Class Book COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT DWIGHT I! KHI.TOX. WH1T^NL u i I ION THE "GRIFFON." The First Vessel on the Upper Lakes. Built by LaSalle. 1679. ANNALS OF Fort Mackinac BY DWIGHT H. KELT ON CAPTAIN U. S. ARMY, WHITNEY EDITION 1880. 4. V Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, by DWIGHT H. KELTON, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, r-^ printed by The Detroit Free Press Co. GREETING. nnilE increasing dcMiiand for the "Annals" has led the -'- author to add, in this edition, many details to the record of liistorical facts; the effect will be seen in the '' Histori- cal Events," in the addition of many names to the list of American Officers, and in the first correct account ever puh- lished, of the reoccapation of Fort Mackinac in 1815^ and of the restoration of Fort Maiden, Amhersthurg and Isle aiix Bois Blanc to Great Britain. Anions others. I am iimler obligations to: Col. George K. Br.vdy. V. S. A.. Caim\ Gri:enleak A. Got)DALE, U. S. A.. Lieut. Edward II. Plummeu, U. S. A., Lieut. Victor E. Stottler, U. S. A., John W. Davis, Esq., Hon. Benoxi L.vciiaxce, Hon. D. S. Durrie, Col. P. Donax, David Hi icnEsox. Esq., Col. ^V'. H. McCourtie, ]\L\jor Thomas Wii.mamsux. and M.v.tor Frank L Whitney of Chicago, in wliose honor this cilition is named. jCjTT-ir^^^-^J^f:^, Uncompaiigre, Colorado., June, 1886. Beauteous Isle ! I sing of thee, Mackinac, ray Mackinac; Thy lake-bound shores I love to see, Mackinac, ray Mackinac. Frora Arch Rock's height and shelving steep To western cliffs and Lover's Leap, Where raemories of the lost one sleep, Mackinac, ray Mackinac. Tiiy northern shore trod British foe, Mackinac, ray Mackinac: That day saw gallant Holraes laid low, Mackinac, ray Mackinac. Now Freedom's flag above thee waves. And guards the rest of fallen braves, Their requiera sung by Huron's waves, Mackinac, ray Mackinac. CONTENTS PAOE Ancient Jlichiliniakiiiac, ........ 9 Ancient Xames of River.s and Lakes 117 .Vinerican Fur Company, 71 American Officers, 82 Rattle on Mackinac Island, in 1814 50 Hrittish Officers 04 Capture of Fort Mackinac, in 1812, 42 Collectors of Cu.sloms 122 Conspiracy of Poutiac, ......... 38 County Clerks 1-3 Distances from Mackinaw City, ..... 142 Distances from Mackinac Island, 139 Distances from St. Ignace. ....... 141 Karly Michigan 9o Fort Mackinac. ... 76 French Officers, ... (i4 Governors of Michigan, ......... 98 Historical Events, chronologically arranged, 20 Indian Agents. ........ 122 Legend of Arch Rock 105 Legend of the Giant Fairies, 125 Legend of Lover's [>eap 89 Legend of Mackinac Island, .... .... Ill Legend of Mishini-Makinak, .... ... 135 Legend of Robertson's Folly, ....... 67 Light Houses ' . . . 109 Mackinac Island, Height above Straits, 139 Mackinac Islaml, Summer Resort Association, .... 143 National Park, 101 Postmasters, 123 Priests, 131 Probate Court, Judges, . . . . • 122 Presidents of 'Village l'-3 Steamboats, Arrival of, 141 Sumnier 140 Suinnier Residences 141 Winter 140 ANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAC. The name Micliiliinakinac, or, as the Indians pronounce it, Mishinimakinang ^ properly signifies " The country of the Mishinimaki.'''' (Thus, Otaivanang^ the country of the Otawa ; Otchipwenang ^ the country of the O jibwa ; Osagi- nang [English, Saginaw], the country of the Osaki, or Sac Indians). And, in fact, the term "Michilimackinac," or, "the country of Michilimackinac," was by the early French applied to a large portion of the eastern half of the Upper Penin- sula of Michigan. By degrees the term was restricted to the French and In- dian settlements on either side of the strait, and finally to the Island of IVfackinac. The French La Pointe- de St. Ignace had likewise a broader signification than the present Point St. Ignace. It was applied to the whole of the little peninsula whose basis may be defined by a line drawn due west from the mouth of Carp River to Lake Michigan. Our map shows only the southern half of it. EARLIEST INHABITANTS. The " Ancient miners " of upper Michigan probably con- nected with the "' Mound builders" of the Mississippi Valley, and with the Toltecs and Aztecs, may have had an agricul- tural out-post at St. Ignace. The vestiges of a mound have been traced in the neighborhood of Point La Barbe. No tradition, however, referring to that people is found among our Indians. The earliest inhabitants known to the latter 10 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. were the Mlshinimaki, or, as tliej now call tliem, Mishini- makinago. According to the statement of a few still surviving at the time of the French occupation, that tribe was all but exter- minated by the Iroquois, in retaliation for a successful raid made by th^nn into the country of the lattei*. ANCIENT MICIULIMAKINAC. 11 EARLY FRENCH VISITORS, AND TRANSIENT INDIAN SETTLERS. John Nicolet, on his remarkable journey from Canada to Green Bay — about ICS'l — was undoubtedly the first white man that saw the Island of Mackinac, and, coasting around the little peninsula, entered Lake Michigan. From the meagre account left of his journey, nothing can be gleaned regarding the inhabitants of the Mackinac country at that period. But whatever Indian population that intrepid traveler may have met there, the whole neighborhood was deserted twenty years later, when the ascendancy gained by the Iroquois in consequence of their destructive onslaught on the Hurons (1G49), had compelled all the little Algonquin clans on Lake Huron to seek safer quarters on Lake Superior and Green Bay. In 1G51, or perhaps the year following, the small tribe of Tionontate Hurons, on their flight before the Iro- quois, reached Mackinac, and deeming the island a safe re- treat, held it for about two years ; but being deceived in their expectation, retreated to the islands at the mouth of Green B;iy, and later on, to its head. Some of the old clearings which dot the wooded part of Mackinac Island may date back to that period, for the Tion- ontates were tillers of the soil. In the autumn of 1654, two young Frenchmen, convoyed by Indians, passed Mackinac, on their way to Green Bay. They repassed the island in the Bummer of 1650, with fifty canoes laden with fur for the Canada market, and manned by five hundred Hurons and Algonquins. The next Frenchman known to have passed the strait was Nicolas Perrot, to whose Memoirs we are indebted for a 12 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC portion of what we know of those early times. He made his lirst journey to Green Bay about 1605. From that date down to the end of tlie century, Perrot was a frequent visi- tor at Mackinac, and on some occasions played a conspicuous part in the transactions between his countrymen and the In- dians at that post. At length the Black Gown arrived. Father Claude Allouez was the first of the Jesuit mission- aries who saw the far-famed island. He had left La Pointe da St. Esprit on Lake Superior in the summer of 1669, and started from Sault Ste. Marie, November 3rd, with two French companions and some Pottawatomie Indians. From Novem- ber 5th to lltli, he lay wind and snow-bound on "Little St. Martin's Island," to which he probably gave its name, the day of his departure being St. Martin's day. Crossing over from " Big St. Martin's Island " to the opposite shore, he met two Frenchmen and a few Indians, who endeavored in vain to make him desist from his intended visit to Green Bay, so late in the season. While coasting along the shore, with the island in view, the missionary listened with pleasure to the recital, by his Indian companions, of some of the legends which the author of Hiawatha has put into English verse. Hiawatha is the Mena-bosho, or Nena-bosho, of the Algonqnins ; and the Island of Mackinac was considered as his birthplace ; and again, after the flood, as the locality Avhere that civilizer of mankind, observing a spider weaving its web, invented the art of fishing with gill-nets. Father Allouez reached the head of Green Bay after a month's journey full of hardship and peril. ANCIENT MICIIII.IMAKINAC. 13 THE MISSION OF ST. IGNATIUS— FATHER MAR- QUETTE— HIS CHAPEL. In tliu fall of 1(570, Fatlicr Claude Dablon, in his capacity as Superior of the Jesuits on the upper lakes, selected the point north of the strait, then first called La Poiiite de St. hjnace,, as the site of a new niissiouar}' establishment in the place of the mission at La Polnte da St Esprit., on Lake Supcrioi', then on the point of beini; abandoned. One of the fathers, most likely Dablon himself, spent the winter on the spot, in all probability within the limits of the present village of St. Ignacc, and put up some provisional buildings. A few Indians only, wintered in the neighborhood, but new and permanent settlers were expected ; first of all the wander- ing Tionontate Hurons. Leaving Green Bay, 1050 or 1657, that remarkable clan, then consisting of about 500 souls, had reached the Upper ^lississippi, and after many adventures and reverses, final 1}' settled on the Bay of Shagawamigong — now Ashland Bay, Wis. — where Father Allouez met them in 10G5. Since the autumn of IGOO, they had been under the care of Father Marquette, who was now (1071) to accom- pany them back to the Mackinac country. The party arrived at St. Ignace towards the end of June, It the earliest, for at the great gathering of Indians and French in Sault Ste. ^larie, June lith, they had not yet reached the Rapids. The exact site of Father Marquette's temporary chapel a!id hut (cabane) is not known. It appears, however, from some incidental remarks in that Father's report and in a later Relation., that those humble buildings stood at some, though not a very considerable, distance from the Huron fort near which the secoml <'liui-cli vms built. On December 8th, 14 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 1672, Joliet arrived with orders from the Governor of N^ew France and the Superior of the Jesuits in Quebec for Father Marquette, to accompany him on liis journc}' of discovery. The party spent the winter in St. Ignace, and started May 17th, 1673. At that time the Ilurons in St. Ignace num- bered 3S0 souls. Some 60 Otawas of theSinago chm liad hitely joined tliem. THE HURON FORT.— SECOND CHURCH. In the second year of Marquette's stay, the Tionontates began to buikl their fort or palisaded village. According to Lallontan's plan, it occupied about the middle of the level ground surrounding East Moran Bay. And there it re- mained until the Ilurons' departure for Detroit, about 1702. Soon after Marquette's departure, Fathers Henry Nouveland Philip Pierson, abandoning the old site, built a substantial, though small, church and an adjoining residence, protected, after the fashion of the times, by a palisade enclosure. In this new church Father Marquette's remains were interred, June 9th, 1677. There can be no doubt about its position. The Jesuits' re- port of 1678 places it in close proximity to the Huron fort. So does Lallontan, in 1688. His plan shows it south of the fort or village, from which he says : " It is only separated by a palisade enclosure." And there it undoubtedly remained until its destruction by lirCj about 1706. ANCIENT MICUILIMAKINAC. 15 ALGOXQUIX VILLAGE AND CIIUECIL Soon after Marquette's departure, several clans of Otawas and kindred tribes — all comprised by the missionaries under the name of Algonqnins — made their ajipearance and settled on the shore of Lake Huron, a little over two miles from tlie Jesuits' residence, accordingly near the bluff called by the Lidians the " She Ptabbit," south of the " He Rabbit," or " Sitting Habbit " (Kabbit's Back). Here too a church, and a dwelling house for the OtaM-a missionary, were built. Ac- cording to Hennepin, M'ho officiated in it, it was covered with bark. In 1G79, LaSalle honored it with his visit. Of its ■later history nothing is known. Besides a floating popula- tion, sometimes not inconsiderable, the "Algonquin village " contained, in 1CT7, as many as 1300 souls, the principal* clan beins: that of the Kishkako. IG ANNALS OK KOliT MACKINAC. REMOVAL OF THE ALGOXQUIX TILLAGE. Lallontan, wlio visited St. Ignacc in the spring of 16SS, is client about tliat church and settlemert, but places an Otawa village in the iuiniediate neigliborhood of the Ilurons, on East Moran Bay, stating at tlie same time that during his stay, tlic Otawas, apprehending some trouble with their Huron friends, began to fortify themselves on a neighboring blufi. From this it would appear that the Algonquins, or Otawas — a name then applied to most of the northwestern Algonquins — had, within the last few years, moved about tM'O miles south. The former presence of an Indian poi^ula- tion on the bluff above that part of St. Ignace popularly called " Yide Poclie^'' is proved by the numerous articles of Indian and French manufacture ploughed up there by some of the present settlers. The local tradition also places a fort on that hio:ht. ANCIKNT MIClllI-l-MAKINAC. 17 THE OTAWA VILLAGE AT GROS CAP. Ill 1077, or shortly l)eforc, another body of Algonqnins — Otawas properly so called — came to swell the Indian popula- tion of St. I<,niace. They settled, it appears, on the shore of Lake Michigan, between Point La Barbe and Gros Cap. This assumption seems necessary to reconcile the statements, in the Jesuits' report of 107S, regarding the respective distances between their residence (near the Huron village) and the two Indian settlements, tlie Algonquin village and the " New Otawa village." The existence of a large Otawa settlement near Gros Cap, in 1699, is certain from the account given by the Missionary Buisson de St. Come of liis journey from Macki- nac to the Lower MTssissippi. The party, of which the noble Tonty was one, sent their canoes around the jjoint to the Otawa village, and walked themselves across the "port- age." The village counted then about 1500 souls. In 1702, these Otawas followed Cadillac, with the bulk of the Indian population of St. Ignacc, to his new establish- ment on the Detroit river, but soon returned to their old quarters, and finally went over to the northwestern shore of Lower Michigan, where their descendants are still living. It was during their second stay on West Moran Bay that the famous trader who left his name to it lived aniong them. The remains of their dead, together with wampum, glass beads and other articles of Indian and French manufacture, are frequently found in the sandy ground at the head of the little Bay. 18 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. ST. FRANCIS BORGIA'S CHAPEL. For tlie accommodation of the two settlements — the Algoncjuin Yillao;e on Lake Huron, and the new Otawa Village on Lake Michigan — Father Henry Nouvel built a church of bark at a distance of about two and a half miles from the residence and church of St, Ignatius ; and, in honor of the first general of the society who sent mission- aries to America, named it the church of St. Francis Borgia. There, with Father Enjalran, he passed the winter of 1G77-8, in a wigwam adjoining tlie chapel, receiving and instructing daily frequent visitors from both villages. "We do not know how long that chapel remained in use. Dulutli, M'ho spent the winter of 1680-1 in St. Ignace, still gives Father Enjalran tlie title of missionarj' of St. Francis Borgia. The (surmised) removal of the Algonquins from the Rab- bit Buttes must have made the position of the cliapel isolated, as it was no longer on the thoroughfare between the two settlements. THE FRENCH VILLAGE. The presence of French settlers at St. Ignace, is first men- tioned at the occasion of Father Marquette's burial. Accord- ing to the report of the following year (1678), the singing at the church of St. Ignatius was alternately in Latin, Huron and French. The fur and corn trade kept pace with the increase of the Indian population. LaSalle's arrival on the Griffon (1679), caused cpiite a stir in the commercial metropolis of ANCIENT MICHILIMAKINAC. 19 the West, for nothing loss than that the village of St. Ignace was, and remained, until supplanted by Detroit. Hennepin, who "wintered at the post (lGSO-1), mentions his enrolling forty-two traders into a religious confraternity. Lallontan locates the liouses of the French settlers in two or three rows along the bend of the shore, south of the Jesuits' residence. As a matter of course, the whole French population, with the exception of a few lawless coureurs de hois, disappeared with the removal of the Indians to Detroit. 20 ANNALS OF FUliT MACKINAC. HISTORICAL EVENTS, CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. 1534. James Cartier, a Frenchman, discovered the St. Lawrence River. IGOS. Samuel de Cliamplain founded Quebec. 1C34. Joliii Nicolet passes the straits on his way to and from Green Bay. 1G42. The city of Montreal founded. 1650-51, The Indian settlers of the neighborhood to- gether with large numbers from Manitoulin, Thunder Bay and Saginaw, mostly Otawas, intimidated by Iroquois prowess retire to Green Bay. 1G53. Eight Imndred Iroquois warriors pass the strait. Failing to take the Huron fort on Green Bay after a pro- tracted siege, they break up, one division marching south, the other sailing northward. The former are cut down by the Illinois, the latter routed by the Ojibwa, Missisaki and Nigik (Otter) Indians, on Lake Huron. 1654. Two French tradei-s pass St. Ignace, on theii* way to Green Bay, they return in 1656 with a large trading party 60 canoes) of Hurons and Otawas. 1665, or earlier. Nicolas Perrot passes on his first visit to tlic Pottawatomi, on Green Bay. 1669. November 11th, Father AUouez passed Point St. Ignace, on his journey from Sault Ste. Marie to Green Bay : he relates the following Indian tradition : They say that this island is the native country of one of their gods, called "The Great Hare," who created the earth, and that it was on tliis island that he invented the nets for taking fish, after having attentively IlI.SroKU'AI, KVEjS"1S. -1 considered a spider while constructing its web for catching flics. They believe that Lake Superior is a pond made by the beavers, the banks of which were double ; the first, at the place which we call the Sault, the second, five leagues lower down. In coming up the river, they say, this same god first encountered the second euil)ankment, which he tore entirely away ; and for this reason there are no falls or turbulent waters at these rapids : as for the first, being in a hurry, he only walked over it and trampled it to pieces, in consequence of which there still remain large falls and boiling waters. This god, tiiey add, while pursuing a beaver in the upper lake, crossed at a single step, a bay eight leagues in width. In view of so powerful an enemy, the beavers thought it best to change their place and consequently witiidrew to another lake; from thence they afterward, by aid of the rivers that flow from it, arrived at the North Sea, intending to pass over to France; but finding the water bitter (salt), they lost heart, changed their intentions, and spread themselves among the rivers and lakes of this country. This is the reivson why there are no beavers in France, and why the French have to come here in search of them. 1070-71. Fatlier Dablon, or anotlicr Jesuit (possibly Marquette), winters at Michilimaekinac, laying the founda- tion of the Mission of St. Ignatius. 1071. End of June, or later. The Tionontate Ilurons, with Father Marquette, arrive from Shagawamigong (Ash- land Bay, L. S.) Autumn. The Otawas of Maiiitoulin, on the war-path against the Sioux, arrive with a large supply of arms and ammunition lately obtained in Montreal. Joined jjy the Ilurons of the new settlement, and — on Green Bay — by the Pottawatomies, Sacs and Foxes, they march through northern Wisconsin — a well-armed body of a thousand war- riors — and confidently attack the Sioux in the St. Croix Valley. Utterly defeated, they retreat through the snow- covered woods, amidst snlTerings and privations that lead to acts of cannibalism. The heavy loss sustained by the Ilurons, who bravely covered the rear, accounts for the f the forces. We need not cite examples. Tonty was pro- vided with some sort of a metallic arrangement as a substi- tute for the loss of part of an arm ; and he was known, it is said, far and near, among the tribes of red men, as "Le Bras 20 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. de Fer," or, The man with the iron arm. If we rightly remember, more than one tale has been constrncted by novel- writers, with its scenes laid in the Far West, presenting Tonty as the principal character. In long time past, an island at the lower end of Lake Ontario was known as, and called, the Isle of Tonty., being named after our hero — the man with the iron arm ; but the name was afterward changed to that of Amherst. Whatever the deserts of the titled General Jeffrey Amherst may have been, Henry de Tonty was the greater man of the two. Tonty died at Fort St. Louis, on Mobile Bay, in the year 1704. LOUIS HENNEPIN. Louis Hennepin, a Recollect of the order of St. Francis, %vas born at Ath, France, in 16-i5. He sailed for Canada in 1675, on the "Saint Honore." LaSalle was, also a pas- senger on the same vessel. Hennepin left Quebec in 1678, and set out with LaSalle to explore the country lying south and west of Lake Michigan. On Cayuga Creek, a tributary of the Niagara Kiver, into wliich it empties from the American side, five miles above the Falls, LaSalle built the " Griffon," upon whicli they embarked, setting sail August 7th, arriving atMichilimackinac August 27th, 1679. From his minute description of the bay, the shore, etc., the Rev. Edward Jacker says: The Baj' where the "Griffon" anchored is that which is overlooked by two steep and rocky bluffs famous in Indian tradition, and called by the Indians " He " and " She " Rabbit. The former is known as " Rab- bit's Back." The Kiskakon Otawas were there in 1677. 1679. Tliey arrived at Green Bay September 22d, and from there LaSalle sent the " Griffon " back, and it is sup- North Sally-Porf. 28 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. posed to have been wrecked oiS. the entrance to Green Baj', as a severe storm arose, and it did not reach Michihnackinac. After various misliaps Hennepin reached the Mississippi, which lie ascended to tlie Falls of St. Anthon_y, in the spring of 16S0. 1680. Dnlntli and Hennepin arrive from the Upper Mis- sissippi, by way of Green Bay. They winter at St. Ignace. 1081. LaSalle passes St. Ignace on his second journey to Illinois. M. De Villeraye is appointed commandant by Frontenac about this time. 1683. The fur trade declines in consequence of the danger of transportation, occasioned by Iroquois hostility. Hence distress among the traders, and dissatisfaction among the Indians. 1684. Mons. De La Durantaye in command at Michili- macldnac. The French and Indian forces commanded by De La Durantaye, with Dulutli as lieutenant, and Perrot as " manager " of the Otawas, set out to join in De La Barrels inglorious expedition figainst the Iroquois. The Indian estimation of French power and valor is on the wane. During De La Durantaye's absence. M. De La Yal- trie acts as commandant. 1685. All the French in the Upper Lake region arc placed under the authority of the commandant of Michilimackinac (M. De La Durantaye). This measure remaining in force until the abandonment of the post. Michilimackinac, ali-eady the commci'cial emporium of the Northwest, becomes also its military centre. Nicolas Perrot arrives with orders from the governor, pro- hibiting the Otawas to march against the Foxes on Green Bay. He succeeds in restoring peace between the two tribes through the intermediation of an Ojibwa chief, whose daugh- ter (a captive among the Foxes) he saves from the stake and restores to her father. HISlOlilCAI. KVKNTS. 20 1(586. Dissatisfaction among tlic Indians. Most of the clans pre leaning towards the Iroquois and the English, as the stronger party and better able to supply their wants. The Enjrlish endeavor to bring about a rniitnre bv forwardinir .>ui)plies and liquor to Michilimaekinae. 10S7. De La Durantaye sets out with the French force to take part in Denonville's expedition against the Senecas. He arrests, in the neighborhood of the settlement, thirty English traders, and as many more on Lake Erie. The timely arrival of Perrot with the Green Bay Indians obviates the necessity of the commandant returning with the prisoners, too nmner- ous for liis safety, in a hostile neighborhood. He proceeds to Niagara, where the Otawas ajul Ilurons, marching over- land from Lake Huron, join him ; they take part in a victori- ous attack on 800 Iroquois (July). The capture of those Engh'sh parties probably prevented the massacre of the French in Michilimaekinae, by the Ilurons and Otawas. 1688. May. Lallontan arrives with a small force (from a fort near the outlet of Lake Huron), and spends a month in the settlement. He obtains with difficulty a supply of corn. The Otawas. distrusting the Ilurons, fortify themselves on the Bluff, north of East Moran Bay. Joutel, Cavelier, and other survivors of LaSalle's expedition to /Texas (having wintered on Green Bay) pass the settlement on their way to Quebec and France. Kondiaronk, or Le Hat, the great Huron chief, departs at the head of one hundred men against the Iroquois, but plots with them the destiuction of the Ota- was by stratagem. The plot proves abortive, in consequence of Perrot and the missionaries gaining knowledge of it; Le Rat confesses his guilt. Perrot, returning from the Mis- sissippi with three female O jibwa prisoners delivered to I'im by tlie Foxes, snatches five Iroquois warriors from the stakc^ to which they were condemned by the Otawas, in spite of the commandant's and the missionaries' remonstrances. 30 ANNALS OF FOliT MACKINAC. 1G89-90. The Otawas, at the instigation of tlie Hnrons^ resume their project of effecting a reconciliation with tlie Iroquois. They send back to the Senecas the prisoners taken from them, and make arrangements for a meeting in the fol- lowing year. Father De Carheil, being informed of their plan, warns the governor by a messenger sent in the winter. Frontenac ])repares a large convoy to reinforce Michilimack- inac. 1090. Spring. The Otawas take steps towards an alli- ance with the Iroquois, and — as a token of good will — medi- tate the massacre of the Fi'ench traders. End of June or beginning of July. The post is saved by the arrival of M. De La Porte Louvigny (who relieved Dn- rantaj'e as commandant), with Perrot, and with an Ii'oquois prisoner, the evidence of a victory gained on the Otawa River over a M^aylaying party (June 2d). The prisoner is given, for execution, to the vacillating Ilurons, who, dreading a final breach with the Iroquois, are disposed to spare him", but yielding to the commandant's peremptory order, brain him after a short torture. Perrot, boldly haranguing the chiefs, assembled at the Jesuits' residence, reproaches them with their treachery, and endeavors to show them the folly of doubting the power of the French. They promise to amend. 1691. De Courtemanche and De Repentigny arrive with the news of the French victory over the English fleet before Quebec. 1692. Otawa and Huron warriors co-operate in driving the Iroquois from the St. Lawrence, and in the invasion of their territory by detached parties. Auo^ust. Two hundred Otawas from Michilimackinac arrive at Montreal in quest of mnnition. 1693. A great amount of fur is waiting transportation : on account of the Iroquois infesting the Otawa, the Indians nrSTOKICAT. EVENTS. 31 South Sally'Port. 32 ANNALS OF FOP.T MACKINAC. will not venture the journe\^ without a sufficient escort. Frontenac being informed, despatches the Sicur d'Argenteuil with orders for the commandant to send all the French he can sjDare down with the convoy. August 4th. Two hundred canoes from Michilimackinac, freighted with 80,000 francs worth of beaver, arrive at Montreal, together with the principal chiefs of the western tribes. A great council is held, and the Indians return charmed with the governor's manner, and laden with presents. 1094. July. De Lonvigny leaves for the colony with a great convoy of furs. The liurons contemplating a removal, are again suspected of treacherous intentions. Opposed in their purpose by the commandant and the Otawas, one half of the tribe consent to stay; the other half go to live with the Miamis on the St. Joseph River. (M. Tilly De Conrtemanche commandant there, since 1G93.) De La Porte Lonvigny is superseded by De La Motte Cadillac, the last commandant of " Ancient Michilimackinac." (Lonvigny becomes afterwards [1712] first commandant of New Michilimackinac, commonly called " Old Mackinac") 1695, Cadillac advises the governor of the necessity of a grand expedition against the Iroquois in order to prevent the defection of the western tribes. Frontenac contents himself witli Irarassing the enemy, in which he is aided by Micliilimackinac Indians, who return with a great number of prisoners. At a great meeting of western chiefs in Montreal, Fron- tenac emphatically gives them to understand that they must look upon every French officer, residing among them, as sub- ject to the orders of the one in command at Michilimackinac. The officers in command at the several posts, at that period, are: Tilly De Conrtemanche, D' Ailleboust De Mantet, HISTORICAL EVENTS. 33 D'Ailleboiist D'Argenteiul, Dc Lisle, Yincenncs, La De- convertc, and Perrot. Le Baron, a Huron chief, concludes a treaty with the L'oquois. Cadillac with difficulty succeeds in suspending its execution. An Indian deputation goes to Montreal to insist (as advised by the commandant) on a reduction in the prices of goods. Frontenac partly satisfies them. . The French court unable to cope with the evils springing from the system of trading licenses, ineffectually orders the evacuation of tlie post and the return into the colonj' of all soldiers and traders {coureurs de hois), in the West. 1696. The Hurons and some Otawas are already hunting with the Iroquois. Cadillac dispatches a war party, consisting chiefly of Pottawabiinies and Algonquins. The Iroquois, though warned by the Hurons, lose thirty scalps, and thirty-two prisoners, who are brought to Michilimackinac. Some Hurons found among them are restored to their tribe. In consequence of the Hurons' machinations, but few Michilimackinac Indians take part in the campaign against the Onondago and Oneida. D'Argenteuil starts with 50 Frenchmen, but arrives too late. Le Baron, w^ith thirty Huron families, goes to settle near Albany. Kondiaronk, now permanently gained over to the French cause by Father de Carheil, prevents the rest of the tribe from following them. 1697. Fruntenac, in reply to the king's order (of 1695, received late in 1696), insists on the posts of Michilimacki- nac and St. Joseph being retained, with a garrison sufficient to keep off English traders (twelve or fifteen soldiers with an officer), and on twenty -five canoe loads of goods being annually sent to each place. His advice prevails in the king's council. 34 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. Kumors of an impending war with England arriving^ Cadillac starts with a great number of Frenchmen, and three hundred Sacs, Pottawatomies, Otawas and Hurons. Tliey arrive in Montreal towards the end of August. 1700, September 8th. Kondiaronk and a deputy of the four Otawa clans sign a provisional treaty of peace with the Iroquois, at Montreal. De Courtemanche and Father Enjalran go to visit the other western tribes and persuade them to accede to the treaty. 1701. Otawa hunters fight a party of Iroquois wlio tres- pass on their grounds, and bring the chief to Michilimacki- nac as a prisoner. De Courtemanche and Father Enjalran, greatly aided by Kondiaronk, bring tlieir negotiations with the tribes to a suc- cessful issue. Father Enjalran leaves Mieliilimackiuac in June, with two liberated Iroquois prisoners. Courtemanche starts after the arrival of the Indian delegates, with a fleet of 144 canoes. Sieur De La Motte Cadillac founded the present city of Detroit, building Fort Pontchartrain, near the present Jeffer- son avenue, Shelby and Woodbridge streets. At the great meeting convened at Montreal, August 1st, for the conclusion of peace between the Iroquois, and the French and their allies (Illinois, Miamis, Kickai30os, Foxes, Winnebagos, Pottawatomies, Menomonees, Otawas, Ojib- was, Ilurons, Algonquins, Abenakis and others, being repre- sented), Kondiaronk, almost in a dying state, makes a last speech of great effect. He dies the following night, and is buried, with great demonstrations of respect, in the principal cliurcli of Montreal. August 4tli. At the last general assembly (1,300 Indians being present), the treaty is signed by thirty-eight deputies. The Otawas of Mieliilimackiuac ask for Father Enjalran HISTORICAL EVENTS. 35 REV. FATHER ED"WARD JACKER, Discoverer cf Marquotla's CrsvG. 36 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. and Nicolas Pcrrot, and insist ou the prohibition of the liquov trade in their country. 1702-3. The Hurons and a part of the Otawas, upon Cadilhic's pressing invitation, remove to Detroit. 1705. The remaining Otawas having broken the peace, DeLouvignj comes to bring them to reason. lie returns to the colony with Iroquois prisoners given up to him by the Otawas. De Vincennes follows with the chiefs. They apolo- gize to the Iroquois, and peace is restored. Not a single Christian Indian remaining; the Otawas, since the departure of the Ilurons proving unmanageable, and the licentiousness of the bush-loj)ers {coureurs de hois) exceeding all bounds, the missionaries (De Carheil, Marest, and perhaps Enjalran) burn the church and house, and leave for Quebec. Governor General de Yaudreuil sends orders to all the French at Michilimackinac to come down to the colony. 1712. Governor General de Vaudreuil sent De Louvigny to re-establish Fort Michilimackinac, which be did, but on the south shore. 1721. Peter Francis Xavier Charlevoix • at Michilimack- inac. 172S. Sieur Marehand DeLignery's expedition at Mich- ilimackinac. 1730. Sieur De Buisson in command at Michilimackinac. 1759. July 21:th. Fort Niagara surrendered to the Ih-itish. September 18th. Quebec, the capital of New Franco (Canada), surrendered. 1700. September Sth. Montreal, and all the French- Canadian territory, surrendered to the British. 17C1. September 2Sth. Bi-itish troops lirst arrived at Michilimackinac. Captain Belfour, of the SUth Ilegiment, HISTORICAL EVKN'TS. 6i arrived from Detroit with a detacliinent of the Hoth and SOth Ucijjiinents. Leaving- Lieutenant Leslie, of tlie Koyal American or GOth Regiment, with one sergeant, one corj)oral, one drummer, and twenty-five privates of the same regiment, C-aptain Belfour and his part}', on October 1st, jiroceeded to Green Bay, Wis. Although the Ih-itish occupied and controlled Canada, it was not formally ceded to Great Britain until 1TG3. The preliminaries of peace were signed at Fontainebleau, November 3d, 17G2, between the courts of France, Spain and Great Britain. I3y the definitive treaty signed at Paris, February 10th, 17G3, by these three great powers, together with Portugal, Canada was ceded to Great l^ritain. Great Britain restored to Spain the territory she liad con- quered in the Island of Cuba; and in consequence of this restitution, Spain ceded to Great Britain, Florida with Fort St. Augustin and the Bay of Pensacola, and all the Spanish jiossessions on the continent of North America, cast of the Mississippi River. In 1TS3, Great Britain rctroceded Florida to Spain. By a treaty made in 1819 (ratified in 1821), be- tween the United States and Spain, Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States, the latter paying 85,000,000. I'rance, by an act passed at Fontainebleau, November 3d, 1TG2, ceded the country then known as Louisiana, to Spain. The cession was accepted by an act passed at the Fscurial, November IStli, of the same year, Spain rctroceded Louisi- ana to France, by a treaty of St. Udefonso, October 1st, 1800. France ceded Louisiana to the L'nitcd States in 1803, the latter paying 815,000,000. 38 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. CONSPIRACY OF PONTIAC. 1TC3. Under this conspiracy eleven posts were attacked, and eight captured. June 2d. Fort Michiliniackinac was captured. The gar- rison consisted of Captain Etherington, Lientenants Jamet and Leslie, and abont tliirty-live men. A band of Chippewas, while playing a game of ball just ontside of the Fort, knocked the ball, as if by accident, so that it fell inside the stockade; the players rushed after it, and seizing their weapons from squaws, who had them concealed under their bhmkets, and had previously entered the Fort as a part of the plot, they raised the war-whoo^) and fell upon the garrison. Lieutenant Jamet and fifteen men were killed. Captain Etherington and Lieutenant Leslie, who were watching the game of ball, and the rest of the garrison were taken prisoners ; they were after- wards ransomed by Lieutenant Gorell and his command from the Fort at Green Bay. 1780. July 15th. The British abandon the Fort at " Old Mackinac" and transfer the garrison to Mackinac Island, where they build the present Fort Mackinac. The history of "Modern Mackinac" properly begins at this date. 1783. By the definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States, made and signed at Paris, Sep- tember 3d, 1783, by David Hartley on tlie part of Great Britain, and by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay on the part of the United States, the post of Michili- mackinac fell within the boundary of the United States, but under various pretenses the English refused to withdraw their troops, and occupied it with other lake posts. 1794. By the second article of the treaty of amity, com- merce and navigation, between Great Britain and the United IIISTORICAIi EVENTS. 39 States, concluded at London, England, November, 19th, 1794, and signed by Baron Grenville, on the part of Great Britain, and by lion. John Jay, on the part of tlic United States (ratitications exchanged October 2Stli, 1795, and proclaimed Fel)rnary 29th, 1790), it was stipulated that from all posts within the boundary lines assigned, by the treaty of peace to the United States, the British troops should be withdrawn on or before June 1st, 1796. 1795. By stipulation 13, article 3, of a treaty of peace between the United States and the tribes of Indians called the "Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Otawas, Chippcwas, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Pinkc- shaws and Kaskaskias, made at Greenville, Ohio, on the 3d of August, 1795, and signed by General Anthony 'Wayne, on the part of the United States, and by the Sachems and War- chiefs of the said tribes, the Indians ceded to the United States " the post of Michilimackinac, and all the land on the island on which that post stands, and the main land adjacent, on which the Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or grants, to the French or English Governments; and a piece of land on the main to the north of the island, to measure six miles, on Lake Huron, or the strait between Lakes Huron and Michigan, and to extend three miles back from the water of tlie lake or strait; and also, the island " Bois P)lanc," the latter being an extra and voluntary gift of the Chippewa nation." 179G. October. Two companies of United States troops, under the command of Major Henry Burl)eck, with Captain Abner Prior and Lieutenants Ebenezer Massay and John Michael, arrived and took possession of the post of Michili- mackinac. 1802. In the year ISOO the Connecticut Missionary So- ciety sent Ilcv. David Bacon (father of the late Rev. Dr. Leonard Bacon, of New Haven, who was born in Detroit in iO AXXALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. 1802) as a missionary to our frontier; he arrived at Detroit August lltb, 1800, where lie was entertained at the house of the commandant, Major Tlioraas Hunt, U. S. A. Mr. Bacon left Detroit, with his family, and came to Mackinac in June, 1802, where he remained, teaching and preaching until August, 180-i, when he was recalled. Rev^ David Bacon was i\\Q first Protestant who preached at Mackinac. 1812. June ISth, war with Great Britain was declared by the Congress of the United States by a vote of 79 to 40 in the House, and 19 to 13 in the Senate. June 19th, war was formally proclaimed by President Madison. HISTORICAL EVENTS. 41 ''\l MAJ. -win. "WHISTLER, U. S. A., Commanding Fort Mackinac, 1333. 42 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. SURKENDER OF FORT MICHILIMACKIKAC. Detroit, August 4lli, 1812. Sir — I take the earliest opportunity to acquaint Your Excellency of the surrender of the garrison of Michilimackinac, under my command, to his Britannic Majesty's forces under the command of Captain Charles Roberts, on the ITth ultimo, the particulars of which are as follows: On the IGth, I was informed by the Indian Interpreter that he had discovered from an Indian that the several nations of Indians then at St. Joseph (a British garrison, distant about forty miles) intended to make an imme- diate attack on Michilimackinac. I was inclined, from the coolness I had discovered in some of the prin- cipal chiefs of the Ottawa and Chippewa nations, who had but a few days before professed the greatest friendship for the United States, to place confidence in this report. I immediately called a meeting of the American gentlemen at that time on the island, in which it was thought proper to dispatch a confidential person to St. Joseph to watch the motions of the Indians. Captain Michael Dousman, of the militia, was thought the most suitable for this service. He embarked about sunset, and met the British forces within ten or fifteen miles of the island, by whom he was made prisoner and put on his parole of honor. He was landed on the island at day- break, with positive directions to give me no intelligence whatever. He was also instructed to take the inhabitants of the village, indiscriminately, to a place on the west side of the island where their persons and property should be protected by a British guard, but should they goto the Fort, they would be subject to a general massacre by the savages, which would be inevitable if the garrison fired a gun. This information I received from Doctor Day, who was passing through the village when every person was flying for refuge to the enemy. I immediately, on being informed of the approach of the enemy, placed ammunition, etc., in the Block houses; ordered every gun charged, and made every preparation for action. About 9 o'clock I could discover that the enemy wore in posses- sion of the heights that commanded the Fort, and one piece of their artil- lery directed to the most defenceless part of the garrison. The Indians at this time were to be seen in great numbers in the edge of the woods, HISTORICAL EVKNTS. 43 At li.ilf-pixst 11 o'clock the enemy sent in a flag of truce, demanding asui- leudcr of the Fort and island to his Britannic ^lajcsty's forces. This, Sir, was (lie first information I had of the declaration of war; I, however, had anticipated it, and was as well prepared to meet such an event as I pos- sibly could have been with the force under my command, amounting to 57 effective men, including officers. Three American gentlemen, who were prisoners, were permitted to accompany the flag: from them I ascer- tained the strength of the enemy to be from nine hundred to one thousand strong, consisting of regular troops, Canadians and savages; that they had two pieces of artillery, and were provided with ladders and ropes for the purpose of scaling the works, if necessary. After I had obtained this information, I consulted my officers, and also the American gentlemen present, who were very intelligent men; the result of which was, that it was impossible for the garrison to hold out against such a superior force. In this opinion I fully concurred, from the conviction that it was the only measure that could prevent a general massacre. The Fort and garrison were accordingly surrendered. The enclosed papers exhibit copies of the correspondence between the officer commanding the British forces and myself, and of the articles of capitulation. This subject involved questions of a peculiar nature; and I hope. Sir, that my demands and protests will meet the approbation of my government. I cannot allow this opportunity to escape without ex- pressing my obligation to Doctor Sylvester Day, for the service he ren- ilered me in conducting this correspondence. In consequence of this unfortunate affair, I beg leave, Sir, to demand that a Court of Inquiry may be ordered to investigate all the facts con nccted with it; and I do further request, tiiat the court may be specially directed to express their opinion on the merits of the case. I have the honour to be. Sir, etc., PORTER HANKS, Lieutenant of Artillery. His Excellency General Hull, Commanding the N. W. Army. P. S. — The following particulars relating to the British force were ob taincd after the capitulation, from a source that admits of no doubt: 44 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. Regular troops 4G including 4 officers. Canadian militia 2G0 Total 30G Savages, Sioux 5G Wiunebagoes 48 Menomouees 39 Chippewas and Ottawas 573 715 Savages. 306 Whites. Total 1021 It may also be remarked, that one hundred and fifty Chippewas and Ottawas joined the British two days after the capitulation. P. H. MiciiiLiMACiciNAC, IMicli., July 17th, 1812. CAPITULATION Agreed upon between Captain Charles Roberts, commanding Ms Britannic Majesty s forces, on the one part, and Lieutenant Porter Hanks, commanding the forces of Vie United States, on the other. I. The Fort of Michillmackinac shall immediately be surrendered to the British forces. Granted. II. The garrison shall march out with the honours of war, lay down their arms, and become prisoners of war, and shall be sent to the United States of America by his Britannic Majesty. Not to serve in this war until regularly exchanged; and for the due performance of this article the offi- cers pledge their word of honour. Granted. III. All the merchant vessels in the harbour, with their cargoes, shall be in the possession of their rcspeclive owners. Granted. IV. Private property shall be held sacred. Granted. HISTUKICAL EVENTS. 45 V. All citizens of the Uuitctl States of America who shall not take the oath of alk',i::iaiRe to his Biitaunic Majesty, shall depart wilh their prop- crl}' from the island in one mouth from the date hereof. Granted. (Signed) CHARLES ROBERTS. Commamling 11. B. Mi ijexty's forces. PORTER HANKS, Commanding the forces of the United States of America. XoTES. — Dr. Sylvester Day, U. S. A., was the Surgeon at the Fort. He and his family resided at the time in a house belonging to the late Samuel Abbott, which stood on a lot now "wned and cultivated as a garden by Mr. Patrick Donnelly, un the east side of and adjoining his residence on Astor street. Mr. Michael Dousman went to the house and told the inmates of the presence of the British on the island. Dr. Day immediately arose, and taking his family (one of whom, his son, is now General Hannibal Day, U. S. A.), went to the Fort and warned the garrison of the approach of the foe. His Majesty's forces were under the command of Captain ( "harles Eoberts, of the Tentli Iloyul Veteran Battalion, and consisted of forty regulars of the same regiment, with two six-pounders, which were embarked at St. Joseph on board the X. W. Co.'s ship, " Caledonia ;" two hundred and sixty Canadians, with their employes, and four hundred Indians, with ten batteaux and seventy canoes. The American troops numbered sixty-three persons, in- rluding five sick men and one drummer lioy. There were nine vessels in the harbor, having on board •rty-seven men. After the capitulation two other vessels arrived, with seven hundred packs of furs. The prisoners were sent to Detroit, arriving there August 4tli, thence to Fort Fayette, where Pittsburg, Pa., now 46 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. Stands, wliere a roll shows them to have been mustered on the 17th day of JSTovemljcr, 1812. Lieutenant Hanks was killed August 16, while still on parole, bj a shot fired from the Canadian side, M'hile he was standing in the gateway of the fort at Detroit. The citizens sought refuge in an old distiller}', which was situated under the bluff near the old Indian burying ground, west of the village. The British sent a guard there imme- diately after landing. The three American gentlemen (prisoners) referred to by Lieutenant Hanks, went from the distillery to Captain Rob- erts' command. They were Samuel Abbott, John Dousman and Ambrose Davenport, all prominent citizens of the village, and well calculated to comprehend the true state of affairs. Fort Holmes Avas built while the British held possession of the island, in 1812 and 1814, The inhabitants of the village were all forced to contribute labor. It was called by the British Fort George, in lionor of the British king ; afterward rechristened by the Americans in honor of Major Andrew Hunter Holmes, M'ho was killed August 4, 1814. The old ditches can be plainly seen ; the parapet was pro- tected by cedar pickets, so ])lantod as to render scaling im- possible without a ladder. The covered ways, constructed to shelter the troops, have fallen in. In the centre of the enclosure there was a building used as a block-house and powder magazine. It was removed by the Americans, and is now used as the government stable. The platform that now crowns the summit, and commands a magnificent view of the Straits and the surrounding coun- try, was built by Captain, afterward Colonel, John N. Mn- comb, during a survey of the lakes in 1849. As you stand on this platform, three hundred and twenty feet abov^e the HISTORICAL KVKNTS. 4< level of the surrounding water, facing toward the flag-staff in the Fort, on your right is Point St. Ignace, four miles distant, the southern extremity of the northern peninsula of Michigan ; nearly in front of you lies '^raokinaw City ; eight miles distant, on the northern j)oint of the southern i)enin- Clock House. Bj::t in 1720. sula, a little to the riglit, is where old Fort Michilimackinac stood, where the massacre of June 2d, 1763, took place; a little farther to the left Cheboygan, eighteen miles distant, and off to the left, where the northern shore and the water seem to mingle and disappear together, is the mouth of the St. Mary's River, thirty-seven miles distant. 48 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. NAYAL BATTLE ON LAKE ERIE. 1813. September lOtli, the hostile fleets of Great Britain and the United States, on Lake Erie, met near the head of the Lake, and a sanguinary battle ensued. The British fleet consisted of six vessels, carrying sixty-four guns, under com- mand of the veteran Commodore Barclay, and the fleet of the United States consisted of nine vessels, carrying flfty- four guns, under command of the young and brave Commo- dore Oliver H. Perry. The result of this important conflict was made known to the world in the following laconic dis- patch, written at 4 r. m. of that day : " Dear General: — We have met the enemy, and they are ours. Two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop. " With esteem, etc., "0. II. PERRY. "General William H. Harbison." HISTOKICAI. K VENTS. 49 Block House. Built in 1780. 50 AJfNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. BATTLE OF MICHILIMACKINAC. EFFORT OF COL. GEORGE CROGITAN. U. S. S. War Niagara, off Thunder bay, ) August 9tli, 1814. \ Sir — We left Fort Gratiot (head of the straits St. Clair) on the 12th ult. and imagined that we should arrive in a few days at Malshadash Bay. At the end of a week, however, the commodore from the want of pilots ac- quainted with that unfrequented part of the lake, despaired of being able to find a passage through the island into the bay, and made for St. Joseph's, where he anchored on 20th day of July. After setting fire to the Fort of St. Joseph's, which seemed not to have been recently occupied, a detachment of infantry and artillery, under Major Holmes, was ordered to Sault St. ^Mary's, for the purpose of breaking up the enemy's establishment at that place. For particulars relative to the execution of this order, I beg leave to refer you to Major Holmes' report herewith enclosed. Finding on my arrival at Michilimackiuac, on the 26th ult, that the enemy had strongly fortified the height overlooking the old Fort of Mackinac, I at once de- spaired of being able with my small force, to carry the place by storm, and determined (as the only course remaining) on landing and establish- ing myself on some favorable position, whence I could be enabled to annoy the enemy by gradual and slow approaches, under cover of my artillery, in which I should have the superiority in point of metal. I was urged to adopt this step by another reason, not a little cogent ; could a position be taken and fortified on the island, I was well aware that it would either induce the enemy to attack me in my strongholds, or force his Indians and Canadians (the most efficient, and only disposable force) off the island, as they would be very unwilling to remain in my neighbor- hood after a permanent footing had been taken. On enquiry, I learned from individuals who had lived many years on the island, that a position desirable as I might wish, could be found on the west end, and therefore immediately made arrangements for disembarking. A landing was effected on the 4th inst., under cover of the guns of the shipping, and the line being quickly formed, had advanced to the edge of the field spoken of for a camp, when intelligence was conveyed to me, that the 4 HISTORICAL EVLNTS. 51 "t "■-V \.v..., 'v,^,A ' -^^,, Col. P. DONAN. 52 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. enemy was ahead, and a few seconds more brought us a fire from his battery of four pieces, firing sliot and shells. After reconnoitering his position, which was well selected, his line reached along the edge of the woods, at the further extremity of the field and covered by a temporary breast work ; I determined on changing my position (which was now two lines, the militia forming the front), by advancing Major Holmes' battal- ion of regulars on the right of the militia, thus to outflank him, and by a vigorous effort to gain his rear. The movement was immediately ordered, but before it could be executed, a fire was opened by some Indians posted in a thick wood near our right, which proved fatal to Major Holmes and severely wounded Captain Desha (the next officer in rank). This unlucky fire, by depriving us of the services of our most valuable officers, threw that part of the line into confusion from which the best exertions of the officers were not able to recover it. Finding it impossible to gain the enemy's left, owing to the impenetrable thickness of the woods, a charge was ordered to be made by the regulars immediatel}^ against the front. This charge although made in some confusion, served to drive the enemy back into the woods, from whence an annoying fire was kept up bj- the Indians. Lieut. Morgan was ordered up with a light piece to assist the left, now particularly galled ; the excellent practice of this brought the enemj' to fire at a longer distance. Discovering that this disposition from whence the enemy had just been driven (and which had been represented to me as so high and commanding), was by no means tenable, from being inter- spersed with thickets, and intersected in every way by ravines, I deter- mined no longer to expose my force to the fire of an enemy deriving every advantage which could be obtained from numbers and a knowledge of the position, and therefore ordered an immediate retreat towards the shipping. This affair, which cost us many valuable lives, leaves us to lament the fall of that gallant officer, Major Holmes, whose character is so well known to the war department. Captain Van Home, of the 19th Infantry and Lieut. Jackson of the 24th Infantry, both brave intrepid young men fell moitaliy wounded at the head of their respective com- mands. The conduct of all my officers on this occasion merits my approbation. Captain Desha, of the 24th Infantry, although wounded, continued with his command until forced to retire from faintness through loss of blood. Captains Saunders, Hawkins and Sturges, with every subaltern HISTORICAL EVENTS. 53 of tliiit batlftlinn, acted in the most exemplary manner. Ensii^n Bryan, 2n(l Killc Hi'iiiment, acting Adjutant to tlic ballalion, actively forwarded the wishes of the commanding officer. Lieuts. Hickman, 28th Infantry, and Ilydo of the U. S. Marines, who commanded the reserve, claim my particular thanks for their activity in keeping that command in readiness to meet any exigency. I have before mentioned Lieut. Morgan's activity; his two assistants, Lieut. Pickett and Mr. Peters, conductor of artillery, also merit the name of good officers. The militia were wanting in no part of their duty. Colonel Cotgreave, his officers and soldiers, deserve the warmest approbation, My acting assistant Adjutant General Captain N. IL ^loore, 28th Infantry, with volunteer Adjutant McComb, were prompt in delivering my orders. Captain Gratiot of the engineers, who voluntered his services as Adju- tant on the occasion, gave me valuable assistance. On the morning of the 5th, I sent a flag to the enemy, to enquire into the state of the wounded (two in number), who were left on the field, and to request permission to bring away the body of Major Holmes, which was also left, owing to the unpardonable neglect of the soldiers in whose hands it was placed. I am happy in assuring you, that the body of Major Holmes is secured, and will be buried at Detroit with becoming honors. I shall discharge the militia to-morrow, and will send them down, together with two regu- lar companies to Detroit. With the remaining three companies I shall attempt to destroy the enemy's establishment in the head of Naw-taw-ica-sd-ga River, and if it be thought proper, erect a post at the mouth of that river. Very respectfully, I have the honor to remain, sir, your ol)edicnt servant. G. CROGHAN, Lieut.-Col. Slid Riflemen. 'I'd Hon. J. Armstuong, SccretiU-y of War. 54 ANXALS OF FORT MACKINAC. REPORT OF KILLED, WOUNDED AND MISSING, ON AUGUST 4th, 1814. On boakd the U. S. Sloop of War Niagara, | llth August, 1814. i Artillcrj' — wounded, tbree privates. Infantry — 17th Regiment; killed, five privates; wounded, tAvo sergeants, two corporals, fifteen privates. Two piivates since dead. Two privates missing. 19lh Regiment — wounded, one captain, nine privates. Captain Isaac Van Home, Jr., since dead — one private since dead. 24th Regiment — killed, five privates; wounded, one captain, one lieu- tenant, three sergeants, one corporal, one musician, five privates. Cap- tain Robert Desha severely'; Lieut. Ilezekiah Jackson since dead — one sergeant since dead. 33nd Regiment — killed, one major. Major Andrew Kunter Holmes. United States Marines — wounded, one sergeant. Ohio Militia — killed, two privates; wounded, six privates — one private since dead of his wcunds. Grand total— one major and twelve privates killed; two captains, one lieutenant, six sergeants, three corporals, one musician and thirty-eight privates wounded. Two privates missing. The above return exhibits a true statement of the killed wounded and missing in the affair of the 4th instant. N. H. MOORE, Captain 2Slh Infantry, Acting Assistant Adjutant-General 56 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. REPOET OF CAPTAIN SINCLAIR. United States Sloop of War Niagara, Off Thunder Bay, August 9th, 1814, .\ Sir — I arrived off Micliilimackinac on the 26th July; but owing to a tedious spell of bad weather, which i>revented our reconnoitering, or being able to procure a prisoner who could give us information of the enemy's Indian force, which, from several little skirmishes we had on an adjacent island, appeared to be very great, we did not attempt a lauding until the 4th inst., and it was then made more with a view to ascertain positively the enemy's strength, than with any possible hope of success; knowing, at the same time, that I could effectually cover their landing and retreat to tlie ships, from the position I had taken within 300 yards of the beach. Col. Croghan would never have landed, even with this protection, being positive, as he was, that the Indian force alone on the island, with the advantages they had, were superior to him, could he have justified himself to his government, without having stronger proof than appearances, that he could not effect the object in view. Mackinac is, by nature, a perfect Gibraltar, being a high inaccessible rock on every side, except the west, from which to the bights, you have near two miles to pass through a wood, so thick that our men were shot in every direc- tion, and within a few yards of them, without being able to see the Indians who did it; and a height was scarcely gained before there was another within 50 or 100 yards comm.anding it, where breastworks were erected and cannon opened on them. Several of those were charged and the enemy driven from them; but it was soon found the further our troops advanced the stronger the enemy became, and the weaker and more bewildered our forces were; several of the commanding officers were picked out and killed or wounded by the savages, without seeing any of them. The men were getting lost and falling into confusion, natural under such circumstances, which demanded an immediate retreat, or a total defeat and general massacre must have ensued. This was con- ducted in a masterly manner by Col. Croghan, who had lost the aid of that valuable and ever to be lamented officer, Major Holmes, who, with Captain Vanllorn, was killed by the Indians. The enemy were driven from many of their strongholds; but such was III&TOKRAI. KVKNIS. 57 tlic impcnetialjlc thickness of the woods, that no advantage gained could lie pioOted by. Our attack would have been made immediately under the lower fort, that the enemy might not have been able to use his Indian force to such advantage as in the woods, having discovered by drawing a lire from him in several instances, that I had greatly the superiority of metal of him; but its site being about 120 feet above the water, I could not, when near enough to do him an injury, elevate sufficiently to batter it. Above this, nearly as high again, he has another strong fort, com- manding every point on the island, and almost perpendicular on all sides. Col. Croghan not deeming it prudent to make a second attempt upon this jtluce, and having ascertained to a certainty that the only naval force the enemy have upon the lakes consists of one schooner of four guns, I have determined to despatch the " Lawrence '" and " Caledonia " to Lake Erie immediately, believing their services in transporting our armies there will be wanting; and it being important that the sick and wounded, amount- ing to about 100, and that part of the detachment not necessarj- to further our future operations here, should reach Detroit without delay. By an intelligent prisoner, captured in the "Mink," I ascertained this, and that the mechanics and others sent across from York during the winter were for the purpose of building a flotilla to transport reinforcements and sup- plies to Mackinac. An attempt was made to transport them by the way of Matchadash, but it was found impracticable, from all the portages being a morass; that they then resorted to a small river called Nautawasaga, situated to the south of Matchadash, from which there is a portage of three leagues over a good road to Lake Siracoe. This place was never known until pointed out to them last summer by an Indian. This river is very narrow, and has six or eight feet water in it about three miles up, and is then a muddy, rapid shallow for 45 miles up to the portage, where their armada was built, and their storehouses are now situated. The naviga- tion is dangerous and difficult, and so obscured by rocks and l)U.shes that no stranger could ever find it. I have, however, availed myself of the means of discovering it; I shall also blockade the mouth of French River until the fall; and those being the only two channels of communication by wliich ^lackinac can possibly be supplied, and their provisions at this time being e.xlromely short, I think they will be starved into a surrender. This will also cut off all supplies to the Northwest Company, who are now nearly starving, and their furs on hand can only find transportation by the way of Hudson Bay. At this place I calculate on falling in with 58 ANXALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. their schooner, whicli, it is said, has gone there for a load of provisions, and a message sent to lier not to venture up wliile we are on the Lake. Very respectfully, I have the honor to remain. Sir, Your obedient servant, ARTHUR SINCLAIR. Ih lion. Wm. Jones, Secretary of the Navy. Notes.. — Col. Croi^han landed with his troops at what is now called 'British Landini^,' so named from the fact that the British landed there on the night of the 16th and ITtli of July, 1812, when tlicj successfully surprised Fort Mack- inac. On enterinor the sate on the road leadino; to British Land- ing, after passing through the narrow belt of timber, you come to a slight ridge which crosses the road, passing diagon- ally through an orchard, on the left. On the south side of this ridge the British troops were concealed, liaving four field pieces; the line was protected by a hastily constructed abattis^ and the left by an entrenchment, the remains of which can be seen in the orchard some 250 yards to the left of, and nearly parallel to, ths road. The British forces were under the command of Lieut.-Col. Robert McDouall, Glengarry Light Infantry Fencibles, then in command at Fort Mackinac. Major Holmes' body was put on board a schooner and sent to Detroit, where it was buried in the old cemetery on the corner of Larned street and Woodward avenue, on land belonging to '' The First Protestant Society." In 1834: when excavating for the buikling of *' The First Protestant Church " the remains of Major Holmes were found with six cannon balls in the coffin. The balls were placed in the coffin for the purpose of sinking the body if in danger of being cap- tured by the British while on its way to Detroit. The remains were placed in a bo.\ and buried in the Protestant cemetery near Gratiot, Beaubien and Antoine streets. •" HISTORICAL EVENTS. 59 1S15. By tlic treaty of peace and amity between Great Britain and the United States, concluded at Ghent, Belgium, DccL'Hiher 24t]i, 1S14, and signed by Lord Ganibier, Henry Guiilbuiirn and William Adams, on the part of Great liritain, and by John Qnincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan Russell and Albert Gallatin, on the part of the United States (ratifications exchanged February 17th, and proclaimed February 18th, 1815), the post of Miohilimackinac was again restored to the United States. On March 2Sth, Lieut.-General Sir Gordon Drummond sent a despatch from York (now Toronto), Canada, to Lieut. - Colonel Robert McDouall, of the Glengarry Light Lifantry Fencibles, commanding Fort Mackinac and Dependencies, announcing the restoration of peace between Great Britain and the T'nited States, This despatch reached Mackinac May 1st, and of it Col. McDouall in a letter of May 5th, to Colonel Anthony Butler, 2d Rities, commanding " Michigan Territory and District of Upper Canada," said, "this was the first official communication I had received from my Govern- ment, announcing the termination of hostilities and the res- toration of the blessings of peace." Upon the receipt of the above despatch. Col. McDouall 'lit a detachment of troops to Drummond's Island to pre- pare for the removal thither, of the ]\rackinac Garrison. The efforts made at all times by Col. McDouall to protect American citizens and their property from the Indians, deserve mention. On the same day and l)y the same conveyance that brought (General Drummond's despatch, Col. McDouall received a letter from Col. Butler, dated Detroit, April IGth, in refer- ence to the reoccupation of Fort Mackinac by U. S. troops. Col. McDoualFs reply, dated May 5th, was conveyed to Col. Butler by Lieut. Worley, of the Royal Xavy. The details connected with the restoration of Fort Macki- CO ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC, nac to tlie United States, and of Fort Maiden, Amherstburo; and Isle anx Bois Blanc to Great Britain, were arranged between Col. Anthony Butler, on the part of the United States, and Lien t.- Colonel W. W. James, of the British Infantry, on the part of Great Britain. The United States troops were withdrawn from Fort Mai- den, Amherstbni'g and Isle aux Bois Blanc, at noon on the first day of July. British troops. Col. McDonall in command, occupied Fort Mackinac until noon. July 15th, when they were relieved I)y United States troops, consisting of two companies of Rifle- men (Cai)tains Willoughby Morgan and Joseph Kean), and half a company (Captain Benjamin K. Pierce's), of artillery, under command of Colonel Anthony Butler. Those troops with supplies for six months, left Detroit July 3d, in four vessels (commanded by Lieut. Samuel Woodhouse, U. S. N)., viz.: the U. S. sloop of war Niagara, the U. S. schooner Porcupine, and two private vessels char- tered for the trip. William Gamble, Collector of Customs for Mackinac, accompanied the troops. The British withdrew to Drummond's Island in the St. Mary's Piver, where they established a post. Colonel Butler immediately returned to Detroit, leaving Captain Willoughby Morgan in command at Fort Mackinac. Captain Morgan changed the name of Fort George to Fort Holmes, and for a short time garrisoned it with a small detachment. lie also appointed Michael Dousman, a resi- dent citizen, Military Agent for Mackinac. Major Talbot Chambers, of the Riflemen, arrived at Fort Mackinac, August 31st, and took command, relieving Cap- tain Morgan, who was ordered to Detroit. 1816. Two companies of Rifles left Fort Mackinac, under the command of Colonel John Miller, and established Fort Howard, at Green I)ay, Wis. HISTORICAL EVENTS. 01 1S19. First steamboat at Makinac, tlie "AValk-in-tlic- Water." 1S21. Juno 21st. In the west end of the basement of the cottage on the corner of Astor and Fort Streets (then used as the retail store of the American Fur Co.), occurred an accident the result of which is known to the medical fraternity throughout the world. We refer to the acci- dental shooting, in the left side, of Alexis St. Martin, a Canadian, eighteen years of age, in the employ of the x\mericaii Fur Company. St. Martin was not more than a yard from the muzzle of the gun, which was loaded with powder and duck-shot. To be brief, a liole was made into the stomach, which healed but never closed. Througli this aperture, the action of the stomach, on various kinds of food, was observed. These experiments, extending through a series of years, gave much valuable information. Dr. Wm. Beaumont, at tliat time the Fost-Surgeon, attended the wounded man and afterward made the experiments. 1S23. Rev. William Montague Ferry, by direction of the United Foreign Missionary Society, established a mission for the Indians of the Northwest at Mackinac Island, this location being chosen because it was the center of the fur trade in the Northwest. ^Ir. Ferry arrived at Mackinac October 19th, and opened school November 3d, with twelve Indian children. At one time there were twenty-four assistants, and one hundred and eighty scholars. The children from the village attended as day scholars, and those from the several tribes as boarders. They were trained in habits of industry, and taught trades, and how to cultivate the soil, besides receiving a common school education. The school was first held in the old Court House. In 1825, the building now known as the " Mission House," was erected for missionary and school purposes. 62 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. Thomas White Ferry, ex U. S. Senator, was born in tlic Mission House, June 1, 1S27. The building known as the " Mission Church," was erected in 1830. It was consecrated March -ith, 1S31. Mr. Ferry was relieved August Cth, 1834. He then settled at Grand Haven, Mich., where he lived for thirty-three years, highly esteemed and eminently useful. He died De- cember SOth, 1867. In 1837 the Mission was discontinued. 1830, October l-lth. Fort Mackinac evacuated. 1840, Mav 18th. Fort Mackinac reoccn])ied by Co. II. 4th Artillery. 1856, October 12t]i. Fort Mackinac evacuated. 1857, May 25th. Fort Mackinac reoccupied by Co. E, 2nd Artillery. August 2d. Fort Mackinac evacuated. 1858, June Gth. Fort Mackinac rcoccu[)ied by Co. G, 2nd Artillery. 1801, April 28. Fort Mackinac evacuated. 18C2. May 10th, the steamer "Illinois" arrived at Mackinac from Detroit, having on board Co. A, Stanton Guards, Michigan Volunteers, Capt. Grover S. AVormer. of Detroit, commanding (afterwards, Lieut.-Col. and Col. 8th ]\Iichigan Cavalry, and Brevet Brigadier-General United States Volunteers,) with First Lieutenant Elias F. Sutton, Second Lieutenant Louis Ilartmeyer, Chaplain James Knox, and Dr. John Gregg, having in charge the following dis- tinguished gentlemen from Tennessee, who were State prison- ers of war : Gen. AVilliam G. Harding, Gen. Washington Bar- rows, and Judge Joseph C. Guild. For six days after their arrival, the ])risoncrs were allowed to remain at the Mission Hotel, under a guard, while cpiar- ters were being prepared in the Fort. The three sets of officers' quarters in the wooden building between the stone quarters and the guard house, were assigned to them. Gen. Harding occupied the set in the west end, or nearest the stone quarters, Gen. Barrows, the middle set. and Judge Guild, the set in the east end. The rooms were comfort- ably furnished b}' the prisoners, who remained here until September lOtli, 1802, when the Fort was again evacuated. HISTORICAL EVENTS. r.n the prisoners taken to Detroit, and tlience to Johnson's Ishmd, Lake Erie. , 1SG(>, Auo;n^t ;)d. Fort Mackinac reoccupicd l)y the 4tli, Independent Company, of the A'eteran Reserve Corps. Anicnst 2()th. Fort Mackinac evacuated. lS. 43d United 'States Infantry. 1S77. Father Marquette's grave discovered at St. Ignace, by Rev. Father Edward Jacker. 18S2. The Frotestant Episcopal Church on Fort street, built tlirough the elforts and under the direction of Rev. Moses C. Stanley. 1SS3. A cable was laid by tlie Western Union Telegraph Co. to Mackinac Island from St. Ignace. (The latter place is connected by cable with Mackinaw City.) The line was opened July 13, the first message was as follows: Mackinac, Micb., July 13, lsS:J. IIox. Andrew Foley, Mayor of St. Ljnace, Mich.: Please accept our con'jjiatulations on the completion of the link which connects the oldest village in Michi<:;au with the youngest city. We wish your city coutinued prosperity. WM. P. PRESTON. President of Mackinac Village. 1885. Three cottages, the first erected on bnihling lots tin the Mackinac National Park, were built by Mrs. Fhcbe IB. Gehr, Mrs. Charlotte R. Warren, of Chicago, and Col. [John Atkinson, of Detroit. \ T\\(ijird lease by the government of a building lot in the Park was to Mrs. Gehr, the lease bearing date of Ai)ril 1st, tl8S5. , The price of the leases for Park lots lias been fixed at ten, [fifteen and twenty-live d«.)llars ])er year, according to the ' location. 64r ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. FRENCH AND BKITISH OFFICERS. The following named officers were at Fort Micliilimackinac on the dates given ; tlieir names are the only ones (of French and British officers) which appear in the old and official records : 1742, 12th August. MONS. DE BlAINVILLE, Commandant of Micbilimackiuac. 1744, 0th Januaiy. MONS. DE ViVEIIEVET, Commandant of Michilimackinac. 1744, nth July. DE RaMELIA, Captain and King's Commandant at Xepigon. 1745, nth July, and 1747, 23d May. DUPLESSIS DE MORAMPONT, King's Commandant at Cammauettigsia. 1745, 25th August, and 1746, 29th June. NOYELl-E, Jr., Second in Command at Michilimackinac. 1745, 25th August. Louis de la Corne. Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac. 1747, 7tli February, 20th June and 1st September. !MoNS. DE Noyelle, Jr. , Commandant of Michilimackinac. 1748, 28th February, 1741), 11th March and 21st June. ;Mons. Jacques Legardeur de St. Pierre, Captain and King's Commandant at Micliilimackinac. 1749, 27th January. Louis Legardeur, Chevalier de Kepcntigny, Second in Command at I\Iichilimackinac. FRENCH AND nUITISII OFFICKKS. 05 1749, 29th August. ]\IONS. GODEFROY, Ulticcr of Troops. 17o0, 24th Marcli, and 1752, 4th June. MoNS. DuPLESsis Fabeu, Captain and King's Commandant at Michiliraackinac. Knight of the Royal and ^lilitary Order of St. Louis, 1751, 8tli October. .AlONS. DUPLESSIS, Ju., Second in Command at ^lichilimackinac. 175-2, 4th .Tune. Moxs. Beaujeu de Vii.lemonde, Captain and King's Commandant at Camanitigousa. 1753. 18th July, and 1754, 15th August. MoNS. M.\uix, King's Commandant, Post of La Baie. 1753, 18lh July; 1754, 8th May; 1758, 23d February, 29t]i June, IGlh July and 17th October; 1759, 30th January; 1700, 25th .May and 8th September. Moxs. DE Beaujeu de Villemoxoe, Captain and King's Commandant at Michiliniackinac. 1754, Sill July, and 1755, 25th May. Moxs. IIerbin. Captain and King's Commandant at Michiliniackinac 1755, 8th January. Louis Legaudeur, Chevalier de Repentigny, King's Commandant at the Sault. 1755, 24th August, Loiis Legardeuu Chevalier de Repentigny, Lieutenant of Infantry. 175G, 28th April. Charles de L'Axglade, Officer of Troops. 175G, 19th June. ^lONS. IlERTEt.I-E BeaUDAKFIX, Kimi's Commandant at . 66 ANXALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 1756, 19tli July. MOXS. COUTEROT, Lieutenant of Infantrj'. 1758, 2d July. MoNS. DE L'Anglade, Second in Command at !Micbilimackinac. 1758, loth July. Louis Legardeur, Clievalier de Rcpentigny, Officer at Micliilimackinac. 1774 to 1779. A. S. De Peyster, Major Commanding Micliilimackinac and Dependencies. 1779 to 1782. Patrick Sinclair, Major and Lieutenant-Governor, Commanding Micliilimackinac and Dependencies. 1782 to 1787, lOth May. Daniel Robertson, Captain Commanding Michilimacliinac and Dependencies. 1784, 31st July. PiiiL. B. Fry, Eusigu 8th, or King's Regiment. 1784, 31st July, George Clowes, Lieutenant 8th, or King's Regiment 1701, loth November. Edward Ciiarleton, Captain 5tli Regiment Foot, Commanding ^lichilimackinac 1791, loth November. J. M. Hamilton, Ensign 5tli Regiment Foot. 1791, loth November. Benjamin Rocha Lieutenant 5th Foot. 1791, loth November. H. IIeadowe, Ensign 5th Foot. LEGEND OF "ROBERTSON'S FOLLY." r Captaix Hobkrtson was a gay young English officer and a great admirer of the ladies. One pleasant sunnner even- ing, as he was strolling in the woods at the back of the fort enjoying his pipe, he suddenly beheld, a few rods before him and just crossing his path, a female of most exquisite form, feature and complexion ; she seemed about nineteen ; was simply dressed; wore her long black hair in Howing tresses; and as for a moment she turned on him her lustrous black eyes, her whole countenance lighting up with anima- tion, the gallant captain thought he had never before seen so beautiful a creature. He politely doffed his cap and quickened his steps, hoping to engage her in conversation. She likewise hastened, evidently with the design of escaping him. Presently she disappeared around a curve in the road, and Kobertson lost sight of her. At the officers' quarters that night nothing was talked of but the young lady and her possible identity. She Avas clearly not a native, and no vessel had been known to touch at the island for many a week. Who could she be? Cap- tain Robertson could hardly sleep that night. A rigid inquiry was instituted in the village. The only ctfect was t(^ engender as intense curiosity in the town as already existed among the garrison. As the shades of evening drew near, the captain was again walking in the pleasant groves enjoying the delightful lake breezes and the whilf of his favorite pipe. He was think- ing of last evening's ajiparition, and blaming himself for not pressing on more vigorously, or at least calling; to the GS ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. fair spectre. At this moment, raising his eyes from the ground, there she was again, slowly preceding him at a dis- tance of scarcely more than thirty yards. As soon as his astonishment would permit, and as speedily as he could frame an excuse, he called to her : " Mademoiselle, I — I beg your pardon." She turned on him one glance, her face radiant with smiles, then redoubled her pace. The captain redoubled his, and soon broke into a run. Still she kept the interval between them undiminished. A bend of the road, and again she was gone. The captain sought her quickly, but in vain ; he then rushed back to the fort and called out a general posse of officers and men to scour the island, and, by capturing the maiden to solve the mystery. Though the search was kept up till a late hour in the night, not a trace could be found of her. The captain now began to be laughed at, and jokes were freely bandied at his expense. Two days passed away, and the fantasy of Captain Robert- son began to be forgotten by his brother officers, but the captain himself maintained a gloomy, thoughtful mood — the truth is he was in love with the woman he had only twice seen, and who he felt assured Avas somewhere secreted on the island. Plans for her discovery revolved in his brain day and night, and visions of romance and happiness were ever flitting before his eyes. It was on the evening of the second day that he was irresistibly led to walk again in the shady path in which the apparition had twice appfcarcd to him. It led to the brow of the precipice at the southeastern corner of the island. He had nearly reached the famous point from which we now look down perpendicularly 128 feet into the placid waters of Lake Huron, when, sitting on a large stone, apparently enjoying the magnificent scene spread out before her, he discovered the object of his solicitude. Escape from hijn was now impossible, silently he stole up to her. Robertson's folly. 09 A cruiH'liiiiir of the gravel under his feet, liowever, disturbed lier, and turning, her eyes met his. "* Pretty maiden, why thus attempt to ehide me i AVho are you?" Tliere was no answer, but the lady arose from the rock and retreated nearer tlie brink of tlie precipice, at the same time ghmcing to the riglit and left, as if seeking a loop-hole of escape. *' Do not fear me," said the captain, " I am commander of tlie garrison at the fort here. No harm shall come to you, hilt do pray tell me who you are, and how you came on this ishmd ! " The lady still maintained a stolid silence, but in the fading light looked more beautiful than ever. She was now stand- ing within three feet of the brink with her back to the terrible abj'ss. The captain shuddered at the thought of her making an unguarded step and being dashed to pieces on the rocks below. So he tried to calm her fears lest, in her agitation, she might precipitate a terrible catastrophe. " My dear A'oung lady," he began, ''I see you fear me, and I will leave you ; but for heaven's sake do pray tell me your naine and where you reside. Not a hair of your head shall be harmed, but Captain Robertson, your devoted ser- vant, M'ill go through fire and water to do your commands. Once more, my dear girl, do speak to me, if but a word before we ])art." As the captain warmed up in his address, he incautiously advanced a stej). The girl retreated another step, and now stood where the slightest loss of balance must prove hi-r death. C^uick as thought, the captain sprang forward to seize her and avert so terrible a tragedy, but just as he clutched her arm, she threw herself backward into the chasm, drawing her tormentor and would-be savior with her, and both were instantlv dashed on to the rocks below. ro ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. His mangled remains were found at the foot of the preci- pice, but, singuhir as it may seem, not a vestige could be found of the woman for whose life his own had been sacri- ficed. His body alone could be discovered and it M-as taken up and buried in a shady nook near the middle of the island. He was long mourned by his men and Ijrother officers, for he was much beloved for his high social qualities and genial deportment; but by and by it began to be whispered that the captain had indulged too freely in the fine old French brandy that the fur traders brought up from Montreal, and that the lady he professed to sec was a mere ignis faiuus of his own excited imagination. But the mantle of charity has been thrown over the tragedy, and a connnonplace explanation given for the name the rocky point has acquired, of " lioiiEiiTsoN's Folly." AMKKICAN FLU CUMl'ANY. THE AMERICAN FUll COMPANY. To notice sliglitly the origin of tlie Aincrieaii Fur Com- pany, wo will say that Jolm Jacob Astor, a German by birth, who arrived in New Yoik in the year 3784, commenced work for a bakery owned by a Cxerman acquaintance. He was afterwards assisted to open a toy shop, and this was fol- lowed by trafficking for small parcels of furs in the country towns, and which led to his future operations in that lino. Mr. Astor's great and continued success in that branch of trade induced him, in ISOO, to obtain from the New York Legislature a charter incorporating "The American Fur Company," with a capital of a million dollars. It is nnder- stood that !Mr. Astor comprised the company, though other names were used in its organization. In 1811, Mr. Astor, in connection with certain partners of the old Northwest Fur Company (whose l^eginning was in 1783, and perma- nently organized in 17S7), bought out the association of British merchants known as the ^fackinac C\)m])any, then a strong competitor in the fur trade. This Mackinac Com- pany, with the American Fur Company, was merged into a new association called the Southwest Fur Com])any. But in 1815, Mr. Astor bought out the Southwest Comjiany, and the American Fur Company came again to the front. In the winter of 1S15-1G, Congress, through the inlluence of ^Mr. Astor, it is nnderstood, passed an act excluding foreigners from participating in the Indian trade. In 1S17-1S, the American Fur Company brought a large number of clerks from Montreal and the United States to Mackinac, some of whom made good Indian traders, wliile many others "failed upon trial and were discharged. Among those wlio proved their capability was Gurdon S. IIubI)ard, Esq., then a youth 72 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. of sixteen, tlie earliest resident of Chicago now living there. He was born in Windsor, Vt., in 1802, and his parents were Elizur and Abigail (Sage) Hubbard. His paternal emigrant ancestor was George Hubbai-d, who was at Wethersfield, Ct., in 163G. Mr. Hubbard is also a lineal descendant of the clergyman -governor Gurdon Saltonstall (named for Bramp- ton Gurdon, the patriot M. P., whose daughter was the grand- mother of the governor), who was the great-grandson of Sir Richard Saltonstall, tlic tirni and efficient friend of early New England. We need, therefore, merely add here that Mr, Hubbard left Montreal, where his parents then lived. May 13, 1818, reaching Mackinac July 4th, and first arrived at Chicago on the last day of October or first day of November of that year. In 182S, he purchased of the Fur Company their entire interest in the trade of Illinois. Having entire charge of the management of the company in the West, were Ramsey Crooks and Robert Stuart. To William Matthews was intrusted the engaging of voyageurs and clerks in Canada, with his head- quarters in Montreal. The voyageurs he took from the habitants (farmers) ; young, active, athletic men were sought for, indeed, none but such were engaged, and they passed under inspection of a surgeon. Mr. IM. also purchased at Montreal such goods as were suited for the trade, to load his boats. These boats were the Canadian batteaux, principally used in those days in transferring goods to upper St. Lawrence River and its tributaries, maiuied by four oarsmen and a steersman, capacity about six tons. The voyageurs and clerks were under indentures for a term of five j'ears. Wages of voyageurs, $100. clerks from $120 to $500 per annum. These were all novices in the business; the plan of the company was to arrange iind secure the services of old traders and their voyageurs, who, at the (new) organization of the company were in the Indian country, depending on their influence and knowledge of the trade with the Indians; and as fast as possible secure the vast trade in the West and Northwest, within the district of the United States, interspersing the novices brought from Canada so as to consolidate, extend and monopolize, as far as possible, over the country, the Indian trade. The first two years they had sue- AMERICAN FUR COMPANY. 73 ceeilotl i:i bringing into their employ seven-cightlis of the old ludiuii trailers on the Upper Jlississippi. "Wabash and Illinois Rivers, Lakes Michigan and Superior, and their tributaries as far north as the bound- aries of the United States extended. The other eighth tiiought that their interest was to remain independent; toward such, the company selected their best traders, and located them in opposition, with instructions so to manage by underselling to bring them to terms. Block House Built in 1780. At JIackinac, the trader's brigades were organized, the company select- ing the most capable trader to be the manager of his particular brigade, which consisted of from five to twenty batteaux, laden with goods. This ( hicf or manager, when reaching the country allotted to him, made iletachmeuts, locating trading-houses, with districts clearly defined, for the opcmtions of that particular post, and so on, until his ground was fully occupied by traders under him, over whom he had absolute authority. We will here ;ilhielow, at the foot of the blidf, are the Government stables, blacksmith shop, and gra- nary; beyond them, the company gardens, where the build- ings of the United States Indian Agency stood in earlier days. In front of us is lli)und Inland, where, for a long time, there was a large Indian village, the only remnant of which is an Indian burying ground, on the southeastern part of the island. There is also an old burying ground on Bois Blanc so ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. Island. It is a singular fact that all these Indian graves were dug due east and west. Wanchusco, a celebrated spiritualist of tlie Ottawa tribe, lived on Round Island for several years previous to his death, which occurred September 30, 1837. To the left of Hound Island is I3ois Blanc Island. The building in our rear is the hospital, built in 1858; leaving it to our right, we pass another old block-house, and over the old north sally-])ort, just outside of which, on July 17th, 1812, the British troops stood in line and presented arms while Lieuts. Porter Hanks and Archibald Darragh marched the American troops out, with arms reversed, to receive their parole as prisoners of war. Passing on we come to the library and reading room. When built, the fort was enclosed by a stockade ten feet high, made of cedar pickets, into the tops of which were driven irons with three sharp prongs projecting. Formerly all the buildings belonging to the fort were within this stockade. A better idea of the block-houses as they aj^peared then, and of the stockade, may be obtained from the illustrations, wJiich are reduced from old drawings. The old gates still remain in place at the south sally-port, near the guard-house. The flags of three great nations have successively floated over the post at Michilimackinac, which has been the theatre of many a bloody tragedy. Its possession has been disputed by powerful nations, and its internal peace has continually been made the sport of Indian treachery and white man's duplicity. To-day, chanting te deums beneath the ample folds of the Jleur-de-lis^ to-morrow yielding to the power of the British lion, and, a few years later, listening to the ex- ultant screams of the Atnerican eagle, as the stars and UAMBLE THROUGH I-'OUT MAClCINAr 81 stripes lloat over tlic battlements on the " Isle of the dancing spirits." The historical reminiscences renderinj!: it classic irround. and the many wihl traditions, pcoplini^ each rock and glen ■with spectral habitants, combine to throw aronnd Mackinac an interest and attractiveness unequalled by any other place on the Western Continent. 82 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. AMERICAN OFFICERS. The following named have served at Fort Mackinac. The year of tlieir arrival, and their actual rank at that time, are given : 1706. 1800. 1802. 1804. 1807. 1808. 1810. 1815. ISIO. Henry Burbcck, Abner Prior, Ebcnezer ]Mas3a3', John Michael, Ricliard Whiley, Thomas Hunt, Jo-siah Dunham, Francis Le Barron, Jacob Kingsburj', •Jonathan Eastman, Lewis Howard,* Porter Hanks, Archibald Darragh, Sylvester Daj', Anthony Butler, Willoughby jNIorgan, Talbot Chambers, Joseph Kcan, John O'Fallon, John Heddelson, James S. Gray, William Armstrong, William Hening, Benjamin K. Pierce, Robert McClallan. Jr. Lewis Morgan, George S. Wilkins, John S. Pierce, Thomas J. Baird, John ^liller, John McNeil. Charles Gratiot, iMajor, Artillerists and Eiig'rs. Captain, 1st Infantrj'. Lieutenant, Artillerisls and Eng'i;^. 1st Infantry. » 1st Lieutenant, Artillerists and Eng'rs Major, 1st Captain, Artillerists and Eng'rs Surgeon's Mate. Lieut. -Colonel, 1st Infantry. 1st Lieutenant, Artillerists. Captain, " 1st Lieutenant, " 2d Garrison Surgeon's jMate. Colonel, Captain, Major, Captain, 2d RiHes. Kiflemen. 1st Lieutenant, " 2d 2d Surgeon's iMate. Captain, Artillery 1st Lieutenant, 1st 2d 2d 3d Colonel, Major, 3d Infantry. 5th " Engineers. * Died at Fort Mackinac, January 13, 1811. AMHKICAN t)KKICi:i:3. S3 1816. William Wliisticr, John CJieeiie, Captain, :Jd I 3d n fan try. •• Daniel Curtis, 1st Lieutenant, 3il •' John Garland, 1st 3d " Turby T. Thomas, 1st 3d •' Henry Conway, Jr 1st 3d " James Dean, 2d 3il •' Andrew Lewis, 2d 3d Asher Phillips, Paymaster, 3d " Edward Puicell, Hospital Surgeo li's Mate. ISIT. Albion T. Crow, " • ' " William S. Evelcth, 2d Lieutenant. Eng ineers. 1S18. Edward Brooks, 1st 3d I n fan try. 1819. Joseph P. Russell, Post Surgeon. " Joseph Gleason.f 1st Lieutenant, 5lh Infantry, " William Lawrence, Lieut.-Colonel, 2d " (• William S. Comstock, Surgeon's Mate. 3d ii •' Peter T. January, 2d Lieutenant. 3il " " John Peacock, 2d 3d " 1821. William Beaumont, Post Surgeon. " Thomas C. Legate, Captain, 2d. .\rtillery. " Elijah Lyon, 1st Lieutenant, 3d " " James A. Chambers, 2d 2d " " Joshua Barney, 2d 2il " 1822. James M. Spencer, 1st 2d " 1823. Alexander C. W. Fanning. Captain, 2d " " William Whistler. " 3d] [nfanlry. " Samuel W. Hunt, 1st Lieutenant, 3d " " Aaron IL Wright, 2d 3(1 " " George H. Crosman, 2d (Jlh " '• Stewart Cowan, 2d 3d " 1S-,V). William IIofTman, Kichard S. Satlerlee, Captain, Assist. Surgeon. 2d " '• Carlos A. Wait. 2d Lieutenant, 2d ] [n fan try. " Seth Johnson, 1st 2d " l.SiiJ. David Brooks, 2il 2d " " Alexander R. Thomi)son, Captain, 2d " 1827. James G. Allen, 2d Lieutenant, .-)lh " t Dieil at Fort Mftckinao, March 27, IS.'O. 84 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. 1837, Edwin James, " Epliraiiu K. Barnum, " Edwin V. Sumner, " Samuel T. Heintzelman, 1828. Charles F. Morton, " Sullivan Burbank, " Kobert A. McCabe, " William Alexander, " Abner R. Hetzel, " Josiali II. Vose, 1829. James Engle.. " Amos Foster, " Enos Cutler, " Closes E. Merrill, " Epbraim Kirby Smith, " Isaac Lynde, " Caleb C. Sibley, " William E. Cruger, " Louis T. Jamison, 1830. Henry Clark, 1831. John T. Collingsworth, Robert McMillan, 1832. George M. Brooks, " Waddy V. Cobbs, " Joseph S. Gallagher, " George W. Patten, " Thomas Stockton, " Alexander R. Thompson, " John B. F. Russell, 1833. William Whi.-stler, " Ephraim K. Barnum, " Joseph R. Smith, " James W. Penrose, " Charles S. Frailey, " George F. Turner, 1834. Jesse H. Leavenworth, " John Clitz, t Assist. Surgeon. 1st Lieutenant, 2d III 1 fan try. 2d 2d " 2d 2d " 1st Lieutenant, 2d Ii ifanlry. Captain, 5th r)th .< 1st Lieutenant, 5th " 2d 2d " Major, 5th i< 2d Lieutenant, 5th " 2d 5th " Lieut. -Colonel, Sd " 2d Lieutenant, 5th " 2d 5tii •' 2d 5th " 2d 5th " 1st Sth " 2d 5th ' 1st 5th " 2d Lieutenant, 5th " Assist. Surgeon, , Med) ical Department. Colonel, 5th Infantry. Captain. 2d 1st Lieutenant, 2d 2d 2d Bvt. 2d Lieut., 5th IMajor, Gth Captain, 5th Major, 2d Captain, 2d 1st Lieutenant, 2d 2d 2d Assist. Surgeon, ^ledical Department. 2d Lieutenant, 2d Infantry, Captain, 2d t Died at Fort Mackinac, November 7, 1836. AMERICAN OFFICEKS. 85 1835. James V. Romford, 2d Lieutenant, 2d Infantry. " Julius J. B. Kingsbury, 1st 2d Marsena R. Patrick, Bvt. 2d Lieut., 2d is:}{). E.astus li. Wolcott, Assist. Surgeon, .Mediral Department. •' James W. Andor.son, 2d Lieutenant, 2d Infantry. is;',;). Samuel Melveuzic, Captain, 2d Arlilhry Arnold E. Jones, 2d Lieutenant, 2d 1840. Harvey Brown. Captain, 4th " John W. Plielps. Isl Lieutenant, 4tli " John C. Pembertou 2d 4th 1841. Henry Holt, Assist. Surgeon, Medical Department '• Patrick H. Gait, Captain, 4th Artillery. George C. Thomas, 1st Lieutenant, 4tli George W. Getty, 2d 4th •' Alexander Johnston, Captain, 5th Infantry. " William Chapman, 1st Lieutenant, 5th •• Spencer Norvell, 2d 5th Henry Whiting, 2d 5th •' John JI. Jones, Bvt. 2d Lieut., 5th 184-2. Rev. John O'Brien, Chaplain. " Martin Scott, Captain. 5th 1843. Levi H. Holden, Assist. Surgeon. Medical Department " Moses E. Merrill, Captain, 5th Infantry. " William Root, 1st Lieutenant, 5th " John C. Robinson, 2d 5lh 1844. John Byrne, Assist. Surgeon, JMedical Depart nieu(. 1845. Charles C. Keeney, " " •' George C. Weslcolt, 2d Lieutenant, 2d Infantry. " Silas Casey, Captain, 2d •• Joseph P. Smith, Bvt. 2d Lieut., 5th •• Fred Steele, " 5th 1847. Frazey ^I. Winans, Caplain, 15th " Michael P. Doyle, 2d Lieutenant, 15tli •' " Morgan L. Gage, Captain, 1st Mich. Vols. " Calel) F. Davis, 2d Lieutenant, Isl " William F. Chittenden, 2d 1st 1848. William N". R. Beall. Bvt. 2d Lieut., 4th Infantry. " Charles II. Larnard. Caplain, 4th 86 ANNALS OF VORT MACKINAC. 1848. Hiram Dryer, 2d Lieutenant, 4th Infantry. 1849. Joseph B. Brown, Assist. Surgeon, Medical Department. " Joseph L. Tiflball, Bvt. 2d Lieut., 4lh Infantry. 1850. Charles H. Lau'n, Assist. Surgeon, Medical Depavtmcnt- 18.51. David A. Russell, 1st Lieutenant, 4th Infantry. 1852. Thomas Williams, Captaih, 4th Artillery. ♦' George W. Rains, 1st Lieutenant, 4th " Jacob Culbertsou, 2d 4th " Joseph H. Bailey, Captain, Medical Department. 1854. Joseph B. Brown, Assist. Surgeon, 1855. John II. Grelaud, 1st Lieutenant, 4tli Artillery. 185G. Edward F. Bagley, 2d 4th " William R. Tcrrill, 1st 4th " Joseph II. Wheclock, Ibt 4th " John Byrne, Assj.st. Surgeon, ]\Iedical Department. 1857. Arnold Elzey, Captain, 2d Artillery. " Henry Benson, 1st Lieutenant, 2d " Guilford D. Bailey, 2d 2d 18j8. Henry C. Pratt, Captain, 2d " Henry A. Smalley, 2d Lieutenant, 2d " John F. Head, Captain, ^ledical Department. 1859. William A. Hammond, " " " George L. Ilartsuff 1st Lieutenant, 2d Artillery. 1802. Grovcr S. Wormer, Captain, Stanton Guards, Mich. Vols. " Elias F. Sutton, 1st Lieutenant, " " Louis Ilartmcyer, 2d " " James Kno.x, Chaplain, Mich. Vols. •' Charles W. Le Boutillier, Assist. Surgeon, 1st Minn. Inf'y. Vols. 180G. Jerry N. Hill, Captain, Vet. Res. Corps. " Washington L. Wood, 2d Lieutenant, " 1867. John ]\Iitcliell, Captain, 43d Infantry. '' Edwin C. Gaskill, 1st Lieutenant, 43d " Julius Stommell, 2d 43d 1869. Leslie Smith, Captain, 1st " John Leonard, 1st Lieutenant, 1st •' .Alatthew Markland. 2d 1st 1870. Samuel S. Jcssop, Captain, ISIedical Department. 1871. Thomas Sharp, 1st Lieutenant, 1st Infantry. AMERICAN OFFICERS. ST 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. ISTd. 1877. 1878. J 879. 1882. 1883. 1884. IS80. William M. Notson, Carlos Carvallo, Charles J. Dickey, John McA. Web.ster, J. Vittor De Ilanue, Alfred L. llQiigh, Joseph Bush. Thomas II. Fisiier, Fiohling L. Duvios, diaries A. Webb, John G. Ballance, Tiieo lore Mosher, Jr., Peter Moffat, Oscar D. Lad ley, Eawin E.Sellers.g Charles L. Davis, Dwight II. Kelton, Walltr T. Duggau, Bogaidus Eldridge, Edward II. Piummer, George W. Adair, William II. Corbusier, John Adams Perry, George K. Brady, Greenleaf A. Goodalc, Edward B. Pratt, Calvin D. Cowles, J. Rozier Clagett, Stephen O'Connor, Benjamin C. Morse, William C. Manning, Captain, Captain, 2d Lieutenant, Captain, Major, Captain 1st Lieutenant, 2a Captain, 2d iJeutonant, Captain, Medical Department. 22(1 Infantry. 2 2d Medical Department. 22d Infantry 2':d 22d 22d 22d 22d 2-2d judical Department, 1st Lieutenant, 22d Infantry. Captain, lOtb " lUth 1st Lieutenant, 10th 1st lOth " 2d lOtli " 2d 10th " Captain, Medic al Department. 2d Lieutenant, 10th I n fan try. Captain, 23 rd 23rd 1st Lieutenant, 23 rd 1st 23rd 1st 23r(l 2d 23rd 2d 23rd Captain, 23rd S Died at Fort Slackiuac April 8th, 1S*1. LEGEND OF "LOVER'S LEAP." Many years ago, there lived a warrior on tliis island whose name was "Wawanosh. lie was the chief of an ancient family of his tribe, who had preserved the line of chieftain- ship unbroken from a remote time, and he consequently cherished a pride of ancestry. To the reputation of birth he added the advantages of a tall and commanding person, and the dazzling qualities of personal strength, courage and activity. His bow was noted for its size, and the feats he hid performed with it. His counsel was sought as much as his strength was feared, so that he came to be equally regarded as a hunter, a warrior and a counsellor. Such was Wawanosh, to whom the united voice of the nation awarded the first place in their esteem, and the highest authority in council. But distinction, it seems, is apt to engender haughtiness in the hunter state as well as civilized life. Pride was his ruling ]iassion, and he clung with ten- acity to the distinctions which he regarded as an inheritance. Wawanosh had an only daughter, who liad now lived to witness the Inidding of the leaves of the eighteenth spring. Her father was not nioie celebrated for his deeds of strength than she for her gentle virtues, her slender form, her full, l)caming hazel eyes, and her dark and flowing hair. Her hand was sought by a young man of humble ))arent- a:j;c. who had no other merits to recommend him but such as might arise from a tall and commanding person, a maidy stej), and an eye beaming with the tropical fires of youth and love. These were sufficient to attract the favorable notice 90 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. of the daughter, but were by no means satisfactory to the father, who sought an alliance more suitable to the rank and the high pretensions of liis family. "Listen to me, young man," he replied to the trembling hunter, who had sought the interview, " and be attentive to my words. You ask me to bestow upon you my daugliter, the chief solace of my age, and my choicest gift from the Master of Life. Others have asked of me this boon, who were as young, as active and as ardent as yourself. Some of these persons ha\"e had better claims to become my son-in- law. Have you reflected upon the deeds which have raised me in authority, and made my name known to the enemies of my nation ? Where is there a chief who is not proud to be considered the friend of Wawanosh ? Where, in all the land, is there a hunter who has excelled Wawanosh? Where is there a warrior who can boast the taking of an equal num- ber of scalps ? Besides, have you not heard that my fathei"s came from the East, bearing the marks of chieftaincy ?" "And what, young man, have you to boast? ILive you ever met your enemies in the iield of battle ? Have you ever brought liome a trophy of victory ? Have yoii ever proved your fortitude by suffering protracted pain, enduring continued hunger, or sustaining great fatigue? Is yoic?' name known beyond the humble limits of 3'our native vil- lage? Go, then, young man, and earn a name for yourself. It is none but the brave that can ever hope to claim an alliance with the house of Wawanosh." The intimidated lover departed, but he i-csolved to do a deed that should render him worthy of the daughter of Wawanosh, or die in the attemnt. He called toofether several of his young companions and equals in years, and imparted to them his design of conducting an expedition against the enemy, and requested their assistance. Several I'rabraced the proposal immediately ; and, before ten suns LEGEND OF " LOVEU's LEAT." 91 set, lie saw himself at the head of a formidable party of young warriors, all eager, like himself, to distinguish theni- selves in battle. Each warrior was armed, according to the custom of the period, with a bow and a quiver of arrows, tipped with Hint or jasper. lie carried a sack or wallet, provided with a small quantity of parched and pounded corn, mixed with pemmican or nuiple-sugar. He was fur- nished with a Puggamaugun, or war-club of hard wood, fastened to a girdle of deerskin, and a stone or copper knife. In addition to this, some carried the ancient shemagun, or lance, a smooth pole about a fathom in length, with a javelin of Hint firmly tied on with deers sinews. Thus equipped, and each warrior painted in a manner to suit his fancy, and ornamented with ajipropriate feathers, they repaired to the spot apjiointed for the war-dance. A level, grassy plain extendeil for nearly a mile from the lodge of Wawanosh along the lake shore. Lodges of bark were pi-omiscuously interspersed over this green, and here and there a solitary tall pine. A l)elt of yellow sand skirted the lake shore in front, and a tall, thick forest formed the background. In the center of this ])lain stood a high, shat- tered pine, with a clear space about, renowned as the scene of the war-dance time out of mind. Here the youths assem- bled, with their tall and graceful leader, distinguished by the feathers of the bald-eagle, which he wore on his head. A bright fire of pine wood blazed upon the green. He led his men several times around this tire, with a measured and solemn chant. Then suddenly halting, the war-whoop was raised, and the dance immediately began. An old man, sitting at the head of the ring, beat time upon the drum, while several of the elder warriors shook their rattles, and "ever and anon" made the woods re-echo with their yells. Thus they continued the dance for two successive days and niirhts. 92 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. At length the propliet uttered his linal prediction of suc- cess; and the warriors dropping off, one by one, from the fire, took their way to the place appointed for the rendez- vous, on the confines of the enemy's countrj'. Their leader was not among tlie last to depart, but he did not leave the village without seeking an interview with the daughter of Wawanosh. He disclosed to her his firm determination never to return, unless he could establish his name as a warrior. He told her of the pangs he had felt at the bitter reproaches of her father, and declared that his soul spurned the imputation of effeminacy and cowardice implied by his language. He averred that he could never be happy until he had proved to the whole tribe the strength of his heart. He said that his dreams had not been propitious, but he should not cease to invoke the power of the Great Spirit. He repeated his protestations of inviolable attachment, which she returned, and, pledging vows of mutual fidelity, they parted. That parting proved linal. All she ever heard from hei- lover after this interview was brought by one of his success- ful warriors, Avho said that he had distinguished himself by the most heroic bravery, but, at the close of tiie fight, he had received an arrow in his breast. The enemy fled, leaving many of their warriors dead on the Held. On examining the wound, it was perceived to be beyond their power to cure. They carried him toward home a day's journe}', but he languished and expired in the arms of his friends. From the moment the report v.'as received, no smile was ever seen in the once happy lodge of Wawanosh. His daughter pined away by day and by night. Tears, sighs and lamentation were heard continually. Nothing could restore her lost serenity of mind. Persuasives and reproofs were alternately employed, but employed in vain. She would seek a seques- tered spot, where she would sit and sing her mournful LEGEND OF " LOVER's LEAT." 'J3 laments for lionrs together. Passages of these are yet repeated by tradition, one of which \vc give: THE LOON'S FOOT. I thought it was the loon's foot, I saw heneatli the tide, But no — it was my lover"s shining paddle I esi)ied; It was ray lover's paddle, as my glance I upward cast, That dipped so light and gracefully as o'er the lake I passed. The loon's foot — the loon's foot, 'Tis graceful on the sea; But not so light and joyous as That paddle-blade to me. My eyes were bent upon the wave, I cast them not aside. And thought I saw the loon's foot beneath the silver tide. But ah! my eyes deceived me— for as my glance I cast, It was my lover's paddle-blade that dipped so light and fast. The loon's foot — the loou's foot, 'Tis sweet and fair to see ; But, oh, my lover's paddle-blade. Is sweeter far to me. The lake's wave — the long wave — the billow big and free, It wafts me up and down, within my yellow light canoe; But while I see beneath heaven pictured as I speed, It is that beauteous paddle-blade that makes it heaven indeed. The loon's foot — the loon's foot. The bird upon the sea, Ah I it is not so beauteous As that paddle-blade to me. It was not long before a small bird of beautiful plumage flew upon tiie rock on which she usually sat. This mysteri- ous visitor, which, from its sweet and artless notes, is called Chileeli, seemed to respond in sympathy to her plaintive voice. It was a strange i)ird, such as had not before been observed. It came ever}- day and remained chanting its 94 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. notes till nightfall ; and when it left its perch, it seemed, from the delicate play of the colors of its plumage, as if it had taken its hues from the rainbow. Her fond imagination soon led her to suppose it was the spirit of her lover, and her visits to the lonely rock were repeated more frequently. She passed much of her time in fasting and singing her plaintive songs. There she pined away, taking little nour- ishment, and constantly desiring to pass away to that land of expected bliss and freedom from care, where it is believed that the spirits of men will be again reunited, and tread over fields of fiowery enjoyment. One evening, her lifeless body was found at the foot of the rock, but when death came to her, it was not as the bearer of gloom and regrets, but as the herald of happiness. EARLY MICHIGAN The lirst European Settlement within the limits of the State of Michiiran was by the French. Ill 104-1, Fathers Charles Rajmbault and Isaac Jognes, upon the invitation of the Ojibwa, visited the rapids of the St. Mary's River. Untoward circumstances prevented the cstablisliment of a mission. The first white men who passed the rajjids, entered Lake Su])erior, and coasted aloiif^ tlie whole extent of the south- ern shore of Lake Superior, were Des Groseillers (famous for his later exploits on Hudson Bay) and another young Frenchman. They spent the winter of 1G59-60 in Northern Wisconsin and Eastern Minnesota, and in the following sum- mer returned to Canada with three hundred Indians and 200,000 livres' worth of fur. Father Renatus (Rene) Menard was tlie first Jesuit who labored for some time among the Indians in Upper Michigan. His stay on Keweenaw Bay lasted from October loth, 1660, to July 13tli, 1661, About a month later he perished during an attempt to reach the Huron Settlement on the lieadwaters of the Black River (Wisconsin). In 1665, Father Allouez coasted along the south shore of Lake Superior on his way to Shagawamigong (Chegoiiiie- gong), where he founded a mission. Its site was at the head of Ashland Bay, Wisconsin. In 1668, Father James Marquette reached the Sault, where he was joined by Father Claudius Dablon. The settlement of Michigan begins at this period. 90 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. Under tne Frencli and British dominion, the territory was associated with the Canadas, but became part of the territory of Virginia at the close of the war of independence, although it was not formally occupied by the United States until 1796. Virginia had in the meantime ceded to the United States all of her territory northwest of the Ohio River, and Congress, by the historical " Ordinance of 1787," passed July 13th of that year, provided for its government as the "Northwest Territory." The first seat of government of the Northwest Territory was at Chillicothc, Ohio. By act of Congress of May 7th, 1800, the territory was divided, preparatory to the admission of Ohio into the Union as a State, and the "Indiana Terri- tory " was erected, with the seat of government at Vincennes, Indiana. Bv act of January, 1S05, the Territory of Michi- gan was set ofE from the Indiana Territory, the seat of gov- ernment being established at Detroit. By this act, the soutliern boundary of Michigan was fixed by a line drawn due east from the soutlierly bend or extreme of Lake Michi- gan until it intersects Lake Erie, and the western boundary through Lake Michigan and tlience due north to the north- ern boundary of the United States. This included on the south a strip of territory, now forming a part of the State of Ohio, and did not inchide the northern or Upper Penin- sula of the now State of Michigan. In the year 1835, tlie people of Michigan took steps for forming a State Government. The admission of the State into the Union was delayed until 1837, chiefly in consequence of a disagreement in regard to the southern boundary ; the State of Ohio laying claim to the strip of territory previously referred to, which it was claimed on the other hand was within the Territory of IMichigan, and which embraces within its limits the ])resent City of Toledo. The dispute at one time threatened an armed collision, and military forces were EAKI.Y MICHIGAN. 97 imi.sttM-ed on both sides, in what is popularly known as the "Toledo war." The difficulty was settled by the act of Congress of June, 1S3G, fixing the disputed boundary in accordance with the claim of Ohio, giving to Michigan, instead, the territory known as the Upper Peninsula. The seat of government remained at Detroit until 1S47, when it was removed to Lansing. The land area of the State comprises two natural divisions known as the Upper and Lower Peninsulas, and the adjacent islands. The Upper Peninsula contains 14,451,456 acres. The Lower Peninsula contains 21,677,154 acres. There are 179 islands included within the boundaries of the State, varying in area from one acre upward, their total area being 404,730 acres. Bois-Blanc Island contains 21,351 acres. P^:)und Island contains ISO acres. Mackinac Island contains 2,221 acres. 98 A-NNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. GOYERNORS OF MICHIGAN. UNDER FKENCH DOMINION. Samuel Champlain, il. DE MONTMAGNY, M. d'Aillebout, M. DE Lauson M. DE Lauson (son), M. d'Aillebout, M. d'Argenson, Bakon d'Avaugour, M. DE Mesey, .... M. DE Courcelle, Count de Frontenac, M. DE LA BaRRE, Marquis de Denonville, Count de Frontenac, M. de Callieres, M. de Vaudreuil, M. de Beauiiarnois, M. de Galissoniere, M. DE I. A JOXQUIERE, M. DU QUESNE, . . . . A. DE Vaudreuil de Cavagnac, under british dos James Murray, Guy Carleton, .... Frederick IIaldimand, Henry Hamilton, .... Lord Dorchester, 1622- 1636- 1648- 1651- 16.56- 1657- 1658- 1661- 16G3- 1065- 1672- 1682- 1685- 1689- 1699- 1703- 1726- 1747- 1749- 1752- 1755- 1635 ■1647 1650 1G56 1657 -1658 ■1660 -1663 -1665 -1673 ■1682 ■1685 -1689 ■1698 1703 1725 ■1747 ■1749 ■1752 -1755 -1763 1703-1767 176S-1777 1777-1785 1 785-1 78(> 1786-1796 territorial governors. Novtlncest Territory. Arthur St. Clair, 1796-1800 KAKLV MUUIIGAX. 99 Indiana Territoi-y. Wii.i-iAM IIexry IIauuison, 1800-1805 Michigan Territory. WiiJ.iAM Hum., Lewis Cash Geokqe B. Porter,* .... Stevicns T. ^Ixhos, ex officio, 1805-lSi;i 1813-1831 1831-1834 1834-183-, UNDKK ?T ATE AUTIIORITT. Stevens T. Mason, . William "VVooduuidge, J. "Wright GoitDox.f John S. Barry, Alpheus Felch, William L. Greenly,! Epapiiroditis Ransom, John S. Barry, Roijert McClelland, Andrew Parsons,! Kinsley S. Bingham. Moses Wisnkr, Austin Blair, Henry H. Crapo, Henry P. Baldwin, JouN J. Bagley, . Charles M. Croswell, David H. Jerome, JOSIAH W. BlX.OLE, . Uussell A. Alger, 1835-1840 1840-1841 1841-1842 1842-1846 184G-1847 1847-1848 1848-1850 1850-1852 1852-1853 1853-1855 1855-1859 1859-18C1 1SGI-18G5 1805-1869 1869-1873 1873-1877 1877-1881 1881-1882 1883-18S4 1885-1880 * Died while ia ofllce, July C, 1834, and was succeeded by the then Secretary of the Territory, Stevens T. Mason. t Lieutenant Governor acting as Governor. ANXAL8 OF KOUT MACKINAC. If'l NATIONAL PARK— ISLAND OF MACKINAC. Oil March 11th, 1S73, Hon. T. W. Feny, Senator from Michigan, introduced in the Setiate the following: liesolved, That so mucli of the Island of Mackinac, lyini; in the Straits of Mackinac, within the County of Mackinac, in the State of Micliigau, as is now held by the United States under military reservation or other- wise (excepting the Fort Mackinac and so much of the present reservation thereof as bounds it to the south of the village of Mackinac, and to the west, north and cast respectively by lines drawn north and south, east and west, at a distance from the pi-esent fort flag-staff of four hundred yards), hereby is reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy, or sale under the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set apart as a National public park, or grounds, for liealth, comfort and pleasure, for the benefit and enjoyment of the people; and all persons who shall locate or settle upon or occupy the same, or an}' part thereof, except as herein provided, shall be considered trespassers, and removed therefrom. That said public park shall be under the exclusive control of the Sec' rctary of War, whose duty it shall be, as soon as practicable, to make and publish such rules and regulations as he maj' deem necessary or proper for the care and management of the same. Such regulations shall provide for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within said park, and their retention in their natural condition. The Secretary may, in his discretion, grant leases, for building purposes, of small parcels of ground, at such places in said park as shall require the erection of buildings for the accommodation of visitors, for terms not exceeding ten years; all of the proceeds of said leases, and all other revenues derived from any source connected with said park, to be expended under his direction, in the management of the same and in the construction of roads and bridle- paths therein. He shall provide against the wanton destruction of game or fish found within said park, and against their capture or destruction for any purposes of use or profit. lie also shall cause all persons tres- passing upon the same, after the passage of this act, to be removed there- from, and generallj' shall be aulhorizi'd to take all such measures as shall 102 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. be necessary or proper to fully carry out the objects and purposes of this act. That any part of the park hereby created shall at all times be available for military purposes, either as a parade or drill ground, in time of peace, or for complete occupation in time of war, or whenever war is expected, and may also be used for the erection of any public buildings or works: Provided, That no person shall ever claim or receive of the United States any damage on account of any future amendment or repeal of this act, or the taking of said park, or au}- part thereof, for public purposes or use. Senator Ferry did not forget his work or neglect liis oppor- tunities, and on Marcli 3d, 1S75, after a two 3'ears' struggle, he finally procured the passage of the Act for the Mackinac National Park. Ilis regard for this spot — his birthplace and boyhood home — led him to advocate his park bill at all times and places, until his fellow-members dubbed it " Ferry's Park." The following are the approved Rules and Regulations for the Park at Mackinac : I. Mackinac Park will be under the immediate control and manage- ment of the commanding-officer of Fort Mackinac, who is charged with the duty of preserving order, protecting the public property therein, and enforcing these rules. II. All tenants renting under the Act of Congress providing therefor must conform to, and abide by, such rules and regulations as are pre- scribed for the care of the park, and will be held responsible for a com- pliance with the same on the inxrt of the members of their families, their agents and employes. III. Tlic sale of wines and malt or spirituous liquors on the park, without special authority from the commanding-officer of Fort Mackinac, or higher military authority, is prohibited. lY. No person shall put cattle, swine, liorses or other animals on the park, except as follows: The cows belonging to the residents of the Island of Mackinac may be placed in a herd, under the care of a herder, and be permitted to graze in NATIONAL PARK. 10? siicli parts of the park as may be designated by the commanding-officer of Fort Mackinac. V. Racing or riding and driving at great speed is prolul)iled. VI. No person shall indulge in any threatening, abusive, insulting or indecent language in the park. VII. Xo person shall commit any obscene or indecent act in the park. VIII. No frays, quarrels, or disorders of any kind will be permitted in the park. IX. No person shall carry or discharge fire-arms in the park. X. No person shall injure or deface the trees, shrubs, turf, natural curiosities, or any of the buildings, fences, bridges or other structures within the park. XI. No person shall injure, deface or destroy any notices, rules or regulations for the government of the park, posted, or in any other man uer permanently fi.xed, by order or permission of the authorities of the park. XII. No person shall wantonly destroy any game or fish within the park, nor capture nor destroy the same for any purposes of use or profit. XIII. Any person who shall violate any of these Rules and Regula- tions shall be ejected from the park by military authority, and in case the person so offending shall have committed any offence in violation of any of the statutes of the United States, or of the State of Michigan, I he offender shall be proceeded against before the United States or State courts, according to the laws providing for the same. XIV. The commanding-officer of Fort Mackinac may, at any lime, add to or modify these Rules, subject to the approval of the Secretary of War. When the Park was surveyeil, lots were set apart for bnikl- ing purposes in tlie following places : on the blnff near "Robertson's Folly;" on the blnff on the northwest side of the island, and on the bluff extending froni the old Indian burying-ground alung by *• Pontiac's Lookuut." LEGEND OF "ARCH ROCK." After the Gitche Manitou had called into existence the beautiful Island of INIackinac and given it into the care of the kindred spirits of earth, air and water, and had told them it was only to be the abode of peace and quiet, it was so pleasant in his own eyes that he thought, "Here will I also come to dwell, this shall be ni}- abode and my childix'u may come and worship me here. Here in the depths of the beautiful forest they shall come." Then calling his messengers, he bade them tiy to all lands of heat and noise and troublous insects, and tell the suffering ones of every race and clime that in these northern waters was a place prepared where they could come and rest, leaving all care behind. In tlie straits of Mackinac, In the clear pellucid wave, Sitting like an emerald gem, Is the rock-girt Fairy Isle. Round its bold and craggy shore Sweep the billows far and wide, With a gentle sinuous swell, And the moan of distant seas. Bhie its waters, blue the sky, Soft the west wind from afar Moving o'er the scented grass, And the many myriad flowers. The cool invigorating breezes shall bring health and elasti- city tu the weak and weary. Here disease shall not dare 105 106 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. invade the pleasant glens or beautiful hilltops. Here let thera come and receive my blessing. " Ye shall also tell the stranger friends, who may come to seek me, tliat my royal landing is on the eastern shore ; there shall they draw up the canoes upon the pebbly beach under the shadow of the Akcued Gateway. Under the Arch which they can see from afar, let them come with songs of rejoicing — neither night or day shall it be closed to any one who may seek me. Let them land before it and pass through it and ascend to my dwelling, and v.'orship before me. When the great spirit made known his wish to dwell with men, all nature seemed to rejoice and to make preparations for his abode. The tallest trees claimed the privilege of being the poles of his wigwam, and sweet balsam firs laid themselves at his feet for use. The birch trees unsheathed themselves and sent their bark in all its soft creamy whiteness to form the outside covering. The trees of the forest all vied with each other in seeking a i^ace in the future home of the Gitche Manitou. Scarcely had the poles fitted themselves into their places, and the birch bark unrolled itself and arranged its clinging sheets in orderly rows upon the outside, when the noise of distant paddles was heard from the lake — swiftly and gaily they drew near, guided by the spirits of earth, air and water. Never had such a sight been witnessed on this earth. The Gitche Manitou, went to meet them, and stood upon the Arch and upheld his hands in blessing. As his children unloaded their offerings of beaver, white- bear and other skins, they marched in procession up to the gateway and fell upon their knees and offered their thanks to the great spirit for the happy privilege of contributing to the comforts of his earthly home. LEGEND OF '' ARCH KOCK." l07 *' Yes, my children dear, my loved ones, I am here in joy and gladness. Here to live in peace among yon. I have come to teach yon wisdom In the arts of love and living. I accept your native offerings, These white bear, and fox skins silvery, Shall a couch of warmth and comfort Make for me when around my tire, I am resting from my labors. Of the beaver skins and otters They shall line the wigwam smoothly, So Ka-bi-bo-nok-ka, the north wind, Ne'er shall peep or whistle thro' them. Enter in my gateway proudly, And ascend my staircase slowly, And see the home of the Great Spirit, Where he dwells among his children." They did as he coinmanded, and when they were about to return he tlnis addressed them: " Now, my children, as you leave me, Forth to go upon your journeyings. Tell to all who know and love me, That whenever a chieftain Wooes and weds a dark-eyed maiden, lie shall bring her here before me, Gay with garlands, sweet with roses. With the sound of music fleeting Far and near from every islet That lies sleeping in these waters. In these glittering, dark green waters. Sweetest strains of music Itlentling Shall salute them, as the billows Of tlie mighty lake of womleis IJears them onward to the ])ortals. Where my blessing will await them. Ami as long as they thus serve me I will dwell upon this island. Henceforth blessing youth and maiden Joined in closest bonds of wedlock. 108 LEGEND OF " AKCH ROCK." But, if in the coming seasons, Some foul spirit roams among you, And destroys my loving children, This fair home that I have built Shall become a rocky fastness, Where they all may fly for shelter And be safe in my protection." Many, many years have passed. The wigwam ot the Great Spirit lias been transmuted into stone, and is now known as the Pyramid. The Arched Gateway can still be seen as in ancient times, with its portals guarded by tall green sentinels. I •mnuuu I j»\ .i.Hl.i;»?i \-pvoii J" Xawinsj o o 3 3 •.lt)tll!1JUH -iiojj s»\nu ^)n 1U|8 III ajllV|M|(I ^ 1 12 OS ^ 8 -4)D]SJ UOIIAV 00 1- i i s 00 i i 1 jqaii JO maiaii s s s 8 r^ s i 33' 6 c in I "'do' OJ ^ -= O ~ «£ -4- ii' c o rt ^ M ? X -3 "2 Is •— C r* E 'J 2 ■c's ,» « »> 22=^0 I t ii ".5 ~= f'^ 7; w >= > = - a c r- — ^ — •/; ll Ji c3 a ■ 1- >< ■/: is .5^ "^ — " > » , >■ o 1. ^ •' "t; '• '' ■^ -5 '. ■ "" i: ^ "a ■■'■' , 9 ^j^e <; ^ 73 • t: ,a CJiO - •/. = o^ .se>r - ~ J es " c n ^"— — :S ;^e o £ o oHH>-i O 2; ::. :; ti c ing sense, ]>h'nding with tlie virgin soil; Willi the creeping juniper, With the cedar and the ]>inc. With the rich magnolia's bloom. With the jasmine and the grape, W^ith the scent of early fruits; — Such the music, such the air, Sweeping westward o'er the lakes. Such, — the Isle of Mackinac. It was upon the eastern rock-bound shore that the giant fairies most loved to congregate. There they skipped up and down their famous stairway, and, flinging themselves into the water, would disappear in its depths, perhaps to rise again on the back of some immense sturgeon or whitefish, the reindeer of the lakes, for a race through, the sparkling water. 128 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. These genii lived in the many caves in the rocks. In the depths of their quiet lionies were — Tables, crowned with daintiest food, Wine of berries, rich and sweet ; Beds of eidei'-down and moss; Cliambers, opening to the sea. Filled Avith sparkling stalactites ; Rubies bright, and amethysts. Diamonds flashing, filled with light; Marble halls and palaces ; Corridors, of awful length, Stretching westward toward tlie sun, Opening into distant halls, Wildering to the aching sight. Wide the pavements covered o'er With the shells of every hue ; Lichens green, and red, and white, Sjireading wider, flush and fair, Sprinkled with the aureate dust Found within their hidden caves. Their favorite dancing place was the plateau just below u'here the fort now stands, and the entrance to their subter- ranean abode was under the immense rock that supports one of the corners of tlie wall. Here tlieir mystic ring was kept, and on moonlight nights they gathered from far and near — At twilight on the lonely Isle, 'Mid the rustling of the leaves, And the chirp of dainty birds. And the notes of whip-poor-wills, — Oft Avas heard the mystic dance Of Giant Fairies, lithe of step, Moving in their sinuous sweep To the sounds of lute and string. Now, where the rippling waters play, Or on the billow's gentle swell. Laughing, rollicking and free. THE GIANT FAIRIES. 129 Or clambering Donan's Obelisk, "With towering leap and sportive romp, "NV'ith heyday pranks, and leer, and jest, They reel, and minuet, and waltz, In wassail mirth and jollity. Upon Ledyard's lofty Cliffs they perch, In graceful curves they reach the Aucu That hangs upon the eastern shore, — Now gently tripi)ing round its base. They climb upon its rugged sides, And sweej)ing o'er its dizzy height, With rapid flight and easy grace. They move around the Pyramid, And peep within its secret caves. Or stand uj)on its star-lit shaft; — And then, away, away, away. They sweep arouml the grand plateau That sits enthroned upon the Isle; — "Within Skull Cave they barely peep, RrcGLEs' Pillar, they lightly touch. To Whitney's Point, they hie away. Thence, the Lover's Leap they climb. Here the train]/mg feet were heard Of the Pe-quod-e-nonge dance, When the gathering warriors came Plumed and jiainted for the fight; — And the startling yell was heard O'er the Island — o'er the straits, O'er the waters, deep and clear. O'er the Huron and its shores. O'er the breezy Michigan; Suddenly La Salle's morning gun from tlic " Griffon " rang out on tlie breeze and echoed and rceclioed with many re- verberations from the adjacent sliores. With liorrible shrieks and cries and groans they flew from all parts of the island, .and cnterin*^ their cave disappeaied evermore from mortal view. 130 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. Reluctantly they left the Isle When the " pale faces " touched upon Their native waters, rocks, and hills; — For only will they deign to dwell Where the wild hunter seeks his food And claims the forest all his own. I sing of the fairies fled, I know not where they are, Whether living, dying, or dead. On the earth, or some distant star. In the hollow wastes, or the vacant caves, In the shadowy, dreamless land, Where the river of Lethe gently laves Its footless and dusky sand, — Far, far away is the spectral band. Over the silent moor, Over the secret dell, Over the waters fresh and pure With music's magic spell, Hither and thither they went. Now rapid, or grave, or slow, Till the drowsy hours were spent And the morning began to glow. But we see them now no more. We hear them not at even, By river, or lake, or lonely shore, Beneath the western heaven. And thus have the fairies left our shore, Their beautiful forms we shall see no more; The caves are forsaken, the mountain and plain, Our Island home shall greet them — never again. riiiKSTs. 131 PRIESTS. TIic following Priests of the Roman Catholic Church liavc served at Michiliniackinac : The dates opposite their names indicate the first and last year of their stay ; or, as the case may be, of their visits ; for many of them made only occasional visits, having other parishes, or missions, in their charge. Their names arc marked thus *. The first church on the main land, north of the Strait, was built in 1G71 ; the second about 1GT4; burnt in 1706. The present church was built in 1S3S. The lirst church on the main land, south of the Strait, was built about 1712, when tlie post was re-established ; the second, about 1741. The first church on the island was built about 17S5. It occupied a part of the old cemetery on Astor street. The second was erected in 1S27, on the site of the present one, on land donated by Mrs. Magdalene Laframboise. The present building was erected in 1S73. Beneath the altar arc the graves of Mrs. Magdalene Laframboise, her only daughter, and grandson, Langdon Pierce (wife and son of Capt. Benjamin K. Pierce, U. S. A.). On the marble slabs over their graves are the following inscriptions : " Magdalene Laframboise, died April 1-lth, 1846, aged 06 years." " Josephine Pieuce, died November 24lli, 1820." In "Ancient Michilimackinac'' (St. Ignace). 1070. Rev. Father Dablon, fc>. J. (or possibly Marquette.) 1071-73. Rev. Father .Tames Marquette. S. J. 1673 (?) Rev. Father Philip Piersou, S. J. 132 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 1G74 (?) Rev. Father HenryNouvel, S. J, 1677 (?) Rev. Feather J. Enjalran, S. J. 1080-81. Rev. Father Louis Hennepin, Franciscan.* 16?? (?) Rev. Father De Carheil, S. J. 16??-170G. Rev. Father J. Marest, S. J. In "Old Mackinac" (Lower Michigan). 1708 (?) Rev. Father J. Marest, S. J. 1741-52. Rev. Father J. B. Lamoriuie, S. J.* 1741-65. Rev. Father Du Jaunay, S. J. 1742-44. Rev. Father C. G. Coquarz, S. J.* 1753-61. Rev. Father M. L. Lefranc, S. J. 1768-75. Rev. Father Gibault, Vic. -Gen. of Illinois.* On the Island and in Modern St. Ignace. 1786-87. Rev. Father Payet, of Illinois.* 1794. Rev. Father Ledru, Dominican, of France.* 1796. Rev. Father Levadoux, of Detroit, Vic. -Gen. of the Bishop of Baltimore.* 1799-1823. Rev. Father G. Richard, Curate of St. Ann, Detroit, and Vicar-General.* 1801. Rev. Father J. Dilhct.* 1816-18. Rev. Father Joseph Crevier, of Canada.* 1825-27. Rev. Father Francis Vincent Badiu of St. Joseph's.* 1827-30. Rev. P. J. Dc Jean, of Little Traverse Bay.* 1829-31. Rt. Rev. Edward Fcnwick, Bishop of Cincinnati.* 1830. Rev. Father Mallon, of Cincinnati. 1830-33. Rev. Father Samuel Mazzuchelli, Dominican. 1830-38. Rev. Father Frederic Rese, Vic-Gen. of Cincinnati, Bishop of Detroit. 1834.* 1831-65. Rev. Father Frederic Baraga, of Little Traverse Bay. Afterwards (1853-68) Bishop of Sault Stc. Mario and Marquette.* 1833. Rev. Father J. Lostrie. 1833-34. Rev. Father Francis Hatscher, Redemptorist 1838-43. Rev. Father Santi Santelli. PRIESTS. 133 1834-38. Rev. Father F. J. Bonduol. 1843-45. Rev. Father C. Skolla, Franciscan. 1845. Rev. Father H. Van Renterghem. 1845-52. Rt. Rev. P. Lefevro, Bishop of Detroit.* 184G-74. Rev. Father A. D. Piret, retired to " Chcnan.v," 1S70. 1852. Rev. Father Francis Pierz, of Little Traverse Bay.* 1854-57. Rev. Father E. L. M. Jahan. 1858-(;i. Rev. Father Patrick B. iMurray. 18G1-G7. Rev. Father Henry L. Thiele (two terms). 1808. Rev. Fatlicr Cliarles Magne. 18G8-71. Rev. Father Matthias Orth. 1809-70. Rev. Father Philip S. Zorn, of Grand Traverse Bay.* 1870-71. Rev. Father Nicolas L. Sifferath, of Cross Village.* 1871. Rev. Father Charles Vary. S. J., of Sault Ste. Marie.* 1871-79. Rt. Rev. Ignatius Mrak, Bishop of ^larquette.* 1871-72. Rev. Father L. B. Lebouc. 1872-73. Rev. Father Moses ISIainville. 1873-80. Rev. Father Edward .lacker. 1875-78. Rev. Father William Dwyer. 1878-79. Rev. Father John Braun. 1879-81. Rev. Father John C. Kenny. 1880-81. Rev. Father C. A. Richard. 1880-82. Rt. Rev. John Vertin, Bishop of :^rarquctte.* 1881. Rev. Father Bonaventure Frcy, Prov. Cap. Order.* 1881-82. Rev. Father Kilian Haas, O. ^l. Cap. 1881-82. Rev. Father Isidore Handtmanu, O. M. Cap. 1882-&5. Rev. Father John Chebul. 188!. Rev. Father Joseph Niebling. iss :-S4. Rev. Father P. G. Tobin. 1884- Rev. Father William Dwyer. 1885- Bcv. Father Francis Xav. Becker. LEGEND OF MISIIIM-MAKINAC. 13i LEGEND OF "MISHINI-MAKINAK." Note : — There is a tradition that many centuries afjjo while a party of Indians were standing on tlie bluff where St. Ignace is now located, and looking out over the straits they saw tlie present Island of Mackinac rising out of the water, and beliving it was some animal, from its movements and shape tliey pronounced it to be a turtle. The Island was known to the early French visitors as "Michilimackinac:" popular tradition says that the meaning of the word is " Giant Turtle." In the Ojibwa dialect as now spoken, "Mishimikinak" signifies " Big Turtle." Edisoked. — A story teller; one who repeats and hands down the tales of Mena-bosho and other kindred legendary lore. Eh hell ! Eh heh ! — is the usual refrain of Indian magic songs. "Where the restless currents of Micliigaa The twin-born Huron embrace, Along the Iieadland lliere sat a clan Of the wild Ojibwa race. In the noontide calm, on the sleepy sliore, Reposed the lords of the land, While the story-teller's mystic lore Beguiled the simple band. Thus spake the prattling Edisoked; — "A wigwam stands in the deep; Enchanted Hcs in the channel's bed The Giant Turtle asleep. 136 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. Around him paddle whitefish and trout, The slow worm creeping goes; The sea-gull's scream and the rover's shout Break not his charmed repose. Rise up, rise up, O Turtle grey; Rise up, thou chief of the lake. Thy cousins call thee, — eh heh! eh heh! Enchanted Turtle, awake!" The lake lay calm and the wind was hush'd. But lo! there rose a swell; The surges over the pebbles rushed— The song had broken the spell. It heaves; it eddies. Alack! Ahick! The breakers tower and fall; ^ Unwieldy Mishini-makixak Toils up to answer the call. Already whitens the flood mid-way Twixt shore and shore. On the strand, Along the headland, in blank dismay The brown Ojibwa stand. And slowly, softly the rounded back Emerging meets the eye, Till all of MlSIIINl-MAKINAK Lies basking 'neath the sky. He floats, a niammoth in turtle shape, An overturned bowl, the back; The dragging tail a flesliy cape. The jowl a headland black. The mighty shell like an island lies. At anchor out in the lake. ^Tis not an isle. O strange surprise! 'Tis the Chief uncharmed, awake! Unmoved, alike, by the billow's sweep. By the tempest's battering sliock. Severe and calm in the azure deep. He stands a towering rock. LEGEND OK MISIIINI-MAKIN AK. 137 But alert within that frowning form Tlie spirit blithe and gay, With fairy .sprites, that 'round him swarm, Communes by night and day. The dappled trout and the whitefish come Up-lake, down over the Falls; His children all from their silent home To the gay carouse he calls. The Red Man — eager yet doubtful, while The silver tide runs j^ast, Enticed, bewitched, to the magic isle His birch bark paddles at last. And one there comes in robe of black, With face so sweet and grave. That frowning Misiiini-makixak Smiles on him from the wave. With toilworn feet, a pilgrim quaint, 'I'he holy cross in his hand From 1(1 belle t^-ance he comes, good saint. To sleep on the pebbly strand. And over the waves as the chief grows old, In storm or sunshine gay. The Lily, Liox and Eaulic bold Tiieir homage come to l)ay. On hoary Misni\i->f akixak Their several flags unfurl, While wrestling, each from the giant's back The other seeks to hurl. Oh! sure is the flight to the mother bee Of the humming swarms of the hive; But surer, swifter, from land and sea, The Chieftain's vassals arrive. From prairies far and their burning heat. From Hudson's shivering bay; From the western peaks, at the Giant's feet They flock their wealth to lay. 138 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. The skiff, the liglit canoe, the smack, The merchant's ship in their wake, All bound for jNIishixi-makixak Arejjlowing river and lake. Brifjht, broken dream! It calls not back That gay chivalric time: — Wilt tliou still honor old Makinak, Age of the dollar and dime ? Behold the answer! Do not these things Arabian marvels cclii^se? On comes — on comes, — as on eagle's Avings, A fleet of wingless ships ! "With panting bosom, — with splashing gait, With dull monotonous roar, They come, — their frolicsome human freight In the Sorcerer's lap to pour. There all, in sweet oblivion lost, (The touch of witchery's wand) Their ailments offer a holocaust At Giant Turtle's command. MACKINAC ISLAND. LAKK NAVIGATION. 139 MACKINAC ISLAND. Height al)ovo the Straits of Mackinac. Fort Mackinac — Parade 150 feet. Fort Holmes— Platform 330 " Top of Pyramid Rock ^ 285 " Donan's Obelisk 135 " Robertson's Folly 123 " Highest Point of Arch Rock 150 " Top of Arch 140 " Buttress facing lake at Arch Rock 110 " Lover's Leap 145 " Lower Plateau of Island 150 " Upper Plateau of Island 295 " LAKE NAVIGATION. Distances kiio.m MACKtNAC Island by Water. {Steamboat Routes.) Miles. Alpena 125 Ashla-ul, L. S 570 Bayfield. L. S 585 Beaver Iskmds 45 Bois Blanc Inland 3 Cheboygan, ]Mich 18 Chenaii.x Islands 15 Chicago 375 Cross Village 30 Detour 40 Detroit 370 Dululh, L. S 075 Eagle Harbor, L. S. . . 425 Eagle River, L. S 435 Grand Island. L. S 225 Harrisvillc L'Ansc Mackinaw City Marquette. L. S. . . . Milwaukee Ontonagon, L. S. . . . Oscoda Petoskcy Port Huron Portage Lake, L. S Round Island Sand Beach Sault Ste. Marie St. Ignace Traverse City Iiles. 155 335 7 200 290 495 175 60 300 3U0 1 235 90 5 120 140 ANNALS OF FOKT MACKINAC. SUMMER AND WINTER. The Maximum and Minimum lenipeiature at 7 A. jVI. at Fort Mackinac, during the summers and winters specified — from observations taken with a Fahrenheit thermometer. Summer of 1855..., 185G..., 1857. . . . 1858..., 1859..., 18G0..., 18G8. . . , 18(i9..., Deg. above Zero. .September 8 G7 .July 2G 75 .July 26 75 .August 18 74 .July V'> 76 .August 3 69 .July 17 79 GG 69 .August 2. 1870 July 18.. 1871, .August 7 75 1872 July 2 74 18^ .July 1874 September 12 71 1875 September 1 68 1876 August 14 74 1877 July 28 77 1878 August 9 76 1879 July 15 75 1880 August 8... ■ 69 1831 September 5 78 1882 July 25 71 1883 August 18 66 1884 June 27 74 1885 Julys 72 Winter of 1855-6 March 9, 1858-9 January 9, 1859-00 January 31, 1860-1 February 7, 186-7-8 February 27, 18GS-9 March 4, 18G9-70.... February 21, 1870-1 Februarys, 1871-2 Dec. 20, 1872-3 February 23, 1873-4 January 30, 1874-5 February 9, 1875-G February 2, 1876-7 January 12, 1877-8 January 7, 187S-9 February 27, 1879-80. . . .February 1, 1880-1 January 14. 1881-2.. ..January 23, 1882-3 January 22. 1883-4 January 24, 1884-5 January 27, 1885-6 ....February 3, Deg. below Zero. 1856.... 19 1859 ...25 1860. ...10 1861. ...24 1868. ...24 1869. ...10 1870. ...10 1871. ...13 1871. ...14 1873. ...17 1874. ...10 1875. ...24 1876. ...17 1877. ...14 1878. ....8 1879 .. 20 1880. ....8 1881. ...23 1882. ...18 1883. ...10 1884. 1885. ...18 ..33 1886. ..24 N'AV1(;aTI0N. DISTANCES FEOM ST. IGNAOE. Ul NAYIGATION — STRAITS OF MACKINAC. AllUlVAL OF FlUST STEA.MBOAT AT MaCKINAC IsLAND. 1854. 1855 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 18G0. 18C1. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. . April • May May .May .Apr .Apr .Apr . A pr .Apr . A pr .Apr . Apr . Apr .Apr .Apr .Apr 1870 April 3 1871 April 3 1872 April 25 1873 April 30 1874 April 29 1875 May 5 1876 April 22 1877 Aprir20 1878 (No record.) 1879 April 22 1880 April 3 1881 May 3 1882 March 9 1883 April 21 1884 April 18 1885 May 1 DISTANCES FROM ST. IGNACE, MICH. VIA — D., M. & MARQUETTE R. R. Newberry, Seney, Munisiug, Au Train. Marquette, Ncgauuee, Ishpeming, Mich Miles. . 54 . 75 . 108 . 121 . 150 . 162 . 165 Republic, L'Anse, Haucock, Houghtou, Calumet, Lake Linden, Mich. 185 213 244 244 257 267 U2 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. DISTANCES FKOM MACKINAW CITY, VIA— MICH. CENTRAL K R. To Miles. Albany, N. y 841 Battle Creek, Mich 840 Bay City. Mich 182 Beaver Lake, Mich 122 Binghampton, N. Y 751 Boston, Mass 1042 Buffalo, N. Y 543 Cheboygan, Mich 16 Chicago, 111 505 Cincinnati, 553 Cleveland, O 4(58 Columbus, O 474 Detroit, Mich 291 Fort Wayne, Ind 395 Freedom, Mich 6 Gaylord, Mich 63 Grayling, Mich 90 Hagersvilie, Ont 468 Indian River, Mich 84 Indianapolis, Ind 561 Jackson, Mich 295 Kalamazoo, Mich 308 Lansing, Mich 259 Louisville, Ky 662 Mackinac Island (by water). . . 7 To MUes. Mullet Lake, Mich 22 New York. .N. Y. 983 Niagara Falls, N. Y 521 Niagara Falls, Ont 517 Niles, Mich 411 Otsego Lake, Mich 71 Owosso, Mich 232 Pinconning, Mich 163 Rochester, N. Y. 613 Roscommon, Mich. . . 105 St. Helen's, Mich 117 St. Louis, Mo • 737 St. Thomas, Ont 404 Saginaw City, Mich 196 Saratoga, N. Y 846 Springfield, Mass 944 Staudish, Mich 155 Summit, Mich 138 Suspension Bridge, N. Y 519 Syracuse, N. Y 694 Toledo, O 350 Topinabee, Mich 29 Toronto. Ont 526 Utica, N. Y 746 Zilwaukee, Mich 192 MACIUNAC I6LA^fD aU-MMHi: JiLriOKT A&SuCIATlON. 143 MACKINAC ISLAND SUMMER RESORT ASSOCIATION. Hon. F. B. Stockbridge. Col. Gurdon S. Hubbiird, Edwin F. Sweet, Theodore P. Slieldon, Col. W. H. McCourlie, OFFICERS. Kalamazoo, Mich. Chicago, 111. Grand Rapids, Mich. Kalamazoo. Mich. Kalamazoo, Mich. President. 1st Vicc-Pres. 3d Vice-Pres. Treasurer. Secretary. Tlie followiuij; members of the Association have erected liaiulsome cottages on the pleasant phiteau near Lover's Leap. The first cottajje \va.^ l»uilt in 18S3: Hon. Francis B. Stockbridge, Col. William H. McCourtie, Theodore P. Sheldon, Frank M. Clark, Mrs. H. G. Wells, George Stockbridge, Mrs. Amanda Belden, Col. Gurdon S. Hubbard, (3) Olis R. John.son, Charles W. Caskey, (2) Dr. D. C. HoUiday Rt. Rev. Samuel S. Harris. D. D , LL. D. Hon. Hugh McCurdy, William J. Stuart, Edwin F Sweet, William F. Bulkley, Kalamazoo, Mich. Chicago, 111. Racine, Wis. Harbor Springs, Mich. New Orleans, La. Detroit, Mich. Corunna, Mich. Grand Rapids, Mich. There is also a good Club Ilonse on the grounds, for the convenience of the residents. 11 144 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. SUMMER RESIDENCES. Besides those mentioned elsewhere, the following persons have fine cottages on the Island : Hon. S. B. Grumraoud, (3) Detroit Mich. Jacob S. Farraud, " " Alauson Sbelej', Esq. " " Franklin S. Hanson, Esq. (3) Chicago 111. Col. James S. Rice. " " N. P. Harrison, Major Daniel W. Whittle P^ '-{ <\l H H View of Fort Mackinac from the Southwest. hltiiey's Point fd^CKIjX^C ISLTIND, MICHIGAN. Scale, 2 inches to 1 Mile. MACKHJAC ISLAND, MICH. f tabquartcrs of the J^mcrican |ur Compauij. *)faii(iuarlcr$ for -.Ariun ani) Haoii (OfCitcrs. |]ca I) quarters of the I'ahe ijarht Clubs. f//£ ASTOR HOUSE is cojivaiicntly located, is provided until pure running spring uA7eet - Grass Work, Scented Table- Mats, Canoes, etc. Annals of Fort Mackinac. Price, 25 Cents. By Mail, SO Cents. S. HIGHSTONE ., MACKINA C ISLAND. S one of the great tlirough lines to San Francisco, tlie dif- ference between it and other routes being chiefly that it enters California from the southwestern corner instead of from the northern side. As a matter of fact, it is less than twenty miles further from Kansas City to San Francisco by the Santa Fe than it is by the shortest route used by any other line. Against this insignificant fact of distance must be placed another: that it bisects, so to speak, one of the rarest climatic zones known in this changeful country for the purposes of pleasant and rapid railroad travel, whether the journey be made in winter or summer. The Santa Fe has never had an abandoned j)assenger train: there is not a snow-shed on the route. Traversing high latitudes, midsummer is exceptionally cool, a hot night being (piito unknown. It is not the country of drifting snow, and the brilliant sunshine of midwinter, an especial feature of this southern mountain country, dissipates all idea of storms, and renders impossible what most of us con- sider actual cold. The scenery of the Santa Fe route is not so much of the rugged and yawning variety, as of the simply beautiful. In New Mexico and Arizona tlie track at one or two points attains the height of about eight thousand feet, and lies across some of the most celebrated scenes of the mountain world. But for almost the whole of the journey it follows the path of a very ancient, or an equally wonderful new, civiliza- tion. It was the principal factor in the second creation of that great state that was a desert, and is a garden. It traverses the scenes of the southern half of Kansas for more than four hundred miles. When it enters Colorado and New Mexico it is to travel the heart of the Spanish settlement, amid all the quaintnesses for which our brown-faced citizens are remarkable, mingled with those of the Pueblo Indians, by all odds the most m ^'^^ ME-TE-A. interesting specimt'ns of tlie tiative Aiiieiicuii now liviiisr. Tlic* strange towns, the fields, the curious dress and the swartliv faces, and all the scenes of a life that is as foreign as Japan, stand beside the track for a day's journey. Arizona and Cali- fornia present their own peculiar scones. The first is the wide realm of mountains, just coming under the yoke of a new civil- ization while strewn with the colossal remaitis of a very ancient one; a land whoso future cannot be definitely foretold, but which is destined to be spotted with herds and set with towns, and spiked with the sooty chimneys of smelters. To all who have not yet known the primeval wilderness, and who have no conception of vastness exce])t that given by the sea, the journev across tliis realm of magnificence and silence will be a new sen- sation. The Santa Fe route has also its desert. As a scene of impressive desolation, studded with gigantic cacti and fioored with concrete and vast expanses of black and jagged lava, walled by blue mountains and glowing with vellow liijht, this "desert," traversed at a speed of forty miles an hour, is one of the most impressive scenes of a remarkable journey. The new route to Southern California — being the completion of the Cali- fornia Southern Koad from San Diego, on tho coast, to a con- nection with the Atlantic and Pacific (Sante Fe Route) at Bar- stow — carries the tourist direct and without change to San Diego, to Los Angeles, and the coast resorts connecting with that city by rail; to San Bernardino, Colton, Riverside, Pomona, Pasadena, San Gabriel, the Sierra Madre Villa, and all ]>oints in Southern California, running by the nearest way directly into the famous San Gabriel Valley. This route saves at least one day over the old methods of reaching this famous country, which is offering now to thousands of travelers its great inducements for escape from cold, benefit to health or permanent residence. Vice-President. Gen'l Pass, and Ticket Agt, TOPEKA. KAN. TOPKKA, KAN. Are You Going West, SOUTH, OR SOUTHWEST? TO Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, Kansas, Colorado, J^ew Mexico, Mexico, Arizona, J^ebrasha, Wyoming Territory, Montana Territory, Idaho Terri- tory, Utah Terj'itory , Jfevada, California, Oregon, Washington Territory , OR Anywhere West of the Mississippi River, You will find it greatly to your interest to call on, or address me, for any information regardinj^ Rates, Routes, Lands, etc., etc. Full and reliable information furnished free of charge. ROBERT SOMERVILLE, City Passenger and Ticket Agent, No. 89 South Clark Street, "ago 4 alton railroad. Opposite Court House. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. " WALK-IN-THE- WATER." First Steamboat on Lake Huron. At Mackinac in 1819. Built in 1818. Idroil (111(1 i\mM Staiiii Jiaiijalioii Co. THE PALATIAL SIDE-WHEEL IRON STEAMEES, CITY OF MACKINAC! -) A.ND (- iCITY OF ALPENA PliY BETWEEN Detroit AND 1 HE FAMOUS Mackinac Island THE MOST ATTRACTIVE SUMMIiR R1-:S0RT IN AMERICA, AND NOW EASILY REACHED IN A FEW HOURS. We cannot describe the fascinations of this wonderful Island, the residence of MUDJEEKEWIS, the birthplace and hereditary kingdom of his son Hiawatha, by Longfellow made immortal. DAVID CARTER, Gen I Manager, IDETI^OIT, I^ICII. Col. G. S. HUBBARD. Proprietor of Hubbard's Annex. By H. H. HURLBUT. /"^ vast number of old MSS. Schedules, Lists of Names, Auto- ^^1/ graphs, Sketches of eminent men and their families, Cele- ^^^ brated Indians, their Wars and Treaties, Portraits, Maps and Plates, all which, connected with a racy, running commentary from a free and easy pen, make up the body of the work, and furnish one of the most entertaining and at the same time valuable historical books yet published. It is executed in the best style of typographical art, and best of all. this great storehouse of historical and genealogical information is rendered readily available by an excellent index, the lack of which has spoiled so many otherwise really valuable works. — A'. E. Hist, and General Retrister. THIS VOLUME WILL BE SENT, EXPRESS CHARGES PAID. TO THOSE WHO MAY ORDER IT. PRICE. $7.50 C. O. D. MISS HATTIE P. HURLBUT, No. 44 South Ann St.. CHICAGO, ILL. PREPARING FOR THE PRESS: *' Our Inland Seas, and luaiiy Lake Navioaiion," By HENRY H. HURLBUT, Author of " Obioago Antiqaities." '(!/i-im%\ 1*1 / TECUMSEH. -THE- ST. IGNACE REPCBLIOAN p. D. BISSELL, Editor, ST. IGNACE. MACKINAC CO., MICH. JS PUBLISHED every Saturday morning at St. Ignace, the most southern point of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, at the Straits terminus of the Detroit, Mackinac and Marquette Railroad. The IvEPruLicAN is a representative newspaper of the growing city of St. Igxace — not inaptly termed the " Gateway C'ity " o/NoRTiiEKN Michigan — having for its chief aim the diffusion of such reliable information regarding the city wherein published, the famed IVIackinac Island Si'M^rER Kesokt, the County of Mackinac, and the whole Upper Peninsula region, as will be of interest to the general reader, and contribute to the development and settlement of a section hitherto overlooked, even by the people of our own Commonwealth, which offers to farmer and the laboring man, the lumberman and miner, the tradesman and manufacturer, and all conditions of men, a most desirable field for settlement and investment. ADVERTISING RATES. PER I.VCH .SPACE. Transient Advertisements, per month, . . . $2 00 Six Months, . . $6 00 \ One Year, . . . 10 00 TERMS. Per Year, . $2 00 \ Six Months, . . $1 00 THE GREAT PALACE RECLINING CHAIR CAR ROUTE. THE GREAT PALACE DINING CAR ROUTE. PULLMAN PALACE BUFFET SLEEPING CARS. PULLMAN BUFFET PARLOR CARS. on JimlroHtl NO CHANGE OF CARS OF ANY CLASS BETA?7'EE]Sr - CHICAGO and KANSAS CITY, CHICAGO and ST. LOUIS, and ST. LOUIS and KANSAS CITY. Dflion Denols in CMcap, East St. Louis, St. LoDis aud Kausas City. NO OTHER LINE RUNS mm SDiMiMCi uAkii^ Between CHICAGO and KANSAS CITY, CHICAGO and ST. LOUIS, and ST. LOUIS and KANSAS CITY. Meals equal to those served in any First-Class Hotel, only 75 cents. ^^I^i ^THE FINEST PALACE RECLINING CHAIR CARS In the world are run in All Through Trains, Day and Night, Without Change, and FREE OF EXTRA CHARGE. This is the only line running a sufficient number of these Palatial Cars in all the Through Trains to accommodate all its patrons. PnZiX.r(ZAN PAZ