched. CEILING, %-inch dressed to 5/16-inch; *&- Inch to 7/16-inch; %-inch to 9/16-inch; %-inch to 11/16-inch; same widths as partitions. Bevel Siding and Weatherboardlng. No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Shall be clear one face and otherwise sound. Sound sap without limit admitted. No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. May contain imperfections in working and unsound defects which can be removed in two cuts without waste of more than 10% of the length of any one piece. No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Permits all classes of defects, but must work without waste of more than one-third of the length of any one piece. Drop Siding, Flooring, and Celling. No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths 54 H. M. A. OP THE U. S. GUM (Dressed or Worked). Will allow sound sap without limit, but is otherwise without defects. No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. May contain imperfections in working and unsound defects which can be removed in two cuts without waste of more than 10% of the length of any one piece. No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Permits all classes of defects, but must work without waste of more than one-third of the contents of any one piece. Partition. No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Will admit sound sap without limit, but shall be otherwise clear both sides. No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. May contain imperfections in working and other defects which can be removed in two cuts without waste of more than 10% of the length of any one piece. No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Permits all classes of defects, but must work without waste of more than one-third of the contents of any one piece. Finish. No. 1 FINISH. Pieces 6 to 7 inches wide are clear; pieces 8 to 10 inches may have one stand- ard defect; pieces 10 to 12 inches two stand- ard defects; pieces 13 inches or over may have three standard defects or their equivalent in larger defects. (Sound sap is not to be con- sidered a defect.) No. 2 FINISH. Pieces are calculated to work 75% clear in not over 3 pieces. Discolored sap, unless of an unsound nature, and small pin worm holes, are not considered defects. Mouldings. No. 1. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% of 8, 9, and 10 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths, thickness, and pattern to be governed by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 65 GUM (Dressed or Worked). Discolored sap, if sound, shall be admitted without limit; otherwise clear, except slightly chipped grain not to exceed one-twelfth the length of any one piece. No. 2. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% of 6, 7, and 8 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths, thickness and pattern to be governed by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: No. 2 will include all moulding that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 that will work 50% clear in pieces 4 feet and longer. BLACK GUM. Black Gum is to be inspected according to the Rules of Tupelo Gum. 66 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. BROWN AND WHITE ASH General Instructions and the rollowing rules are to govern the inspection: Bright sap is no defect in any grade. Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard de- fects as follows: 6 and 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and pver wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. H. M. A, OF THE U. S. 57 BROWN AND WHITE ASH. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear on one face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 Inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must contain 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. STRIPS. Strips shall be measured at the narrow end, and tallied lengths separate on the half and even inches. In the event of Beveled Edges, the narrow face shall be measured. 58 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. BROWN AND WHITE ASH. Clear Face Strips. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 2^, 3, 3^, 4, 4%, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must show one clear face free from all defects except bright sap. No. 1 Common Strips. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 2V 2 , 3, 3%, 4, 4V 2 , 5, and 5% inches. This grade must work 66 2/3% clear face in not more than two pieces. No piece or cutting must be considered which is less than 4 feet long and the full width of the piece. HACKBERRY Same as Ash E It A. OF TEJ Bf CHESTNUT -neral Instructions and the following rules to govern the inspection. Brjght sap is no defect to any | bunched so that they w£Q not exceed in dama: '.umber of stardard oe will be admitted ■sfdeted andard Grades: I Seconds, No. 1 : V " rr. rr. : r. • ■* ' rrr. y ~ and •'•" ' rmy N< 1 r " rr. " : r Firsts and Seconds (Fas). - ■ : 11 -'-:- . "- may be ; I and 1 '■rr*. e.rj not to excee ier 10 fe- C inch-: F rsts shall be 6 inches ax: ~ide, 10 I ■ ■ • : - : • t ; -- z -. - - : - - r .-. over long, and will standard delects ax I - - 14 to 16 inches wide, f As widths increase, defects may increase xn ; r : ; ■: rr; : r. exceed one-sixth the length of standard defect I ■% of the whole in either quality may be so s; No. 1 Common. L en gths: I ~*d over, admitting 15% of -.•11 -r~rr = l'"-. may be I " u 1 I Eeet i:: r.:: :: ^ :~1 r " : _r :-: - r>r". • ■".!--. 7 4 • : - .-- i- 1 -: 6- foot lengths most be dear one face up to t Inches slie .rr I :-.-_.-.*= Wide wrtM adssH MM SO H. M. A. OF THE U. S. CHESTNUT. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12. to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. Firsts and Seconds (Fas) Wormy. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 6 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 12 inches wide, three. - 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one- six ui the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. In addition to above will admit worm holes without limit. No. 1 Common Wormy. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. M. M. A. OE THE U. S. 61 CHESTNUT. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face, as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 6 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 6 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 6 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. In addition to above will admit worm holes without limit- Sound Wormy. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Will admit worm holes without limit, but must work at least 66 2/3% into sound cuttings. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 2 Common Wormy. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths.: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Will admit worm holes without limit, but must work at least 50% into sound cuttings. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches, not narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting ls>% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. No. 3 Common will include all lumber that does not come up to the grade of No. 2 Common Wormy that can be used for cheap boxing, crating, sheathing, etc. 62 H. M. A. OP THE U. S. BASSWOOD General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection. Bright sap is no defect. Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. ' 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split, and to be considered as one standard defect. No. 1 Common. Slightly discolored sap that will dress up sound, not necessarily bright, but not black, admitted. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of oda lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. "Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide, over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 63 BASSWOOD. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square Inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 Inches. No. 2 Common. Discolored sap that will dress up sound ad- mitted without limit. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and over must work at least 50 per cent clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must contain 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. 64 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. BUCKEYE General instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection. Bright sap is no defect. Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8_inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common. Slightly discolored sap that will dress up sound, not necessarily bright, but not black, admitted. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths: 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. . Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide, over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 65 BUCKEYE. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches • 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Black sap that will dress up sound admitted without limit. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces- 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50 per cent clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to contain less than 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that, can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. 66 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. WALNUT General Instructions and the following rules are to govern: Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting all odd foot lengths. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 25% 8 feet and under. Widths: 6 Inches and over. Firsts shall be 8 feet and over long. 6 and 7 -inch widths must be free of defects. 8 to 12-inch widths will admit one standard defect, and 1 inch of bright sap. 13 inches and over wide will admit two stand- ard defects and 2 inches of bright sap. Seconds shall be 6 feet and over long. 6 and 7-inch widths will admit one standard defect and 1 inch of bright sap. 8 and 9-inch widths will admit two standard defects and 1 Inch of bright sap. 10 and 11-inch widths will admit three stand- ard defects and 1 inch of bright sap, or two standard defects and 1% inches of bright sap, or 2% inches of bright sap. 12 to 14-inch widths will admit three stand- ard defects and 1% inches of bright sap, or two standard defects and 2 inches of bright sap, or 3 inches of bright sap. 15 inches and over will admit four standard defects and 2 inches of bright sap, or three standard defects and 2^ inches of bright sap, or 4 inches of bright sap. Splits not exceeding one-sixth the length of the piece admitted, and considered as one stand- ard defect. Split boards limited to 20%. Must be graded from the best side. The poorest side must not grade lower than No. 1 Common. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 67 WALNUT. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over. 20% 7 feet and under admitted. Widths: 4 inches and over. Must work 66 2/3% clear black face as fol- lows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 4 to 7 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 8 to 10 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 11 feet and over 4 12 inches and over 4 to 7 feet 3 12 inches and over 8 to 10 feet 4 12 inches and over 11 feet and over 5 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over. Widths: 3 inches and over. Admits all lumber not up to the grade of No. 1 Common that will cut 33 1/3% clear black face in pieces containing 72 or more square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over. Widths: 3 inches and over. Each piece must contain at least 33 1/3% sound cutting in pieces not less than 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. 68 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. CHERRY General Instructions and the following rules are to govern: Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting all odd lengths. Thicknesses: Standard. Open Gum Spots or open streaks are a defect, and two of same shall be considered equivalent to one standard defect. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting j25% 8 feet and under. Widths: 6 inches and over. Firsts shall be 8 feet and over long. 6 and 7-inch widths must be free of defects. 8 to 12-inch widths will admit one standard defect, and 1 inch of bright sap. 13 inches and over wide will admit two stand- ard defects and 2 inches of bright sap. Seconds shall be 6 feet and over long. 6 and 7 -inch widths will admit one standard defect and 1 inch of bright sap. 8 and 9-inch widths will admit two standard defects and 1 inch of bright sap. 10 and 11-inch widths will admit three stand- ard defects and 1 inch of bright sap, or two standard defects and 1% inches of bright sap, or 2y& inches of bright sap. 12 to 14-inch widths will admit three standard defects and \ r k inches of bright sap, or two standard defects and 2 inches of bright sap, or 3 inches of bright sap. 15 inches and* over will admit four standard defects and 2 inches of bright sap, or three standard defects and 2% inches of bright sap, or 4 inches of bright sap. Splits over 6 inches long, not exceeding one- sixth the length of the piece admitted, con- sidered as one standard defect. Split boards limited to 20%. Must be graded from the best side. The poorest side must not grade lower than No. 1 Common. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 69 CHERRY. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over. 20% 7 feet and un- der pdmltted. Widths: 4 inches and over. Must work 66 2/3% clear face, as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 4 to 7 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 8 to 10 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 11 feet and over 4 12 inches and over 4 to 7 feet 3 12 inches and over 8 to 10 feet 4 12 inches and over 11 feet and over 5 No cutting to be less than 4 inches wide and 18 inches long. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and. over. Widths: 3 inches and over. Admits all lumber not up to the grade of No. 1 Common that will work 33 1/3% clear face in pieces not less than 3 inches wide and 18 inches long. Gum Spots or streaks no defect in this grade. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over. Widths: 3 inches and over. Each piece must contain at least 33 1/3% sound cutting in pieces not less than 3 inches wide and 18 inches long. Gum Spots or streaks no defect In this grade. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. 70 H. M. A. OP THE U. S. HICKORY AND PECAN General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, and No. 4 Common. Bright sap is considered no defect in any grade. Bird Peck and Gum streak are to be consid- ered. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25%' may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and" not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 4 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 4 to 5 inches, wide, none. 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, f our. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not exceeding one-sixth the length of the piece are to be admitted and considered as one standard defect; not over 20% of the whole may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 3 inches wide must be clear. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches will admit one standard defect. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 71 HICKORY AND PECAN. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces, 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must contain 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. PLAIN SAWED SYCAMORE General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, and No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 and 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality to be so split. Bright sap to one-third the width of the piece on the face side is no defect. The reverse side may contain sap without limit. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths: 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 Inches wide will admit one standard defect. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 73 PLAIN SAWED SYCAMORE. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face, as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches, nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common and that will work at least 50% into sound cut- tings. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. Black sap not to be considered a defect in this grade. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. No. 3 Common must contain at least 25% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. Black sap is not to be considered a defect in this grade. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common «mall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. 74 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. QUARTER SAWED SYCAMORE General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, and No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long. 6 to 7 inches wide must be free from all de- fects. 8 inches and over wide will admit one stand- ard defect. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. One inch of bright sap is not a defect; each additional inch of sap to be considered as one standard defect. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is no defect in this grade. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face, up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit ©ne standard defect. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 75 QUARTER-SAWED SYCAMORE. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 Inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed lQ%under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear. Pieces '5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must contain 72 square inches. » No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shail include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. 76 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. BUTTERNUT General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, and No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 Inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths Increase, defects may increase In proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. Bright sap to one-third the width of the piece on the face side is no defect. The reverse side may contain sap without limit. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face, up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 77 BUTTERNUT. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must work at least 50% sound cut- ting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must contain 72 square inches. Sound discolored sap is no defect. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. 78 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. MAPLE General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Bright sap is considered no defect in any grade. Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, Step Plank, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over wide. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 inches wide, one. 7 to 8 inches wide, two. 9 to 12 inches wide, three. 13 to 15 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. STEP PLANK. Grades: Firsts and Seconds and No. 1 Com- mon. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 10 to 15 inches. Thicknesses: 1, 1%, 1Y 2 , and 2 inches. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). (Step Plank) Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade and must show one face and one edge practi callv free from all defects. The other side and • H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 79 MAPLE. other edge may contain sound defects that will not materially weaken the strength of the piece. 10 feet and over long may have one split not exceeding 12 inches in length. No. 1 Common. (Step Plank) No. 1 Common will include all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, that can be used for Step Plank without waste of more than one-third of the piece. No piece or cutting to be less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 30% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 6-foot pieces will admit standard defects as follows : 3 and 4 inches wide, none. 5 to 9 inches wide, one. 10 inches and over, two. Pieces 3 inches wide, 7 feet and over long, to be clear one face. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 No piece or cutting to be considered which Is less than 3 Inches wide or 2 feet long. Slightly discolored sap is no defect. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common and that will work at least 50% into sound cut- tings. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. Black sap not to be considered a defect in this grade. 80 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. MAPLE. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. No. 3 Common must contain at least 25% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. Black sap is not to be considered a defect in this grade. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. STRIPS. Strips shall be measured at the narrowest end and tallied lengths separate on the half and even inches. In the event of beveled edges the nar- row face shall be measured. Clear Face Strips. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 2%, 3, 3%, 4, 4%, 5, and 5% inches. • Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. Each piece must show one face and two edges clear. No. 1 Common Strips. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 10% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 2y 2 , 3, ZVz, 4, 4%, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. Bright sap is considered no defect. Each piece must work 66 2/3% clear face in not more than two pieces. No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece. No. 2 Common Strips. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 2y £ , 3, 3%, 4, 4%, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. Each piece must work at least 50% clear face. No piece or cutting to be less than 2 feet in length by the full width of the piece. H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 81 WHITE MAPLE Grades: No 1 and No. 2. No. 1 must grade the same as Firsts and Seconds, except that both sides and both edges must be all White. No. ? must grade the same as Firsts and Seconds, except that one side and two edges must be all White. 82 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. BEECH General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Bright sap is considered no defect in any grade. Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over wide. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds shall be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 inches wide, one. 7 to 8 inches wide, two. 9 to 12 inches wide, three. 13 to 15 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 30% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, ana not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 6-foot pieces will admit standard defects as follows: 3 and 4 inches wide, none. 5 to 9 inches wide, one. 10 inches and over, two. Pieces 3 inches wide, 7 feet and over long, to be clear one face. H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 83 BEECH. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 inches wide or 2 feet long. Slightly discolored sap is no defect. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches wide or 2 feet long. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must contain 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. Strips. Strips shall be measured at the narrowest end, and tallied lengths separate on the even and half inches. In the event of Beveled Edges, the narrow face shall be measured. 84 H. M. A. OP THE U. S. BEECH. Clear Face Strips. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 2Y 2 , 3, 3Y 2 , 4, 4%, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. Each piece must show one face and two edges clear. No. 1 Common Strips. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 2V 2 , 3, ZYz, 4, 4%, 5, and 5^ inches. Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. Bright sap is considered no defect in this grade. Each piece must work 66 2/3% clear face in not more than two pieces. No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece. No. 2 Common Strips. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 2 Ms, 3, ZYz, 4, 4Y 2 , 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. Each piece must work at least 50% clear face. No piece or cutting to be less than 2 feet in length by the full width of the piece. WHITE BEECH Grades: No. 1 and No. 2. No. 1 must grade the same as Firsts and Sec- onds, except that both sides and edges must be all White. No. 2 must grade the same as Firsts and Sec- onds, except that one side and two edges must be all White. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 85 WHITE BIRCH General Instructions and. the following rules are to govern the inspection: Bright sap is considered no defect In any grade. Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. "Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds shall be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 inches wide, one. 7 to 8 inches wide, two. 9 to 12 inches wide, three. 13 to 15 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 30% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 6-foot pieces will admit standard defects as follows : 3 and 4 inches wide, none. 5 to 9 inches wide, one. 10 inches and over wide, two. 3 inches wide, 7 feet and over long, to be clear one face. 86 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. WHITE BIRCH. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches . 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 inches wide or 2 feet long. Slightly discolored sap is no defect. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches wide or 2 feet long. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must contain 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. RED BIRCH. Red Birch must be graded the same as White Birch, except as follows: Firsts and Seconds to be 5 inches and over in width. Pieces 5 inches wide must show one face alJ red. Pieces 6 inches and over wide must show at 'east 75% red on one face. Lengths: 4 feet and over. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 87 ELM General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Bright sap is considered no defect in any grade. Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one •tandard defect. 88 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. ELM. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common and that will work at least 50% into sound cut- tings. No piece or cutting can be shorter than IS inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. Black sap not to be considered a defect in this grade. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. No. 3 Common must contain at least 25% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. Black sap is not to be considered a defect in this grade. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects and un- sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 89 VEHICLE AND WAGON STOCK HICKORY VEHICLE WHEEL STOCK. DEFINITION OF TERMS IN RULES FOR GRADING RIMS. Very Dense Growth is a growth in which the non-porous part of the annual ring covers three- quarters of the area of the annual ring, and the remaining one-quarter contains a small number of pores. A Dense Growth is one on which the non-por- ous portion of the annual ring occupies at least two-thirds the annual rings, and is slightly more porous than the very dense growth and accord- ingly that timber which contains a less per cent, of non-porous growth and a larger per cent, of porous growth, is representative of a lower grade of timber. Blemishes. A blemish is that which, while marring the appearance of the timber, does not affect the strength of the timber. (a) Stains. A stain is a discoloration caused by improper care or handling, by improper pil- ing, and by being left in the weather or on the ground during the warm or wet seasons. (b) Iron Streaks. An iron streak is sup- posed to be caused by the infiltration of foreign coloring matter through bird-pecks, and when it shows but slightly, apparently does not affect the mechanical qualities of the timber. Bird Pecks. A bird peck is a slight defect caused by the bird pecking a hole in and through the bark of a tree into which there settles foreign sub- stances that discolor the timber, and when showing slightly, apparently does not affect the quality of the timber. Bastard Rim. A bastard rim is one in which the growth of annual rings do not run parallel to the tread of the wheel. Cross Grain. A cross grain piece of timber Is one in which the growth or grain of the timber does not run parallel to the center line of the piece. 90 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. HICKORY VEHICLE WHEEL STOCK. Sound Knot. A sound knot is one in which the wood is as solid as the wood surrounding the knot. Short Curve or Dip In the Grain or Growth. A short curve or dip in the grain or growth is a curvature or deflection caused by a knot. Snarl. A snarl is a twisted grain or growth in the wood. Grub Holes. A grub hole is a hole about one-quarter inch in diameter caused by grub worm boring a hole, usually lengthwise to the growth of the timber. Powder Post. A powder post piece of hickory timber is caused by a very small worm that continues to work in timber after it has been cut, seasoned and even manufactured into the finished vehicle. While his work does not frequently appear on the outside, the inside may be entirely reduced to powder — hence the term "powder post." Worm Holes. A worm hole is a clean, open hole about one- sixteenth inch in diameter, and is easily visible, caused by a bug usually working in partly sea- soned timber. Sun Check. A sun check is a season check caused in sea- soning and usually takes place in the best qual- ity of timber. In some instances these checks are so very small that they do not impair the use or strength of the timber, and should be used at least in the lowest grade. RIM INSPECTION "A" GRADE. "A" Grade is the first and highest grade. In rim-strips of sizes 1%-inch square and smaller, the timber must be all white, of very dense growth, straight grain and free from streaks, stains and all defects, in sizes larger than 1*£- inch the timber may be either all white, or part red and part white mixed, of very dense growth, H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 91 HICKORY VEHICLE WHEEL STOCK. straight grain and free from streaks, stains and all defects. The red timber In these large sizes must not exceed one-half the size of the stick. "B" GRADE. "B" Grade is the second grade and must be practically straight grain of dense growth. Of all white and of red and part white and part red timber. The red and part red and part white must be fully equal to or better in quality than the white in this grade. All rim strips in this grade must be free from all defects. "C" GRADE. "C" Grade is the third grade and must be me- dium quality of either white, red, or red and white mixed timber. This grade will admit of timber of good quality not admitted in the "A" and "B" grades on account of cross grain, and all slight blemishes such as iron streaks and stains, but that are equal in strength to the clear strips of this grade. Cross Grain. The grain shall not run in the length of the strip at any place at a greater angle than one inch in eighteen. Short curves or dips in grain not to be in- cluded in this grade "D" GRADE. "D" Grade is the fourth grade. The timber in this grade, although clear and straight grain, of white or red, or white and red mixed, is of a weight and quality not admitted in higher grades. Also strips of high quality of timber equal in strength with the straight grain strips in this grade, but with blemishes such as iron streaks and stains, and defects such as knots and bird pecks that are sound, also cross grain, provided the grain shall not run in the length of the strip at any place at a greater angle than one inch in twelve. Short curves or dips in the grain with a length of less than four inches and more than %-inch in depth will not be admitted in this grade. Curves running longer than 4 inches and dips deeper than %" would be considered ci'oss grain. 92 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. HICKORY VEHICLE WHEEL STOCK. "E" GRADE. "E" Grade is the fifth and lowest grade, con- sisting of strips that can be used, but such as are not admitted in the higher grades on account of quality of timber and defects. Strips with slight season checks should be used in wheels of this grade. Strips with defects such as powder post worm eaten timber, open defects such as grub holes, checks, splits, bird pecks, snarls and otherwise unsound, and very brash timber such as has practically no fiber and strength will not be admitted to this grade. H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 93 WAGON STOCK STANDARD DIMENSIONS. The following dimensions given are the sizes adopted by this Association for rough materials in the green state (unless otherwise specified) and are those in common demand by our members. The star (*) prefixing any size indicates that that size is more in demand than the unmarked sizes. Axles — Hickory. (6 feet long.) 2%x3% 3%x4& •4%x5% •3 x4 *4 x5 ♦5 x6 *3&x4& 4 x5% 5^x6^ *3y 2 x4V£ 4&x5y 4 6 x7 GRADING AND INSPECTION RULES. No. 1 or Wagonmakers' Grade. Adopted by the National Wagon Manufactur- ers' Association. GRADE. — Live, tough black or shell bark hick- ory, cut 6 feet in length, to include all the clear and perfect stock. Defects as follows admissible: STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch and which has not developed into a rotting con- dition. KNOTS. — Four sound pin knots not exceeding ^4-inch in diameter, or two sound knots %-inch in diameter near the center line longitudinally on top or side and not over 12 inches of center or more than 6 inches of ends. Knots (except pin knots) not to be closer than 12 inches apart. SPLITS. — On either end, extending not more than 6 inches in axle or 3 inches on both ends. SEASON CHECKS.— Not more than %-inch deep and not more than 12 inches long. HEARTS OR HEART RINGS— None. SHAKES.— That will plane out with %-inch cut. WORM HOLES AND GRUB HOLES.— Not more than two pin worm holes not nearer than C inches to each other. 94 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. WAGON STOCK. Not more than two grub holes that will pene- trate more than 6 inches at either end of the piece. BIRD PECKS.— Bird pecks allowed if sound, or if unsound, part is not to exceed ^-inch in diameter and not over %-inch in depth. WANE. — Axles with wane will be measured excluding the wane. SAP. — Bright sap considered no defect. GRAIN. — Grain can cross 3 inches in entire length of axle. DEFECTS REMOVABLE.— If defects not ad- mitted can be cut out so as to reduce axle to a smaller size used and ordered by the buyer, it shall be so inspected. Hewn axles shall be measured to square to the size they are ordered. Defects at end of axles that will admit of piece working 5 feet 6 inches long will be ad- mitted. MAPLE AXLES. (Sizes same as Hickory.) No. 1 or Wagonmakers' Grade. (These rules have not been adopted either by the wagon manufacturers or mills, but are sug- gested as being fair and equitable to both.) To be cut from live, tough, hard maple (no bird's-eye or curly maple admitted), cut 6-foot and 12-foot lengths to include all the clear and perfect stock. Defects as follows admissible: STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch and which has not developed into a rotting con- dition. KNOTS. — Four sound pin knots not exceed- ing ^-inch in diameter, or two sound knots %- inch in diameter near the center line longitudin- ally on top or side and not over 12 inches of center or more than 6 inches of ends. Knots (except pin knots) not to be closer than 12 inches apart. SPLITS. — Splits on either end, extending not more than 6 inches in the axle or 3 inches on both ends. SEASON CHECKS.— Not more than %-inch deep and not more than 12 inches long. HEARTS OR HEART RINGS.— None. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 95 WAGON STOCK. SHAKES.— That will plane out with %-inch cut. WORM HOLES AND GRUB HOLES.— Not more than tv/o pin worm holes not nearer than 6 inches to each other. Not more than two grub holes that will penetrate more than 6 inches at either end of the piece. BIRD PECKS.— Bird pecks allowed if sound, or if unsound, part is not to exceed ^-inch in diameter and not over ^4 -inch in depth. WANE. — Axles with wane will be measured excluding the wane. SAP. — Bright sap considered no defect. GRAIN. — Grain can cross 3 inches in entire length of axle. CURLS. — None. 12-foot lengths to be inspect- ed as two 6-foot lengths. DEFECTS REMOVABLE.— If defects not ad- mitted can be cut out so as to reduce axle to smaller size used and ordered by the buyer, it shall be so inspected. BOLSTERS— Hickory or Oak. (Length 4' 1" and 4' 6" or multiples.) 3x4 3^x414 3%x5% 3x4^ 3^x5 4 x5 3x5 31/2x41/6 4 x6 3x7 3%x4% RULES. GRADE — To be cut from good, tough, straight- grained oak or hickory (when oak is specified it will be understood as being White or Red Oak) suitable for wagon material. To be clear and perfect stock, excepting the following defects, which will be admissible: STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch and which shows no signs of rot. KNOTS. — One sound knot not over %-inch in diameter, not more than 12 inches from the center of the piece, or 3 sound pin knots not ex- ceeding % -inch in diameter located in same manner. SPLITS.— None. SEASON CHECKS.— Not more than %-inch deep nor more than 12 inches long. HEART RINGS.— None. SHAKES.— If they can be planed out with Vi-inch cut. 96 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. WAGON STOCK. WORM HOLES.— Not more than 6 pin worm holes in a Bolster, these holes not to be in clus- ter or more than 3 holes, 6 inches apart. BIRD PECKS.— Allowed if sound. WANE. — Will be ■ measured excluding the wane. SAP. — Bright sap accepted. GRAIN. — Grain can cross 2 inches in length of Bolster as maximum. DEFECTS REMOVABLE.— If defects not ad- mitted can be cut out so as to reduce Bolster to a smaller size used and ordered by the buyer, it shall be so inspected. SAND BOARDS— Hickory or Oak. (Length, 4' 1" and 4' 6" or multiples.) 2%x3i,2 *3 x4 31/2x4% 3 x3y 2 314x3% »4 x5 •31/2x4 RULES. (Same as Bolsters.) REACHES— Hickory or Oak. •2 x4 2 x4i/ 2 214x41/2 *2i/ 2 x4y 2 2%x5 8' and 10' 8' and 10' 10', 12' and 14' 10', 12' and 14' 10', 12' and 14' RULES. long long ' long long long GRADE. — To be cut from good, tough, straight grained Oak or Hickory (when Oak is specified it will be understood as being White or Red Oak), suitable for wagon material. To be clear and perfect stock, free from KNOTS, SPLITS HEARTS, GRUB HOLES, HEART RINGS, SHAKES, BIRD PECKS, or WANE. Bright Sap accepted. The following defects will be admitted: STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch and which shows no signs of rot. SEASON CHECKS.— Not over %-inch deep or 12 inches long. WORM HOLES.— Not more than 6 pin worm holes in a Reach, these holes not to be in clus- ters of more than 3 holes, 6 inches apart. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 97 WAGON STOCK. POLES— Ash or Oak. (For Drop Poles.) •2^x4 x4 x4 —12' 2%x4%x4&x4%— 12' (For Stiff Poles.) 2V 2 x2V2x2y 2 x5 —12' 2%x2%x2%x5 —12' 3 x3 x3 x5 —12' 314x3^x3^4x5 —12' RULES. GRADE.— To be cut from good, tough, straight-grained oak or ash (when oak is speci- fied, it will be understood as being White or Red Oak), suitable for wagon material. To be clear and perfect stock, free from KNOTS, SPLITS, HEARTS, GRUB HOLES, HEART RINGS, SHAKES or BIRD PECKS. Bright Sap accept- ed. The following defects will be admitted: STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch and which shows no signs of rot. SEASON CHECKS.— Not over % -inch deep or 12 inches long. WORM HOLES.— Not more than 6 pin worm holes in a Pole, these holes not to be in clusters of more than 3 holes, 6 inches apart. EVEN ERS— Hickory. 2x4 4' 2" long 2%x4% 4' 6" long 2x4% 4' 2" long 2^x5 4' 6" long RULES. GRADE. — To be cut from good, tough straight-grained Hickory suitable for wagoi material. To be clear and perfect stock, fret from KNOTS. SPLITS. HEARTS, GRUE HOLES, HEART RINGS. SHAKES, WORM HOLES, or WANE. The following defects are admissible: STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch and which shows no signs of rot. SEASON CHECKS.— Not over ^4-inch deep or 12 inches long. WORM HOLES.— None. BRIGHT SAP.— No objection. BIRD PECKS— Sound bird pecks admitted. 98 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. WAGON STOCK. TURNED SINGLETREES. Oval Diameters. At Center. At Ends. Lengths. Light 2 "x2%" -l%"xl%" 34" and 36" long Medium 2V4"x2%" l%"xl%" 34" and 36" long Heavy 2%"x3 " I%"x2 " 36" long TURNED NECK YOKES. Diameters. At Center. At Ends. Lengths. Light 2W 1%" 40" and 44" long Medium 2%" l%" 40", 44" and 48" long Heavy 3 " 2 " 44" and 48" long No adopted rules for grading single trees and neck yokes, but stock must be absolutely clear and made from young, tough hickory. SAWED FELLOES— Oak. (26 pieces to set.) The sizes given are for green felloes cut full. Sizes most Common. I%x2% 2%x2% 2%x3 •2 x2% 3&x2% 3*4x3 2^x2% 2^4x3 4y 2 x3 Circles 2' 11" and 3' 6"; 3' 2"- and 3' 10"; 3' 6" and 4' 2". RULES. GRADE — Sound white or red oak, free from knots and also other defects, except that 1/16- inch stain will be allowed if said stain shows no sign of rot. Must be manufactured so that grain will run straight through center of each piece. Cut full sizes and proper circles. BENT RIMS. (8 pieces to set.) The sizes given are for green rims. Sizes most Common. l%xl% 3 x2 4^4x2*4 2 x2 3^4x2% 5 x2 2%x2 4 x2 5^4x2*4 Circles 3' 2" and 3' 10"; 3' 6" and 4' 2"; 3* 10" and 4' 6". GRADE. Wagon Manufacturers' Grade. (To replace what was formerly XXX.) These rules agreed upon jointly by the Wagon and Rim Manufacturers, November 21, 1906. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 99 WAGON STOCK. MATERIALS.— Oak (any desirable species). QUALITY. — Clear and straight-grained, but not excluding reasonably straight, the grain not to cross the rim in a less distance than 24 inches"; to be sound, free from bark, wane, checks, (ex- cept checks on tread side), shakes, splits, knots and worm holes, but admitting not more than three small, sound knots, not more than %-inch in diameter on tread side; also, small worm holes not closer than 6 inches apart. Not over 15 per cent, of any shipment of rims shall be with knots or worm holes as above specified. WORKMANSHIP. — Planed on top and bottom sides; no skips, tears or imperfect planing. Bending to be on the true circle of diameter spec- ified. To be free from flats or humps, kinks, breaks or buckles, and no straight or drop ends. WHITE OAK WAGON SPOKES. (Wagonmakers' Grades.) RULES. Second Growth Grade. MATERIAL. — Spokes of this grade are to be made from first quality timber, practically clear and straight grained, of heavy weight and very dense growth that will indicate the very great- est strength. Defects. CHECKS. — Small fine season checks not to exceed two inches in length and not running in- to the shoulder admitted. SPLITS.— None admitted. CROSS GRAIN.— Grain which does not run at a greater angle at any one point than one inch in twenty-four inches admitted. Curly spokes are considered cross-grained and not admitted. KNOTS. — Spokes having knots will not be ad- mitted, but spokes showing a small sound spot having the appearance of a knot, but which is only a surface blemish, will be admitted. SAP. — Half Sap that is bright and sound ad- mitted. BASTARD.— Not more than % bastard will be admitted. OTHER DEFECTS. — Evident defects not above enumerated not admitted. 100 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. WAGON STOCK. "A" GRADE. MATERIAL.— Spokes of this grade are to be made from live timber of dense growth, good weight, practically clear and straight-grained. Defects. CHECKS. — Small, fine, season checks not to exceed two inches in length and not running into the shoulder admitted. SPLITS.— None admitted. CROSS GRAIN.— Grain which does not run at a greater angle at any one point than one inch in twenty inches will be admitted. Spokes re- duced from the second growth grade by reason of cross grain will be admitted in this grade when the grain does not cross at a greater angle than one inch in eighteen inches. Curly spokes are not admitted. KNOTS.— Knots will not be admitted, but spokes showing a small sound spot having the appearance of a knot, but which is only a sur- face blemish will be admitted. SAP. — Half Sap that is bright and sound ad- mitted, but when of the second growth grade or very dense growth reduced by reason of having too much bright sap, will be admitted to the extent of two-thirds bright sap. BASTARD. —Not more than half bastard will be admitted. DIPS. — Spokes having dips not more than one in a spoke and located anywhere except at shoulder or tenon admitted, provided such dip is not more than ^4-inch in depth and not less than four inches in length. OTHER DEFECTS. — Evident defects not above enumerated not admitted. "B" GRADE. MATERIAL. — Spokes of this grade are to be made from timber of a weight and growth that will indicate fairly good strength. Defects. CHECKS. — Small, fine, season checks, not to exceed two inches in length and not running into the shoulder admitted. SPLITS.— None admitted. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 101 WAGON STOCK. CROSS GRAIN.— Grain which does not run at a greater angle at any one point than one inch in sixteen inches admitted. Spokes reduced from the second growth grade because of exces- sive cross grain, but in which the grain does not run at a greater angle at any one point than one inch in fourteen inches, admitted. Spokes reduced from the "A" grade for cross grain will be admitted to this grade if grain does not run at a greater angle than one inch in fifteen inches. KNOTS.— Knots will not be admitted, but spokes showing a small sound spot having the appearance of a knot, but which is only a sur- face blemish, will be admitted. Spokes reduced from the second growth and "A" grades having one sound knot not over y%, inch in diameter, showing only on one side and not within five inches of either end of the spoke, admitted here. SAP.— Half Sap that is bright and sound will be admitted. Bright all sap spokes of second growth grade admitted. Spokes from "A" grade having three -fourths nap admitted. BASTARD.— Not more than half bastard will be admitted. Spokes of second growth grade will be admit- ted in this grade where full bastard. Spokes of "A" grade will be admitted in this grade where three fourths bastard. DIPS. — Will be admitted in this grade where not more than one in a spoke and located any- where except at shoulder or tenon, provided such dip is not more than *4 inch in depth and not less than four inches in length. WORM HOLES.— Black and pin worm holes in either second growth or "A" grades of tim- ber will be admitted here to the extent of not more than three in any spoke, but these must not be bunched. Powder post worm holes not admitted. OTHER DEFECTS.— Evident defects not above enumerated not admitted. MANUFACTURE. The following suggestions are made to the manufacturers of spokes, which, if heeded, will not only result in more perfect product, but re- move the cause of much dispute and dissatis- faction : 102 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. WAGON STOCK. It Is shown that there is a great deal of com- plaint on account of poorly manufactured spokes, such as tearing in the barrel by the lathe knives or by the adjustment of the knives not being in line making thick and thin places along the barrels; the grain pulled out; also, rough machine work in the throat, or on the tenon, by which the corners may be chipped off, the tenon not even thickness and not in the center of the spoke. There should also be great care taken in the facing of spokes, so that the face and the back are square with the tenon, and not diamond shapes, as is so frequently the case. Spokes should also be well sanded with a view of having them clean and smooth. It should also be understood that all spokes made under the foregoing rules will be branded only "Second Growth," "A" and "B" respect- ively, and that in no case will the spoke manu- facturer brand these grades higher or lower than they will inspect under these rules nor will the wagon manufacturer request it. No restriction, however, is put upon the use of special brands. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 103 SPECIFICATIONS FOR FINISHING OAK SPOKES FROM DRY STOCK WESTERN REGULAR AND WIDE POINT PATTERN CALIFORNIA PATTERN CO n" a o ►-» CO O & : ° H O 3 3 (D : a> : o ? o *5 o ^ : o 5 M> H 2 c : ca • ca : ° f : ° Allowance for Shrink- age Half- Dry Stock.. 1)4 1 9 ft 1% A* 1% Hi ii IB 1% Af 1% 1*1 % 2 A* 1% 1H 13 2K i 13 2 2A 11 2K 2A % 2K A 2K 2- 3 „ ie 2% 2t 3 5 1 E IS 2K i 13 2K 2t 5 b % 2K 2A if 2% 1 13 2% 2t 7 b 15 2% 9 7 1 2K 1 T3 IVi 2/b 1 2% 2A 1A 3 A 2% m 1A 2K 2J| 1A 3K iU 2% 2ii IK 3 21 § IK 3K A* 2% 211 IK 3K 2}g IK 3% Af 3 3A li 3 s 3K «»A i'A 3K A* 3K IK 3% 3A IK 3% A* 3K 3i 9 s i ; K 3K 9 °ia 1% 4 A* Note:— 'f" signifies full size. 104 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. WAGON STOCK. TENONING.— Make the tenon even thickness throughout, and in the center of barrel and straight with the face. Dish the shoulder so that when two spokes are placed face to face about y& inch apart at the shoulder and the points touching the shoulders will come to a straight line so that a common rule placed flat on the tenons, the edge of the rule should touch the shoulders all the way across both spokes. The above specifications for thickness of tenons are for thoroughly dry stock. When half dry, add allowance given; for entirely green stock, add double this allowance. THROATING.— Make the shoulder the same thickness as the barrel. Shape the knives to make the throat about y s inch thinner than the barrel; also make the throat a little full near the shoulder to give strength and prevent split- ting off in driving. Shape the forms or cams to make the throat rounding, so the face and back will not be too large, but well proportioned. The back must be proportionately wider than the face. Adjust machine to make shoulder straight (neither rounding at the corners, nor hollow in the center). Care should be taken to make both sides of the throat the same shape. FACING OR JOINTING.— Take measurements for width of tenon at the shoulder. Face the spok3 as nearly as possible to a straight line from the point end to the tenon end, and back the spoke as nearly as possible to a straight line from the point end to the shoulder. Taper the back of tenon on a straight line from the shoul- der to the end, so the tenon will measure 1/16 inch less in width at the end (where it enters the hub) than at the shoulder. The above specifications for width of tenons are for thoroughly dry stock. When half dry, add allowance given; for entirely green stock, add double this allowance. ALLOWANCE FOR SHRINKAGE. —For «pokes turned from stock from six to eight months old, and spokes turned from green stocks that have been under shed for three or four months, may be considered half dry, for which allowance is given above. For green stock, dou- ble this allowance. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 105 SPECIFICATIONS FOR TURNING STANDARD WESTERN PATTERN and WIDE POINT CLUB SPOKES FROM DRY AND GREEN STOCK CO ts' an o "It SIZE OF HEAD SIZE OF BARRET, SIZE OF KEG- ITLAR POINT SIZE OF WIDE POINT O a 5 Hi Si i 6* §3 DO O XT. ^ Green 6% 1M 111 iK 1 3 'ill 134 1 7 1 i 'iff .MB IK ik 1ft IK 1% 'ift 1^8 , 1ft W IK ift j iK 1 3 f 13 Drj ' 1% Green 6% Dry m Green 7 1 IB 'in 2 2% IK i s MS J til 1 E 1%* l%fllft iHfiK lftf IK IK 1ft 1 iK Dry i% Green ->Vs llffiftf iK lftf Dry 2 Green .?K 2ft 2% i% HI 'K fftf iy 4 f ift iK lftf iK IK lftf Green r% 2ft 2%f 1% lftf 2 2ft 1ft l%f ift lftf ift i%f i-K ift i%f Dry 2V 4 Green ?K 2ft 2V 2 f 1 7 Mo 1 9 Me 2K 9 3 -IG 1% IK '10 i% IK Hi i% J?8 iK Green <% 2ft 2%f IK 1 5 K 234 2ft J ft 1ft 1ft IK ift ift i'K HI i * MB 1ft Green '% 2& 2%f 1 9 Me 1 i i 'iff 2% -111 1 iy 2 iK i i 9 ,i l 5 K i% HI MB iK i% Dry,,, Green 'Vs 2if 2%f 1% 1H* 2^ Uft zftfi-Hi 1 i4 J in 1ft M 6 ' 2 2ft ift H B f Green 8 3ft 2% 2»f III 1% in J IS 1-llf 2K 2ft i 1 1 11! f Green §K 3ft 3ft in 1 I 5 f 1 16 ' 2'K 2J|* 1^4 2 ') 1 i-K i%f 2K 2ft f I'K iKf Dry 3 Green »K 3ft 3/- 1 ra 2% 2% 3. HI 2 2K 2ft f ill 2 2K 2ft f 2 "7* Green SH 3ft ■M.i 2ft *K 2% 2% 2ft f HI 2K 2% 2ftf 111 2K 1>ry s* Gr< en s*4 '-' 1 3 Ol 3 < •■ 3% 3H 2 O 3 Mrt 2K 2ft f 2 2ft 2K 2ftf 2 9 3 Note:— "f" signifies full size. 106 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. WAGON STOCK. TOTAL LENGTH OF HEAD AND THROAT— Make exact length to figures given from head end to where throat and barrel knives lap, the head or square must be at least of ample length for tenon. SIZE OF HEAD. — Make measurement about where shoulder will be when tenoned. SIZE OF BARREL.— Make measurement just below where barrel and throat knives lap. Make hinds exact width as figures given. Front spokes having more taper should be made 1/16 inch less in width of barrel. SIZE OF POINT.— Measurement to be made % inch from point end of all lengths. From face to back is to be considered the wide way. REGULAR LENGTHS.— Fronts, all sizes, 22 inches long; hinds,' all sizes, 2y 2 inches and under, 26 inches long; all sizes, 2% inches and ever, 28 inches long. The above specifications for Dry are intended for thoroughly dry stock at least twelve months or more old: and for Green are intended for entirely green stock. When stock is half dry, say six months old, allow for shrinkage about half the difference between dry and green speci- fications. When not quite dry, make a little full of Dry Specifications. When not quite green, make a little scant of Green Specifications. Keep your lathe knives adjusted to a straight line so the spoke will be of even thickness from the point to the throat. Adopted by Spoke Manufacturers' Association December 20. 1906. Revised March 25, 1908. Adopted by the National Wagon Manufactur- ers' Association April 28, 1909. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 107 HARDWOOD DIMENSION MATERIAL OAK CHAIR AND FURNITURE STOCK. All pieces must be taken as they are manu- factured, and no allowance made to change grade by re-manufacture. All stock to be of practically uniform thickness and width, to be full thickness and width when dry. Any amount of bright sap admissible in all Chair and Furni- ture Dimension Stock. Seat Stock to have one clear face and two ends; no defect admissible In edges that will show after jointing. Chair Frame Stock to have one clear face, both ends, and both edges. Table Tops take same inspection as Seat Stock. Squares for turning shall contain no de- fect that will not turn out. Squares for dress- ing up and to be used as squares must be clear on all edges and ends that show. Chair Backs that show on two sides must be clear both sides, both edges, and both ends; all Quartered Oak must show -figure on one face. No badly discolored or doty sap admissible in any of the above stock. All band sawed pattern stock to show four clear sides unless contract is made to contrary setting forth that defects may be permitted on any one or more sides. IMPLEMENT STOCK. Plow Handle Strips must be practically straight-grained, and clear of all defects, except slight streaks and small bird pecks, or small bright knots located so as not to interefere with the bending of the piece or its strength. 108 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. CUBAN MAHOGANY Grades: Prime, Selects, Rejects, Shorts and Counters. Lengths: 2 feet and over. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. All odd lengths must be measured. Prime. Prime must be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, not to exceed 25% of 8 and 9-foot lengths. Standard defects are admitted according to widths as follows: 6 or 7 inches, 1 standard defect or its equiva- lent. 8 or 9 inches, 2 standard defects or their equivalent. 10 or 11 inches, 3 standard defects or their equivalent. 12 inches or over, 4 standard defects or their equivalent. Selects. Selects may be 4 inches and over wide, 6 feet and over long, and must work two-thirds clear, with no cutting less than 4 inches wide and 3 feet long, or S inches wide and 4 feet long. Rejects. Rejects must be 3 inches and over wide, 6 feet and over long, and must work 50% clear. No piece or cutting considered which is less than 4 inches wide and 2 feet long, or 3 inches wide and 3 feet long. Shorts. Shorts must be 3 inches and over wide, 2 to 7 feet long, and must be prime in quality. Pieces 3, 4 and 5 inches wide must be clear. Pieces 6 inches and over wide must be graded same as Prime. Counters. Counters must be 12 to 40 feet long, 16 to 24 inches wide. Splits to be measured out. Clear Strips. Clear Strips must be 2% to 5*6 inches wide, 5 feet and over long, clear of defects on one fac« and two edges. Reverse face must be sound. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 109 MEXICAN AND AFRICAN MAHOGANY Grades: First, Second, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, Shorts and Counters. Lengths: 2 feet and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Widths: 3 inches and over. AH odd lengths must be measured. One inch of bright sap in the aggregate is a standard defect. The percentage of Firsts in the combined grade of Firsts and Seconds to be as follows: Mexican Mahogany — Not less than 40 per cent. African Mahogany — Not less than 35 per cent. Firsts. Firsts must be 7 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and free from all defects, except that pieces 10 feet and over surface measure may have one standard defect or its equivalent. Seconds. Seconds must be 6 inches and over wide. Standard defects are admitted according to surface measure as follows: 6 feet, 1 standard defect or its equivalent. 9 feet, 2 standard defects or their equivalent. 13 feet, 3 standard defects or their equivalent. 18 feet and over, 4 standard defects or their equivalent. No. 1 Common. No. 1 Common must be 4 inches and over wide, 6 feet and over long. Pieces 4 inches wide, 6 to 11 feet long, must work 66 2/3% clear in not over two pieces; 12 feet and over long must, work 66 2/3% clear in not over three pieces. No piece or cutting to be less than 2 feet long by the full width of the piece. Pieces 5 inches and over wide, 6 to 11 feet long, must work 66 2/3% clear in not over two pieces; 12 feet and over long must work 66 2/3% clear in not over three pieces. No piece of cut- ting to be considered which is less than 4 inches wide and 2 feet long, or 3 inches wide and 3 feet long. No. 2 Common. No. 2 Common must be 3 inches and over wide. 1 feet and over long, and must work 50% 110 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. MEXICAN AND AFRICAN MAHOGANY clear. No piece or cutting considered which Is less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. Shorts. Shorts must be 4 inches and over wide. 2 to 5 feet long. Pieces 4 to 5 inches wide must be clear. In pieces 6 inches and over standard defects are admitted according to surface measure as follows: 2 feet, 1 standard defect or its equivalent. 4 feet, 2 standard defects or their equivalent. 5% feet, 3 standard defects or their equivalent. 6^ feet and over, 4 standard defects or their equivalent. Counters. Counters must be 12 to 40 feet long, 18 to 24 inches wide, and must be free from all defects. Splits to be measured out. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. Ill RULES FOR THE MEASUREMENT AND INSPECTION OF LOGS Issued January 19, 1915, by Southern IyOg Association, Memphis, Tenn., and adopted July 9, 1915, by the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association of the United States as its Standard Rules. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR MEASURING AND GRADING LOGS. The inspecting or grading of a log is necessar- ily a matter of judgment in determining from the outside appearance of the log the serious- ness of its defects, and its adaptability for lum- ber of different grades, or for other purposes. In determining the grade of a log, the entire surface (which includes both ends) must be taken into consideration, and inspectors must use their best judgment in determining the seri- ousness of each and every defect in and on the log. On account of knots and other defects fre- quently being under the log, imbedded in the ground, or hidden from view between logs which are closely bulked, inspectors will put all line logs, or logs on which there is a reasonable question as to grade, into the lower grade with which it is in question. Standard lengths shall be 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet, 60 per cent, or more to be 14 and 16 feet, and not over 2 per cent, to be 10 feet long. All logs must be cut 4 inches longer than the above lengths to allow for the proper trimming of the lumber. All logs must be measured at the small end, the narrow way, inside the bark, and all frac- tions of an inch must be called back to the next lower figure. Deductions must be made from the above measurements for certain defects as hereinafter stated. All logs should be straight, or due allowance must be made in grade and measure for crooked logs. An allowance is to be made in the measure- 112 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. GRADING LOGS. merit of hollow logs to fully compensate for the loss in lumber scale. A No. 1 log shall not twist .more than one inch to every foot in the length of the log. Damaged sap is a serious defect and must be considered in determining the grade. Doty or rotten sap is to be measured off regardless of the grade of the log. N Grub worm holes, spots, spot worms, bark specks, pecks, mineral streaks, dote and cat faces are very serious defects. The appearance of any of the above mentioned defects on the surface of a log is practically conclusive evi- dep.ce of its existence within the entire log, and inspectors must carefully take them into consid- eration in determining' the grade. On account of the uncertainty of the quantity of such hid- den defects, they are each to be considered as much or more damaging than a sound knot, especially when they appear on both ends of the log. A reduction is to be made in measurement or grade, or both, for loose-hearted or shaky- hearted logs; or for logs which have popped open or split open on the ends. Double-heart is a very serious defect, and same is not admitted in the grade of No. 1 logs, unless both hearts can fully be inclosed in a 6-inch circle on logs 24 to 29 inches, inclusive, in diameter; and an 8-inch circle on logs 30 inches and over in diameter; and in any case inspectors will take into consideration the seriousness of the defect in determining the grade. Bulges and irregularities on the bark surface of a log are practically conclusive evidence of some hidden serious defect and are to be given careful consideration by the inspector in grading the log. Ring shake is a very serious defect and in- spectors will carefully consider same according to its extent and damage, both for grade and measurement. On No. 1 and Select logs, where the heart is more than two inches out of center, one stand- ard defect will be counted for each additional two inches or fraction thereof. All stump shot or shivered logs are to be matched sawn, making the ends smooth. It is understood that a run of logs is to con- tain the full amount of good logs which the standing timber will produce, and that no large nor high-grade logs are to be separated from the run of logs. The standard of measure for a standard de- H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 113 GRADING LOGS. feet will be a sound bright knot with a maxi- mum diameter of not more than 4 inches. Where the rules call for its equivalent, it is understood to mean its equivalent in damage to the product of the log, and NOT its equivalent in size; for instance, a grub worm hole will be considered as serious as a standard knot, and may be considered as more serious according to the inspector's judgment as to their existence within the log. Any defects not mentioned in these rules are to be considered by the inspector according to their damage to the log. These rules describe the poorest logs in any grade, but the respective grades must contain all logs up to the next higher grade. Where the rules mention the amount of sap a grade will take, it is understood that the meas>» urement of the sap is to be taken in the average from the inside of the bark to the heart wood; sap to be measured on small end of log. The size of a log after deductions are made for defects is to govern in grading same. OAK— WHITE AND RED. Number 1. Two inches of bright sap is no defect. Sap in excess of 2 inches is one standard defect. No. 1 logs must be 24 inches and over in dia- meter. 24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one standard defect or its equivalent. 30-inch and over will admit of two standard defects or their equivalent. Select. Select logs must be 18 inches and over in dia- meter. Two inches of bright sap is no defect. Sap in excess of two inches is one standard defect. 18 to 21-inch, inclusive, must have ends and surface clear. 22 and 23-inch will admit of one standard defect or its equivalent. 24-inch and over will admit of one more stand- ard defect than is admitted in No. 1 logs of same size. 114 H. M. A. OF THB U. S. GRADING LOGS. Number 2. No. 2 logs must be 16 inches and over in dia- meter. Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 16 and 17-inch will admit of one standard de- fect or its equivalent. 18 to 23-inch, inclusive, will admit of two standard defects or their equivalent. 24-inch and over must cut 75 per cent, or more in No. 1 Common and Better lumber. Note — It is understood that Overcup logs arc not included with purchases of White Oak logs, unless special agreement is made in writing to include same. WHITE ASH. Bright sap is no defect in any grade. Number 1. No. 1 logs must be 18 inches and over in dia- meter. 18 to 23-inch, inclusive, must have ends and surface clear. 24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one standard defect or its equivalent. 30-inch and over will admit of two stand- ard defects or their equivalent. Select. Select logs must be 16 inches and over in dia- meter. 16 and 17-inch must have ends and surface clear. 18-inch and over will admit of one more standafd defect than is admitted in No. 1 logs of same size. Number 2. No. 2 logs must be 14 inches and over in dia- meter, and must cut 75 per cent, or more into No. 1 Common and Better lumber. Note — It is understood that soft or pumpkin Ash logs are not included with purchases of White Ash logs, unless a special agreement is made in writing to include same. H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 115 GRADING LOGS. YELLOW POPLAR AND CYPRESS. Number 1. No. 1 logs must be 24-inch and over in dia- meter. Two inches of bright sap is no defect in 24 to 29-inch, inclusive. Three inches of bright sap is no defect in 30-inch and over. Each additional inch of bright sap is Qjie standard defect. 24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one standard defect or its equivalent. 30-inch and over will admit of two standard defects or their equivalent. Select. Select logs must be 18 inches and over in dia- meter. Bright sap is no defect in this grade. 18 to 21-inch, inclusive, must have ends and surface clear. 22 and 23-inch will admit of one standard de- fect or its equivalent. 24-inch and over will admit of one more stand- ard defect than is admitted in a No. 1 log of the same size. Number 2. No. 2 logs must be 16 inches and over in dia- meter. Bright sap is no defect in this grade. 16 and 17 -inch will admit of one standard de- fect or its equivalent. 18 to 23-inch, inclusive, will admit of two standard defects or their equivalent. 24-inch and over must cut 75 per cent, or more in No. 1 Common and Better lumber in Poplar, and 75 per cent, or more in No. 1 Shop and Bet- ter in Cypress. Note 1 — Mineral streaks and blue wood in Poplar are very serious defects. Note 2 — Peck and shake in Cypress are very serious defects. 116 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. GRADING LOGS. RED GUM. Number 1. No. 1 logs must be 24 inches and over in dia- meter. Three inches of sap is no defect in 24 to 29- inch, inclusive. Four inches of sap is no defect in 30-inch and over. Each additional inch of sap is one standard defect. 24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one standard defect or its equivalent. 30-inch and over will admit of two standard defects or their equivalent. Select. Select logs must be 18 inches and over in dia- meter. Sap is no defect in this grade. 18 to 21-inch, inclusive, must have ends and surface clear. 22 and 23-inch will admit of one standard de- fect or its equivalent. 24-inch and over will admit of one more standard defect than is admitted in a No. 1 log of the same size. Number 2. No. 2 logs must be 16-inch and over in dia- meter. Sap is no defect in this grade. 16 and 17 -inch will admit of one standard de- fect or its equivalent. 18 to 23 -inch, inclusive, will admit of two standard defects or their equivalent. 24-inch and over must cut 75 per cent, or more in No. 1 Common and Better lumber. Note — Discoloration of sap on ends ef Gum logs must be accepted, provided stain is not suf- ficient to lower the grades of the produet. H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 117 GRADING LOGS. COTTONWOOD, ELM, MAPLE, BASSWOOD, TUPELO AND BLACK GUM. Bright sap is no defect in any grade. Number 1. No. 1 logs must be 24 inches and over in dia- meter. 24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one standard defect or its equivalent. 30-inch and over will admit of two standard defects or their equivalent. Select. Select logs must be 18 inches and over in dia- meter. 18 to 21-inch, inclusive, must have ends and surface clear. 22 and 23-inch will admit of one standard de- fect or its equivalent. 24-inch and over will admit of one more stand- ard defect than is admitted in a No. 1 log of the same size. Number 2. No. 2 logs must be 16 inches and over in dia- meter. 16 and 17-inch will admit of one standard de- fect or its equivalent. 18 to 23-inch, inclusive, will admit of two standard defects or their equivalent. 24-inch and over must cut 75 per cent, or more in No. 1 Common and Better lumber. HICKORY, PERSIMMON AND SYCAMORE. These woods are usually bought for specific uses and therefore it is deemed best that mutual inspection or special contract should govern. 118 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. CYPRESS AND TUPELO The Grading Rules of the Southern Cypress Manufacturers' Association, New Orleans, L,a., have been adopted by the Hardwood Manu- facturers' Association of the United States and copies will be furnished free of charge upon application . Official Symbols for Grade Marks of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Associatioi of the United States. Panel a "° W/de /yp/.Q W/de HP 2. Box Boards fi\S 0l> ^ ff STS if Seconds Saps Selects //?/. Common. SVP2. Common. /VP3. Common. /V94. Common. UNIVERSAL IDARO LOG SCALE. OFFICIAL SCALE OF Ttke Hardwood Manfrs.' Ass*!!, of the United Steles, 2fclu LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 017 110 985 1* Additional Copies may be had by applying to the iardWood manufacturers' association of the u. s. First National Bank Building CINCINNATI. OHIO Kindly remit 10 cents N , per copy with order,,'* for delivery