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 e 
 
t 
 
 A 
 
 TREATISE 
 
 ON THE 
 
 PROPERTIES AND MEDICAL APPLICATION 
 
 VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 IN 
 
 ITS DIFFERENT VARIETIES, AND THEIR 
 EFFECTS, 
 
 IN VARIOUS SPECIES OF DISEASED ACTION. 
 
 By j: GIBNEY. M.D. 
 
 u J 
 
 OF THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH ; 
 
 RESIDENT PHYSICIAN AT BRIGHTON, AND SENIOR PHYSICIAN TO 
 THE SUSSEX COUNTY HOSPITAL, AND GENERAL SEA- 
 BATHING INFIRMARY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 PUBLISHED BY KNIGHT AND LACEY, 
 
 PATERNOSTER-ROW ; 
 AND BY THE BOOKSELLERS AT BRIGHTON. 
 
 1825. 
 
 

 
 ^' v 
 
 
 >, 
 
 By transfer frooj 
 
 Pat. Office Lib. 
 
 ApriJ J914. 
 
 LONDON; 
 PRINTED BY W. LEWIS* FINCH-). A\F. 
 
TO 
 
 THE RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 MARQUIS CONYNGHAM, 
 
 fyc. fyc. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 Presuming upon the distinguished 
 kindness I have experienced from your 
 Lordship, the following Treatise is sub- 
 mitted to your notice, under impressions 
 and sentiments of deep-felt gratitude, as 
 a small but sincere tribute of esteem and 
 respect, from 
 
 Your Lordship's 
 
 Most obedient humble servant, 
 
 J. GIBNEY. 
 
 Brighton, No. 26, Steyne, 
 July 1825. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Introduction — Vapour-Bath less used formerly — Not chemi- 
 cally or scientifically understood — Its Use in Russia, Sweden, 
 and Egypt— Practice in Cold Climates — Use amongst un- 
 cultivated Nations— Coxe's Description of Russian Baths— 
 Savary's Account of Egyptian Baths - - p. 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Process of Massing — Observations on Friction — Friction 
 and Percussion — Mexican Bath — Temazcalli — Dr. Pocock 
 on Turkish Baths — Franklin on Baths of Persia — Persian 
 Baths — Baths among the Moors and Spaniards — Dry Heat 
 preceding Vapour — Baths of Abano — Commentary on 
 Abano— Appearance in Disease— Practice similar to Cata- 
 plasms — Sudatorium — Great Repute — Carlsbad — Heat 
 excessive— Bathe as well as drink — Perspiration follows — 
 Reiteration also necessary at Abano — Sudatories in St. Ger- 
 mano — those of Baia intensely hot — their good Effects by 
 Test of Time— Nero's Palace— Baths of Nero - - 14 
 
VI CONTENTS, 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Metaline Baths — Heated Air — Steam — Steam, comparative 
 Weight of — Latent and Sensible Heat — Elasticity of Vapour 
 — Air-Pump Vapour-Bath— Atmospherical Pressure — Den- 
 sity and Elasticity — Air's Pressure, relative to Disease — 
 Density of Atmosphere - - p. 30 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Properties of Air and Steam — Mr. Leslie's Experiments— Air, 
 its Condensation and Expansion — Application of Vapour — 
 Sympathy of Exhaling Surfaces — Sudden Transition to High 
 Temperature — Primary Effect of Vapour — Condensation of 
 Vapour— Orifices of the Scarf Skin— Quantity of Perspirable 
 Matter — Cuticular Absorption — Ingenhouz's and Cruik- 
 shank's Experiments — Secretion by Urine and Perspiration 
 — Sequin and Lavoisier's Experiments' — Organic Sympathy 
 — Lord Bacon — Excessive Temperature — Experiments of 
 Sir J. Banks, Sir C. Blagden, and Dr. Fordycc - -44 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Division of Vapour Baths — Medicated Vapour — Aromatic and 
 Sulphur Vapour — Gout, Rheumatism, Paralysis, and Scro- 
 fula — Mon. Rapon, Douche De Vapour— Mercurial Fumi- 
 gation—Balnea Laconica — Medicated Vapour — Dr. De- 
 Carro — Medicated Vapour-Baths — Vapour from Tar — 
 Nitro-Muriatic Bath— Description of Vapour-Bath— Slipper 
 Vapour-Bath - - - 62 
 
CONTENTS. Vll 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Doctor Grower's Tracts — Spirit Lamp Vapour- Bath — Warm 
 Bath heated from Vapour — Baths on extensive Scale — 
 Shampooing - - - p. 77 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Friction, by Mr. Pugh — Friction — Percussion— Pulsator, Dr. 
 Gower — Simple Means from Improvement in Vapour-Rath 
 — Application of Vapour-Bath — Accession of Disease — 
 General Application of Vapour-Bath — Productive of Lon- 
 gevity — Applicable to great Variety of Disease - - 87 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Diseases to which Vapour-Bath is applicable — Caution necessary 
 in its Use — Commence with Vapour of Low Temperature — 
 General Precautions — Time for entering the Vapour-Bath — 
 General Instructions — Necessary Caution — Application in 
 Gout — Salutary Effects in Gout — Gout — Rheumatism — 
 Lumbago— Sciatica — Dry Pumping — Alternation of Baths 
 — Rheumatism - 100 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Paralytic Affections — Paralysis — Rheumatism — Painter's Cho- 
 lic — Hydropic Diseases — Bleeding in Dropsy — Haemorr- 
 hage, Dr. Parry — Hydropic Complaints — Diseased Kidneys 
 and Bladder — Scrofula — Mesenteric Scrofula — Pulmonic 
 Affections — Hip Joint — Glandular Swellings— White Swel- 
 lings — In Luxations and Injuries— Cutaneous Diseases- 
 Visceral Diseases - - - - 117 
 
Vlll CONTENTS, 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Suspended Animation — Insanity — Mercurial Disease— Fever 
 —Intermittent, Scarlet, and Hectic Fever - p, 135 
 
 chapter xi. 
 Conclusion - - - - 143 
 
 ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 I. Section of the Frame of a Vapour-Batli To face Title 
 
 II. Spirit Lamp Vapour-Bath - - p. 80 
 
 III. The Pulsator - p. 93 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 +~- 
 
 An enquiry respecting the use and influ- 
 ence of different baths, in disease, having 
 occupied my attention for some years 
 past, I am induced to publish the result 
 of my experience upon the nature and 
 effects of the Vapour-Bath, as a conti- 
 nuation of my Observations upon Baths 
 in general, which have been for some 
 considerable time before the Public. 
 
 At the period of their* publication, 
 want of experience prevented me from 
 entering upon the present part of the 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 subject, with so much satisfactory infor- 
 mation as has been since afforded me by 
 a residence at Brighton, during many 
 years, and at a time when the use of the 
 Vapour-bath has considerably increased 
 in general estimation. 
 
 A daily inspection of its powers and 
 its influence upon the variety of diseases 
 that present themselves in so populous a 
 sea-bathing place, has confirmed me in 
 the conviction of the advantages arising 
 from it; and, in most instances, of its su- 
 periority over the usual mode of bathing. 
 From this experience, I am of opinion, 
 it should be considered, in most circum- 
 stances, as a much more poiverful agent 
 than the common fluid-bath, under any 
 degree of heat ; and hence, (to obviate 
 
PREFACE. XI 
 
 the abuses which but too commonly arise 
 from temerity or inexperience,) more 
 prudence and circumspection will be 
 required in its administration ; and, like 
 all other means of an active charac- 
 ter, used for the removal of disease, re- 
 specting 1 which there may be doubt or 
 a difficulty, whatever facts we possess 
 should be made as generally known as 
 possible. 
 
 With this design principally in view, 
 the following compilation of facts and 
 observations has been selected and ar- 
 ranged, with some degree of reflection 
 upon the subject, and with solicitude to 
 render it better understood than it has 
 yet been by practitioners in this country. 
 Many of these particular observations 
 
Xll PREFACE. 
 
 and circumstances, valuable in them- 
 selves, have been made public, in works 
 of a more enlarged character; but so par- / 
 tially interspersed with other matter, and 
 so little in detail, as to afford a very 
 imperfect and inadequate view of a prac- 
 tice which should be looked upon as of 
 very general consideration and utility, 
 requiring a certain degree of systematic 
 arrangement, with reference to its physi- 
 cal and chemical properties. 
 
 In order that these particular proper- 
 ties and the nature of vapour may be 
 more clear and distinctly understood, the 
 practical result of whatever information 
 I could derive from others, as well as 
 from my own personal experience, has 
 been brought to bear upon the subject, 
 
PREFACE. Mil 
 
 with as little obscurity as was within my 
 power. 
 
 In this, at first view, I conceived there 
 would have been less difficulty than what 
 I subsequently found to be the case; 
 partly arising from causes just men- 
 tioned, and in a greater measure from 
 the number of essays written specifically 
 upon the subject under consideration, 
 being very few. 
 
 However, it may be justly observed, 
 that the nature and qualities of vapour 
 are more deserving of explanation than, 
 as far as I am instructed, has hitherto 
 been bestowed upon it, as a curative 
 means in disease, and requiring more 
 circumspection than any other form of 
 bath ; for, with every possible advantage 
 
XIV PREFACE. 
 
 which practical information affords, aris- 
 ing- from the most attentive observation 
 upon its general use and particular influ- 
 ence, yet such are the peculiarities of 
 habit and constitution, from a great 
 variety of causes, particularly those that 
 present themselves as the consequences 
 of the luxury and refinement of the age 
 in which we live, independent of casual- 
 ties from other sources, that difficulties 
 frequently occur which render its appli- 
 cation often perplexing and dangerous. 
 
 Abuses of the most pernicious kind 
 arose from the too frequent and constant 
 use of heated air amongst the Romans, 
 either to diminish the inconvenience or 
 distress of an over-loaded stomach, or to 
 promote an appetite for food in an unne- 
 
PREFACE. XV 
 
 eessary degree : — Pliny inveighed with 
 earnestness against the medical practi- 
 tioners of the day, who could suffer so 
 unjustifiable a practice for the selfish and 
 despicable gratification of the appetite, so 
 often exercised by those whose moments 
 were devoted to gross sensuality and the 
 luxuries of the table ; and Seneca, behold- 
 ing this luxurious practice increase con- 
 siderably during his time, is still more 
 indignant against the abuses arising from 
 too frequent an exposure to heated air, 
 which enervates and exhausts the strength 
 of the body ; — but the importance of 
 baths was of such moment amongst these 
 people, and wherever their conquests 
 extended, that for many centuries they 
 were an object of the constant care and 
 
XVI PREFACE. 
 
 attention of the government ; yet, from 
 their general and extensive use, abuses 
 were inevitable, so as to injure the cha- 
 racter of a practice at once salubrious 
 and grateful, and often productive of 
 health and vigour. 
 
 It may be truly remarked, that where 
 any remedy of such import is adminis- 
 tered indiscriminately and incautiously, 
 it becomes more than difficult to bring it 
 under any degree of regularity ; but when 
 this is in part effected, a promise of 
 further progress soon follows, and we 
 become more and more satisfied at each 
 step that leads us to steady principles 
 and just conclusions. 
 
 JOHN GIBNEY. 
 
 Brighton, No. 26, Steyne, 
 July, 1825. 
 
ON 
 
 VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, 
 
 fyc. fyc. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Introduction — Vapour Bath less used formerly — Not chemi- 
 cally or scientifically understood — Its Use in Russia, Sweden, 
 and Egypt — Practice in Cold Climates — Use amongst un- 
 cultivated Nations— Coxe's Description of Russian Baths— 
 — Savary's Account of Egyptian Baths. 
 
 To trace the causes that have hitherto 
 operated against the practice of bathing in 
 general, under its different forms and modi- 
 fications, and to ascertain why the use of the 
 Vapour Bath has not been more known 
 
^ ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 among us, would be an enquiry attended 
 with less utility than difficulty. 
 
 The prevailing use of baths, as a means 
 of relief in disease, or as a salutary or luxu- 
 rious custom, existed in former times much 
 less among us as a people than it does at 
 present ; and this more particularly as to the 
 knowledge and application of the steam or 
 Vapour-bath, which, until of late years, was 
 more known as a remedy than scientifically 
 or chemically understood ; but, as the proofs 
 of its efficacy, both here and upon the Con- 
 tinent, are becoming more numerous, the 
 natural result must be, that the practice 
 will extend in a ratio equal to its utility. 
 
 Among different nations, the medical ap- 
 plication of Vapour varies according to habit 
 and casual circumstances ; — in many places, 
 the steam or Vapour being naturally pro- 
 duced, while in others, to fulfil every salu- 
 tary purpose, this of necessity must be 
 effected by artificial means. 
 
 The administration of Vapour, in disease, 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 3 
 
 may be traced to the days of Hippocrates ; 
 and was efficaciously used by Celsus, Galen, 
 and many of the Arabian Physicians ; but, 
 to the inhabitants of the East, to the Egyp- 
 tians, the Greeks, and to the Romans,, its 
 active application, both topically and gene- 
 rally, has been extensively known, but more 
 known than understood, from the most early 
 records up to the present day. 
 
 In the burning regions of the East, and 
 in the frozen and extended countries of 
 Russia, Finland, Sweden, &c. the practice 
 has become as general as is the estimation 
 in which it is universally held; probably 
 arising from the existence of sensations and 
 disease peculiar to regions remarkable for 
 the extremes of heat and cold ; added to 
 this, the constant habit of a people occupy- 
 ing those districts is such, that existence 
 becomes painful without the comfort of the 
 bath under one form or another ; indeed, to 
 such a degree, that a strict preclusion from 
 its use is exercised and considered as a 
 b2 
 
4 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 punishment of considerable severity. Should 
 any instance of this nature occur among the 
 Egyptian women, from an interdiction by 
 the husband or otherwise, it would be con- 
 sidered of so cruel a nature, as to cause 
 general disapprobation ; for they not only 
 enjoy the greatest delight from the salutary 
 luxury of the bath, but when they assemble 
 at the adjoining apartments, converse with 
 the greatest animation upon subjects of 
 every agreeable description. 
 
 In the colder districts, apartments, heated 
 to a very high temperature, are used as 
 baths, and after the necessary time of expo- 
 sure, the bathers are habituated to rush into 
 cold and frosty air; nay, numbers, from a 
 high degree of heated medium, plunge into 
 cold water contained in a pond convenient 
 to the bath, or in winter roll themselves in 
 snow, which, from force of habit, is found 
 productive of no bad consequence, even 
 though the change from heat to cold, and 
 from cold to heat, is often reiterated ; on 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 5 
 
 the contrary, the removal of disease is fre- 
 quently known to succeed ; and, it is worthy 
 of remark, that this custom is found amon°* 
 most uncultivated nations, from the expe- 
 rience of its utility. 
 
 In these countries, and in Lapland, the 
 same mode of bathing, as well as in pro- 
 ducing Vapour, maintains, as in Japan ; — 
 from heated flints the apartment is raised to 
 a high temperature, and by this means, in 
 Iceland, their dry and sweating rooms are 
 raised as high as 115° of Fahrenheit. Boys 
 and girls, with their parents^ indiscrimi- 
 nately enter, and to open the pores, and 
 promote a more free perspiration, the 
 surface of the body is gently struck with 
 twigs, formed sometimes from one shrub, 
 sometimes from another ; this produces both 
 a pleasing and useful effect, and is suc- 
 ceeded by feelings of grateful relaxation 
 and refreshment. 
 
 In his travels in Russia, Cox describes the 
 Russian bath as fC containing one room 
 
O ON VAPOUR BATH; 
 
 provided with ranges of broad benches, 
 placed like steps one above the other, almost 
 to the height of the ceiling. — Within were 
 about twenty persons undressed ; some were 
 lying upon benches, some were sitting, 
 others standing ; some were washing their 
 bodies with soap, others rubbing themselves 
 with small branches of oak-leaves tied toge- 
 ther like a rod ; some were pouring hot water 
 upon their heads, others cold water ; a few, 
 almost exhausted by the heat, were standing 
 in the open air, or repeatedly plunging into 
 the Volkof." 
 
 In another account, he says, "Having 
 taken off my clothes, I laid myself down 
 upon the highest bench, while the bathing- 
 woman was preparing tubs of hot and cold 
 water, and continued to increase the vapour 
 by pouring water upon heated stones. Hav- 
 ing dipped a bunch of twigs into the hot 
 water, she repeatedly sprinkled and then 
 rubbed with it my whole body. In about 
 half-an-hour I removed to the lower bench. 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 7 
 
 which I found much cooler; when the 
 bathing-woman lathered me from head to 
 foot with soap, scrubbed me with flannel 
 for the space of ten minutes, and throwing; 
 several buckets of warm water over me, till 
 the soap was entirely washed off, she finally 
 dried me with napkins. 
 
 tc As I put on my cloaths in a room with- 
 out a fire, I had an opportunity of remark- 
 ing that the cold air had little effect on 
 my body, though in so heated a state ; for, 
 while I was dressing, I felt a glow of 
 warmth, which continued during the whole 
 night. This circumstance convinced me, 
 that when the natives rush from the Vapour- 
 baths into the river, or even roll in the 
 snow, their sensations are in no respect dis- 
 agreeable, nor the effect in any degree un- 
 wholesome." 
 
 To this account may be added that 
 given by Savary, in his letters respecting 
 Egypt, where, as beautifully described by 
 him, the manner of using the Vapour-bath 
 
8 ON VAPOUR BATH; 
 
 is much more elegant and convenient, 
 and found to be in very constant and 
 general use. 
 
 cc The first apartment in going to the 
 bath is a large hall, which rises in the 
 form of a rotunda, and is open at the top, 
 to give a free circulation to the air. A spa- 
 cious estrade, or raised floor, covered with a 
 carpet, and divided into compartments, goes 
 round it, on which the bather leaves his 
 clothes. 
 
 Cf In the middle of the building is a jet 
 d'eau, which spouts from a bason, and 
 agreeably entertains the eye. When you 
 are undressed, you tie a napkin round your 
 loins, take a pair of sandals, and enter into 
 a narrow passage, where you begin to be 
 sensible of the heat. The door shuts to, 
 and at twenty paces you open another, and 
 go along a passage at right angles with the 
 first ; here the heat increases : they who are 
 afraid of exposing themselves suddenly to 
 a strong degree of it, stop in a marble 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 9 
 
 hall in the way to the bath, properly so 
 called. 
 
 "The bath is a spacious and vaulted 
 apartment, paved and lined with marble, 
 around which are four closets. The Vapour, 
 incessantly arising from a fountain, and 
 cistern of hot water, mixes itself with the 
 burning- perfumes, and produces the most 
 agreeable effects. Extended on a cloth 
 spread out, the head supported by a small 
 cushion, they stretch themselves freely in 
 every posture, whilst they are enveloped in 
 a cloud of odoriferous vapours, which pene- 
 trate into every pore. 
 
 cc After reposing there for some time, until 
 there is a gentle moisture over the whole 
 body, a servant comes, presses you gently, 
 turns you over, and when the limbs 
 are become supple and flexible, he 
 makes all the joints crack without any 
 difficulty ; he masses and seems to knead 
 the flesh without making you feel the 
 least pain. This operation finished, he 
 
10 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 puts on a stuff glove, and rubs you a 
 long time. 
 
 cc During the operation, he detaches from 
 the body of the patient, which is running 
 with perspiration, a sort of small scales, 
 and removes the imperceptible impurities 
 that stop the pores ; the skin becomes soft 
 and smooth like satin. He then conducts 
 you into a closet, pours the lather of per- 
 fumed soap upon your head, and retires. 
 This closet is provided with a cistern, and 
 two cocks, which supply hot and cold water 
 — here the bather washes himself. Soon 
 after, the servant returns with a depila- 
 tory pomatum, which, in an instant, makes 
 the hair fall off the places to which it is 
 applied : both men and women make gene- 
 ral use of it in Egypt — it is composed of a 
 mineral called rusma, (supposed to be an 
 oxyd of arsenic,) which is of a dark brown 
 colour : the Egyptians burn it lightly, knead 
 it with water, mixing it with half its quan- 
 tity of slacked lime ; this greyish paste, 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 11 
 
 applied to the hair, makes it fall off in two 
 or three minutes, without giving the slightest 
 pain. 
 
 (( After being well washed and purified, 
 you are wrapped up in hot linen, and follow 
 the guide through the windings that lead 
 to the outer apartment ; this insensible tran- 
 sition from heat to cold, prevents our suffer- 
 ing any inconvenience from it. On arriving 
 at the estrade, you find a bed prepared, and 
 when laid down, a child comes to press 
 every part of your body with his delicate 
 fingers, in order to dry you thoroughly. 
 The linen is changed a second time, and 
 the child gently grates the callosity of the 
 feet with pumice-stone ; he brings a pipe 
 and mocha coffee. 
 
 " Coming out of the stove, surrounded by 
 a hot and moist Vapour, where the perspira- 
 tion gushes from every limb, and transported 
 into a spacious apartment open to the ex- 
 ternal air, the breast dilates, and you breathe 
 with voluptuousness — perfectly massed, and 
 
12 ON VAPOUR BATH; 
 
 as it were regenerated, you experience an 
 universal comfort, the blood circulates with 
 freedom, and you feel as if disengaged 
 from an enormous weight, together with a 
 suppleness and lightness to which you 
 have hitherto been a stranger ; a lively sen- 
 timent of existence diffuses itself to the very 
 extremities of the body, while it is lost in 
 delicate sensations, the soul sympathizing 
 with the delight, enjoys the most agreeable 
 ideas — the imagination, wandering over the 
 universe which it embellishes, sees on every 
 side the most enchanting picture, and every 
 where the image of happiness. If life be 
 nothing but the succession of our ideas, the 
 rapidity with which they then recur to the 
 memory, the vigor with which the mind runs 
 over the extended chain of them, would 
 induce a belief, that in the two hours of 
 that delicious calm that succeeds the bath, 
 one has lived a number of years/' 
 
 This account is obviously intended to 
 shew the luxurious results of the practice, 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 13 
 
 more than its medical influence ; but, at 
 the same time, it gives us to understand 
 how very salutary its effects must prove, 
 when modified and appropriated to the 
 condition of disease. 
 
14 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Process of Massing — Observations on Friction — Friction 
 and Percussion — Mexican Bath — Temazcalli — Dr. Pocock 
 on Turkisli Baths— Franklin on Baths of Persia— Persian 
 Baths— Baths among the Moors and Spaniards— Dry Heat 
 preceding Vapour — Baths of Abano — Commentary on 
 Abano— Appearance in Disease— Practice similar to Cata- 
 plasms — Sudatorium — Great Repute — Carlsbad — Heat 
 excessive— Bathe as well as drink— Perspiration follows — 
 Reiteration also necessary at Abano — Sudatories in St. Ger- 
 mano — those of Baia intensely hot — their good Effects by 
 Test of Time— Nero's Palace — Baths of Nero. 
 
 The process of massing, as mentioned 
 above, and so called by the Egyptians, is 
 in most respects the same as shampooing, 
 as used throughout India, and in the 
 Levant ; which immediately succeeding to 
 the baths, causes a unison of action between 
 the muscular fibre and the surface, that occa- 
 sions both a salutary and refreshing sensa- 
 tion ; in a subsequent part of this Treatise, 
 a more general and particular account of 
 this mechanical action over the surface, will 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 15 
 
 be attended to — from which, with proper 
 application, and the necessary perseverance, 
 considerable advantage has arisen in a variety 
 of instances, but its efficacy and advantage 
 depends greatly upon the dexterity and 
 manner in which the operation is per- 
 formed, which, although merely consisting 
 of a particular mode of friction and pres- 
 sure, or gentle percussion, is to be attained 
 but by practice and long habit. 
 
 Those whose hands are soft and smooth 
 are best suited to this occupation, and, 
 from practice, they become so habituated 
 to the process, as to be enabled to con- 
 tinue it for a long time, and in a manner 
 both agreeable and efficacious, producing 
 sensations that by sympathy influence dis- 
 eased action, in distant and interior parts, 
 and assisting nature in the salutary functions 
 of absorption and secretion, by slow but by 
 certain and imperceptible gradations. 
 
 Judicious percussion and pressure along 
 the course of the muscles, from their inser- 
 
\6 
 
 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 tion to their origin, and from their origin 
 to their insertion, also materially assist 
 towards the above desired purpose. 
 
 The ancient Mexicans used a Vapour-bath 
 which, in a degree, was peculiar to them- 
 selves, and which to this day is practised 
 by their descendants. 
 
 Its form is that of " an oven, with an 
 opening at top, and it is constructed of raw 
 bricks, the floor of the bath being somewhat 
 convex, and lower than the surface of the 
 earth, and, according to the Abbe Cavigero, 
 the greatest diameter is eight feet, and the 
 height six feet, the entrance being sufficient 
 to allow a man to creep into it ; this, with 
 its furnace heated from without, is the com- 
 mon structure of the Temazcalli. 
 
 " The bather, with his attendant, enter, 
 close the door, and while he reclines upon 
 a mat, the attendant throws water upon a 
 hot porous stone, placed on the stove, from 
 which a dense vapour arises, which he directs 
 or drives downwards, and, with a bunch of 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 17 
 
 maize, or herbs made moist, gently beats 
 the invalid, particularly on the diseased part ; 
 a copious soft sweat follows, which is con- 
 tinued for a longer or a shorter time accord- 
 ing to circumstances/' 
 
 Doctor Pocock, in speaking of the Turkish 
 baths, says, cc one of the greatest refresh- 
 ments among the Turks is in going to their 
 bagnios ; in the first large room, generally 
 covered with a cupola, they undress, and 
 putting on their wooden pattens, which they 
 use also in their houses, they go into the 
 hot room, where they are washed and rubbed 
 with brushes and hair-cloths ; they rub the 
 feet with a sort of grater made of earthen- 
 ware, something resembling the body of a 
 bird ; they make all the joints snap, even 
 the very neck and all down the back, 
 which they think makes the joints supple, 
 after this they are shaved, and go into the 
 bath ; from this place they return by a room 
 not so hot, where they stay awhile, and 
 from thence go into the great room, repose 
 
.18 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 in a bed, smoke their pipe, take their coffee, 
 and dress/' 
 
 With some variation the practice among 
 the Persians is pretty much the same ; 
 Franklin describes the baths of Persia as 
 large and commodious — ce the bath is a 
 large room, of an octagon form, with a 
 cupola at top, through which the light and 
 air are admitted ; on the sides of this room 
 are small platforms of wood, raised about a 
 foot from the ground, on which the people 
 who enter to bathe perform their devotions, 
 a ceremony the Persians always previously 
 observe. At the upper end of the room is 
 a large bason or reservoir of water, built 
 of stone, well heated by means of stoves 
 made at the bottom, with iron gratings 
 over them, and adjoining is another reser- 
 voir of cold water, of either of which the 
 bather has his choice . 
 
 " When he comes out of the hot bath, 
 which is generally in the space of ten or 
 twelve minutes, the people in the house 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING ^ ETC. 19 
 
 stand ready to perform the operation of 
 rubbing' ; and to effect this, he is laid at full 
 length on his back, with a pillow to sup- 
 port his head ; a brush, made of camels' 
 hair, is then used, which completely rubs off 
 all the dirt the body has contracted. 
 
 "After rubbing- some time, they rinse 
 the whole body several times, with several 
 basons of warm water, and the person is 
 reconducted to the dressing apartment, 
 where he shifts and dresses at leisure, receiv- 
 ing a calian to smoke. 
 
 cc The Persians are much more scru- 
 pulous than any other eastern nation in 
 permitting foreigners to go into their baths, 
 which, if attempted with their knowledge 
 they prevent, as the bath, by the admission 
 of a ferengy, or foreigner, would be deemed 
 polluted. " 
 
 The Moors and ancient Spaniards used 
 rooms and sweating-chambers, formed after 
 the manner at present practised by the Ame- 
 rican Indians, and which were filled with 
 c2 
 
20 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 vapour of a very high degree of temperature, 
 by dashing water on heated stones. 
 
 In times far remote, the Spaniards intro- 
 duced this practice among the Irish, and, 
 by means of small conical buildings, rudely 
 constructed, its use, under one form or ano- 
 ther, has been pretty general amongst the 
 working class of that people, up to the 
 present time. 
 
 The patient sat or stood within a small 
 conical building, which had been previously 
 heated, and soon after followed a general 
 flow of perspiration. The topical applica- 
 tion of vapour, in cases of slow partu- 
 rition, still prevails, and is advantageously 
 practised upon an improved plan at present 
 in Paris. 
 
 Among some of the northern nations, it is 
 in use to expose the body for some time 
 to a dry heat, previous to the admission of 
 vapour, and then the latter is believed to 
 have a more direct influence ; this practi- 
 cal fact, derived from a source where science 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 21 
 
 has no place, is deserving of attention, and 
 will receive illustration as we proceed in the 
 consideration of vapour. 
 
 The hot springs of Italy and of Germany 
 are found by long experience to be of signal 
 efficacy when used in their fluid or vaporific 
 state. The reputation of the baths of the 
 village of Abano, a few miles from Padua, 
 and in the vicinity of the Euganean hills, 
 has been long since established. 
 
 They arise from a tumulus in a plain, 
 and " burst forth in two or three copious 
 streams of hot water, which are capable of 
 boiling an egg hard at their source. 3 ' A 
 modern traveller expresses himself thus : <c It 
 is not, however, upon its geological wonders 
 that the modern notoriety of Abano prin- 
 cipally rests. It is celebrated for its muds, 
 which are taken out of its hot basins, and 
 applied either generally or partially, as the 
 case of the patient may demand. 
 
 " These are thrown by after having been 
 used, and at the conclusion of the season 
 
22 ON YAPOUR BATH, 
 
 returned to the hot fountains, where they 
 are left till the ensuing spring, that they 
 may impregnate themselves anew with the 
 mineral virtues, which these are supposed to 
 contain. 
 
 cc The most obvious of those to an igno- 
 rant man, are salt and sulphur. The muds 
 are, on being taken out, intensely hot, and 
 must be kneaded and stirred some time, 
 before they can be borne. When applied, 
 an operation which very much resembles 
 the taking a stucco cast, they retain their 
 heat, without much sensible diminution for 
 three-quarters of an hour, having the effect 
 of a slight rubefacient on the affected part, 
 and producing a profuse perspiration from 
 the whole body.'' 
 
 Thus, by the agency of this mud, either 
 generally or topically applied, a hot vapour 
 is produced, causing an active circulation 
 and efflorescence on the surface, so as to 
 produce considerable advantage in gouty, 
 rheumatic, and paralytic affections; for, by 
 
TRTCTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 23 
 
 confining the heated vapour, and retaining 
 it immediately over the affected part, its 
 efficacious consequences are often considera- 
 ble ; this, in a less degree, is the common 
 result of our practice in the use of fomenta- 
 tions and cataplasms under certain circum- 
 stances, which prove useful in proportion 
 to the heat, reducing the contained moisture 
 
 3 c5 
 
 into vapour on the affected part. 
 
 The vapour arising from these waters 
 being conveyed into a sudatoreum, is ap- 
 plicable to the removal of a variety of 
 diseases, which have been found to resist the 
 waters as a bath, in the usual manner • and 
 this effect, as well as that arising from the 
 application of the mineralized muddy sedi- 
 ment, has raised the reputation of the baths 
 of Abano so highly in arthritic, paralytic, 
 and every species of muscular debility, that 
 many of the accounts would seem incredible 
 were they not well authenticated, which^ 
 however, must be considered as strong and 
 convincing proofs of the superior effi- 
 
24 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 cacy of steam in most diseases of this 
 character. 
 
 At Carlsbad, in Bohemia, are the cele- 
 brated hot baths, first extolled into notice 
 by Charles IV. ; their degree of heat is 
 excessive, and their efficacy is principally 
 produced in conjunction with the use of 
 heated rooms, while the patients drink these 
 waters of as high a temperature, and in as 
 large quantities as they are capable ; a 
 profuse exudation from the skin ensues, 
 and the relief from diseased feeling is so con- 
 siderable as to promise an immediate cure, 
 did not experience teach that the reiteration 
 of their use, often to a protracted period, is 
 generally required towards its completion. 
 
 This latter observation is applicable to 
 the vapour, mud, and mineral waters of 
 Abano, which, after long and patient 
 trials, have proved most successful, where, 
 from a few applications at the commence- 
 ment, the expected relief was by no means 
 probable. 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 25 
 
 The natural warm baths of Italy, parti- 
 cularly those of ancient Baia, Tritoli, and 
 St. Germano, are of so high a temperature 
 as to produce vapour in considerable abund- 
 ance. 
 
 In the sudatories of the latter place, where 
 there are several apartments, an exposure 
 to the heated steam issuing from the earth 
 produces a copious flow of perspiration, its 
 heat being: modified and moderated accord- 
 ing to circumstances. 
 
 In those of Baia, situated not far from 
 the ancient ruins of the Emperor Nero's 
 palace, the vapour near its source is so 
 intensely hot, that it is not to be borne 
 without very great inconvenience, but, under 
 proper rule and regulation, the application 
 of this steam to the removal of many chronic 
 diseases, is of most signal service, and from 
 a modern account it is manifest that the test 
 of time has confirmed the character those 
 sudatories have obtained. 
 
 From a small work, published by JV1. 
 
26 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 Marien Vasi, it may not be irrelevant to 
 quote the following description of the 
 Vapour Baths at Tritoli, or, as they are 
 called, Nero's Baths, situated near to the 
 lake Avernus. 
 
 BAINS DE NERON. 
 
 (C Les habitans de Baies montrent aux 
 voyageurs les etuves de Tritoli, sous le nom 
 des Bains de Neron, parceque Ton dit que 
 cet Empereur les avait faits construire pour 
 son usage ; les paysans vont, avec la plus 
 grand facilite, jusqu'au fond d'un grotte 
 longue et etroitc, chercher dans la source 
 Peau qui est presque bouillante. La cha- 
 leur de cette grotte est si grand qu'au 
 bout de dix pas, on est, pour ainsi dire, 
 surToque, et il faut de Phabitude et de la 
 force pour aller plus loin ; ceux qui y en- 
 trent sont presque nus, et ils en reviennent 
 au bout de deux minutes tous converts de 
 sueur, le visage aussi enflamme que s'ils 
 avaient ete dans un four. Lorsque on 
 
FRICTION; SHAMPOOING, ETC. 27 
 
 baisse la tete fort pres de terre, on a beau- 
 coup moins de peine a respirer parceque la 
 vapeur chaude occupe toujours la plus haut 
 de Petuve, et que Pair froid arrive par la 
 partie inferieur. 
 
 ec II y a dans ces etuves six especes d'al- 
 lees, qui ont six pieds de haut, et trois 
 pieds et demi de largeur. L'hopital de 
 PAnnonciation de Naples tient une maison 
 a Pouzol au commencement de Pete, d'ou 
 Pon envoie a ces etuves les malades qui 
 ont besoin de suer ; on y passe un demi 
 heure, plus ou moins, apres quoi Pon se 
 met au lit dans un endroit moins chaud. 
 
 ce he nom de Tritoli que portent ces 
 etuves, peutetre leur ete donne, parcequ'on 
 y frotte les malades pour exciter encore 
 mieux la sueur." 
 
 BATHS OF NERO. 
 
 " The inhabitants of Baia shew the stoves 
 of Tritoli to strangers, under the name of 
 the Baths of Nero ; as it is asserted that 
 
£8 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 emperor caused them to be constructed for 
 his use. 
 
 " The peasants proceed to the bottom of 
 a long and narrow grotto, with the greatest 
 facility, to fetch from its source the water, 
 which is nearly boiling. The heat of this 
 grotto is so considerable, that, at the dis- 
 tance of ten paces, one may be said to be 
 nearly suffocated, and it requires both 
 strength and habit to be enabled to proceed 
 farther. 
 
 ' ( Those who enter are nearly naked, 
 and, in the space of two minutes, they 
 return covered with perspiration, and their 
 countenance flushed, as if they had been in 
 an oven. 
 
 " When the head is bent very near the 
 earth, respiration is much less difficult, as 
 the heated vapour always occupies the 
 highest part of the stove, and the cool 
 air enters through the inferior part. 
 
 " There are in these stoves six dif- 
 ferent passages, which are six feet in 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 29 
 
 height, and three feet and a half in 
 breadth. 
 
 cc The hospital of the Annonciation at 
 Naples, occupy a house at Pouzolli, at the 
 commencement of the summer, from whence 
 they send invalids, who require to be sweat- 
 ed, to these stoves ; they remain therein 
 about half an hour, and then retire to bed 
 in a cooler place. 
 
 C{ The name of Tritoli, which these baths 
 bear, has probably been given to them, as 
 friction is there used, the better to excite 
 perspiration." 
 
30 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Metaline Baths — Heated Air — Steam — Steam, 'comparative 
 Weight of— Latent and Sensible Heat — Elasticity of Vapour 
 — Air-Pump Vapour Bath — Atmospherical Pressure — Den- 
 sity and Elasticity — Air's Pressure, relative to Disease — 
 Density of Atmosphere. 
 
 The Metaline Bath has been considered 
 by some as of great utility in bracing the 
 muscular fibre,, and in recovering weak and 
 decayed limbs, stopping hemorrage, and in 
 female debility. This bath is prepared by 
 throwing the scoriae of metals as they 
 come hot from the furnace into water, or 
 heating them afresh, and using them in like 
 manner. 
 
 From this, either a fluid or Vapour-bath 
 is produced, and is said to be powerful in 
 paralytic affections, debility of the articula- 
 tions and muscles, or as a detergent in 
 cutaneous foulness ; but its indiscriminate 
 use, from the unchemical manner of its 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 31 
 
 preparation, must render expectation from 
 it very problematical, and its application 
 difficult and uncertain. 
 
 To this general enumeration of the pro- 
 duction and application of vapour from 
 natural hot springs, might be added many 
 other instances and circumstances corrobo- 
 rative of the beneficial effects which have 
 followed from its medical use, under various 
 conditions of disease, at periods far distant 
 as well as at the present moment ; but those 
 already stated, are sufficient to indicate how 
 useful every effort may hereafter prove in 
 the general promotion of artificial means, 
 by which all the efficiency of natural steam 
 may be obtained and used with general 
 advantage. 
 
 The powerful agency of air combined 
 with water, and by heat converted into 
 steam, is so generally understood, as appli- 
 cable to a variety of mechanical purposes, 
 where great power is required, and where, 
 by late improvements, that power is found 
 
32 ON VAPOUR BATtt, 
 
 to be so great, that a more striking or 
 familiar proof of its elasticity should not be 
 sought for : — this fact has a suitable, but 
 rather indirect reference to the subject 
 under consideration. 
 
 Water, when reduced to vapour, or when 
 in an aerial elastic state, occupies about 
 1800 times the space it does when in its 
 usual fluid condition, being lighter than 
 atmospheric air, according to Kerwan, as 10 is 
 to 12, or as 10 to 14, according to Saussure. 
 
 In this process of reducing water into 
 vapour, a vast quantity of caloric, or the 
 matter of heat, is absorbed, without any 
 manifest increase of temperature, beyond the 
 boiling point. 
 
 This great influx of heat becomes what 
 the late Professor Black called latent heat, 
 or heat combined with the elastic fluid, in a 
 degree far more considerable than it mani- 
 fests itself, except when it emits it on 
 being condensed, when in contact with a 
 cooler body. 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 33 
 
 It then, from latent, becomes evolved 
 or sensible heat, and from experiment, 
 were it accumulated, would amount to the 
 sum of 900° of Fahrenheit's thermometer. 
 ff If we observe the heating of water, we 
 shall find that the heat flows into it very 
 fast, till it arrives at the boiling or vaporific 
 point. Suppose that in the last five minutes 
 its heat is increased 10°, in the next five 
 we should expect that i: would at least be 
 six or seven more ; but this is not in reality 
 the case, for though very little of the. water 
 is evaporated, yet the remainder is not sen- 
 sibly hotter. 
 
 " In order to prove the time necessary to 
 convert a quantity of water into vapour, a 
 number of flat-bottomed cylindrical vessels 
 of iron were constructed, into which a quan- 
 tity of water was put, at the temperature of 
 54°. The water was heated to the boiling 
 point in four minutes, but it was not evapo- 
 rated in less than twenty. Thus it is evident, 
 that the water had acquired 158° of heat in 
 
 D 
 
34 ON VAPOUR BA.TH, 
 
 the space of four minutes, and consequently, 
 as the heat of the fire continued the same, it 
 required five times 158° of heat to convert 
 it into vapour. 
 
 cc This immense accession of caloric is, 
 however, neither sensible in the water nor 
 in the vapour, for if a thermometer is applied 
 to the steam, it will not be found hotter 
 than the boiling water ; it is, therefore, 
 really absorbed by the fluid, which is con- 
 verted into vapour, and is retained in the 
 latter in a combined state. When the 
 vapour is condensed in the refrigeratory of 
 a still, the latent or combined fire is once 
 more rendered sensible, for the refrigeratory 
 is heated much higher than the sensible 
 heat of the vapour, as the heat, if accumu- 
 lated, would raise the thermometer to more 
 than 800° ." — On this fact, its great power 
 in the Vapour-bath may be considered to 
 depend, and, in this particular relation, 
 should be well understood. 
 
 Mr. Boyle caused air to fill a space 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING^ ETC. 35 
 
 8000 times greater than that of its former 
 volume ; and, in another experiment, he 
 occasioned it to expand 13680 times more 
 than the space it formerly occupied ; in a 
 philosophical point of view, facts like these, 
 respecting the qualities of air, are as useful 
 and wonderful as many, with respect to the 
 qualities of vapour. 
 
 <c Vapour is an elastic fluid, that is, it 
 admits of being compressed within a com- 
 pass proportioned to the force which com- 
 presses it. 
 
 cc Its force, in resisting compression when 
 it is accumulated to a certain degree, is 
 however greater than that of gunpowder, 
 or of any power with which we are ac- 
 quainted. 
 
 cc Steam is, therefore, one of the most 
 potent and one of the most dangerous agents 
 in nature. A small quantity of water thrown 
 upon boiling oil, or introduced among 
 metals while in fusion, produces the most 
 formidable effects. The water sinks towards 
 d2 
 
36 0\ VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 the bottom in the oil, where being con- 
 verted into vapour, by the force of its 
 expansion, it causes a most violent ebulli- 
 tion and explosion, and throws the heated 
 fluid about with incredible velocity." 
 
 Thus far as regards its mechanical use ; 
 but, with respect to its medical application, 
 its tenuity and elasticity are of very great 
 consequence, it being so much less dense 
 than atmospherical air ; hence may be in- 
 ferred the advantages from its powers and 
 influence as a bath, more particularly as its 
 rarified state may be progressively and con- 
 siderably increased. 
 
 Some years since, an ingenious tract, 
 entitled cc Facts and Observations on the 
 Use of the Air-Pump Vapour-bath/' was 
 published by Dr. Blegborough, in which 
 he says, cc the surface of an ordinary man's 
 body may be estimated at about 2160 square 
 inches, which, multiplied by fifteen, gives 
 324001bs. or nearly 14| tons. This enor- 
 mous pressure would crush us in an instant, 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 37 
 
 if it were not exactly counterbalanced by 
 the spring- of the air, or other elastic fluids 
 diffused throughout every part of our bodies, 
 just as the pressure on the outside of a full- 
 blown bladder is sustained by the action of 
 the air within; or, to give a still more 
 apposite instance, as the pressure on the 
 surface of a shrivelled apple is accurately 
 counterpoised by the elasticity of the air 
 contained in its pores. 
 
 " But now, if this full-blown bladder 
 and shrivelled apple be placed under the 
 receiver of an air-pump, we shall find, that 
 as the air is exhausted, the bladder will be 
 more and more expanded, till it burst, and 
 that the wrinkles on the apple will gradually 
 disappear, and its surface become plump 
 and turgid. 
 
 " As an instance perhaps still more in 
 point, we may mention a common experi- 
 ment ; if an eg^, punctured in the small end, 
 be placed in a wine-glass, with the pin-hole 
 downwards, and subject to the action of an 
 
38 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 air-pump, the elasticity of the air naturally 
 enclosed in the egg will force its contents 
 through the perforation ; but, on re-admit- 
 ting the air into the receiver, its pressure 
 will drive the contents back again into the 
 shell. 
 
 cc Thus also it is with a small part of the 
 human body, subjected to the operation of 
 the syringe-cupping glass, which will illus- 
 trate our meaning better than the ordinary 
 one. 
 
 {C In proportion as the air is exhausted 
 by the syringe, the fluids rush towards the 
 small portion of surface, from whence the 
 atmospheric pressure is removed with such 
 force as to occasion a tumor, and thus the 
 blood flows through the wounds previously 
 made by the scarificator ." 
 
 As immediately connected with this part 
 of the subject, a retrospect should be had 
 to the well-known influence of atmosphe- 
 rical pressure upon animal existence, and 
 a very brief statement of facts, pretty gene- 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 39 
 
 rally known, may tend more fully to eluci- 
 date the object under consideration. 
 
 The w eight of the atmosphere, by the use 
 of the air-pump, is most satisfactorily proved 
 to conviction, as it affords, when applied to 
 philosophical purposes, a precise knowledge 
 of the mechanical influence of air upon our 
 bodies in general ; and, from it has been 
 deduced a theoretical series, equally clear 
 and satisfactory. 
 
 Variations in the density and elasticity 
 of the air that surrounds us, have consi- 
 derable influence on animal life ; iC so great 
 a pressure of air upon his body, may well 
 surprise the ignorant man and shake his 
 belief, but he must consider, that this 
 weight of air he has carried from his earliest 
 infancy. 
 
 " Sensations to which we have been 
 always accustomed are scarce felt; we can- 
 not perceive the difference of things when 
 we have no standard by which to measure 
 their variations; we cannot perceive the 
 
40 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 weight of the air, because we have always 
 felt its weight, and cannot remove from its 
 pressure No one part of the body can be 
 disturbed by its pressure, for it lays the 
 load equally upon all ; besides this, there 
 is a resistance within the body, which 
 serves to counterbalance that from with- 
 out ; and there is another consideration also, 
 which naturalists have passed over unno- 
 ticed. The heat of our bodies rarities the 
 air on their surface, so that, in fact, an 
 animal doth not sustain so great a pressure 
 from the air, as cold inanimate substances 
 are found to sustain. In short, to use the 
 words of Borelli, ( since, by the air's pres- 
 sure, none of the parts of our bodies can 
 suffer separation, luxation, or contusion, nor 
 any other change, it is impossible that this 
 pressure can produce any pain.' 
 
 " This pressure can do no injury to the 
 animal frame; we find i$ s Ly experience, of 
 infinite utility. 
 
 " By it, the parts of our bodies are kept 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 41 
 
 compactly together ; by it, the fluids in our ves- 
 sels are prevented from bursting their canals. 
 
 "Travellers, in ascending high moun- 
 tains, feel the want of this pressure, to 
 which they are accustomed in the valley; 
 as they ascend, they perceive a total lassi- 
 tude from the dilation of their vessels, and, 
 at last, the blood begins to burst through 
 the fine coats of the lungs, and they spit 
 blood. It is probable, that similar effects 
 are not unfrequently produced by this 
 variation in the weight of the atmosphere. 
 
 iC Mead relates, that Dr. Pitcairn, in the 
 year 1787, being at his country-seat near 
 Edinburgh, in February, on a fairer day 
 than usual at that season, was seized with a 
 sudden bleeding, after an uncommon faint- 
 ness ; and, on the next day, on his return to 
 town, he found the barometer was lower 
 at that very hour than either he or his 
 friend Dr. Gregory, who kept a journal of 
 the weather, had ever observed it ; and, that 
 another friend of his, Mr. Cockburn, pro- 
 fessor of philosophy, had died suddenly at 
 
42 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 the same hour, by an irruption of blood 
 from his lungs : and also five or six others 
 of his patients were seized with different 
 hemorrhages."* 
 
 In situations elevated far above the usual 
 range of human existence, the atmosphe- 
 rical pressure becomes diminished in pro- 
 portion, independent of external heat : — 
 the consequences are very observable ; — the 
 air of Mont Blanc, which is about three 
 miles above the level of the plains, is found 
 to be little more than one half the density, 
 causing laborious breathing, and even a flow 
 of blood from the chest ; — at this, we are 
 not to wonder, when we consider that the 
 fall of one-tenth of an inch of the mercurial 
 column in the barometer, indicates a differ- 
 ence of pressure upon the surface of an ordi- 
 nary-sized man's body, equal to sixti/-tzoo 
 pounds. 
 
 Atmospheric pressure is clearly illus- 
 trated by its influence upon the barometer 
 
 * Philosophy of Medicine. 
 

 FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 43 
 
 in common use ; and,, by accurate calcula- 
 tion, this pressure is equal to fifteen pounds 
 weight on every square inch of surface ; 
 — a deduction from this fact may serve to 
 explain the cause, in some degree, of the 
 superior effects which heat, in the form of 
 vapour, is found to have beyond that which 
 it possesses in the form of a warm bath, 
 having, at the same time,, a superior electric 
 influence. This superiority is still more 
 obvious, when we consider, that the medium 
 of the warm bath counteracts the expan- 
 sion that heat produces upon our fluids ; 
 while, in the other, the rarified state of 
 the heated vapour has an effect in propor- 
 tion to the diminution of the external pres- 
 sure it causes ; the effects that conse- 
 quently follow, are much greater upon the 
 vital functions, and over diseased action, 
 from the one than from the other ; hence, 
 we are enabled to form an estimate of the 
 changes that may be induced by vapour of 
 various degrees of temperature and tenuity. 
 
44 on VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Properties of Air and Steam— Mr. Leslie's Experiments— Air, 
 its Condensation and Expansion— Application of Vapour- 
 Sympathy of Exhaling Surfaces— Sudden Transition to High 
 Temperature— Primary Effect of Vapour— Condensation of 
 Vapour— Orifices of the Scarf Skin— Quantity of Perspirable 
 Matter — Cuticular Absorption— Ingenhouz's and Cruik- 
 shank's Experiments— Secretion by Urine and Perspiration 
 — Sequin and Lavoisier's Experiments — Organic Sympathy 
 — Lord Bacon— Excessive Temperature— Experiments of 
 Sir J. Banks, Sir C. Blagden, and Dr. Fordyce. 
 
 The applicability of the properties of 
 air to those of steam, will be found correct, 
 as to many particulars ; at the boiling' heat, 
 steam is much less dense than atmosphe- 
 rical air, at the same time possessing equal 
 elasticity ; hence may be inferred the advan- 
 tages as above, more particularly as its 
 rarified state may be progressively and con- 
 siderably increased. 
 
 To this may be added the result of Mr. 
 Leslie's experimental enquiries on heat, who 
 proves that " air is found to expand, in like 
 
¥"RlCTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 45 
 
 circumstances, five times more than alcohol, 
 twenty times more than mercury, 160 more 
 than platina, and 580 times more than 
 glass/' 
 
 He also proves cc that heat is more copious 
 in liquids than in solids, and in the airiform 
 fluids than in liquids ; that ice is more easily 
 heated than water, and water than steam. 
 The same addition of heat which would 
 raise the temperature of ice ten degrees, 
 w r ould only raise that of water nine degrees, 
 and that of steam six degrees. 
 
 c< Application of warmth invigorates the 
 dissolving power of the air, while, by dis- 
 tending the particles of the subjected water, 
 it facilitates the passage into vapour, and 
 the diminution or removal of the incumbent 
 atmosphere produces a similar effect, by 
 giving a freer or less restrained play to the 
 repulsion of the liquid particles, and hence 
 assisting indirectly the attraction of the 
 solvent medium. 
 
 f On this principle depends the consump- 
 
46 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 tion of heat, and the consequent reduction 
 of temperature, occasioned by the evapora- 
 tion of liquids, which are exposed to the 
 access of dry air. 
 
 <c The capacity of saline solutions for 
 heat, ijs greater than the intermediate capa- 
 city of the water and the salt." 
 
 In general, our means of procuring the 
 discharge of heat are greater than those 
 which occasion its absorption. (C Common 
 air, on being condensed thirty times, has 
 its capacity for heat reduced to one half; 
 and, if suddenly compressed to twenty times 
 its ordinary density, will disengage so much 
 heat, as to shew an elevation of tempera- 
 ture equal to nine hundred degrees by 
 Fahrenheit's scale, and sufficient for the 
 inflammation of most bodies. " 
 
 These facts are of considerable moment, 
 as they clearly shew the wide distinction 
 between vapour and heated water, in their 
 separate application under the form of a 
 bath; and as in the one, heat is conveyed 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 47 
 
 from a dense medium containing it in an 
 under proportion, and from the other, a 
 highly rarified medium, possessing it in a 
 super-abundance, and imparting it with 
 great facility, not only to the external sur- 
 face of the body, but to the most minute 
 air-cells of the lungs at the same instant, 
 the effect should be considered very different 
 indeed, and is consequently much greater 
 upon the vital functions, and on diseased 
 action, in the generality of cases ; and fur- 
 ther, this view of the subject may serve to 
 illustrate the general effects of the medium 
 in which we exist, and the changes that 
 may be induced by the application of 
 vapour of various degrees of temperature 
 and tenuity ; hence, when steam or vapour 
 is diffused over the surface, and brought 
 to exercise its full powers under proper 
 regulation, the lungs expand with greater 
 freedom, a succession of favourable changes 
 often ensues, arising from their immediate 
 connection, and dependant upon the invigo- 
 
48 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 rated condition of the skin, and the rarified 
 state of the medium then breathed. 
 
 The diminished pressure of the surround- 
 ing vapour, added to the active agency of 
 heat, which is imparted under this form 
 with great freedom, act like cordials to 
 the stomach, imparting vigour and health ; 
 while the process of circulation and absorp- 
 tion proceed with energy and facility, the 
 animal spirits become at the moment more 
 exhilirated, and a pleasing and luxurious 
 sensation pervades the whole system . 
 
 The unison and sympathetic consent be- 
 tween these two great exhaling surfaces is 
 such, that a free and healthy expansion 
 of the one is certain of producing a like 
 and simultaneous condition of the other ; 
 and a regular exercise of their functions 
 is so essential to a general salutary action, 
 that, where they become irregular or 
 deranged, a state of disease is inevitable ; 
 but, when performed agreeably to the ordi- 
 nation of animal life, those processes, on 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 19 
 
 which depend the varions secretions and 
 other functional exercises of our wonderful 
 existence, proceed with vigour. 
 
 This organic sympathy and the existing 
 chain of connection is admirably and nicely 
 balanced, so that, on the accession of disease 
 in an internal organ of any importance, its 
 presence is soon betrayed by a deranged 
 action on the surface : on the contrary, where 
 the vicissitudes of climate, or other causes, 
 occasion an irregular action on the skin, 
 the internal viscera, in one way or another, 
 manifest disease in a greater or less degree. 
 
 In passing the equinoctial line, from the 
 very sudden transition into an atmosphere 
 of high temperature, the flow of perspi- 
 ration being very profuse, the other secre- 
 tions are consentaneously increased, and that 
 of bile in a most considerable quantity. To 
 this sympathetic action between the surface 
 and the viscera in climates where the former 
 is powerfully acted upon, may be imputed 
 the morbid condition of these organs in 
 
 E 
 
50 
 
 ON T A POUR BATH 
 
 those who, from residence and exciting 
 causes, have been for many years exposed 
 to their baneful influence, sadly proving, 
 by one of the laws of nature, that the more 
 an organ is called into action, the more it 
 is liable to disease. 
 
 With respect to the primary effect of 
 vapour upon the human body, it may be 
 here necessary to observe, that the tem- 
 perature of the latter being some degrees 
 lower than that of the former, causes a 
 rapid and considerable deposition of watery 
 fluid over the surface, which trickles down 
 profusely. This, at first view, is often mis- 
 taken for perspiration, but is, for the most 
 part, vapour deprived of a portion of its heat, 
 by coming in contact with a body of lower 
 temperature ; and from it for some moments 
 the sensation is rather unpleasant, until the 
 pores are sufficiently open, and the perspira- 
 tion flows with freedom, when the feelings 
 become soothed, and the vital actions light 
 and renovated 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 51 
 
 The condensation of vapour upon the 
 hair during this time, is very inconsiderable, 
 indeed it is scarcely observable, as it appears 
 comparatively dry ; this, to many, seems a 
 curious circumstance, but, from what has 
 been just observed, with respect to the com- 
 parative temperature of the vapour to that 
 of the skin, is satisfactorily accounted for ; 
 and here, with propriety, the valuable 
 observation of Dr. Black may be adverted 
 to, " that steam is the most faithful carrier 
 of heat that can be conceived, as it will 
 deposit it only on such bodies as are colder 
 than 212V ? 
 
 In some instances it may be questioned 
 whether this exposure to heated vapour 
 causes more exudation, or cuticular absorp- 
 tion ; but there is reason to believe that a 
 uniformity of effect should not be expected 
 with reference to this part of the subject, 
 in a variety of constitutional circumstances 
 must necessarily occasion a diversity of 
 results; and, when we view with wonder 
 
 e2 
 
52 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 the minute organizations of the skin, this 
 must appear still more obvious. 
 
 Leeuwenhoek reasons, that, in one of the 
 scales of the scarf skin, with which the human 
 body is covered, there may be five hundred 
 excretory channels, and that one grain of 
 sand will cover two hundred and fifty scales, 
 or, twenty -jive thousand orifices ; so that this 
 view of the subject, if at all just, must give 
 us an idea of their being both excessively 
 minute and numerous ; and, in their propor- 
 tionate number, may be looked upon their 
 importance, as an organization subservient 
 to a function of great consideration. 
 
 Perspiration is technically called either 
 sensible or insensible, the latter being in a 
 measure constant, the other more observa- 
 ble, and at times much more considerable 
 than at others ; this, also, according to the 
 climate and season of the year, men perspire 
 more than women. 
 
 Between Keill and Sanctorius, who both 
 wrote upon the subject, there is a difference 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 53 
 
 as to the quantity of insensible perspiration, 
 with reference to the solid and liquid food 
 consumed. By his experiments and obser- 
 vations, the former makes it amount to one 
 half, or rather less, while from the patient 
 and elaborate investigation of the latter, the 
 insensible perspiration appears to amount 
 to one half the assumpta ; this difference 
 must arise from the climate, and manner of 
 living, according to the habit and usages of 
 the countries in which the experiments were 
 made. 
 
 <c Sanctorius deserves great commendation 
 for the prodigious pains he took in so nicely 
 and minutely observing, for so long a space 
 of time, the various changes of the quantity 
 of perspiration upon different occasions. 
 
 " But is it not amazing that, in thirty years 
 space, he should never once have thought 
 on inhalation, or absorption from without? 
 If inhalation or resorption is not considered, 
 it is plain that only the apparent, not the 
 real quantity of perspiration can be found 
 by statical experiments, 
 
54 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 " If, for example, the body, after ten 
 hours, is found lighter than it was by ten 
 ounces, without any sensible discharge, it 
 doth not follow, that jast ten ounces and no 
 more are exhaled during that space ; because, 
 two or three ounces might have been gained in 
 the same time, by the way of resorption, in 
 which case the real quantity of perspiration is 
 not ten, but twelve or thirteen ounces ; so 
 that weighing the body shews only the 
 excess of the latter above the former, as Dr. 
 Arbuthnot hath, and I believe the first, 
 distinctly and explicitly taught. 
 
 " A lad at Newmarket having been almost 
 starved, in order that he might be reduced 
 to a proper weight for riding a match, was 
 weighed at nine o'clock in the morning, and 
 again at ten o'clock, and he was found to 
 have gained near thirty ounces in the course 
 of an hour, though he had only drank half a 
 glass of wine in the interval.* 
 
 cc A gentleman in the city was lately 
 
 Dr. Watson's Chemical Essajiis. 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 55 
 
 weighed before dinner, and was highly of- 
 fended to find, from his weight, not long 
 after dinner, that he must have eaten, unless 
 some deceit was played upon him, above 
 two pounds of beef-stakes, so much had he 
 increased in weight. 
 
 ({ In the year 1779, Dr. Ingenhousz dis- 
 covered that the animal body threw out 
 azotic and fixed airs. 
 
 " In the very same year, Mr. Cruikshank, the 
 celebrated author of a work on the absorbent 
 system, and lecturer on anatomy in London, 
 published a similar discovery, and, in justice 
 to both characters, I must observe, as I heard 
 from Dr. Ingenhousz, that their respective 
 works were in the press at the same time. 
 This, however, is not the only instance of 
 two persons, ignorant of each others 
 pursuits, happening to hit upon the same 
 thing.; 
 
 Nothing was more simple than the expe- 
 riment of these philosophers ; the hand was 
 immersed under quicksilver, and the bub- 
 bles of air collected, and it was discovered 
 
56 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 that the discharge from the surface of the 
 body was, 
 
 1st. Two parts fixed air. 
 2d. One part azotic air." 
 
 In a humid atmosphere, the skin from 
 absorption, or a deficiency of evaporation,, 
 causes a greater increase in the urinary 
 secretion. 
 
 In the year 1759, from the barbarous and 
 cruel sentence executed upon a wretched 
 negro-man, by hanging him alive in chains 
 at Charles Town, in South Carolina, a proof 
 of absorption by the skin was afforded ; he 
 had eaten but scantily before he was hung, 
 and had no sort of nourishment afforded him 
 afterwards ; he, however, voided a quantity 
 of urine daily, while existing in this mise- 
 rable state ; the time he voided it was in the 
 morning, the heavy evening dews having 
 supplied the quantity. 
 
 M. Sequin and the celebrated Lavoisier 
 bestowed great pains upon this subject ; the 
 result may be considered satisfactory, but 
 the detail of experiments entered upon, to 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 57 
 
 come to this conclusion, would be too exten- 
 sive for the bounds of this treatise ; however, 
 taking* into account the fluid exudation 
 from the lungs, and the emission of per- 
 spirable matter from the skin, it has, from 
 the scrutiny of these philosophers, been 
 ascertained to amount to fifty -four ounces 
 during twenty -four hours, allowing for that 
 difference, in this account, which naturally 
 must arise from the temperature and con- 
 dition of the atmosphere, and from a greater 
 or less degree of exercise ; hence we may 
 conclude, that any considerable interruption 
 to a function of such importance, must cause 
 a very general derangement in others equally 
 so ; and, consequently, as we every day 
 witness in our variable climate, the accession 
 of a great variety of diseases, at once 
 painful and obstinate. Here it may not be 
 irrelevant to observe, that even the human 
 passions have been, by Celsus, placed under 
 two orders of action — the first from the cir- 
 cumference to the centre, and the second from 
 
58 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 the latter to the former. Functional action , 
 in an increased or diminished degree, has so 
 strong a connection with these two orders 
 of mental affections, that disease is but too 
 frequently a consequence ; while a resto- 
 ration to health, in many instances, also 
 follows in a very striking manner from this 
 catinated sympathy. 
 
 The organic sympathy to which allusion 
 is now made, and the existing chain of 
 connection, is admirably and nicely ba- 
 lanced, so that, on occasions where disease 
 commences in an internal organ, its presence 
 is soon manifested by a deranged action on 
 the surface, or from the surface to an in- 
 ternal organ ; thus, the experiment of de- 
 ranging the cutaneous exudation by the 
 application of unctuous substances over 
 the entire surface, causes diseased action 
 in the head; from which fact, Lord Bacon 
 tersely and shrewdly observed/' when vapour 
 from the skin is obstructed, vapours in the 
 head soon after ensue/' 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 59 
 
 However, on a view of this part of the 
 subject, it is a matter of great wonder that 
 transitions from the extremes of heat to 
 cold, and from cold to heat, are not more 
 frequently followed by serious consequences ; 
 but the resources of the human constitution 
 are amply provided against those exigencies, 
 as may be strongly exemplified from what 
 follows. 
 
 It may be observed, with respect to heat, 
 that existing for a limited time in an 
 apartment heated to as high a degree as 
 240° or 260°, caused no dangerous con- 
 sequences, although the perspiration that 
 flowed was excessive previously to a removal 
 into the open air. This experiment, as 
 mentioned in the Transactions of the Royal 
 Society, some considerable time since, was 
 tried by Sir Joseph Banks, Sir Charles 
 Blagden, and Dr. Fordyce; and lately, in 
 France, some young persons exposed them- 
 selves in a drying-room to its influence, where 
 the heat was as high as 292°, with perfect 
 
60 
 
 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 impunity — these are experimental proofs, 
 which further shew, that heat, in an exces- 
 sive degree, may be conveyed without 
 danger to the surface, through a rarified 
 medium ; whereas a minor degree, conveyed 
 through a denser medium, would produce 
 fatal results. 
 
 But however wonderful these instances 
 may appear, of the capability inherent in 
 the constitution of sustaining heat increased 
 to so high a degree, without subsequent 
 mischief, the power with which the human 
 body resists an intense degree of cold, is a 
 subject of equal astonishment. Yet the 
 consequences, from a partial application 
 of heat or cold, are of a most dangerous 
 character, when in an unaccustomed or 
 undue degree. — In the coup de soleil we 
 feel the direct effect of the one ; and, by the 
 other, a numerous train of disease, either 
 directly or indirectly, are adduced. 
 
 In conditions of the atmosphere, as to its 
 degree of heat or cold, which may be dia- 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 61 
 
 metrically opposite, a uniformity of tempe- 
 rature is admirably maintained, and the 
 same degree of animal heat produced in the 
 human constitution, notwithstanding ex- 
 ternal circumstances, otherwise existence 
 could not be supported for any length of 
 time. 
 
62 
 
 ON VAPOUR BATH 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Division of Vapour Baths— Medicated Vapour— Aromatic and 
 Sulphur Vapour— Gout, Rheumatism, Paralysis, and Scro- 
 fula— Mon. Rapou, Douche De Vapour— Mercurial Fumi- 
 gation — Balnea Laconica — Medicated Vapour — Dr. De 
 Carro — Medicated Vapour Baths — Vapour from Tar — 
 Nitro-Muriatic Bath— Description of Vapour Bath— Slipper 
 Vapour Bath. 
 
 The division of Vapour-baths into dry 
 and humid is by no means irrational or 
 unattended with advantage, as, under dif- 
 ferent circumstances, the application of 
 either may serve purposes in preference to 
 the other. 
 
 Some mineral and odoriferous substances, 
 as mercury, cinebar, sulphur, camphor, &c. 
 &c. are made diffusible in this way, when 
 their application would be impracticable 
 and inefficacious under a humid form, 
 heat acting in unison, and promoting their 
 efficacy. 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 63 
 
 The Turks bear the alternation of heat 
 and cold, from the use of the bath, in nearly 
 an equal degree with the inhabitants of the 
 northern climates ; and, whether from habit, 
 or from the effect naturally to be expected 
 under such circumstances, the removal of 
 many diseases to which they are subject is 
 seldom or never expected, independant of 
 the aid of this powerful agent. Aromaties 
 and odoriferous ingredients are used to 
 heighten the luxury of enjoyment, in those 
 apartments of high temperature, which, 
 when not frequented to excess, are both 
 luxurious and salutary ; so that, on those 
 occasions, peculiar odours with which the 
 vapour is impregnated, are observed to 
 diminish diseased action, more than could 
 be presupposed from reasoning upon ab- 
 stract principles, or from any other evidence 
 except that of experience. 
 
 Under the head of dry Vapour-bath, 
 may be ranged fumigation from sulphurous 
 vapour, as practised by Dr. Gales at Paris, 
 
64 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 in the Hopital De St. Louis, and of late 
 introduced into this country, and practised 
 under an improved plan by Dr. Dick, of 
 London, and also at Brighton. 
 
 This kind of fumigation has proved of 
 considerable utility in many cutaneous dis- 
 eases found to have resisted the most active 
 usual means, and from its effects numerous 
 well -authenticated cases are on record, 
 shewing its applicability and superiority in 
 inveterate instances of this class of diseases, 
 which occur much more frequently than is 
 generally supposed, as, under one form or 
 another, few individuals pass through life 
 totally exempt from some disease of the 
 skin. 
 
 Under the varied changes that occur in 
 cases of gout, rheumatism, paralysis, and 
 scrofula, the application of sulphur vapour 
 acts as a most powerful agent, conjoined 
 with the aid of suitable medicines, which 
 in these obstinate complaints require a 
 cautious and judicious administration . 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING; ETC. 65 
 
 Mon. Rapon, of Lyons, applies what he 
 calls his Douche de Vapeur, in the cutane- 
 ous complaint commonly called ring-worm, 
 opthalmia, some diseases of the ear, and 
 many other local affections, with great ad- 
 vantage; by this means, any part may be 
 instantly blistered with the greatest facility, 
 which in some urgent cases is an object of 
 important consideration, 
 
 From mercurial fumigation, a more im- 
 mediate effect may be expected than can be 
 derived from the use of this mineral ex- 
 ternally by friction, or internally under any 
 of its chemical combinations; and, where 
 its influence is required to be immediate, 
 this mode of administration will be found 
 to have a great superiority; however, it 
 should be most cautiously exhibited, as its 
 administration requires both experience and 
 the utmost circumspection with reference to 
 constitutional peculiarities, to sanction its 
 particular use. 
 
 The practice of exposing ulcerated parts 
 
66 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 to the local influence of mercurial vapour, 
 by volatilizing red sulphuretted mercury, 
 or the submuriate of mercury, has often 
 been successfully exercised, and from this 
 we may judge of its great utility, upon 
 more general application. 
 
 Previously to our improved knowledge of 
 the use of mercury, it was not unusual, in 
 what were called the salivation wards of 
 our public hospitals, to place the newly- 
 admitted patients under the blankets of 
 those who had previously used mercurial 
 friction ; respiring this mercurial effluvia, 
 and the use of a comparatively small quan- 
 tity of mercury, soon produced a profuse 
 ptyalism. 
 
 Under the appellation of Balnea Laconica, 
 as used by the Greeks and Romans, the 
 vapour was impregnated with particular 
 medicinal plants ; and such are our general 
 sensations, as influenced by different odours, 
 that the practice often proved successful 
 where the effect from the heat and steam 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. M 
 
 of simple or sea-water was found inefficient ; 
 hence, in oriental countries, various vapours, 
 from aromatic woods and balsams, from 
 plants whose leaves and flowers and essential 
 oils diffuse grateful and refreshing odour, 
 are used medicinally and advantageously, as 
 remedies in disease, or as sources of luxury 
 and voluptuousness ; this practice has the 
 sanction of antiquity. Hippocrates used 
 vapour, (particularly in female complaints,) 
 charged with medicinal substances of dif- 
 ferent kinds, and modern experience every 
 day gives further proof of its great utility. 
 
 In the military hospital at Naples, under 
 the active and persevering hand of Assalini, 
 between six and seven hundred patients 
 have been cured by the application of 
 vapour, medicated with a variety of sub- 
 stances ; and, from the experience of Doctor 
 De Carro, of Vienna, in cases of gout and 
 rheumatism, the successful compared with 
 the unsuccessful cases, by this means of cure, 
 are as seven to one. 
 
 p2 
 
68 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 Mercury, sulphur, camphor, opium, the 
 vegetable, mineral and volatile alkalies, 
 essential oils and aromatics, have each and 
 all their respective advantages. Some of 
 these substances are rendered vaporific in 
 a dry form ; others require previous solu- 
 tion, in watery or other fluids, before this 
 can be effected; amongst these, that most 
 commonly in use is sea-water, which conveys 
 in its vapour a sufficiency of sea-salt to 
 render this bath of more general utility 
 than vapour from heated water, although 
 the latter, in some pulmonic diseases, (such 
 as insipient phthisis and asthma,) may be 
 found most suitable, as from experiment 
 it is proved to contain less decomposable 
 oxygen gas. 
 
 Modern experience has shewn, that the 
 stimulus of carbonic acid gas combined with 
 warm water, and exhibited under the form 
 of a warm bath, is applicable to the circum- 
 stances of disease, from its action on the 
 surface being of a particularly grateful cha- 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 69 
 
 racter. At Aix-la-Chapelle, this form of 
 bath is now in use, and is artificially pre- 
 pared at the new institution formed for the 
 production of mineral waters at Brighton.* 
 
 The ancients had in use a kind of bath, 
 where the body was exposed to the sun's 
 heat for a certain time, and this upon the 
 erroneous principle of digesting the humours ; 
 and, with a like expectation, some rude 
 nations cover the body over with heated 
 horse-dung, perhaps with results similar to 
 those from the pulp of olives heated by slow 
 fermentation, as practised in Spain. 
 
 Fumigation from the vapour of tar lias, 
 in some stages of pulmonic affections, been 
 highly recommended ; but, from its use, little 
 should be expected, as, in cases of confirmed 
 
 * Modem chemistry has now arrived at such a degree of 
 perfection, that, at this newly-established institution, factitious 
 waters are made so exactly to resemble the natural waters, at 
 the source, particularly those of Carlsbad— Ems— Marienbad— 
 Eger— Pyrmont and Spa, that it is impossible to distinguish 
 between what are artificial, or what are real, either from the 
 flavour or medicinal effects. 
 
70 
 
 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 phthisis,, it is worse than useless; and,, in 
 the incipient stage, more irritation is pro- 
 duced than from the simple and old-fash- 
 ioned method by Mudge's inhaler, on 
 which an improvement of utility has been 
 lately made by Dr. Cameron, of Liverpool. 
 
 As it has been strenuously contended for 
 that a considerable effect is often produced 
 by the nitro-muriatic bath, as introduced 
 into practice by Dr. Scott, heated chlorine 
 gas has been used by Mr. Wallis, of Dublin, 
 from which results much more obvious have 
 arisen, in cases where this vapour may have 
 been applicable ; but time and experience 
 must hereafter more fully prove the utility 
 of the one or the other. 
 
 For purifying hospitals, ships and prisons, 
 vapour from the mineral acids has, from the 
 experiments of Dr. Carmichael Smyth, been 
 ascertained of very general utility ; more 
 particularly that of nitrous vapour, which, 
 from many trials, was found to correct and 
 destroy contagion in the wards of hospitals 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 71 
 
 in jails, and on board the ships of the navy. 
 
 The most simple means of procuring this 
 vapour, is by decomposing nitre or common 
 salt by means of sulphuric acid ; the latter is 
 put into a shallow glass saucer, placed in 
 sand, which is kept heated by a lamp ; to this 
 is added, from time to time, powdered nitre, 
 or common salt ; the number of vessels of 
 this description, and their situation, must be 
 arranged according to circumstances, and 
 the extent of the apartment to be freed from 
 contagion. 
 
 In cases of ulceration, of a foetid and 
 ill-conditioned character, fumigation from 
 nitrous vapour, both general and topical, 
 will prove most salutary and useful. 
 
 The Electrico-iEherial baths, used formerly 
 by Mr. Lawnds, and now upon an improved 
 and very efficacious plan by Mr. Adams, 22, 
 Ludgate-street, are deserving of particular 
 attention, as the powers of the electrical 
 apparatus are such as to command the full 
 influence of the electrical fluid under all its 
 forms and modifications, without the usual 
 
72 
 
 difficulty and labour in its production. By 
 this ingenious and judicious contrivance 
 there is no effect to be derived from elec- 
 tricity^ that is not under command, and ren- 
 dered applicable to every medical purpose 
 that may be required, with the greatest 
 facility. 
 
 Thus far, in respect to different vapour 
 and gaseous baths ; but, as to the present 
 mode of applying aqueous vapour, the form 
 is both simple and efficacious, where it is 
 intended for one person at a time. Without 
 adverting to the grand and magnificent 
 scale on which establishments of this nature 
 have been formed, almost every intention 
 may be fulfilled by the simple contrivance 
 now in general use, which is found practi- 
 cally suitable to most medical purposes ; and 
 it may be observed, with great truth, that as 
 we improve in every science or art, the 
 means become more simple ; and, with 
 respect to the use and application of the 
 Vapour-bath, this is constantly verified. 
 
 In an under apartment, a boiler, having 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 73 
 
 a safety valve, contains a sufficiency of 
 water for the necessary supply; — from the 
 centre of its semispherical cover, a tube 
 issues to the apartment above, and opens 
 into a hollow space eighteen inches above 
 the floor, which is either square or circular, 
 the surface being covered with wicker-work 
 sufficiently strong to sustain the weight of 
 the patient and the seat ; four slight posts 
 support a cupola, and over all is a covering 
 of thick white woollen cloth, which is imper- 
 vious to steam, and through which there 
 are openings for the convenience of the 
 patient and those in attendance ; — through 
 one of those, at one side, the head is easily 
 freed from the vapour, should it prove too 
 powerful ; it is also lessened in its intensity, 
 by a valve at the top and by a stop-cock at 
 bottom, its further admission is regulated 
 with facility. 
 
 When all is prepared, the vapour issues 
 instantly into the hollow space, and gra- 
 dually ascends, diffusing a genial warmth, 
 
74 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 which is increased or diminished according 
 to circumstances, and thus applied for a 
 longer or shorter time, as may be deemed 
 necessary. 
 
 Should sea-water or medicated fluid be 
 preferred, the boiler is charged accordingly, 
 and either for partial or general application 
 this apparatus is found of practical utility. 
 
 The hollow space over which the wicker 
 work is extended, is interposed between the 
 opening of the conducting tube and the 
 bather, to prevent the inconvenience that 
 otherwise must arise from the heated vapour 
 immediately issuing from below, and coming- 
 in direct contact with the lower part of the 
 body and limbs, previously to its heat being 
 in a certain degree diminished. 
 
 For temporary purposes, the slipper-bath 
 lined with thick flannel may serve for apply- 
 ing vapour: — a tube of a proper length 
 from a tea-kettle conveying the hot vapour, 
 while the patient, in a flannel dress, is ex- 
 posed to its influence : — this plan should be 
 
FRICTION,, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 75 
 
 preferred to that of conveying vapour to a 
 patient in bed, the blankets being supported 
 by a semi -circular wooden frame : In either 
 case, vapour from a spirit lamp may be sub- 
 stituted with less inconvenience than from 
 boiling water ; and, under some conditions 
 of disease, this spirit lamp vapour answers 
 every purpose, it being possible to raise the 
 temperature to any necessary degree. 
 
 In cases of suspended animation from 
 drowning, or other causes where this remedy 
 is quickly required, this may probably be 
 considered as one of the most simple and 
 expeditious means of conveying heat. 
 
 Mr. Wood, of Brighton, formerly of Lon- 
 don, whose ingenuity has contrived one of 
 the best means of preserving ships on long 
 voyages from leakage and the worm, by the 
 interposition of felt between the planks, has 
 suggested the utility of using a dress com- 
 pletely enveloping the body and limbs, 
 composed of soft thick woollen felt — hollow 
 tins, formed so as to cover the chest and ab- 
 
76 ON VAPOUR BATH; 
 
 domen — the limbs and soals of the feet are 
 filled with boiling water, and placed over 
 the felt : — From these, a genial warmth is 
 instantly conveyed through the felt to the 
 surface, and kept up for any necessary time, 
 by renewing the hot water. 
 
 Under circumstances of local inflamma- 
 tion, either for the purposes of a topical 
 fomentation, to promote absorption or sup- 
 puration, the use of felt and heat conveyed 
 from hot water within the tin, may be found 
 more suitable than the usual means now 
 practised, and the application of cataplasms. 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC 77 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Doctor Gower's Tracts — Spirit Lamp Vapour Bath — Warm 
 Bath heated from Vapour — Baths on extensive Scale — 
 Shampooing. 
 
 Dr. Charles Gower, of London, in his 
 tracts descriptive of the auxiliaries to medi- 
 cine, has given a plan of the spirit lamp 
 Vapour-bath or sudatorium, with an illus- 
 tration by a plate. 
 
 The annexed engraving represents a 
 domestic sudatorium, which is heated by a 
 spirit lamp, and, therefore, may be called a 
 Spirit lamp Vapour-bath. 
 
 On the surface of a mattress, in Fig. I., the 
 patient is represented horizontally at full 
 length, in the most easy position for remain- 
 ing during the use of the bath : — over the 
 patient is placed a frame of basket-work, 
 being of a light material, and suited to sus- 
 tain a thick covering lined with oil-cloth, so 
 as to retain the vapour, and at the same time 
 
78 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 prevent the moisture from penetrating the 
 bed-clothes : — at the end of the frame, at a, a 
 tube enters, through which the vapour is 
 conveyed : — this tube is formed of tin-plate, 
 and, instead of being soldered, is grooved 
 at the joint, as the heat in passing through 
 the tube would be so intense as to separate 
 the soldering : — this tube should be of suffi- 
 cient length to obviate the inconvenience 
 which the heat of the vapour (being more 
 than sufficient,) might occasion. 
 
 The lamp being nearly filled with spirit of 
 wine, the wick set fire to, the top to which 
 the tube is fitted being adjusted, the air 
 which enters the tube is heated with great 
 rapidity. 
 
 Figure II. represents the lamp upon an 
 enlarged scale, with perforations through 
 the top, for the admission of a current of air, 
 immediately over the flame, by which means 
 it becomes heated and rarified in a sufficient 
 degree for the desired purpose. 
 
 In order more perfectly to understand the 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 79 
 
 whole of this contrivance, it is necessary to 
 observe that the cradle forms, when placed 
 over the patient, a hollow chamber, which is 
 rendered air-tight in a sufficient degree, by 
 tucking the covering around, leaving it 
 optional in the patient to place his head 
 within the cavity, or withdraw it at plea- 
 sure. 
 
 The following description of the cradle,, as 
 recommended by Dr. Gower, will serve in 
 the most essential particulars for that in Fig. 
 I. — "The cradle is made of longitudinal 
 bars of ozier, placed at the distance of an 
 inch or more asunder, and preserved in their 
 situation by occasional cross bands of basket 
 work. The shape may be compared to the 
 half of a truncated cone, divided in a direc- 
 tion from the apex to the base, its length 
 being four feet four inches, its main width 
 at the base, which covers the patient's 
 shoulders, two feet, and the smaller end only 
 one foot five inches. 
 
 " Within the edges of the narrow end is 
 
80 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 laced a thin piece of board, by means of 
 young and pliant oziers, passed through 
 perforations for that purpose, and worked 
 into the cradle ; and a circular orifice is made 
 in the centre of the board, or a little below 
 it, for the admission of the point of the curved 
 tube, so that it may be tightly fitted to its 
 diameter. " — The tube in Dr. Gower's suda- 
 torium is curved,, and formed of tin-plate, 
 grooved and made to rest upon the lamp, 
 which is placed upon the floor of the cham- 
 ber ; and, in place of the perforations being 
 in the top of the lamp, they are made 
 through the lowest part of the tube, a little 
 above the part at which it is joined to the 
 lamp : — The tube from the bottom to where 
 it is inserted into the lower part of the cradle 
 is thirty inches, which is of sufficient length 
 to prevent the air being too hot on coming 
 in contact with the patient. In some parti- 
 culars, the lamp with the spirit of wine 
 could be caused to burn without a wick or 
 wicks, which are in a great degree unneces- 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 81 
 
 sary, and indeed the spirit of wine seems to 
 act without them, besides admitting of a 
 quick and certain extinction, by the aid of a 
 cover or extinguisher, as soon as the opera- 
 tion is finished."* 
 
 The patient should be wrapped in flannel 
 or a blanket, and in this way profuse sweat- 
 ing may be obtained at the heat of 85° of 
 Fahrenheit, more effectually in many cases 
 than at a higher temperature ; indeed, a bed 
 heated to a certain degree by the usual 
 means, which heat being kept up for a much 
 longer time than usual, constitutes a simple 
 dry Vapour-bath of no small efficacy. 
 
 From what has been mentioned, respect- 
 ing the necessary quantum of heat to reduce 
 water into vapour, and the rapidity with 
 which vapour imparts its heat to colder 
 bodies, a warm fresh or sea-water bath may 
 
 * The whole of the articles for a sudatorium may be 
 had of Mr. Dedrick Smith, Tin-plate-worker, 14, Ger- 
 rard-street, Soho ; or of Moser, and Co., 52, Frith-street, 
 Soho, London. 
 
82 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 be very quickly prepared, by heated vapour 
 being conducted through a tube, first per- 
 pendicularly ascending along the outside of 
 the bath, and then carried downwards under 
 the lower stratum of the water. 
 
 Upon a more enlarged and general scale, 
 where expence is not a consideration in com- 
 parison to their great utility, baths have 
 been erected, which afford an ample and 
 convenient means of exhibiting this remedy. 
 
 A vast deal is due by the public to the 
 Honourable Basil Cochrane, who, at a great 
 expence, has erected baths upon a grand 
 scale, at his residence, Portman-square, 
 London ; and who, from the advantage he 
 experienced in his own person from the use 
 of the Vapour-bath, has been at very great 
 pains and expence to render this means of 
 relief as general as possible, and through 
 whose meritorious efforts many have derived 
 most signal advantage. Baths on an exten- 
 sive scale, where a limited number of per- 
 sons may be exposed to vapour at the same 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 83 
 
 time, in apartments formed for that purpose, 
 are more luxurious and agreeable, as the 
 space admits of a free and more unconfined 
 respiration. 
 
 Should the application of vapour in disease 
 become a national object, no means, upon an 
 enlarged plan, can suit better than that of 
 the gentleman just mentioned, which, at the 
 same time, comprises the application of steam 
 to a variety of purposes necessary in a do- 
 mestic or public institution. 
 
 Thus far as to what relates to the differ- 
 ent kinds and modifications of Vapour -baths ; 
 and, as in some measure connected with the 
 subject, as generally practised when this 
 remedy is most in use, some account of the 
 process of shampooing should be adverted 
 to ; for if, from accident or from disease, 
 local complaints should require friction, this 
 process is frequently succeeded by advanta- 
 geous consequences not to be obtained from 
 other means, and not unfrequently verifies 
 an observation of Sir William Temple, that 
 g2 
 
84 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 a man who could keep a slave to rub him, 
 need never have the gout. 
 
 SHAMPOOING. 
 
 This operation which, as before stated, is 
 in Egypt called massing, although simple 
 and strictly speaking, a process of friction 
 and extension of the tendons and ligaments, 
 requires practice and dexterity to perform it 
 with comfort and utility to the patient. 
 
 In India, where each domestic's employ- 
 ment is specifically assigned, persons are 
 instructed in the art, and prized in propor- 
 tion to the facility and dexterity with which 
 they perform it ; and which, from early in- 
 fancy, is practised upon children and persons 
 of all ages, rendering their joints supple, 
 and their muscles elastic. 
 
 After exposure to the bath, while the body 
 is yet warm from the effects of the vapour, 
 the shampooman proceeds, according to the 
 circumstances of the case, from gentle fric- 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 85 
 
 tion, gradually increased to pressure, along 
 the fleshy and tendinous parts of the limb ; 
 — he kneads and grasps the muscle repeat- 
 edly, presses with the points of his fingers 
 along its course, and then follows friction in 
 a greater or less degree, alternating one with 
 the other, while the hand is smeared with a 
 medicated oil, in the specific influence of 
 which the operator has considerable confi- 
 dence. This process is continued for a 
 shorter or a longer space of time, and, 
 according to circumstances, is either suc- 
 ceeded or preceded by an extension of the 
 capsular ligament of each joint, from the 
 larger to the smaller, causing each to crack, 
 so as to be distinctly heard, which also suc- 
 ceeds from the process being extended to 
 each connecting ligament of the vertebre of 
 the back and loins. The sensation at the 
 moment is far from agreeable, but is suc- 
 ceeded by effects not dissimilar to what 
 arises from brisk electrical sparks taken from 
 the joints in quick succession. 
 
86 ON VAPOUR BATH,, 
 
 This operation upon the articulations of 
 the limbs, is much less frequently repeated 
 than the other parts of the process of Sham- 
 pooing, and in its effects on disease must be 
 considered as generally unnecessary and 
 often mischievous ; — but this should not be 
 said of friction , from which, by ancient usage 
 as well as modern experience, we are in- 
 structed how much can be derived when 
 practised with judgment and patient perse- 
 verance : — the Indians, who hold it in high 
 estimation as a means of relief from the con- 
 sequences of excessive fatigue and from 
 unusual bodily exertion, have constant 
 recourse to it, and from its soothing effects 
 sleep is often induced where the usual means 
 fail. 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 87 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Friction, by Mr. Pugh — Friction— Percussion — Pulsator, Dr. 
 Gower — Simple Means from Improvement in Vapour Bath 
 — Application of Vapour Bath — Accession of Disease — 
 General Application of Vapour Bath — Productive of Lon- 
 gevity — Applicable to great Variety of Disease. 
 
 Some years since a Mr. Pugh, a Surgeon 
 in London, practised the art of friction on 
 diseased limbs, with considerable success. 
 Being a good anatomist, and particularly 
 well-informed as to the origin and insertion 
 of muscles, his mode of friction was con- 
 ducted accordingly, and much advantage 
 followed from his practice ; since his time, 
 Mr. Grosvenor's plan, as exercised under his 
 immediate direction, and pretty generally 
 by others agreeably to his mode, has been 
 found of the greatest utility, where other 
 means failed, or proved only partially useful. 
 Many years ago, the practice of percus- 
 sion and compression, for the cure of gout 
 
88 
 
 and rheumatic affections, was brought into 
 notice by Admiral Henry, from its efficacy 
 upon himself, and from its having been men- 
 tioned in the Medical Guide, and Medical 
 Spectator. Sir John Sinclair becoming ac- 
 quainted with its use, published a pamphlet 
 upon the subject. Latterly, this practice is 
 actively employed by Dr. Bel four, of Edin- 
 burgh, in many other diseases, and report 
 speaks most favourably of the result. Under 
 this head should be noticed another short 
 tract, respecting an instrument which he 
 calls a pulsator, written by Dr. Gower, in- 
 tended to act on diseased parts by percus- 
 sion, and of which, previous to describing 
 the instrument, he gives the following judi- 
 cious observations : C( It has been an esta- 
 blished practice, traceable from a period as 
 ancient as that of Hippocrates, to give aid 
 to such parts of the human body as are en- 
 feebled or under suffering, by mechanically 
 propelling the too languid circulation of the 
 fluids." 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 89 
 
 " Different nations seem to have employed 
 different means for the performance of this 
 salutary custom. By a portion of the inha- 
 bitants of India, and by some of those who 
 dwell in parts of the globe discovered by 
 Captain Cook, the principles of the usage 
 are maintained by the well-known process 
 of shampooing ; and a method nearly similar, 
 termed massing, is stated by Dr. Larrey to 
 prevail amongst the people of modern 
 Egypt. But to trace the practice further 
 back, and to an age more polished, and 
 more known by the written documents which 
 we possess, there is a whole chapter in the 
 second book of Celsus, (De Medicina) which 
 treats especially upon friction. He men- 
 tions, that it is performed f by the hand/ 
 and that inveterate pains of the head are 
 mitigated by the friction of it, (yet not 
 during their violence;) and any paralytic 
 limb is strengthened by rubbing it. 
 
 " To adduce a pretty strong proof of the 
 high estimation in which this custom was 
 
90 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 held by Celsus, he is more than ordinarily 
 strenuous in his desire of giving the inven- 
 tion to its genuine founder: — his expres- 
 sions, as applied to Asclepiades, who laid 
 claim to the merit of the thing, are — c Now, 
 as it is not fit to defraud the moderns of the 
 merit either of their own discoveries or judi- 
 cious imitations, so it is but just, at the same 
 time, to assign those things which were 
 practised among some of the ancients to 
 their true authors. 
 
 (< c It cannot indeed be doubted, that As- 
 clepiades has been both fuller and clearer in 
 his directions, when and how friction ought 
 to be used ; but he has discovered nothing 
 which was not comprised in a few words by 
 the most ancient author, Hippocrates, who 
 said, that friction, if violent, hardens the 
 body ; if gentle, softens it ; if plentiful, 
 extenuates it; if moderate, increases its 
 bulk. From whence it follows, that it is to 
 be made use of when a lax body requires to 
 be braced ; or to soften one that is indu- 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING., ETC. 91 
 
 rated ; or to dissipate where fullness is hurt- 
 ful ; or to nourish that which is slender and 
 infirm.' 
 
 " Close attention to the principles on 
 which this ancient practice is founded, and 
 the consideration of the good effects which 
 are experienced from its usage in rheumatic 
 affections, have gradually led to the con- 
 struction of an instrument whereby the ope- 
 ration may be effectually conducted without 
 much previous skill. 
 
 " Something more may reasonably be ex- 
 pected to arise from the propulsive force of 
 an instrument, than from the action of a 
 bare hand. The former partakes of the 
 nature of percussion, and can therefore act 
 on parts which are deeply seated ; whilst the 
 latter is confined to friction alone, and is 
 too superficial to remove those pains which 
 afflict the under layer of muscles. 
 
 " And there is a material advantage, more- 
 over, in the power which is granted to the 
 patient, to become his own operator, be- 
 
92 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 cause he can adjust the precise force which 
 he is enabled to bear, and he can also 
 increase the rapidity of the process pro- 
 portionate to his sensation of heat, and to 
 the consequent motion of the fluids of the 
 affected part. 
 
 (C From the conjoint effects of such an in- 
 strument, and of the dry-bath, mentioned in 
 the former tract, there is a strong probability 
 of relief being afforded to numerous cases, 
 which have hitherto failed to yield to baths 
 of warm water, to stimulating liniments, and 
 to the repetition even of blisters. 
 
 cc As a proper medium to be employed in 
 the formation of the pulsator, it has been 
 determined to make use of cork, not alone 
 on account of the extreme lightness, but 
 from the elasticity and less consequent ten- 
 dency to irritate. Some difficulty was at 
 first experienced in giving that due firmness 
 to the handle which the operation required, 
 without depriving the cork of its more valu - 
 able properties. If the latter had been per- 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 
 
 93 
 
 to rated for that purpose, it would have been 
 found of too pulverable a nature to admit of 
 a steady pressure, and the effects would have 
 been deficient. Upon reflecting, therefore, 
 on all the possible methods which could be 
 adopted, that one has been selected which is 
 her$ brought before the view of the reader." 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE SEVERAL PARTS OF THE 
 PULSATOR. 
 
 ii The letter C is the cork, measuring two inches in 
 depth, and manufactured out of the best Spanish mate- 
 rials. Its diameter is adapted to the diameter of the 
 
94 
 
 brass collar A ; which, being formed of two pieces united 
 by a hinge, and terminating in a male screw, is readily 
 affixed to its handle, taking the general appearance of the 
 letter B.* 
 
 " The handle is made of mahogany, stained black, to 
 resemble ebony; it has a ferrule of brass attached to the 
 end, near to the cork, in which is a female screw, whereby 
 the collar is made to embrace the cork firmly, and to re- 
 tain it in its grasp. With the weight of all the parts 
 together, those instruments which have been hitherto 
 made have rarely exceeded two ounces and a half avoir- 
 dupois, and their appearance is extremely neat. 
 
 " Perhaps it may be desirable, by the derear, to be 
 informed of the method which was pursued in the forma- 
 tion of the instrument after various trials. The diameter 
 of a brass collar having been ascertained out of the mass 
 of those which were cast in the same mould, an admea- 
 surement by callipers was taken, admitting of a trifling 
 enlargement beyond the precise calibre of the ring. This 
 over-measurement allowed of that nice reduction which 
 
 * One of the most intelligent cork-cutters in the trade, is 
 Mr. J. Bucknall, senior, of the firm Bucknall and Sons, No. 5, 
 Crutched Friars, London, from whom much information has 
 been collected concerning the best mode of forming and polish- 
 ing the cork, to adapt it exactly to the brass collar of the 
 instrument. 
 
FRICTION j SHAMPOOING, ETC. 95 
 
 the adaptation to the collar demanded, leaving, however, 
 a full pinch upon the cork; and this was gradually per- 
 formed by a piece of pumice, used after the manner of a 
 fine file, which it greatly exceeds in effect, in this case, 
 especially when sharpened occasionally by rubbing one 
 piece of pumice upon another. 
 
 " To this it will be an improvement to add, that, if a 
 small hole be drilled in the brass ferrule, belonging to 
 the handle, either for the admission of a rivet, or a deli- 
 cate screw, it will keep the handle firm to its duty — 
 griping the cork closely, and preventing its getting loose 
 at any time." 
 
 APPLICATION OF VAPOUR BATH. 
 
 This digression was requisite previously 
 to entering upon the consideration of the 
 use of vapour in particular diseases, and it is 
 here also necessary to premise, that a clear 
 distinction should be made between its 
 general effects and that of the warm fluid 
 bath, for, although their influence upon ge- 
 neral principles may be looked upon as 
 pretty similar, yet it should be considered, 
 that the specific gravity of the one and the 
 
96 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 other being very different, the results may 
 naturally be expected to differ also. 
 
 Under this head, agreeably to the plan of 
 this Treatise, the observations must be gene- 
 ral, but, at the same time, sufficient to specify 
 the danger to be avoided, or the advantages 
 to be hoped for, under certain circum- 
 stances. 
 
 All direct applications to the surface of 
 the body, whether as to quality, temperature, 
 or tenuity, have their influence upon the 
 two principal functions of animal life, the 
 general circulation and nervous vitality ; 
 and through this medium, upon the brain, 
 stomach, lungs, and viscera. 
 
 In those important organs disease soon 
 follows, upon any considerable deviation 
 from their well-being, and speedily mani- 
 fests itself under one form or another : from 
 this painful and distressing feelings soon 
 arise, and hence the ancients, with justice, 
 designated the organs of sensation the sen- 
 tinels of health, 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 9f 
 
 From this view of what arises in the system^ 
 under a direct action on the surface, we 
 become, in a measure, acquainted with what 
 commences there, and centers internally. 
 
 This may apply as to health, or a de- 
 viation from it, in which a considerable 
 variety of disease may follow from modifica- 
 tions of the same cause ; yet each form is so 
 allied to another, as to account for so general 
 a remedy as the Vapour Bath having a salu- 
 tary effect upon each in its distinct character. 
 
 Its action kindly solicits the fluids to the 
 surface, and at once frees the circulation, and 
 sooths the sensations, so that relief may be 
 expected, where a disordered condition of 
 either has for any time existed ; for the vital 
 organs being but too frequently in a morbid 
 state, from unhealthy cutaneous action, it 
 may be truly said, that the influence of 
 cold in producing disease is not greater 
 than that of heat, under the form of vapour, 
 in mitigating and removing its baneful con- 
 sequences. 
 
 H 
 
98 OJV VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 By a regular and periodical use of the 
 Vapour Bath, the inroads of time and old 
 age upon the constitution may be dimi- 
 nished, as they invariably extend from the 
 surface to the internal organs of life ; and by 
 vapour, as a new power, existence may 
 become comfortable, and longevity more 
 secure. 
 
 By its proper application, it will be found 
 useful and efficacious in those cutaneous com- 
 plaints so generally known, and which add to 
 the intensity of the other affections with which 
 they chance to be conjoined, and from so ex- 
 tensive an outlet as that of the skin, are soon 
 mitigated ; also, in many of our most formid- 
 able chronic diseases, such as gout, in most of 
 its varieties, rheumatism, paralytic affections, 
 hydropsic complaints, diabetes, female ob- 
 structions, scrofula and glandular diseases, 
 dysenteria, congestions and obstructions of the 
 liver and spleen, occasioning their torpor, and 
 the diseases that follow in a connected chain 
 with the stomach and alimentary canal ; on 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 99 
 
 the condition of which the healthy or un- 
 healthy state of the whole animal ceconomy 
 has so direct and considerable a dependance, 
 and on which the primary effects of all 
 internal remedies must be exercised before 
 their influence can be diffused over the 
 general system. 
 
 To the above enumeration we should not 
 omit febrile diseases, under the modifications 
 of typhus and intermittents, and certain 
 conditions of scarlet fever, where vital re- 
 action is oppressed with disease and consi- 
 derable debility ; here, from the difficulty of 
 moving the patient, vapour from the spirit- 
 lamp will prove most suitable, as has been 
 described in the foregoing part of this 
 treatise. 
 
 h2 
 
100 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Diseases to vv hich Vapour Bath is applicable — Caution necessary 
 in its Use — Commence with Vapour of Low Temperature- 
 General Precautions — Time for entering the Vapour Bath — 
 General Instructions — Necessary Caution — Application in 
 Gout— Salutary Effects in Gout— Gout — Rheumatism — 
 Lumbago— Sciatica — Dry Pumping — Alternation of Baths 
 — Rheumatism. 
 
 In hypocondriases, epilepsy, tetanus, ne- 
 phritic' and other diseased conditions of the 
 bladder, in hysterical affections, and those 
 dependant upon what is termed nervous 
 debility, attended with continued or perio- 
 dical head -ache, this simple process proves 
 useful, by removing congestions, by exciting 
 the superficial blood-vessels, and promoting 
 excretion and secretion, which are so essen- 
 tial to animal existence. Where obstruc- 
 tions of the principal viscera exist, from 
 which other serious diseases, such, for 
 example, as dropsy, indigestion, obstinate 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 101 
 
 constipation, irregularity in those functions 
 appertaining to females ; jaundice, chronic 
 affections of the head and chest, and many 
 anomalous complaints, which are difficult 
 to classify, great care should be taken to 
 ascertain whether local or general bleeding, 
 together with purgatives and deobstruents, 
 should not precede the active use of the 
 Vapour Bath ; for on this subject experience 
 has, in many instances, instructed us, that 
 much mischief, and considerable danger, has 
 arisen from a want of the necessary precau- 
 tion ; and a remedy, in itself of very great 
 value and importance, has but too often 
 suffered in its character, by invalids entering 
 upon its use without due consideration and 
 circumspection — this observation, in a general 
 sense, should be understood with reference 
 to almost every case submitted to its in- 
 fluence; holding in view, that, as it is a 
 powerful means of relief, the discretion ne- 
 cessary to its administration should be con- 
 siderable. 
 
102 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 Having, in this general consideration of 
 its effects, suggested under that view what 
 may be deemed requisite, it remains to par- 
 ticularise some complaints in which the 
 Vapour Bath has been used with great ad- 
 vantage ; but, it may not be unnecessary 
 here to state, that, as a small portion of 
 vapour is capable of imparting heat in 
 considerable quantity, as experimentally ac- 
 counted for. in a previous part of this Trea- 
 tise, we should commence with vapour of a 
 lower degree of temperature than that 
 required, and admit it into the bath, of a 
 heat gradually increasing up to the proper 
 standard ; this may extend from 96° to 150°, 
 beginning very slowly and with caution ; 
 it will thus act as a most agreeable stimulus 
 without irritation. 
 
 In full habits, and even where this may 
 not be the case, depletion by bleeding, 
 cupping, or leeching, can seldom be dis- 
 pensed with, where habitual constipation is 
 an attendant upon the disease ; this should 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 103 
 
 be obviated by an appropriate plan, and 
 attentively persevered in during the whole 
 course of using the bath, and with it an 
 abstemious and regular course of diet. In- 
 deed temperance, as to food and wine, must 
 be enjoined, early hours attended to, and 
 punctuality as to time of meals and exercise 
 strictly observed. 
 
 Those who indulge in the luxuries of the 
 table, and in more than a very moderate 
 quantity of wine, will derive a comparatively 
 inconsiderable share of advantage, to what 
 may be expected from a different observ- 
 ance. 
 
 With respect to the hour of the day or 
 night, at which the Vapour Bath may be 
 most appropriate, much will depend upon 
 the constitution of the person, and upon 
 those circumstances of disease for which it 
 may be required ; these circumstances are 
 so various that general rules must suffice, as 
 the particular symptoms of each disease 
 would otherwise require endless observation, 
 
104 
 
 The general time for entering the bath 
 should be about an hour and half before 
 dinner, under certain circumstances before 
 breakfast^ and from fifteen to thirty minutes 
 will be a sufficient period for remaining in it. 
 
 When considerable debility is present, and 
 when the effect from perspiration is not 
 expected or wished to succeed to its use, the 
 morning or the afternoon, some time before 
 dinner, is the most suitable period, and, in 
 this case, it is necessary to commence at a 
 low degree of heat, which should be gra- 
 dually increased ; this rule also holds good 
 where vapour is used as a bath immediately 
 before retiring to rest, when perspiration may 
 be expected to follow, and then it may be 
 necessary to continue in it for a longer space 
 of time than usual. 
 
 Should one of the consequences of using 
 the bath at this time be fever, with head-ache, 
 restlessness, heat, and thirst, the time for its 
 use must be altered, or some previous step 
 taken to cause it to act with more salutary 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 105 
 
 influence ; when a flow of perspiration, inmost 
 cases, follows, with great facility, in which 
 effect it seldom fails ; but, on those occasions, 
 an unnecessary quantity of bed-cloaths often 
 proves not only uncomfortable, but injurious, 
 producing heat, fever, and head-ache; this 
 practice should consequently be avoided. 
 
 During the period of using a course of 
 Vapour -bathing, the bowels should be so- 
 luble, the diet light and nourishing, and 
 early hours carefully attended to. 
 
 On first entering upon the use of the 
 Vapour-bath, it may be found to disagree; 
 but, by perseverance, this consequence often 
 disappears, and, by one modification or 
 another, it in general will be found a most 
 active means of relief. 
 
 During the winter months, patients should 
 be cautious in being cold or chilly imme- 
 diately before entering into the bath ; to 
 obviate which, brisk exercise, for some time 
 previously, will serve the best purpose ; on 
 the contrary, in the warm season, their 
 
106 
 
 ON VAPOUR BATH 
 
 blood, from one cause or another, should not 
 be overheated; extremes, under such cir- 
 cumstances, but too frequently counteract 
 the advantageous consequences that might 
 otherwise ensue ; it is proper to observe, 
 that it is much more prudent and wise to 
 use the necessary precautions against cold 
 after an exposure to vapour, than to imme- 
 diately hazard any risque. This caution 
 applies more to women and children than 
 to men, whose constitutions differ so very 
 materially from those more delicately formed. 
 The Vapour-bath, when favourably applied, 
 occasions the cutaneous glands to throw 
 forth, on the surface, whatever foul matter 
 may obstruct the free exit of perspiration ; 
 while, by subsequent ablution with soap 
 and warm water instantly applied, the sordes 
 are most effectually removed, leaving the 
 skin smooth, and its transpiration unim- 
 peded ; a sense of comfort and vigour is thus 
 imparted, and the vital and animal functions 
 performed with strength and energy. 
 
FRICTION j SHAMPOOING, ETC. 10? 
 
 GOUT. 
 
 In gouty cases, of a chronic, or even recent 
 character, the Vapour-bath, with few ex- 
 ceptions, will prove salutary. 
 
 This disease, with which indigestion and 
 obstruction are never unconnected, requires 
 great variation in the treatment, according 
 to its different stages, and other circum- 
 stances, dependant on constitutional pecu- 
 liarities; but a most useful adjuvant will be 
 found in the Vapour-bath, where those 
 means are used which are known to act in 
 unison with it. 
 
 With this end in view it is necessary, in 
 every case, to attend most particularly to. 
 the secretion of the liver and kidnies, and 
 also to the functions of the intestinal canal, 
 as well as to the degree of symptomatic fever 
 existing, choosing with judgment the most 
 favourable time for its administration, which, 
 in every instance in which chronic inflam- 
 
108 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 mation exists, in any viscera, must be consi- 
 dered as highly injudicious. 
 
 Gout is a disease in which, from the 
 variable character it assumes, and from the 
 fatal consequences arising from erroneous 
 treatment in the school of quackery, many 
 have been deterred from the use of any 
 means of relief, leaving the event to the 
 efforts of nature; while others, when suf- 
 fering under excessive pain, fly to every 
 nostrum with indiscriminatiug temerity ; 
 amongst others, heating carminatives and 
 tonics, conjoined with opiates, disguised 
 under one form or another, using, at the 
 same moment, external applications to those 
 painful and inflamed parts, which indicate 
 internal and general disease, on which to- 
 pical remedies can have no effect, except in 
 perverting a salutary solution of the disease, 
 or perhaps inducing a sudden and dangerous 
 termination, a record of which may never 
 reach the public eye, like many similar 
 results from the practice of empirics. 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 109 
 
 Lord L w suffered for many years under 
 
 frequent attacks of gout, and, finding consi- 
 derable relief repeatedly from placing his 
 feet and legs in cold water, continued to do 
 so whenever much pain accompanied the pa- 
 roxysm. As he advanced in life, he did not 
 discontinue the practice, but used it less often. 
 
 Being upwards of seventy years old, on the 
 accession of an attack attended with violent 
 pain and inflammation in both feet, he used 
 his old remedy, but it induced a diarrhoea 
 which terminated his existence. 
 
 In respect to the alleviation or cure of 
 gout, both from its history and nature, the 
 Vapour-bath may be viewed as an agent 
 of great consequence, more particularly when 
 internal congestion is previously diminished 
 in those of a full habit, or where, in a 
 nervous temperament, the morbid appear- 
 ance of the tongue and feverish pulse are 
 wholly, or in part, removed. 
 
 By warmth, under the form of vapour, 
 the action on the skin is so improved, that 
 
110 
 
 ON VAPOUR BATH. 
 
 the function of absorption is performed with 
 greater facility, and a solution of the pa- 
 roxysm so effected, as to render its recur- 
 rence less frequent, and less in degree ; but, 
 with all this, a system of temperance must 
 be resolutely entered upon, and as strictly 
 adhered to, otherwise the good to be ex- 
 pected from the means we speak of, will 
 be found to fall far short of our hopes and 
 expectations ; and, under this view, it has 
 not been unaptly observed that, if gouty 
 patients would at times pursue a course of 
 abstinence, equal in continuance to that 
 which a gouty fit forces on many, great 
 advantage might be the result, particularly 
 in conjunction with suitable remedies. The 
 best time of year for putting in practice a 
 prophylactic plan of this kind, would be 
 at the commencement of the spring and 
 autumn ; but at all times, and at all seasons, 
 those of a gouty habit should have tempe- 
 rance in eating and in drinking, as their 
 leading star. 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. Ill 
 
 Using the Vapour-bath in gouty cases 3 
 when the stomach is most empty , often 
 succeeds, when a different practice proves 
 unavailing ; when taken before breakfast, 
 this frequently happens, and, from the 
 history of the disease, according to the best- 
 received opinions of its character and symp- 
 toms, this might naturally have been ex- 
 pected, was it not that the remains of a 
 dangerous and false theory, founded upon 
 the humoral pathology, still exists in the 
 minds of both patients and practitioners. 
 
 Amongst the few cases that I mean to 
 state, to avoid a practice but too common to 
 delude and deceive, may be mentioned that 
 
 of Win. P o, Esq. who, for this disease, 
 
 used ineffectually both warm and Vapour- 
 baths, in the evening and at night, for three 
 successive seasons, and, by a course of the 
 latter, under proper regulation, in the 
 morning before breakfast, was effectually 
 and I hope permanently relieved. 
 
 In most gouty cases, Vapour from sea- 
 
112 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 water is better suited than from fresh water ; 
 but, in many cases of rheumatism, the latter 
 answers every good purpose. 
 
 RHEUMATISM. 
 
 This disease is strictly allied to gout, 
 and, although differing in some essential 
 symptoms, is also very much mitigated, and, 
 indeed, the habit of the disease removed, 
 when, with other means and proper regimen, 
 the Vapour-bath is judiciously applied. 
 
 Where it is combined with gout, it gene- 
 rally is more intractable than under other 
 circumstances ; and, as the use of the lancet 
 is often required, the blood will be, (should 
 increased vascular action be present,) more 
 frequently in what is considered an inflamed 
 state, than in gout ; yet this observation 
 must be received more in a general 
 than in a particular sense ; however, with 
 respect to the Vapour-bath, the evacuation 
 of blood may be of such essential conse- 
 quence, that the advantage from it may 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 113 
 
 entirely depend upon this previous step ; 
 in the acute rheumatism, no advantage can 
 be expected until the inflammatory symp- 
 toms are, in a great measure, subdued ; and, 
 in no disease, can this desirable end be 
 attained with more difficulty. 
 
 Rheumatism, in one respect, and a prin- 
 cipal one, differs materially from gout ; in 
 the latter, as before observed, internal causes 
 are found to have a great share in its pro- 
 duction, but, to external causes acting on 
 the surface, and in a secondary manner, on 
 the membraneous part of the larger articu- 
 lations, and on the fasciae of muscles, are 
 we to look for the production of rheumatism ; 
 this distinction as to causes is of importance, 
 with reference to the treatment of each 
 disease, in their different stages. 
 
 In various degrees of Chronic Rheumatism 
 the most desirable results have ensued from 
 a judicious application of the Vapour-bath, 
 particularly in the common lumbago and 
 sciatica, and, indeed, it may be looked upon 
 
1 14 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 as a means of the very best description, 
 when persisted in with steadiness and judg- 
 ment ; but it is a matter of moment, should 
 the wind prevail from the north or north- 
 east, during the time of using it (for the 
 relief of this disease or of gout,) to be 
 cautious in avoiding the danger of a chill, 
 which might not only prevent its good 
 effects, but induce an affection of the chest, 
 of a tedious and troublesome character. 
 
 A gentleman, affected with a confirmed 
 rheumatic complaint of some standing, 
 suffered also from symptoms indicating a 
 diseased condition of his heart, which occa- 
 sioned some hesitation respecting the pro- 
 priety of using the Vapour-bath as a means 
 of relief, under such circumstances. 
 
 He, however, required that the experi- 
 ment should be tried, and both the rheu- 
 matic complaint, and the affection of his 
 heart, were completely removed by a per- 
 severance in its use for some time. 
 
 In aid of this means of relief, the warm 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 115 
 
 Douche, or as a substitute dry pumping, 
 as it is termed, may immediately precede or 
 succeed to its use, but what in general more 
 effectually succeeds is the direction of the 
 steam to those parts most affected, under 
 the form of a Douche de Vapeur. 
 
 The alternation of a cold sea-water bath, 
 succeeding immediately after the warm or 
 Vapour bath, in some obstinate rheumatic 
 cases, has proved very useful ; but, although 
 this practice is very common in Turkey, and 
 in Russia, &c. our present habits of bathing 
 will not, without further experience, suffi- 
 ciently warrant its adoption, except where 
 the usual means fail, and where some specific 
 indication prompts its trial. 
 
 Where this disease affects the back and 
 loins, extending along one or both of the 
 lower extremities, the alternate use of the 
 warm and Vapour-bath, succeeded by friction 
 or shampooing, is often a means of great 
 relief, and attended with the happiest re- 
 sults. Friction, judiciously applied by the use 
 i2 
 
116 ON VAPOUR BATH; 
 
 of the flesh-brushy woollen or camel-hair- 
 glove,, or by the naked hand, for a certain 
 time each day, assists considerably in aid of 
 the good effects from the bath, which should 
 be reiterated day after day, in painful aud 
 obstinate cases ; and, in those of a more 
 common nature, friction is less often re- 
 quisite. 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 11 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Paralytic A flections — Paralysis — Rheumatism — Painter's Cho- 
 lic — Hydropic Diseases — Bleeding in Dropsy — Haemorr- 
 hage, Dr. Parry — Hydropic Complaints— Diseased Kidneys 
 and Bladder — Scrofula — Mesenteric Scrofula — Pulmonic 
 Affections — Hip Joint — Glandular Swellings — White Swel- 
 lings — In Luxations and Injuries — Cutaneous Diseases — 
 Visceral Diseases. 
 
 PARALYTIC AFFECTIONS 
 
 Arise from causes so obscure, that it is a 
 matter of the utmost difficulty, at times, to 
 form any just opinion of their origin, which, 
 however, is not unlike to those producing 
 gout and other diseases affecting the extre- 
 mities ; and it is a melancholy truth that 
 many of these affections, notwithstanding 
 every effort to the contrary, prove both tedi- 
 ous and obstinate. 
 
 Their pathology, as in the two preceding 
 diseases, is such as to authorize the use of 
 
118 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 the Vapour-bath with a promise of as much 
 benefit as from any other remedy, provided 
 the necessary general and local depletion, 
 with suitable regimen, have been previously 
 put in practice. If so, its salutary action 
 upon the skin equalizes the circulation, and 
 often, in a most admirable manner, restores 
 the suspended nervous functions, and the 
 lost and regular power of muscular action. 
 
 Children, under five years old, are subject 
 to a species of paralysis, which, arising from 
 a peculiar state of the alimentary canal, 
 sometimes accompanied with worms, pro- 
 duces an irregular state of the flexor muscles 
 in the hands and arms, and at times renders 
 the lower extremities nearly powerless. In 
 conjunction with the use of cathartics, and 
 an alterative plan, the warm and Vapour- 
 bath, under such-like circumstances, assist 
 materially towards the removal of the dis- 
 ease. 
 
 It should not, however, be disguised, that 
 in every species of paralysis, disappointment 
 
FRICTION,, SHAMPOOING^ ETC. 119 
 
 often ensues, notwithstanding the number of 
 instances that can be put forth as proofs in 
 favour of this remedy, which should be used 
 both partially and generally for a long con- 
 tinuance, suspending its use at intervals, and 
 again and again resuming its application, 
 while any promise of amendment remains. 
 
 In the case of M. Spicer, of this town, 
 aged 34, the lower extremities continued 
 paralized for many months — an enlargement 
 and induration of her liver was perceptible 
 on examination. 
 
 The latter was removed by the influence 
 of mercury and purgatives; and, subse- 
 quently, the paralytic affection of her limbs 
 was totally removed — in this case, the Va- 
 pour-bath was not used. 
 
 External causes, as those arising from the 
 fumes of lead, mercury, &c. &c. to which 
 manufacturers in those metals are exposed, 
 induce paralysis of the alimentary canal, 
 under the form of what is called the painter's 
 cholic, which is often followed by irregula- 
 

 120 Oft VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 rity in the voluntary action, or total depri- 
 vation of muscular power in different parts 
 of the body ; — manifesting, under a morbid 
 condition, that sympathetic and wonderful 
 connection existing between the secretions 
 on the surface, and in the interior, and their 
 reciprocity of action. 
 
 In these cases, the Vapour-bath often suc- 
 ceeds in the happiest manner, and is very 
 much aided by the alternate influence of 
 electricity ; at the same time requiring ap- 
 propriate medicine, regularity of the bowels, 
 and a careful attention to regimen and diet. 
 
 HYDROPIC DISEASES. 
 
 Under this head, a great variety are 
 included, which admit of no general mode of 
 treatment, but requiring the action of reme- 
 dies according to their causes and circum- 
 stances. 
 
 The causes are manifold, and those of the 
 most serious consideration have their origin 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 121 
 
 in inflammation, obstruction, and what is 
 technically termed congestion of some inter- 
 nal organ, on which the well-being of ani- 
 mal life depends. 
 
 From all this, it must be inferred, that to 
 presume upon a favourable result and per- 
 manent relief from the Vapour-bath in these 
 diseases, considerable pains should previ- 
 ously be taken to strike at the root of the 
 evil. 
 
 More than twenty years since, Dr. Rush, 
 of Philadelphia, used blood-letting in many 
 cases of dropsy successfully, and on previ- 
 viously just conclusions ; and, since then, 
 Dr. Blackhall has given further strength to 
 the practice, which has been exercised by 
 many with similar results ; among the num- 
 ber, the author of this statement has had 
 strong practical proofs, in many cases, of its 
 excellent effects. 
 
 The Reverend Mr. H. n, aged 26, 
 
 laboured under general anasaria to a consi- 
 derable extent. In concert with his sur- 
 
122 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 geon, Mr. Verral, of Seaford, it was deter- 
 mined upon, that venesection should be 
 freely used — it was repeated again and 
 again, and we soon after had the satisfaction 
 of witnessing a complete recovery. 
 
 In the commencement of these diseases, 
 an increased momentum of blood can gene- 
 rally be traced, preceding the hydropic symp- 
 toms ; and Dr. Parry has, with great per- 
 spicuity, in his Elements of Pathology, 
 proved the connection, and the conse- 
 quences. 
 
 Speaking of haemorrhage, and its alternat- 
 ing with dropsy, he says, cc Were any thing 
 wanting to prove the vicarious relation of 
 dropsy and haemorrhage, sufficient proof 
 might be found in the fact which I have 
 more than once witnessed, of violent, long- 
 continued, and most extensive anasaria, 
 immediately, completely, and permanently 
 cured, by spontaneous haemorrhage ;" — such 
 are the efforts made by nature, where the 
 functions of life are clogged and impeded, 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 123 
 
 and such are the lessons from which science 
 and art derive instruction. 
 
 Under the head of dropsical diseases, it 
 may here be added, that after necessary 
 topical evacuation of blood during the com- 
 mencement of hydrocephalus, and the other 
 customary means, the Vapour-bath may be 
 used with safety and probable advantage, 
 from its influence on febrile action, and in 
 promoting absorption and secretion; — on 
 this principle, in all hydropic complaints, it 
 will be found a most powerful adjuvant in 
 promoting the salutary powers of diuretics, 
 purgatives, &c. ; and in giving an active 
 effect to mercurial preparations. 
 
 Where exercise is admissible, or rather 
 practicable, in hydropic complaints, it should 
 be taken to as great an extent as the case 
 will admit of, particularly previously to the 
 use of each bath, and for some time after, 
 except the weather will not permit ; — this is 
 enjoined for obvious reasons, but more par- 
 ticularly with a view towards the salutary 
 action of the absorbent system. 
 
124 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 Diseases of the kidneys and bladder may be 
 considered more as symptomatic of gout, 
 rheumatism, paralysis, &c. &c. than as mor- 
 bid conditions of an idiopathic character, 
 and if found referable to any of these heads, 
 should be treated accordingly. 
 
 Where the seat of the disease is in the 
 kidneys, and inflammation existing, or where 
 this takes place in the bladder, general and 
 topical bleeding, to a great extent, must be 
 practised before any expectation of advan- 
 tage can be entertained from either the 
 warm or Vapour-bath. 
 
 In chronic diseases of these important 
 organs, the Vapour-bath affords very great 
 relief; — its action on the skin generally 
 inducing by sympathy a favourable change 
 in the secretion of the mucous membrane, 
 and assisting towards the restoration of the 
 natural and healthy function, deviations from 
 which are the cause of the diseases termed 
 stone and gravel, with their various appear- 
 ances and modifications. 
 
 In that formidable and painful disease to 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING , ETC. 125 
 
 which is given the name catarrhus visicae, in 
 which a diseased prostate gland but too 
 often participates, and in which the urine 
 abounds with a purulent mucous admixture, 
 causing a most constant desire to pass water, 
 the Vapour-bath has afforded most particu- 
 lar and permanent relief, to the comfort of 
 the patient, and often to the astonishment of 
 the practitioner. 
 
 Mr. M n had used mercurial prepara- 
 tions to excess, and his urine became loaded 
 with purulent mucous, accompanied with 
 pain in voiding it ; under the hands of a 
 junior practitioner, he continued using mer- 
 cury from a supposition that his disease had 
 extended to his bladder. 
 
 On ceasing from its use, betaking himself 
 to a change of air, and using warm bathing, 
 he was soon restored . 
 
 SCROFULA. 
 
 Scrofulous diseases of the head, of the 
 lungs, of the mesentery, of the joints, and of 
 
126 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 the spine, with all the shades of this varying 
 and perplexing disorder, are so formidable, 
 and so obstinate, that we seek with avidity 
 for any promise of relief, especially as the 
 subjects of attack are frequently the most 
 interesting, most beautiful, and most marked 
 for acuteness of intellect and sweetness of 
 disposition, that can be found among our 
 youth of either sex. 
 
 There are stages of scrofula in which, at 
 times, the cold bath, at others the warm bath, 
 and certain conditions of the disease, when 
 the influence from warm vapour, judiciously 
 applied, will prove more appropriate ; cir- 
 cumstances under one form will forbid what 
 may be proper under another, and with 
 reference to the bath, whether cold, warm, 
 or vapour, it requires much judgment and 
 experience to fix upon what may be most 
 suitable. 
 
 During the existence of tumefaction of the 
 abdomen, whether arising from mesenteric 
 disease, or from obstructed viscera, means of 
 
FRICTION; SHAMPOOING, ETC. 127 
 
 subduing these symptoms should be tried, 
 prior to the use of the Vapour-bath, or in 
 conjunction with it, alternating with that or 
 the warm bath, when either of these diseases 
 undergoes some diminution. 
 
 As in some degree connected with diseases 
 of this character, a very painful chronic 
 affection of the abdomen should be men- 
 tioned, on which Dr. Baron, of Gloucester, 
 has written with great perspicuity ; he traces 
 its organ to hydatids, and, from insidious 
 and imperceptible degrees, it at length 
 becomes both painful and intractable, the 
 abdomen assuming the appearance of a solid 
 tumor, which is to be distinguished from 
 mesenteric obstruction by a sensation of 
 broiling heat, in addition to violent pain. 
 
 Symptomatic fever, great thirst, unusual 
 emaciation and obstruction, closing the 
 channels of nutrition, terminate a disease 
 generally fatal. 
 
 After death, cc on opening the belly, it was 
 found that the whole of its contents adhered 
 
128 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 to each other, and to the cavity, in such a 
 manner as to form apparently one solid 
 mass." 
 
 The ambiguity that at one time attached 
 to the Vapour-bath in pulmonic affections, 
 is much less than formerly, and cautiously 
 applied, it will be found of great utility ; 
 but where there exists much symptomatic 
 fever, or inflammatory action, it should not 
 be used, or at least great circumspection 
 is required in its administration ; indeed, 
 there are particular circumstances in scrofula, 
 with reference to the tender texture of the 
 lungs, that directly interdict its use. 
 
 It may here, however, be observed, that 
 in pulmonic affections, where vapour from 
 sea-water and sea-air do not prove advan- 
 tageous, vapour from simple water, or 
 medicated vapour, often answers the desired 
 purpose. 
 
 In scrofula affecting the hip-joint ; where 
 the first symptoms of that formidable disease 
 have shewn themselves, and where the inci- 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 129 
 
 pient inflammation is not subdued, the 
 Vapour-bath should be withheld ; but where, 
 after the necessary remedies have proved 
 effectual in preventing the inflammatory 
 action from running into suppuration, and 
 have produced a quiescent state for a time, the 
 Vapour-bath can be relied upon as a means of 
 the greatest utility in completing the cure. 
 
 In glandular swellings, whether in a state 
 of ulceration or not, the good effects succeed- 
 ing to the general and topical application of 
 the Vapour-bath, are often very remark- 
 able, after the failure of a regular course 
 of cold and warm bathing ; this happens 
 but too frequently in those obstinate 
 strumous tumifications of the knee and 
 other larger joints, called white swellings ; 
 in such cases, however, the state of the 
 bowels, and digestion, will generally be 
 found irregular, a matter of great consequence 
 to be attended to while any hopes of relief 
 are entertained from the usual means, in 
 conjunction with the bath. 
 
 In debility, as a consequence of luxation, 
 and in other injuries affecting the tendons 
 
130 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 and ligaments of the joints, from gun-shot 
 wounds, contusions, dislocations, &c. the 
 Vapour-bath is a remedy, on which great 
 dependence can be placed, and which, in a 
 number of instances, has succeeded, where 
 other modes of treatment have failed. The 
 waters of Bareges owe their celebrity, in 
 similar cases, to their proper administration, 
 and there are not facts wanting, in this 
 country, where factitious baths of these 
 waters have proved most salutary ; it is, 
 however, to be remarked, that in all cases 
 of this character, vapour should be used 
 generally, as well as topically, to command 
 the full effects to be hoped for, and, in most 
 instances, should be persevered in, for a long- 
 while, as in all injuries affecting the tendons 
 or ligaments, this remedy is slow in its 
 effects, and general constitutional influence 
 is necessary, conjointly with local means. 
 
 Either the warm Douche, or Douche de 
 Vapour, under certain regulations in those 
 cases, is a remedy of the first importance ; 
 but the injunctions for its appropriate ap- 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 131 
 
 plication, as expressed by Monsieur Le Brun, 
 who wrote upon the efficacy of the waters of 
 Bareges, should be attended to: cf Son usage 
 est aussi salutaire qu' ancien ; on ne laisse 
 pas neaninoins de la prendre souvant mai a- 
 propos, quoiqu'on doive essentiellement se 
 precautionner sur les differens degnes de 
 chaleur et les proportionner a la disposition 
 de la parti e infirme, qu'on prenne done 
 garde de la recevoir sans s' assurer du trop, 
 ou du trop peu de chaleur qu'elle peut avoir. 
 Ce ne pas ici une remarque inutile, puisqu'il 
 arrive souvent que si la douche est trop 
 chaude du commencement qu'on en use, 
 elle rend les maux si rebelles qu'ils ne cedent 
 a aucun remede dans la suite/' 
 
 CUTANEOUS DISEASES. 
 
 Diseases of this description are very nu- 
 merous, and their varieties considerable • 
 many have their origin in constitutional 
 complaints, while some few are strictly 
 confined primarily to the skin, imparting, 
 in a secondary manner, unhealthy action to 
 k2 
 
132 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 the general habit; — the common itch may 
 serve as an example. Of these many, where 
 the cold bath has no good effect, and where 
 the hot bath is not of sufficient power, the 
 Vapour-bath will be found to succeed. 
 
 The sulphurated Vapour-bath frequently 
 proves efficacious in obstinate diseases of the 
 skin, while others, which have resisted dif- 
 ferent modes of treatment, have given way 
 to the influence of mercurial fumigation 
 judiciously administered ; indeed, vapour, 
 from either of the two last-mentioned sub- 
 stances, requires experience and judgment 
 in its selection and application, but, as par- 
 ticular instruction cannot be given in so 
 limited a space, it may be generally under- 
 stood and confided in, that medicated vapour, 
 impregnated with one substance or another, 
 and appropriately used, will prove of most 
 essential utility in the various species of 
 cutaneous complaints. 
 
 During the period that Colonel M'K y 
 
 successfully used the Vapour-bath for a long- 
 continued rheumatic complaint, his friend, 
 
FRICTION j SHAMPOOING, ETC. 133 
 
 General L s, who accompanied him to 
 
 Brighton, as much for experiment as amuse- 
 ment, subjected himself to a few Vapour- 
 baths, and was conscious that his health 
 was much improved ; but, without expecting 
 any such result, found that an ulcerated leg, 
 which he had from the time of the American 
 war, became better and better daily, and 
 was at length perfectly healed, solely from 
 this means. 
 
 Where the stomach, the intestines, the 
 liver, the spleen, the pancreas, &c. are par- 
 tially or generally in a morbid condition, 
 accompanied with cuticular eruptions, due 
 attention should be paid to these circum- 
 stances, (with a view towards their amend- 
 ment,) either previously to, or in conjunction 
 with the use of vapour fumigation under any 
 form whatever, otherwise little hope can be 
 entertained of a complete removal of the 
 disease on the surface, which will be found, 
 in nine cases out of ten, symptomatic of 
 some visceral complaint. In many of these 
 cases, where a warm sea-water fluid bath 
 
134 ON VAPOUR BATH j 
 
 is found to irritate the eruption, no such 
 consequence follows the Vapour-bath of sea 
 or simple water. 
 
 Impure diseases, of long continuance, 
 connected with the consequences of an 
 irregular or improper use of mercurial 
 preparations, are but too often found both 
 obstinate and perplexing', and in some, 
 where the periosteum is affected with in- 
 flammation and pain, it proves most efficient. 
 
 There are few circumstances of disease 
 requiring more serious consideration, and 
 more discrimination in withholding, or in 
 administering the usual remedies ; but, 
 among these, medicated vapour, under one 
 form or another, seldom fails of affording 
 relief, and acts in aid of other means, when 
 exhibited at the same time ; indeed, many 
 practitioners consider vapour, (when of a suit- 
 able kind), as specific in a number of cutane- 
 ous diseases, strictly so denominated, more 
 particularly in what is commonly called the 
 ring-worm; but its application should be 
 reiterated until no vestijre remains. 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING,, ETC. 135 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Suspended Animation— Insanity — Mercurial Disease — Fevor 
 — Intermittent and Scarlet Fever. 
 
 SUSPENDED ANIMATION. 
 
 In cases of suspended animation,, from 
 drowning or other causes, it most generally 
 happens that instantaneous means are not 
 at hand to apply heat in the necessary 
 degree. 
 
 Vapour, from a very small quantity of 
 boiling-water, conveyed from the spout of a 
 tea-kettle, under a thick blanket, previously 
 heated, the body being placed on a table 
 near to the fire on which the kettle rests, 
 may, by a little dexterity, be made to diffuse 
 a very considerable degree of heat in a short 
 time ; fomentations from flannels, wrung 
 from hot water, applied to the abdomen and 
 stomach, around the thorax, and particu- 
 larly over the region of the heart, will at 
 
136 ON VAPOUR BATH. 
 
 the same time prove of great use, or the 
 application of heat in the manner directed 
 in page 75, the effect from which is more 
 permanent ; in this manner the local and 
 general influence of vapour, of a high tem- 
 perature, are consentaneously brought into 
 action. 
 
 In such cases,, vapour from a spirit lamp, 
 as described in page 77, aided by friction and 
 the usual efforts, as directed by the Humane 
 Society, must be had recourse to. 
 
 INSANITY. 
 
 The causes producing insanity are very 
 numerous, and its degrees and species are 
 manifold, which will, in a measure, account 
 for the various means of relief that are said 
 to be effectual ; and hence the cold, tepid, 
 warm, and Vapour-bath have, in their turn, 
 been put to the test. 
 
 Generally speaking, the warm and Vapour- 
 bath have succeeded as the best auxiliaries 
 to remedies used in those cases ; but the 
 vapour having greater power, in some in- 
 
FRICTION., SHAMPOOING, ETC. 137 
 
 stances, will prove effectual where the others 
 fail. 
 
 Insane patients exposed to vapour should 
 have their hands secured in proper gloves, 
 or by the usual strait-waistcoat, and then 
 placed in a chair, but their feet not allowed 
 to be near the floor ; this plan effectually 
 prevents all violent motion. 
 
 Sudden alternations, with respect to the 
 cold and warm bath, are effectually ob- 
 tained, and in a more prompt manner by a 
 quick and immediate use of the shower- 
 bath, before or after exposure to heated 
 vapour, than by immersion ; and, in cases of 
 insanity, and other formidable diseases, to 
 which this practice may be deemed appli- 
 cable, it should be preferred, more parti- 
 cularly as commencing so active a mode of 
 cure ; it must, however, be confessed that, in 
 these cases, every species of bath has been 
 but too often found ineffectual. 
 
 The shower being placed immediately 
 over the patient while exposed to the vapour, 
 
138 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 may be applied instantly, and with sudden 
 effect, which often proves salutary in com- 
 plaints classed under the head of nervous 
 affections. 
 
 In a recent case, where a delicate lady 
 used the Vapour-bath, as a means for the 
 removal of a chronic head-ache, by pulling 
 the crank of the shower-bath immediately 
 above her head, in mistake for the bell-pull, 
 the shock and surprise was so great as to 
 cause a beneficial effect ; and, by it, her 
 complaint was very nearly removed. 
 
 MERCURIAL DISEASE. 
 
 It is one of the most happy results of our 
 present experience, that the occurrence of 
 this dreadful evil becomes less and less every 
 day, and that a better knowledge of the 
 administration of mercurial preparations at 
 this moment pervades every department of 
 medical practice, than had existed for years 
 previously. 
 
 The consequences of errors on this subject 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 139 
 
 arose from a most unaccountable and ge- 
 neral opinion, that the administration of 
 mercury was the department solely of the 
 surgeon, and hence its use was freely 
 exercised by many juniors in the profession, 
 to the exclusion of the more aged and ex- 
 perienced ; this error has had, in its train, 
 misery that we may presume will never 
 again be witnessed. 
 
 In the mercurial disease, so called, and 
 in inordinate ptyalism, accompanied with 
 other distressing consequences, arising from 
 the rash and ungarded administration of 
 mercury, its consequences are rendered less 
 irritating, and the deleterious effects pro- 
 ducing it very much mitigated, by a judi- 
 cious use of the Vapour-bath ; particularly 
 in conjunction with the other means used 
 under such -like circumstances, its action 
 seems principally upon the absorbent system, 
 and by promoting secretion, to diminish the 
 diseased action, so that, whether the patient 
 is tortured with those most painful ulcera- 
 
140 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 tions, which are peculiar to the disease, — 
 nodes, exostosis, and night-pains, along the 
 course of the cylindrical bones, vapour, 
 under the form of bath, and persevered in for 
 a necessary time, is often attended with 
 salutary results ; these, however, do not 
 usually follow its immediate use, and a 
 cautious vigilance as to its effects, in the 
 first instance, with due perseverance after, 
 are required to secure success. 
 
 FEVER 
 
 To equalise the irregular distribution of 
 blood, which in fever occasions such painful 
 and dangerous symptoms, either from its 
 unusual determination to the head, liver, 
 or to any of those organs of life, on the 
 well-being of which so much depends, is an 
 object iu the management of diseases of this 
 description, of considerable moment. The 
 irregular application of the Vapour-bath 
 among savage nations, and under an im- 
 proved form in our modern practice, proves 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 141 
 
 how numerous and how advantageous are 
 the results from its salutary action on the 
 skin, and its soothing' effects upon the 
 nervous system. 
 
 Its combined or alternate application in 
 intermittents, in scarlet and typhus fever, 
 under their various stages, will be found an 
 auxiliary of no small utility in the hands of 
 a judicious practitioner — judicious, I say, for 
 the appropriate application of heated vapour, 
 warm bath, or cold effusion, requires discri- 
 mination and judgment, in respect to their 
 selection, as suited to the symptoms under 
 which they may be indicated. 
 
 Where this happens, in respect to the 
 Vapour-bath, its powers over febrile action, 
 by promoting the free discharge of per- 
 spirable matter from the surface, are of the 
 greatest consequence, even in fevers of the 
 worst character, and particularly in those 
 incident to warm climates, where its effects 
 calm and assuage the most urgent symptoms ; 
 this effect also follows from its use in cases 
 
142 ON VAPOUR BATH., 
 
 of typhus,, and under the worse condition of 
 scarlet fever, where the surface of the body 
 and the mucous membrane of the trachia 
 are, at one and the same moment, under its 
 salutary influence. 
 
 Under the symptoms of hectic fever, there 
 is but little promise of relief from either the 
 warm or Vapour-bath, in as far as practical 
 experience warrants the observation ; and, 
 notwithstanding the once sanguine expecta- 
 tion of Dr. Beddoes upon this subject, but 
 little hope should be placed upon the effects 
 from either, where this symptomatic disease 
 is confirmed in its dreadful character. 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 143 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 After enumerating the variety of natural 
 sources from which vapour is obtained, and 
 the local modes of applying it, together 
 with those effects which have caused this 
 remedy to become gradually more and 
 more general, from times far remote up to 
 the present period ; the artificial means of 
 its application in disease, in this and in 
 different countries, have been particularized 
 and shewn to be productive of nearly equal 
 benefit as in cases submitted to vapour 
 naturally produced, in situations where their 
 repute has been deservedly great and ex- 
 tensive. 
 
 In this enumeration, the usual practical 
 application of vapour in Russia, Sweden. 
 
144 
 
 ON VAPOUK BATH 
 
 Finland, Spain, France, Italy, Turkey, 
 Persia, Egypt, South America, India, &c. 
 &c. has been severally observed upon, and, 
 from this species of historical detail, a de- 
 duction has been fairly drawn, of its very 
 general and practical utility, not only as a 
 means of relief in disease, but as a practice 
 replete with advantage in respect to the 
 health, luxury, and comfort of most nations 
 where it is used, from the most savage people 
 to those of more refined and cultivated cha- 
 racter ; and as, in many essential particulars, 
 it differs from the warm -bath, where the 
 distinction is considerable, it has been 
 pointed out, in order that its application as 
 a curative means in disease may be made 
 upon fixed principles, and not as hitherto 
 used upon the uncertain and often erroneous 
 grounds of hearsay evidence, as to practical 
 facts and successful cases, without suffi- 
 ciently pointing out where its use has been 
 followed by injurious consequences or dis- 
 appointment. 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 145 
 
 But, had the, subject been more divided 
 in detail, and under each specific head, 
 circumstances more minutely considered, 
 the extent of a work intended, in a degree, 
 to be of a condensed and circumscribed 
 character, would have increased out of 
 proportion, and become of less interest and 
 more tedious; hence, also, the insertion of 
 many cases, as illustrative of the good effects 
 of the Vapour-bath, has been carefully 
 withheld, from knowing that more than 
 enough have already been placed before 
 the public ; and, with the intention of pre- 
 venting empiricism, and to avoid confusion 
 and dangerous misconception. 
 
 After the view taken of Baths in general, 
 in the countries already mentioned, it has 
 been deemed appropriate to the subject 
 to consider the relative nature of the warm 
 and Vapour-bath, as artificially prepared, 
 so as to imitate what are naturally produced. 
 The density of the former, in respect to the 
 latter, has been shewn to be considerable, 
 
146 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 and this circumstance alone, pointed out as 
 serving, in many cases, to account for con- 
 sequences arising from the one or from the 
 other, in their effects upon the functions of 
 human life, and on those functions when 
 inefficiently performed, or under a state of 
 disease. 
 
 As immediately connected with this part 
 of the subject, the pressure of the atmo- 
 sphere upon the surface of our bodies, 
 together with its weight and elasticity, have 
 been taken into the account, in order that 
 the variations, occasioned by the changes 
 that occur, from time to time, under dif- 
 ferent degrees of that pressure, may be the 
 more satisfactorily accounted for. 
 
 From the aggregate of these facts, and 
 the comparative tenuity of heated air and 
 vapour in a high degree of expansion, 
 sufficient evidence is given to shew why 
 immersing the human body in either, 
 subjects it to the influence of heat through 
 the agency of a rarified medium, which 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 147 
 
 extends itself not only over the surface, but 
 also at the same instant to the internal 
 surface of the lungs, and imparts it with 
 freedom and celerity. 
 
 This last fact accounts for the powers of a 
 Vapour-bath being greater, in almost every 
 instance, than that of the fluid -bath, and is 
 given as a reason for greater prudence and 
 caution being necessary in its use, as a 
 remedy for disease ; it may also serve as a 
 reason why the fluid-bath should precede 
 the use of the other as preparatory to its 
 more safe and efficacious administration ; 
 the quantum of heat necessary to form 
 vapour being most considerable in compa- 
 rison of what may be required to heat water 
 for the purpose of an ordinary fluid-bath. 
 
 The application of vapour, as a bath, to 
 the condition of disease, is next considered ; 
 and that grand sympathetic connection that 
 exists in animal life, between the healthy 
 state of the skin, and that of the viscera and 
 internal organs of life, passed under review. 
 l2 
 
148 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 This leads to favourable results in respect 
 to this remedy, as administered under one 
 form or another, and indicates the advan- 
 tages to be hoped for, and the inconvenience 
 to be guarded against, by the general and 
 topical evacuation of blood, and the admi- 
 nistration of purgatives, so as to render the 
 state of the stomach and alimentary canal 
 suitable to the mode of applying this re- 
 medy, under whatever indication it may 
 be directed. 
 
 As few diseases affect the human frame 
 without the important functions of the skin 
 becoming more or less concerned, it may 
 be argued that this single fact should, in a 
 degree, serve to account for its general 
 applicability, as remedial in most diseases, 
 but more particularly in those taken notice 
 of in the foregoing part of this Treatise, such 
 as gout, rheumatism j paralysis, hydropic dis- 
 eases, scrofula, painters' cholic, diseases of 
 the kidney and bladder, glandular swellings, 
 injuries from luxations, cutaneous diseases, 
 
FRICTION,, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 149 
 
 suspended animation from drowning, or 
 other causes, insanity, mercurial disease, 
 typhus, scarlet and intermittent fever, &c. 
 
 A proper knowledge of its use, under any 
 variety of these complaints, will lead to 
 its more diversified application, in cases not 
 particularly specified ; but, as no active 
 remedy can be said to be at all times exempt 
 from disagreeable consequences, so it is 
 with the Vapour-bath ; but, in order to secure 
 from it a successful issue, a general rule 
 should hold good, that the state of the 
 head, the chest, and the bowels, should be 
 well ascertained ; and, as far as possible, all 
 objectionable circumstances removed. 
 
 The following views of the nature of 
 steam, agreeably to the philosophical and 
 ingenious system of Sir Richard Phillips, 
 to whom I am indebted for this short ab- 
 stract, may illustrate the modus operandi of 
 the action of vapour, a subject hitherto 
 involved in great obscurity. 
 
 e( Aqueous steam is atoms of water, or of 
 
150 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 the bases of water in a state of mechanical 
 separation, caused by motions that have 
 been imparted to them, which motions 
 bear the general name of heat ; for heat 
 arises from atoms in intense motion parting 
 with their motion. 
 
 " This atomic excitement called heat, is 
 applied to the water, and the atoms being 
 already separated by those gaseous inter- 
 stices which constitute fluidity, they become 
 ready patients of the excitements, and 
 evolve or radiate into the adjoining space. 
 
 " But, as that space is already full of 
 atoms, in the form of aerial gas, these atoms 
 of air deflect the newly-evolved atoms of the 
 water, till continued deflections turn and 
 maintain them in circular orbits \ while these 
 again deflect others as they arise, till the space 
 is filled with them in their revolving orbits. 
 
 i( Of course, as each endeavours to go off 
 in a tangent, the orbits, or the space or spaces 
 which the atoms thus fill, is, as the original 
 excitement; for the orbits are created by a 
 
FRICTION; SHAMPOOING, ETC. 151 
 
 definite reaction of atoms of air, and they 
 therefore vary as the original action or heat, 
 of which the atoms are the patients. 
 
 cc The energy of the steam depends, how- 
 ever, on its confinement ; for the energy is 
 merely reaction, and, if there is no solid 
 boundary, or the aerial gas yields, then the 
 reaction or compression is diminished, and 
 not greater than that of the aerial gas itself. 
 
 (C At the same time, as the atoms of the 
 air press with an energy of fifteen pounds to 
 the square inch, and this action precedes the 
 reaction, there may be a slight increase of 
 pressure, but not sufficient to cause a perme- 
 ation of solid bodies placed within the steam. 
 
 Ci If compression or confinement is com- 
 plete, then the pressure, being as the excite- 
 ment, may be raised by continuity of action 
 and constant acceleration of momenta to very 
 high degrees of force, as we witness in 
 gaseous explosions, which arise from the 
 atoms being one and all excited into orbits 
 larger than the space will contain. 
 
152 ON VAPOUR BATH, 
 
 " But, before an explosion takes place, 
 every permeable body, within the confined 
 aqueous gas, will become saturated with 
 its atoms and its action, and thus timbers 
 are rendered pliable, meat boiled, &c. 
 
 iC The effect on the human body seems to 
 consist in the increased action of the atoms 
 on the surface of the skin, and in a slight 
 degree of permeation ; while, as the aqueous 
 atoms occupy the space, without filling it, 
 with their substances, there are interstices, or 
 vacuums, between them, which permit an 
 increased radiation or perspiration from 
 the pores of the skin. Hence, as the excite- 
 ment proceeds, the temperature diminishes, 
 till at length the vacuities of highly-excited 
 gas create even a sense of extreme coldness, 
 by the rapid perspiration which they admit. 
 We, therefore, are enabled, by means of 
 aqueous gas, to apply to the skin a high de- 
 gree of excitement, without the inconvenience 
 of a corresponding degree of diffused heat. 
 
 " Of course, any body or substance, which 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC. 153 
 
 takes off or receives the momenta of the 
 orbit-describing atoms, refixes them and they 
 return to water. 
 
 cc Gas, of every kind, is formed and exists 
 in like manner, and hence there is momentum 
 or power wherever there is gas ; and the 
 refixing of certain portions of aerial gas 
 by inspiration imparts the momenta of the 
 atoms to the animal, and hence animal heat, 
 strength, energy, and life; hence, also, 
 combustion, and an infinite number and 
 variety of other important phenomena. 
 I" Water is so readily converted into steam, 
 by the want of cohesion or division of its 
 atoms, that the resulting gas is simple ; and 
 the atoms are unmixed and uncombined, like 
 those of gases created from bodies which 
 require greater and longer excitement. 
 Hence it may, in common parlance, be said 
 to be coarser gas, and thus its interstices, 
 and peculiar effects on the skin. But, if 
 other bodies or fluids are mingled with it, 
 and they are raised into gas together, the 
 
154 ON VAPOUR EATH, 
 
 results may be varied, and either improved or 
 deteriorated, as may appear by experiment. 
 Thus the interstices may be filled up, and 
 the perspiration be less, or a chemical cha- 
 racter may be conferred, in harmony or 
 discordance with the natural chemical 
 action of the body placed within the hetero- 
 geneous gaseous compound. 
 
 cc Improved views of electrical and galva- 
 nic excitement accord with the known effects 
 of chemical agents applied to the skin. 
 Those views suggest, that, as oxygen is fixed 
 at the lungs of animals, a correlative action 
 of nitrogen is demanded at the surface of the 
 skin ; and hence an animal is a galvanic com- 
 bination subject to a constant galvanic action. 
 We thus comprehend the reason why inflam- 
 mable substances applied to the skin in- 
 crease the action, and cure its injuries and 
 diseases. We thus understand, also, the 
 mode by which nitrogen incorporates with 
 animal substance, and discover, in the same 
 two-fold action, the cause of the changes in 
 
FRICTION, SHAMPOOING, ETC, 155 
 
 the colour of the blood. Steam appears, 
 therefore, to be a convenient vehicle for 
 bringing' chemical agents into contact with 
 the skin, and for varying the natural galva- 
 nic action of the system/' 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE VAPOUR BATH, AS USED 
 AT BRIGHTON. 
 
 (See Frontispiece.) 
 
 A hollow space on the floor of the bathing apartment, 
 the sides and bottom being of solid plank, is interposed, 
 for the immediate reception of the vapour. 
 
 This is of an oval form, having its upper surface of strong 
 wicker-work ; — on this the patient is seated upon a chair 
 or stool, with wicker-work bottom. 
 
 The frame consists of six wooden pillars, resting on the 
 circumference of the plane of the wicker-work, and, upon 
 the upper edge of the sides of the enclosed space : — 
 
 The pillars support a canopy of six curved ribs, meet- 
 ing at a small circle at top, which serves as a space for a 
 valve to permit the exit of vapour, when its temperature 
 may require to be lowered, or the respirable quality of the 
 air to be renewed. 
 
156 DESCRIPTION OF VAPOUR BATH. 
 
 The frame is covered over with a thick white woollen 
 cloth, so manufactured as to be as impervious to steam 
 as possible, which completely retains the vapour. 
 
 On the side of this thick covering, are openings for the 
 purpose of allowing the patient to respire freely the air of 
 the apartment, or to admit of the attendants introducing 
 the hand or flesh brush, should friction be required while 
 the patient is under the influence of the vapour. 
 
 A tube for conveying the vapour from the boiler, 
 enters the hollow space on which the frame-work rests, 
 and is provided with a stop-cock, by which the admission 
 or exclusion of the vapour is under controul. 
 
 The boiler with a safety-valve should be of good 
 strength, and placed in a separate apartment beneath 
 that in which the bath is used, where also the conve- 
 nience of a shower and warm fluid bath should be at 
 hand, in order that the alternation of the one or the other 
 may be used at pleasure. 
 
 Plate I. Fig. I. the hollow space a a a a. Fig. II. 
 b b b b, the wicker-work, on the frame of which, at a a a a, 
 the pillars c c c c, Fig. I. rest. 
 
 The curved ribs d d d d of the canopy meet at the 
 circle e, the space for the valve — f the stop-cock — o 
 the stool on which the patient sits, as marked on the 
 plane of the wicker-work in Fig. II. 
 
 W. LEWIS, PRINTER, FINCH-LANE, LONDON. 
 
 
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