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I II mi mil mimmiiii ' ~ I mil immiiii in i iilimi 1 mm THE EARLY HISTORY OF RALEIGH, THE CAPITAL CITY OF NORTH CAROLINA. fl CENTENNIAL RDDRE88 DELIVERED BY INVITATION OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE FOUNDATION OF THE CITY, OCTOBER 18, 1892, Kemi^ F*. Battle, LL. D., professor of history in the university of north carolina. AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION, prei'ar);d by the CHAIRMAN OF THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE, AT THE REQUEST OF THE BOARD OF MANAGERS. RALEIGH: Edwards & Brouohton, Printers and Binders. 1893. ^^ "L^f -R T a meeting- of the Board of Managers of the Ealeigh Centennial Celebration, held ]^ovember 4, 1892, the following resolutions were adopted : '''' Remitted, That the grateful thanks of this Board of Managers be tendered in behalf of the citizens of lialeigh, to Hon. Kemp P. Battle, for the able and scholarly address upon the historic past of Raleigh, in which he has preserved for us and our children so much of the wit and wisdom of our forefathers. '■^ Resolved, Tliat Dr. Battle be requested to furnish a copy of his valuable address for publication.'' The following gentlemen, on the resolution of the Board, were aj^pointed by the Chair to prepare and publish a full account of the Celebration and incidents connected there- with, and the Centennial Address and Poem : C. B. Dexson, T. R. Jernigan, JosEPHus Daniels, R. H. Lewis, W. S. Primrose, J. J. Hall, S. A. Ashe. At a meeting of the Committee of Publication, held July 12, 1893, the following was presented by a sub-committee of Messrs. W. S. Primrose, S. A. Ashe and K. H. Lewis, M. D., and adopted by the Committee : Whereas, This Committee, appointed to publish an account of the Centennial Celebration of the City of lial- eigh, appreciates most highly the unselfish labor which Capt, C. B. Denson has bestowed on this volume, and desires to make some fitting recognition of his work ; Resolved, That the thanks of this Committee are hereby especially tendered to Captain Denson for his valuable ser- vices, so loyally and patriotically rendered the City of Kal- eigh, and that this resolution be printed in the volume, as expressive of our sentiments. RALEIGH PRIZE CENTENNIAL POEM. BY MISS MINNIE MAY CURTIS, RALEIGH, N. C. () Raleigh ! noble namesake of a niau of fairest fame, Our fathers chose most wisely when they crowned yon with his name I And his spirit — brave, undaunted — seemed to nerve them for the strife — For the earnest, arduous elfort that brought you into life. A hundred years of patience, of weary toil and care, Have yielded a rich fruitage, have reared your structure fair. O noble State ! be proud and glad ; rejoice on every side ! Thy queenly daughter celebrates her natal day with pride. Let loving hands delight to iling gay banners to the breeze ; Let children's happy voices ring beneath the spreading trees ; Let joyous pteans echo from the mountains to the sea. To celebrate with gladness our day of jubilee ! For all that Science, Art and Skill have br(jught us by the way ; For all that makes life sweet and good, we thank thee, Lord, to-day ; For godly shepherds who have led tlieir Hocks to })astures fair ; For skilled physicians who have wrought with never-weary- ing care ; For statesmen wise, avIio framed our laws with justice and with truth ; For faithful teachers who have trained with earnest zeal our youth ; For- tradesmen in the Inisy mart; for tillers of the soil ; For all who l)uilt our city u]) with patient, arduous toil. O noble pioneers I who wrought tlirougli long- antl weary years, We reap with joyful hearts to-day what you have sown iji tears ! We know your happy spirits, in the blissful realms above. Are looking down upon us now in tenderness and love. Hushed be the noise of party strife ; contentions die away ! This is a holy festival — a glad, yet solemn, day^ — A day when wrongs should be forgiven, and bitterness should cease. And over all should brood in love the fair, sweet dove of peace. As God has loved us, let us love ; let no one dwell apart; Let one broad band of love extend, uniting heart with heart. In union lies our strength, and we may win yet brighter fame In years to come, if one in heart, we labor with one aim. So may our city ever be a steady beacon bright. Whose beams of purity and love shine with far-reaching light. So may the nations honor us, and children's children rise To call our memory blessed, when we've passed beyond the skies ; So may they celebrate with joy another hundred years. And garner np with grateful hearts, with happy smiles and tears, A nobler harvest; and with still a greater pride may they Pay homage to a glorious and a grand Centennial Day ! / INTRODUCTORY. Fellow Citizens: — Allow me to explain that I have pre- pared this address under great disadvantages. In the first place, my University duties, since the reception of the invi- tation so kindly extended me by the Committee of Arrange- ments, have been very exacting. And secondly I have been embarrassed in endeavoring to avoid repeating substantial parts of my centennial address July 4, 1876. I began my work with the hope that I could cover the whole period of one hundred years, but soon found it impossible to do so without writing a book instead of an address. I concluded, therefore, to confine myself mainly to the inauguration of the city, and to the institutions and leading citizens of the first two decades. Even with this limitation I must omit in the delivery more than half of what I have prepared. THE EARLY HISTORY OF RALEIGH, THE CAPITAL GUY OF NORTH CAROLINA. THE COUNTY OF WAKE. The county of Wake dates its birth from troublous times. The Regulators, whose insurrectionary movements were prin- cipally in the middle counties of the State, had broken up courts, cruelly beaten officers of the law, and were threaten- ing to march on Newbern* and enforce their demands at the rifle's mouth. The Assembly concluded that a state of civil war existed and determined to coerce the rebels into submis- sion. The militia of the loyal counties were ordered to be embodied. Martial law was virtually declared. The safe- guards of liberty were suspended by the passage of the act, approved by one party as necessary and proper, and stigma- tized by the other as the " Bloody Bill." It must have been with the double design of appeasing the angry feelings of the disaffected by granting them greater convenience for the transaction of public business with increased representation in the Legislature, and of lessening the opportunities of gatli- ering numbers from wide areas, that four new counties were erected by this Assembly of 1770. From Rowan was cut off the county of Surry, named after Lord Surrey, a prominent member of the British Parliament, favorable to the colonies. Orange lost part of her territory to form the new county of Chatham, called in honor of the " Great Commoner " recently transferred to the House of Peers. From Orange and Rowan was erected the county of Guilford, in honor of the father of Lord North, heir-apparent to the earldom of Guilford, who in the same year entered on his long and baleful service as. Prime Minister. And lastly, from Johnston, chiefly, with slices of Cumberland and Orange, was carved the grand county, the capital of which is the city whose centennial we are celebrating to-day. The royal Governor of that period was a man of striking personal qualities and of high family connections, William Tryon. In a less turbulent time he w^ould have been the * I adopt " Newbern " instead of " New Bern " or " New Berne," because I And that mode of writing the name most usual in the Acts of Assembly, and because it is so written in the Post-office Directory. Tliere are numerous analogies, e. g., Newcastle, Newport, Plymouth, Portsmouth, Charleston, etc. 10^ best beloved of all our colonial Governors. There was a Charles Tryon who married the daughter of Earl Ferrers, and I conjecture that he was their son. His wife was a Miss Wake, whose fortune of £20,000 ($100,000) entitled her in those days to be called wealthy. She probably was a scion of the noble house of Wake, which a few years before had given to England an Archbishop, and she was known in our colony as " Lady Tryon." Governor Tryon had a sister who, in our Colonial Records, is styled the " Honorable Miss Tryon," so that she was maid of honor to the Queen. ^ Lady Tryon's sister, Esther Wake, having the same name as"" one of the Archbishop's daughters, accompanied her to North Carolina, and by her surpassing loveliness of person and ele- gance of manners, possibly set off by her probable possession of a fortune equal to that of her sister, made the hearts of our colonial legislators palpitate admiringly under their capa- cious waistcoats and frilled shirt-bosoms. It was partly her irresistible appeals which carried the votes of great sums for the building at Newbern of the finest palace in America for the Governor's use.* This palace was finished in 1770, and Governor Tryon and his lady, as representatives of the King and Queen of England, sat in arm-chairs in its grandest hall and received the representatives of the people and the elite of the capital at a brilliant ball given in honor of the completion. Gor- geous curtseys by the ladies and bows by the men were made in presence of the viceroy and his fair consort, and stately minuets danced before them in the good old stately style. The general admiration and respect culminated in giving the name of Wake to the new county, whether, in honor of Tryon's wife, or, as others say, of her sister, it is impossible now to determine. Probably the married mem- bers had in mind the former, while the bachelors hastened to win a smile from the fascinating Esther by the assurance that their stentorian "Aye" on the passage of the measure was prompted by devotion to her charms. The reason given in the preamble of the act for the erec- tion of the county is that " because of the large extent of Johnston, Cumberland and Orange it w-as grievous and bur- thensome to attend the courts, general musters and other public meetings." The first corner was at " the Edgecombe line on Moccoson swamp, a mile above James Lea's planta- *I follow the generally accepted tradition. The late James W. Bryan contended that Esther Wake is a myth. He slated that .Judge Gaston so thought. It will grieve nne if I find evidence which will force me to consign to the realms of fancy so cliarming a lady. 11 tion." The line then ran straight to "Neuse river, at the upper end of John Beddingfield's plantation ; then to David Minim's mill creek between Mimm's mill and Tanner's old mill ; then the same course continued to the ridge which divides Cumberland and Johnston counties ; then a straight line to Orange line, at the lower end of Richard Hill's plan- tation on Buckhorn ; then the same course continued five miles ; then to the corner of Johnston county on the Gran- ville line; then with the same line and Bute [now Franklin] line to Edgecomb line to the beginning." Afterwards, in 1786, the part lying east of Moccoson swamp was ceded to Franklin. Joel Lane, John Smith (after whom Smithfield was named), Theophilus Hunter, Farquard Campbell (from him Cambellton, or lower Fayetteville, w^as called), and Walter Gibson, were appointed Commissioners to survey and mark the boundary lines between Wake, Johnston, Cumber- land and Orange. The question of the location of the county seat, often left to a vote of the people in our day, was entrusted to seven Commissioners appointed by the General Assembly, the upper house of which was composed of the Governor and his Coun- cil. These were Joel Lane, Theophilus Hunter, Hardy Sanders, Joseph Lane, John Hmton, Thomas Hines and Thomas Crawford. The Commissioners for building the court-house and jail were Joel Lane, James Martin and Theophilus Hunter. Judging from the foregoing names, it seems clear that the General Assembly predetermined the site, because we find that one member of the committee of location owned the land where the court-house was built, and certainly two others, his brother Joseph and Theophilus Hunter, were owners of adjoining plantations. The legal union of Church and State, which at this time had little practical influence on the life of the people, was indicated by constituting the entire county a Parish of the Church of England under the name of Saint Margaret. The names of the townships, until 1868 called precincts, of St. Mary, of St. Matthew, of St. Mark, which still survive, are mementoes of this legal union, dissolved forever by the severance of our political bonds with Great Britain. There were probably few members of the Church of England in the county, as there is no tradition of any chapels or other church buildings in its limits. With the exception of the Lane family I know of no members of this denomination whose families resided in the county at the date of its erection. Probably there were a few others. 12 WAKE COURT HOUSE. The ancestors of Joel Lane removed from the Albemarle country to Halifax. Thence he with two brothers, Joseph and Jesse, transferred their homes before the Revolution to the part of Johnston county afterwards Wake. Part of his residence still stands in the Boylan homestead. The court- house was a log building on the hillside in front of his dwelling, probably at the crossing of the roads from New- bern to Hillsboro and from Petersburg to Cross creek, after- wards Fayetteville. The name given to the county seat, Bloomsbury, sounds so much like a woman's fancy that I am constrained to be'ieve it was selected by the lovely Esther Wake and her sister. Lady Tryon. We may surmise that they intended to transfer to their county the name of the pretty hamlet then near London, now a part of that wonder- ful city, as Bloomsbury Square, near the British Museum. I love to conjecture that it was their English home. Onr ancestors showed scant courtesy in substituting for their choice the homely "Wake Court House." They made amends, however, by not erasing from the list of counties their name when they inflicted the indignity on Tryon and Bute of substituting for the former Lincoln and Rutherford, and for the latter Franklin and Warren. I make bold to suggest that the title of Bloomsbury Square shall be in this centennial year restored to the hill on which the old court-' house was located. About the year 1800 a new courthouse was erected on the Fayetteville street site — rectangular, of wood, of the shape of the old-fashioned country meeting-house. This was sold about 1835, and removed bodily to the southeast corner of Wilmington and Davie streets, and was for a long time a family residence, and then Cook's hotel. The brick structure wdiich replaced it was built in 1835, and remodeled in 1882, at which time the statue of Justice was placed over its front as a guardian and a monitor. THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA IN COLONIAL DAYS. In colonial times the Governor resided at his own home and summoned the General Assembly to meet at some point deemed by him most convenient. For many years such place was in the northeastern counties. The earliest of these 13 temporary capitals wa^, so far as has been handed down, at the house of Captain John Hecklefield in the county of Per- quimans. Tlie important Assembly of 1715, tlie first whose full proceedings are known to us, which, soon after the terri- ble trials of the Tuscarora war, showed its hatred of arbitrary government by passing strong resolves against recent despotic acts of the executive and the military officers, met at the dwelling of Col. Richard Sanderson on Little river io the county of Perc^uimans. Five years later we find its session held at the court-house in Chowan, about five miles from Edenton, and in ] 822, the year of Governor Eden's death, the fair young town, looking out on the placid waters of Chowan bay, named in his honor, was officially established as the seat of government. During Governor Gabriel Johnston's admin- istration the centre of population moved away from tlie Albe- marle section towards the southwest. The Governor called the Assembl}' to convene in 1738 and 1739 at Newbern on account of iis central position. He earnestly advocated that this town should be made the permanent ''seat of govern- ment." The Albemarle counties bitterly opposed this, and, having five members to each county, while the others had only two, for some time regularly voted down all proposals for the change. At length, in 1746, the Governor appointed a session at Wilmington during the month of November, when the inhabitants of Albemarle were busil}' engaged in fatten- ing and slaughtering and curing and driving to market their crop of hogs. Their members, a majority of the body, were not present when the roll was called. According to the pre- cedents of half a century there was no quorum able to trans- act business. Then ensued the earliest and most unblush- ing arbitrary tactics ever witnessed in our State. The mem- bers present first voted that fifteen should be a quorum, and then passed an act reducing the representation of the Albe- marle counties to two each. Quickly followed an act fixing the seat of government at Newbern and making it the centre of the court system, the Westminster of North Carolina; and although the King disallowed the act, and the Albemarle people stoutl}^ refused to recognize the laws of the rump Assembly, the practical result was that after the sessions of the Assembly in 1740, 1741 and 1743 the town of Edenton witnessed legislative gatherings no more forever. Newbern had the exclusive honor, with the exception of sessions at Wilmington in 174(), 17''4, 1761, 1763 and 1765, and one called at Bathtown, now Bath, in 1752, the year of Johnston's death. 14 Our State provisional revolutionary bodies, called Con- gresses, were held at Newborn, Hillsborough and Halifax, the latter adopting the Constitution which went into opera- tion on the 23d day of December, 1776. THE REVOLUTION. The sessions of the Assembly during the Revolution were affected to a considerable extent by the exigencies of war. Those in 1777 and the first session of 1778, as well as the first of 1780, were held in Newborn. The second session of 1778, the second of 1780, and those of 1782 and 1783 were at Hills- borough. The third session of the General Assembly of 1778, which met in January, 1779, was at Halifax, as was likewise the second session of 1779. The first of 1779 was at Smith- field. The first of 1781 was " in Wake county," presumably at the court-house. One was appointed for Salem, but a quorum did not attend. After the Declaration of Peace the sessions of 1784 were, the first at Hillsborough, and the second at Newborn, as was also that of 1785. That of 1787 was at Tarboro. Those of 1786, 1788, 1789, 1790 and the first session of 1793 were at Fay- etteville. Those of 1791, 1792 and the second session of 1793, held in June, 1794, were in Newbern. From the foregoing it appears that the first capital of the State was Edenton, and the second practically at Newbern. As the act of 1746, designating Newbern as the seat of gov- ernment, was not approved by the King, the claim of that town rested on the action of the Governor, who had power to designate tlie places as well as the times of the sessions of the Assembly. MOVEMENTS FOR A PERMANENT CAPITAL. It was plainly impossible that the public business could be properly conducted when the Governor and other State officers lived at diverse points, when the Legislature migrated with less regularity than wild birds, and the public records were scattered about according to the convenience or whims of officers. North Carolina has sufiered sorely in money and reputation from losses of her archives. In 1789 the General Assembly made this humiliating declaration, that "it is rep- resented by the agents of the State that many officers and whole regiments of privates who served in the continental line of this State are not to be found on the musters in the war or pay-office of the United States, and that no account has been taken of numerous wagons and teams with which 15 the armies of the United States have been supplied by this State," and then orders the Comptroller to search for such musters among the private papers of the late Governors and of such military officers as may be supposed to have them. It was the opinion of all our statesmen and well informed men of the Revolution, and afterwards, that great injus- tice was done to North Carolina in the settlement with the general Government b}^ reason of papers, which would have shown our expenditures for the war, having been lost or hopelessly mislaid. Notwithstanding these evils, there was such a want of homogeneousness in the State, one part trading with Nor- folk, others with Petersburg, Richmond, Charleston, Wil- mington, Newbern and Fayetteville, that it was with great difficulty that a change could be made. The General Assem- blies shrank from preferring one part over another. A con- vention of the people was to be held in Hillsborough in 1788 to consider the new Federal Constitution. The General Assembly of 1787, sitting in Tarboro, requested the people to instruct their delegates to "fix on the place for the unalter- able seat of government." In accordance with this suggestion the Convention of 1788, having decided that the Constitution of the United States ought not to be adopted without amendments, took up the question thus referred to it. After deliberation the majority evidently concluded to adopt as near as possible the geographical centre of the State, and instructed the General Assembly to provide for the selection of a site within ten miles of the plantation of Isaac Hunter, in the county of Wake. Doubtless other centres were voted for, but the Jour- nal of the Convention cannot be found, and I am unable to give them. It will be seen hereafter that the AVake county circle won by a combination of the delegates from the val- leys of the streams flowing into the sounds of Albemarle and Pamlico, and that the most formidable opponent was Fay- etteville. This historical tract of Isaac Hunter lies about three and a half miles north of our city on what was once the great road from the North to the South by way of Petersburg, Warrenton, Louisburg, Wake Court House to Fayetteviile, Charleston and other points. The great oaks which prob- ably sheltered Isaac Hunter and the guests of his hos- pitable home, still stand about one mile north of Crabtree bridge. Within ten miles is a long stretch of Neuse river, and many of the delegates most probably supposed that the 16 new city would possess wharves and shi|)ping, as it was then, and for years afterwards, believed, thai the Neuse could be made navigable to its Falls, and even beyond to the hills of Orange. Indeed, Hamihon Fulton, a iScotch engineer, em- ployed by the State during the canal fever, about 1820, gives it as his opinion that Rileigh can be directly connected with the ocean by a system of dams and locks from the crossing of the Faj^etteville road over Rock}- branch. He gives the fall down that stream and Walnut creek to Neuse river at seventy-four feet three inches, and the distance ten miles, four furlongs and eleven rods. He recommends, however, in preference to this, tliat the port of Raleigh should be on the Crabtree at the Louisburg road crossing, estima- ting the expense of dams and locks on the creek, and ahorse railroad from Raleigh to the landing, at S35, 255.- It would be still better, he said, to have Kaleigh's port on Neuse river with a six-mile railroad. It is a historic truth that our people invested money in a Neuse River Navigation Com- pany, and succeeded in sending one boat, James H. Murray captain, down to Newbern and back. It is not surprising, with such visions in the air, that the inhabitants of the val- leys of the streams flowing into the Albemarle and Pamlico sounds united in a legislative log-rolling. The General Assemblies were slow in carrying into eflect the ordinance of the Convention. There was fierce hostility to the location in Wake. There were charges of trickery and management in securing it. In November, 1788, Willie Jones, in the Senate, moved to carry the ordinance into effect. The bill passed by a vote of 26 to 20. The Journal of the lower house shows that it was received, amended and jiassed its second reading. As it was not ratified, very probably the opposition understood the trick of killing bills with odious "riders," and the friends of the bill not liking the amendments allowed it to drop. The Convention and the General Assembly' of 1781) met in Fayetteville at the same time. The adoption of the Fed- eral Constitution was of such momentous importance that probably the failure of the A.<=sembly to consider the ques- tion of the seat of government was caused b}^ forgetful n ess. In 1790 the Assembly, meeting in the satne town, was so evenly divided that the proposition to carry into effect the ordinance of 1788 passed the House by the casting vote of Stephen Cabarrus, its Speaker, and failed in the Senate by the casting vote of a Western man, William Lenoir, the Speaker. 17 The intensity of the feeling of the friends of Fayetteville was shown by its struggle to secure the meeting of the fol- lowing General Assembly — that of 1791. After a long and close contest Newborn carried the vote, and the cause of Flora McDonald's town was lost forever. At this Assembly of 1791 an act was passed to carry into effect the mandate of the people in convention assembled Nine Commissioners, not ten, as has been erroneously stated, were appointed to locate the city and five to erect a State- house at a co=t of $20,000. The bill passed the Senate in January, 1792. by the close vote of 27 to 24, and the House by 58 to 53. In the former body Joseph R. Gautier, a promi- nent lawyer. Senator from Bladen, who, by the by, left in his will a valuable library to the State University, presented a strong protest, which, with the names of the signers, I give in full, as showing the strength of the feeling on the subject: Because permanence cannot be insured to a measure carried by so inconsiderable a majority — a measure by which the interest of our con- stituents are materially injured— by which the public g)od is sacrificed to local combinations and personal influence, and against which as men, to ansvver the trust delegated to us, we solemnly protest: — Because although it may be inconvenient and inconsistent with the dignity of this State that its government sliould continue to be ambula- tory, yet in the deternnnation neither economy or policy are consulted — the interest of the most valuable part of the State sacrificed (perhaps for jealousy of its importance) by the tyranny of an accidental and most trifling majority. Because the precedent of deciding on carrying into effect measures attended with such infinite expense to the country under the sanction of an accidental vote which may be reversed at a day not far distant, is pregnant with the most fatal mischiefs, and will in future, as it does on the present occasion, encoiu'age an intrigue in our counsels, and aban- don the command of the treasury and the control of tlie properties of the people to the efforts of design, and to the machinations of an inter- ested party. [Signed] Joseph McDowell (the elder, of Burke), John A. Campbell (of New Hanover), Joseph Hodge (of Orange), David Caldwell (of Iredell). KiCHARD Singleton (of Sampson), J. R. Gautier (of Bladen), F. Campbell (of Cumberland), ZebSdee Wood (of Randolph), Joseph Winston (of Stokes), John Stewart (of Chatham). Joseph Graham (of Mecklenburg), David Gillespie (of Guilford), Joseph Dickson (of Lincoln), Thomas Wade (of Anson), James Turner (of Montgomery), J. Willis (of Robeson), Richard Clinton (of Sampson), Thomas Tyson (of Moore). C. Galloway (of Rockingham), G. H. Berger (of Rowan). 18 There are strong men in this list. We find Gren. Thomas Wade, of Anson, after whom Wadesboro is named ; General Joseph Graham, father of Governor W. A. Graham; Joseph Dickson, Joseph Winston and Joseph McDowell, senior, all three afterwards members of Congress. If attention is paid to the counties represented by them it will be found that there are eight in the Cape Fear basin: Bladen, Chatham, Cumberland, New Hanover, Randolph, Guilford, Sampson and Moore. Of the others, the following at that day traded almost exclusively with Fayetteville, townt: Anson, Mont- gomery'', Robeson, Rowan, Orange, Rockingham and Stokes. The remaining western counties, Burke, Iredell, Lincoln, Rutherford and Mecklenburg, strangely as it may appear to us, traded largely in the same direction. It thus appears that the contest was on behalf of this good old town, which, on account of its being the head of navigation of the Cape Fear, was one of the most important places in our State. Five meetings of the General Assembly and the Convention of 1789, which adopted the Federal Constitution, had been held within its limits. It was made a court town of a new judicial district. This same Convention had conferred on it the extraordinary privilege of sending a borough member to the General Assembly. Its citizens and friends had pro- cured charters authorizing the clearing and deepening of the channel of the Cape Fear from Wilmington to Averasboro. All road hands living within two miles of the river could be compelled to this work for twelve days in the year. In 1790 a charter was granted to make Cross creek navigable. Great manufacturing enterprises were to be inaugurated. Henry Emanuel Lutterloh was authorized by special law to import from abroad capitalists and skilled laborers, who were to be exempt from all taxation for five years. To make the offer still more tempting, the immigrants were in terms vested with the perpetual power of erecting their own churches and school-houses. Lutterloh was authorized by law to raise by a lottery $6,000 for the purpose of paying the expenses of transportation and settlement. Perhaps it is an indication of the confident hope of securing for this commercial and manufacturing centre the further advantages of the seat of government, that the citizens called the public building, in which General Assemblies sometimes met, burnt in the great fire of 1831, which occupied the site of the present market- house, the " State-house." These facts explain the strong language of Gautier's Protest. It was the beginning of the great "Eastern and Western " contest. 19 ELECTION OF COMMISSIONERS OF LOCATION. The act of 1791 provided for one commissioner of location from each of the Judicial Districts, and a ninth from the State-at-large. The following nominations were made : For the Morgan District — Joseph McDowell, the elder. For the Salisbury District — Matthew Lock and James Martin. Nor the Hillsborough District — Thomas Person and Joseph Hodge. For the Halifax District — Thomas Blount. For the Edenton District — William J. Dawson. For the Newbern District — Frederick Hargett. For theFayetteville District — Farquhard Campbell, Henry William Harrington, Henry E. Lutterloh and John Willis. For the Wilmington District — .James Bloodworth, Edward Jones and .John A. Campbell. For the Ninth Commissioner — * Willie Jones, Griffith Ruth- erford and Alexander Mebane. The following were elected : For IVJorgan District — Joseph McDowell, the elder. For Salisbury District — James Martin. For Hillsborough District — Thomas Person. For Halifax District — Thomas Blount. For Edenton District — William Johnston Dawson. For Newbern District — Frederick Hargett. For Fayetteville District — Plenry William Harrington. For the Wilmington District — James Bloodworth. For Ninth Commissioner — Willie Jones. BUILDING COMMITTEE. The following nominations were made for the Building Committee of five : Richard Benehan, "the venerable Judge Williams," John Macon, Robert Goodloe, George Lucas, Nathan Bryan, Theophilus Hunter, William Cain, Wyatt Hawkins, James Porterfield. Of these, Messrs. Richard Bennehan, John Macon, Robert Goodloe, Nathan Bryan, Theophilus Hunter were elected. The Commissioners for Location will be described hereaf- ter. Of the Building Committee Richard Bennehan was of Orange. Coming from Petersburg as a clerk in the country store of a rich Hillsboro merchant named Johnson, partly by marriage, but mainly by investments from time to time ♦Pronounced Wi-ley. 20 of his earnings in slaves and in the rich bottom lands of the Neuse and its tributaries, the Eno and Flat, he accumulated one of the largest estates in North Carolina. His only daughter married Judge Duncan Cameron, and at the death of her brother, Thomas I). Bennehan, who never married, succeeded to all the estates of her father. Richard Benne- han was a man of boundless hospitality, of large public spirit, one of the early Trustees of the University, of which he was a generous benefactor. John Macon was much trusted by the people of Warren, for four years a Commoner and ten years consecutively Sen- ator. He was a brother of the more eminent Nathaniel Macon, from the same county. Robert Goodloe was a citizen of Franklin, a prominent planter and builder, whose descendants are among the best people of Alabama, Tennessee and Kentucky. One of them, Colonel Green Clay Goodloe, is now a paymaster in tlie United States Marine Corps. The eminent statesman and lawyer, Robert Goodloe Harper, who had the peculiar honor of being elected to Congress from two districts in South Caro- lina at the same time, and who, after marrying a (laughter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, became one of the leaders of the Baltimore Bar and United States Senator from Mary- land, was a nephew of Robert Goodloe. Nathan Bryan had been a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1788, was then Senator from Jones and after- wards a member of Congress. Theophilus Hunter was a brother of the Isaac Hunter who owned the centre of the circle within which the location was to be ma'le, and will be hereafter more |)articularly described. LOCATION OF THE CAPITAL. It has been generally believed that the Commissioners had unrestricted powers in regard to the new cit}'. This is a mistake. The General Assembly prescribed the width of the streets, limited the quantity of land to be purchased at not exceeding one thousand acres, and the area of the city at not less than four hundred acres, and commanded that at least twenty acres should be reserved for the State house and other public buildings. Tiie compensation of the Com- missioners was twenty shillings, or $2 per day. On Tuesday the 20th March, 1792, there assembled at the house of Isaac Hunter five of the nine Commissioners, viz., Frederick Hargett, of Jones; William Johnston Diwsou, of 21 Chowan; Joseph McDowell (the elder), of Burke; James Martin, of Stokes ; Thomas Blount, of Edgecombe. They did not organize, but adjourned at once to the house of Joel Lane, at Wake Court House. On the next day they began their work by viewing the lands which had been offered to them as suitable sites. On the 22d they were joined by Willie Jones, of Halifax. It is pleasant to travel on horseback with these worthy citizens among the gentle hills of Wake, then putting on the green loveliness of spring. As the squirrels chattered in the oaks and hickories, the rabbits tripped into the broomsedge, the mocking-birds poured out their mimetic melody, they scanned closely, with woodman's eye, the ridges and streams and level uplands, and discoursed sagely about the prospects of the coming city. And when they reached their place of repose at night, and refreshed their weary frames with the fragrant toddy and savory beef, venison or mutton, with smoking biscuit and buttered batter-cakes which the busy housewife most hospitably set before them, they discussed the great questions pending in the political world — how the French Revolution would make all the world free, whether Hamilton or Jefllerson in Washington's Cabinet would most influence the action of their great chief. And they discussed, too, the rising influence of the Democratic Republican party, which was destined to destroy the Federalist party and con- trol the government for many years, and, with wonderful vitality and sanguine expectation of victory, is now reaching out its hands to grasp again the reins of power. The tracts offered to the commissioners, and which they were eight days in riding over, not stopping for Sunday, were — 1. The land of Nathaniel Jone=, of White Plains, prob- ably including the town of Cary. 2. That of Theophilus Hunter, senior, on the Fayetteville road, one mile from his residence, called Spring Hill. This tract is now part of the Bledsoe land. 3. That of Theophilus Hunter, junior, two miles south of AVake Court House, now owned by W. G. Upchurch, the Caraleigh company, and others. 4. That of Joel Lane, at Wake Court House. 5. That of Henry Lane, one mile north of Wake Court House, lately belonging to Henry Mordecai, deceased, a de- scendant of Henry Lane. 6. That of Isaac Hunter, the center of the circle, now the property of the estate of Mrs. Mary Smith Morehead. 22 7. That of Nathaniel Jones, still belonging to his heirs, the home tract of Mrs. Kimbrough Jones. 8. That on both sides of Neuse river, at the Great Falls, now owned by the Raleigh Paper Company, and others. 9. That of Thomas Crawford, on the north side of Neuse, three miles below the Great Falls, now owned by L. C. Dunn. 10. That of Dempsey Powell, on south side of Neuse, at Powell's bridge, seven miles of Isaac Hunter, now owned by W. H. Pace. 11. That of Ethelred Rogers, on the north side of Neuse river, at Rogers' Ferry, now owned by Mrs. Fabius J. Hay- wood, the elder. 12. Those of Michael Rogers, Hardy Dean and John Ezell, adjoining the last tract ; nearly all of which land now belongs to Mrs. Fabius J. Haywood, the elder, the granddaughter of Michael Rogers. 13. That of John Hinton, on the north side of Neuse, one mile below his dwelling-house, late the property of Mrs. Betsey Hinton. 14. That of Kimbrough Hinton, on the north side of Neuse near the eastern part of the circle, now belonging to the heirs of Madison C. Hodge. 15. Those of Lovett Bryan and others, on the south side of Neuse, between Crabtree and Walnut creeks, now belonging to the estate of Wm. R. Pool. 16. That of William Jeffreys, on the south side of Neuse, opposite Rogers' Ferry, still in the hands of the same famil3^ 17. That of William Jeffreys, on the south side of Neuse, three miles from Jacob Hunter's, on the road to Powell's bridge, still belonging to the same family. It is recorded that on the 27th the Commissioners took a second view of the lands of Joel and Henry Lane. The prices demanded for each of the seventeen tracts are not stated in the report. On Thursday, the 29th of March, the Commissioners pro- ceeded to organize themselves into a Board, choosing unani- mously as chairman the estimable Frederick Hargett, who was likewise chairman of the Board which selected the site of the University. They then proceeded to ballot for the place most proper to be purchased. Only three obtained any vote. John Hinton's tract on the north side of the Neuse, near Milburnie, received three votes; Joel Lane's tract at Wake Court-house received two votes; and Nathaniel Jones' tract near Cary received one vote. So there was no choice. 23 It will be noticed that eight of the seventeen tracts offered were on Neuse river, and of these some were at the points where there is water-power. As one-half of the Commission- ers on the first ballot expressed their preference for John Hinton's land, only one mile from Milburnie, it is clear that there was considerable expectation in the public mind that the new city ought to be a manufacturing centre, with some, if not great, navigable facilities. It would be an agreeable pastime to go into a conjectural estimate of what would have been the development of our city if the Hinton land could have obtained one more vote. That vote was not had. The Board adjourned until next day. Willie Jones was a master of the art of persuasion and was an intimate friend of Joel Lane. Lane himself was a man of influence, who had served the State in the Colonial Congress and as Senator for ten years in succession. Very probably he offered new inducements as to price. At any rate, on Friday, the 30th of March, a second ballot was taken, with the result that Wake Court House received five votes, and the Hinton land received only one vote. Possibly Lane was adversely criticised for his tactics in winning the contest. There was abundant room for unpleasant talk on account of his entertaining the Commissioners at his house. They were acting as judges and were certainly, notwithstanding their high character, liable to the criticism that they ate the bread of one of the litigants. I cannot find their accounts of expenses, but it is altogether probable that they paid for their entertainment. I notice that Lane was Senator from 1782 to 1792, both inclusive, but that in the next year James Hinton had his place. This is some evidence that the Hin- ton famil}^ resented his success in the negotiation and that the people took their side. If so, the displeasure was evanes- cent, for he was Senator again in 1794 and 1795. The soli- tary supporter of the Neuse river location on the last ballot consented that the vote should be made unanimous. The quantity purchased was the maximum allowed by the law, one thousand acres. The price was thirty shillings, or $3, for the "woodland and fresh grounds," and twenty shillings per acre ($2) for the old-field. The fact, now ascer- tained, that there were 756 acres of the former and 244 acres of the old-fields, gives us a striking picture of the wasteful husbandry of that day. One-fourth of the tract, after being cleared and cultivated, was abandoned because exhausted, and rated at only two-thirds the value of land covered by 24 the original forest growth. The price of the whole was £1,378, or $2,756.* The surveyor employed was William Christmas, State Senator from Franklin county, who agreed to accept in full compensation for his services, including six copies of the plan of the city, four shillings, or forty cents currency, for each lot. As there were 276 lots, his pay amounted to $110.40. Christmas had theretofore run the boundary between Frank- lin and Warren counties, and had laid out the town of War- ren ton. PLAN OF THE CITY. The work of the survey occupied four days. The plan was adopted on the 4th April, the Commissioners assigning names to the public squares and streets. They gave the name Union to tlie Capitol Square, which is nearly six acres in extent. Four other squares of four acres each they called in honor of the first three Governors of our State under the Constitution of 1776, and of the Attorney General. In the northwest is Caswell Square, commemorating Richard Caswell, one of the commanders at Moore's creek bridge, the first Governor. In the southwest is Nash Square, commemorating Abner Nash, the second Governor. Doubtless they had in mind also one of the first martyrs to liberty, his biotlier, General Francis Nash. In the northeast is Burke Square, commemorating Thomas Burke, eminent in State and continental legislative bodies, the third Governor. In the southeast is Moore Scjuare, honoring Alfred Moore, who, when barely of age, fought for our liberties, and was then Attorney General, soon to be elevated to the Supreme Court bench of the most august judicial tribunal in the world. The fourth Governor, Alexander Martin, was not honored by the name of this square, because a street was named after his brother. In naming the streets, the Commissioners first honored the eight judicial districts into which the State was divided, viz. : Those of Edenton, Newbern, Wilmington, Hillsborough, Halifax, Salisbury, Fayetteville and Morgan. f The street leading from the centre of Union Square, perpendicularly thereto toward the north, was called Halifax street; that to the east Newbern ; that to the south Fayetteville, and that to * The pound currency equaled 92 at that time and for some years afterwards. fThe Western .Tudiclal District was so called, although the court town was Mor- gan Town, now Morganton. 25 the west liilLbnrough. These are 99 feet, all the others are 66 feet wide, their width being prescribed by the Act of 1791. The streets running east and west along the north and the south side of Union Square, were called, respectively, Edenton and Morgan. Those running north and south along the east and the west side were called, respectively, Wihnington and Salisbury. The other streets, with the exception of those most remote from Union Square, which being the boundary streets, were called North, East, South and West, were named, firstly, alter the nine Commissioners on Location. This left four streets. In naming them the Commissioners concluded to compliment the Speaker of the Senate, William Lenoir; the Speaker of the House, Stephen Cabarrus; the former owner of the land, Joel Lane, and lastly, General William Rich- ardson Davie. Why Davie was selected for this honor over other great men of the day we can only conjeciure. My opinion is clear that it was the work of his townsman, the very influential Willie Jones. Davie was ah active mem- ber of the Convention of 1788, and of the General Assembly of 1791, and was a friend of the movement for a permanent capital. We thus have parallel to Edenton and Morgan streets, north of the Capitol, Jones and Lane; to the south, Hargett, Martin, Davie, Cabarrus and Lenoir. Parallel to Wilming- ton and Salisbury are, to the east, Blount, Person and Blood- v^^orth ; to the west, McDowell, Dawson and Harrington. All these are notable names in our State history, and their own- ers must have a brief notice. SHORT BIOGRAPHIES OF COMMISSIONERS, Etc. The nine commissioners were — 1. Willie Jones, of Halifax, the leader of the Anti-Feder- alists, a member of the Provincial Congress at Newbern in 1774, chairman of the Committee of Safety in 1776, and, therefore, virtually Governor; a member of the Continental Congress in 1780-81, often Senator and Commoner in the State Legislature; so fearful of the loss of the rights of the peo- ple, that he refused to accept a seat in the Constitutional Con- vention of 1787 at Philadelphia, and led the party in the State Convention of 1788 opposed to the adoption of the Federal Constitution. Although no orator, he was a most adroit party leader. He eventually removed to Wake county, buying the plantation now owned in part by the St. Augus- 2 26 tine Normal School, aud is buried on this place, without a stone to mark his resting-place. 2. Frederick Hargett, chairman, then and for many years Senator from Jones ; a colleague of Abner Nash, who was in the House of Commons. 3. James Martin, a fighting colonel of militia in the Revo- lution, who had participated in the movement which led to the victory of Moore's Creek Bridge, was with Rutherford in the expedition which crushed the Cherokees in 1776, was one of the militia who stood their ground and helped cripple Cornwallis at Guilford Court House, and was with his old commander, Rutherford, in the Wilmington expedition in 1781. After the war he was a trusted legislator from Stokes. His brother, Nathaniel Martin, of Guilford, was then Gov- ernor, unanimously elected, having likewise held that office during the war. From the Governor's chair he was elected to the Senate of the United States. His services to his country were of such high order that posterity must forgive him for writing rhymes, which he called poetry. The deed from Joel Lane for the land purchased for the capital was to him in trust for the State. 4. Thomas Blount, a Revolutionary officer, elected to the National House of Representatives the same year, afterwards Senator from Edgecombe. His wife was the only daughter of General Jethro Sumner, who gave her the name of Jacky Sullivan, probably after General John (or Jack) Sullivan of the Revolutionary army. After reaching years of discre- tion she changed this name to Mary Sumner, and, doubtless because her husband was so intimatelv associated with the city of Raleigh, she bequeathed a considerable sum for build- ing Christ (Ep'iscopal) Church in the city. Thomas Blount was of an eminent family. His father, Jacob Blount, of Blount Hall in Pitt, was a member of the Provincial Con- gress during the Revolutionary struggles. Of his sons, AVil- liam Blount was a member of Congress of the Confederacy, and as member of the Convention of 1787 signed the Fed- eral Constitution. He was afterwards Senator of the United States aud Governor of Tennessee. John Gray Blount, who was also in the Revolutionary army, was a useful member of the Legislature and one of the largest landowners in the State; Major Reading Blount was a Revolutionary officer and likewise a member of the Assembly, and Willie Blount was Governor and Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee. The very promising LTniversity student whom we recently followed sorrowingly to your cemetery, Lawrence Branch 27 Jones, and also bis uncle, William Augustus Blount Branch, member of Congress from the first district, are lineal descend- ants of Jacob Blount. 5. Thomas Person, the wealthy S3'mpathizer with the Regu- lators, as long as they adopted lawful measures for the redress of their grievances, was a general of militia in the early Revolution, a trusted legislator from his native Granville, a benefactor of the University. After him a county is named, as well as a Hall at the University, the first chapel of the institution. 6. James Bloodworth, who had many times represented New Hanover in the House of Commons, was afterwards IState Senator. He was a son of Timothy Bloodworth, a gunmaker, who attained the dignity of Speaker of the House of Com- mons, a delegate from our State to the Confederate Congress, a representative in the Congress of the Union, a Senator of the United States. It has been generally believed that the father was the Commissioner of Location, but the record shows otherwise. 7. Col. Joseph McDowell, the elder, of Quaker Meadows, is to be distinguished from Captain Joseph McDowell, junior, of Pleasant Garden, his cousin and a ph3'sician. Both of them served against the Cherokees under Rutherford, shared in the victories of Ramsour's mill, of King's mountain and of Cowpens ; both were often members of the Legislature from Burke; both were members of Congress, taking active part against the Alien and Sedition Laws; both were leaders of the anti-Federalist party in the West, and resisted in the Convention of 1778 the immediate and unconditional ratifi- cation of the Federal Constitution ; both were in the Con- vention of 1789, but divided in their votes, the elder still adhering to his opposition. Joseph McDowell, the elder, brother of General Charles McDowell, of Quaker Meadows, and afterwards of John's river, was the Commissioner. He was, in 1792, Senator from Burke; his cousin, of Pleasant Garden, now in McDowell county, being at home. I will add that he left only two daughters, who removed to Vir- ginia, and that no descendants of his name survive. The parallelism of the lives of these two worthy men has led to grievous entanglement b}'' the annalists, and we are indebted to Judge A. C. Avery of the Supreme Court for most careful work in distinguishing them. 8. William Johnston Dawson, of Chowan, son of Colonel John Dawson and Penelope Eden, daughter of Governor Gabriel Johnston, repeatedly in the State Legislature, was a 28 member of Congress, a man of refinement and culture and of great influence in the Albemarle country. 9. Henry William Harrington, an officer of influence in the Revolutionary struggle, was a member of the Legislature from Richmond county, a planter of immense estates and baronial style of living. His son, of the same name, was a member of the Convention of 1835, and lived on his 13,000- acre estate on the Pee Dee, amid his cotton fields, and his slaves, and his tine horses, his deer, foxes and wildcats, " like a fine old English gentleman all of the olden time." These were the Commissioners. Streets were likewise called, as I have said, in honor of — 1. William Lenoir, Speaker of the Senate, a hero of King's Mountain, and of other important Revolutionary campaigns, whose name is likewise athxed to an eastern county and a western town, the first president and last survivor of the sixty eminent men who constituted the first Board of Trus- tees of the University of North Carolina. 2. Stephen Cabarius, an immigrant from France, with the courtesy and polish characteristic of that country. Speaker of the House of Commons for years, greatly beloved, not only by the people of his adopted county, Chowan, but by the whole State. His name is perpetuated by one of the richest counties, as well as by this street in the capital. 3. Joel Lane, who deserved the honor not only because he was the owner of tfie site, but because of his military ser- vices as colonel of militia, and his faithfully representing the county of Wake in the Colonial Assemblies, the State Coiigresses and tJje State Senate, of unbounded hospitality and winning personality, whose ancestors had been useful citizens in the Albemarle country and then in Halifax. The grandsons of his brother, Jesse Lane, became eminent in distant States. General J( seph Lane was Federal Senator from Oregon, and candidate for the Vice-Presidency on the Breckinridge ticket; Henry S. Lane, Governor and Federal Senator of Indiana, and George W. Lane was District Judge of the United States for Alabama. Joel Lane's descendants, through his son Henr}^ — two of whose daughters married the eminent lawyer, Moses Mordecai — are still among us. 4. Lastly, there was William Richardson Davie, a gallant cavalry officer, then at the special request of General Greene undertaking the arduous task of feeding his army as Com- missary General, but with the stipulation tliat if he should be present at a battle he might engage in active conflict. After the war an eloquent and successful lawyer, a strong 29 advocate of the education of the people, bringing into life the dormant clause of the ConsLituiion which requires "one or more universities" of the State, and hence earning the honorable title of "Father of the University." He was for years a member of the Slate Legislature. At the time of the location of our city he was, as one of our North Carolina Commissioners, engaged in running our southwestern boun- dary line from a point "on the great road leading from Charlotte to Camden, near the Waxahaw creek, as far as the eastern boundary line of the territory ceded by the State of Ni>rth Carolina to the United States." He was one of the delegates from North Carolina to the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1787 and in the State Conventions of 1788 and of 17b9, he was an ardent advocate of the ratification of the Federal Constitution. He was afterwards Governor of the State, and, on the prospect of a war with France, was ap- pointed by President Adams a Brigadier General in the Array of the United States. He was selected by the Presi- dent as one of the three special envoys to France who suc- ceeded in averting the war. I have been thus minute in describing those whose names are prominently connected with theinauguration of our city, because it is of great importance that our people shall keep in mind their virtues, and recognize that we have something in our past history to be proud of. Reverence for the past tends to make its possessor f)urer and better. I think all Raleigh children should be taught these facts as an essential part of their education. The rulers and teachers of powerful and conquering nations have deemed it wise to stimulate State pride in their citizens by inventing legends of thegreatdeedsof prehistoricfounders. Rome had her Romu- lus, Athens her Theseus, Sparta her Heracles ; and so with all the notable cities of antiquity. It is the g:ood fortune of our city to have founders whose virtues and patriotic acts are recorded in truthful history. Let us give them the abundant honor which is their due, and our children will be stimulated to imitate them. The feeling of pride which we should have on account of our city's beginnings being associated with such excellent men, should be heightened by reflecting on the brilliant soldier, statesman and man of letters. Sir AValter Raleigh, after whom the city was named. It is true that he did not set foot on our soil. It is true that his designs s^em to have come to naught, his vast expenditures wasted, that the cor- ner-stone of the projected city of Raleigh on the distant 30 Roanoke Island was never laid, and only mournful memo- ries are associated with his efforts at colonization, yet the greatness of his aims, his sacrifices and his splendid virtues, merit this honor. He was not faultless, but it is fortunate that our city's name should bring to our mind one of the noblest and most accomplished knights of his age. DETAILS OF THE PLAN. Reverting to the original plan of the city we find that, counting the two boundary streets, there are from north to south 12 streets, of which 11 are G6 feet wide and one 99 feet; from east to west there are 11 streets, of which 10 are 6(j feet wide and one 99 feet. From north to south there are 18 one- acre lots; from east to west 16 one-acre lots. Including the boundary streets, the city was 4,581 feet from north to south, and 4,097t from east to west, supposing that the lots are 208f feet square. If the lots are 210 feet square, as they are usually estimated, then the distance is north to south 4,605 feet, east to west 4,059. The plan was not, however, a perfect rectangle. Between Lane and North streets at the northeast and northwest cor- ners were left out three lots of one acre each, and between Lenoir and South streets, at the southeast and southwest cor- ners, were left out three lots of one acre each, or a total of twelve acres. There were, therefore, only ten lots fronting on North and ten fronting on South street. Our sagacious found- ers by this arrangement intended to provide, in addition to the five public squares established bv them, that when future extensions of the city limits should be made there should be four other squares or little parks for playgrounds for chil- dren, for flowers and trees and fountains. When afterwards the General Assembly ordered sales of land outside the old city limits, the plan of leaving these areas open for public recreation grounds was adhered to. It was reserved for the men of the last forty years, who think, because they have travelled on railroads and talked through wires, that they are far wiser than their forefathers, to close the southwest reservation with an asylum, and to sell the others for build- ing-lots. The lots are numbered as follows, starting with No. 1, the extreme southeast lot, between South and Lenoir streets ; then running regularly west to No. 10, inclusive; then returning. No. 11 is the extreme southeast lot, adjoining Bloodworth, East and Lenoir; then the numbers run regularly to West 31 street, the last being No. 26 ; beginning again witli No. 27 at the eastern end of Cabarrus street north of No. 11, and so on from east to west regularly sixteen numbers in each tier until Lane street is passed, there being only ten numbers north of Lane, as there are ten south of Lenoir. Union or Capitol Square does not interfere with this sys- tem of numbering, there being a square numbered acre in each corner with the width of Fayetteville and Hillsboro streets added. All the public squares are four acres each, except Union, which is about six acres. All the private squares are four acres each, except those along Hillsboro and Newbern streets on both sides, those along Llalifax and Fayetteville streets on both sides, and those along North, East, South and West streets-, which are not, mathematically speaking, squares, but rectangles of two acres each. The acres as laid out by surveyor Christmas were each 208| feet square, the true acre, but the conventional acre of 210 feet square has been adopted practi- cally. This departure and the variation of the compass since 1792 have caused considerable confusion in the bounda- ries of lots and streets. In 1867 Governor Worth, Secretary of State Best, Treasurer Battle and Auditor Burgin, then having the public property under their charge, employed General Walter Gwynne, the eminent civil engineer of tiie North Carolina Kailroad Com- pan}'^, to make a survey and draw a map showing the boun- daries of the land then owned by the State. His assistant was a very competent surveyor, a citizen of Raleigh, Mr. John W. Johnson. They found, as also did Mr. Feudal Bevers, County Surveyor, that the city of 1867 did not ex- actly correspond with the plan of 1792, there being many encroachments on the streets. As, however, these streets have been wide enough to accommodate all using them for pleasure or business, the city authorities have not seen fit to resist these encroachments. The Commissioners made their report to the General As- sembly of 1792 and it was adopted. It was enacted that "the several streets represented in the plan, and the public square whereon the State-house is to be built, shall be called and forever known by the names given to them respectively by the Commissioners aforesaid." It was also enacted that the other Jour public squares shall be called and known by the names of Caswell, Moore, Nash and Burke squares, but the names were not made irrepealable. 32 The plan of the city thus laid out and adopted by the General Assembly continued unchaneed lor over sixty years. By the General Assembly of 1856-57 the corporate limits were extended one-fourth of a mile each way. Within this new part other streets have been opened, e. g., in the eastern part Swain street, after David L. Swain, who held the posts of legislator, Solicitor, Judge, Governor, and then spent over one-third of a century in training the young men of the South, as President of the University ; Linden avenue, a fancy name. West of the Capitol, Boylan street, after William Boy- Ian, who will be particularly mentioned, hereafter ; Saunders street, after Romulus M. Saunders, long a public servant as member of our General Assembly and of Congress, Judge and Minister to Spain. North of tlie Capitol are Peace street, after William Peace, a leading merchant for many years, after whom Peace Institute is named ; Johnson street, after Albert Johnson, connected with the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad from its completion to a few years ngo, as engineer, superintendent of shops- and su|)erintendent of the road ;* Polk street, after Col. William Polk, who will be specially mentioned liereafter. South of the Capitol are Smithfield street, after the town of Smithfield; Cannon street, alter Robert Cannon, once a leading citizen, owner of the land through which it runs; Manly street, after Charles Manly, Governor, and for manv years identified with the University as its Sec- retary and Treasurer; Fowle, after our distinguished Gov- ernor, whose sudden death was such a shock to our State; Blake street, after John C. Blake, a Commissioner ; and Pugh street, after John Pugh Haywood. FIRST SALES. The same Commissioners who located the city made the first sale of lots, one acre each. All but forty-two found purchasers. Most were apparently bought on speculation by men who did not intend to become citizens. Of the Com- missioners, Blount became purchaser of four lots, Timothy and James Blood worth seven, W. J. Dawson one, Joseph McDowell three, Frederick Hargett one, James Martin one, while Willie Jones became the owner of fifteen acres of the new city, though not all in one body. Joel Lane regained six acres of his former land. William Richardson Davie bought four, Governor Martin and the Speaker of the House, * Mr. Johnson was the first engineer of the " Tornado," one of the earliest engines of the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad, and upon the occasion of the Centennial of October ISth, 1892, he gallantly rode with the reproduced Tornado in the parade. 33 Cabarrus, bought one each. Samuel Ashe, Benjaiuin Smith, David Stone, and Gabriel. Holmes, all destined to be Gov- ernors, and John Baptist Ashe of Halifax, elected Governor, but dying before inauguration, became owners of one or two lots each. John Craven, the Comptroller, and John Hay- wood, the Treasurer, purchased two lots each, but built houses on others bought afterw;irds. The dwelling built by Treasurer Haywood on the k.t owned by his son, Dr. E. Burke Haywood, is the only house still owned and occu- pied by the family of the original builder. It is in accord- ance with the instability of the ownership of landed prop- erty in America that the only lots owned by the heirs of the original purchaser are numbers 140, 141, loH, and 157, bought b}' Richard Bennehan. Davie purchased the square of four acres now the residence of Dr. T. D. Hogg. The square now occupied by the Agricultural building became the propert}" of Thomas E. Sumner, son of General Jethro Sumner; the site of the Federal court-house and post-ofhce passed to Timothy Bloodworth : that occupied by the Yar- borough house and the court-house lot opposite to Theophi- lus Hunter. Numbers 138 and 154 were reserved as State brickyards, in analogy to the Tuilleries (or tile yards) of Paris, though no grand palace was built on them. All the lots south of Cabarrus street, forty-two in number, were returned unsold. The report of the Commissioners cannot be found, and is not printed in the legislative journals, but our very efficient State Librarian, J. C. Birdsjng, has recovered an old map with prices marked on it. I give those of some prominent lots. The square on which Dr. Hogg lives, bought by General Davie, brought $254 for the four acres ; the two lots front- ing on Burke Square cost him $66 and $68; the two others only $60 each ; No. '211, on which the Agricultural building and Supreme Court building are situate, brought £13 L 10s., or $263; No. 162, the acre on the southeast corner of Fay- etteville and Morgan street, next Union Square, brought $232. This was very soon the site of Casso's tavern. The acre opposite where the Young Men's Christian Association home stands, $222. No. 227, the next to the Agricultural building on the north brought only $92. Lot No. 79, where Colonel W. J. Hicks resides, brought $79. I was painfully surprised in comparing the map of 1834 with that of 1793 to find that nearly all the lots had changed owners. The only exceptions were those belonging to the heirs of Richard Bennehan, a half lot to W. T. Lane, a half 34 lot to Theophilus Hunler, one lot to the heirs of Lane, and one, bought by Dempsey Blake, in the hands of Susannah Blake. Not one of these owners, except possibly the last, became residents. There is a tradition that most of those who thus speculated on the early prosperit}^ of this "city on paper" lost money on their ventures. The following trans- actions in our real estate will show the truth of this conjec- ture : In 1801 one quarter of an acre, part of No. 163, on Fayetteville street, the business part of the city, sold for $60. A lot opposite, fronting 21 feet and running back 60 feet, brought $165. Away from Fayetteville street the prices were lower. The Wm. Dallas Haywood lot brought $60 per acre. There were other sales of eligible sites for homes as low as $50 per acre. SALES OF 1813. The main body of the 600 acres of land retained after the first sale lay to the east of Raleigh. There were fragments lying to the south, west and north of the old corporate limits. For the purpose of providing better accommodations for the Governor, who had occupied a plain residence of wood on the lot where the Raleigh National Bank now stands, the General Assembly of 1813 ordered the sale of those portions described as " extending from Sugg's branch on the southeast of the city, all south around the Palace lot and west to the extreme northwest of the city," comprising about 184 acres. It seems strange that this action should have been taken while the war of 1812 was raging. The prices, as might be expected, were low. Eight acres at the end of Fayetteville street were reserved for the Governor's house. Other reser- vations were the Rex spring near the Raleigh and Gaston depot, the spring near the Governor's Mansion, and that near the Colored Deaf and Dumb Asylum. It was at this sale that John Rex, the tanner, a worthy citi- zen, bought for $481 15| acres of the land in the southwest part of the city devised by him with other property for an infirmary or hospital for the sick and alHicted poor of the city of Raleigh. This is only about $31 per acre. The Com- missioners entrusted with the sale were Henry Potter of Raleigh, a lawyer, afterwards Judge of the District Court of the United States; Henry Seawell, who will be described hereafter; William HintoQ, often Senator from Wake, and Nathaniel Jones of Crabtree, often Senator and Congressman; Theophilus Hunter and William Peace. 35 The proceeds of sale were devoted to the building, under the superintendence of one Calder, as architect, of the Gov- ernor's Mansion at the foot of Fa3'etteville street, which was afterwards in 1876 sold to the cit}' of Raleigh, and the bricks composing it were used in the construction of the Centennial Graded School. Although outwardly plain and inwardly uncomfortable, it was considered grand on account of the magnitude of its halls and chambers, and was, therefore, in imitation of Tryon's residence, burnt in 1798, styled " The Palace." The first occupant was Governor William Miller, of Warren, who had an unenviable notoriety for recklessness in the pardon of criminals. Senator Badger told me of this with strong disapproval. He added that Dr. John B. Beck- with, father of Bishop Beckwith of Georgia, for many years a most skilful physician of Raleigh, afterwards of Peters- burg in Virginia, denounced in the strongest language the recent pardon of a vicious criminal convicted of a capital felony. " Well," said Badger, " your views are correct, Doc- tor, but you have no right to complain. I saw your name signed to the petition for executive clemency. 1 refused to sign, and I have the right to complain." " I admit that I signed it," said the Doctor, " but I did not think that Gov- ernor Miller would be such a fool as to pay any attention to a petition." SALES OF 1819. In 1819 live Commissioners were appointed to sell all the public lands remaining unsold, except a tract not exceeding twenty acres to be reserved for the rock quarry, and except the reservations at the corners of the city. The first Commissioner named was Duncan Cameron, long one of the most influen- tial men in the State as lawyer, judge, legislator, bank presi- dent, planter, then a resident of Orange. The others were John Winslow, the Commoner from the borough of Fayette- ville; Joseph Gales, who will be particularly described ; Wil- liam Robards of Granville, the State Treasurer, and Henry Potter, already mentioned. The " Mordecai Grove," as it was called for many years, northeast of the city limits, owing to the spirited competition between Moses Mordecai, the suc- cessful bidder, and Col. William Polk, brought the unheard of price of 100 per acre. The lots near the city on the east and southeast averaged about $50 per acre. 36 the; first state-house. The proceeds of the sales of 1792 were used in building the first State house, as it was called in the Act of Assembly, the name taken from the United States of Holland. The more ambitious term "Capitol" was not adopted until 1832. The architect was Rhody Atkins. The bricks were made in the State yards, Nos. 138 and 154, and burnt with wood cut from the State forests The maximum cost fixed by the Assembly was $20,000, and this amount probably was sufficient for the rude brick structure, whose barnlike, dingy, reddish walls loomed up among the primeval oaks, and was really for occupancy two years later. In November, 1794, the General Assembly met in it for the first time. Richard Dobbs Spaight, the elder, was the Governor, the same who eight years after- wards was slain in a duel by John Stanly. The old State-house was smaller than the present structure, but the arrangement of the interior was about the same. The exterior was as plain as a gigantic dog-kennel, but it is doubtful if any building in our State ever served so many uses or gave as much genuine pleasure. As there was no other public hall in the city, the authorities were gener- ous in opening its passages below and halls above for Fourth of July dinners, theatrical performances, dancing balls, and the religious congregations of all denominations. Many a side has been split with laughter, many a throat made hoarse with patriotic singing and furious shouting, many a head made to swim with Fourth of July brandy and rum, many a heart transfixed through and through by the dart of the God of Love, many a fantastic toe has been tripped in the jocund jig and lively reel, many eloquent speeches or sermons uttered by zealous legislators or preachers burning with missionary zeal, in that homely old building. It was the people's house and the people were allowed to use it. The net proceeds of the sales of 1819 were used in im- proving this structure. A skilled architect, Captain William Nichols, was employed. He disguised the ferruginous ugli- ness of the walls with stuccoed imitation of granite. On the centre of the roof a shapely dome was raised. Over the east and west doors were placed handsome porticoes The interior received touches of ornament. The commissioners had the nerve and the love of art to order from the great Canova one of his grandest statues, in Carrara marble, of the Father of our country. It was brought by water to Fayette- ville, and thence by sixteen or twenty-mule power to Raleigh. 37 It was escorted into the city in grand style by the Raleigh Blues, their color-bearer perched on the monument, and enthusiastically waving his flag. It was placed in the rotunda under the dome. It was a mat- ter of deepest pride that the eminent Marquis de LaFayette, who with chivalric devotion had left his young wife and the delights of a luxurious home, together with the certainty of high places at court, and had fought under the eye of Wash- ington for the liberties of a struggling people, who had then striven vainly, but with the admiration of the "world, to pro- vide for France constitutional freedom without bloody anarchy, who had in his old age come to visit the grateful people whom he had helped to self-government, had stood at the base of Canova's statue and praised its workmanship and its resemblance to its great original. It is fortunate- that we have here to-night an engraving of the scene. The lady with him is the late very accomplished Elizabeth Eagles Haywood, daughter of Treasurer John Haywood, with whom LaFayette had just dined. She was known generally as Miss Betsey John Haywood, to distinguish her from Miss Betsey Henry Haywood, her cousin, afterwards wife of Gov- ernor Dudley. The boy is George West, son of Major John T. West, and grandson of Joseph Gales, who afterwards was draughtsman in our navy, attached to Commodore Perry's Japan expedition. BURNING OF THE STATE-HOUSE. In the morning of a bright summer day, the 21st of June, 1831, the citizens rising from their breakfasts were startled with the cry of " Fire !" Volumes of smoke were seen issuing from the ventilators under the roof. My father had just stepped out of his hotel, and the first thing he saw when he looked towards the building were owls flying from the attic window, followed by lurid flames. If the city had owned our present fire equipment, under Captain Engelhard, its efficient Superintendent, the work of extinguishment would have been easy, but the efforts of the puny engines of that day were pjowerless. As the fire descended leisurely from the roof where it had been kindled by the carelessness of a workman, there was ample time for saving most of the State papers, but all the Acts of Assembly were destroyed. In the excitement, although there were numerous willing hands,their strength could not be organized for removing the ponderous statue. Old citizens never forgot their horror as they gazed 38 on the beautifal marble, white hot and crumbling, among the forked tongues of flame, then shattered into fragments as the blazing timbers fell. Portions of the statue, including the body and some of the pedestal, are now preserved in the State museum. An English sculptor of eminence, Ball Hughes, who became an American citizen, residing in New York, and then near Boston, afterwards came and looked on the ruins of Canova's work, and avowed his ability to restore it for $3,000. Through the influence of Judge Gaston a contract was made with him by legislative enactment, and five hun- dred dollars was advanced for preliminary expenses. Sign- ing the receipt for this money was the last act done by him in performance of his work. The loss of the bound copies of the Acts of Assembly was remedied partly bv purchase of straggling volumes in the State, but mainly by the bequest of Waigbtstill Avery, the first Attorney General. THE GLASGOW FRAUDS. The State-house came near destruction by fire long before this, destruction not accidental, but with the design to screen criminals. The story should not be allowed to die. James Glasgow was one of the most trusted men of the Revolution. He was one of the Committee of Safety of the Newbern district. He was Major of the regiment of Dobbs. When Richard Caswell was chosen first Governor of inde- pendent North Carolina, Glasgow was the first Secretary of State. When the name of Dobbs was expunged from our list of counties, one of the counties taking its place was called • Glasgow. But North Carolina knows how to punish as well as honor. The name of Greene has supplanted on the map that of the obliterated Glasgow, and on the records of the ancient and honorable society of Masons the black lines of disgrace are drawn around the signature of the poor wretch expelled from their order for crime. In 1797 it was discovered with horror that Glasgow was issuing fraudulent grants of land in Tennessee and Western North Carolina. He had many accomplices, men of daring, who hesitated not to destroy evidence against them by poison or fire or the rifle bullet. He was indicted for misdemeanor in office. A special tribunal, afterwards expanded into the old Supreme Court, 39 was created for the trial of him and his accomplices. Judge John Haywood, for a .$1,000 fee, considered enormous in that day, although he drew the act constituting the new court, left the bench in order to defend him. Haywood's removal to Tennessee was probably in some measure caused by the disapproval of his course by the people. The accomplices of Glasgow were not content to trust to the skill of Haywood. Certain documents in the Comptrol- ler's office were necessary for their conviction. It was plan- ned to abstract them and burn the State-house in which they were deposited. Judges McNairy and Tatom heard of the plot and determined to anticipate it. A messenger was seat in the depth of winter over precipitous mountain paths, through swollen torrents, along the Indian trails, to carry to Governor Samuel Ashe the secret letter which would save our State-house and our archives. A trusty watch was set, and soon a negro hired for the purpose was caught in the act of breaking into the Comptroller's office. Poor Phil Terrell, the viciim of the more cunning criminals, died a felon's deatli on the scatibld. THE NEW CAPITOL. These narrow escapes from losing the arcliives of the State determined the leaders of public opinion to provide the present noble fire-proof structure of granite. Tliere was fornjidable opposition to a liberal appropriation. A con- vention was expected to be called in order to secure changes in the Constitution, and the effort to have the seat of gov- ernment at another point was resumed. Old citizens say that Haywood, at the junction of the Cape Fear and the Haw, lacked only one vote to defeat Raleigh. The record does not support this, as the bill to appropriate .$50,000 for rebuilding on the old site, passed by 73 to 60 in the House, and 35 to 28 in the Senate, but the traditional vote may have been in the "Committee of the Whole." Citizens of Fayetteville tell me that the Commoner from that borough, a lawyer of great ability and force of charac- ter, Louis D. Henry, became odious to his constituents for not pressing the claims of that town at this favorable junc- ture. Some charged, not openly, for he was a man of hot temper, and had killed Thomas J. Stanly in a duel, that he had been bribed, but there was no evidence of this. Nor did the odium, I think, drive him to remove his residence to Raleigh, because this change did not take place until 40 fourteen years afterwards, after he had, as the Democratic nominee, made an able but unsuccessful canvass against Morehead for the governorship. This much is certain, how- ever, that althougli repeatedly theretofore a member, he never, after 1832, represented either the county or the town in the Legislature. Judge Henry Seawell, then Senator from Wake, is cred- ited with saving our city from the threatened ruin. He procured the passage of the bill appropriating -$50,000 for the erection of the Capitol on the old site, many members being persuaded by oversanguine promises, it is said, that this amount would finish the work. The Commissioners, who had the nerve to expend the whole appropriation in laying the foundation of a structure worthy to be called the official house of a million people, deserve to have their names handed down. They were emi- nent for business talent and integrity. They were William Boylan, Duncan Cameron, William S. Mhoon, Henry Seawell and Romulus M. Saunders. All were Raleigh men, except William S. Mhoon, of Bertie, who was a temporar}^ resident, then and until 1835 Treasurer of the State. The act was adroitly worded so as to appear to provide only for a $50,000 building, while its legal interpretation as a whole undoubtedly relieves the Commissioners from the charge of a breach of trust. It was provided "that the gen- eral plan of the said Capitol shall be the same as the former building, with such extension of length and height as may be deemed necessary for the better accommodation of the General Assembly, the lower story of which, at least, shall be built of stone, and the roof covered with zinc or other fire- proof material." Another section authorized the Commis- sioners to employ an architect for such purposes as they "may deem necessary." This virtual expression of opinion on the part of the law-making power in favor of a larger building, and of fire-proof materials, together with the powder to call in an expert, shifts the burden of miscalculating the expenditures to the expert. My experience at the University is that, as a rule, the votaries of the most noble profession of architecture either are little gifted with prescience or feel bound only b}' a slight tenure to respect limitation as to expenditures. I am minute in explaining this action of the Commissioners because of the common belief that they took the responsibility of disre- garding the statute under which they were acting. Certain it is that subsequent General Assemblies ratified their action 41 by additional ajjpropriations until the completion of the Capitol in 1840, the total accounts footing up to the grand total of $530,684.15. Probably because of continued grumbling by economical or demagogical members of the Assembly the Commissioners first appointed resigned their offices in 1836 and were suc- ceeded by Samuel F. Patterson, then State Treasurer; Bever- ley Daniel, Charles Manly, Alfred Jones and Charles L. Hin- ton, afterwards State Treasurer; men deemed worthy of all praise. The Commissioners aj)pointed Daniel as ciiairman. Tw^o architects were consuUed, William Nichols (who repaired the old building in 1820) and Ithiel Town, of New York. The latter acted for a short while as the chief director, but soon his services were dispensed with and the work was left to W. S. Drummond, Colonel Thomas Bragg, fati)er of Governor Bragg, and David Baton, superintendents of differ- ent branches. Paton was the chief draughtsman. Of the foremen and skilled laborers employed from time to time some settled in Raleigh and their descendants are among our best citizens. In the old City Cemetery there is an interest- ing group of slabs marking the graves of those whom even the salubrious air of our city could not save from the darts of pallid death. THE NEW CAPITOL DESCRIBED. The following is a complete description of the new build- ing, written by architect David Paton: "The State Capitol is 100 feet in length from north to south, by 140 feet from east to west. The whole height is 97| feet in the centre. The apex of pediment is 64 feet in height. The stylobate is 18 feet in height. The columns of the east and west porticoes are 5 feet 2h inches in diameter. An entablature, including blocking course, is continued around the building, 12 feet high. "The columns and entablature are Grecian Doric, and copied from the Temple of Minerva, commonly called the Parthenon, which was erected in Athens about 500 years before Christ. An octagon tower surrounds the rotunda, which is ornamented with Grecian cornice, etc., and its dome is decorated at top with a similar ornament to that of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, commonly called the Lanthorn of Demosthenes. "The interior of the Capitol is divided into three stories : 42 " First, thelowerstory, consisting often rooms,eight of which are appropriated as offices to the Governor, Secretary, Treas- urer, and Comptroller, each having two rooms of the same size — the one containing an area of 649 square feet, the other 528 square feet— the two committee rooms, each containing 200 square feet, and four closets; also the rotunda, corridors, vestibules and piazzas, contain an area of 4,370 square feet. The vestibules are decorated with columns and antfe, similar to that of the Ionic Temple on the Ilissus, near the Acropolis of Athens. The remainder is groined with stone and brick, springing from columns and pilasters of the Roman Doric. " The second story consists of Senatorial and Representatives' chambers, the former containing an area of 2,545 and the lat- ter 2,849 square feet. Four apartments enter from Senate chamber^ two of which contain each an area of 169 square feet, and the other two contain each an area of 154 square feet; also two rooms enter from Representatives' chamber, each containing an area of 170 square feet; of two commit- tee rooms, each containing an area of 231 feet; of four presses and the passages, stairs, lobbies and colonades, con- taining an area of 3,204 square feet. " The lobbies and hall of Representatives have their col- umns and autre of the Octagon Tower of Andronicus Cyrrhestes, and the plan of the hall is of the formation of the Greek theatre, and the columns and antse in the Senato- rial chamber and rotunda are of the Temple of Erectheus, Minerva Polias and Pandrosus, in the Acropolis of Athens, near the above-named Parthenon. " Third, or attic story, consists of rooms appropriated to the Supreme Court and Library, each containing an area of 693 square feet. Galleries of both houses have an area of 1,300 square feet ; also two apartments entering from Senate gal- lery, each 169 square feet, of four presses and the lobbies' stairs, 988 square feet. These lobbies, as well as rotunda, are lit with cupolas, and it is proposed to finish the Court and Library in the florid Gothic style." BUILDING OF THE CITY. I return to the narrative of the beginnings of our city. The experiment of founding a city at a point not adapted by nature either for commerce or manufactures, far removed from navigable streams and from water-power, met at first with very little success. Those intending to become citizens moved in slowly. It required the quickening power of an 43 act of Assembly to secure the removal thereto of the execu- tive officers, the Governors having the address to have themselves at first excepted out of the mandate. We can well imagine how woeful it was to the minds of Spaight and Ashe, and of their " female families," to use an expres- sion of my friend, James H. Williams, of Warren, to leave the refined society of Newbern and Wilmington for the oak woods and briar patches of the projected capital. In 1794, however, the Assembly recjuired Ashe and future Governors to spend at least six months within its limits, exclusive of the time occupied by the General Assembly, and ordered that they should advertise the period of their sojourn in all the gazettes of the State. Four 3^ears later, in 1798, when Davie was Governor, doubtless with his approval, as he had purchased eligible Raleigh lots, an act was passed requiring the Governor to make the city of Raleigh his " place of com- mon residence." Whenever he should leave his home for over ten days he must give notice by advertisement in the gazettes, as newspapers were commonly then called, and his private secretary was required to keep the executive office open during his absence. THE FIRST CITY GOVERNMENT. The first act for the government of the city of Raleigh was passed February 7, 1795. This act did not vest the control of the city with its citizens. A counterpart of that system is now noticed in the government of Washington City. Raleigh's first government was, as the legal phrase goes, used more in England than in this country, " put into commission." That is, seven appointees of the General Assembly, styled Commissioners, the usual name for public agents appointed for special purposes, were vested with the government for three years. When their term was about to expire in 1797 it was renewed. Again, in 1801, there was a similar renewal, and three others were appointed " as addi- tional and permanent Commissioners." Only in case of their death, refusal or resignation could the citizens have a vote to fill the vacancy. These Commissioners were vested with the right to make laws for the government of the city, and also to choose an Intendant of Police, charged with the execution of the laws, and also a Treasurer, out of their num- ber, to hold office for one year, and a Clerk to hold during good behavior. The Intendant held his office indefinitely, as did the Commissioners. None of these officers were 44 required (o be citizens, and some of them are known not to have been such. Raleigh, therefore, for the first ten years of its life was very far from being free. Its legislative and chief executive officers were creatures of the General Assem- bly, and as all ten of the appointees accepted their offices, its people, except in the remote contingencies of resignation or death, had no voice in the making of their laws. This un-American action of the Assembly was thought to be necessary, because the citizens settled in their homes very slowly, and because the legislators desired to know the char- acter of these settlers before vesting in them the custody of the seat of government, in which the archives and the treasury of the State were to be kept, and its legislative councils were to be held. No evil to the people resulted from this long withholding of their freedom, because the Commissioners were men of wisdom and fairness. They were John Hayw^ood, Dugald McKeethan, John Marshall, John Rogers, John Pain, James Mares and John Craven, who were ))roperly the first City Fathers. Those added in 1797 were Joshua Sugg, William Polk and Theophilus Hunter. John Rogers was a member of the Legislature from Wake, and was a non-resident. Joshua Sugof, William Polk and Theophilus Hunter, though owners of lots in the corporate limits, did not reside therein. It is noticeable that this act was probably drawn by some admirer of French institutions. The atrocities of the Reign of Terror had not then alienated the sympathies of our peo- ple. "Commissions" were a striking feature of the revolu- tionary government of 3 794, and the chief officers in charge of departments, now called Prefects, had been for many years called Intendants. In our city the name Mayor was not adopted until 1856. The name Commissioners gave way to the good old Anglo-Saxon word Aldermen in 1875. John Haywood, who was elected by them "Intendaut of Police," was the first chief executive officer. It was not until 1803, eight years after the sale of lots, that, in the judgment of the General Assembly, the city was sufficiently populous to supply officers whose homes must be in the city limits. A regular charter was granted. The Commission- ers, seven in number, as well as the Intendant of Police, were to be elected by freemen having the qualification of resi- dence and of owning land within the city. Free negroes were included among the freemen. 45 CITY GROWTH. It was intended that thp Slate-house should front towards the east, " Orientalizaiion" at that time being all the fashion. It was therefore built so as to look down Newbern street in one direction, and Hillsboro street towards the west. This was continued when the present sione structure replaced the old. The same supposed necessity to front towards Jerusalem prompted the eminent French engineer, with the assent of Washington and other great officers, to plan the city of Washington with the Capitol looking eastward, and the early trustees of our State Univeisity to design its buildings to look towards the rising sun, with a broad avenue to Piney Prospect. In all three cases, however, the settlers refused to recognize t^iis architectural propriety, and built their shops and residences southward, westward or northward. Without discussing the question why Washington and Chapel Hill refused obstinately to take the advice of the architects, it is easy to explain why the bulk of the business of Raleigh located itself on Fayetteville street. In the tirst })lace, the bulk of the population of the county was in its southern and eastern portions, because settlers had worked their way up the Neuse and the Cape Fear and their tributaries. The merchants and mechanics, by getting loca- tions on this street received the advantage of the trade com- ing on both the Smithfield and the Fayetteville roads The county authorities, when the old log building on the Boy Ian hill was to be replaced by a structure more worthy of the capital city, naturally located the court-house on the same street, so as to accommodate the majority of their constituents. In the second place, the great mail route from North to South ran by way of Petersburg, Warren ton, Raleigh and Fayetteville, then to Georgetown and Charleston in South Carolina. Of course tavern-keepers and others seeking pub- lic patronage, selected their business stands along this high- way. So eager were they to attract attention and subserve the convenience of their patrons, that their buildings were placed immediately along the edge of the streets. The earliest charters showed the care of the General Assembly to regulate these encroachments on the sidewalks by porches, stoops, and cellar-doors. The earliest taverns were Casso's, next to the Capitol Square on the south, on the east side of Fayette- ville street; the Indian Queen, kept by Captain Scott on the site of the Federal court-hou'^e and post-office; the Eagle Hotel,built in 1812 by Charles Parish, of three stories, the first 4.6 brick-house, according to Governor Swain, in the cit}', with the exception of the State-house, located north of Union Square, and existing to this day, improved and remodeled into the State Agricultural Building. Other authorities say- that the old brick printing office of Joseph Gales was built prior to the Eagle Hotel. Three years after the granting of this charter, viz., in 1806, it appears that a jealousy between the different sections of the city had grown up. The central part, along Halifax and Fayetteville streets, being in a majority, was charged with not being fair in the distribution either of offices or money. The General Assembly was induced in 1806 to divide the city into three wards, all east of Wilmington and Halifax streets to be the eastern, and to elect three Commissioners ; all west of Salisbury and Halifax streets to be the western, and to elect one Commissioner, while the rest of the city was to be the middle ward, having five commissioners, the taxes of each ward to be spent therein by the Commissioners thereof. This unequal distribution was a concession to property, the legislation as well as the constitution of that day by no means recognizing universal suffrage, but, on the contrary, showing a nervous dread of trusting the property of the richer classes to the mercy of the poorer. By a census taken the next year, 1807, it was found that there were within the city limits 726 souls, of whom the middle ward had only 250, the eastern 336, and the western 140. Of whites the middle ward had 140, the eastern 197, and the western 86, total 423. Of slaves the middle ward had 107, the eastern 111, and the western 52 There were 33 free negroes, of whom 28 lived in the eastern ward. Counting one voter to every five free inhabitants there were in all about 95 resident voters. The number of non-residents entitled to vote because of owning land in the city must have been quite considerable. An amusing difficulty occurred under the Act of 1806. The one Commissioner of the western ward, increased to three in 1809, and the three Commissioners of the eastern ward had the right of spending for the benefit of their wards all the moneys collected therein after defraying general expenses. As the western ward was in part bounded on the east by Halifax street and the eastern was bounded on the west partly b}^ the same street, they stoutly contended that Halifax street was not in their wards. The doctrine of usque ad medium filum vine, i. c, that the ownership of lands adja- cent to rivers and highways extends to the middle thread 47 thereof, subject to the right-of-way of the public, made no impression on their non-legal minds. Thej^ eagerly gathered in the taxes on property and person adjacent to Halifax street, and stoutly refused to expend a dime on its repair. They contended that the letter of the act put the street into the middle ward, and the middle-warders must dig up its stumps and fill up its gullies. The General Assembly of 1811 cured this defect by an amendment, evidently drawn by a middle-ward man too angry to respect the rules of grammar, and thereafter the centres of Wilmington and of Salisbury streets throughout their lengths were the bounda- ries of the eastern and western wards respectively. The effect of the Acts of ]806 and 1809 was to constitute four Boards for the government of our city, viz: One of eleven Commissioners for general purposes, one of five for mid- dle ward purposes, and two of three each for eastern and western ward purposes. In 1813 this was remedied by an amendment to the charter reducing the number of Commis- sioners to seven, viz., two each from the eastern and western wards and three from the middle, and these seven consti- tuted one Board, with the Intendant as presiding officer. The Board, however, was commanded to expend the taxes of each ward in its limits if needed. The constable of the city was given the powers of a constable of the county. There was no other policeman, either for the day or the night. The Commissioners claimed the right to force the citizens to patrol the city at night, distributing them for the purpose into twenty classes of six each, one of the number being captain. When the public mind was disturbed by frantic terrors of insurrections among the slaves, as it was during the alleged insurrection headed by Frank Sumner in 1802, and the Nat Turner atrocities of 1831, there was no difficulty in procuring efficient action by this unpaid police. But in tranquil times the penalty of one dollar fine for non-attend- ance, authorized in 1814, became necessary. It was the fashion, however, to avoid the penalty b}^ hiring substitutes, some men almost making a living by taking the places of sleep-loving principals. Slaves not on their owner's premises were required to "have written passes," as they were called, after a designated early hour of the night, on the penalty of receiving a whipping for the lack thereof, and also of being locked up if their behavior led to suspicion of crime. The adventures of the niglit-watch and their morning report were a notable part of the gossip of the community. 48 In 1831 the alarm was so great that martial law virtually prevailed in the city, and there wa-, what military men call, a " levy en masse." All the white men were armed. Tlie old men were organized into a cor{)s called Silver Grays. The able-bodied were divided into four classes, each patrolling every fourth night. The Presbyterian church was to be the rallying point in ease of an alarm given by the ringing of its bell. Videttes on horseback were sent out as far as Neuse river on the roads leading east, in order to report the com- ing of the black army of rebels. While nerves were in this state of tension, the bell sounded after one midnight because of the burning of a blacksmith shop. Scores of jiiodest ladies ran screaming to the fortress of refuge, with dishev- elled hair and white nightgowns streaming as thev fled. All this excitement and mental torture had not the slightest cause except in unreasoning fancies. The Raleigh negroes were thoroughly loyal. FIRES. The first fire-engine in the city was bought by voluntary contributions in 1802. It employed sixteen hands, throwing eighty gallons per minute one hundred and thirty-two feet, and cost ^374.* Eleven years later the city bought a new engine, and in I82I the tiist regular fire company was organized. Six years before this an abortive attempt to, sup- ply the city with water was made. A water wheel worked from a pond infrontof the Insane Asylum hill, madeby dam- ming Rock}' branch, forced the water to the top td' a water- tower on a liill in the southwest part of the city, whence it flowed i:)y gravity to Hargett and along Fayetteville street. There was no filtration. The water was delivered at inter- vals through spouts. The engineer was Samuel Lash of Salem, an ingenious mechanic. The pipes were of wood. They became frequentl\' clogged with mud. Often they burst with the pressure. Lash died and was succeeded by his son, who was a drunkard. The citizens living on the streets not benefited became clamorous against the taxation levied for repairs, and the scheme was abandoned. With these meagre means for extinguishing fires, and the buildings being. mainly of wood, it is not surprising that conflagrations were extensive. That of 181() swept from Martin to Hargett on the east side of Fayetteville street, and thence almost to Wilmington street. The house at the cor- ner of Wilmington and jMartin was saved by the timely use *The steam fire-engine (Rescue) now in use is capable of tluowing a vertical stream of 126 feet (iOO gallons per minute. 49 of ten barrels of vinegar. The fire of 1821 burnt over the same district, beginning where the market-house stands, then it crossed Hargett and was only stopped by the pluck of Mrs. Hannah Stewart, which saved herdwelling standing on the land occupied by Tucker hall. She saved it again from a tire which consumed all the buildings north 1o Mor- gan street, but about twenty years afterwards a third fire prevailed even over her heroic energy. At another time all the buildings on the west side of Fay- etteville street from Morgan to Hargett, with the exception of that next to Morgan, then belonging to the Newbern bank, were swept away. This was kindled V)y an incen- diary, Benjamin F. Seaborn, a clerk of Richard Smith, who endeavored by arson to hide the crime of theft. Smith was County Register, and twenty registry books were destroyed with his store-house, causing much confusion of titles in our county. It is gratifying to know that Seaborn was hung for his crime. THE FIRST CITY FATHERS. The first Intendant of Police of the city, as I have stated, was John Haywood, the Treasurer of the State from 17o7 to his death in 1827, forty years, so popular that a county and a town were named in his honor, one of the most consj)icuous citizensof early Raleigh. His kindness to the sick and attlicted and his hospitality knew no limit. He made it a rule to invite to a meal every member and officer of the General Assembly, which in his time met yearly. Rather uncult- ured guests he had sometimes. Funn}^ stories about some of them once flitted about the social atmosphere of our town. I recall one of a backwoods legislator who in the dim light of the Treasurer's parlor gazed with enquiring wonder at an animal lying on the rug. "That," said the Treasurer, "is my daughter's pet." "A pet is it? a pet you say? I thought it was a cat!" It was at a party, as receptions were then called, given by Senator Badger, some years later, that one of the guests took his seat on an old-fashioned piano, remark- ing that "these Raleigh big-bugs have benches with mighty long legs." Treasurer John Haywood is to be distinguished from Judge John Haj'wood, the eminent lawyer who adorned the bench of this State and of Tennessee. Treasurer John was from Edgecombe, son of Col. William Haywood, a very prominent member of our State Congresses and General Assemblies of the Revolution. Judge John was from Halifax, son of Egbert, 50 brother of William Haywood. They were named after their grandfather, John Haywood, who came to Halifax from Barbadoes about 1730. Another of the earliest "City Fathers" was William Polk, always called Colonel William Polk, who built what was a grand residence in those days just out of the city limits fronting Blount street. Later, in 1872, after being owned by Hon. Kenneth Rayner it was moved to one side to allow for the extension of Blount street, and is now called the Park Place. Col. William Polk was a remarkable man. Born near Charlotte, when he had reached nineteen years of age he heard the Mecklenburg resolutions read from the court-house stey)s. His fiery spirit led him into the Conti- nental army. He served with distinction at Brandy wine and Germantown, then at Guilford and Eutaw Springs, being wounded slightly at Germantown and severely at Eutaw. When the war ended he had attained the rank of Colonel. He was a man of strong character, too ardent a Federalist to obtain public office in Republican Wake, though he had been a Commoner from Mecklenburg, yet in non-political posts, such as the presidency of the leading bank, the presidency of the Board of Trustees of the young Uni- versity, and as guiding the society of the new capital, he was uncommonly active and useful. At one time, stirred up by recent bad examples of duelling among such great men as Hamilton and Burr, Stanly and Spaight, Clinton and Swartwout, Van Allen and Crawford, the students of the University were threatening to imitate them. The danger was so imminent that President Caldwell appealed to Colo- nel Polk, knowing that the advice of a Revolutionary hero of conspicuous daring would have weight with the fiery young men. The Colonel wrote a letter to them denouncing the practice of duelling in terms so strong and convincing as to avert the evil. I recall one instance, however, where his resentment forced him to give preference to the process of Judge Lynch. AVhile he was with the American army fighting for our liberties, a Tory with whom he was person- ally acquainted outrageously marauded upon his father's plantation. When peace was declared this Tory fled to parts unknown. Many years afterwards Colonel Polk was jour- neying on horseback with a friend to visit the lands in Ten- nessee given him for his military services. They halted at a cabin to enquire about the road. As the owner came to the door the Colonel recognized his Tory neighbor. Leaping from his horse saying, "Please hold my bridle!" he pro- 51 ceeded to pay hiin with his riding-whip the principal with compound interest of the debt he had been owing so long. Raro antecendem scelestum Deseruit pede Poena claudo. Colonel Polk was exceedingly patriotic. He entered into all 4th of July celebrations with boundless enthusiasm, always acting by invitation as president of the feasts, and giving out the toasts and drinking to them too with hearty good will. The dinner was usually ended by the company, at his invi- tation, marching to his house and partaking of a second treat, the jocund boisterousness by no means diminished by the glimpses of the ladies of the neighborhood peering down the staircases and through the windows in order to see the fun. His son, Leonidas, afterward the Bishop and General, in his youth was a leader in singing the patriotic odes. The other official fathers of the city are less conspicuous. John Craven, of Halifax, was the first elected to the office of Comptroller of Public Accounts in 1783, and was annually elected thereafter until his death in 1808, twenty-five years. He was an old bachelor of popular manners, and having no ties of kindred he left his property, including his Raleigh lots, to our excellent citizen, who years ago was our very popular Mayor, William Dallas Haywood. John Marshall and James Mares were hotel-keepers in the city. Dugald McKeethan was one of the original purchasers of lots, a son-in-law of Joel Lane. John Pain was also one of the original purchasers. John Rogers was soon after a member of the Legislature from Wake, and had probably become an owner of city property. Joshua Sugg was a large owner of land adjoining the State land on the east and south- east. The extensive lands of Theophilus Hunter, usually known as Captain Orphy Hunter, adjoined the city on the west and southwest, embracing the site of the Insane Asylum and of the Water-works. His residence, called Spring Hill (now owned by the Grimes family), was the centre of more jovial gatherings for eating of good dinners and drinking of good rum and chasing of foxes than any place in Wake county. He had pretty and attractive daughters, too, and the merry laughter of young men and maidens was a frequent sound among the trees of Spring Llill. A few years afterwards Theophilus Hunter had a less pleasant reputation among our people. He owned a mill on Rocky branch, and the pond was accused of shaking the 52 bones of our people with chills and burning them with fevers, especially in 1822, when many lives were lost. After much bad feeling and litigation, the matter was settled by the city's buying the mill and levelling the dam. OTHER EARLY CITY FATHERS. The first Intendant of Police chosen by th*^ people was likewise an excellent man, William White. He had been repeatedly Senator and a Commoner from Lenoir county. While Senator he was elected Secretary'' of State as successor to Glasgow. He became one of Raleigh's best citizens. His wife, the daughter of Governor Caswell, survived him many years. One of his daughters married Governor David L. Swain, the eminent President of the Universitv. In 1806 William Hill, who came to Raleigh from Surry county, served' as a clerk in Mr, White's ottice, and then engaged in merchandising, was chosen Intendant. In 1811 he was elected by the General Assembly Secretary of State, and amid all the mutations of parties, by annual until 1835, and then by biennial elections, he was elected to the same office until his death in 1857. For years the "Old Sec," as he was familiarly known, was a landmark among us, simple, unostentatious, charitable, of perfect integrity, performing every duty with strictest fidelity. Such was the public re- gard for him that his clerk and son-in-law, Rufus H. Page, of similar faithfulness to duty, was chosen his successor for several terms, and then lost the office only b}^ reason of the violent part}^ passion aroused during the Civil War. The next Intendant, in 1807, was an active and po|)ular physician. Dr. Calvin .lones. He removed to Raleigh from Trov in New York. He was a Commoner from Wake in 1807. The fact that he was president of the first medical society in the State shows the estimation in which he was held by his profession. He was chosen a General of Militia, and leaving Raleigh, became a planter on the site of Wake Forest College, which he sold to that institution. The next Intendants were John Marshall, John S. Raboteau and Sterling Yancey. Then, in 1813, began the incum- bency, which was to continue many years, of a very remark- able man, Joseph Gales,- who was for forty 3'ears identified with all good movements in our city: a man of boundless charity, in its broadest sense, and of extraordinary good sense. His history is most interesting. 53 In 1794 he was about 34 years old, a citizen of Sheffield, in England, bookseller, printer and editor of a prosperous newspaper called the Sheffield Register, which had a large circulation in Yorkshire, Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. We have a file of it in the State Library. In its beginning the French Revolution was regarded as destined to bring great political blessings to France, and people in all nations hoped that the time had come for the lower classes to secure larger control in their governments. In England associaiions were formed, some, perhaps, ready to resort to force to secure political changes, but others seek- ing by educating the public mind to procure reform by con- stitutional methods. One of the most flourishing of these latter peaceful asso- ciations was the Constitutional Society of Sheffield, of which Joseph Gales was Secretary. I have examined the editorials in the Sheffield Reguter, and there is certainly nothing in them looking towards treason or insurrection, only such deprecation of the horrors of war, and criticism of the policy of the Ministry as would be considered in our day respectful and mild. But rash and senseless riols in various parts of England, and the horror inspired by the atrocious excesses in France, induced Parliament to suspend the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus. Arbitrary arrests and imprison- ment of the leading agitators for Parliamentary reform and against war with France were frequent. Mr. Gales received notice that orders for his arrest had been or would be issued, and knowing that, as he was the onl}^ support of his family, his imprisonment meant abso- lute ruin, he concluded to leave the country, giving his reason in pathetic language in the issue of May 1, 1794. He took ship at Altona, in Denmark, selling his newspaper to the poet Montgomery. He was treated so kindly by those in Altona who sympathized with him in his political action, that he named a daughter after the city, a name which, abbreviated into "Alty," pronounced Aulty, is still a favorite with the family. The members of the Constitutional Society of Sheffield, conscious of the rectitude of his purposes, adopted a series of resolutions laudatory of their emigrant Secretary, showing so much genuine feeling and beauty that I venture to (]Uote them : 54 At a general meeting of the Society for Constitutional Information, held on July 3, 1794, at the house of the late Secretary in Watson's Walk, Sheffield. The Constitutional Society of Sheffield to Joseph Gales : Health! Peace! and Happiness ! On this occasion of addressing you, our very dear and inestimable fellow-citizen, we feel a variety of pas- sions agitating our minds and forcibly impelling us to some expression of our well-founded affection and our ardent gratitude, our sincere regret and our just indignation. Ti3e eminent worth of your character, your important services to the great cause of human happiness, our irreparable injury in the loss of so valuable a member, and the persecution of which you are the distin- guished object, are so many loud calls for some testimonial of our deep- est sense of your merit, and our pungent grief at your sufferings. Yet we are happy that we have not merely to speak the language of sympa- thetic condolence, but that of joy, of congratulation, of laudable envy. We rejoice to reflect that the Divine Cause of Truth and Liberty has been supported by so unexceptionable, so able and so successful an advocate. We cordially felicitate you on your escape from the insidious schemes and the enraged ferocity of cruel and inexorable man. Though we regret your sufferings, considered abstractly as such, yet, viewing them in connection with their cause, we behold you adorned with incomparably greater and more enviable honor than the most brilliant diadem can confer upon its wearer. You are dignified with the unfading crown of a martyr in the illustrious cause of God and man. We find consolatory pleasure in entertaining the idea that you will read these warm effusions of our soul, secure from oppression and breathing the pure air of a free country, where the native and inaliena- ble rights of man are known, respected and enjoyed. Never, we trust, shall we lose the fervent and grateful recollection of you, our ever dear friend and brother. We confidently commit you to the guardian care of the Supreme Being, who is the immutable Friend of Truth and the munificent benefactor of mankind. Under His smiles, exile, proscription, or even death, must be sweet. Signed by the command and in the name of the Constitutional Society. James Watson, William Malkin, Henry Rock, John Grainger, William Chow, August 1, 1794. Simon Runk. We next find Joseph Gales in Philadelphia, beginning, in 1796, a paper called Gales' Independent Gazetteer. Congress then held its sessions in that city, and he has the honor of being the first shorthand reporter of the debates of that body. Learning from one of our members of Congress that the seat of government of North Carolina had no newspapers, he sold his Gazetteer and established in the Fall of 1799 the Raleigh Register, a name given in loving remembrance of his Sheffield paper, and with the same motto, " Ours are the plans of fair, delightful Peace, Unwarped by party rage to live like brothers." 55 His was the first newspaper of oar city, edited at first by himself, then by himself in conjunction with his son-in-law, William W. Seaton, afterwards the distinguished co-editor of the National Intelligencer and Mayor of Washington City ; then by himself alone, then by his son, Weston Raleigh Gales, then by his grandson, Seaton Gales, a total of nearly sixty years. He was for many years State printer. He established the first paper-mill in this section, on Rocky branch, thence removed to Crabtree creek. In politics he belonged to the dominant party, the Republican, and when that was disrupted in Jackson's time he became a Whig. Mr. Gales was ably seconded by his wife, whose maiden name was Winifred Marshall, a remote connection of Lord Melbourne. She was a woman of fine talents and accom- plishments, the authoress of a novel published in 1804 by her husband entitled " Matilda Berkeley." My mother, before her marriage, was the guest of Mrs. Gales, and years afterwards loved to tell of her kindness of heart, her tact, her power of making those around her bright and happy, her fine conversational power:-. It was from her that her chil- dren inherited their rare sprightliness, their father being of a more quiet manner and staid temperament. The poetical address of her daughter, Ann Eliza Gales, at her gradu- ating exercises, and her uncommonly agreeable manners and witty speech, were never forgotten by those who knew her. She died in the great sickness, almost the pestilence, of 1822, attributed, as I have mentioned, to Hunter's mill-pond. The rival newspaper to the Raleigh Register, the Minerva, was edited by William Boylan. It was transferred from Fay- etteville, where it was called " The Fayetteville Minerva,'^ in the fall of 1799, a few months after the Register was started. The firm of Hodge & Boylan published in 1800 one of the best books ever printed in the State, "Haywood's Reports," and in 1804 "Burkitt and Read's History of the Kehukee Bap- tist Association." The Minerva advocated Federalist princi- ples, and, as might be expected, both papers occasionally showed the heated temper which separated the parties throughout the Union. William Boylan came to North Carolina from New Jersey one hundred and one years ago, joining his uncle, Abraham Hodge, first at Halifax and then at Fayetteville. Until his purchase from Peter Browne, the eminent lawyer, of the Joel Lane homestead, just outside the city limits, he was often a Commissioner of the city. He served for three years during the war of 1812 and for one year thereafter, as a member of 56 the Legislature in the lower house. He had a strong, well balanced mind, the highest integrity, and large public spirit. He was Chairman of the Board of Commissioners for rebuild- ing the Capitol, and shared in the responsibility of adopt- ing the plan of the architect. He was President of the State Bank, and a director of that institution and of its successors for mjiny years. He was an active promoter and at one time President of the Raleigh and Gaston Pvailroad. He was a large subscriber to the stock of the North Carolina Railroad. He was for many years Chairman of the Justices of the Peace of the county of Wake. It was by his urgency that the practice of hiring out the keeping of the county pau- pers to the lowest bidder was discontinued, and a house and farm, together with a comfortable support, provided for them at the public expense. He introduced the cultivation of cot- ton into our county. His hand was always open to a deserv- ing charity. I remember that when, in the great snow-storm of January, 1857, what we rarely see in our fortunate climate, a veritable blizzard, Raleigh awoke one Sunday morning to find two-thirds of its people suffering for want of fuel because the wood wagons were unable to run, Mr. Boylan's wagon was one of the first to brave the elements in order to relieve the shivering poor by gifts from the ample supply laid up for his winter's use. I remember, too, the storm of indignation when it was reported that a health v man, covered up in his bed-clothes, sang out, "Ask Mr. Boylan why he didn't have it cut up so as to fit my fireplace!" I remember, too, how he allowed a poor but enthusiastic collector of bugs and butterflies, snakes and lizards to make his house headquar- ters for many days. During the evenings the peripatetic scientist would entertain the family with discourses about his favorite pursuits. "Ladies! some people say crow is not good for food; jay bird is not good; hawk is not good. It is a great mistake. I have eaten all kinds of birds. They are all good but the turkey buz-zard. The turkey buz-zard has a flavor which I do not like." Henry Seawell (pronounced in old times Sow-ell), born in Franklin, was probably the first lawyer whosettled in Raleigh, as I find him a member of the House of Commons as early as 1799. He was afterwards often a member, sometimes of one branch, sometimes of the other. He was a Judge of the Superior Court for six years before the establishment of our present Supreme Court system in 1818, and therefore during that time was a member of the Supreme Court under the old system, when all the Circuit .Judges belonged to it. He 57 was also a Judge of the Superior Court from 1S32 to 1835. He was a lawyer of great ability. In criminal matters he was especially distinguished. As a manager of men in leg- islative bodies he was exceedingly adroit. William Peace is another of the earliest citizens who must be mentioned in this sketch. He and liis brother Joseph, under the firm name of W. & J. Peace, began merchan- dising on Fayetteville street almost as soon as the city was founded, and so continued for very many years, dealing fairly with all, and accumulating a handsome property. William Peace was more of a public man than Joseph, and became identified with all of Raleigh's legitimate enterprises. He was often a Commissioner of the city, and many years director of its leading bank. He was remarkable for quiet dignity, unfailing courtesy and perfect integrity'. I doubt if he ever had an enemy in the world, though he was as firm as a rock on all questions of ])rinciple. He crowned a well-spent life by contributing to place on a sound founda- tion the excellent female school which Capt. John B. Burwell and Mr. James Dinwiddle have made so full of blessings to our community. Early in the century there settled in Raleigh the last of the " live Williams," as they were called, William Peck, the others being William Polk, William Boylan, William Hill and William Peace. William Peck's store was opposite the southeast corner of Union Square, which then sloped down to the street. In his old age the square was filled in and levelled up as at present, greatly to his discontent, as, he said, he was shut off from his accustomed view of the Capi- tol. He was highly esteemed by all, a plain, quiet, straight- forward man of sterling virtues. He had the same nervous aversion to whistling characteristic of the late Judge Cloud. Some of the wilder boys delighted, when passing his place of business, to emit from their lips the shrillest sound possi- ble and then run to escape the threatened punishment. His sign, besides the simple " W. Peck," w^as a hat of mountain- ous dimensions, hanging over the sidewalk. One of our Raleigh boys, when a sophomore at the University, pur- chased or borrowed this stupendous and venerable tile, and by tying tape across the bottom managed to make it balance on his head. He then put over his eyes a large pair of green goggles, and in the centre of each glass stuck a red wafer. Thus accoutred he marched into the chapel in presence of the assembled professors and students, while the roll was being called. I witnessed the scene. The echo of the ap- 4 58 plause sounds in my ears plainly after the lapse of forty-seven years. I tell you, in confidence, that this fun-loving boy of forty-seven years ago is now on this stage, known and honored among you as Major Rufus S. Tucker. As he lias been a successful Raleigh merchant, I must give you my first ob- servation of him as a salesman. When at the University he was a youth of inimitable humor, very much liked by the President and professors, possibly because of his pro- pensity for fun, though the Faculty censured him for the big hat and red wafer joke. He was once acting as auctioneer at the sale of some discarded furniture belonging to the Dialectic Society. He took up an old silver-plated candle- stick. " Gentlemen, I now offer you a fine pair of candlesticks. They can also be used for mirrors. They have the wonderful property of making ugly faces pretty. Governor Swain, bid on them. They are the very things for you." As the Gov- ernor was of ungainly face and figure, the hit was greatly enjoyed by the crowd, and was not displeasing to him. The father of this humorous friend of ours, Ruffin Tucker, deserves mention among the early City Fathers, not only for his faithfulness as a Commissioner and his sterling quali- ties as a man, but because he is the only merchant of the old time who founded a mercantile name which has lived to this day. In 1818, after short service as clerk in order to learn the business and get a start, he opened a store on the identical spot where is now the grand establishment of W. H. & R. S. Tucker & Co., though he afterwards moved to the west side of the street. For ten years he was a partner with his brother, William C. Tucker. Then he was alone until 1846, when he took as his partner his son, William H. H. Tucker, generally known as Col. Buck Tucker. Ruffin Tucker died in 1851, and then Major Rufus S. Tucker, who had three years before graduated at the University, joined his brother. The history of the firm since is familiar to you. The uninterrupted success of this establishment for seventy- four years, three-fourths of a century, shows very strong qualities in its founder, and places him high among the pro- moters of our city's prosperity. I have not time to go into any details in regard to other worthy city officials, but I will give a short mention of some whose names occur to me. There was John S. Raboteau, chairman of the committee to divide the men of the city into twenty classes, whose lineal descendant married our friend, Mr. A. F. Page, who has 59 come recently to adorn and improve our city with a grand hotel and opera-house. And then Richard Smith, long a prosperous merchant among us, the County Register for years. He was clerk in the store of William Hill, and, when Mr. Hill was elected Secretary of State, bought his stock. He did business on the plan of having everything that the people would be likely to call for, and being a man of good sense he succeeded. The same story is told of him that was told of old Mr. Kyle in Fayetteville. One man bet another $5 that he could not name an article which Mr. Smith did not have for sale. " Good ! I take the bet. I bet he has not a pulpit !" Away they went to "Smith's corner." "Mr. Smith, we are in search of a second-hand pulpit. Can you supply us ?" " Yes, come into the back room. I have exactly what you want. The Presbyterians concluded to get a new one and sold me this!" Whether the story belongs to him or Mr. Kyle, it illustrates his style of business. He had faith in Raleigh, and invested in its lots. He divided his property between his wife and his daughter. His wife left most of her share to her nephew, Richard Stanhope Pullen, whose open- hearted genen»sity has enriched our city with a beautiful park and a site for the State Agricultural and Mechanical College, and ins church with many a handsome donation. Part of his daughter's share was bequeathed by her as a per- petual benefic'-nce to the young men of the State at our University. Tlie old man's labors will be a perennial blessing. I name, to >, David Royster, who came to Raleigh in 1802, a cabinet-maker — long an honored and trusted citizen. He left several sons, noted for their integrity and uprightness. One of them is still surviving, David L. Rnyster, born the night Canova's statue came into Raleigh, Christmas, 1821, I must tell a story on myself to illustrate the independence of judgment and kindness of heart for which the old man David Royster and his sons were conspicuous. I was em- ployed to bring a suit against a woman to obtain summary possession of a lot in Raleigh. The lawyer on the other side was not himself — another lawyer with Bourbon whiskey in his head. He soon gave up the case, and I asked the jury to sign the judgment. After I got eleven names I looked about for the twelfth — " Dave" Royster. He was a hundred yards from the court-house going home. He declared he would not turn a woman out of a house in the middle of winter unless she had a sober lawyer. So there was a mis- 60 trial and my client consented to a compromise. His brother, James D. Royster, was a man of remarkable ability. I have never known a more retentive memory. I acknowledge my indebtedness to him for very much of the knowledge I pos- sess of the early history of Raleigh. Wesley Whitaker was another of the good men of early Raleigh, a valued officer of the Methodist church as well as Commissioner of the city. He was converted in the great revival in 1811, and was the last survivor of those who joined the church at that day. John J. Briggs was one of the founders of the Baptist church in Raleigh, father of one of the best men I ever knew, whose friendship I highly prized, Thomas H. Briggs. David L. Barringer, who married a daughter of William White, was a very prominent citizen. He repeatedly repre- sented Wake county in the General Assembly, the first time in 1813, and was afterwards a member of Congress. He was uncle of the distinguished D, M. Barringer, a citizen of Ral- eigh long afterwards. I must mention, too, the very intelligent editors of the Star newspaper, established in 1809, Thomas Henderson and Alexander Lucas. Nor mast be omitted Sherwood, Stephen and William Henry Haywood, who followed their brother, the Treasurer, to Raleigh, and became very prominent mem- bers of its society. There was, too, Jacob Johnson, the trusted janitor of the Bank of the State, of humble social position but conspicuous because one of his sons by indomitable pluck and strong mind from an apprenticed tailor rose to be Presi- dent of this greatest republic of the world. And there was Captain Alfred Jones, who in early life fought a duel near Hillsboro and was badly wounded. His adversary, a man named Faucette, ran off in fright and was never heard of afterwards. Gen. Robert Haywood asked him once how a man felt with an adversary ten steps off" pointing a pistol dead at him. " It looks as big as a cart-wheel," said the Cap- tain, and that was all he would say about the fight. He was for a long time a bank and railroad director. I must name, too. General Robert Williams, a Trustee of the University as early as 1803, and its Secretary and Treas- urer, also Adjutant General of the State, p-^ John Stewart, the merchant, so called to distinguish him from John Stewart, the blacksmith, is said to have been the first to open a store for business. He married Hannah, the daughter of Peter Casso, the hotel-keeper. When President Johnson was born his father was an hostler at the hotel, and 61 Mrs. Casso gave the name to the new-born child. It was intended to call him Andrew Jackson Johnson, but his father objected to having so long a name, and the Jackson was omittedj Mrs. Stewart was long a widow, distinguished for her strength of character. I can only call over the names of other worthy citizens of the oldest days; James McKee, Southey Bond, Benjamin S. King, Robert Cannon, James Coman, Robert Cullum, Henry Gorman, Matthew- Shaw, Sterling Wheaton and Mark Cooke. The last I shall mention was the exceedingly popular United States Marshal, General Beverly Daniel, who migrated to Raleigh from Alrginia in 18 10. He kept his othce for thirty-two years. In his old age he was removed by Van Buren because of his too ardent advocacy of Harrison's election. He was a popular favorite, gifted as an organizer of processions and pageants, an expert rider, a noted hunter of fox and deer, and an accomplished marksman. After his removal a banquet was given to him by the citi- zens of Raleigh, his old friends, Joseph Gales and John Devereux, senior, presiding. George E. Badger proposed the following characteristic toast: " Oar guest, General Daniel, as an officer, good enough for Jefferson, good enough for Madison, good enough for Mon- roe, good enough for Adams, good enough for Jackson ; it is no wonder Van Buren thinks he is too good for him." THE MASONIC FRATERNITY. The Grand Lodge of the Masonic Fraternity met in Ral- eigh December 3, 1794. Probably the first public institu- tion among us was Democratic Lodge, No. 21, organized February 11, 1793, with John Macon as Master, but it had only a life of two or three years. It is easy to conjecture the cause of the failure. The French Revolution was hailed in America by many as the dawn of a new era of liberty and equality throughout the world. It was the fashion to copy Gallican manners and their favorite terms. The anti-Fed- eralists, after the adoption of the Constitution, found their name insufficient, and adopted that of Democratic-Repub- lican. " Democratic Clubs," in imitation of those in Paris and elsewhere, were fomied in our cities. Men threw aside Anglo-Saxon salutation, and hugged and called one another " citoyens." Ladies escaped, I hope, the embracing part of the salutation, but were hailed as " citoyesses," instead of mistresses and misses. In the midst of this political delirium 62 came across the ocean the news of the horrors of the rule of Robespierre, Danton and Murat. Worse still, demands came that our government should follow the French into a mad crusade for the dethronement of kings. When, by the wis- dom of Washington and his constitutional advisers, the United States determined to be neutral, and there ensued contemptuous and insolent treatment of Washington and his Cabinet, and depredations on our commerce, the pro-French ardor cooled. The Democratic clubswere disbanded. The party of Jefferson the party of John Macon, and of his brother Nathaniel, got ashamed of the first half its name, which was peculiarly a favorite among the Revolutionists, and became plain " Republican." In like manner this Democratic Lodge quietly melted away. It is noticeable that the Senior War- den was Rodman Atkins, the same, probably, as Rhody, or Rod}^ Atkins, the architect of the State house. It was doubt- less he and the workmen he brought with him, wild with revolutionary fur\', who introduced this partisan Lodge among our staid people, and their departure probably car- ried off the larger part of the membership. The next Lodge formed had as its leaders strong Federal- ists. William Richardson Davie granted the dispensation to Hiram Lodge, No. 40, in 1799. The charter is signed December 15, 1800, by William Polk. Its first Master was Henry Potter, appointed District Judge by Federalist John Adams. This Lodge was eminently successful. Among its early members we see, besides Polk and Potter, Theophilus Hun- ter, John Marshall, William Boylan, William Hill, Calvin Jones, William W. Seaton, and many others remembered by the Masonic fraternity with fraternal reverence, and known by all our people to have been among our best citizens. In 1899 Hiram Lodge can celebrate its centennial by pointing to a long line of illustrious and useful members. The Odd Fellows and other benevolent societies came into Raleigh within the last half century, and it is not within the scope of this address to describe them. THE STATE BANK. The State Bank of North Carolina occupied a large part of the public mind in the early days. It was incorporated in 1810, to be located at Raleigh, with branches at Newbern, Edenton and Wilmington, which branches were rated as first class, and at Tarboro, Fayetteville and Salisbury rated 63 as second-class. The first directors were John Haywood, William Polk, Henry Potter, Duncan Cameron, William Boylan, William Peace, Henry Seawell, William Henry Haywood, Theophilus Hunter, Samuel Goodwin, Benjamin Brickell, James Mebane, Joseph Gales. Of these Cameron and Mebane were non-residents. The first President was William Polk, who served without salary. Wm. Henry Haywood, afterwards Clerk of the Dis- trict Court, was the first Cashier, at a salary of $1,200 per annum. The business was at first conducted in a house where the residence of the late W. H. Crow stands. Colonel Polk, General Beverly Daniel and Joseph Gales were the committee who caused to be erected for the permanent bank- ing house the brick building, destined to be handed over to the Bank of the State of North Carolina, then to the Bank of North Carolina, and then to become the Rectory of Christ church. lis architectural style was novel and met with humorous sarcasm. It was called "Twoporches with a house between." John Stanly of Newbern dubbed the committee the " Three wise men of Gotham." After Polk the Presidents were AVilliam Boylan and Peter Brown, the eminent lawyer, who amassed a fortune practicing law first in Windsor, then at Halifax, then at Raleigh, purchasing the old Joel Lane place, which he sold to W^illiam Boylan. The bank got into trouble. Most of its profits came from circulating notes, payable on demand in coin. Times of financial pressure came. The brokers gathered up the notes and presented them for redemption. As the expression went, they " wanted the tangible." In 1828 the stockholders became so uneasy that they induced Judge Thomas Ruffin, by an offer of an increased salary, w^ith liberty to practice his profession in Raleigh, to resign from the bench and become President. In the same year Charles Dewey, a native of Oxford, for the rest of his long life so much loved and respected among us, who had even then won distinction as a bank officer, was brought from Fayetteville to act as Cashier. Before the advent of these two able men the officers had been irritating the brokers b}^ throwing difficulties in the way of acceding to their demands for specie in exchange for bank bills. Ruffin ordered ))rompt payments "as long as there was a shot in the locker." This resolute course, together with the high reputations of the President and Cashier, restored con- fidence in the solvency of the bank and enabled Duncan Camer(m, who succeeded Ruffin after one year to wind up its afi'airs after expiration of its charter in 1834, paying its f)4 creditors and stockholders in full, toaether with a small sur- plus to the latter. To show the difference hetween the old system and our National Banks, I state that it had, counting the issues of its branches, at one time in circulation $4,000,- 000 on a capital of $1,600,000, whereas all the National Banks in the State never had more than about $2,000,000 circula, tion. About five per cent, of the notes w^ere never presented- were destroyed or lost in some way. The Bank of the State of North Carolina began in 1832 and took the place of the State Bank of North Carolina. EARLY CHURCHES. In the latter part of the eighteenth century and early part of the nineteenth religion was at a low ebb. Infidelity was fashionable, especially among the educated classes. It is not surprising that the early inhabitants postponed attention to religious services to matters considered more pressing, of building their homes and turning primeval forests and ex- hausted old fields into fertile gardens. There was no church edifice for many years, the State-house serving for the use of any clergvman who would visit Raleigh and seek a con- gregation. The great Methodist Bishop, Francis Asbury, records in his journal that on March Hth, 1800, he "preached in the State-house. Notwithstanding the day was very cold and snowy we had many people to hear. I baptized a little child and came that evening to Tomas Proctor's." In 1805 or 1800 William Glendenning, a native of Scot- land, removed to Raleigh and established a grocery store on Newbern avenue opposite the present Episcopal Rectory. He had been a preacher of the Methodist Episcopal church but seceded with James O'Kelly. He built the first church in the city, on Blount street between Morgan and Hargett, and called it Bethel. He became insane and was called the "Crazy Parson," and, of course, made little religious impres- sion on the community. The first Presbyterian congregation in Raleigh was organ- ized in 1806. The first regular pastor was Rev. AV^illiam Turner, of Virginia, his Elders being Judge Henry Potter, William Shaw, and Thomas Emons. The religious services were held in the hall of the House of Commons. In June, 1810, the Trustees of the Raleigh Academy invited Dr. William McPheeters, a Presbyterian divine, to take charge of the Academy and become "Pastor of the City." While they had no power to confer this authority, yet the tender 65 certainly shows singular weakness of other denominations or inditierence to the subject. Certainly for several years many who did not become Presbyterians seem quietly to have accepted Dr. McPheeters as their spiritual guide, his place of preaching until 1817 being the State-house, and then the Presbyterian church. There were movements, howev^er, adverse to the autocracy of the able young pastor. In 1811 the Methodists held a Conference for the first time in Raleigh. Bishops Asbury and McKendree were present. Bishop Asbury records that lie preached in the State-house to two thousand people. There was a notable revival, probably the first in Raleigh. Rev. Dr. Mangum, in his exhaustive history of the Metho- dist Church in Raleigh, grows enthusiastic in his description of it. " The old State-house, so often the scene of festive delights and political excitements, now rang day and night witli sermons and songs and cries and shouts." The result was the second church edifice, the first built by any denomi- nation, a plain wooden structure, finished in 1811, on the lot donated by Willie Jones of Halifax, bought by him at the sale of 17^2. This building was burnt in 1839, replaced in 1841 by one which was removed to give place to the pres- ent noble structure. The first pastor in ^811 was Canellum H. Hines. The Baptists were next in the field. Elder Robert T. Daniel organized a congregation in 1812. A church build- ing of an humble character was erected which was after- wards removed to Moore Square, on this account called by many afterwards the Baptist Grove. Here for many years the founders of the Baptist church worshiped. It is hard to realize that the fathers and mothers of this denomination, now so wealthy, once were accustomed each to take a tallow candle to this humble building in order to produce a "dim, religious light" for services at night. Yet my excellent friend, Mrs. Alfred Wil- liams, assures me that the practice was common. About 1835 a division occurred, partly from overgrowth, but partly also from differences of opinion. By the special labors and pecuniary sacrifices of the pastor. Rev. Amos J. Battle, a new and better edifice was erected at the southeast corner of Wilmington and Morgan streets. This, too, gave way, in 1858, to the present imposing First Baptist church, the old building being sold to the Roman Catholics. The congregation, whicli kept the old Moore Square church, dwindled until after the civil war there remained onlv one member, Mr. Mark Williams. He sold the old building to a colored congregation, who removed it to the trans-rail- road southern suburb, known as Hayti. The Protestant Episcopal church was not consecrated until 1830. A convention of the Diocese was held in Kal- eigh in 1821 in the Supreme Court room, and this stimulated the organization of a parish in August of that year. The first vestrymen were John Haywood, John Lewis Taylor, the Chief Justice, A. S. Burgess, M. D., James Henderson, M. I)., and William H. Haywood, jr., afterwards Senator of the United States. Rev. William M. Green, afterwards a pro- fessor in the University of North Carolina, and then Bishop of Mississippi, held services for the congregation until Bishop John Stark Ravenscroft took charge in December, 1823. He reported to the Convention of 1824 that he had officiated occasionally in the Presbyterian house of worship until the 18th of January, " when divine service was performed and a sermon preached morning and evening in the house rented and fitted up as a temporary chapel." The number of com- municants he reports at about twenty-five, and the whole number connected with the congregation about thirty-five. This temporary chapel was a building called " The Museum," erected by Jacob Marling, a portrait painter, for exhibition of curiosities, such as minerals, machinery, phantasmagoria, etc., for a sight of which 12| cents was charged. It now belongs to the Masonic fraternity. Bishop Ravenscroft removed to Williamsborough in 1828, and was succeeded by Rev. Charles P. Elliott who, after one year, resigned and gave place to Rev. George W. Freeman, uncle of Mr. Edward B. Freeman, long a Clerk of the Supreme Court. The old church of 1830 was sold in 1853 to the colored Methodists, and replaced by the present stone building, designed by Upjohn. The old bell purchased in 1832 was, in ]861, donated to the Episcopal church at Chapel Hill. The many churches which have been built and congrega- tions organized within recent years I refrain from describing, as my plan is to confine myself to those of earlier times. For many years there was only one Sunday-school in the city, at first held in Glendennin's church. Bethel, and after- wards in the Academy. When the hour for morning service approached, the children and teachers marched to the State- house and formed part of the congregation of Dr. McPheeters. The good man made compulsory the attendance on the Sunday-school by his own pupils. For repeated absences without sufficient reason the delinquent received a sound 67 flogging on Monday morning. By such penalties the study of the " Shorter Catechism " was undoubtedly stimulated, but we may be permitted to doubt whether the love of Chris- tianity was stimulated in equal proportion. THE RALEIGH ACADEMY. The citizens of Raleigh in 1802 inaugurated the Raleigh Academy. Nathaniel Jones of White Plains, ancestor of our townsman Alfred D. Jones, was President of the Board of Trustees, Joseph Gales being Secretary. Rev. Marin Detar- gney, of Princeton College, was Principal, and Charles Daniel was assistant. Miss Charlotte Brodie was teacher of needle- work. Greek and Latin, Spanish and French, mathematics, astronomy, navigation, etc., were offered at $5 per quarter, the English branches at $3; needle-work, free. The school seems to have met with eminent success. Its closing exercises were an epoch in the city's life. Public examinations were held and trustees were detailed to attend and report upon them. An abstract of one of these reports, which was published in the city papers, is instructive as giv- ing the character of the grading of the classes and the sub- jects taught. The report shows that there were separate classes in — 1. Philosophy and Astronomy. 2. Horace. 3. Virgil. 4. Cajsar. 5. Selecti ^^eterii. 6. Erasmus. 7. .Esop's Fa- bles. 8. Corderii. 9 and 10. Latin Grammar. One class in gef^graphy ; first, second, third and fourth classes in English Grammar; one class in English reading; one class in writing; first and second in spelling. In the Female Department: First, second, third, fourth and fifth classes in spelling; first, second, third, fourth and fifth classes in reading; first second, third and fourth classes in English Grammar; one class in parsing in Blair's Lectures; first and second classes in geography ; first and second classes in writing; first, second and third classes in embroidery ; one class in tambour work ; one class in cotton floss work ; one class in alphabetical sam- plers. The examinations occupied Thursday and Friday. On Saturday the students read compositions and pronounced speeches to 'Marge and respectable audiences." Those who did best were publicly announced, but I see no mention of prizes. After the close in 1809 the students presented a comedy called " Sighs, or (he Daughter," and the farce of " Trick upon 68 Trick," for the benefit of the Polemic Lil^rary, which, I sup- pose, belonged to the school. At night was a ball attended by the older pupils. The Trustees of 1802 were Nathaniel Jones (White Plains), John Hughes, William White, Henry Seawell, Simon Turner, William BoNdan, John Marshall and Joseph Gales. To these were added, in 1809. Redding Jones, Allen Rogers, W. H. Haywood, S. Goodwin, Beverly Daniel, W. Shaw, Joseph Peace, S. Bond, William Peck, William Hill, Charles Parish and John Raboteau. It will be noticed that great stress is laid on Latin in the training of the boys, while the girls were confined to the English branches. Further, it is observable that the princi- ple of practical training, so much talked of in modern times, was introduced for the benefit of the girls, while the boys had none at all. The boys w'ere instructed as if they were designed for one of the learned professions. The girls were educated to be good spellers and readers, to be well acquainted with geography, and their hands were trained to be able to use deftly the needle. Many of them, too, learned to play on a piano or guitar under a music teacher of reputation, an Englishman named Thomas Sambourne. They were well taught, too. My soul tbrills after the lapse of half a century with the inspiriting tunes which leaped from the rapidly flying fingers of the dear ladies of the old school — Virginia Reels, Battle of Prague, Coronation March, and the like. They were not stuffed with the classics and higher mathe- matics and other "ologies," but they were taught to be grace- ful and agreeable companions and excellent housewives. I may be wrong, but I must state my opinion, that, although no prettier than the girls of the present day, for that is sim- ply impossible, thev understood and practised better than their descendants the art of conversation. Governor Swain in his Tucker Hall address printed a letter w^ritten by Mrs. Winifred Gales and signed by sixteen Raleigh ladies, accom- panying the gift of a pair of globes and a compass to the new University of the State. I have the original to show you. You will find that not only is the letter couched in good English, but the handwriting is all good, lady-like and legi- hle. You will further find that the fashion of covering the side of the sheet with three or four lines of illegible hiero- glyphics had not invaded our city in 1802. Let us read the names of those ladies: S. W. Potter, Eliza E. Llaywood, Sarah Polk, Anna White, Martha McKeethan, Margaret Casso, Eliza Williams, Nancy Bond, 69 Hannah Paddisson, Susanna Parish, Ann O'Bryan, E. H. P. Smith, Nancy Haywood, Priscilla Shaw, Rebecca Williams, Winifred Mears. All have long ago closed their eyes forever on the beauti- ful town they luved so well, and whose society they adorned. But their teachings and their examples will live in the character of those with whom in life they were thrown until they shall all meet around the throne of God. Let us hope that the benediction on the University uttered by these good ladies ninety years ago — " May the past, present and future students distinguish themselves in society, no less by their literary attainments, than by a virtuous course of conduct, which, giving additional lustre to talents, will ren- der them at once useful and honorable members of society " — be realized unfailingly and abundantly in all the years to come ! In 1810 there was elected to take charge of the Academy a native of one of the lovely counties of Virginia, in whose cold, clear springs the noble James river has its source, a young preacher of the Presbyterian church, destined to have a great influence in moulding the character of our people, Rev. William McPheeters, honored in 1819 with the degree of Doctor of Divinity by the University of the State. Dr. McPheeters was a man of learning and of strongest charac- ter, of great personal magnetism, an admirable teacher, kind to all, but inflexibly severe to ofl'enders. It shows the primi- tive state of our society tiiat he was elected, as I have stated, by the Trustees not only teacher of the Acadeni}^, but " Pastor of the City." He preached most acceptably in the State-house until 1817, when the Presbyterian church was erected. He gave up the Academy about 1833. In 1837 he spent a year in Fayetteville in charge of a large female seminary, and resigned on account of failing health. For the same reason he declined the tender of the presidency of Davidson Col- lege. He returned to Raleigh, to die, in 1842. There was no more influential man in the State than Dr. McPheeters. Besides his ministerial duties, he was a great power in education. Two j^ears after coming to North Caro- lina he was elected a Trustee of the Universit3^ His school received patronage from all parts of the South, from Vir- ginia to Louisiana. He was impartial in his kindness and his severity, as exacting with large boys as with small. Once when a boy, almost ready to enter the University, pre- suming on his size, and possibly on his being the son of the great Colonel Polk, ran from the threatening rod in full speed 70 towards home, the Doctor pursued, and in sight of the awe- struck pupils captured the fleeing youth and administered such a tanning as was the source of abundant good to the future Bishop of Louisiana and Lieutenant General of the Confederacy. The Bishop thanked him afterwards, saying it was the turning point of his life. Among his pupils were some of the most eminent men in the land ; who all testified to his superiority. Dr. McPheeters had some able assistants. Among them I notice a young immigrant from Scotland, who was married while a citizen of Raleigh and afterwards became one of the most distinguished teachers in the South, Rev. Alexander Wilson, on whom our University conferred the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1839. James Grant, who graduated at our University in 1831, by teaching in the same school raised the money which enabled him to emigrate to Iowa, become an eminent lawyer and Judge, and near the close of his life to be a benefactor of his Alma Mater. In 1832, in consequence of the failing health of Dr. Mc- Pheeters, an ambitious attempt was made to establish at Raleigh a large school under the auspices of the Protestant Episcopal church. Subscriptions amounting to about $12,- 000 were procured, mostly payable in the future, while the buildings were erected on a tract of 159|^ acres, on a mort- gage of the property. Dr. Joseph G. Cogswell, afterwards the learned librarian of the Astor Library in New York, was the first Principal. The school was at first greatly success- ful in securing patronage, at one time reaching 135, but the discipline was bad, the financial support failed, and the pupils fell away. In 1838 it was closed and the property sold to Duncan Cameron. But the promoters of the enterprise builded better than they knew. After this school for boys had failed, in 1842 there was inaugurated in the same buildings St. Mary's School for girls. Its founder, Rev. Dr. Aldert Smedes, had rare qualifications for this work. He was a man of big brain and great heart. During the privations of the great Civil War, and in the troublous years afterwards, the doors of his school were kept open, even when he was suffering a pecuniary loss. His benefactions in the way of free tuition and board on credit, at all times liberal, were in those days princely. There is no calculating the amount of his iniiu- ence in the thousands of homes adorned by his pupils all through the Southern States. Peace Institute, although not 71 rooted so far in the past, forms with St. Mary's a pair of noble institutions of which Raleigh is and has reason to be proud. Education was not made easy in the old-time schools for boys. Their teachers were faithful and learned, as a rule, but the methods were not calculated to make learning and literature popular with the rising generation. People believed that teaching and medicine were alike in the respect that the more nauseous they were the greater good was effected. Most teachers ruled by fear rather than love. The com- bined din of body-wrapping switch and howling boys was often heard from the school-room. As a necessary conse- quence schools were odious to the pupil. The average " scholar," as he was called, looked on any youngster who claimed to love school as a devotee of the Father of Lies, rather than of the God of Truth, and as seeking under unholy pre- tences to obtain the praise of the teacher. The books taught were, as a rule, without illustrations and expressed in lan- guage above childish comprehension. It strikes one with astonishment to see what dry abstract passages of great authors are contained in the juvenile readers of old times, and to notice what polysyllabic words were contained in definitions to be learned by mere children. Things had im- proved some in m}^ boyhood, but I remember that when eight years old I was forced to study a book in which my duty was, under penalty of the rod, to spell such words as druggist, and then give from nitniory the so-called definition pharmacopolist. The result was that boys regarded themselves in a state of war with the teacher. It w;sgoud morals to cheat him in all possible ways. The teacher, especially Dr. McPheeters, wavS generally too wary for the most cunning. I recall a forged excuse offered by a youth who had run off on a fish- ing excursion. " Philemon are contained at home by dispo- sition." It was signed, apparently, by his older sister. The Doctor said with a dangerous glitter in his eye, " Your sister did not write this!" whereupon Philemon, in alarm, blurted out, " Sister never could spell, no how." Mr. Lovejoy, Jefferson Madison Lovejoy, " Old Jeff," was the last of the old-time teachers, and he became somewhat milder at the close of his career. His standing rule was a lick for each word missed, and he seemed to enjoy the infliction. I have heard him ridicule a moaning sufferer. " What is a whipping? Nothing but bringing a stick into contact with a boy's leg. Why make a fuss about that?" 72 On the whole, he was a good teacher and kind to those who would do right and obey orders. He was a man of force and striking peculiarities of manner and diction. With what awe I listened to his account of his courtship of his excellent wife. "I courted her. She said 'No!' I said, if you will not have me you shall not marry another. I will watch. If any man shows attention to you I will KILL him! She was a good woman. She did not want young men slaughtered. She did not want me to be hung for mur- der. She married me, and has been the best wife in the world." PUBLIC SCHOOLS. While the private, or, as they were called, subscription schools, of Raleigh were as a rule of high order, the public schools were, until a recent date, more confined to the lower grades, " the thre&R's," as they were called, Reading 'Riting and 'Rithmetic. The school-houses were built about 1841, Favetteville and Halifax streets being the dividing line be- tween two districts. The eastern school-house was in Moore Square, usually known as the " Baptist Grove "; the western on William Boylan's land, immediately west of the land of Sylvester Smith. This latter was abandoned in a year or two, and another built on the southwest corner of Cabarrus and McDowell streets. After a few years a third, designed for females only, was built at the northwest corner of the City Cemetery. The Cabarrus and McDowell street house was sold to the Gas Company, and another erected in Nash Square, whence, after the war, it was removed to one of the brick-yard lots west of D. C. Murray's residence. These were humble beginnings of our noble Centennial and Mur- phey Graded Schools. vSOCIAL LIFE OF EARLY RALEIGH. It would be a pleasant task to sketch the character of all the prominent men and women who have illustrated our city's past, but this would give my address an intolerable length. Confining myself to the early citizens, let us give some account of their social life. Owing to the fact that housekeepers owned their cooks and house-servants, there was a more free hospitality than is possible now. Many families had waiters of faultless skill in the conduct of the great feasts so common in the good old days. But as a rule matrons were not by any means relieved from care. 73 It is true that she could command their labor and had no fears of being left servantless at a critical moment. It is true that she had her cows, who cropped unmolested the grass on the streets and in the neighboring meadows; her pigs, who revelled in the acorns and hickory-nuts of uncleared forests; poultry in the backyard, dreading no enemy but the mink and the opossum. But her servants were often as raw and green as the cabbages in the gardens, and it was necessary carefully to tutor them to avoid ludicrous mistakes. Even with the extremest care disconcerting blun- ders were not infrequent. I recall an incident at the table of an elegant lady of English birth. A large company was present. 8he had prepared a number of pies, which she desired to be heated at the proper time for the dessert. She said to her waiting maid in a low tone, "Go, 'eat the pies!" The maid disappeared. A long interval ensued. The lady was in agony. At last the maid returned. There was a glow of happine-s on her cheeks and a suspiciously moist appear- ance about her lips. The mistress whispered, impatiently, " I told 3^ou to 'eat the pies !" " I done eat 'era, ma'am !" was the horrifying re[)ly. Here is a case which happened at my grandmother's table : The servant was instructed to hand plates on the left sides of the guests. She avowed, " I don't know, ma'am, nothin' about left sides!" " Well, you know which is the right side, don't you ?" " No, ma'am, I don't know nothin' about right .sides, nuther !" Gentlemen at that date were used to have bright brass buttons on the left lappels of their coats, so my grandmother told her to hand the plates on the side where the buttons were. Alas ! for human hopes ! One of the com- pany was just from Washington City, and was decorated with the latei^t Parisian style of brass buttons on both breasts of his coat. So my grandmother was thrown into consterna- tion by the girl saying in a tone loud enough to reach the whole table, " Miss, dere's a gem'man what's got buttons on bofe sides of his coat — which must I hand to?" My elder hearers can doubtless recall many such instances in their own households. The tact and good sense of the mistress under such adverse circumstances was needed to turn the misfortune into a source of merriment, but many a sensitive nature was saddened by the mishap. I am proud to state that the treatment of slaves in Raleigh was generally kindly and wise. Nowhere was there a more agreeable feeling between the races. Masters and mistresses did their best to train their servants into habits of virtue 5 74 and industry. Their efforts met with much success. No- where were better cooks, seamstresses, houser'naids, mechan- ics and hostlers. When fires occurred the colored were always at hand and worked as hard, mounted as dangerous roofs, and were as much singed by the scorching fiames as the w^hites. Throughout the war the colored people were, as a rule, true to their owners, and after its close neither the unbalancing effects of emancipation, nor the heated discus- sions incident to politics, introduced any permanent ill-feel- ing between the races. For this truly christian spirit the old people of Raleigh should have the credit. GOVERNOR'S RECEPTION. It was the fashion for the Governors to give public recep- t'ons every year during the session of the General Assembly. To these were invited not only all the members but all repu- table people of the city. It was by means of such social influences that the Governors retained their power. The Constitution of 1776 gave the General Assembly not only the election of the executive officers, but the entire control of their salaries. When an anxious patriot, who had dreaded the arbitrary power of Tryon and Josiah Martin, asked Wil- liam Hooper, on his return from the Congress at Halifax, " What powers did you give the Governor?" his reply was tranquilizing, " We gave him the power to sign the receipt for his salary — no more." Yet these officers by their intel- lectual and social pre-eminence exerted a strong and abiding influence in the control of aflairs in the State. Nearly all of the early Governors were elected three years in succession, which was the constitutional limit, and most of them were at the close of their term transferred to positions of their choice. For example, Martin, Johnston, Turner, Stone, Branch, Franklin, Iredell, Stokes, were all made Senators of the United States, and Swain President of the University. The last was such a favorite — Judge, Solicitor, Governor be- fore he was thirty-four years of age — that when he was elected President of the University Dr. William Hooper cynically remarked, " The people have given him every office, and now send him to the University to be educated." PUBLIC BALLS. A prominent feature of social life was the public ball, or, to use an euphemistic name coined about 1807, "Subscription 75 Assembly." The general rule was that all respectable men, who paid the fee, sometimes as high as five dollars, were privileged to attend. Managers were appointed, invested with larger powers than similar officers of our " hops." They conducted the introduction of strangers to one another, and assigned partners at their discretion. It was considered good form not to decline to carry out their arrangements. Mrs. Kenneth Rayner, who in her distant home in the Southwest still has a Raleigh heart, writes me that soon after the mar- riage of her father (Col. William Polk) to Miss Sarah Haw- kins, aunt, by the by, of Dr. Wm. J. Hawkins, the managers assigned to her mother a partner very inferior to her in social rank. Colonel Polk was an aristocrat of the first water and an ardent Federalist, all the more devoted to his party be- cause the tide of public opinion was running furiously and fatally against it. His anger began to blaze at the supposed insult, and he would probably have made a public exhibi- tion of his wrath if his wife had not laid her hand gently on his shoulder, saying, " My dear, don't be angry. These peo- ple hoped to annoy you. I will dance with the gentleman and prevent their enjoying their spite." And so she did, showing the excellent sense which distinguished her. This assignment of partners by the managers applied probably only to the regular sets on the programme. After these the parties got together according to their own affinities. I recall a case where the son of a butcher was refused by sev- eral ladies because he did not visit in their set. Then a very popular belle who witnessed his mortification called up a manager and said, " Tell him to ask me. I will dance with him." She did dance with him and never had cause to regret it. This last incident happened in AVarrenton, but I wish to record for the honor of Raleigh that its society, though composed of the elite of the State, equal to any in the South, was never haughty and exclusive. It readily admitted those who, without possessing the advantages of birth or fortune, had high character, good sense, and the tact enabling them to conform to its usages. Dances were mainly jigs, reels and cotillions, or contra- dances, mispronounced country dances. The grand minuet had gone out of fashion. Not long before his death in 1836, at the request of a party of young folks. Colonel Polk and Miss Betsy Geddy, one of the best of the noble tribe of "old maids," went through its antiquated figures for the amuse- ment of the company. The music was almost invariably 76 furnished by colored fiddlers, who acquired wonderful skill in playing their dance tunes. By constant repetition the musical sounds would be brought out in due harmony, whether the wielder of the bow was awake or asleep, sober or, as he often was, drunk. The music was extremely inspiriting. As you listened you could actually hear the violin shriek out the request, " Molly, put the kettle on," or inquire facetiously — " Old Molly Hare, what are you doin^ there ? Hitting in a corner smoking a cigar." Or ask, as if it expected an answer — " Oh! Mister Revel, Did you ever see the devil VVith his wooden spade and shovel, A digging up the gravel With his long toe-uail?" Or, changing the subject, would inform us that, "The crow he peeped at the weasel, and the weasel he peeped at the crow." The music may not have been as scientific as in modern days, but there was vastly more fun in it. It would strike the auric nerve, run down to your feet and put motion into your toes in spite of the strongest resolutions against it. Men who had lost their feet affirmed that it set agoing the toes which had been buried years ago. It seemed to be dangerous to play those tunes in the presence of marble statues, unless they were securely fastened to the floor. The old revivalists who wished to wean their converts from the vanities of balls, felt compelled to proscribe the fiddle as the Devil's instrument. When I was a boy it was a general religious tenet, that playing it was a sin equal to dancing, horse-racing, cock-fighting and gambling. It is easy to see why the revivalists took this ground. It was the habit of the time to indulge freely the use of spirituous liquors. Our forefathers, not our foremothers, thought they were drinking down health and long life. In fact, even when they didnot become drunkards and die the drunkard's death, they were gathering to themselves all such evils as gout, disease of the liver, of the heart, of the kid- neys. It was the fashion to offer spirits on all occasions. My father told me that when he was in the Legislature in 1833-'34, the members, as a rule, kept a jug in their rooms and offered a glass to every visitor. All social meetings had abundance of it, and it was the attraction which brought the neighbors together at log-rollings and corn-shuckings. I recall seeing my father, when his colored manager invited 77 the neighboring negroes to a corn-shucking, although he himself was an abstainer, supplying the whiskey to enliven the workers. The scene was an inspiriting one. The bright corn ears, as they were torn from their enveloping shucks and thrown on the rapidly growing pile, flashed in the bright blaze of the lightwood tire, and the loud chanting of the negro song echoed weirdly from the surrounding woods. At the close the leaders seized him in defiance of his protests and carried him around thedwelling-houseon their shoulders, the entire crowd accompanying, and singing the old song, "Round the corn, Sally!" He had not then reached the dignity of a Judge, but, I think, judicial dignity would not have protected him. PUBLIC AMUSEMENTS. The circus, which for scores of years has set people wild, was not known in the early days. But theatrical and sleight- of-hand performances and feats of agility and strength were much enjoyed. Here is what Ifind in an old advertisement : FEATS OF ACTIVITY ! William Powers Knight. Lately from Charleston. He will stick two pins in the stage in front of his feet, and throw his head backward between his legs and take up one pin in each eyelid. He will stand on the small kuob of a chair with his heels up and dance a hornpipe. He will dance a hornpipe with both feet on the crown of his head. And so on with a half dozen more similar contortions, and offering to refund the price of admission, five shillings, or fifty cents, if he should fail. The theatrical performances, sometimes by strolling play- ers, and very often b}^ amateurs of the city, were greatly enjoyed, though the scenery was extremely simple. Occa- sionally a young man would develop such histrionic talent as to incite him to become an orator on the political stump. COURT SCENES. In addition to the annual meetings of the General Assem- bly, our citizens watched the proceedings of the courts, State and Federal, with an intensity of interest only paralleled by that excited by the Ku-klux trials and the special-tax bond suits soon after the close of our Civil War. There were many great questions to be settled, and conspicuous crimi- 78 nals to be prosecuted, and some of the judges and lawyers were of uncommon ability. I have already told of the special tribunal for the trial of Secretary of State Glasgow and his associates. Another case of extreme importance was the ejectment suit brought in the United States District Court by the Earl of Coventry and others, heirs at law of Earl Granville, against William Richardson Davie, and a second suit by the same parties against Josiah Collins, as test cases, to enforce their claim to tlie magnificent territory allotted in 1744 to Earl Granville as heir of the original Lord Proprietor, Sir George Carteret. A¥e read in the Ral- eigh Register that on Thursday William Gaston, for the plaintifis, " spoke at great length, and with much method, perspicuity, eloquence and strength. The defence was con- ducted by [Duncan] Cameron, [Blake] Baker and Woods, with great ingenuity, skill and force, and the argu- ment was closed on Saturday by Mr. [Edward] Harris, for the plaintiffs, with much learning and ability." The case was decided against the plaintiffs, and the appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States was never prosecuted to a hearing, probably because of the war of 1812. The time consumed in the trial of this case was very sel- dom equalled in the early days. It was rare that more than one day was consumed, the spinning out to weary length of examinations of witnesses and arguments of counsel being a modern invention. PUBLIC HANGINGS. Public hangings I must not call one of the amusements of the old days, but they were productive of so much interest and excitement that I must describe them. They were thought to afford high moral instruction. The unfortunate wretch was clothed in a white shroud and seated on his coffin in a cart, a minister of the gospel and the officers of the law, together with a military company, attending. Startingfrom the jail the dismal cavalcade marched to the place where the gallows was ready. In the earliest times the arrangements, though effective, were exceedingly simple. Phil. Terrell, already mentioned, was suspended to an oak tree between South and Lenoir streets. At another time a cross-beam was placed between two trees near the old city graveyard. At another a similar beam was placed between two pines on Gallows Hill, which was the southwestern reservation, at the corner of South and AVest streets. After that the rock quarry was selected and a 79 regular gallows erected. For some years the criminal was lelt in the cart, and after the adjustment of the rope the horse was driven from beneath the beam. The instinctive love of life prompted the criminal to struggle to keep his feet on the moving vehicle as long as possible in a manner horrifying to the spectators. Hence the trap was introduced, held up by a rope passed over a limb or beam and cut with a chisel at the critical moment. Pulling up the condemned man by a heavy weight is of modern origin. The crowds present, as I have been told — I never witnessed one of these hangings — were, as a rule, seemingly impressed with the solemnity of the scene. I am grieved to say, however, that when once, after the rope was adjusted, a reprieve came from the Gov- ernor, there were many expressions of disappointment on the part of those who had travelled many miles to witness the consummation. A decent-looking w^oman was heard to say indignantly, " T won't never go again to see him hung if he never is hung," as if she had been conferring a favor on the reprieved man by coming to his " taking off." A newly mar- ried couple in Granville journeyed to a hanging as a bridal tour. Whatever may be thought of the attitude of the peo- ple of the first part of this century to this subject, I am bound to record that many good people thought it right, and some thought it a duty, to be present on all similar executions of the sentence of the law. DUELS. We are happilv in our day spared the constant thrilling anxiety which our grandparents had in consequence of the frequency of duels, often resulting in the death of one or both parties. Public opinion inexorably demanded that there should be no shrinking from the ordeal. In South Carolina men of established reputation thought it no shame to act as seconds to two belligerent students of the State College, and assisted them in a combat which resulted in the death of one and so terribly wounding of the other that his usefulness for life was destroyed. I am glad to say that I find no mor- tal combats between citizens of Raleigh, although divers men who had engaged in them afterwards made their home within its limits. I am glad, too, that the editors of Ijoth our news- papers, Mr. Joseph Gales and Mr. William Boylan, had the courage to raise their voices against the horrible practice. The following eloquent apostrophe appears in the Minerva, of 1807, after giving an item to the effect that in Beaufort, 80 South Carolina, Arthur Smith on Monday afternoon and Thomas Hutson on Tuesday of the same week had been slain in duels: "Oh, thou idol, who delightest in human sacrifice ; who offerest up blood as sweet-smelling incense! when will thy reign cease? Oh, ye votaries of this Moloch, ye abettors of murder and bloodshed ! Remem- ber that thedav will assuredly come when you will know whether you are to form your actions by the laws of honor, or the laws of God!"' It was seldom that these " affairs of honor," as they were called, were bloodless. The combatants usually aimed to kill, the distances were short, generally ten paces, the weapons pistols, carrying balls as large as the end of one's thumb. There were no amusing comments of the French type regarding the result. I find only one chronicle of a humorous nature, ridiculous because the challenge did not conform to the rules of " the code." I copy it verbatim,. "Sir. You will please bring your gun and Tom Brown to Mr. Ja. Joneses in the morning to give me consolation. NATHAN'L MORRIS. To Mr. Wm. Dillard, Wake county."" I have searched the subsequent columns in vain in order to ascertain whether the irate Mr. Morris ever got his "con- solation " from Mr. Dillard and his gun. As newspapers then, as now, never failed to chronicle bloody tragedies, the probabilities are that the soil of Wake county was not fer- tilized by the gore of either the offender or his disconsolate foe. MAILS AND TRAVELLERS. It is difficult for us with our frequent mails and rapid and comfortable ti'avelling to realize the evils suffered by our ancestors for want of postal and tran'^portation facilities. The only mail and passenger coaches from the North via Raleigh, in the early years of the century, left Petersburg on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 3 a. m. They arrived at Warrenton on the same days at 8 p. m., seventeen hours on the road. They left Warrenton at 3 o'clock next morning, and were expected to be in Raleigh the same day at 6 p.m., covering fifty-five miles in fifteen hours. The travellers and mails going further south left Raleigh on Mon- days, Wednesdays and Fridays at 3 a. m., and were to be in Fayetteville on the same days at 5 p. m. They proceeded to Charleston by way of Georgetown at the same rate of speed. Besides the loss of time, travellers suffered greatly from the constrained position of the body in the coaches, especially 81 when crowded, and from heat in summer and cold in win- ter. In one respect, however, the old-time citizens had the advantage over the modern, as I myself can recall. This was the keen pleasurable excitement experienced at the arrival of the stage, as the mail coaches were called, bring- ing news from friends and the world in general after two days suspense. I firmly believe that no music is ever so sweet to the people of to-day as were, before the steam locomotive came into our city, the distant notes of the old stage-horns, sounding wild and clear in the eveningair from the Crabtree hills. And no man is ever so great in these days as were the drivers who blew those horns, as with thundering trot their beautiful horses dashed up to the post- office. The news from Europe came in with corresponding slowness. For example, the Minerva of September 17, 1807, has the latest irom Bos on September 2. " By arrival of ship Sally, in forty-two days from Liverpool, we have received our London files complete to the 17th of July." These contained the first news of the Peace of Tilsit betw'een France and Prussia made on June 22. Two thousand gal- lant British soldiers were shot down by the troops of General Jackson at the battle of New Orleans on the 8th of January, 1815, fifteen days after the declaration of peace. And the news of this brilliant victory was not heard in Raleigh until the 17th of February, the period of transmission being forty days. PRICES. We are accustomed to hear of the superior economical habits of our grandsires. I do not dispute altogether this belief, but I must explain that there were tw^o good reasons for their being so virtuous. One is, that on account of the great expense of freights owing to the want of good roads, incomes in cash were smaller than in our day. The second reason is, that for like cause, and aho for lack of labor-saving machinery, prices of articles raised at home were much higher. I have the mercantile books of W. & J. Peace for the early part of the century. I have a guilty sensation, like that of an eaves- dropper, in seeing what the belles and beaux of the period were accustomed to buy ; ribbons and combs and calicoes, silk handkerchiefs, teas and coffee?, and, shall I tell on them, brandy and rum. I mention no names, but to make you more content with your monthly store accounts, I state that a dozen needles cost 25 cents, a silk handkerchief (bandana) $1 25, a muslin handkerchief 70 cents, a yard of broadcloth 82 $7, a pound of pepper 70 cents, a pair of cotton hose $1.40, one dozen pewter plates $4.50, a pound of Hyson tea $2.50, a yard of linen 70 cents, a pound of gunpowder, $1, a pound of shot 15 cents. Nails were sold b}'- number, not by the pound, e. g., fifty ten-penny nails 15 cents. Brandy was cheaper, $1 60 a gallon, but the loaf-sugar for sweetening the julep was 45 cents a pound. FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRATIONS. It is impossible for us at this late day to realize the inten- sity of the enthusiasm which our fathers and grandfathers had in all matters relating directly or indirectly to the Revo- lutionary War. It was beginning to die out when I was a boy, but I will never forget the grand militia musterings, the gorgeous uniforms of the officers, and the shrill sound of the drum and fife in the warlike tunes of " Yankee Doodle," and " Three little Pigs, three little Pigs and a Bob-tailed Sow." When old soldiers who had participated in the struggle and could talk about its victories still survived, there was a liv- ing, intense interest, which manifested itself in fondness for processions and toast-drinkings and military companies and patriotic shoutings, which scaled the loftiest clouds and " made the welkin ring." Nowhere was this spirit greater than at Raleigh. Besides other war-men, we had a distinguished leader, Colonel Polk, who had fought throughout the Revolution, and bore scars of battle upon his stalwart body. He appeared proud and reserved at other limes, but at anniversaries of our independ- ence he deemed it a patriotic duty to unbend and join in and promote the general joy. For this work he had peculiar gifts to enable him to shine in the post to which he was by universal consent always assigned, that of president, or, if the Governor was present, acting vice-president of the festival. He had an assistant who was also peculiarly fitted for such occasions. His name was F. H. Reeder. Reeder was a tinner by trade, who had a talent for writing doggerel and a voice for singing. He was a private in the army that fought at Bla- densburg, and felt bound to obey an old officer, whether ordered to sing a song, propose a toast, drink a dram as " deep as the Zuyder Zee," or shout vociferous hurrahs until they echoed back from the Crabtree hills. It was a rare treat to see once a year this patriotic veteran, with about half a dozen full horns 'under his jacket, meandering around the 83 old Colonel who served under Washington, ordinarily proud, but " hail-fellow-well-met" to-day, and fondly saying, "Col- onel, you are such a clever fellow on the Fourth of July." I must read you one of Reeder's odes. At this late day I cannot discover whether it was original with him, or what candidate it satirises : REEDER'S ODE. The election times are drawing nigh — Who shall we send to the Assembly, saj ! Each 'clined to Legislature far, Would fain to Raleigh haste away. Those gentlemen we've sent so long, I think at home they now might stay — This is the burden of my song: Let every puppy have his day. Don't for the sly physician vote, Though he may for your interest urge — He'll cram his physic down your throat. And 'stablish by the law his charge. When hlistered, glystered, cupped and bled, He 11 drean your body and your purse; And when you're in your cofiSn laid. All you leave is his — of course. The lawyer, he should not go there — Lawyers were knaves from early time; Their quirks and quavers we should dread. Nor up to power let them climb. And if by chance he should go there, He'll make a law to raise his fees. And leave you neither horse nor cow, Nor hog your hominy to grease. The farmer, he should rot go there, By chance his noddle it would pop; He'd think himself a gentleman, 'Twould raise his pride and spoil his crop. Then what would such a noodle do! Let him employ his clumsy paws In handling of his hoes and ploughs. And never dream of making laws. Well, who the devil shall we send! Let me alone for that my dears — A friend to you I'll recommend, Who'll guard your freedom with his shears. Bow-legged and firmly he will stand. Protecting you from all abuse. With long sharp bodkin in one hand. And in the other a red-hot goose. 84 The celebration of the 4th of July, 1812, wa?, on account of the pendency of the war, of peculiar interest, and I must give a description of it. At 9 o'clock there was an oration before the Polemic Soci- ety by a brilliant young orator, who afterwards attained national fame, Willie P. Mangum, of Orange, not yet twenty- one years of age. At 11 o'clock there was a parade by Cap- tain Henderson's cavalry and Captain Wiatt's infantry, lead- ing a procession to Union Square. Then Mr. Thomas G. Hen- derson delivered an oration, which was followed by hymns. The declaration of war and proclamation of President Madi- son w^ere read by Mr. Henderson Lucas, co-editor with Hen- derson of " The Star" newspaper. Rev. James Hall, of Cabarrus, a Revolutionary soldier, offered a prayer. A din- ner was subsequently given to seventy guests — Governor William Hawkins being nominal president, but Colonel Polk, as vice-president, really the master of ceremonies. I give the headings of the toasts that you may see what our forefathers were thinking about. I wish I had time to give the whole of each as there is much literary excellence in some of them : 1. The 4lh of July, 1776. 2 The Memory of George W^ashington. 3. The Officers and Soldiers of the Revolutionary Army. 4. The Patriots and Statesmen of 1776. 5. The Convention of 1787 6. The People of the United States. 7. The President of the United State. 8. The Congress and the Constituted Authorities of the United States. 9. The Militia, Army and Navy. 10. An Honorable and Speedy Termination of the W^ar which the Injustices and Aggressions of Great Britain has Inaugurated. 11. Our Rule of Conduct towards the World— Enemies in War; Friends in Peace. 12. Our Maritime Citizens, unjustly deprived of their Lib- erties. 13. Agriculture, Commerce and Manufactures. 14. The Constitution of the United States— Old and with- out needing repairs. 15. The American Press. 16. Literature, Art and Science, the Main Pillars of the Temple of Liberty. 85 17. The University of North Carolina and other Literary- Institutions. 18. The American Union. These regular toasts, carefully written beforehand, show admirable taste in pleasing both Federalists and Republi- cans. At other places, AVilmington for example, the feeling between the parties was so strong that each had its own cele- bration. After the regular toasts the following volunteer t asts were given : By the President (Governor Hawkins) — The Memories of Hancock and Adams. There was much tact shown in this toast. Hancock, who died in 1793, was extremely popular, and having offered amendments to the Constitution much desired by the Repub- licans, was claimed as on their side. The recognition of Adams brought howls of delight from the Federalists. Colonel Polk then offered — The Memories of Franklin and Hamilton. The compromising tact shown in this toast is apparent. Franklin was claimed by all parties, and Hamilton was the ablest man of the Federalist party. The President, Vice-President and ex-Governors Stone and Williams then retired and their healths were drunk. This was evidently a very formal and official dinner, with all proprieties suitable to the presence of State dignitaries. On the same day the Raleigh Volunteer Guards and citizens, dressed in homespun, as a protest against British manufac- tures, had their dinner at Rex Spring in the northern part of the city. Captain Wiatt was made president and Allen Rogers, vice-president. " A plain and plentiful dinner was provided, and the toasts were drunk in home-made liquor," ("old corn "). After each toast there was music and gener- ally three to nine cheers. The dogs of war were let loose. No compromises and stiff official forms here. Besides the usual toasts to Washington, " The Day we Celebrate," " The Patriots of the Revolution," etc., there were some which were offensive to most Federalists. For example, " The Congress of the United States — May its floor be cleaned of Yelpers and Trimmers!" This was followed by three cheers, a recitation, and an ode by A. Davis. Then I note that the militia had a toast all to itself, followed by nine cheers and two tunes, "Yankee Doodle," the national tune, and one called "Colum- bia's Volunteers." The toast to the Army and Navy was 86 honored by onlv three cheers and one tune, " The American Star." There was a toast to Thomas Jefferson, whose name was not mentioned in the official banquet. Another was to " Our Republican Brethren of Spanish America," followed by the French battle-song " Ca Ira." Then followed one to Canada — " May her Star soon Shine in the Flag of the Union." This was followed by a song, "March! march! march! in good order, Until we arrive at the English border." The following has a faint odor of tar and a soft suggestion of feathers: "The Liberty of the Press — May, those who abuse it, to serve the Enemies of our Country, be treated to a suit of American Manufacture!" Great Britain and her sympathizers (if any) must have shuddered at the next : " Great Britain — May the thunder of our cannon check her arrogance, and contempt silence her advocates !" The music to this was, " Let's Sound the Trumpet of \¥ ar." After this explosion of wrath, the company " tapered off" with compliments to " Domestic Manufactures," and " The American Fair," meaning, of course, the ladies. The patriotic Raleigh Volunteer Guards marched to Beau- fort, but never met the enemy. There was a drafting of the militia of Wake for the defence of Norfolk. It was con- ducted on Union Square north of the Capitol, the Governor and Secretary of State seeing that there was fair play. There were two wheels of the size of cheese boxes. The names of the militiamen were placed in one wheel ; the due proportion of blanks and papers with the word " drafted " in the other. A boy drew a name from the first box and a paper from the second. When the fatal " drafted " appeared, often the females of the family of the unfortunate set up loud lamentations. A man named Hardy Dodd, willing to go as a substitute, took chances for from $15 to $25 each. His luck was such that he drew fifteen blanks, but was caught on the sixteenth. Poor fellow! All theglory gained was death in camp from fever. Most of these soldiers left their bones on Virginia soil. The leader of the Raleigh Volunteers, Captain W. T. C. Wiatt, afterwards Colonel Wiatt, was a remarkable man, and if he had had opportunity would have become eminent as a partisan officer. He had nerves of steel. When Sheriff of Wake his name became famous throughout the State 87 because of his killing a prisoner named Wolfe. Wolfe was a man of great physical strength. He came to Raleigh as a recruiting officer, married and settled here. He adopted gambling as a business, was arrested under the vagrant act, and committed to Wiatt's custody. Wiatt ordered the jailer, INIiller, to change his quarters to the dungeon, as he was fearful of an escape. Wolfe knocked Miller down, and was rushing for the door when Wiatt shot and killed him. His action was decided to be justifiable. In 1841 the Supreme Court of the State made him its Marshal, in which capacity he acted until his death. Old-time travellers remem- ber the cool water of his well four miles west of town on the road to Chapel Hill and Hillsboro. The drivers of the public stages always watered their horses at Wiatt's well. LAFAYETTE'vS VISIT. The euthusiasm in regard to the Revolutionary War received a great impetus by the visit of LaFayette in 1825. Colonel William Polk, by the request of the Governor, met him at the Virginia line and escorted him throughout the State to the South Carolina boundary. Near Raleigh he was met by Colonel Thomas Polk of Mecklenburg in com- mand of a corps of cavalr}^ followed by nearly one hun- dred citizens on horseback. The General and suite, which included his son, Washington LaFayette, and his Secretary, M. Le Vasseur, alighted from their carriages and a general introduction took place. At the city limits they were met by a company of infantry under command of Captain John S. Ruffiu. The cavalcade proceeded to the Capitol amid firing of cannon and huzzas of the assembled people. Col- onel Polk and the General rode together in a barouche drawn by four iron-grays. The Governor received him in the vestibule, escorted him to the reception chamber, where he was welcomed in a formal address by the Governor (Burton), to which he made a suitable reply. At the con- clu.sion the company was gratified w'ith a spectacular scene. LaFayette and Polk, both of whom were wounded at Bran- dy wine, rushed into each other's arms, and with tears of joy avowed " their gratitude that they who had borne the brunt of the battle together in their youthful prime, had been spared to meet again on peaceful plains and in happier hours." Then an old soldier named Cross, who also had been wounded at Brandy wine, was brought up and exhibited his venerable scars. 88 LaFayette spent from Tuesday until Thursday in Raleigh, abundantly feted and very gracious. Tradition hath it that he had a voracious appetite. Mr. James D. Royster informed me that, in common with hundreds of others, he had the honor of shaking his hand. His invariable salutation was, "How do you do, ray son? How do you do?" When old soldiers were accorded a more leisurely introduction, he invariably asked the question, "Are you married?" If the reply was " Yes, sir ;" he would say, with unction, " Happy man; happy man !" If the reply was " No, sir;" he would reply, " Lucky dog! lucky dog!" An immigrant from France, naively thinking that his countryman would, as a matter of course, be interested in his family affairs, informed him of the recent death of his wife. He received the mechanical reply, " Happy man; happy man ! " OLD NEWSPAPERS. But I must close these random sketches. It is so delight- ful for me to take these old people by the hand and talk with then], and look at the world through their eyes, that I never know when to stop. I had WTitten a three-hour speech before I had noticed it, from half of which I have spared you to-night. I like, too, to look over the old newspapers and notice what items were enjoyed in the old days. Some of them were very grave and some very amusing. I am struck with frequent satires on the ladies, showing that these interesting creaturfs filled then, as now, a large portion of the public mind. Before concluding, I quote several of them, The first is from The Wasp, a newspaper of small dimensions, printed in the Gales office and edited by two boys, who after- wards attained great distinction. Joseph Gales, of the National Intellige'ricer, and Edward J. Hale, of the FagcUeville Observer. EPITAPH. Beneath this stone, a heap of clay. Lies Arabella Young, Who, on the twenty-fourth of May, Began to hold her tongue. The next is from Mr. Boylan's newspaper: RECEIPT TO -CURE A LOVE-FIT. Tie one end of a rope fast over a beam, And make a slip knot at the other extreme; Then just underneath let the cricket be set, On which let the lover most manfully get. Then over his head let the snicket be got. And under one ear be well settled the knot; The cricket kicked down, let him take a fair swing. And leave all the rest to the work of the string. 89 Another : TO MATTHEW BRAMBLE, ESQ. In the blithe days of honeymoon, With K^tte's allurements smitten, I loved her late, I loved her soon, And called her dearest kitten. But now my kitten's s'"own a cat, And cross, like other wives. Oh! by my soul, my honest Mat, I fear she has nine lives. The kindred joke about the husband saying that when he was first married he loved his bride enough to bite her, but that he had not been married six months before he bitterly repented not having bodil}' devoured her, came in later. I notice two anecdotes, new to me, about ninety years old. They are fair specimens of what struck the risible nerves of our forefathers. The first is on a newly imported Dutchman^ having learned that a spirit is a ghost, angrily inquiring of the bar-tender, " What for de tivel don't you put plenty of ghost in my water? " The other is, of course, on an Irishman, an editor, who, on giving the news that wool was rising in price, but whiskey was falling, offered the consolation to his readers, that if their coats will be more costl}^ the lining will be cheaper. RAILROADS. But really, I must come to a conclusion. For years Raleigh dragged its slow length along, a mere country village, because it had no advantages of water- power or of access to markets. About 1820 it tried in vain to make Neuse river and Crabtree navigable, and there were wild dreams of having a harbor on Rocky branch. In fifty years, by the census of 1840, it had only 2,244 inhabitants. Its boast of good health was proved to be just, by there being ten between seventy and eighty, two between eighty and ninety, one between ninety and one hundred, and two over one hundred. Some of the best people of the State- had made their homes among us, but their pecuniary inter- ests mostly lay elsewhere. Raleigh could only be called a. half-dead town, " looking up all the time, because flat of its back it could not look anywhere else"; eminently respecta- ble, but in progressiveness, comatose. But in that same 1840 there were signs of the breaking up of this lethargy. Not only was the great Tippecanoe, log 6 90 cabin and hard cider celebration in October, wlien real ships, sails set, with sailors on the spars, and real log cabins and hard cider, and real hornet's nests, and live Revolution- ary soldiers, along with other appropriate components of an immense procession, moved through our streets and thou- sands shouted themselves hoarse for political objects, but there were the " three days in June " in honor of the com- pletion of the Capitol and of the steaming in of the old "Tornado" locomotive engine on the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad. Rightly did our people become enthusiastic over this mo- mentous occasion. Rightly did old General Beverly Daniel mount his fiery steed and march the procession from the court-house to the depot, where five tables, each ninety. feet long, upheld one hundred and fifty yards of " scorched pig," whose sweet savor ascended to the skies. There were thir- teen regular and seventy-six volunteer toasts, each accompa- nied, in all cases with the show, in most with the reality, of potations of wine or whiskey. Weston R. Gales was toast- master. Governor Dudley was president, assisted by ten vice- presidents, among them the venerable Judge Gaston, Here is that to the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad : "Its structure will accelerate with the velocity of a Tor- nado the train of public opinion in its favor." And at the close, when eighty-nine sips of the spirituous beverage were safely (or unsafely) stowed away, you will not criticise harshly the closing toast given by the presiding officer. "THE CITY OF RALEIGH ! It has exceeded in gallantry even its renowned namesake. Sir Walter. He but laid down his cloak for one lady to walk over. Its citizens have helped to lay down eighty-six miles of railroad for the whole sex to ride over !" Well did our citizens celebrate the advent of the railroads. They have supplied what we lacked. They were at first built on mistaken ideas and seemed to fail. But these mis- takes have been corrected. They have given us access to the world. The great war came. Our citizens supported the Southern cause with distinguished gallantry. They had their share of its terrible losses. They lost sons and they lost fortunes. But Raleigh became known to the world. The armies of both sides tramped through it. Our army was a means of education not only to our own citizens, but to those of the adjoining country. Oar soldiers came back 91 with new ideas, gained by tramps through Virginia and through Pennsylvania, aye and through Maryland too. When the war ended, Raleigh began to go forward with a bound. Later our citizens learned the power of organized effort. They formed in time a Chamber of Commerce and Industry, a Cotton Exchange, a Tobacco Exchange, a Merchants' Ex- change. When we contemplate a part only of the improve- ments we seem to be in a new country. I give such as occur to me. I am satisfied that there are more than these: 1. Street-car lines. 2. Water- works and sewerage. 8. Electric lights. 4. Extension of gas-works. 5. An excellent fire department. 6. Electric fire-alarm. 7. Telephone system. 8. Graded schools — 1,900 pupils and commodious build- ings. 9. Old churches enlarged and new churches built. I am told that there are now thirty church buildings in the city, 10. Private schools, excellent and prospering; the male school up to the reputation of the old Academy under McPheeters, and St. Mary's and Peace Institute celebrated throughout the land. 11. A beautiful new public park, the gift of a Raleigh man. Also a private park. 12. Two new cemeteries of ample extent and beautifully adorned. 13. Hotels, new and enlarged, and with modern conveni- ences. 14. A well arranged new union depot. 15. An opera-house in progress 16. Many large blocks of new buildings for stores and offices. 17. A new city hall. 18. A good cotton trade. 19. Three cotton factories. 20. Tobacco warehouses and factories. 21 Wholesale hardware establishments. 22. Wholesale groceries. 23. Car-works and wood factories. 24. Wholesale dry goods trade. 25. Four strong banks, including a savings bank. 92 26. A Home Insurance Company, and many branch insurance companies. 27. Extensive machine and car-shops of the Raleigh and Gaston and Raleigh and Augusta Air-Line, and new engine- house. 28. The State Agricultural and Mechanical College, which is proving so successful and beneficial to the State. 29. Vineyards and their products. 30. Farms of improved cattle and blooded horses. 31. Spacious new Fair Grounds. 32. The Agricultural Department and Building. 33. Agricultural Experiment Station. 34. Larger livery-stables. 35. Hospitals for white and colored. 36. Supreme Court Room and Library. 37. Large institutes of learning ior the colored, patronized by the whole South — Shaw University and St. Augustine Collegiate Institute. 38. A Deaf and Dumb Asylum for the colored. 39. A handsome Federal Court-house and Post-oSice. 40. A new and improved County Court-house. 41. The new Governor's Mansion. 42. The Soldiers' Home. 43. Cotton- seed oil mills. 44. The State Penitentiary. 45. Ice factories. 46. A Young Men's Christian Association Building. 47. The principal streets graded and paved. 48. The township roads being graded and macadamized. 49. Many sidewalks properly paved. 50. Carriage and wagon factories. 51. Candy factories. 52. Acid and fertilizer works. 53. Telegraph facilities largely increased. 54. Streets extended in many directions. 55. Cornfields and old fields in the suburbs turned into building lots. 56. Numerous private buildings, some of them costly and handsome. 57. Three daily newspapers and eleven weekly. 58. Large printing-houses. 59. Cotton compress. 60. Cotton yards. 61. Population nearly eight times what it was forty years ago. 93 This is a most laudable showing of enterprise and intelli- gence. I close with the profound wish — I will be bolder, I will say the prediction, that when, one hundred years from this date, in the year 1992, some gray-haired speaker stands up before your great-grandchildren and the scores of thou- sands of added population who will make their homes on these hills, he will truthfully chronicle your labors towards making this one of the greatest inland cities of the South. Note. — Since the printing of the foregoing Address, Rev. Dr. J. B. Cheshire, of Charlotte, has furnished me with extracts from the Journal of the Convention of 1788, of which he has a copy, in regard to locating the seat of gov- ernment. The places voted for as centres of the circle of twenty miles diameter, within which the location should be made, are as follows : Smithfield, nominated by James Payne. Tarborough, nominated by Robert Williams. Fayette- Ville, nominated by William Barry Grove. Isaac Hunter's plantation, nominated by James Iredell. Newbern, nominated by Judge Samuel Spencer. Hillsborough, nominated by Alexander Mebane. Fork of Haw and Deep rivers, nominated by Thomas Person. Isaac Hunter's plantation obtained a majority of votes on the second ballot. James Iredell, soon to be a Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States, offered the ordinance requiring the Gen- eral Assembly to establish the Seat of Government within the Wake County circle. Willie Jones offered the resolution for selecting by ballot the circle of location. William Barry Grove, of Fayetteville (then written Fay- ette-Ville), presented a protest against the action of the Convention, signed by over one hundred members. A GLANCE AT RALEIGH TO-DAY. (Prepared by Especial Request or the Committee OF Publication.) The city of Raleigh, in all essential respects, extends beyond the corporate limits, in every direction, with a steady growth that never halts, summer or winter. Whatever may be the source of her prosperity, whether her market for cot- ton or tobacco, her general mercantile advantages, her new manufacturing interests, her educational and social induce- ments, or her relations to the State and Federal governments, the continued advancement year by year is plain to all observers. It proceeds from no artificial efforts, no wide- spread advertising. From the' close of the war Raleigh began to assume an importance beyond its ante-bellum position as the refined and cultivated seat of the State government, retired within the shades of its primeval oaks. The extension of its railroad connections through the heart of Western North Carolina, by Col. A. B. Andrews, until they met the lines of the West and South ; the building of the Raleigh and Augusta Air- Line to Hamlet, with its after-con- nections, through the labors of Maj. John C. Winder, to Char- lotte, Cheraw, etc., and the superb new road, the Georgia and Carolina, under the presidency of Raleigh's gifted citizen. Gen. R. F. Hoke, giving a through line by the Seaboard system to Atlanta, have done no little for the progress of the city. With these are associated the extensive shops of the Seaboard system, and the North Carolina Car Factory, afford- ing employment to many worthy citizens. The renewal of the Annual State Fairs held by the North Carolina Agricultural Society proved to be one of the most valuable elements of growth. In 1869 this organization, dating back to 1852, was revived, with Hon. K. P. Battle as President and James Litchford Secretary. In 1873, under the Presidency of Col. Thos. M. Holt, the site of the Fair was purchased, on lands northwest of the city, beyond St. Mary's, and railroad connections made. From 1876 to 1880, inclu- sive, Capt. C. B. Denson was Secretary and Executive Man- ager, holding five fairs, a greater number than by any other in its history; $14,000 of its debt was paid; much machinery and many fine specimens of live stock were introduced. By 95 its direct efforts upon the General Assembly, the Society brought about the organization of the State Agricultural Department, which has been a great factor in the develop- ment of the State and the city. At present Hon. Richard H. Battle is President and H. W. Ayer, Esq., Secretary. The Fair of 1892 was held concurrently with the Centennial Cele- bration and contributed much to its success. In 1884 the Fair was merged temporarily into the North Carolina State Exposition, for which buildings were erected on a scale heretofore unknown in our State, and a display of the economic advantages of North Carolina was made for months, which attracted visitors from every section of the Union, and was of mcalculable benefit to our people. To Wm. S. Primrose, President, whose judicious management and comprehensive far-sighted plans were admirably sec- onded by the executive ability of the Secretary, H. W. Fries (of Salem), the credit is due for the success which revealed to the world the gifts and wonders within North Carolina's control, and the beauty and desirability of her > Capital as a home. To these must be added her progressive city government, the efforts of her Chamber of Commerce, the Interstate Ex- position of 1891, under J. T. Patrick, and the memorable visit in October of that year of the famous Fifth Maryland Regiment. Illuminations, fireworks, a banquet to the offi- cers at the Yarborough, a grand ball to the entire regiment, nearly one thousand strong, at the Stronach auditorium, and openhanded hospitality by the citizens, were the features of the occasion, which formed a fitting prologue, one year in advance, to the Centennial Celebration. SITUATION. Raleigh is delightfully situated at the meeting of the lim- its of the oak and the pine, the sand and the clay, upon a granite foundation which crops out in quarries to the south- east and southwest. The land slopes gently in every direc- tion from the swelling hills upon which our State and city institutions and our homes are built. This affords a natural drainage, and the delightful streams near us, of Rocky branch, Walnut and Crabtree creeks and Neuse river, have made the problem easy of solution to furnish an ample supply of pure water for all purposes and an admirable system of sewerage, which were constructed during the mayoralty of Hon. Alfred A. Thompson. Oar climate enjoys the almost ideal meteor- 96 ological average of 58° 4', and the health of the city is so remarkable tliat it was selected by the authorities of the Con- federate States as the site of one of the most extensive mili- tary hospitals and surgical camps under that government, superintended as Medical Director by our eminent fellow- citizen, Dr. E. Burke Haywood. The number of Northern visitors who prefer our delight- ful winter climate to the damper and more enervating effects of the extreme South is rapidly increasing, and will doubt- less call for increased hotel accommodations to meet their demands. A marked feature which has contributed no little to the high salubrity of the city is the fact that beside the broad streets, fifty in number, and extending sixty-five miles, our houses are so built as to give ample room, and surrounded with airy spaces affording perfect circulation of the atmos- phere. Such leading thoroughfares as Fayetteviile, Wil- mington, Halifax, and the busier portions of Morgan, Har- gett and Martin streets, have been paved with Belgian block and well curbed with granite. This work is progressing steadily, taking in order the portions of the city most used. A well-equipped and admirably managed Electric Car Com- pany renders access to the remoter sections easy and pleasant. The city is advancing in every direction, and especially toward the north and west. Sixty buildings were reported as going up during the Centennial week. The total number has more than doubled within twenty years past. Many of these are far more commodious and ornate than hitherto. Suburbs in the east, known as "Idlewild," and in the north as " Oakdale," have been prepared for homes by, grading and laying out streets, and are gradually being occupied. Near the site of the great cotton factories, villages are now going up for the homes of the operatives, which must in a short time be fully united with the city and extend its limits over miles of adjacent territory. PAKKS. Union Square, about six acres in extent, in which the Capitol is located, is planted with trees and shrubbery, and, together with Nash and Moore Squares, which within a few 3^ears past have been adorned with grass and flowers and fountains, supplies a resting place for the weary. But through the munificence of J. Stanhope PuUen, Esq., an extensive park in the west and southwest, adjoining the 97 lands of the North Caroliua Agricultural and Mechanical College, has been presented to the city. Its natural beauties are enhanced already by the efforts of art and the the gen- erosity of the giver, who also donated the land upon which the college stands. History will preserve his name high on the roll of our benefactors. Brookside Park, in the northeast, is another spot of great natural beauty, enjoying its trees of the original growth and the beauties of a winding stream. Near by is Oakwood Cemetery, laid out some twenty-five years ago, through the foresight of Hon. K. P. Battle, the lamented Geo. W. Mordecai and others. The remains of many distinguished dead were removed to this spot from the old City Cemetery. Few resting-places of the dead can exceed the tranquil loveliness of Oakwood, where many of North Carolina's great and gifted lie. The Hebrew and the Confederate Cemeteries adjoin the above, and that of the Roman Catholic is on the brow of a neighboring hill. The old City Cemetery, just on the edge of the corporate limits, is still used to some extent. Famous names are to be found on its gravestones. It is a curious fact that the southern portion of it was formerly set apart for the burial of negroes — the slaves of tho-e interred within the same enclosure. The colored portion of the community is now provided with a well arranged and admirably situated cemetery on the south of the city, under the name of Mt. Hope, and main- tained by the municipal authorities. There is also a National Cemetery, kept in beautiful order by the Federal government, holding the remains of many United States soldiers who fell in the engagements along Sherman's march to the southeast of Raleigh or died in hos- pital here. Congress is expected to act favorably upon a bill to provide a macadamized road from the cemetery to the city line. Largely through the efforts of Dr. R. H. Lewis the roads debouching from our streets have been gradually macad- amized to the township line, furnishing an object-lesson to other communities upon one of the greatest needs of Ameri- can civilization. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Besides the Capitol there are many public buildings which there is no space to adequately describe. The North Caro- 98 lina Insane Asylum, completed in 1856, is 730 feet in length, and accommodates about 300 patients. It is situated on Dix Hill. An addition is about to be erected on the south side for 100 female patients. The North Carolina Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind was established in 1846. It occupies Caswell Square, and after September, 1894, is to be used lor the blind only, a new structure for the deaf and dumb having been erected at Morganton. The colored department of this Institution is fitted in every respect for this important service, and is provided with sub- stantial brick buildings in the southeastern section of the city. The State Penitentiary is an enormous building constructed of brick, with granite enclosing wall, and was about twenty years in building. There are about 1,300 convicts, but only those convicted of high crimes are kept within the building here. It is a model edifice of the kind. The Agricultural Department, at the corner of Edenton and Halifax streets, contains the necessary offices, the State Geological Museum, which also is a museum of the forestry, mines, fisheries, agriculture, etc., of the State, the Weather Bureau, the Railroad Commission, the office of Labor Statis- tics, and the rooms of the Agricultural Experiment Station. The Supreme Court and State Library is situated next to the Agricultural Building, and fronts Capitol Square. Its exterior is plain, but it is admirably fitted within. It con- tains the Supreme Court room, adorned with portraits of the eminent jurists of North Carolina, the Attorney General's office, the Supreme Court Library, office of the Superinten- dent of Public Instruction, and the State Library. The last has 45,000 volumes and many portraits of citizens eminent in every walk of life, and especially of North Carolinians prominent in the war between the States. The Governor's Mansion is built of brick and occupies the center of Burke Square, and is worthy of the people whose Chief Executive makes it his home. Its hall is adorned with portraits of the Governors. The beautiful marble from the Nantahala of Macon county is used in the construction of portions of the building. The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Col. A. Q, Holladay, President, has a fine site of six t}'- two acres on Hillsborough street, extended beyond the cor- porate limits. It is of brick, with Wake county granite and Anson brownstone. It is 170x90 feet, main building, and surrounded by necessary shops, dormitories, barn, green- 99 house, etc. Wm. S. Primrose, Esq., is President of the Board of Directors. The Experimental Farm is a short distance west of it, adjoining the State Fair grounds. Raleigh also has a United States Post-office and Court- house, built of granite at a cost of about half a million dol- lars, and most conveniently furnished. A Union Station House has recently been finished and opened b3'^the several railroads entering the city at a cost of $85,000, and affords great satisfaction to the traveling public. The commodious new Park Hotel and Opera-house erected by A. F. Page will be opened for business in the fall of 1893, and with the well-known Yarborough House add to the attractions our city already enjoys. CHURCHES. There are about thirty churches for white and colored, or one to about five hundred population, a very remarkable provision in a town of its size. Services are well attended; few people fail to appreciate the blessings of reverent obser- vance of Sunday. Disorder or disturbance of any kind is exceedingly rare, and nowhere are there kinder relations between the races. Sunday-schools are well maintained, and the Young Men's Christian Association and the King's Daughters have suitable rooms where their beneficent work is carried on. In the church congregations nine thousand persons are numbered, and five thousand pupils in the Sun- day-schools. Of the churches for the white population three are Baptist, three Methodist, two Protestant Episcopal, one Presbyterian, one Roman Catholic, one Christian, one Primi- tive Baptist, and there are various missions. Six of these church edifices have been erected within ten years past. SCHOOLS. Dr. Battle has alluded to the happy influence upon the history of the city of St. Mary's School, which is under the care of Rev. Bennett Smedes, D. D., Rector, and son of its distinguished founder. Its prosperity extends with its years. The buildings and grounds form one of the architectural beauties of the city. More than five thousand pupils have left its halls to gladden the homes of the South. Peace Institute is another of the famous schools of Raleigh for young ladies, and is situated in the northern portion of the city. Prof. James Dinwiddle is Principal, with twenty- two officers and teachers, and one hundred and sixty-nine 100 pupils. Both of the above institutions rank among the first in the South. The Baptists contemphite the founding here of a first-class University for women. The Raleigh Male Academy, Messrs. Morson and Den?on, Principals, in its fifteenth year, has one hundred and forty- five students, and the record of their standing in the Collf ges and University is unexcelled by any in the country. The Public Graded Schools include the "Centennial," occupying commodious buildings erected at the foot of Fay- etteville street, the "Murphy," for girls chiefly, and the three colored schools. The enrollment of pupils is about two thou- sand, under Superintendent E. P. Moses. The cost is main- tained by special township taxation. Shaw University, with Estey Seminary and Leonard Medi- cal College, Rev. Dr. H. M. Tupper President, and St. Augus- tine Normal school, Rev. A. B. Hunter Principal, furnish educational advantages to the negroes of the Souih, probably unsurpassed in the Union. The King of Belgium has sent pupils to the former institution directly from the Congo Free State, and St. Augustine U the principal divinity school for the colored people under the patronage of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. FIRE DEPARTMENT, TELEGRAPH, ETC. The Fire Department has been referred to, as forming a very distinctive feature of the Centennial procession. It is under the charge of Capt. E. B. Engelhard, and has a well deserved reputation for promptness and efficiency that can- not be surpassed. The water-supply from Walnut creek, carefully guarded from contamination, is forced into a tower by compound pumps, operated by steam and water-power, with nearly twenty miles of main and one hundred and twenty double hydrants for fire purposes. An electric fire alarm is a valuable adjunct to the safety equipment of the city. The Thomson-Houston electric system is in use, but the city is mainlv lighted by coal-gas works. The'Western Union and the Postal Telegraph Companies have offices here, and communication is kept up by telephone throughout the city, with a well equipped Exchange. BANKING FACILITIES. At the date of this publication great losses have occurred throughout the country by the stoppage of payments, loss of 101 confidence, and failures in business to such an extent as to involve millions of property and great consequent suffering. It is especially gratifying to say that the banks of Raleigh enjoy the fullest confidence of the people, and none of these evils have, at this writing, befallen our prudent and judi- cious men prominent in financial and mercantile life. The National Bank of Raleigh, E. G. Reade, President, C. H. Bel- vin, Cashier, has of capital $225,000, surplus ^30,000, depos- its $400,000. The Citizens National, W. J. Hawkhis, Presi- dent, J. G. Brown, Cashier, has capital $100,000, surplus $25,000, deposits $J50,000. The Commercial and Farmers Bank (State), J. J. Thomas, President, B. S. Jerman, Cashier, has capital $100,000, surplus $15,000, deposits $230,000. The Raleigh Savings Bank has capital $15,000, surplus $9,000, deposits $150,000. Of this W. C. Stronach is President, and J. T. PuUen Cashier. Since the ante-hellam period no town of its size in the South has excelled it in the extent and solid- ity of its banking facilities. INDEBTEDNESS. The total indebtedness of the city, as rendered in the last annual fiscal report, is $207,867.14, chiefly in five per cent, bonds due in 1919 and 1929 respectively. A sinking fund is constantly reducing this amount. COTTON FACTORIES. The Hosiery Yarn Mill was built in 1888, and has been such a success that its products have been sold for a year ahead of production. Its spindles number 5,000. The Caraleigh Cotton Mills were begun in 1890 and by September, 1891, had commenced operations. Spinning and weaving are done, and there will be 10,000 spindles and 400 looms. The Pilot Cotton Mills began in May, 1893, and will have 5,000 spindles with 400 looms. A fourth is now pro- jected, and it is said will be built near the railroad not far from Pullen Park. A cotton-oil mill with capacity for using seventy-five tons of seed daily is also situated near the treight depot. Phos- phate works, supplied with the latest machiner}', to furnish our farmers with a superior home-made fertilizer, are located near Caraleigh Cotton Mills. 102 COTTON MARKET. Nearly 40,000 bales of cotton are handled here annually, and the system is perfect. Raleigh has all the warehouse room needful, a very fine cotton platform convenient for loading trains, steam com- press, careful and experienced weighers, and merchants who buy at the most liberal rates, some of whom ship direct to Liverpool, Hamburg and other ports. Its freight facilities are all that could be desired. A well managed Cotton Exchange is one of the most important elements in her busi- ness life. TOBACCO MARKET. Not a few of her most sagacious citizens believe that a great development awaits her future in tobacco — as a market for the leaf and perhaps also for its manufacture. The first brought here for sale was in September, 1884, and on the 26th was held the first regular sale, in a temporary ware- house. Three spacious warehouses were built in less than as many years thereafter. Indeed, among Raleigh's important avenues for profitable development must be mentioned her tobacco industry. The market was opened by the organization of the Capital Tobacco Warehouse Company in the Spring of 1884, which was soon followed by the erection of two other large warehouses for the sale of leaf tobacco, and many commodious prize houses were erected. Joseph E. Pogue moved his extensive plug tobacco works from Henderson to this city in September, 1885, and thus started the first plug tobacco factory in Ral- eigh. C. F. Harvey, of Kinston, opened the second tobacco factory a year later, and Mr. Andrew Rand, M. A. Parker and others soon embarked in the manufacture of tobacco. Two years ago Mr. Philip Taylor retired from the wholesale grocery business and entered this inviting field for the manu- facture of tobacco. Raleigh has a live and progressive Tobacco Board of Trade. Sells annually about 4,000,000 pounds of the golden weed, and draws tobacco from all the counties contiguous to Wake, which, together with Wake county, makes a large area of good tobacco producing territor}'^, naturally tributary to the Raleigh tobacco market, which now fully guarantees its success. Almost every line of mercantile business may be found in our city, well represented: commission, wholesale and retail 103 houses in groceries, dry goods, hardware, clothing, books and stationery, jewelry, confectioneries; book and job printers, drugs, sewing machines, etc. Many of these have a long and honored history. The Insurance interest is well cared for, this being a cen- ter for the surrounding region. The North Carolina Honae Insurance Company was founded here a quarter of a century ago and is flourishing to-day. A LITERARY CENTER. Raleigh has always held a high position as a center of intelligence. With a population of about 16,000 it has the same postal revenue from papers, magazines, etc., that Nor- folk and like cities of 40,000 population enjoy. Here are published the News and Observer (which has recentlj'- acquired the Chronicle) and the Evening Visitor, dailies with weekly issues, and also the North Carolinian, Christian Advocate, Christian San, Biblical Recorder, Signal, Progressive Farmer, Gazette, Friend of Temperance, North Carolina Teacher, Eclectic, Voice of Peace, etc. THE NEWS AND OBSERVER. It is not invidious to say of the News and Observer, by which nanie it is best known, that for twenty-five years it has been an honor and crown of journalism in the State. Its editor- in-chief, Capt. Samuel A. Ashe, a son of the revolutionary stock of our glorious annals, united legal training and legis- lative experience with his own patriotic history, before assum- ing the arduous duties of political and economical leadership in the daily press, and his success amid a multitude of the wrecks of such enterprises throughout the country, bears tribute to the energy and sagacity of this citizen of Raleigh. CHARITIES. The benevolent orders all flourish, both white and colored, and they have been referred to in the account of the Centen- nial procession. St. John's Hospital is a voluntary charita- ble institution, organized by St. John's Guild of the Church of the Good Shepherd, reflecting the highest credit on the citizens who organized and maintain it. Dr. P. E. Hines is Medical Superintendent and A. P. C. Bryan, Treasurer. 104 t)r. Battle has alluded to the purchase of land in 1813 by John Rex, a benevolent citizen of that day, who left it by will, with other property, for the founding of a hospital for the city. Much of this fund w^as lost in the financial revo- lution occurring by the war of 1861. By wise management the remainder has gradually increased to nearly thirty thousand dollars, and a happy arrangement has been effected whereby St. John's passes to the control of the Rex Hospital Trustees, R. H. Battle, W. G. Upchurch and others, while its beneficent work goes on, aided by the income devised by the noble man who has so long slept with the just. The Soldiers' Home is situated on Newbern avenue, and through the efforts of W. C. Stronach and other large-hearted citizens, was opened for North Carolina Veterans in the fall of 1890. It has now about sixty inmates, and receives an appropriation from the State Treasury. On all occasions, when a great calamity has fallen upon any portion of the Union, our city has never failed to respond cheerfully to the cry of distress, and to contribute its full share for relief. THE SUBURBS. If space permitted we might describe the beauty of the hills about our city and their pleasant homes. A chapter might well be bestowed upon the wheat-growing farms, vine- yards, numerous and extensive; cotton-growing, market-gar- dens, dairies and other interests. But we add a line from the pen of the proprietor of Fair A^iew Farm, and one of our men of business witli large experience, Capt. B. P. William- son : " Ten years' experience has taught me that many of the best grasses and all the best clovers grow well around Ral- eigh, and with the care taken in all other sections with their growing we get as good results as others anywhere. " Five years' experience in breeding fine horses justifies me in saying that we can breed and raise them as fine, as good and as cheaply as in any section of our great country." Nor has the Capital of North Carolina ever been wanting in patriotism. Early in the war of 1812, with Great Britain, John T. C. VVyatt (Wiatt) led a company as captain, and many citizens enlisted in the company of Capt. W. H. McCullers. Captains John Bell and John Green also com- manded companies at a later period in the war, which em- braced many Raleigh men. She sent a volunteer company 105 to the Mexican war, and many joined the company of Regu- lars commanded by Captain (afterwards Colonel) W. J. Clarke. It would be difficult, it not impossible, to name the hundreds of her sons who served in the war of 18(5 1, in every capacity, from general to private soldier. Two of the great camps of instruction were here; there was hardly a regiment without a Raleigh boy, and Manly's battery, if we may specify one out of many brave organizations, reflected glor}^ upon its home. Here lie the lamented General, L. O'B. Branch, Geo. B. Anderson, Col. H. K. Burgwyn, Col. Sion H. Rogers, Col. Turner, Capt. Randolph Shotwell and others, and eight hun- dred brave Confederates, asleep in the cemetery marked out for their special resting-place. The North Carolina Monumental Association, Mrs. Armis- tead Jones, President, will erect in Capitol Square a shaft commemorative of the great deeds of North Carolina's heroes. The General Assembly has given $10,000 to this object, and the women of the State, especially, are responding to the call to honor the venerated dead with a fitting testimonial of the gratitude of those for whose rights and liberties they gave up their lives. Far more might be said of our city's honorable record in the past, and its prosperous outlook to-day. A commemora- tive volume like this must neces=^arily leave the greater field to the historian. But we hazard nothing in declaring that in such hands as those which guide the progress of Ral- eigh ; — in markets and manufactures, in municipal and social advancement, in literary culture and moral elevation, her future is safe. And when a century hence our descendants gather, perhaps, about some magnificent col- umn that emblazons the patriotism and virtue of the great Englishman wdiose name has crowned our Capital, may sunny skies bend over a people as peaceful and happy as their fathers of to-day — a people symbolized by the Liberty and Plenty on North Carolina's arms, and rooted like the oaks of the home they love, against the shocks and storms of time. C. B D. THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. The commemoration of the one hundredth anniversary of the founding of the city of Raleigh was suggested by the press and by many influential citizens; and in pursuance thereof committees for said celebration were appointed by the Board of Aldermen, the Chamber of Commerce, the State Agricultural Society, and the citizens in mass meeting. The following extract from the minutes of the City Clerk presents the origin of the celebration: [Resolution adopted April 1, 1892.] By Alderman Pogue: Whereas, This is the centennial anniversary of the city of Raleigh; and whereas it is befitting that the event be duly observed — Resolved, 1st, That the Mayor appoint from the Board of Aldermen a committee of five (of which His Honor shall be chairman) to devise ways and means by which this historic event may be appropriately cele- brated . Resolved, 2d, That the Chamber of Commerce be requested to appoint at their next meeting a similar committee to cooperate with this com- mittee. The Mayor appointed the following committee under the resolution: Aldermen Pogue, Stronach, Hunnicutt and Bowes C. W. LAMBETH, Clerk. The following gentlemen composed the Board of Alder- men who authorized the proposed steps for the said celebra- tion : First Ward— Frank Stronach, M. A. Parker, J. R. Terrell and R. C. Redford. Second Ward— W. R. Womble, S. A\ House and F. W. Hunnicutt. Third Ward — C. R. Lee, J. E Pogue and Thomas Pescud. Fourth W^ard — M. Bowes, B. J. Robinson (colored) and Alfred Tate (colored). Fifth Ward — Julius Lewis, R. E. Lumsden, D. M. King and L. B. Pegram. A joint meeting was held in Metropolitan Hall July 21, 1892, of the gentlemen thus selected, who chose an addi- tional number of citizens to serve with them under the name of "The Board of Managers of the Raleigh Centen- nial." Mavor Thomas Badger was elected chairman and Henry E. Litchford secretary, and the Board was constituted with the following members: Dr. E. Burke Haywood, Rev. 107 Dr. J. J. Hall, Capt. C. B. Denson, L. C. Bagwell, B. F. Cheatham, B. F. Womble, B. S. Jerman, H. E. Litchford, E. McK. Goodwin, James Boylan, Charles E. Johnson, G. E. ^ Leach, C. B. Edwards, B. R. Harding, W. S. Primrose, A. Q,. Holladay, W. C. Stronach, R. G. Dunn, G. F. Kennedy, Josephus Daniels, W. E. Ashley, P. H. Andrews, W. H. Hughes, A. A. Thompson, R. H. Battle, Dr. R. H. Lewis, Dr. James McKee, Frank Stronach, J. E. Pogue, F. W. Hunni- cutt, M. Bowes, Julius Lewis, B. P. Williamson, Col. W. J. Hicks, D. W. Bain, N. B. Broughton, C. G. Latta, R. S. Pul- len, Hon T. M. Holt, Maj. R.'S. Tucker, Dr. T. D. Hogg, Capt. S. A. Ashe, A. F. Page, William M. Boylan, Judge A. S. Merrimon, Judge T. C. Fuller, Hon. E. G. Reade, J. J. Thomas, Col. A. B. Andrews, Dr. W. J. Hawkins, Hon. T. R. Jernigan, Dr. G. W. Blacknall, Maj. John C. Winder, C. B. Root, William G. Upchurch, Judge Walter Clark, J. S. Wynne and Col. J. M. Heck. On July 29, under a resolution of the Board, the Mayor nominated the members of the following committees, who were duly elected : Committee of Livitation — C. B. Denson, B. P. Williamson, Walter Clark, Dr. R. H. Lewis and T. R. Jernigan. Committee on Programme — J. E. Pogue, A. A. Thompson, C. G. Latta, S. A. Ashe and N. B. Broughton. Committee on Ways and Means — R. H. Battle, R. S. Pul- len, J, J. Thomas, J. J. Hall, D. D., and R. S. Tucker. Committee on Speakers and Music — W. S. Primrose, A. Q,. Holladay, C. B. Edwards, W. H. Hughes and A. S. Merrimon. Committee on Printing and Advertising — Josephus Dan- iels, G. E. Leach, D. T. Swindell, B. F. Womble and B. S. Jerman. Committee on Trade Floats — W. E. Ashley, Julius Lewis, J. S. Wynne, James McKee, M. D., and W. G. Upchurch. Committee on Centennial Ball— Charles E. Johnson, G. W. Blacknall, James Boylan, E. McK. Goodwin and W. C. Stronach. Subsequently other gentlemen were requested to serve on the Board, and the following additional committees were appointed : Committeeon Pyrotechnics and Military — Frank Stronach, M. Bowes, L. C. Bagwell, C. F. Kenned v, P. PL Andrews, S. F. Telfair, J. W. Cross, E. G. Harrell, H. M. Cowan, E. B. Engel- hard, W. B. Grimes, G. E. Leach, W. R. Richardson and F. A. Olds. Committee on Decorations and Illuminations — D. T. Swin- dell, George C. Heck and L. A. Mahler. 108 Committee on Transportation — G. E. Leach and P. H. Andrews. Committee on Finance — J. E Pogue and C. B. Root. Bureau of Information — H. W. Ayer, G. E. Leach and F. Stronach. The Managers held frequent meetings, characterized by- great earnestness and always harmonious and agreeable. Indeed, throughout the history of the celebration, as with one heart, the whole people of the city united in this task of love. Ten thousand copies of the following address were distributed throughout the State: To the Peo]3le of North Carolina : One hundred years ago the Capital of your State was founded upon the order of a Sovereign Convention of the people. The city thus called into existence by your will, in the quiet shades of a beautiful forest of oaks, in the county of Wake, has grown with your growth, nourished by the best blood of the commonwealth, and is to-day the representative of your heroic past and brilliant future. The history of Raleigh is your own history in an especial sense. Every county has contributed to its population, and sent hither some leader of the people in legislative assemblies, or some one of the noble spirits that have honored the judicial bench or the executive chair. The ashes of many of Carolina's sons, distinguished in peace or war, rest here. Ties of kindred and friendship unite every county of your broad domain with this city. Its very streets and public squares are your own property. Here your laws are made, proclaimed, interpreted and executed. Here are many of your great institutions of State, and here are preserved the records which will be the grandest legacy of your posterity. To celebrate the Centennial of Raleigh, is to commemorate the deeds of the great statesmen, jurists, educators and soldiers that each section of the State has sent hither for the common welfare of ail. They have left an impress upon this community forever. They have made Raleigh in moulding the spirit of its people. Accepting the bidding of modern enterprise, without forgetting the glorious traditions of the former days, we are rejoiced that with new life and strength, your Capital is growing daily in material progress. In churches and schools, in factories and workshops, in facilities for trade, in multiplied institutions, the improvements of modern life, and the comfort and beauty of her homes. Therefore, celebrating with grateful hearts the completion of her first century, the undersigned committee of her citizens cordially invite all North Carolinians, from every town and county, to assemble on the 18th, 19th and 20th days of October next, and unite with the people of Raleigh in the commemoration of the Centennial of their home and your Capital. During that week the Raleigh Centennial, the State Fair, a magnifi- cent pyrotechnic display, and a festival recalling colonial days, will take place for your interest and enjoyment. We repeat, then, the cordial invitation to the people of North Caro- lina, and to those of Carolinian ancestry or association, wherever they may be, to come up as one man, and with one heart. The citizens of Raleigh will bid you welcome. Thomas Badger, Pres. .T. M. Heck, H. E. LiTCHFORD, Sec. C. B. Denson, W. S. Primrose. Raleigh, N. C. August 26, 1882. Special Com. of Invitation. 109 This was cordially responded to by the press, and, as the event'proved, by the largest assemblage of people that the Capital of North Carolina had ever witnessed within her limits. The Committee on Programme recommended that Hon. Kemp P. Battle, LL. D., of the University of North Carolina, be requested to deliver the commemorative address, and that a prize be offered for the best centennial poem, which Capt. C. B. Denson was invited to read. The Board of Aldermen generously contributed from the funds of the city two thousand one hundred dollars to aid in defraying the cost of the celebration. Oriole yellow and red were adopted as the colors of the city, henceforth to be inse|)arably blended with the happy remembrance of a cele- bration, so delightful to the peojde, and so honorable in its patriotic s[)irit and devotion. By common consent, Col. J. M. Heck was chosen Chief Marshal. This high honor was not una})preciated, but he modestly strove to transfer it to some other citizen. Happily for all, the Board of Managers unanimously insisted upon its choice, and events proved the wisdom of the selection of a gentleman of expansive views, admirable executive power, and know'ledge of the infinite details essential to success in any great demonstration. A grand allegorical and trades procession was resolved upon for Tuesday, October 18, to be followed by the oration at night; on Wednesday night, a display of fireworks in Moore Square; and on Thursday night, the centennial ball. Messrs C. B Root, Samuel A. Ashe and C. B. Denson were appointed a committee to prepare a list of honorary mar- shals as special guests, to be chosen from the old citizens identified with the growth and history of the town. The gentlemen selected were to be not less than sixty-five years of age, to be chosen from every walk of life, and to be escorted in carriages as the honored fathers of the Oak City. On the nomination of Chief Marshal Heck, field marshals of divisions and assistant marshals were elected (October 4), and thereafter Centennial Headquarters were opened at the office of George C. Heck, Esq. (corner Fayetteville and Martin streets), where the field marshals held frequent meetings for thorough organization. The centennial colors were distrib- uted, and soon the red and yellow were s°en on the bosom of all, rich and poor, white and colored, old and young, united at least in pride of the glorious history and steady advancement of the city that bears Raleigh's great name. 110 Invitations were issued to eminent gentlemen throughout the country, and especially to distinguished North Caroli- nians, and those connected with Raleigh by former residence or ancestry. The greater number responded by attending in person, and were courteously received by Field Marshal Charles E. Johnson and assistants. Replies from others were received, some of which are appended as follows: RALEIGH FROM ABROAD— COMPLIMENTARY PARAGRAPHS IN REFERENCE TO OUR CITY— THE CELEBRATION OF THE CENTENNIAL AWAKENS INTEREST THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. The celebration of the Centennial of Raleigh has awakened interest throughout the country. The newspapers of this State and those adjoin- ing have many complimentary paragraphs in reference to the enterprise of our city. We publish a few of the many courteous letters received by the Committee of Invitation of the Board of Managers. Cardinal's Residence. Baltimore, Md., October 14, 1892. Messrs. C. B. Denson, Walter Clark, B. P. Williamson, R. H. Lewis and T. R. Jernigan, Committee of Invitation. Gentlemen: His Eminence the Cardinal begs to thank you for the kind invitation which, in the name of the Board of Managers, you have sent him to attend the Raleigh Centennial. Nothing would have given him more satisfaction than to assist in the ceremonies in commemora- tion of the founding of the Capital of North Carolina. But he will be present in Chicago at that time, where he has been invited to say the closing prayer at the dedication of the buildings of the World's Fair. I beg to assure you, gentlemen, of the Cardinal's appreciation, of and his gratitude at, your kind invitation. I have the honor to be, gentlemen. Very respectfully yours in Christ, C. F. Thomas, Chancellor. [From ex-Presideut Grover Cleveland.] Victoria Hotel, New York City, Oct. 18, 1892. C. B. Denson, Esq., Chairman Committee of Invitation, Raleigh, N. C. My Dear Sir: I beg to acknowledge with thanks the receipt of an invitation in behalf of the Board of Managers of the Raleigh Centennial to be present at the commemoration of the founding of the Capital of North Carolina, to take place from the 18th to the 21st of the present month. I very much regret that my engagements here are such as to forbid my acceptance of your courteoiis invitation. Hoping that the occasion will be entirely successful and thoroughly enjovable, I am very truly yours. Grover Cleveland. [From the Governor of Virginia.] Governor's Office, Richmond, Oct. 17, 1892. C. B. Denson, et ah. Committee of Invitation lOO^/i Anniversary of the City of Raleigh. Gentlemen: I am directed by His Excellency the Governor to acknowledge the receipt of the invitation to the 100. h anniversary of the Ill city of Raleigh, and State of North Carolina, from the 18ch to the 21st of October, 1892, to thank you for the compliment conveyed and to express his very great regret that the pressure of official busmess and other public engagements here, will preclude his having the pleasure of being present upon such an enjoyable occasion, commemorating as it does the life and success of the noble Raleigh in whom Virginia claims an equal interest with her sister North Carolina. With best wishes for the complete success of your celebration, I am very respectfully and truly yours, Cazneau McLeod, Secretary. [From the Chief Justice of the United States.] Washington, October 15, 1892. C. B. Denson and others, Board of Managers of the Raleigh Centennial : The Chief Justice and Mrs. Fuller beg to acknowledge the invitation of the Board of Managers of the Raleigh Centennial, to be present at the 100th anniversary of the city of Raleigh on the 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st of October, 1892, and to express their regret at their inability to attend on that occasion. [From'O. V. Smith, Traffic Manager Seaboard Air-Line.] Norfolk, Va., October 15, 1892. Capt. C B. Denson, Chairman Committee of Invitation, Raleigh, N. C Dear Sir: I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your invitation to be present at the celebration of the city of Raleigh's 100th anniversary. Rest assured it would afford me infinite pleasure to be with you on so interesting an occasion. I regret, however, that my engagements require my presence in New York from the 18th to the 22d inclusive. May abundant success crown your efforts, and niay Raleigh's pros- perity, population and progress! veness move hand in hand with each succeeding year of her second century. Yours truly, O. V. Smith. [From the Hon. J. F. Graves, Judge Superior Court of North Carolina.] Mt. Airy, N. C, October 18, 1892. Messrs. C. B. Denson, Walter Clark, B. P. Williamson, R. H. Leivis, M. D., and T. R. Jernigan. Dear Sirs: On my return home from Gaston Superior Court, I found your invitation to be present and vinite in the " Commemoration of the founding of the Capital of North Carolina." I have pride in the past history and present condition of North Caro- lina, and earnestly desire that the past history may be brought truly to light, so that the beloved State may be put before our own people and all others in such way that the grand commonwealth may occupy her proper position in the hearts of her own people, and in the mind of the whole world. Yours truly, J. F. Graves. [From Rev. Charles F. Deems, D. D., LL. D., 4 Winthrop Place, New York, Oct. 14, '92,] Captain C, B. Denson. Dear Sir: Be pleased to present to the Committee on Invitation very grateful acknowledgment of their request to be present and unite in the commemoration of the 100:h anniversary of the foundation of the city of Raleigh. 112 Having known the good capital of the dear Old North State through more than half its life, having had many of my best friends among its citizens, and having most delightful memories connected with it, let me assure you that I have sincere regret that my engagements deny me the pleasure of taking part in the proposed commemoration. With very great respect. Yours cordially, Charles F. Deems. [Froin Judge Legh R. Watts, General Counsel of the Seaboard Air-Line. J Portsmouth, Va., October 14, 1892. Capt. C. B. Denson, Esq., Raleigh, N. C. My Dear Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of the invitation to attend the lOOch anniversary of the city of Raleigh, from the 18th to the 2 1st inst. I am much gratified at your thoughtful cour- tesy, and did not business engagements of an imperative character take me to the North at the time indicated I should certainly be present. My official connection with the system of railroads which is so intimately identified with your city and its prosperity, is one reason why I should like to attend; another is a reason personal to myself. There is a bond which binds together the people of the two commonwealths, and in the city of Raleigh I have many friends. I notice with pleasure the distin- guished position assigned you; as an old friend, schoolmate, and former fellow-townsman I congratulate you. Again thanking you and the Committee on Invitation, I remain Yours very truly, Legh R. Watts. [From ex-Governor C. H. Brogden.] Goldsboro, N, C, October 14, 1892. To the Committee on Invitation. Gentlemen; I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your polite invitation on the part of the Board of Managers of the Raleigh Centennial by which I*am cordially invited to be present " and unite with them in the commemoration of the founding of the Capital of North Carolina." For this distinguished mark of respect I beg leave to tender you and those you represent my sincere thanks, and the assurance that it is highly and gratefully appreciated. Having been acquainted with the city of Raleigh and many of her good people for the last tifty-four years, and having resided in that city and been connected with our State government in different ways a con- siderable part of the time, I have always felt a deep and lively interest in the development of her resources, and her prosperity and growth. In all the mutations through which our country has passed during the last one hundred years, Raleigh has steadily maintained her good char- acter for peace, law and order. As the best evidence of this statement, there has been less crime committed within her limits than in any other town or city in the United States, according to population, for the same length of time. This is owing to her peaceable and law-abiding people, and the good management of her municipal affairs. No town, in or out of the State, ever had a better population than the old settlers and citi- zens of Raleigh. The hero, whose name she bears, was a man of noble presence and commanding genius, unquestionably one of the most splen- did figures in a time unusually prolific of all splendid developments of humanity. In the politic wisdom of the statesman and the skilful dar- ing of the warrior, he was pre-eminent. The moral element of the man 113 shone out eminently in the darkness which beset his later fortunes, and the calm and manly dignity with which he bore adverse fate conciliated even those whom his haughtiness in prosperity had offended. We are informed that under the auspices of Sir Walter Raleigh, the flig of Eng- land was first unfurled on Roanoke Island, in North Carolina, on the 4th of July, 1584. When the book of time shall be opened it will show that the city of Raleigh has a history and a fame of which North Carolina may well be proud. May Fhe continue " to walk in her integrity" and increase in prosperity and Christianity as time rolls on. May •' peace be within her walls and prosperity within her gates." May "her ways be ways of pleasantness, and all her paths be peace." I have the honor to be, with very great respect. Your obedient servant, C. H. Brogden. [From Co!. J. S. Amis.] Oxford, N. C, October 17, 1893. Messrs. C. B. Denson and others, Committee, Raleigh, N. C. Gentlemen: Accept my thanks for the invitation to be present at your city centennial on the 18ch of October. I am glad to see your city put- ting on so much life and becomint; pride in her history, and doubt not that the beneficial influence resulting from this celebration will be far- reaching, not only to your city, but to the whole State. It would be most delightful to witness the display and partake of the patriotic sijirit of the occasion, but other engagements will render it impossible for me to be with you. Wishing the fullest success in all that concerns your city, and again thanking you, I am, Your obedient servant, J. S. Amis, President Board of Directors of Insane Asylum North Carolina. [From an old citizen of Raleigh.] The Dickinson County News, Abilene, Kansas, October 15, 1892. Messrs. C. B. Denson, B. P. Williamson, and others, Committee. Gentlemen: There is nothing that would give us more pleasure — my son and I — than co be present at the "Raleigh Centennial," but short- ness of time and business duties compel us to reluctantly decline your kind invitation. I. especially, would like to be with you on that occa- sion, as I am a native of the good Old North State, and was a resident of Raleigh from 1835 to 1809. During that time I saw Hon, E. E. Dud- ley, the first Governor elected by the people of the State, inaugurated, and many other things of historical interest, up to the time that tried men's souls — 1861 to 1865 — all of which would do me good to hear related. My affection for my native land grows stronger every day, and I trust you will have a celebration fraught with so much pleasure that it will not cease to live in the hearts of the present and future generations, during the second century. Thanking you for your kind remembrance of us, I am. Respectfully yours, F. k. Strother. A cordial invitation was extended to the various organi- zations in the city to take v>art in the procession, and also to the ranking officers of each body in the State, including the 114 Masons, Knights Templar, Odd Fellows, Knights of P3'thias, Trades Union, Typographical Union, Ladies' Auxiliary of Young Men's Christian Association, Tobacco Association, Raleigh Academy of Medicine, Cotton Exchange, Dental Association, Underwriters' Association, Raleigh and Gaston Railroad Relief Association, Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, Wheelmen's Association, the public schools, Ral- eigh Male Academy, North Carolina College of Agriculture, St. Mary's School and Peace Institute, and students of the Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and the Blind. The Governor and other State officers, Mayor and Aldermen and the police and fire departments were especially invited. In recognition of the blessings of Providence and in grate- ful remembrance thereof, the managers, on October 11, appointed Messrs. R. S. Tucker, E. McK. Goodwin and J. J. Hall, D. D., a committee to wait upon the pastors of the sev- eral churches and request them to hold commemorative services in their respective congregations on Sunday, October 16. This request was cheerfully complied with wherever it was practicable, and the solemn sanction of religion was given to the people's week of rejoicing. SERVICES AT THE CHURCHES. At the First Baptist Church the Rev. Dr. J. W. Carter preached from Joshua iv : 6, 7, in reference to the carrying of a stone by each of twelve selected men through the waters of the miraculously-divided Jordan, the twelve stones being set in a lodging-place on the opposite side of the river as memorial stones of this great event. He alluded to the great dates of 1492, 1792 and 1892, and called attention to the fact that the centennial anniversary of Raleigh was also the centennial of the first Baptist Foreign Mission Society, formed in Kettering, England, by Carey, Fuller, and others. He drew a graphic picture of Europe four hundred years ago, and of the career of Columbus. He pointed to the Divine Hand in human history. Strikingly was this illus- trated in the voyage of Columbus, who was sailing for the coast of North Carolina but was diverted to the West Indies by the flight of birds. But a Spanish settlement of our State instead of its English origin one hundred and fifty years later would have greatly changed its history, and pos- sibly that of the Western World. "One hundred years ago the area on which our city stands was a forest. The grounds of the Capitol, it is said, formed a favorite deer stand. The 115 State had then about 400,000 inhabitants. The government had no settled habitation — had been sometimes at Hillsboro, Newbern, Halifax, etc. Commissioners were appointed, and the farm of Joel Lane was selected as the site of the Capital. The name of the gifted and honorable but unfortunate Ral- eigh, who sent the first expedition to North Carolina, was given to the newly-organized town. A statue ought to be erected to the memory of that great man and placed in the grounds of the Capitol, like that of Washington. The prog- ress of the city was slow, having only 700 inhabitants in fifteen years. But it is now steady, and we have great reason to rejoice and thank God for the churches and schools, and for the good men and women to-day in our midst." At Edenton Street Methodist Church the Rev. J. N. Cole delivered a special Centennial sermon to a very large con- course, upon " The Heavenly City in Analogy and Contrast with Earthly Cities." Special and appropriate music was rendered, and the Rev. Dr. Long, President of Elon College (Christian), made a touching and eloquent prayer. At Central Methodist Church Rev. Dr. J. A. Cuninggim invoked the blessings of God for the coming century, and Rev. J. B. Hurley, the pastor, referred to the growth and prosperity of Raleigh, the many attractions it possessed, and prophesied for the city a great future. The Rev. Dr. Eugene Daniel, of the First Presbyterian Church, delivered a very appropriate address. " The State of North Carolina," he said, " should be justly proud of her his- tory before and during the Revolution. Her Mecklenburg Declaration showed the first spirit of independence, and the battle-field of GTuilford showed the determination to sustain the Declaration with her life-blood." In alluding to the early days of Raleigh, he mentioned that in 1810 the Rev. William McPheeters was called to be the "Principal of the Academy and pastor of the city," and all religious services were held in the Capitol, conducted by the "City Pastor." In 1817 the present First Presbyterian Church was built, which has since been such a blessing to the community. Raleigh has developed into all that goes to make an attract- ive and delightful modern city, and should be the pride of the State. At Christ Protestant Episcopal Church, in the absence of Rev. Dr. M. M. Marshall, the Rector, the Rev. Dr. R. B. Sut- ton alluded to the commemorations of the municipality and the country in impressive terms, and the choir rendered the hymn, " God Bless our Native Land." 116 But tlie most elaborate observance took place at the Cliurch of the Good Shepheririt and one heart the entire population of our 135 beautiful Capital upon their great festival, at the close of tlie first hundred years of life. Rich and poor, old and young, white and black, friend and stranger, all for the time being, felt the magnetic touch which welded all hearts for the most spontaneous and perfectly harmonious celebration that has ever adorned our history. That talisman was your sympathy with and consideration for every class and condition of your fellow-men. From the admirable suggestion to commemorate a century of honor- able progress by colors to be worn upon every man's bosom, however humble, to the distinguished courtesy bestowed upon the venerable fathers of our city, in whatever rank of life, and regardless of the accidents of fortune, the key-note came from you, and it was the same loving and generous remembrance of every one who could claim a home and an interest in the City of Oaks. We beg ^'^ou, therefore, in memory thereof, to accept this loving-cup, or wassail-bowl, fashioned in the ancient form of the vessel that in the halls of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers, circled from the master of the feast to his humblest vassal, that every lip might pledge devotion to a common cause, and one bond of sympathetic regard unite every man for weal or woe. Receive it, sir, at the hands of the representatives of your great array of Marshals, given as a slight token of their pro- found esteem, and their conviction of the great public service you render to this and to coming generations by the weld- ing of the people of Raleigh into one harmonious whole. May the memory of that glorious demonstration abide with them always in the fullness of its lesson of brotherhood. And as the years glide by, and the brilliant Centennial recedes like a distant star upon the horizon in the mists of the evening of life, when your eye shall fall upon this loving- cup let it remind you that to the brim it bore the invisible freightage of the admiration and respect of your fellow citi- zens, proud to recognize in j^ou one of those great souls of whom poesy declares that they " Shed noble deeds as easily as an oak Loosenth its golden leaves in a kindly largess To the soil it grew upon. Captain Denson presented the bowl, and Colonel Heck replied as follows: 136 Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen, Fellow-Citizens and Fellow-Marshals: Allow me to accept this magnificent present and these flattering words as the measure of your generosity, ralher than an acknowledgment of service by the recipient, either to yourselves or to the city we delight to honor and obey. I am not sufficiently schooled in the language we speak to find words that will convey to you the profound gratitude that wells from the deepest recesses of my heart. I know that men honor their fellow-citizens, but not often after this magnificent fashion. This honor unexpected, but not unap- preciated, is multiplied a hundred fold when it comes from neighbors and fellow-workers in the enterprise to celebrate the history of the (^ueen of our hearts, the Capital of this great State. Never was favor bestowed by Elizabeth upon her most faithful subject. Sir Walter Raleigh, received with deeper gratitude than this token of regard through the honorable committee that represents the brave and gallant band of Marshals that directed the Centennial of the City of Oaks. It was our city's whole people that by an unselfish and unanimous effort made that day memorable in North Caro- lina for all time. Let us pledge ourselves in this "loving- cup" which that patriotic band of Marshals through you have so eloquently presented to me. Pledge ourselves and our city that we will labor together continually for the advancement of Raleigh, and that the Centennial organiza- tion will maintain itself intact until it shall have wrought a lasting memorial, in erecting a fitting monument to the ideal gentleman whose name this city bears. Now thanking you, one and all, for this costly and precious gift, the outpouring of your generous good-will, let me say that the desire of my heart is, that when a quarter of a mil- lion citizens of this goodly Capital shall gather together at the base of the tall shaft erected to Sir Walter Raleigh at the celebration of a second Centennial, that the sons and grand- sons of that goodly company may be foremost in the ranks of the distinguished citizens of that day, and that this last- ing work of art in its solid silver may be the token to them of the courtesy and generosity of their forefathers. After the feeling and eloquent response of the host the party sat down to a magnificent dinner, the table being exquisitely decorated in Raleigh colors, which w^ere likewise presented to each guest in the rarest flowers, and the even- ing that passed in delightful social converse will never be for- gotten by the participants. 137 [From the News and Observer, October 20, 1892.] We rise to suggest that when the publication of Dr. Battle's address is made, that the volume should embrace not merely the prize poem and Centennial address and Mr. Busbee's and Dr. Winston's addresses, but also a poem offered the Committee on Poems entitled " Raleigh's Dream," which is a production of rare power and high order, and should be incorporated in the volume, together with a full account of the Cen- tennial Celebration. The following poem from the pen of Col. Alex. Q. Holla- day, the distinguished President of the North Carolina Col- lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, is such a tribute to the memory of the hero whose name was bestowed upon our Capital, that the committee of award, by special resolu- tion, requested a copy of the same for the commemorative volume, and for preservation in the literature of North Caro- lina. C. B Denson, R. H. Battle, S. A. Ashe, W. S. Primrose, J. J. Hall, D. D., Committee on Award of Prize Poem. THE LAST THOUGHTS OF SIR WALTER RALEIGH. Through the barred casement ( f his prison wall. In that great tower the conqueror built, Sir Walter Raleigh looked, and snailed at the block. And headsman grim, leaning on his dumb axes. And while he gazed his thoughts found utterance: "I have drunk life to the lees; all earth can give Has been mine, enjoyed, suffered, to this last. Much have I seen and studied; barbaric. men, Strange deserts, perilous and wind-scourged seas, Cities rare and gorgeous — chiefs and princes Have hailed me brother and honored peer. And here I stand a gray-worn broken man, The murdered victim of an ingrate king. Who shrinks behind his craven throne and dreams That with another sun he shall be rid Forevermore of fallen Raleigh's scorn. But James shall make his pigmy boast in vain. My breath is his to take away, but not my life. He cannot blot nor blur my glorious past. Nor with his small vindictive envy kill My nobler part that did the deeds called great, And made me of God's chosen spirits here. 9 138 He cannot shake my soul : he cannot steal The bright jewel of peerless Sidney's heart, The sweet companionship of Spenser's muse, Tiie high commune with gentle Shakespeare's soul. The trust and love of that great Virgin Queen. Who now well may weep o'er England's shame. To see this pitiful and puny worm Creeping and crawling on her mighty throne. His petty hate cannot kill nor long delay The work that grew out of mine own heart. To bring forth good for men when I am gone. Even now my dying eyes look out beyond The western seas, where far in coming time Shall grow a commonwealth planted by my hand. A fearless folk that brooks no tyrant king, But in its own majesty, and sell-made laws, Shall build for men a belter land than this — A Slate whose sons marching ever in the race Of freedom's fight in each succeeding age, Shall lead the way for liberty to man : A State whose dames supremely pure and fair, Fit mates and mothers of a mighty race. Shall bring to the shrine of triumphant love The flawless pearl of perfect womanhoo 1. ■X- * * * -x- * My heart is light: I do not die to-day : I put off my flesh, a garment all worn out. And lay it down with things unneeded more; My spirit shall pass beyond the sunset, To dwell with them that owe their State to me. In a fair city that shall bear my name, On far Carolina's oak-crowned hills. Whose steadfast love of right and all things good, Whose noble citizenship, shall rightly show The inspiring power of Raleigh's soul When Raleigh's bones are mouldered into dust; Whose brave and gentle hearts and kindly hands, Whose gracious manners, and high-pitched thought, Whose pure homes, and altars duly served. Honoring God, as I have served and honored Him, Shall be the monument of my deathless fame. DIGEST OF LAWS RELATING TO RALEIGH. LAWS OF 1770, CHAPTER XXII. An Act for erecting part of Johnston, Cumberland and Orange Counties into a separate and distinct County by the name of Wake County and St. Marga- ret's Parish. Section I recites tliMt the large extent of said counties renders it burdensome to attend the courts, general musters, and other public meetings. Sec. II. Be it enacted by the Governor, Council and Assem- bly, and by the authority of the same, that after the 12th March, 1771, the said county be divided by the following lines (as given in the text of the address). Sec. III. Courts to be held on the first Tuesdays in March, June, September and December. Sec. IV provides for the old Sheriff collecting arrears of taxes. Sec. V. Johnston County to be in Newbern and Wake in Hillsborough Districts. Sec. VI. Sheriff of Wake to account to the Southern Treas- urer. Sec. VII. Commissioners appointed to sehct site of court- house, etc , to erect buildings, etc. (as stated in the text). Sec. VIII. Justices of the Inferior Courts to levy tax (o reimliurse the Commissioners for their expenditures in carry- ing out provisions of Section VIL Sec. IX Justices of Johnston County to try causes already on docket. Sec. X. Johnston to appoint four and Wake six jurors to attend the Court of the District. Sec. XL Only six jurors from Dobbs County. Sec. XII. The Vestry of the Parish of St Stephen's, in Johnston County, to be dissolved. Sec. XIII. The Freeholders of St. Margaret's to select twelve Vestrymen, and those of St. Stephen's to select twelve. Sec. XIV. Appoints Joel Lane, John Smith, Theophilus Hunter, Farquard Campbell and Walter Gibson to run dividing line between Johnston and Wake. Sec. XV. The Inferior Courts shall levy taxes for same. Sec. XVI. The Royal Prerogative of Incorporation not to be deemed impaired by this act. 140 LAWS OF 1791, CHAPTER VI. Act to carry into effect the Ordinance of the Convention held at Hillsborough in July, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, entitled "An Ordinance for establishing a place for holding the future meetings of the General Assem- bly, and the place of residence of the Chief Officers of the State." Section 1. Provides for electing nine persons by ballot of both Houses —one from each District; a majority to select the site within the ten-miles limit, and to purchase not less than six hundred and forty nor more than one thousand acres and pay for the same by drafts on the State Treasurer; to lay off a town not less than four hundred acres, one-acre lots, main streets 99 feet and the others 6(3 feet wide; to allot twenty acres or more for State-house, etc. ; to sell and con- vey lots. Sec. 2. Five other persons to erect a State-house out of proceeds of sale of lots, not to excee 1 £10,000 ($20,000); Commissioners allowed twenty shillings ($2) per day and expenses. Sec. 3. The place selected to be "the seat of government and the unalterable place of holding the future Assemblies of this State, and the place of residence of the chief officers of the State." LAWS OF 1792, CHAPTER XIV. Act to confirm the Proceedings of the Commissioners appointed under an Act of the last General Assembly, entitled "An Act to carry into effect the Ordi- nance of the Convention held at Hillsborough in July, 1788, entititled an Ordinance for establishing a place for holding the future meetings of the General Assembly, and the place of residence of the Chief Officers of the State." Preamble recites that a majority of the Commissioners — Frederick Hargett, Willie Jones, Joseph McDowell, Thomas Blount, William Johnston Dawson and James Martin — on 4th April, 1792, purchased of Joel Lane, by deed, date April 5, 1792, one thousand acres of land at Wake County Court- house, and laid off a plan of a city of four hundred acres, comprehending, besides streets, 276 lots of one acre each. Section 1. Confirms report of the Commissioners. Sec. 2. Plan of the city ratified and ordered to be recorded in office of the Secretary of State. Sec. 3. Names of Caswell, Burke, Nash and Moore public squares ratified. Sec. 4. As soon as the State-house, in Union Square in the the city of Raleigh, is finished, the General Assembly shall 141 adjourn there, and the Treasurer, Secretary of State and Comptroller shall hold their offices in said city, which shall thenceforward be " the permanent and unalterable seat of government of North Carolina and the place of residence of the chief officers of the State." Act for the regulation of the City of Raleigh. Ratified February 7, 1795. Skction I. Seven Commissioners appointed (named in the address) and made a body politic. Authorized to enact ordinances for government of the city. Election to fill vacancies to be held by the Sheriff of the county. Sec. II. Commissioners to elect an Intendant to enforce the ordinances. Sec. II. Qualifications of Commissioners and voters pre- scribed. Sec. III. Treasurer to be elected for one yesiV by Commis- sioners. Sec. IV. Also Clerk during good behavior. Sec. V. Tax not over five shillings on £100 of taxable property (fifty cents on $200). Sec VI. Provides for listing property. Sec. VII. Encroachments on streets regulated by Com- missioners; to be taxed. Sec. VIII. Intendant and Commissioners to protect tim- ber on public property. Sec. IX. This act to be in force until January 1, 1797. B}-^ act of February 21, 1797, the foregoing act was con- tinued indefinitely. By act of December 18, 1801, three more Commissioners were added (named in the address). LAWS OF 1832, CHAPTER III. Act making an appropriation and appointing Commissioners for the rebuilding of the Capitol, in the City of Raleigh. Section I. Appropriates $50,000 Sec. II. Commissioners appointed (as stated in the address). Sec. III. Plan of building: lower story, at least, of stone; roof covered with zinc, or other fire-proof material. Sec. IV. Authorizes stone from the State quarry. Sec. V. Commissioners may pay the undertaker from time to time by warrants on the Public Treasurer. Sec. VI. Commissioners may appoint an architect. I X D K X A. PAGE. Address of Kemp P. Battle, LL D. 1 Addi-fss uf Hon. Chtirles M. Busbee IKi Addiessoi President (i. T. Winston, 120 Aldermen, Board of 106 Ashe, John Biiptist 33 Ashe. Samuel 33 Assistant Marshals 122 Atkins, Rodman G2 B. Badger, Mayor Thomas 132 Balder, Blake 78 Ball, Centennial 13S Banking Facilities 100 Baptist Grove 65 Barringer, David L 60 Barringer, D. M. 60 Battle, Kemp P., LL. D., address of 1 Battle, Kev. AmosJ 6.') Beiiehan, Richard 19 Bevers, Feudal .-. 31 Biographies of Commissioners for locating capitol 25 Blake, John C 32 Bloodworth, James 27 Bloomsburg Square 12 Blount, Mrs. Mary Sumner 26 Blount, John Grjiy 26 Blount, Willie 26 Blount, Thomas 26 Board of Aldermen 106 Board of Managers, Committees of the 107 Board of Managers of the Raleigh Centennial 106 Bond. Southey 61 Boy Ian, William 40 Brag«<, Col. Thomas 41 Brickell, Benjamin 63 Briggs, John J. - _- 60 Briggs. Thomas H 60 Brookside Park 96 Brown Peter ^ 55 Bryan, Nathan 19 Bryan, Lovett -- -. 22 Burgess, A.S 66 Burke Square . .-_ 24 Burning of the State House ._ 37 Busbee, Hon. Charles M., address of 116 C. Cabarrus, Stephen 28 Cain, William _— 19 Cameron, Judge Duncan 35 Campbell, Farquaiti 19 Campbell, Jolm A 19 Cannon, Robert 32 Canova's Statue of Washington 36 Capital city, plan of the 30 Capital of North Carolina, the first temporary — 13 Capital, location of 20 Capital, movement for a permanent 14 Capital, plan of the city 24 Capital, permanentjSite of and price of land 23 Capital, sites voted on for — - 93 Capital, tracts offered for site of 21 PAGE. Capiiol, building the new .,0 Capitol or Union Square 31 Casso's Tavern .. . 4.> Caswell Square l4 Celebration, the Centennial 10(> Cemetery, City 97 Ceinetery, Confederate 9T Cemetery, Hebrew 97 Cemetery, Mt. Hope 97 Ceinetery, National 97 Cemetery, Oakwood .. 9T Centennial ball 133 Centennial celebratiim 106- Centennial procession 124; Charities 103 Chief Marshal 122 Chief Marshal, presentation to 134 Christmas, William 24 Churches . 99 Churches, Centennial servicesat the 114 City fathers, the first 4i> City indebtedness 101 City, plan of the 24 Cogswell, Dr. Joseph O 70 Colonial days, seat of government of North Carolina in 12 Columbian address. President Geo. T. Winston 120 Coman, James 61 Commissioners of location 19 Commissioners for locating capital, biograpliies of ..- -_ 25 Committee of Publication, resolu- tions of 5 Committee for building Capitol 19 Committee of Board of Managers— 107 Cooke, Mark 61 Cotton factories 101 Cotton market 102 Court scents in tlie past 77 Craven, Joiin 51 Crawford, Thomas 22 Cuhum, Robert .-- 61 Curtis, Miss Minnie May, Prize Cen- lennial Pi.iem by 6 D. Daniel, Cliarles 67 Daniel, Elder Robert T 66 Daniel, Gen. Beverly 61 Davie, Gen. William Richardson .. 28 Dawson, William Johnston 27 Dean, Hardy . 22 Denson, Capt. C. B.; Account of Cen- tennial Celebration 106 •Description of the new Capitol 41 Detaigney, Rev. Marin 67 Dickson, Joseph 18 Digest of Laws relating to Raleigh. 139 Drummond, W. S 41 Duels in the past 79 Eagle Hotel 45 Early Churches 64 Early History of Raleigh, address on 1 Elliott, Rev. Charles P 66 Emons, Thomas 64 Ezell, John 22 143 •*. PAGE. SPaeintres, tjanking 100 Paclories. cotton --_ ._- 101 Fayettevllle desires seat o( capital. 18 J<'ii'es ill tlie past 48 FireDepartnient 100 Kire engine, the first bought 48 Fireworlis 1^3 KuLiith of July celebrations in the past 8^ Fovvie, Governor Daniel G 32 Freeman, Edward B 6ii Freeman, Rev. George W 06 Gales, Joseph 52 ■Gales's printing office 40 Gale-, Beaton .5i Gales, Weston Raleigh .55 Gallows Hill 78 Gautier, Joseph R 17 Geddy, MissBetsy 7i Glasgow Frauds 88 Glendenning, William 04 Goodloe, Uol. Green Clay 20 Goodloe, Robert 19 Goodwin, Samuel OS Gorman, Henry 01 Government, the first city -13 Governor's reception 74 Grant, James 70 Green. Rev William M. 00 Growih of the city of Raleigh 46 H, Hale, Edward J 88 Hall, Rev. James 84 Hall, Rev. Ur. J. J. 13o Harper, Robert Goodloe 20 Hargett, H'rederick 20 Harrington, Henry William 28 Harris, Edward 78 Hawkins, Governor William 84 Hawkins. Wyatt 19 Haywood, John— the Judge 49 Haywood, John— the Treasurer 49 Haywood, John Pugh 32 Haywood, Bherwood 00 Hay wood, Stephen 00 Haywood, Col. William 49 Haywood, William Dallas 51 Haywood, William Henry 01 Haywood, William H., Jr 60 Healthfulness or Raleigh 96 Hecliletield, Captain John 13 Henderson's Cavalry 84 Henderson, James 60 Henderson, Thomas 00 Henry, Louis D 39 Hill, William 52 Hill-borough Convention of 178S--- 15 Hines, Th(jmas 11 Hinton, Charles L. 41 Hinton,John 22 Hinton, Kimbrough 22 Hodge, Abraham 55 Hodge, Madison C. 22 Hodge, Joseph 19 Holmes. Gabriel 33 Hunter, Isaac— plantation of 15 Hunter, Theophilus .. 21 Indebtedness of thecit.y 101 Improvements in Raleigh 91 Indian- Queen Tavern 45 J- PAGE. Jeffreys, William 22 •Johnson, Aloert 32 Johnson, Andrew 01 J(jhnson, Jacob 00 Johnson, Jolin W 31 .lohnslon. Governor Gabriel 13 Jones, I'aplain Alfred 60 Jones, Dr. Calvin , 52 Jones, Edward 19 Jones, Nathaniel 22 Jones, Redding 68 Jones, Willie — 19 K. King, Benjamin .S. . 01 L. LaFayette. Marquis De 37 LaFayette's visit to Raleigh 87 Lane, Henry .-^ 21 Lane, Jesse 28 Lane, Joel 21 Lane, Joseph 11 Lash, .Samuel 48 Laws relating to Raleigh, Digest of 139 Lenoir, William 28 Literary center 103 Location, Commissioners of 19 Lock, Matthew 19 Lot sales of lhl3 in Raleigh 34 Lot sales of 1819 in Raleigh 35 Lovejoy, J efierson Madison 71 Lucas, Alexander 00 Lucas, George 19 Lucas, Henderson 81 Lulterioh, Henry B 19 M. Macon, John 19,61 Mails and travelers in the past 80 Manguin, Willie P 81 Manly, Gov. Charles 32 Market, Cotton 102 Market, Tobacco 102 Marling, Jacob 06 Mares, James 44 Marslials, Centennial 122 Marshall, John 52 Martin, Gov. Alexander 24 .Martin, Janie^ 26 Martin, Nathaniel 26 Masonic Fraternity 01 McDowell, Gen. Charles 27 McDowell, Col. Joseph, Sr 27 McDowell, Capt. Joseph, Jr 27 McKee, James 61 McKeethan, Dugald 44 McPheeters, Dr. William 64 Mebane, Ale.xander 19 .Mebane, James 63 Mhoon, William S 40 Moore, Alfred 24 Moore Square 24 Mordecai, George W 97 Mordecai, Moses 28 Movements for a permanent capital 14 N. Nash Square 24 Newbern, seat of goverment at .- 13 New Capitol, description of the 41 Newspapers in the past 88 News and Observer 103 Nichols, Capt. William 38 North Carolina, State Bank of 62 144 p. PAGE. Page, Rufus H 52 Pain, John 44 Parish, Charles 68 Park, Brookside 98 Park, Pullen 96 " Pastor of the City " 64 Paton, David 41 Patterson, Samuel F 41 Peace Institute 70 Peace, Joseph 57 Peace, William 32 Person, Thomas 27 Plan of the capital city 30 Polk. Bishop Leonidas 51 Polk, Col. Thomas 87 Polk, Col. William 50 Potterfleld, James 19 Porter, Henry 62 Powell, Dempsy 22 Presentation tothe Chief Marshal— 134 Prices In the past 81 Prinirose, W. S. 132 Procession, Centennial 124 Public amusements in the past 77 Public balls of the past 74 Public hangings in the past 78 Public schools : — 72 Pullen Park 96 Pullen, Richard Stanhope 59 E, Raboteau, John S 52 Railroads in the past 89 Raleigh Academy — , 67 Raleigh, addresson early history of, 1 Raleigh Centennial, Board of Man- agers of 106 Raleigh, growth of the city ol 45 Raleigh, improvements in 91 " Raleigh Minerva" 55 " Hftleigh Register" _ 55 Raleigh, Sir Walter 29 Raleigh, .social life of early city of- 72 •• Raleigh Star " 60 " Raleigh Wasp " 88 Raleigh Volunteer Guards 85 Ravenscroft, Bishop John Stark_-_ 66 Rayner, Hon. Kenneth.. 50 Reeder, F H 82 Resolution of Board of Managers.-, 3 Resolution of Committee of Publi- cation 5 Re.K Spring 85 Robards. William .„ 35 Rocky Branch, navigability of 16 Rogers, Allen — 68 Rogers. Ethelred - 22 Rogers, .John 44 Rogei-s, Michael 22 Roy.stor, David 59 Royster, David L ■'i9 Royster, .lames D 60 Ruffln, Capt. .lohn S 87 Rutherford, Griffith 19 S. Saint Margaret, Parish of 11 Sanders, Hardy 11 Sanderson, Col. Richard 13 Saunders, Romulus M 32 Schools — 99 Seat of government at Newbern 13 Scat of government of North Caro- lina ill colonial days 12 Seaton, William W 55 PAGE. Seawell, Henry 56 Services at the churches 114 Shaw, Matthew 61 Shaw, William 64 Silver Graj' Corps 48 Smedes, Rev. Dr. Aldert 70 Smith, Benjamin 33 Smith, Richard 59 Social life of early city of Raleigh— 72 Spaight, Gov. Richard Dobbs 36 State Bank of North Carolina 62 State House, the first built 36 State House, burning of the 37 Stewart, .lohn 60 St. Mary's School 70 Stone, David. ... 33 Subscription Assembly 75 Suburbs, the 104 Sugg, Joshua 44 Sumner, Frank 47 Sumner, Gen. Jethro 26 Sumner, Thomas E 33 Swain, Gov. David L 32 T. Taylor, John Lewis 66 Telegraphs 100 "Ten Mile Limit" for permanent capital 15 "Tippecanoe, log cabin and hard cider" celebration of 1840 90 Tobacco market 102 "Tornado," the old 125 Town. Ithiel 41 Township, Macadamized roads in. 97 Tryon, Governor William 9 Tryon's Palace 10 Tucker, Major Rufus S 58 Tucker, Ruffin 58 Tucker, William C. 58 Tucker, William H. H 58 Turner, Simon 68 Turner, Rev. William... 64 U. Union Square 24 V. Vasseur, M. Le 87 W. Wade, Gen. Thomas 18 Wake courthouse 12 Wake, Esther 10 Wake, the county of, formed 9 Water-works of the city in 1815 48 Wheaton, Sterling 61 Whltaker, Wesley 60 White, William 52 Wiatt, Col. W. T. C 86 Wiatt's Infantry 84 Williams, Gen. Robert 60 "William's, the five" 57 " Williams, the venerable Judge".. 19 Willis. John 19 Winslow. John 35 Wilson, Rev. Alexander 70 Winston, Joseph 18 Winston, President G. T., Colum- bian address of 120 y. 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