E178 .S84 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS QDaDE7354t.S •» O .^'•^ ^ .^^^-s-. » n o ' -^ V ^Ov^ Know Your Country BY I. L. STEVENS HISTORICAL AMERICA BRIEF AND INTERESTING HISTORY OF EACH STATE OF THE UNION COMPILED BY IDA L. STEVENS. THE COMPILER MAKES GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT TO SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. TO LIBRA- RIANS AND HISTORIANS. FOR THE VERY VALU- ABLE INFORMATION FURNISHED HER, COVERING THE EARLY HISTORY OF TPIEIR RESPECTIVE STATES. COPYRIGHT, 1919. IDA L. STF.VENS, ST. LOUIS, MO. GEORGE ^ ASHINGTON. FIRST PRESIDEXT OF THE UNITED STATES. BORN FEB. 22ND, 1732. DIED DEC. 14TH, 1799 FAMOUS UTTERANCE. 'Peace iv'ith all the world is my sincere -wish. ©CI,A53n016 JUN 271919 HISTORICAL AMERICA CONTAINS A ])rief history of early settlement of our Country. A brief history of early settlement of the States. A brief history of the Flag. A brief history of the National Anthem. A brief history of the National Song-. . .V brief history of the National Motto. Presidents of the United States, birth place, date of birth, date of death and term of office. Dates of the A\'ars. Dates of Admission to the Union, of the States. A brief history of earliest settlement of the States, The location of each of the States. The number of square miles in each of the States. The number of acres in each of the States, The nicknames of the States, The definition of each name of the States. The motto of each of the States. The State Flower of each of the States. The Population of each of the States. The capital of each state and its popidation. The largest city of each state and its population. The American's creed, Discription of several of the Nation.al Wonders of our States and A brief description and earl}- history of that ])oint in each state which is considered l)y many as the most historical point in the state. [tlSToRICAT. AMKklCA HISTORICAL AMERICA 5 OUR UNITED STATES. Our United States is a federal republic consisting of forty- eight states and one federal district. The territories now occupied by the United States ;'f America were discovered by Christopher Coluni-ius Oct. 12. 1492. In 1498 an English expedition under the command of Sebastian Cabot explored the east coast o^ America from Labrador to Mrginia, perhaps to Florida. In 1513, Juan Ponce De Leon landed near St. Augustine, Florida, and explored a portion of that region in a romantic search for the Foimtain of Youth. In 1538-1542 Ferdinand De Soto led a Spanish expedi- tion from the coast of Florida and discovered the Mississippi River. In 1607 Jamestown, A^a.. was founded. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers in the Mayflower landed at Pl}mouth. Other settlements rapidly followed. The Dutch established themselves in New Netherland in 1621. Other English foundations were: Maryland 1632, Caro- lina 1663. New York 1664, New Jersey and Pennsylvania 1681, and Georgia 1732. These were the last of the English settle- ments. The hrst effort at a union of colonies was in 1643, ,^/hen the settlements in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut formed a confederacy for mutual de- fense against the French, Dutch, and Indians under the title of the United Colonies of New England. On June 7, 1776, Richard Flenry Lee of A'irj^inia otiered a resolution in con- gress declaring : ''the United Colonies are and ought to be free and independent states ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be totally dissolved." This resolution was adopted by the vote of nine out of 13 colonies and brought about the celebrated Declaration of Independence, which on July 4th, 1776, received the assent of the delegates of the colonies. They adopted the general title of the United States of America, with a population of about 2,500.000. The greatest distance across the United States from east to west is 2800 miles, and its width from north to south about 1600 miles. It contains an area of 3,026,789 square miles or 1,937,144,960 acres. The estimated population of United States 1917 — 105,- 118,467. msToKiCAL ame:rica OUR STATES. THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. Delaware Ratified the Constitution. Dec. 7, 1787. 1. 2. Pennsylvania... 3. New Jersey 4. Georgia 5. Connecticut 6. Massachusetts 7. Maryland 8. South Carolina 9. New Hampshire. 10. Virginia 11. New York 12. North Carolina.... 13. Rhode Island Dec. 12, 1787. Dec. 18, 1787. Jan. 2, 1788. Jan. 9, 1788. Feb. 6, 1788. Apr. 28, 1788. :May 23, 1788. June 21, 1788. June 26, 1788. July 26, 1788. Nov. 21. 1789. May 29, 1790. STATES ADMITTED 1. Vermont March 4, 1791.9 2. Kentucky June 1. 1792. jf 3. Tennessee June 1, 1796. 1 J 4. Ohio Feb. 19, 1803.li 5. Louisiana Apr. 30, 1812.'^; 6. Indiana Dec. 11, 1816.:; 7. Mississippi.... Dec. 10, 1817. ' 8. Illinois Dec. 3, 1818. 9. Alabama Dec. 14, 1819. 10. Maine Alch. 15, 1820. 11. Missouri Aug. 10, 1821. 12. Arkansas June 15, 1836. 13. Michigan Jan. 26, 1837. 14. Florida Alarch 3. 1845. 15. Texas Dec. 29, 1845. 16. Iowa Dec. 28, 1846. 17. Wisconsin.... May 29, 1848. 18. California Sept. 9, 1850. TO THE UNION. 19. Minnesota.... May 11, 1858, 20. Oregon Feb. 14, 1859 21. Kansas Jan. 29. 1861 22. West Virginia. .June 19, 1863 23. Nevada Oct. 31, 1864 24. Nebraska Mch. 1, 1867 25. Colorado Aug. 1, 1876 26. North Dakota.. Nov. 2, 1889, 27. South Dakota.. Nov. 2, 1889, 28. Montana Nov. 8, 1889 29. Washington... Nov. 11, 1889, 30. Idaho July 3, 1890, 31. Wyoming July 11, 1890, 32. Utah Jan. 4, 1896 33. Oklahoma Nov. 16, 1907 34. New Mexico. .. .Jan. 6, 1912 35. Arizona Feb. 14, 1912 HISTORICAL AMERICA / OUR FLAG. Congress, in 1777, appointed General Washington, Robert Morris and Colonel Ross, "to designate a suitable flag for the nation." As the world knows, this committee conferred with Mistress Betsy Ross, and recommended a flag in which the stripes were retained, but in which the cross, symbolizing British authority, gave place to the stars, which were hence- forth to shine for liberty. Congress, on June 14, 1777. in old Independence Hall, Philadelphia, adopted this resolution : "Resolved, That the flag of the Thirteen United States be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation. The stars to be arranged in a circle." Thus was born "Old Glory," so christened by Captain Stephen Driver, of Salem, Mass., and Nashville, Tenn. The flag we love still had thirty-seven years to wait for the song that was to immortalize the name of "The vStar Spangled Banner." In 1795, two stripes and two stars were added for Ver- mont and Kentucky. In 1816 four more states — Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana and Indiana, were added. Seeing that there must be a limit to the l' tripes, the com- mittee recommended that the flag remain permanently thirteen stripes, representing the thirteen original states, and that a new star be added for each state as admitted. Adopted. At that time the plan of arranging the stars to form one large star was discontinued and the method of placing them in rows adopted. Whenever a state is admitted to the Union, on the next Fourth of July a new star is added. At the time of the Revolution the flag had thirteen stars ; in the War of 1812, fifteen ; in the Civil War, thirty-five ; in the Spanish- American War, forty-five ; in the w^ar with Germany, forty- eight. 8 HISTORICAL AMERICA OUR NATIONAL ANTHEM. "THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER." It was during tlie war of 1812, after the British had failed to reduce Fort McHenry, the defense of Baltimore, that Francis Scott Key — held prisoner by Lord Cockburn, the British Admiral, — wrote the first lines of the "Star Spangled Banner." Key had gone to the flagship under a flag of truce for the purpose of requesting the re- lease of a friend who was being held as a prisoner. The British Admiral had just completed his plans for the attack on Fort Mc- Henry, and, instead of releasing Key's friend, made Key a temporary prisoner. The battle began on Sept. 13, 1814, and lasted until the morning of the following day. From his prison ship, Key watched the progress of the bombardment, hopeful, but not confident, that the "Stars and Stripes" would still wave above the fort when the battle ended. Now he would catch a glimpse of the flag for a second, as the smoke and fog cleared away, and then it would be hidden from view again as the British guns belched forth shot, fire and smoke. Night fell and the boml)ardment continued. Anxious- ly the prisoner peered through the darkness for a glimpse of the flag. For an instant, as a bomb or a rocket would burst perilously close to its staff, he would see it. only to have darkness close in again, and with darkness came uncertainty. The hours passed slow- \y, but Key remained at his post watching, hoping against hope. Morning broke at last, and above the fort "Old Glory" still floated defiantly in the breeze. The British had failed, and withdrew. It was then that Key, on the inspiration of the moment, put down the first lines or notes from which he later wrote the "Star Spangled Banner." "THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER." O, say, can you see by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilig-hf s last gleaming-, Whose broad stripes and brig-ht stars, through the perilous fight. O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming! And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting- in air. Gave proof thro' the night that our flag- was still there. Oh, say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave? On the shore, dimly seen thro" the mists of the deep, Wiiere the foe's haughty host in dead silence reposes. What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering- steep As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses! Now it catches the g-leam of the morning's first beam In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream; 'Tis the star-spangled banner; Oh, long- may it wave O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. Oh, thus be it ever when free men shall stand Between their loved homes and wild war's desolation; Blest with victory and peace, may the heaven-rescued land, Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation. Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just. And this be our motto — "In God is our trust." And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. HISTORICAL AMERICA V OUR SONG. AMERICA. Samuel Francis Smith, D. D., for many years Pastor of the First Baptist Church of Xewton, Massachusetts, wrote the words of '^America," when he was a student at Andover Academy, in 1831-1832. It was lirst used publicly several years later at a Sunday school celebration of July Fourth, in the Park Street Church, Boston. AMERICA. My Country, 'tis of Thee, Sweet land of Liberty, Of Thee I sing ; Land where my fathers died ; Land of the pilgrim's pride ; Frcm every mountain side. Let freedom ring. My native countr}- thee. Land of the noble free. Thy name I love, I love thy rocks and rills. Thy w^oods and templed hills ; My heart with rapture thrills. Like that above. Let music swell the breeze, And ring from all the trees. Sweet freedom's song ; Let mortal tongues awake, Let all that breathe partake ; Let rocks their silence break. The sound prolong. Our fathers' God to Thee, Author of Liberty To Thee we sing ; Long may our land be bright, With freedom's holy light ; Protect us by Thy might. Great God. our King. 10 HISTORICAL AME:RICA OUR MOTTO. E. PLURIBUS UNUM. It is a Latin phrase meaning ''Out of many, one" or "One of many." It alludes to the formation of one Federal Government out of several independent states. It is the motto of the United States, having been selected by a committee composed of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson. They made their report on a design for a motto and a great seal August 10. 1776. The phrase is probably derived from "Moretum" a latin poem by Virgil. It was also the motto ~of the "Gentleman's Magazine," which was quite popular in the colonies at the time the selection was made. It first appeared on a coin issued by New Jersey in 1786. OUR CREED. I believe in the United States of America as a government of the people, by the people, for the people; whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed ; a democracy m a republic; a sovereign nation of many sovereign States; a perfect union, one and inseparable ; established upon those principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes. I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it, to support its Constitution, to obey its laws ; to respect its tlas: ; and to defend it against all enemies. HISTORICAL AMERICA 11 OUR PRESIDENTS. NAMES OF PRESIDENTS BIRTHPLACE Date of Birth Date of Death 1 G. Washington Virginia IIIIIMZI \2/\4/l799 2. John Adams Massachusetts 10/19/1735 7/4/1826 3. Thos. Jefferson .....Virginia 4/13/1743 7/4/1826 4 Jas. Madison Virginia 3/16/1751 6/28/1836 5 Jas. Monroe Virginia 4/28/1758 7/4/1831 6 John Quincy Adams Massachusetts 7/11/1767 2/23/1848 7 Andrew Jackson North Carolina 3/15/1767 6/8/1845 8 Martin Van Buren New York 12/5/1782 7/24/1862 9 Wm. H. Harrison Virginia 2/9/1773 4/4/1841 10 John Tyler Virginia 3/29/1790 1/18/1862 11 James K. Polk North Carolina 11/2/1795 6/15/1849 12 Zachary Taylor Virginia 9/24/1784 7/9/1850 13 Millard Fillmore New York 2/7/1800 3/7/1874 14 Franklin Pierce New Hampshire 11/23/1804 10/8/1869 15 Jas. Buchanan... Pennsylvania 4/23/1791 6/1/1868 16 Abraham Lincoln Kentucky 2/12/1809 4/15/1865 17 Andrew Johnson North Carolina 12/29/1808 7/31/1875 18 Ulysses S. Grant Ohio 4/27/1822 7/23/1885 19 Rutherford B. Hayes Ohio 10/4/1822 1/17/1893 20 James A. Garfield Ohio 11/19/1831 9/19/1881 21 Chester A. Arthur Vermont 10/5/1830 11/18/1886 22 Grover Cleveland New Jersey 3/18/1837 6/24/1908 23 Benj. Harrison Ohio 8/20/1833 3/13/1901 24 Grover Cleveland New Jersey 3/18/1837 6/24/1908 25 Wm. McKinley Ohio 1/29/1843 9/14/1901 26 Theodore Roosevelt New York 10/27/1858 1/6/1919 27 Wm. H. Taft Ohio 9/15/1857 2S Woodrow Wilson ' Virginia 12/28/1856 12 HISTORICAL AME:RICA OUR WARS. iVARS FROM TO War of the Revolution Apr. 19. 1775 Apr. 11, 1783 Northwestern Indian Wars. ... Sept. 19, 1790 Aug. 3, 1795 War with France July 9, 1798 Sept. 30, 1800 War with Tripoli June 10, 1801 June 4, 1805 Creek Indian War July 27, 1813 Aug. 9, 1814 War of 1812 with Great Britain. June 18, 1812 Feb. 17, 1815 Seminole Indian War Nov. 20, 1817 Oct. 21, 1818 Black Hawk Indian War Apr. 21, 1831 Sept. 30, 1832 Florida Indian War Dec. 23, 1835 Aug. 14, 1843 War with Mexico Apr. 24, 1846 July 4, 1848 Apache, Navajo & Utah W^ar. . .1849 1855 Civil War April 12, 1861 May 26, 1865 Spanish American War Apr. 21, 1898 Dec. 10, 1898 War with Germany Apr. 6, 1917 Nov. 11, 1918, Armistice Signed. HISTORICAL AMERICA 13 OUR STATE FLOWERS. The following are State Flowers as adopted in most instances by the vote of the public school pupils of the respective States: Alabama Golden Rod. Arizona Sahuaro. Arkansas Forget-me-not. California Golden Poppy. Colorado Columbine. Connecticut Mountain Laurel. Delaware Peach Blossom. Florida Orange Blossom. Georgia ...Cherokee Rose. Idaho Syringa. Illinois Violet. Indiana Carnation. Iowa Wild Rose. Kansas .....Sunflower. Kentucky Trumpet Vine. Louisiana Magnolia. Alaine Pine Cone. Maryland Black-eyed Susan. Massachusetts May Flower. Michigan Apple Blossom. Minnesota ....Moccasin. Mississippi Magnolia. Missouri Golden Rod. Montana Bitter Root. Nebraska Golden Rod. Nevada Sage Brush. New Mexico Cactus. North Carolina Daisy. New York Rose. North Dakota Wild Rose. Ohio Scarlet Carnation. Oklahoma Mistletoe. Oregon Oregon Grape. Rhode Island Violet. South Dakota Pasque Flower. Tennessee Daisy. Texas Blue Bonnett. Utah Sego Lily. Virginia Dogwood. Vermont _ Clover. Washington Rhododendron. West Virginia _ Rhododendron. Wisconsin Violet. Wyoming Blue-fringed Gentian. 14 HISTOKICAL AMERICA ALABAMA. One of the Southern Group of States, containing 51,988 square miles, or 32,738,800 acres. First settled by Bieneville in 1702. After Alabama was admitted to the Union, it became one of the strongest slave holding states in the Union. It was one of the lirst of the Southern States to favor secession and Montgomery, its capital, became the first capi- tal of the Southern Confederacy. During the Civil War, its soil and waters were the scenes of memorable conflicts, especially the Federal Naval opera- tions against Mobile. Alabama (Indian name, meaning "Here we rest") has been adopted as the Motto of the State. Named after its principal river. The estimated p()])ulation of the State in 1917 was 2.348,000. Alabama was admitted to the Union as the 22nd State, December 14th, 1819. The capital of the State is Montgomery, which, in 1910, had a population of 38,000. The largest city in Alabama is l:^)irmingham, which, in 1917, had an estimated population of 232,436. MOBILE. Mobile is the one city in the United States which has been under five different governments. A naval battle oc- cured in Mobile Bay during the Civil War on August 5th, 1864, between a Federal Fleet under Admiral Farragut and a Confederate Fleet. After the fall of \^icksburg Admiral Farragut determined to take Mobile from the Confederates. The fort hnallv surrendered after a stubborn fight. HISTORICAL AMERICA 15 ARKANSAS. Arkansas is one of the Southern States of the Union, containing 53,335 square miles, or about 34,134,400 acres. This State formed a part of the French colony of Loui- siana, and was purchased b}- the United States in 1803. It was settled b\' the French in 1670. By Legislative enactment the name of the state is pro- nounced Ar'kansaw. The popular name of Arkansas is the Bear State, and the State derives its name after its ])rincipal river, ''The Arkansas." The motto of the State is, "The People rule." The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 1,750,- 000. It was admitted to the Union as the 25th State, June 15th, 1(S36; seceded May 6th. 1861; and was readmitted fune 22nd, 1868. The capital and largest city of the State is Little Rock, which in 1^)17 had an estimated population of 57,13S. HOT SPRINGS. One of the curiosities of the State is the large number of medicinal springs, the most popular of which is the Hot Springs, which are visited annually by thousands of people and constitute a much frequented resort for in\alids, the temperature of the water often reaching 150° F. 1() HISTORICAL AMERICA ARIZONA. Arizona is one of the Southern States of the Union, con- taining 113,956 square miles, or about 72,931,840 acres. The history of this State starts from the spring of 1526 — 94 years before the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, when Don Joseph DeBasconzales crossed the center of Arizona towards the Great Canon, The warlike Apaches, and other wild native tribes had given much trouble for 300 years and it was not until 1886 that the United States forces and the Mexican troops, acting co-jointly in the frontier districts, gave the Apaches such a severe punishment that their power to annoy the white settlers would appear to be forever destroyed. After 1821 the country was a part of Mexico until 1848 when it passed to the United States under the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The motto of the State is Dicat Deus. The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 260,- 000. It was admitted to the Union as the 48th State, Feb. 14th, 1912. The capital of the State is Phoenix, which in 1910 had a population of 11,000. The largest city is Tucson, with a population in 1910 of 13,000. THE GRAND CANON. The Grand Canon of the Colorado River in Northern Arizona is (me of the natural wonders of the new world, and has been called "The most sublime of all earthly spec- tacles." One of our ex-Presidents has said that it is beyond comparison, beyond description, absolutely unparalleled, throughout the wide world. In vastness, in mystery, in sculpturing, in richness of coloring, as a geological record, it stands alone. No painter has ever succeeded in repro- ducing its coloring. No one knows what the Grand Canon is until he sees it, then he finds that he can never under- stand it. A glimpse of the Canon may be had in a day. Several davs will give one a chance to descend afoot or donkey-back one or more of the safe though exciting, zigzag trails to the river's edge, but the Canon will reward as long a stay as one can make. It is about 300 miles long in all and varies greatly in width. HISTORICAL AMERICA 17 CALIFORNIA. California is one of the Pacific Coast States, containing 158,297 square miles or 101,310,080 acres. The popular name is the Golden State. In a Spanish romance printed before 1520 the name California was given to an imaginary island somewhere in the far East (near the supposed terrestrial paradise). A party of Spaniards coming, in 1535, to the Peninsula which is now called Lower California, believed that they had found this romantic island, or a place quite like it and named it accordingly. Afterward, when the country to the north of the Peninsula was dis- covered, it was called Alta California, that is, high California. Since this has become one of the United States the adjective has been dropped. In 1769 the Franciscan Monks founded San Diego and soon after many other missions. In 1826 the first American emigrant train entered the present limits of the State. In 1848 gold was discovered and this led to a great immigration. In less than four years there were 250,000 people in the State. In 1869 the Central Pacific Railroad was completed and the employment of Chinese in the work led to a serious riot and resulted in the passage by Congress of the Chinese Exclusion Act. The State is famous for its beautiful scenery, its salubrious climate, and its wealth of precious metals and choice fruit. The motto of the State is Eureka, meaning, "I have found it." The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 2,985,000. It was admitted into the Union as the 31st State, September 9th, 1850. The capital of the State is Sacramento, which in 1910 had a population of 45,000. The largest city in the State is San Francisco, which in 1917 had an estimated population of 550,000. THE YOSEMITE VALLEY. The Yosemite Valley is located about the center of the State and about 140 miles from San Francisco. The name Yosemite is an Indian words which signifies, large grizzly bear. This celebrated valley, noted for the sublimity and beauty of its scenery, is about six miles long and from one-half to nearly two miles wide. The visitor is awed and impressed by the massiveness of its mountains, elevations, the nearl}^ perpendicular granite wall from 3,000 to 6,000 feet high, by which it is shut in throughout its entire length, and the grandeur of its waterfalls, which are in some respect the most remarkable in the world. At the lower end of the valley stands the striking cliff known as El Capitan. 3,300 feet high, while from near its lower corner, the Virgin's Tears Fall descends 1,000 feet. 18 HISTORICAI^ AMERICA COLORADO. Colorado is one of the Western Group of states con- taining 103,948 square miles or 66,526,720 acres. Not quite one-half of this region was acquired by the United States from France in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 ; the remainder was ceded bv Mexico under the Treaty of 1848. Explorations were made here by the United States Army ofificers in 1806, 1819, and 1842, and several fur trad- ing stations w^ere established in 1858. Gold was discovered in the neighborhood of Pike's Peak, which led to the first important settlements of English speaking people in the re- gion. Colorado has been called a vast playground for all America, and the State is beginning to learn, like Switzer- land, to capitalize its scenic resources. It invites the nation to find rest and recreation beside its snow-crowned peaks, amongst its stupendous gorges and canons, along its trout streams, and in its mountain parks and flowery meadows. The best known tourist and health center in Colorado is Colorado Springs, which is a city of beauty and wealth, and the point of departure for Pike's Peak, including the Garden of the Gods. Nearby is Manitou with its nine medicinal springs. The name Colorado conies from that of the river, mean- ing Red Water, so named after its principal river. The favor- ite nickname of this State is the Centennial State, because it was admitted to the Union 100 years after the Declaration of Independence. It was admitted to the Union as the 38th State, August 1st, 1876. The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 975,000. The Capital and largest city in the State is Denver, which in 1910 had an estimated population of 213,000. PIKE'S PEAK. Pike's Peak is a peak of the Rocky Mountains, 14,109 feet in height, discovered by Captain Pike, U. S. A., in 1806. On its summit is one of the highest meteorological stations in the world. The top of the Peak may be reached by railway or automobile. HISTORICAL AMERICA 19 CONNECTICUT. Connecticut is one of the Eastern Group of States and one of the Thirteen Original States of the Union, containing 4,965 square miles or 3,177,600 acres. The colony of Connecticut may be said to date from 1634. At that time the movement began in which Hartford, Weth- ersfield and Windsor were settled by persons removing from IMassachusetts and displacing a small colony of Dutch who settled in 1633, at Hartford. The Governorship of Sir Edmund Andros was regarded as a tyranny by the colonists. In 1687-88 the Governor, obey- ing instructions from Charles II. demanded the surrender of the Colonial Charter. It was saved from destruction by being hidden for a time in a hollow tree, The Charter Oak, at Hartford. Connecticut took an active part in the French, Indian, Revolutionary, English 1812, and Civil Wars. She instructed her delegates in Continental Congress to propose a Declara- tion of Independence. Connecticut, meaning Long River, is often called the Nut- meg State, named after its principal river. Motto — -"He who transplanted still sustains." The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 1,255,000. It was the fifth State to ratify the Federal Constitution, January 9th, 1788. The capi- tal and largest citv is Hartford which, in 1910, had a popula- tion of 106,000. NEW HAVEN. Here is located Vale University, one of the oldest and most influential institutions of higher learning in the United ^>tates. It was founded in 1701 and named after Elihu Vale. In 1917, Instructors and Administrative Officers numbered 626, and of these 141 had professional rank. The students in Vale numbered about 3,260. The total permanent funds on lunc 30th," 1915, amounted to over S16,000,000. 20 HISTORICAL AMERICA DELAWARE. Delaware is one of the Eastern Group of States and one of the Thirteen Original States of the Union, containing a total area of 2,370 square miles, of which 405 square miles, or 1,257,600 acres, is w^ater. The first settlement was made by the Dutch in 1631. The first permanent settlement was made by the Swedes under Peter Minuit in 1638, under the rule of the Dutch in 1655, and of the English in 1664. In 1682 it was united with Penn- sylvania. In 1703 it recei\ed a separate assembly, but had a Governor in common with Pennsylvania until the Revolu- tion, 1776. Although a slave State, Delaware did not secede in 1861 (the Civil War), but strongly supported the Union cause, furnishing 14,000 troops. Delaware was named from Lord DeLaW are, Governor of Mrginia, v ho sailed up the bav in 1610. Delaware w^as nicknamed "Tne Diamond State." It is sometimes called the Blue Hen State and its citizens the Blue Hen's Chickens, Its motto is. "Liberty and Independence." The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 215.000. It was the first State to ratify the Federal Constitution, December 7th. 1787, The capital is Dover, which in 1910 had a population of 4,000. The largest cit}' is \\ ilmington, which in 1910 had a population of 87,000.' WILMINGTON. Fort Christiana, at the site of Wilmington, was erected by the Sw^edes in 1638. The dominion of the Swedes in Dela- ware was brought to an end in 1655 by Peter Stuyvesant, who reduced the fort and acquired title to the land by purchase from the Indians. The supremacy of the Dutch, however, was terminated in 1664. HISTORICAI, AMERICA 21 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The Federal district of the United States contains an area of 64 square miles or 40,960 acres. The District of Columbia was fixed as the seat of the United States Government in July, 1790, by an act of Con- gress. It is ten miles square, lying on both sides of the Potomac River. Maryland ceded 64 square miles on the north bank of the river and Virginia 36 square miles on the south bank. The district was first called the Territory of Columbia. The seat of Government was moved there in 1800. In July, 1846, the portion south of the Potomac was ceded back to \ irginia. The district was governed by Congress until 1871, when a legislative body of 33 was created. This form of govern- ment was continued until 1878, when the government was invested in the present three Commissioners, all of whom are appointed by the President, and confirmed by the Senate. Congress makes all the law^s for the district. The citizens of the District have no vote for National Offices. There is but one government for the entire District with which the city of Washington is now considered as co-extensive. The District of Columbia was named for Columbus. The estimated population of the District of Columbia in 1917 was 346,856. WASHINGTON CITY. The capital of the United States is a city of striking variety and attractiveness. The Government buildings are mostly fine and imposing structures. The Capitol, in which National Congress meets and the Supreme Court holds its sittings, is conspicuously placed. Its lofty dome, crowned by a bronze figure of Liberty, is 285 feet in height and 750 feet in length, its total cost exceeding about $14,000,000. Here also is situated the President houses and executive mansion painted white, hence, called the White House. The city con- tains many public buildings, libraries, art galleries and schools. 21 HISTORICAI, AMERICA FLORIDA. Florida is one of the Southern group of states, contain- ing 58,666 square miles or 37,546,240 acres. Florida was discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon on East- erday, March 27, 1513. He and his successors explored a large part of Florida in search of gold and the Fountain of Perpetual Youth. Ponce de Leon was killed in a hght with the natives in 1521. Expeditions fitted out by the Spaniards made futile at- tempts at settlement between 1516 and 1540. The French Admiral, DeColigny, sent three colonies of Huguenots from France to settle the country but they were massacred by the Spaniards. In 1687 the first consignment of negro slaves was brought to Florida. From 1702 to 1748 there were continued hos- tilities between the French, Spanish and British along the coast, during which St. Augustine was twice besieged by the British. Shortly after the American Revolutionary War, Florida was re-ceded to Spain. During the War of 1812 the British occupied Pensacola with the consent of Spain. In 1814 it was captured by the United States forces under Andrew Jackson. Then followed a long series of wars with the natives, the whole of Florida being ceded to the United States. Spain received therefor $5,000,000. From 1835 to 1842 the Seminole Indians were in active hostility and on their final surrender they Avere removed to a special reservation. The name Florida is a Spanish adjective for Flowery. The motto of the State is "In God W^e Trust." It is nick- named the Everglade State. The estimated population of Florida in 1917 was 905,000. It was admitted to the Union as the 27th State, March 3, 1845— seceded January 10, 1861, and was readmitted by Act of Congress June 25th, 1868. The capital of the State is Tallahasse, which in 1910 had a population of 5,000. The largest city is Jacksonville, which in 1917 had an estimated population of 102,285. ST. AUGUSTINE. St. Augustine is the oldest town in the United States. It was permanently settled by the Spanish under Menendez in 1565. Its mild and equable climate renders it a favorite winter resort. HISTORICAL AME:RICA 23 GEORGIA. Georgia is a Southern State and one of the Thirteen Original States, containing 59,265 square miles or 37,929,600 acres. This colony was founded by James Oglethorpe in 1733 as a refuge for poor debtors and for the persecuted Protes- tants of Germany. In 1752, Oglethorpe surrendered his Char- ter to the British Government. It was thereafter classified as an English province until with its sister colonies she suc- ceeded in casting ofi:" its allegiance to the Crown. In January, 1861, Fort Pulaski and Jackson were seized by the State troops, and from the battle of Chickamauga, September, 1863, to the winter of 1864-1865, the State was con- tinually the scene of conflict. Atlanta was captured by General Sherman, September 2nd, 1864, and he began his famous march thence to the sea, Kovember 15th, 1864. One of the most noted Confederate prisons was located at Andersonville in this State. The recent prosperity and development of Georgia's re- sources has been due in a large measure to the Cotton Ex- position in 1881, the Piedmont Exposition in 1887 and the Cotton States Exposition in 1895, all held at Atlanta. It is named after King George II. The motto of the State is ''Wisdom, Justice, Moderation." It has been nick- named the Empire State of the South. The estimated population in 1917 was 2,875,000. Georgia was the fourth State to ratify the Federal Con- stitution, January 2nd, 1788; seceded January 19th, 1861, and was restored to the Union by Act of Congress, June 25th, 1868. The capital and largest city in the State is Atlanta, which in 1917 had an estimated population of 206,159. SAVANNAH. It was here that James Oglethorpe landed w4th the Georgia settlers and the city was a place of early historic interest. The city was founded in 1733. It was taken by the British in 1778 and by General Sherman, December, 1864. The first steamship that crossed the Atlantic Ocean left Savannah in 1819. 24 HISTORICAL AME:RICA IDAHO. Idaho is one of the Western Group of States, containing 83,888 square miles or 53,688,320 acres. Idaho was explored early in the 19th century by Lewis and Clark. It was a part of Washington Territory in 1863, together with the present Montana and part of Wyoming. It was organized as a separate territory. Until the discovery of gold in 1852 the State was visited only by hunters. Name derived from Indian word. Idaho is a Shoshone name and is said to refer to the bright sunshine on the mountains tops, so characteristic of this strangely beautiful country. The motto of the State is, "May it last forever." The population of the State in 1917 was 437,000. Idaho was admitted to the Union as the 43rd State, July 3rd, 1890. The capital of the State is Boise, founded in 1863 as a military post. HISTORICAL AMERICA 25 ILLINOIS. Illinois is one of the Middle Western Group of States, containing 56,665 square miles or 36,265,600 acres. The first white settlement was the Jesuit Mission — the Indian village Kaskaskia, founded by Marquette in 1673. In 1680 LaSalle built Fort Creve Coeur on the Illinois River near Peoria. It was ceded to Great Britain in 1763 and to the United States in 1783. On August 15th, 1812, the garrison at Fort Chicago and nearly all the settlers nearby were mas- sacred by the Indians, allies of the British. In 1832 the Black Hawk W'd.v broke out. Several mas- sacres occurred but the Fox and Sac Indians were finally removed from the State. The State raised six regiments for the ]\Iexican War and during the Civil AA^ar contributed 259,000 men to the Union Army. At Springfield Abraham Lincoln lived before he was elected President of the United States, and there he is buried. A great fire broke out in Chicago, October 7th, 1871, devas- tating an area of three square miles. About 17,540 buildings were burned, 98,500 persons rendered homeless and 200 lives sacrificed. The total money loss was estimated at $190,000,000. Illinois is named after its principal river and nicknamed the Prairie State, or Sucker State. Alotto — ''National Union, v'^tate Sovereignty." The population of the State in 1917 was 7,227,000. P was admitted to the Union as the twent3^-first State, Decem- ber 3rd, 1818. The capital of the State is Springfield, with a population of 51,824. The largest city is Chicago, which in 1*^17 had an estimated population of 3,639,957. PEORIA. Here LaSalle in 1680 built Fort Creve Coeur, but there was no permanent settlement until the advent of the French traders at the end of the 18th century. The place then be- came an important station in the fur trade. In 1783 George Rogers Clark built a fort here and in 1812 the last of the French were driven from the valley of Illinois. Several years later the present city was founded, taking its name from the Peoria Indians. 26 HISTORICAL AME:RICA INDIANA. Indiana is one of the Middle AVestern Group of States, containing 36,354 square miles or 23,266,560 acres. Indiana was discovered by LaSalle in 1671 and consti- tuted part of New France. It was ceded to Great Britain in 1763. By the treaty of 1783 it became part of the United States. It became part of the Northwestern Territory in 1787 and was made a separate territory in 1800. After the American Revolution, the Indians gave con- siderable trouble to settlers, but after several years were confined and brought to peaceful terms by Anthony Wayne. Indiana is sometimes called the "Hoosier State," a nick- name of which the origin and meaning are uncertain. The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 2,826,- 000. It was admitted to the Union as the 19th State Decem- ber 11th, 1816. The capital and largest city of the State is Indianapolis, vvhich in 1917 had an estimated population of 339,785. VINCENNES. Vlncennes is the oldest town in the State. It was settled by the French in 1702. From 1800 to 1813 it was the capital of the Northwestern Territory. Here is also located the Vincennes University, established in 1807 by Wm. Henry Harrison. HISTORICAL AMERICA 27 IOWA. Iowa is one of the Middle Western Group of States, con- taining 56,147 square miles or 35,934,080 acres. It was first visited by Marquette and Joliet, the French explorers, in 1673. It was ceded to Spain in 1763, receded to France in 1801, and it became the property of the United States by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. In 1834 the territory was made a part of Michigan. In 1836 it was added to Wisconsin Territory and in 1838 the territory of Iowa was established. In 1857 occurred the Spirit Lake Massacre, an Indian raid in which a great number of settlers were killed. Name derived from Indian word. Iowa means ''across," or "beyond" and was applied by the Illinois tribes to their enemies on the other side of the Mississippi River, It was nicknamed the "Hawkeye State." Motto — "Our liberties Ave prize and our rights we will main- tain." The population of the State in 1917 was 2,224,707. It was admitted to the L^nion as the twentv-ninth State, December 28th, 1846. The capital and largest city of the State is Des Moines, v.'hich in 1917 had an estimated population of 120,851. DUBUQUE. Here the first Avhite settlement was made by Julian DuBuque, a French Trader, in 1788. It is situated on the right l)ank of the Mississippi River and is built partly on a blufif rising 200 feet above the river. It is the oldest city in the State. 28 HISTORICAL AMERICA KANSAS. Kansas is one of the Western Group of States containing 82,158 square miles or 52,581,120 acres. It is believed to have been visited by an army of Span- iards and Indians in 1541. It was explored by the French in 1724 and by Lieut. Z. M. Pike, of the U. S. Army, in 1806. It Vv'as made a territory in 1854. Disputes between the slavery and abolition parties made Kansas a scene of bitter partisan conflicts. The result was a series of conflicts which continued for four years. In the end the party opposing slavery tri- um])hed and the Wyandotte Constitution excluding slavery was adopted in 1859. When first known to white explorers, it was occupied by several tril)es of Indians from one of which, the Kaw or Kan- sas Indians, the State and River derive their names. Name derived from Indian word. It was nicknamed *'The Garden State." Motto — '*To the stars through difficulties." The population of the State in 1917 was 1,840,700. Kan- sas was admitted into the Union as the 34th State, January 29th, 1861. The largest city in the State is Kansas City, which in 1917 had an estimated population of 451,974. The capital is Topeka, with a poi)ulation in 1917 of 45,000. FORT LEAVENWORTH. Fort Leavenworth is a United States Military post, estab- lished in 1827 to protect the Santa Fe trail. A large gar- rison is stationed here and it is the seat of Army Service Schools and one of the most important military prisons in the United States. HISTORICAL AMERICA 29 ABRAHAM LINCOLN SIXTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES BORN FEBRUARY 12, 1809. DIED APRIL 15, 1865. FAMOUS UTTERANCE: "With malice toward none, with charity to all." 30 HISTORICAL AMERICA KENTUCKY Kentucky is one of the Southern Group of States, con- taining 40,598 square miles or 25,972,720 acres. With the early history of Kentucky is associated the name of Daniel Boone, whose exploits in hunting and Indian hghting in the then distant and unexplored wilderness date as far back as 1769. He founded Boonesborough in 1775, and since Horrodsburg was settled about the same time, these two towns, with the exception of the French settlements, are the oldest in the West. Kentucky contains the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln, which is situated three miles from Hodgesville, LaRue County. Fie was born of extremely humble parentage, in a log cabin, on February 12th, 1809, A magnificent memorial temple of marble encloses the Lincoln cabin. Kentucky is also the birthplace of Jefferson Davis, Presi- dent of the Southern Confederacy. He was born June 3rd, 1808, at Fairview. It is a remarkable fact that Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, born in 1808 and 1809, became respectively Presidents of the United States and of the Con- federate States. Name derived from Indian word. The name of the State is said to mean in the language of the Indians, "Dark and bloody ground." It was nicknamed the "Corn Cracker State," though it is often called the "Blue Crass State." The motto of the State is, "United we stand, divided we fall." The population of the State in 1917 was 2,386,866. It was admitted to the Union as the 15th State, June 1st, 1792. The capital of the State is Frankfort. The largest city in the State of Louisville, which in 1910 had a population of 223,928. MAMMOTH CAVE. Mammoth Cave is located about 85 miles southwest of Louisville and was discovered in 1809. It is considered the largest known cavern in the world. The cave is about ten miles long, but it is said to require about 150 miles of travel- ing to explore its multitudinous corners, chambers, grottoes and cataracts. It is in reality a complex series of over 200 so-called rooms, chambers, abysses, pits, grottoes, avenues and galleries, extending for nine miles underground. The temperature of the cave is never above 59° or below 52° F. HISTORICAL AMERICA 31 LOUISIANA. Louisiana is one of the Southern Group of States, con- taining 48,506 square miles or 31,043,840 acres. Louisiana was explored by DeSoto in 1541, by Marquette in 1673 and by LaSalle in 1682. It was settled by the French under Iberville and Bienville about 1700. In 1763 it was ceded by France to Spain and receded to France in 1800. In 1803 it was purchased from France by the United States for $15,000,000. The territory comprehended in this purchase included the present State and all the country now occupied by Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, North and South Dakota and the greater part of Minnesota. Louisiana seceded January 26th, 1861, and joined the Southern Confederacy. It was readmitted by Act of Con- gress, June 25th, 1868. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV and nicknamed the 'Telican State." Motto — 'Union, Justice and Confidence." The population of the State in 1917 was 1,843,042. It w^as admitted to the Union as the 18th State, April 30, 1812. The capital of the State is Baton Rouge, which in 1910 had a population of 15,000. The largest city in the State is New Orleans, which in 1917 had an estimated population of 365,955. NEW ORLEANS. New Orleans is one of the most important commercial cities in the United States. It is situated on the Mississippi River. The river makes two bends here, giving the city a crescent-shaped front, hence its former title, *'The Crescent City." It was first visited in 1699 by Bienville, who in 1718 laid the foundation of the city and in 1726 made it the capital. In 1880 the capital was removed to Baton Rouge. The cathedral of St. Louis, a Gothic church in Jackson Square, was erected in 1794 and is a good example of the Creole Span- ish architecture. The city is very picturesque, containing many beautiful parks, handsome monuments, and statues of Jackson, Lee and others. A United States Mint is also located here. 32 HISTORICAI. AMERICA MAINE. Maine is one of the New England States, or the most northeastern State of the Union, containing 33,040 square miles or 21,145,600 acres. Settlements were made by the French under DuMonts in 1604 and by the English in 1607. The first permanent settle- ment dates from 1623. Maine was a part of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691 and became a separate State in 1820. An angry dispute with Great Britain as to its northern and eastern boundary line was settled by the Webster-Ashburton treaty of 1842. Many tablets have been placed marking the region trav- eled by Benedict Arnold, who, having enlisted as a patriot in the Colonial forces and having rendered valiant service, be- came a victim of jealousy and morbid discontent, and who attempted to betray his native country during the course of the Revolutionary War. Maine is often called the Pine Tree State. Motto — "1 direct." The population of the State in 1917 was 774,914. It was admitted to the Union as the 23rd State, March 15, 1820. The capital of the State is Augusta, with a population in 1910 of 13,211. The largest city in the State is Portland, which in 1910 had a jjopulation of 58,571. Here in Portland was born Nathaniel P. Willis, the author. His father founded in 1827 the Youth's Companion, which is still issued. FORT KENT. Fort Kent is located in the extreme northern part of the State and marks the location of the garrison organized at the time of the Aroostook War in 1845. Here is also located St. Louis Convent and the Madawaska Training School. HISTORICAL AMERICA 33 MARYLAND. Maryland is one of the Middle Atlantic States of the Union and one of the Thirteen Original States of the Union, containing: 12,327 square miles or 7,889,280 acres. In 1632, Charles I of England issued a patent to Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore, granting him all the land from Wat- kins Point on the Bay northward to the 40th degree of lati- tude ; and from the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay on the East to the Potomac River on the west. This grant included not only the present Maryland but also parts of Pennsylvania and Delaware, which led to many disputes, some of which were settled as late as 1890. The earliest settlement occurred in 1631 when a party of English from Virginia established themselves on Kent Island, on the Chesapeake Bay. The first permanent settle- ment was made at St. Mary's in 1634, as a proprietary colony of the Calvert family, but was governed as a royal province from 1691 to 1716. ' The Mason and Dixon Hne was estab- lished as the boundary line between Maryland and Pennsyl- vania about 1766. At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 the Mary- landers were divided in sentiment, many of the people being in sympathy with the Confederates, though the State re- mained loval to the Federal cause. Maryland was named in honor of Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. Motto of the State— "Deeds are men, words are women." The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 1.368,000. Maryland was the seventh State to ratify the Constitution, April 28th, 1788. The capital of the State is Annapolis, which in 1910 had a population of 8609. The largest city is Baltimore, which in 1917 had an estimated population of 626,924. ANNAPOLIS. Here is located the Naval Academy which was estab- lished in 1845. The course of naval cad'ets is six years, the last two of which are spent at sea. The object of the Naval Academy is to train officers for the United States Navy. 34 HISTORICAL AMKRICA MASSACHUSETTS. Massachusetts is one of the Eastern States or New Eng- land States, and one of the thirteen original States of the Union, containing 8,266 square miles or 5,290,240 acres. It was first visited by Goswold in 1602. The first permanent settlement was made at Plymouth, December 22nd, 1620, by the company of Pilgrim Fathers who were separatists from the English Church, and who sailed from Plymouth, England, in the ship Mayflower. In 1628 another colony of Puritans under John Endicott, settled at Salem. The Puritan form of religion prevailed and its history was marked by bitter intolerance and cruel persecutions. The last vestige of the union of Church and State was not swept away until 1833. The Revolutionary War had its outbreak in Massachu- setts and its earliest event was the siege of Boston, made notable by the Battle of Bunker Hill. The acceptance of the command of General Washington at Cambridge and the evacuation by the British on the breaking out of the Civil War in 1861 are other memorable incidents. Massachusetts took an important part in the Revolutionary War and the organization of the Government. It was the scene of Shay's rebellion in 1786-1787. It was named from, the Massachusetts Indians. The name means 'At the Great Hills" ; nicknamed the Old Bay State. The motto of the State is "With the sword she seeks quiet peace under Liberty." The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 3,747,- 564. It was the sixth State to ratify the Constitution, Febru- ary 6th, 1788. The capital and largest city is Boston which, in 1917, had an estimated population of 828,573. PLYMOUTH. Plymouth is famous as the landing place of the Pilgrim Fathers. Here also is Pilgrim Hall where are preserved sev- eral relics of the first settlement of the country. The company numbered 100 men, women and children. Plymouth Rock is a granite boulder on the water's edge on which the Pilgrim Fathers landed in 1620. HISTORICAL AMERICA 35 MICHIGAN. Michigan is one of the Central States of the Union, containing- 58,980 square miles or 37,747,200 acres. It was first visited by Jean Nicolet in 1634, at Sault De Ste. Marie, at which locality Father Marquette made the first permanent white settlement in 1668. A French settlement was also made at Mackinaw. In 1701, Detroit became the seat of a French colony under Cadillac, a French military commander. From 1712 to 1717 Cadillac was Governor of Louisiana, returning to France in 1717. The town of Cadillac, Michigan, was named in his honor. It was ceded to Great Britain in 1763 and was formally surrendered to the United States in 1796. Name derived from Indian word. It is nicknamed the Wolverine State. Motto — "If you seek a delightful peninsula look about you." The estimated population in the State in 1917 was 4,015,053. It was admitted to the Union as the twenty-sixth State, lanuarv 26th, 1837. The capital of the State is Lansing, with a population in 1910 of 31,229. The largest city in the State is Detroit, with an estimated population in 1917 of 1,521,942. MACKINAC ISLAND. Mackinac Island was long occupied by the Chift'enas. The first white settlement was made by the French in 1670. In 1712 a fort was built and was surrendered by the British in 1761. By the treaty of Paris, 1783, the right of the United States to this district was acknowledged, but the fort was held by the British until 1796. By the treaty of Ghent the Island was handed to the United States in July, 1915. Fort Mackinac was maintained by the Federal Government until 1895, when it was ceded to the State. 36 HISTORICAL ame:rica MINNESOTA. Minnesota is one of the Central Group of States, contain- ing 84,682 square miles or 54,196,480 acres. It was first visited by the French under Louis Hennepin, a Franciscan priest, in 1659-60, and the portion west of the Mississippi was part of the Province of Louisiana purchased by the United States from France in 1803. The first settlement was made at Duluth in 1678. In 1763 France ceded the territory east of the Mississippi River to England, bv whom it was ceded to the United States in 1783. In 1837 the Indians surrendered all the land east of the Mississippi. Immigration then began and Minnesota became a territory in 1849 and a State in 1858. ]t claims the distinction of having through its Governor ofi'ered the first resriment for the defence of the Union. The source of the Mississippi River is Lake Itasc Minnesota was named after its river of the same name ■ — Minne ("water") — Sotah ("sky colored"). It is nicknamed the "Gopher State." The motto of the State is "The Xorth Star." The estimated population of the v^tatc in 1917 was 2,296,- 024. It was admitted to the LTnion as the thirtv-second State, May 11th, 1858. The largest city and capital is St. Paul, which in 1917 had an estimated population of 249,657. DULUTH. Duluth was first settled in 1678 and has since become a very prosperous city and the chief port of entry of Minnesota. It is picturesquely situated at the west end of Lake Superior on one of the finest harbors of the United States. It had an estimated population in 1917 of 107,242. HISTORICAL AMERICA 37 MISSISSIPPI. Mississippi is one of the Southern States, containing 46,865 square miles or 29,993,600 acres. This region was visited by DeSoto in 1540 and a settle- ment was attempted by the French in 1699. The territory was ceded by France to Great Britain in 1763. Part was ceded to the United States in 1783 and the remainder was acquired in 1803. The territory of Mississippi Avas organized in 1798. It is named for the river of that name, Mississippi, mean- ing "Great River." The popular name, "Father of Waters" being a mere fancy. It is nicknamed the "Bayou State." The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 1,964,- 122. It was admitted to the Union as the 20th state December 10th. 1817. It seceded Jan. 9th, 1861. and was readmitted Feb. 17th, 1870. The capital of the state is Jackson, which in 1910 had a population of 21,262. The largest city is ^Meridian, which in 1910 had a popula- tion of 23,285. BILOXI. Biloxi was first settled by the French under Ibewille in 1699. It has grown to be one of the most prosperous cities in the South. 38 HISTORICAL AMERICA MISSOURI. Missouri is one of the Central States of the Union, contain- ing 69,420 square miles or 44,428,800 acres. It was first visited by the whites under DeSoto in 1541 and under Marquette in 1673. The territory was first settled at St. Genevieve by the French in 1755, was ceded to Spain in 1763 and ceded back to France in 1800. It was ceded by France to the United States in 1803, forming- part of the Louisiana Territory. Missouri territory was formed in 1812. The question of its admission to the Union gave rise to a long and bitter controversy in the halls of Congress, the South working to make it a slave state and the North vigor- ously resisting. The dispute was settled by a compromise ofifered by Henry Clay, to the effect that slavery should be permitted in Missouri l)ut forever excluded from all other parts of the Louisiana Purchase. Missouri takes its name from the Alissouri River which in turn is named after a Tribe of Indians. The motto of the State is "Let the people's safety be the supreme law." The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 3,420,- 143. It was admitted to the union as the 24th state, August 10th. 1821. The capital of the State is Jeft'erson City, which in 1910 had a population of 12,000. The largest citv is St. Louis with an estimated population in 1917 of 827,264.' ST. LOUIS. On Feb. 15th, 1764, Pierre Laclede Liquest, head of the Louisiana Fur Company, established a trading post on the present site of this city, giving it the name St. Louis in honor of Louis IX of France. In 1768 the Spaniards took formal possession of upper Louisiana, but the settlement was gov- erned by a French captain, St. Ange De Bellerive. In 1800 the village again became a part of the French possessions and in 1803 passed into the hands of the United States. HISTORICAL AMERICA 39 MONTANA. Montana is one of the Western Group of States, contain- ing 146,997 square miles or 94,078,080 acres. Montana was first visited in 1743 by Chevalier de la A^erendrye, who dis- covered the Rocky Mountains, but no attempt was made at a settlement until the discovery of gold in 1862. This region was but little visited excepting by hunters, fur companies, explorers and missionaries. In August, 1873, several battles occurred between the United States troops and the Sioux In- dians on the Yellowstone River, and in May, 1876, in an attack on the confederated Sioux tribes under Sitting Bull, Gen- eral Custer and his entire force were massacred. This was followed by the removal of the Sioux Indians and the open- ing of the country to settlement. Montana formed part of the Louisiana Purchase and the greater part of it was included in the Nebraska Territory. Montana Territory was organized in 1864. Under the Fed- eral Reclamation Act, more than 475,000 acres of the land of the State have been irrigated. It derives its name from Montana, meaning "Mountains." The motto of the State is "Gold and Silver." The population of the State in 1917 was 952,478. It was admitted to the Union as the 41st state November 8, 1889. The Capital of the State is Helena, which in 1910 had a population of 13,000. The largest city is Butte, with a pop- ulation in 1910 of 49,165. GLACIER PARK. The land of Glaciers, more than any other region, may be called the Switzerland of the United States. It is located^ in the northwestern corner of the State, abutting the Canadian Boundary. It does not contain the highest peak in the coun- try but does contain many of the most picturesque and pre- cipitous. It encloses a spot known as the Triple Divide from which the waters flow in one direction to the Pacific, in an- other to the Hudson Bay and in another to the Gulf of Mex- ico. It is the Fisherman's and Camper's Paradise. 40 HISTORICAL AMERICA NEBRASKA. Nebraska is one of the Western group of states containing an area of 77,520 square miles or 49,612.800 acres. It originally formed part of the Louisiana Purchase and later was made a part of the Territory of Missouri. It was made a territory in 1854 wnth an area of 351,588 square miles, which then included a portion of Dakota, ^Montana, \\'yoming and Colorado. The way was prepared for settlers by the overland im- migration to California. The first permanent settlement was at Bellevue, in 1847. The state takes its name from the River Nebraska, meaning "Shallow \\ ater." The motto of the State is "Equal- ity Before the Law." The estimated population of the state in 1917 was 1,277,- 750. It was admitted to the Union as the 37th state, March 1, 1867. The capital of the State is Lincoln, which in 1910 had a population of 43,973. The largest city in the state is Omaha, which in 1910 had a population of 124,096. OMAHA. Omaha was the first capital of the state. Its name is derived from a tribe of Dakota Indians. The city was founded in 1854 on a scale which anticipated its rapid growth. In 1898 it was the scene of a noteworthv exhibition. HISTORICAL AMERICA 41 NEVADA. Nevada is one of the Western Group of States, con- taining 109,821 square miles or 70,285,440 acres and ranks sixth in size in the Union. The length from north to south is 485 miles and it is 321 miles wide. This territory was ceded by Mexico in 1848. The Mor- mons established a few temporary camps in 1848 and in 1850 a settlement was made at Genoa, but the real history of the State begins with the discovery of silver in 1859. Nevada is a Spanish word meaning "snowy" or "white as snow." The name of the State was taken from the Sierra Nevada, the range of lofty mountains separating it from Cal- ifornia. It was nicknamed "The Sage Brush State." Motto: "All for Our Country." The population of the State in 1917 was 131,232. It was admitted to the Union as the 36th State on October 31. 1864. The capital of the State is Carson City, which in 1910 had a population of 2.466. The largest city in the State in 1910 was Reno, with a population of 10,867. RENO. Reno is the largest city in the State. On the site of the present city a road house was erected in 1859 for the accom- modation of travelers and freight teams on their way to and from California. By 1863 it had become known as "Lake's Crossing" and five years later it was chosen as a site for a station on the Central Pacific, then building. It was named Reno in honor of General Jesse Lee Reno, a Federal Officer. 42 HISTORICAL AMERICA NEW HAMPSHIRE. New Hampshire is one of the New England States and one of the thirteen original states of the Union. It has an area of 9,341 square miles or 5,978,240 acres. This state was first visited by Pring in 1603 and by Capt. John Smith in 1614. It formed part of the Territor}^ granted to Gorges in 1621. It was settled by the English at Ports- mouth and Dover in 1623. Between 1641 and 1679 and at various times thereafter it was a part of Massachusetts. Its final separation w^as in 1741. Vermont was claimed as part of this state until 1764. The people took an active part in the revolution. A provisional government was formed in 1776 and the State Constitution adopted in 1784. Among the eminent men born here have been, besides one President, Franklin Pierce, Daniel Webster and Horace Greeley. New Hampshire is called the Switzerland of America, being noted for the grandeur of its mountain scenery and the beauty of its lakes. It was nicknamed "The Granite State." The estimated population of the state in 1917 was 443,467. New Hampshire was the ninth state to ratify the Constitution June 21, 1788. The capital of the State is Concord, which in 1910 had a population of 21,497. The largest city in the state is Manchester, which in 1910 had a population of 70,063. PORTSMOUTH. Portsmouth is the principal seaport of New Hampshire. It is situated on the Piscataqua River, built on a beautiful pen- insula, overlooking a capacious and deep harbor. It is a favorite summer resort. It was settled by a colony from Plymouth, England, in 1623, and later was the capital of the state until 1775. A Treaty of Peace between Russia and Japan Sept. 5th, 1905, bringing to a close the war that had been waged between those two countries since Feb. 11th, 1904, was effected here. HISTORICAL AMERICA 43 NEW JERSEY. New Jersey is one of the middle Atlantic States and one of the thirteen original states of the Union. It has an area of 8,224 square miles or 5,263,360 acres. New Jersey was first settled by the Dutch at Bergen, probably about 1615. There were succeeding colonies there of Swedes, Finns and English. In 1664 it was granted by the Duke of York to Sir George Carterer, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Jersey, to be a perpetual inheritance and to be called New Jersey. It was reconquered by the Dutch in 1673 and restored to England in 1674 and sold to the Quakers. Proprietary Gov- ernment ceased in 1702 and New Jersey was made a royal province, it being under the same government as New York until 1738. It took an important part in the revolution. On its soil the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Red Bank and Monmouth were fought. New Jersey was named after the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel. The population of the State in 1917 was 3,255,405. It was the 3rd state to ratify the Constitution December 18th, 1787. The capital of the State is Trenton, with a population in 1910 of 96,815. The largest city is Newark, with an estimated population of 469,281. PRINCETON. Princeton was the seat of the first legislature, in August, 1776. It was also the scene of the battle between the British under Col. Marrhood and the American forces under General Washington, in which the former was defeated. Here also the Continental Congress sat in 1783, and from Princeton Washington dated his farewell address to the Army. It is chiefly celebrated for the Princeton University. Here Wood- row Wilson received his collegiate training, graduating in 1879. In 1890 he was made professor of jurisprudence and politics, a position which he held until 1902. when he became President of the Universitv. 44 HISTORICAL AMERICA NEW MEXICO. New Mexico is one of the Southwestern group of states, containing 122,634 square miles or 78,485,760 acres. It was first visited by Niza in 1539, and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado conducted an exhibition as far north as the pres- ent city of Santa Fe in 1540. A settlement known as San Gabriel was planted in 1598. In 1582-3 Santa Fe was founded. The Spanish were temporarily expelled by the Indians in 1680. In 1846 the region w^as conquered by the Americans under General Kearny, who proclaimed himself provisional governor. By treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 after the war between Mexico and the United States, New Mexico be- came part of the United States. The territorial government was established by Act of Congress approved Sept. 9th, 1850. In 1853 a part of the Gadsden Purchase was added to New Mexico. New Mexico was named after Mexico. Its motto is ''It Increases as It Goes." The population of the State in 1917 was 416,966. It was admitted to the Union as the 47th state June 6th, 1912. The capital of the State is Santa Fe. with a population in 1910 of 6,072. The largest city is Albuquerque, which in 1910 had a population of 15,500. SANTA FE Santa Fe is considered the oldest city save one, St. Augus- tine, Fla., in the United States. There is said to be, in an ancient palace at Santa Fe, a Spanish document proving the existence of a trail in the last quarter of the 18th century from the old French settlements in what is now Illinois to some Spanish town in New Mexico and from one of these to California in 1822. The Santa Fe trail proper was opened as a road about 800 miles in length. xA-long this road General Kearney led the expedition which annexed the Western States to the Union during the Mexican war. In 1880 the arrival of the first railway train marked a new epoch in the history of Santa Fe. The discontinuance of the wagon caravans over the old trail led to Santa Fe losing its importance as the entrepot for the commerce of the South- west. HISTORICAL AMERICA 45 NEW YORK. New York is one of the Atlantic States and one of the thirteen original states of the Union, containing an area of 49,204 square miles or 31,490,560 acres. Previous to the coming of the white men this territory was known as New York and occupied by the Iroquois Indians. In 1525 John Verrazani, a Florentine navigator, entered New York Bay but did not make a settlement. In 1609 Samuel Champlain discovered the lake which bears his name and about this time the Island of Manhattan was visited by Hen- drich Hudson, w^ho ascended the river which bears his naine. In 162vS a Dutch colony was established and in 1626 Peter Minuit, the Governor, bought Manhattan Island from the In- dians for $24.00 in trinkets. His colony was known as New Amsterdam. It passed into the possession of the English in 1664, and was named New York for the Duke of York. In 1673 the town surrendered to a Dutch Squadron but was given back a year later by treaty. It remained in the possession of the English until the Revolutionary War. In the struggle for Independence, New York played a prominent part. General Washington was inaugurated the first time in New York City. New York is the first state of the Union in commerce, manufactures, population and esti- mated value of property. New York was named for the Duke of York, afterwards James II. It is nicknamed the Empire State. Its motto is "Excelsior." The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 11,187,798. It was the 11th state to ratify the Constitu- tion July 26th, 1788. The capital of the State is Albany, which in 1910 had a population of 100,253. The largest city is New York Citv, which in 1917 had an estimated population of 6,504,185. NIAGARA FALLS. Niagara Falls is one of the natural wonders of the New W^orld. It must be seen to be appreciated. It is 22 miles from Lake Erie, the river being divided by Goat Island. In con- sequence this is a bend. The largest portion of the water is sent down by the Canadian side and on this side is the grand cataract, the Horse Shoe Falls. The w^ater has a fall of 167 feet and is so deep that it retains its green color for some distance below the brow of the precipice. It rushes over with such force that it is thrown about 50 feet from the foot of the cliff. The total energy of the Falls is calculated at 16,000,000 horse power, and the utilizing of it is consid- ered the most stupendous engineering feat ever undertaken. 46 HISTORICAL AME:RICA NORTH CAROLINA. North Carolina is one of the Southern States and one of the thirteen original states of the Union, containing 52,426 square miles or 33,552,640 acres. Unsuccessful attempts at colonization were made by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1518. In 1585 he effected settlement at Raleigh and in his honor the capital of the State is named. The territory was granted to proprietors in 1663 by Charles II. The first two colonies are known in history as the Albe- marle and the Clarendon. In 1669 a Constitution was intro- duced by John Locke, the English philosopher, upon prin- ciples of a landed aristocracy and feudal service. It was not a success and was abandoned after 25 years. Halifax was the place where the Provincial Congress met and passed the first resolution adopted by any of the colonies favoring a Declar- ation of Independence April 12th, 1776. Xorth Carolina was named for Charles IX of France and is variously nicknamed ''The Tar State," "The Tar-heel State" and the "Old North State." The motto is "To be rather than to seem." The population of the state in 1917 was 2,418,559. North Carolina was the 12th state to ratify the Constitu- tion November 21st, 1789. The state seceded from the Union Mav 20th, 1861, and was readmitted bv act of Congress June 25th, 1868. The capital of the state is Raleigh, which in 1910 had a population of 19,218. The largest city in the State is Char- lotte, which in 1917 had an estimated population of 48,509. ROANOKE ISLAND. Roanoke Island is the site of the first English colony in America sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh 1584-1586. Here the first American child of English parents, Mr- ginia Dare, was born, August 18th, 1587, HISTORICAL AMERICA 47 NORTH DAKOTA. North Dakota is one of the Western Group of States, containing- an area of 70,837 square miles or 45,355,680 acres. The first permanent white settlement was made in 1780 by a party of French Canadians, near Pembina. The terri- tory of Dakota comprising the present States of North and South Dakota, was organized from Nebraska Territory by act of March 2nd, 1861. It was divided on the forty-sixth parallel and the upper portion was admitted to the Union. North Dakota took its name from an Indian tribe and is sometimes called the "Sioux State." Its motto is 'Xiberty and Union Now and Forever, One and Inseparable." The population of the State in 1917 was 752,260. It was admitted to the Union as the 39th state November 2nd, 1889. The capital of the state is Bismark, which in 1910 had a population of 5.443. The largest city is Fargo, which in 1910 had a population of 14,331. PEMBINA. Here the first permanent settlement was made in 1780. It is located on the Red River of the North, at the mouth of the Pembina River. Its position makes it worthy of notice, as on the north it makes the boundary line between ]\Ianitoba. Canada, and the United States, while on the east only the Red River of the North separates it from Minnesota. 48 HISTORICAL AMERICA OHIO. Ohio is one of the central western group of states and has an area of 41,040 square miles, or 26,265,600 acres. Ohio was first explored by La Salle in 1680. In 1750 the English laid claim to the region and their efforts to make good their claim brought on the French and Indian War. In 1763 it was ceded by France to England. After the Revolutionary War it became part of the United States, in 1783. In 1787 it became part of the Northwestern Terri- tory. The first settlement was made at Marietta in 1788. Ohio took a very active part in the Civil W^ar, and since the war has given five Presidents to the Union : Grant, Hayes, Gar- field, Harrison and McKinley, all born in the State. Ohio means "Beautiful River." and is named after its principal river. It is nicknamed "The Buckeye State." The population of the State in 1917 was 6,074,771. It was admitted to the Union as the 17th state February 19, 1803. The capital of the State is Columbus, which in 1910 had a population of 181,511. The largest city in the state is Cleveland, which in 1917 had an estimated population of 1,125,440. CINCINNATI. Cincinnati was first settled by white men in 1780. Its name was given in honor of the Society of the Cincinnati. It is believed that a portion of its site was occupied before the historic period by a considerable aboriginal population. Mounds containing various relics appear to confirm this opin- ion. It w^as incorporated as a city in 1819, and from its pros- perity and attractiveness it early attained the name of the Queen City of the West. HISTORICAL AMERICA 49 OKLAHOMA. Oklahoma is one of the Southern group of states, con- taining 70,057 square miles or 44,836,480 acres. Oklahoma territory was formed in 1890 from the west- ern part of Indian Territory and the public strip called No Man's Land. Invasions of the Indian Territory took place in 1879 but the settlers were ordered out by proclama- tions of President Hayes. Several subsequent invasions of the Territory were made in defiance of the Federal Law, but all settlers w^ere arrested and their town broken up. Finally delegates of the Creek Nation met at Washington and sold the western half of their domain to the United States Govern- ment for $2,280,850. Congress ratified this Agreement March 1st, 1889. By proclamation of President Harrison, Oklahoma was opened to settlement at noon, x\pril 22nd, 1889, and during that day 50,000 settlers who had encamped on the border rushed into the territory, formed a provincial government and laid out town sites. In 1893 the Cherokee strip was ceded by the Indians to the Government for $8,300,000. Oklahoma derived its name from an Indian word meaning ''Fine Country." The motto of the State is "Labor conquers everything." The population of the State in 1917 was 2,245,968. It was admitted to the Union as the 46th state November 16th, 1897. The capital of the State is Oklahoma City, which, in 1910, had a population of 64,205. The largest city in the State is Oklahoma City, which in 1917 had a population of 81,524. GUTHRIE. The City of Guthrie came into existence in one day with a population of 10,000 due to proclamation of President Harrison, opening this country to settlement on April 22, 1889. It has since grown rapidly and now is one of the most flourishing cities in the State. 50 HISTORICAL AMERICA OREGON. Oregon is one of the Pacific Coast states, containing an area of 96,699 square miles or 62,987,360 acres. The mouth of the Columbia River was discovered by Capt. Robert Gray of Boston, Massachusetts, in 1792, he naming the river after his vessel. The river was partly explored by Lewis and Clark in 1804-1805, the story of their explorations being full of charm. A trading post was founded in 1811. The territory long in dis- pute was finally made part of the United States by the treaty with Great Britain in 1846. It was organized as a territorv in 1848. Oregon derived its name from an Indian word and is some- times called "The Sunset State." The name Oregon was long applied to all the territory claimed by the United States on the Pacific Coast. It was nicknamed "Webfoot Country" from the excessive rainfall. The population of the State in 1917 was estimated at 848,866. It was admitted to the Union as the 33rd state, February 14th, 1859. The capital of the State is Salem, which in 1910 had an estimated population of 14,094. The largest city in the State is Portland, which in 1910 had a population of 207,214. ASTORIA. Astoria was originally a fur trading station founded by John Jacob i\stor in 1811. In 1813 it was sold to the North- western Fur Company and afterwards passed into the pos- session of the Hudson Bay Company. HISTORICAL AMERICA 51 PENNSYLVANIA. Pennsylvania is one of the Middle Atlantic States and one of the thirteen original states of the Union. It has an area of 45,126 square miles or 28,880,640 acres. The first permanent settlement in the state was made in 1643 by Swedes at the present site of Chester. Their colony of New Sweden was twelve years later conquered by the Dutch. In 1664 the English obtained possession. In 1681 William Penn obtained a grant of 40,000 square miles of land from Charles II, in payment of a debt of ^^16,000 due Penn's father, an admiral in the English navy. In 1682 the City of Philadelphia was laid out on plans drawn in England. Penn established a proprietary govern- ment, offered inducements to immigrants, and by his wise ad- ministration and fair dealing with the Indians, founded a flourishing state. His rights passed to his heirs from whom they were pur- chased by the state in 1776. Independence was first proclaimed here and the whole colony took a decided part in the final establishment of American Liberty. Pennsylvania w^as the scene of many important battles of the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. Of the former, German- town and \'alley Forge are important, of the latter, Gettys- burg, the field of which has been converted into a National Park and abundantly adorned with statues and monuments. Pennsylvania was named by Charles II in honor of William Penn. It was nicknamed "The Keystone State." The motto of the state is "Virtue, Liberty and Independence." The es- timated population of the State in 1917 w^as 8,591,029. Pennsylvania was the 2nd state to ratify the constitution, December 12th, 1787. The capital of the State is Harrisburg, which in 1910 had a population of 64,186. The largest city in the State is Philadelphia, which in 1917 had an estimated pop- ulation of 2,060,021. PHILADELPHIA. Philadelphia was founded in 1682. A year later it was made the capital of Pennsylvania and a place of great im- portance. It was the central point in the war of Independence. The famous Independence Hall was here erected in 1732. It was used as the Pennsylvania State House and from 1775 to 1781 was the meeting place of the Continental Congress. Here George W^ashington was appointed Commander in Chief. In the East room the Declaration of Independence was signed July 4th, 1776. The famous Liberty Bell hangs in the rear hall of the first floor. 52 HISTORICAL AMERICA RHODE ISLAND. Rhode Island is one of the New England States and one of the thirteen original states and the smallest state in the Union. It has an area of 1,248 sqnare miles or 798,720 acres. The Northmen are supposed to have visited this region in the 10th century and the old stone mill at Newport has been claimed as their work. It was visited by A'erranzano in 1524. Roger \\'illiams made the first settlement in 1636. The first charter w^as granted in 1643 and a more liberal one in 1663. Rhode Island took an active part in the Revolu- tionary War. It was nicknamed "Little Rhody." The motto of the State is ''Hope." The estimated population of the state in 1917 was 620,090. Rhode Island w^as the 13th state to ratifv the Constitution May 29th, 1790. The capital and largest city of the state is Providence, which in 1910 had a population of 224,336. PROVIDENCE. Providence was founded in 1636 by the famous Roger Williams whose religious opinions had caused his expulsion from Massachusetts. Thus far had God's mercy provided for him, so he called the town Providence. He named his first born son Providence and his daughter, Mercy. HISTORICAL AMERICA 53 SOUTH CAROLINA. vSouth Carolina is one of the Southern States and one of the thirteen original states of the Union. It has an area of 30.989 square miles or 19,832.960 acres. South Carolina was partially explored in 1525 by the Spaniards who named it Chicora. An unsuccessful attempt to colonize was made by the French under Ribault in 1562. In 1630 Sir Robert Heath obtained a Charter from Charles I, but failure to colonize forfeited the title. In 1662 Charles II granted to Lord Clarendon and seven associates all the Terri- tory from the Atlantic to the Pacific lying between parallels 31 and 36 N. Two years later the boundary was made 36-30. They employed John Locke, the philosopher, to draw up a constitution which should provide an ideal government. This lasted till 1729, when George II bought out the proprietors and divided Carolina into two royal Provinces. Later South Carolina became one of the most flourishing of the British colonies and attracted many settlers from Europe. This state was the first to ratify the Articles of Confed- eration. During the Revolutionary War, South Carolina fur- nished her full quota of men and suffered much from British invasion. South Carolina was named in honor of Charles IX. King of France. It was nicknamed "The Palmetto State." The state's motto is "Prepared in Mind and Resources." The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 1,634,340. South Carolina was the 8th State to ratifv the Constitution, Mav 23rd, 1788. The State seceded on Dec. 20th, 1860, and was readmitted by act of Congress June 25th. 1868. The capital of the State is Columbia, which in 1917 had an estimated pop- ulation of 42.221. The largest city in the state is Charleston, which in 1910 had a population of 58,833. CHARLESTON. In 1670 English settlers under William Sayle landed at or near Port Royal. The next year they moved to the right bank of the Ashley River. In 1680 they moved again to the present site of Charleston. A few years later the French Huguenots, exiled for their religion, also settled here. On April 12th, 1861, the Confederates initiated the Civil A\^ar by the bombardment of Fort Sumpter. Charleston today is the largest and most important city in the State. 54 HISTORICAI, AMERICA SOUTH DAKOTA. South Dakota is one of the Central Western group of States, having an area of 77,615 square miles or 49,673,600 acres. The early history of this state is identical with that of North Dakota from which it was separated in 1889. The country now known as the Dakotas was acquired by the United States as a part of the Louisiana Purchase. South Dakota is sometimes called "The Coyote State." The motto of the State is : "Under God, the People Rule." The estimated population of the state in 1917 was 707,740. It was admitted to the Union as the 40th State November 2nd, 1889. The capital of the State is Pierre. The largest city in the state is Sioux Falls, which in 1910 had a population of 14,094. PIERRE. In 1822 Fort Tecumseh was built by the Columbia Fur Company, which turned it over in 1827 to the American Fur Company. In 1855 the United States Government bought the post building and laid out a military reservation. The Fort was the headquarters of General W m. S. Harney, in his expedition against the Sioux Indians in 1856. The fort was abandoned in 1857. HISTORICAL AMERICA 55 TENNESSEE. Tennessee is one of the Southern group of states, contain- ing an area of 42,022 square miles or 26,894,080 acres. The first permanent settlement was made on the Tennessee River, about 30 miles from the present site of Knoxville, in 1756, by emigrants from North Carolina. When North Caro- lina proposed to cede this territory to the Government, these settlers objected and organized a state under the name of Franklin. This government was overthrown and a territory organized in 1790. In 1796 Tennessee became a state, named after its principal river. Tennessee means "crooked river," or "bend in the river." It was variously nicknamed "The Volunteer State," "The Big Bear State." The motto of the State is "Agriculture, Com- merce." The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 2,296,- 316. Tennessee vv^as admitted to the Union as the 16th state June 1st, 1796. The capital of the State is Nashville, which in 1917 had an estimated population of 113,115. The largest city in the State is Memphis, which in 1917 had an estimated population of 158,309. CHATTANOOGA. This city is situated in the southern part of the state on the Tennessee River. It was settled in 1836. In 1861 it was occupied and nearly destroyed by the Union forces. It was the scene of three of the greatest battles of the Civil War — Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain. 56 HISTORICAL AME^RICA TEXAS. Texas is one of the Southern States and the largest State in the Union. It has an area of 265,896 square miles or 170,156,160 acres. In 1685 La Salle made a landing at Matagorda Bay. The country formed part of the Spanish province of Mexico. Mexico declared her independence of Spain, and Texas with Coahuila formed a state of the Mexican Republic. Texas seceded from Mexico, proclaiming her independence J\Iarch 2nd, 1836. After the defeat of the Mexican force under Santa Anna by General Houston in the battle of San Jacinto April 21st, 1836, Texas was recognized as a republic. Texas now managed its own affairs as an independent republic until 1845, when it became one of the United States, and this gave rise to the war which proved disastrous to Mexico. Took its name from an Indian tribe. Texas joined the Confederates during the Civil War, seceding P'eb. 1st, 1861, and was the last state to submit. It was under military control until IMarch 30th. 1870, when it was readmitted to the Union. Texas was nicknamed "The Lone Star State." In 1917, the estimated population of the State was 4,472,494. It was admitted to the Union as the 28th state, December 29th, 1845. The capital of the State is Austin, which in 1910, had a population of 29,860. The largest cit}- in the State is Dallas, which in 1917, had an estimated population of 160,803. SAX ANTOKIO. San Antonio is historically important because of its stubborn but unsuccessful defense by Mexicans under Santa Anna in 1836, during the War of Independence in Texas. The buildings were originally those of the Mission del Alamo and were built about 1722. David Crockett was one of the most notable of the defenders. The Alamo is known as the American Thermopylae. HISTORICAL AMERICA 57 UTAH. Utah is one of the Western Group of States, containing an area of 84,900 square miles or 54,336,000 acres. Utah was part of the territory acquired by the United States from Mexico in 1848. The first white settlement was made in the Salt Lake X'alley by the Mormons in 1847, under Brigham Young. The territory of Utah was organized in 1850 and in 186S the boundaries of the territory were definitely defined as em- bracing the present area of the State. Prejudice against the Mormon people, and the polyga- mous practice of some of them, kept Utah out of the Union for many years, though she possessed every qualification for statehood. A bill passed by Congress in 1882 disfran- chised all polygamists and annulled the act of the Territorial Legislature, excluding the franchise to women. In 1887 a bill was passed which confiscated the property of the Mormon Church, with the exception of Church buildings, and devoted it to the support of Public Schools in the territory. In 1890 the Mormons renounced polygamy. The name L^tah is an Indian word meaning "Mountain Home." The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 451,- 934. Utah was admitted to the L^nion as the 45th State, Jan- uary 4th, 1896. The capital and largest city in the State is Salt Lake City, which in 1917, had an estimated population of 114,775. SALT LAKE CITY. Salt Lake City is the capital and largest city in the State of Utah. It was settled by the Mormons under Brigham Young, in 1847. It was the ecclesiastical capital of the terri- tory and was prominently identified with the Mormon Church in its struggle with the United States Government. Here are located the finest public buildings in the State. The Mormon Temple, erected at a cost of over $5,000,000, was in course of construction from 1853 to 1893. The "Tabernacle," with its magnificent organ, is also one of the great attractions for tourists. 58 HISTORICAL AMERICA VERMONT. Vermont is one of the New England States, comprising an area of 9,564 square miles or 6,120,960 acres. Samuel Champlain. in 1609. was the first white man to visit Vermont. The first permanent settlement was made at Bennington, in 1761. In 1777 Vermont declared her independ- ence and sought admission to the National Confederation. Difficulties intervened, however, and it was not until 1791 that she was admitted to the Union, having previously bought ofl:' the claim of New Vork for $30,000. Vermont played a distinguished part in the War of In- dependence and her Green JVIountain Boys i)articipated in some of the hardest fought battles. Vermcnit is nicknamed "The Green IMountain State." The state motto is "Freedom and Unity." The population of the State in 1917 was o64.322. It was admitted to the Union as the 14th state, March 4th. 1791. The capital of the State is Montpelier, which in 1910. had a popuhition of 7,cS56. The largest city in the State is Burlington, which. 1910, had a population of 20,468. BENNINGTON. Bennington is historically famous as the first permanent settlement of the State (1761) and also on account of the battle fought August 16th, 1777, when General Stark, with his Green Mountain Boys, defeated a large British detachment sent from General Burgoyne'^ Army. HISTORICAL AMERICA 59 VIRGINIA. Virginia is one of the Middle Atlantic States and one of the thirteen original states of the Union, containing an area of 42,627 square miles or 27,281,280 acres. The first permanent settlement was made by the English at Jamestown, in 1607. It was here that the first lasting colony was established. Virginia became a royal colony in 1624, it being the largest and most influential of all the colo- nies, and took a conspicuous part in the events leading up to the Revolutionary War. The history of the State is, perhaps, more romantic and heroic than that of any other state of the Union. At James- town, in 1619, was held the first representative assembly in America. With its early history are associated the names of Captain John Smith, and Pocahontas. George Washington first became known during the French and Indian War in 1754, as an ofiicer in the Virginia Militia. This colony, under Patrick Henry, was the first to resent British oppression in 1764, and in 1784 A^irginia ceded to the United States all its territory beyond the Ohio River. It was the tenth state to ratify the Constitution. It seceded from the Union .\pril 17, 1861, and became one of the principal battle grounds of the Civil War. Among the great contests fought on its soil were the Battle of Bull Run (2), Winchester, Fredericksburg and the Battle of the Wilderness campaign, ending in the final surrender of General R. E. Lee. The State was re-admitted to the Union in 1870. The State furnished four of the first five Presidents of the United States. Named from Queen Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. Virginia is nicknamed "The Old Dominion State," also, 'The Mother of States and Mother of Presidents." The motto of the State is: "Be it ever thus to tyrants." The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 2,202,522. A^irginia was the tenth state to ratify the Constitution, June 25, 1788. The capital and largest city of the State is Richmond, which, in 1917, had an estimated population of 172,278. MOUNT VERNON. Mount A>rnon is memorable as the residence and the burial place of George Washington. It is situated on the right bank of the Potomac River. The old mansion stands on a picturesque plateau, 200 feet above the river. It was built in 1743. The remains of Washington and his wife lie in a brick tomb on the estate. The coach in which our first President rode, or an exact facsimile of it, is preserved on the grounds. Other implements and utensils of the Washington familv remain intact. 60 HISTORICAL AMERICA WASHINGTON. Washington is one of the Pacific Coast States and the most northwestern state of the Union, containing an area of 69,127 square miles or 44,241.280 acres. Washington was originally part of Oregon territory (see Oregon), until the admission of Oregon !\Iarch 2, 1853, when this section w^as separately organized as Washington Ter- ritory. The mouth of the Columbia River was explored in 1792 by Capt. Robert Gray and further explorations were con- ducted by Lewis and Clark in 1805. Washington is named for the Father of his Country. The population of the State in 1917 was estimated at 1.565,810. It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd State November 11, 1889. The capital of the State is Olympia, which in 1910 had a population of 7,996. The largest and one of the most important cities is Seattle, which in 1917 had an estimated population of 275,900. MOUNT RANIER. This mountain is the second highest peak in the United States. It is the most beautiful of our mountains, raising its isolated and symmetrical, snow capped crest 14,408 feet above sea level. UISTORICAI, A.MKKKW Ctl WEST VIRGINIA. West \ iri;inia is one of the Aliddle Atlantic States, con- taining an area of 24,170 square miles or 15,468,800 acres. The history of the state prior to 1681 is identified with that of A iro^inia proper, of which it formed a part until after the outbreak of the Civil War. The Allegheny ^Mountains, however, formed a natural line of demarkation between the two sections of the original state, and conditions favoring separation had long existed. They reached a climax on the ])assage b\' X'irginia of an ordinance of secession, April 17, 1861.' A convention of loyalists met at Wheeling in June, 1861. and in .\ugust, adopted an ordinance providing for a new state to l)e called Kanawha. In November a constitution was adopted and the name W'est Virginia chosen. Named from Queen Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. The nickname of the vState is "The Panhandle State." The motto of the State is "Mountaineers Are Always Freemen." The estimated population of the State in 1917 was 1,399,- MO. West Virginia was admitted to the Union as the 35th state. June 19, 1863. The capital of the State is Charleston, which in 1910 had a population of 22.996. The largest cit\- in the State is Wheeling, which in H^17 had an estimated ])opulation of 74,431. HARPER'S FEKR^'. Harper's Ferry is situated in the extreme northeastern section of West Virginia, among beautiful scenery, at the con- fluence of the Shenandoah with the Potomac River. Harper's Ferry was the scene of John Brown's abolition raid in 1859, and "here the Union army, under G.ene*r«l D. H. Miles, sur- rendered to Stonewall Jackson, Sept. 15, 1862. ()2 II ISTORICAI, AAIRRICA WISCONSIN. Wisconsin is one of the Central Western v'^tates of the Union, containing" an area of 56,066 square miles or 35,822.J40 acres. \\ isconsin was visited as early as 16vH by Nicollet. La Salle and French fur traders, who established a settlement at Green Bay, in 1639. It was held under French dominion until its surrender to Great Britain in 1763. Canadian law governed the territory and the English kept possession with a military force at Green Bay until 17%, when it rexerted to Americans. It was included in the Northwestern territor>^ until 180). when it became part of the Indian territorw It was included in Illinois Territory in 1818; in Michigan Territorx- in 1836; it was organized as Wisconsin Territory and included, besides its })resent area, the territory now end)raced in the state of Iowa and Minnesota and part of the Dakotas. Named after its principal river. Wisconsin is nicknamed "'Phe l^iadger v^tate." The v^tate's motto is "Forward." The estimated population of the v^tate in \^)\7 was 2.- 513,758. Wisconsin was admitted to the Union as the 3()ih state. May 29, 1848. The capital of the State is Madison, \\hich in UMO. liad a population of 373,857. The largest city in the State is Mil- waukee, which in 1917 had an estimated population of 531.- 857. GREEN BAY. Here was the hrst permanent settlement in \\ isconsin. 1745. Before that time the site of the city had been a trading rendezvous for the French and Indians. In 1761 the English built Fort Edward. HISTORICAL AMERICA 63 WYOMING. Wyoming is one of the Western Group of States, con- taining an area of 97,913 square miles or 62,864,320 acres. The oldest white settlement within the confines of W v- oming was made at Fort Laramie, on the Platte River, which was made a fur trading post in 1834. Most of the State was included in the Louisiana Purchase. It was organized as a Territory in 1868 from areas previously in Dakota, Idaho and Utah, but derived more remotely from the original ter- ritories of Nebraska, Utah and Oregon, a portion having at one time belonged to Washington. W yommg was the first state to adopt woman suffrage. Name derived from Indian word. \\'yoming is an Indian word meaning "Broad A'alley.' The motto of the State is "Equal Rights." The estimated population of the State in 1917, was 245,- 246. It was admitted to the Union as the 44th State. July 10, 1890. The capital and largest city of the State is Cheyenne, which in 1910 had a population of 14,320. YFXLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. Yellowstone National Park is one of the national won- ders of the new world. It is situated in the extreme north- western part of the State and partly included in the States of Idaho and Montana. It has an area of about 2,000,000 acres. It consists of an elevated plateau basin wfith a mean altitude of 8,000 feet, surrounded by lofty rugged mountain ranges, several of the peaks of which are over 11,000 feet in height. There is no region of equal area which excels the Yellowstone Park in its variety of scenery. Springs of all kinds abound. It is said that Jehovah outdid himself when he made the A^llowstone. 64 HISTORICAL AMERICA TWENTY-EIGHTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES BORN DECEMBER 28TH, 1856 FAMOUS UTTERANCE: The World must he made safe for Democracy. iSaiai^iia:SaM£^«aaasS£^^ • y-*, -.s ^A ♦ - „ « ' A> «•' -^ ^ -•It" ^ „-.-^^ r HECKMAN BINDERY INC. # DEC 88 N. MANCHESTER, INDIANA 46962 'i^ - ' o « iSM^iK^ii^^ m' > «> H >!' > . 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