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 ...SPALDING'S... 
 
 lilustrated Catalogue 
 
 OF 
 
 SPRING 
 
 SPORTS 
 
 PUBLISHED'aBOUT FEBRUARY FIRST. 
 
 SUMMER. 
 
 
 BASE BALL, LA>XnM TENNIS, 
 GOLF, ATHLETIC GOODSe^ 
 
 BICYCLE SUNDRIES^ 
 UNIFORMS and ACCESSORIES 
 
 Handsomely and profusely illustrated, the recognized 
 authority for standard goods, and the most complete cata- 
 iugue of its kind published. Mailed free to any address. 
 
 A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 4i^l^jt^^<%^^'<r^ir^'<t^1iJt^'<'%^ 
 
 U^ 
 
CHECKERS 
 
 ^ 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE GAME 
 
 WllH INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER CONTAININING SOME NOTES REGARD- 
 ING ITS PROBABLE ORIGIN ; A DESCRIPTION OF IT IN ITS 
 EARLIEST KNOWN FORM, ACCOMPANIED BY ILLUS- 
 TRATIONS OF THE ANCIENT AND MODERN 
 VARIETIES, ETC. 
 
 BY 
 
 A. 
 
 HOWARD CADY* 
 
 
 C><<-N<C>(2n 
 
 <^^ 
 
 /\/\ /\~X^ 
 
 \ . 
 
 >ooo^ 
 
 4 
 
 /\ ^~^ /\ ^^ /\ ^^/\ 
 
 X 
 
 *^/\ ^^/\ ^^/\ ^^ / 
 
 ^ 
 
 \^cd\/c^\/cz>\^ 
 
 CHECKER BOARD 
 
 Invented by the French author, Lallemont, whose name it bearF. This cut shows 
 
 that a checkered board is not absolutely essential to play the game, and, 
 
 moreover, that it contains thirty-two unnecessary squares. 
 
 c^ 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE 
 
 f 
 
 
 a»P 181 
 
 AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHINGnQQMPAN 
 
 241 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. . _ 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 Copyright, 1896, bj^ the American Sports Publishing Co. 
 \ 
 
 .■^'3 
 
preface. 
 
 1 
 Notwithstanding the innumerable Murks treating of draughts, there 
 seems always room for one more, and it is hoped that this little vol- 
 ume will find its place in the empty niche. This book, it must be 
 candidly acknowledged, does not profess to be the work of one mind, 
 but the compilation rather of the theories and practices of various 
 writers and players, who have made a thorough study of this most in- 
 teresting and absorbing game. It is not possible in the small space 
 alloted to go into elaborate details, either of instruction or illustra- 
 tion ; therefore it has been my aim to cull the best and most essential 
 and to present the game in its divers forms in as attractive a manner 
 as dry facts and the necessary technique will permit. 
 
 On another page have been given the names of the celebrated play- 
 ers and authors who have done so much to bring draughts into promi- 
 nence, and their works will prove invaluable to the student if, after 
 mastering the elementary laws and problems between these covers, he 
 desires to acquire a more scientific knowledge of the game. 
 
 Xkw York, Tvlarch, i8g6. A. II. (".. 
 
®rauGbt0 or Cbecftere. 
 
 The Primitive Game in its Several Varieties, 
 
 xl: 
 
 HERE are so many ways 
 of looking at a game, so 
 many methods for study- 
 ing it from the possible epoch of 
 its invention, and through its 
 various evolutions into the varie- 
 ties known and played to-day, 
 that it is often puzzling to decide 
 in which direction to turn — 
 which particular line of research 
 to pursue. 
 
 To begin at the beginning, 
 therefore, and follow the direc- 
 Lady and gentleman of the fourteenth cen- ^-^^^ pointed out by the chroni- 
 tury playing at z/awi'i- or Draughts. ^ •'.... 
 
 clers or the most primitive form 
 
 of the game, is probably the safest course, as thus, at least, one has a 
 distinct point to start from. 
 
 The deeper we go into games th-; more interesting, the more 
 intricate we find them, and it is curious to note how the different 
 pastiiiies of the mediaeval ages seem to be based on the same principle, 
 though varying in form and execution, according to the method of 
 play adopted by the several races or nations by whom they were 
 invented or where they were received. 
 
 This applies to both card and table games respectively, and in each 
 instance the origin of the given types of games will be found to be 
 similar in character at the beginning, although dififering from one 
 another, as presented in different places and at various epochs. 
 
 This is especially true of card games, discussed at some length in 
 a preceding number, and applies also to so-called "table-games," 
 as chess, backgammon, draughts, etc., may be classed under the 
 
4 CHECKKRS. 
 
 same head. They have undouhtedly sprung from the same family, 
 and a study of them, individually and collectively, will disclose many 
 points in common. 
 
 Just to what particular period of antiquity the invention* of draughts 
 belongs, it is difficult to say. Some claim for it a Chinese, others an 
 Egyptian, and others still a Grecian origin, to say nothing of the 
 minor efforts to place it. By some writers it is said to be a modified 
 form of chess, while other authorities on games think that chess Avas 
 evolved from the simpler variation of draughts. According to Sir 
 William Jones chess can be traced back four thousand years, and as 
 by many draughts is considered to have preceded 't, this latter may, 
 indeed, claim great antiquity. 
 
 Be that as it may, all board-games, as they are called, from the 
 simplest form up to the most scientific, which is acknowledged to be 
 chess, are generally of a " war-like nature," that is to say, the men (or 
 pieces) are placed upon the table to unite their forces or capture the 
 enemy. The idea of "mimic Avar" was doubtless the key to the 
 invention of this class of diversion. 
 
 The simplest of all these board-games, that is, the one played with- 
 out lots or dice, and depending altogether upon the skilful move or 
 draw of the pieces, is draughts, which, under this name, includes 
 numerous varieties of the ancient and modern pastime. 
 
 It is as difficult to fix the period of its invention as it is to name the 
 country where it originated, hence it has been suggested by one 
 writer at least that the probabilities are that draughts may have been 
 "invented in a dozen places, and then combined with dice;" 
 "that the original elements, the combination and 
 the various improvements on it, might all occur to separate 
 minds." Then, by way of emphasizing his statement, the author 
 adds : "It is a well-known fact, which causes much scientific hatred, 
 that different people are constantly hitting on and patenting the same 
 
 invention In the spread of games some will recognize 
 
 more of fatalism than of prehistoric intercourse between distant 
 peoples ; others, more of prehistoric intercourse than ot fatalism." 
 
 Antiquarians all agree that among the native trih>es of the in- 
 terior of New Zealand this game is known and is played there under 
 the name of E'?)ni. This fact seems to lend force to the statement 
 regarding its great age. It is not asserted, however, that it was in- 
 vented by them. 
 
 Taylor, in his essay on ''Historical Games,'' says : "It is a curious 
 inquiry what led people to the by no means obvious idea of finding 
 .-port in placing stones or pieces on a diagram and moving them by a 
 
 rule The word abax, or abacus, is used both for the 
 
 reckoning-board, with its counters, and the play board, with its pieces, 
 whence a plausible guess has been made, that playing on the ruled 
 board came from a sportive use of the serious counting instrument." 
 
CHECKERS. 5 
 
 Among the innumerable varieties of draught games played the world 
 over is the very elaborate Chinese one called PVei-chi, or " 'game of 
 circumvention,' the honored pastime of the learned classes." In this 
 variety the object is to take the enemy by surrounding him by four of 
 his adversary's men, thus making what is called an "eye.'* This 
 seems to show that the game belonged historically to the same group 
 in the simpler classic draughts, where the 7)ia}i is taken between two 
 opponents ; but does not help to show in any way, however, that it 
 originated in the land of the " Celestials^" or among the classics. 
 
 There are several theories as to what the "sacred line," or, as 
 sometimes called, "sacred barrier, " was in the Greek game named 
 Five Lines, and mentioned by Sophocles. 
 
 No one seems to have arrived at a very distinct conclusion regard- 
 ing it ; but it is generally assumed, however, to be connected with 
 some phase of the table game known as /'^j-j-^z'^ which is similar to 
 draughts. In looking further into the numerous mentions of ihe 
 many varieties of the pastime, it appears that in the one known as 
 Plinthion or Folis, the pieces, or " dogs," were half of one color 
 and half of another, and were moved on the squares of the board, 
 the game consisting in the effort and success of getting one of one 
 color between two of the other, thus taking or capturing the enemy. 
 
 It is not possible at this late date to reason out the exact rules of 
 the classic game, but research shows that one very like it still exists 
 and is played to-day by the donkey-boys at Cairo. 
 
 Of this we shall speak more at length later. 
 
 Judging from certain passages of Ovid's, one of the varieties of the 
 Roman games of Latriinculi was evidently of the same family. Note, 
 for instance, where he says: "Cum medius gemino calculus hoste 
 perit, " which refers to the stone being taken between two enemies 
 a few lines further on he speaks of "the little table with its three 
 stones, where the game is, continuasse stias,'' i.e., "to put the men 
 into a line" — a species, says Tylor, of the childish pastime known as 
 tit-tat-to. 
 
 In Latrunculi the men were moved diagonally, " capturing by leap- 
 ing over and obtaining superior power when they arrived at the fur- 
 therest row of squares," the board consisting of only sixteen squares. 
 
 Another form of the pastime, which Strutt in his " English Spo?ts 
 and Pastimes" describes, is one known as "The Philosopher's 
 Game." 
 
 He obtained his account of it from an old MS. in the Sloanian 
 Library in the British Museum. By some it is said to have been in- 
 vented by Pythagcras, by others to be of still more ancient origin. It 
 is called a "number fight," says the writer of the account, because 
 its men fight and stand together by the art of counting or numbering 
 how one may take his adversary's king and erect a triumph upon the 
 deficiency of his calculation. 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 The author continues : "You may make your triumph as well with 
 your enemy's men taken as with your own not taken." 
 
 The Ijoard or table for playing this game is made in the form of 
 a parallelogram, just as long again as it is broad ; it is divided into 
 eight squares one way, and apparently sixteen the other, looking like 
 a cliess-board fastened together. 
 
 The draughts (checkers) are l)lack and white, and two persons only 
 can properly play the game at one time. Each one receives twenty- 
 four soldiers, which constitute his army (^hoste in the original), and 
 
 No. IV. 
 
 289 
 
 69 
 
 .81 
 
 25 
 
 9 \( \i^^^\ i'li) 
 
 155 
 
 91 
 
 '\h 
 
 15 
 
 (S)Qf ley H 
 
 00fOf2 
 
 one of them is called the Pyramis, or King; one-third of these pieces 
 are circular, which form two rows in front of the army ; one-third are 
 triangular, and are placed in the middle ; another, and the last third, 
 are square, and bring up the rear. One of the "men" placed in the 
 fifth row is the Pyramis. As already stated, the men of the two sides 
 are distinguished by being black and white respectively, and each one 
 is marked with an appropriate numl)er. 
 
 The board is long enough to permit of the pieces of both sides 
 being placed as on a draughts-board, i. c, the black and white 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 facing each other, the circular pieces coming together in the centre. 
 Sometimes curious signs or algebraic figures, called "cossical sign- 
 ings," were added, thus increasing the intricacy of the game. The 
 side (or army) presenting a front of even numbers was called the even 
 hoste, and the other the odd hoste. 
 
 The two armies, at the beginning, were drawn up in the order rep- 
 resented on page 6. 
 
 Strutt is unable to give an outline even of the method of playing 
 the game, for, according to him, the author of the account is "ob- 
 scure in his phraseology and negligent in his explanations." 
 
 Strutt assumes, however, and doubtless is right, that the main ob- 
 ject of each player was to take the king from his opponent, " because 
 he who succeeds may make his triumph and erect his trophy." 
 
 In his "Anatomy of Melancholy," Burton speaks of it, calling it 
 the Philosophy Game, and expresses his views thereon, somewhat 
 after this fashion: ". . . . it is not convenient for students," and 
 adds, "the like I say of Dr. Fulk's Metro/iiachia and his Otiroiiojiia- 
 chia, with the rest of those intricate, astrological and geometrical 
 fictions, for such as are mathematically given and other curious 
 games." 
 
 No. V. 
 
 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 
 b 
 
 b 
 
 
 SEE'GA. 
 
 It may be mentioned parenthetically that Dr. Fulk was a Cam- 
 bridge man, and the book alluded to by Burton was published in Lon- 
 don in 1566. 
 
 In an interesting work by A. W. Lane, entitled "Modern Egypt- 
 ians," we have descriptions of the various customs, amusements, etc., 
 of that people, and among these latter draughts, or, in the native, 
 da' VI eh, is mentioned, and certain varieties of the game discussed at 
 length. 
 
O CHECKERS. 
 
 He tells us that many of the fella'hhee'n of Egypt frequentlyamu.se 
 themselves with a game called that of the see'ga, which may be de- 
 scribed in a few words. 
 
 The see'ga used in this game is different from that of the ta'b. It 
 consists of a number of holes, generally made in the ground, usually 
 of five rows of five holes each, or seven rows of seven holes each; or, 
 finally, nine rows of nine holes each. The first is called kJnimsa^wee 
 see'ga; the second, seh'a'wee, and the third, tis'a'ivee. 
 
 A khunisa 'luec see' ga is represented on page 7. 
 
 The holes are called 'oyoo'n (or eyes) ; in the singular, ey'n. In this 
 see'ga there are twenty-five in number. The players have each twelve 
 kelbs (pieces of red brick or tile about the size of a walnut) similar to 
 those used in tab ("dogs"), the game already described in Home 
 Library No. 5 — Backgammon, 
 
 The large see'gas, in like manner, require a suflicient number of 
 kelbs to occupy all the 'ey'n save one. One of the players places two 
 of his kelbs in the 'ey'n marked, a a; they then alternately place two 
 kelbs in any of the 'ey'n of the see'ga. 
 
 All the 'ey'n but the centre one being thus occupied — most of the 
 pieces played at random — the game is begun. The player who begins 
 moves one of the kelbs from a contiguous 'ey'n into the centre. The 
 other player, if the 'ey'n now made vacant be next to any one occu- 
 pied by his kelbs, desires his adversary to give him, or open to hjm 
 a way; and the latter must do so l^y removing (and thus losing) one 
 of his own kelbs. This is also done on subsequent occasions, Avhen 
 required by similar circumstances. The aim of each player, after the 
 first disposal of the kelbs, is to place any one of his kelbs in such a 
 situation that there shall be between it and another of his one of the 
 adversary's. Thus, by so doing, he "takes"; and so long as he can 
 immediately make another capture by this means he does so, without 
 allowing his opponent to move. 
 
 These are really the only rules of the game. Incidentally it will be 
 observed that as most of the kelbs are placed at random, foresight is 
 requisite in the disposal of the remainder. 
 
 Several see'gas, by the way, have been cut upon the stones of the 
 summit of the great Pyramid by Arabs who served as guides to travel- 
 ers. 
 
 Of course it is impossible to ascertain just when the see'ga came 
 into existence, but it is doubtless the outcome of some very ancient 
 game. In Cook's "Third Voyage" it is mentioned that the Sandwich 
 Islanders played at a game similar to draughts, and with black and 
 white pebbles on a board of fourteen by seventeen squares. It has 
 been suggested by one writer on games that if the explorers had spent 
 an hour in learning it perhaps we should know to-day whether it was 
 the Chinese or the Malay game, or, if neither of these, what it was, 
 wlience derived, etc., and thus we might have had a clue, lost to 
 
CHECKERS. 9 
 
 native memory evidently, as to the "connection of the Polynesians 
 with a higher Asiatic culture in the ages before a European ship had 
 come within their coral reefs. . ." This same writer goes on to 
 say: "If, in comparing Greek draughts and English draughts, we 
 were to jump to the conclusion that the one was simply a further 
 development of the other this would be wrong, for the real course ap- 
 pears to have been that some old draught-game rose into chess, and then, 
 again, a lower form of chess came down to be a game of draughts." 
 
 In another place this same writer says: "In modern Europe the 
 older games of this class have been superseded by one of a different 
 principle. The history of what we call draughts is diclosed by the 
 French dictionary, which shows how the men used to be called pious, 
 or pawns, till they reached the other side of the board, then became 
 dames, or queens." 
 
 Thus, by some the modern game of draughts is recognized as being, 
 in fact, "a low variety of chess," in which the pieces are all pawns, 
 turned into queens in chess-fashion when they gain the enemy's line. 
 It is further stated that the earliest plain accounts of the game are to 
 be found in Spanish books of the middle ages, and the theory of its 
 development through mediaeval chess problems are worked out by 
 that admirable authority on chess, Dr. A. van der Linde, in his 
 Geschichte des Schachspiel. 
 
 One scholar has said quite pertinently that draughts is to chess 
 what arithmetic is to algebra, and this seems a very fitting definition 
 of the distinction between the two games. 
 
 According to some writers draughts does not appear to have been 
 played in Europe prior to the aniddle of the sixteenth century and 
 has been called by many the " Chess of Ladies." Indeed in foreign 
 tongues generally it is thus classed; as, for instance, in French, y^z^ 
 des Dames; in German, Damenspiel or Damenbrett; in Italian, // 
 Giuco delle Damej in Portuguese, Jago das Damas ; in Turkey and 
 Persia, Daaina, while in Gaelic there is one word only for both chess 
 and draughts, Taileasg. The Scotch call the draught-board a Dam- 
 brod, having adopted the term perhaps from the German. 
 
 Tlie first elaborate and really important treatise on the game was 
 published at Paris two centuries and a quarter ago (1668) and was the 
 work of a noted professor of mathematics, M. Mallet byname. About 
 a hundred years thereafter Mr. William Pryne, also an instructor in 
 mathematics, published his famous "Instruction to the Game of 
 Draughts," and eleven years later (1767) W. Painter issued his 
 " Companion for the Draught Player. " Other essays on the subject 
 followed, but none that bore any comparison Math the very able work 
 of Joshua Sturges, entitled " The Guide to the Game of Draughts." 
 printed first in 1800. In 1835 Mr. Walker re-edited the work and 
 since then it has been reprinted, the last publicaiion bea»-ing the date 
 of 1892, and edited by Kean, London. 
 
lO CHECKERS. 
 
 The fact lliat, despite all the modern works on the game, Sturges' 
 l)ook still liolds its own at the close of the century in which it first ap- 
 peared is praise unneedful of comment or qualification. 
 
 Following the ])ublication of 1800 came one l^y J. Sinclair, and it is 
 worthy of note that the author of this treatise was the first of the 
 Scottish school of writers and players who have done so much to make 
 a popular study of a really scientific diversion. After this appeared 
 Drummond's Mork, and in the same year Hay's. . Then, in 1848, An- 
 derson's first edition, followed in 1852 by the second, and so on 
 through the latter half of the nineteenth century, including the works 
 of such noted players and writers as Eowen, Janvier, Robertson, 
 Spayth, vScattergood, Berkeley, Dunne and others. 
 
 All capital works these, according to their individual and respective 
 methods or treating the game, . /om an historical, literary or practical 
 standpoint in turn ; those of the practical and illustrative character 
 being, perhaps, the most popular. 
 
 None of these writings, however, solve the question of its inven- 
 tion, and we can simply infer from Mallet's book that whatever and 
 whenever its origin may have been, it had probably been played more 
 or less in Europe a century prior to the composition of his treatise. 
 
 Strutt calls it a "modern invention," and certain it is tHarit was 
 not mentioned in the older editions of the Academic des Jctix, nor in 
 the Conipleat Gamester. 
 
 Perhaps it was not considered of sufficient importance among the 
 Europeans at that period. To-day it has a firm foothold and nothing 
 can disturb it. 
 
 Mr. Blackburn, the English chess champion, regards chess, it ap- 
 pears, as "a dangerous intellectual vice which is spreading to rather 
 an alarming extent." Discussing the matter with Mr. Bardeleben 
 some time ago, he said : " . . . . Chess is a kind of mental alcho- 
 hol. It inebriates the man who plays it constantly. He lives in a 
 chess atmosphere, and his dreams are of gambits and the end of 
 
 games Unless a man has supreme self-control, it is 
 
 better that he should not learn to play chess Draughts 
 
 is a better game." 
 
 Mr. H. C. White, of New York, took up this statement of Mr. 
 Blackburn, and while disagreeing with him on many points, for he 
 regarded draughts as far more "fascinating," hence more dangerous 
 than chess, he said, however, that draughts was " the better game," 
 and proceeded forthwith to give his reasons. 
 
 In his statement Mr. White says: ". . . Draughts is a better 
 game. . . . It is an olden game. There has been no change in 
 
 it since the building of the Pyramids There are more 
 
 openings in checkers than in chess. . . . Checkers is an exact 
 
 mathematical problem Compare the best chess problem 
 
 you ever saw, consisting of two pieces against two (first position, for 
 
CHECKERS. II 
 
 instance), and see the difference in the real (not the apparent) depth 
 
 of the game Finally, I assert that it is far easier to 
 
 become a fine chess player than an equally good checkers player." 
 Then, after naming some of the famous draughts-players of to-day, 
 as, for instance, Barker, Stewart, Freeman, Fleffner, Read, Wiley, 
 Jordan, Ferrie and so on, adds : " . . . . There is a far wider 
 gap between the good and the best players at checkers than there is 
 between the good and the best players in chess. I would rather be 
 able to draw a game of checkers with Barker than win a game of chess 
 from Steinitz." 
 
 Bayard Taylor has given an account of the game as played in Japan, 
 and comparison shows that it was played by the aborigines after the 
 Japanese method. It is also played by the natives — as already shown — 
 in various parts of China and India, all of which goes to prove that 
 it has been, throughout the ages, and in all places, a very popular 
 game always. 
 
 In the foregoing pages have been given descriptions of the vari- 
 ous forms of the game, from the earliest period to which it can be 
 traced until to-day, the ancient and modern ideas regarding it as to 
 its actual interest and value in itself, or as compared to chess and 
 kindred pastimes. 
 
 The student, however, will decide this question for himself. 
 
 %^ 
 
12 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 Zbc /iDobetn Games. 
 
 Of the varieties of Draughts recognized as standard games and 
 played all over the world to-day are the English, Polish, Spanish, 
 Italian and Turkish. Taking them up in turn and treating of them 
 in their various phases, Ave shall note in them many characteristics 
 peculiar to the ancient forms described in preceding pages. 
 
 THE ENGLISH GAME. 
 
 The game is played by two persons occupying positions opposite to 
 each other, as shown in diagram No. VI. Each player has twelve 
 " men," of adverse colors — black and white or red and white — and 
 these are moved on a board of sixty-four squares of alternate colors — 
 black and whi'e or red and wdiite. The j^ieces, technically termed 
 
 No. YL 
 
 □ 
 
 D 
 
 m 
 
 °a 
 
 D 
 
 i 
 
 p 
 
 
 <MH 
 
 ^B 
 
 • 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 Bl 
 
 HL- 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 IE 
 
 jf 
 
 ■ 
 
 O 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 °oH 
 
 o^ 
 
 ■ o 
 
 Hfo 
 
 
 o 
 
 /5 
 
 / 
 
 ■ 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 6 
 
 ■ 
 
 2 
 
 ■ 
 
 7 
 
 ^' 
 
 4- 
 
 ■ 
 
 /i 
 
 ■ 
 
 10. 
 
 /o 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 /6 
 
 
 /7 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^4 
 
 ■ 
 
 m 
 
 /9 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 X-f 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 30 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 17 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 5Z 
 
 i 
 
 BOARD AiVD MEN. NUMBERED BOARD. 
 
 " men," are circular discs of wood or ivory, not less than one inch nor 
 more than one and one-eighth of an inch in diameter. 
 
 One player takes the light men, the other the dark, of course. 
 
 The board is placed in such a position-^the reverse of that in 
 chess— that an upper white hand corner is on the right hand of the 
 player, which brings the double white square to the lower right-hand 
 corner. 
 
 Sometimes the position is changed and the board arranged — the 
 double black square at the lower right hand — as in chess ; but the 
 first-named method usually prevails, and for the sake of clearness and 
 simplicity it will be better to retain this. 
 
CHECKERS. 13 
 
 According to that eminent authority, Hoyle: "In Scotland the 
 black squares are generally played on ; in England the play is on the 
 Avhite." His instructions are so clear, and withal, so brief that they 
 wi]l be given here. He says : 
 
 "The players may place their men on either the black or Avhite 
 (red or white) squares, but the Avhole of them must be placed on 
 
 squares of one color only The operation of the game 
 
 is A'ery simple ; the 'men' are moved always diagonally, never side- 
 ways or straight forward, and only one square at a time. If one of 
 the enemy's men stand in the way, no move can be effected, unless 
 there be a vacant square beyond him, in which case he is leaped 
 over, and, being thus taken, is removed from the board. As the 
 pieces can only be taken diagonally, and one square at a time, there 
 can be no taking until the antagonists have moved their men into 
 close quarters, and in pushing the pieces thus cautiously forward at 
 the openii>g, consists the chief arts of the game — the grand object 
 being to hem in the enemy in such a nvanner that he cannot move his 
 men. When the men of either opponent have made their way to the 
 opposite end of the board, either by taking or through an open path 
 left by preceding moves, they receive increased power ; they are then 
 ' crowned,' which is performed by placing one of the enemy's captured 
 ' men on the top of the piece which has penetrated to the enemy's first 
 row of squares, and thus ' crowned ' the piece may be moved back- 
 wards as well as forwards, but still diagonally only, and one square at 
 a time. To get a man crowned is therefore of the first importance, 
 as the more pieces either player has thus invested, with the privilege 
 of backward or forward movement, the greater are his chances of- 
 beating his adversary's men off the board and winning the 
 game." 
 
 The directions given above are so distinct and simple, that it will 
 be an advantage to the student to carry them in his mind as he pro- 
 ceeds deeper into the intricacies of the game. 
 
 Allowing, therefore, as already said, that the board is so placed 
 that the double white square is at the lower right hand — the method, 
 by the way, which prevails in the continental varieties also — the men 
 must be placed as follows : 
 
 At the beginning of the game they are placed on the first three 
 rows of white squares of !he board on their respective sides. (See 
 illustration No. VI., ist.) 
 
 The manner in which the squares are conveniently numbered, for 
 the sake of reference, is shown in No. VI., 2d. 
 
 The player who uses the dark pieces, which must always be placed 
 upon the lowest numbered square, makes the first move, and it is the 
 custom, therefore, to change pieces every new game, as thus each 
 player will have the opportunity in turn to begin. Regarding the 
 choice of men at the beginning, that can be decided by mutual 
 
u 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 agreement, or any other method, such as drawing lots, casting dice, 
 
 etc., if preferred. • i. j • , i 
 
 At the risk of repeating information already given with admirable 
 conciseness by Hoyle, I shall touch again upon the " method of 
 moving," " capturing," etc., hoping by an even fuller explanation to 
 impress these details upon the student. 
 
 MOVING. 
 A move consists in pushing a man from the square on which it 
 stands to another adjacent square which is unoccupied, along the 
 white diagonal on which the player's man is posted. The novice 
 must be particular to bear in mind that the men can only move for- 
 ward, either to the right or to the left, one square at a time, until they 
 reach one of the four-squares on the opposite end of the board to that 
 from which the start was made. 
 
 No. VII. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 "'■^" 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ••■';"'" 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 * When this is accomplished the men become kings and have then 
 the right to move either forward or backward, but still on/j' one square 
 at a time. For instance : Black (or red) wishes to move his man 
 placed on square lO, and this he may do 1^' pushing it to either 14 or 
 15, and when any of his men arrives at 29, 30, 31 or 32 they become 
 kings. Likewise, White, in moving, must play along a white diagonal, 
 either to right or to left, and in the direction approaching the squares 
 I, 2, 3 and 4, on any of which the white piece becomes king. 
 
 CAPTURING. 
 The men can take (capture) in the direction in which they arc mov- 
 ing by leaping over any hostile piece that is on an adjoining square 
 
CHECKERS. 15 
 
 provided, naturally, that there he a vacant white square beyond it. 
 The captor is placed on the vacant square, and the man taken is re- 
 moved from the board. If a number of pieces on forward diagonals 
 should be exposed by having oj)en squares behind them, they may be 
 taken all together at one capture, and the capturing man is then 
 placed on the square beyond the last piece taken. 
 
 Example: A White man is placed, as shown in diagram on page 14 
 (No. 7), on square 25, and could capture Black (or red) men on 22, 14 
 and 6 in a zig-zag line, or on 22, 15, 8; or, still again, on 22, 15 and 7, 
 provided, of course, as seen by this cut, a vacant space should be be- 
 hind each of them. 
 
 HUFFING. 
 
 When a player neglects, through oversight or otherwise, to avail 
 himself of an opportunity to take a man, his adversary has three 
 alternatives: I. He may allow the move to "hold good." 2. He 
 may make the plaj'er in fault capture the man or men en prise — 
 that is, liable to be taken. 3. He \ViZ.y huff — that is, remove from the 
 board the piece which could have made the capture, but failed to do so. 
 
 Example : Black is obliged to begin by moving one of the pieces 
 placed on 9, 10, 11 or 12. He moves the man from 11 to 15 and 
 White responds by moving his man from 22 to 18. Black can capture 
 White by leaping his piece from 15 to 22, and remove the man thus 
 taken off the board. Should Black, however, not capture White, but, 
 on the contrary, move in a different direction, say from 12 to 16, he 
 is liable to be huffed, that is. White may remove from the board the 
 man with which Black ought have made the capture, as a penalty for 
 not having done so. 
 
 Again, White may, if he prefers, leave the offending man on the 
 board without requiring a penalty, or he may oblige Black to replace 
 the piece played to 16, and play from 15 to 22, and thus capture the 
 white piece on 18. 
 
 When one player "huffs " the other, rather compelling the capture, 
 he does not put back the man his opponent moved in error, but 
 simply removes the one huffed from off the board, and then plays his 
 own move. In draught language it is called huffing and vioving. 
 
 Another example of huffing is worth citing here : A W^hite man 
 is placed on 28, and three Blacks on 24, 15 and 6, or 24, 16 and 8, 
 with unoccupied intervals ; he may take all three and make a king, 
 or be huffed for failing to capture them all. Frequently a novice 
 will take one piece and overlook a second or third man which is en 
 prise. 
 
 A player having the right to huff must do so before he moves, or 
 else he forfeits said right during that turn ; if, however, his opponent 
 again neglects to capture the man en prise, he can exact the penalty 
 when his turn comes round again. 
 
k 
 
 l6 CHECKERS. 
 
 When a player can take a piece in more than one way, he may 
 choose which he prefers, notwithstanding that he may take three men 
 in one way and only one in another. 
 
 KING. 
 
 When a piece belonging to either of the players reaches one of the 
 squares farthest from his own end of the board, whether it be by 
 moving or taking, he is, as already shown, made a king ; that is, 
 another man of the same color is placed on him, an operation called 
 " crowning him." 
 
 A king can move forward or backward, keeping, naturally, on the 
 white diagonals. A king, like any other piece, can capture any 
 number of pieces which are eii prise, and also is quite as likely to be 
 huffed for not doing so. 
 
 Example : White, by reaching one of the black squares on his 
 opponent's side of the board — let us say No. 2 — would gain a king, and 
 on next having the move, and the black pieces (kings or men) being 
 conveniently placed on 7, 16, 24, 23 and 14, with, of course, the 
 intervening blank square, he could take them all ^\ith one move, 
 remaining himself at g. 
 
 The man, on arriving at one of the extreme squares and being made 
 a king, finishes the move, and cannot take any piece which may be 
 en prise. 
 
 He is obliged to first wait for his opponent's move, and should the 
 latter omit to remove or fortify an exposed piece it may then be cap- 
 tured. 
 
 The game is won by the player who can first succeed in taking or 
 blocking up all his antagonist's men, so that he has nothing left to 
 move. When the pieces are so reduced that there remains on the 
 board but a very small number to each player^ and these being equal 
 on either side, neither one or the other can hope to gain anything de- 
 cided from his opponent, the game is given up as drazvn. If this were 
 not done, and should each side have one or two kings, the game could 
 be prolonged indefinitely, with the same hopeless possibility of natural 
 ending as when tlie pieces were first being resolved into the position 
 in question. 
 
 HINTS AND GENERAL RULES. 
 
 I. A player should never touch a man until he has decided to move it. 
 
 II. A piece should never be moved without a motive. The ques- 
 tion, "What will be the result of such and such a move?" should be 
 kept in the mind and applied at every stage of the game. An effort 
 to answer it by the mental calculation of the efTect of any and every 
 plausible move at the point under discussion will be found of great 
 advantage, although in the beginning it will doubtless seem very 
 irksome. 
 
CHECKERS. 17 
 
 III^ The student must accustom himself to playing slowly at first, 
 and, when possible, playing with people who are willing to allow an 
 unconditional time for consideration of a difficult position, rather than 
 with people who insist upon the strict observance of the law. 
 
 IV. When a player has gained an advantage in the number of his 
 men he will increase the proportion by exchange. In forcing them, 
 however, he must be careful not to injure his own position. 
 
 V. The player must keep strictly to the laws of the game at all 
 times and oblige his adversary to do the same, as otherwise the game 
 would be too trivial for serious consideration. 
 
 VI. The student should always play with fine players rather than 
 those with whom he can win, and he should, moreover, take every 
 chance he can of looking on when good players are engaged at it. 
 
 VII. A player should never engage with a player better than him- 
 self without offering to take svich odds as he may wish to give. If, on 
 the contrary, the player finds himself so superior to his adversary that 
 he can get no amusement out of the game when played on even terms, 
 he should offer him odds, and if he declines, cease playing with him. 
 The stronger player should always give odds, thereby making the 
 game equally interesting to both. 
 
 VIII. The player should never touch the squares with his fingers 
 when calculating, nor let his hand hover over the board. He should 
 avoid, also, incessant talking during the progress of the game, and 
 avoid any display of impatience if his adversary happens to be slow in 
 deciding upon a move. 
 
 Finally, he must bear in mind and try and practice always what are 
 termed the three golden rules to be observed in all games of calculation: 
 First — Avoid all l:)oasting and loud talking about his skill. 
 Second — Lose with good temper. 
 Third — Win with silence and modesty. 
 
l8 CHECKERS. 
 
 Ube %a\v5 ot tbe (3ame» 
 
 I. The standard board shall be of light and dark squares, not less 
 than fourteen inches nor more than fifteen inches across said squares. 
 
 II. The standard pieces, technically called men, and generally de- 
 scribed as White and Black, must be light and dark (for instance, 
 White and Red or White and Black), round in shape, not less than 
 one inch nor more than one and one-eighth inches in diameter. 
 
 ■ III. The board must be so placed that the bottom corner square on 
 the left hand shall be black, 
 
 IV. The men shall be placed on the black squares, (See Laws III. 
 and IV.) After substituting the word White for Black these two laws 
 become binding upon the players of any place where it is customary 
 to play on the White Squares. 
 
 [Author's Note. — Throughout this treatise the white squares will 
 be used to play on.] 
 
 V. The Black men shall invariably be placed upon the real or sup- 
 posed first twelve squares of the board ; the White, upon the last 
 twelve squares. 
 
 VI. Each player shall play alternately with White and Black men, 
 and lots shall be cast for the color only once, viz., at the beginning of 
 the play, the winner to have his choice of playing with Black or White. 
 
 VII. The first play must be invariably made by the person having 
 the Black men, and that alternately until the end of the play. 
 
 VIII. Time. — At the end of five minutes (if the play has not been 
 previously made), time must be called by the person appointed for 
 that purpose, in a distinct manner, and if the play be not completed 
 on the expiring of another minute, the game shall be adjudged to be 
 lost through improper delay. 
 
 IX. When there is only one u<ay of taking oie or more pieces, time 
 shall be called at the end of one minute, and if the play be not com- 
 pleted on the expiring of another minute, the game shall be adjudged 
 to be lost through improper delay. 
 
 X. Either player is entitled, on giving intimation, to arrange his 
 own or opponent's men properly on the squares. After the move has 
 been made, however, if either player touch or arrange any piece with- 
 out giving intimation to his adversary, he shall.be cautioned for the 
 first offence and shall forfeit the game for any subsequent acts of the 
 kind. N. B. — Anderson's Clause lo reads as follows : 
 
 "After the first move has been made, if either player arrange any 
 
CHECKERS. ig 
 
 piece without giving intimation to his opponent, he shall forfeit the 
 game ; but if it is his turn to play, he may avoid the penalty by play- 
 ing that piece, if possible." (It is in deference to the general opinion 
 that this law is unreasonable and unnecessarily harsh, that McCulloch's 
 amendment has been substituted.) 
 
 XI. After the pieces have been arranged, if the person whose turn 
 it is to play touch one, he must either playzV or forfeit the game. 
 When the piece is not playable, he forfeits according to the preceding 
 law. 
 
 XII. If any part of a playable piece be played over an angle of the 
 square on which it is stationed, the play must be completed in that 
 direction. 
 
 XIII. A capturing play, as well as an ordinary one, is completed 
 whenever the hand has been withdrawn from the piece played, even 
 although one or more pieces should have been taken. 
 
 XIV. The Huff or Blow is to remove from the board, before one 
 plays one's own piece, any one of the adverse pieces that might or 
 ought to have been taken ; but the Huff or Blow never constitutes 
 a play. 
 
 XV. The player has the power either to huff, compel the take or 
 let the piece remain on the board, as he thinks proper. 
 
 XVI. When a man first reaches any one of the squares on the 
 opposite extreme line of the board it becomes a king, and can be 
 moved backwards or forwards as the limits of the board permit, 
 though not in the same play, and must be crowned (by placing a man 
 on top of it) by the adversary. If he neglects to do so and play, any 
 such play shall be put back until the man be crowned. 
 
 XVII. Either player making a false or improper move shall in- 
 stantly forfeit the game to his adversary without another- move being 
 made. 
 
 XVIII. When taking, if either player remove one of his own men, 
 he cannot replace it, but his opponent can either play or insist on his 
 replacing it. 
 
 XIX. A draw is when neither of the players can force a win. When 
 one of the sides appears stronger than the other, the stronger party is 
 required to complete the win, or to show at least a, decided advantage 
 over his opponent within forty of his own moves — to be counted from 
 the point at which notice was given — failing in which, he must 
 relinquish the game as a Draw. 
 
 XX. Any thing tending to either annoy or distract the attention of 
 the players is strictly forbidden ; such as making signs or sounds, 
 pointing or hovering over the board, unnecessarily delaying to move 
 a piece touched, or smoking. Any principal so acting, after having 
 been warned of the consequences and requested to desist, shall forfeit 
 the game. 
 
 XXI. While a game is pending, neither player is permitted to 
 
20 CHECKERS. 
 
 leave the room without giving a sufficient reason or receiving the 
 ,other's consent or company. 
 
 XXII. Either player committing a breach of these laws must sub- 
 mit to the penalty, and his opponent is equally bound to exact the 
 same. 
 
 XXIII. Any spectator giving warning, either by sign, sound or 
 remark on any of the games, whether played or pending, shall be 
 expelled from the room during the match. 
 
 XXIV. Should any dispute occur, not satisfactorily determined by 
 the preceding laws, a written statement of facts m.xx'-.i be sent to a dis- 
 interested arbiter having a knowledge of the game, Avhose decision 
 shall be final. 
 
 NAMES OF GAMES, OR OPENINGS, AND HOW FORMED.* 
 
 The first step toward a thorough comprehension of Draughts is to 
 have the "openings" at one's " fingers' ends," so to speak, These 
 will be summed up under their respective titles, and an illustrative 
 game given. Space does not permit of giving the several variations 
 which suggest themselves, but the one example in turn will suffice to 
 indicate the manner of play. There is an asterisk against each move 
 that makes a capture, and the disposition of the men at the end of the 
 game is also noted. 
 
 N.B. — To play over the games and problems hereafter given, the 
 student must number the white squares on his draught board from i 
 to 32, and bear in mind that the Black men should occupy the first 
 twelve squares. 
 
 In regard to any games which the student may wish to reverse, let 
 the following instructions (as given by Hoyle) be noted: "Write 
 down those figures required to make the numbers played ' from and 
 to' exactly 33, as in the example shown below." 
 
 The game is begun by Black moving ii to 15 ; and as 22 added to 
 II and 18 to 15 each form 33, set down 22 — 18, which, in reversing 
 the game, must be White's first move. By acting in a similar man- 
 ner the game will be completely reversed. 
 
 
 ORIGINAL 
 
 GAME. 
 
 THE 
 
 SAME REVERSED. 
 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 
 Whitk. 
 
 Bl,ACK. 
 
 Move. 
 
 From To 
 
 
 From To 
 
 Move. 
 
 From To 
 
 From To 
 
 1 
 
 11—15 
 
 
 23—18 
 
 1 
 
 22-18 
 
 10—15 
 
 . 2 
 
 8—11 
 
 
 27—23 
 
 2 
 
 25—22 
 
 6—10 
 
 3 
 
 4- 8 
 
 
 23—19 
 
 3 
 
 29—25 
 
 10—14 
 
 4 
 
 9—14 
 
 
 18— 9 
 
 4 
 
 24—19 
 
 15-24 
 
 5 
 
 5-14 
 
 
 22-17 
 
 5 
 
 28—19 
 
 11—16 
 
 6 
 
 15—18 
 
 
 26-22 
 
 6 
 
 18—15 
 
 7-11 
 
 7 
 
 11—15 
 
 
 17-13 
 
 i 
 
 22—18 
 
 16-20 
 
 8 
 
 7—11 
 
 
 31—20 
 
 8 
 
 26—22 
 
 2- 7 
 
 ■ 9 
 
 18-23 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 1.5—11 
 
 
 
 Black wins. 
 
 
 
 White wins. 
 
 
 ♦The tables of games given are from Berkeley's ample treatise. 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 21 
 
 THE SINGLE CORNER OPENING. 
 
 
 REVERSED. 
 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 22—18 
 
 18—11* 
 
 25-22 
 
 11—15 
 8-15* 
 4— 8 
 
 Move. Black. White. 
 
 1 11—15 22—18 
 
 2 15—22* 25—18* 
 
 3 8—11 29—25 
 Remark — This is by no means a good defense for White (second player), as should 
 
 Black plaj^ as given above he ought to win in nearly every case. 
 
 The "Single Corner" is so named from the fact of each of these 
 moves being played from one single corner towards each other. 
 
 GAME. 
 The position of the men is as follows 
 
 Black- 
 
 -2, 11, 15, K-18, 19. 
 
 
 White- 
 
 -K-5, 9, 20, 24, 26. 
 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 1 
 
 11—15 
 
 22—18 
 
 14 
 
 3- 7 
 
 3—25 
 
 2 
 
 15—22* 
 
 15—18* 
 
 15 
 
 6— 9 
 
 13— 6* 
 
 3 
 
 8-11 
 
 29-25 
 
 16 
 
 1—10* 
 
 22—13* 
 
 4 
 
 4- 8 
 
 25—22 
 
 17 
 
 14—18 
 
 23 -14* 
 
 5 
 
 12—16 
 
 24—20 
 
 18 
 
 16— 30**K 
 
 25—21 
 
 6 
 
 10—15 
 
 21—17 
 
 19 
 
 10—17 
 
 21—14* 
 
 7 
 
 7—10 
 
 27—24 
 
 20 
 
 30—25 
 
 14— 9 
 
 8 
 
 8—12 
 
 17—13 
 
 21 
 
 25—22 
 
 9- 5 
 
 9 
 
 9—14 
 
 18—9* 
 
 22 
 
 22—18 
 
 31—26 
 
 10 
 
 5—14* 
 
 24—19 
 
 23 
 
 11—15 
 
 5— IK 
 
 11 
 
 15—24* 
 
 28—19* 
 
 24 
 
 12—16 
 
 13- 9 
 
 12 
 
 14—17 
 
 32—27 
 
 25 
 
 16—19 
 
 
 13 
 
 10—14 
 
 27—24 
 
 26 
 
 Black Wins. 
 
 
 MAID O' THE MILL OPENING. 
 The " Maid o' the Mill Opening," so named in compliment to a 
 miller's daughter in Lanarkshire, who was a capital player and liked 
 especially this opening. 
 
 GAME. 
 OPENING. REVERSED. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White 
 
 Move. 
 
 White. 
 
 1 11—15 22—17 1 22—18 
 
 2 15—18 23—14* 2 _ 18—15 
 Remark — A safe defense, as the game generally ends in a draw. 
 
 GAME. 
 
 MoVe. Black. White. Move. Black. 
 
 1 11—15 22—17 13 18—27* 
 
 2 15—18 23—14 14 6—13 
 
 3 9—18* 17—13 15 13—22* 
 
 4 8—11 26—23 16 27— 32K 
 
 5 10—14 24—20 17 32—27 
 
 6 11—15 28—24 18 5— 9 
 
 7 4—8 30—26 19 9—13 
 
 8 8—11 26—22 20 1—5 
 
 9 3—8 32—28 21 2— 7 
 
 10 7—10 24—19 22 7—11 
 
 11 15—24* 28—19* 23 27—23 
 
 12 _ 11— ISvar- 27—24 Drawn. 
 The position of the meo is as follows: 
 
 Black— 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, K-23. White— K-7, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 31. 
 
 Black. 
 
 11—16 
 
 10—19* 
 
 White. 
 13— 9 
 22—17 
 25— 4*** K 
 
 4— 8 
 29—25 
 25—22 
 
 8—11 
 11— 8 
 
 8— 3 
 
 3- 7 
 
22 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 THE CROSS OPENING. 
 
 So named because the second move is played across the direction 
 of the direction of the first. 
 
 
 OPENING. 
 
 
 
 REVERSED. 
 
 
 )ve. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 Move. 
 
 White. 
 
 Black. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 11—15 
 8—11 
 
 23—18 
 27—23 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 22—18 
 25—22 
 
 10-15 
 6—10 
 
 Remark — This opening cannot be said to be favorable to White (second plaj-er), 
 as Black, even if he play badly in the early part of the game, can, neverth'ile.'^s, 
 draw. Black should play, however, 11 — 16 and not 4 — 8 at his third move, as, 
 should he play the latter, the game will result in a draw. 
 
 GAME. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. White. 
 
 1 
 
 11—15 
 
 23—18 
 
 7 
 
 8—11 29—25 
 
 2 
 
 8—11 
 
 27—23 
 
 8 
 
 10—14 19—15 
 
 3 
 
 11—16 
 
 18—11* 
 
 9 
 
 3— 8 22—17 
 
 4 
 
 16-20 
 
 24—19 
 
 10 
 
 20—24 17—10* 
 
 5 
 
 7—16* 
 
 22—18 
 
 11 
 
 16—20 
 
 6 
 
 4- 8 
 
 25-22 
 
 
 Black wins. 
 
 The position is : 
 Black— 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11,^12, 20, 24. White— 10, 15, 18, 21. 23,25, 26,28, 30, 31,32. 
 
 THE OLD FOURTEENTH OPENING. 
 
 So named through being known to players as the fourteenth game 
 
 in Sturges' original work. 
 OPENING. 
 Move. Black. White. 
 
 11—15 
 8-11 
 4— 8 
 
 23—19 
 22—17 
 17—13 
 
 Move. 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 REVERSED. 
 
 White 
 
 22—18 
 25—22 
 29—25 
 
 GAME. 
 
 Move. Black. White. [ Move. Black. 
 
 1 11—15 23—19 10 2—9* 
 
 2 8—11 22—17 11 9—13 
 
 3 4—8 17—13 12 3— 8 
 
 4 15—18 24—20 13 14—23* 
 
 5 11—15 28—24 14 15—18 
 
 6 8—11 25-22 15 13-22* 
 
 7 18—25* 29—22* 16 1—10* 
 
 8 9—14 27—23 17 10—17 
 
 9 6—9 13— 6* White wins. 
 Remark — At his third move White should play 17—13, although 25 
 
 means a bad move. Again, White at his sixth move should play 25- 
 26 — 22, as, if he should move the latter, he will most probably lose the ga 
 The position is : 
 
 Black— 5. 7,8, 11, 12, 22. White— 14, 19, 20, 24, 30, .32. 
 
 GLASGOW OPENING. 
 It has generally been known by this name since Sinclair 
 gow, played it against Henderson at their match in Ha 
 1828. 
 
 Black. 
 10-14 
 11—16 
 16—20 
 
 White. 
 
 22—17 
 
 26—22 
 
 23—18 
 
 31—27 
 
 22— 6** 
 
 27—18*. 
 
 18—14 
 
 21—14* 
 
 ■22 is b}' no 
 22, and not 
 me. 
 
 , of Glas- 
 milton in 
 

 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 
 
 
 OPENING. 
 
 
 
 REVERSED. 
 
 
 ove. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 Move. 
 
 White. 
 
 Black 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 11—15 
 
 8—11 
 
 11—16 
 
 23—19 
 22—17 
 24—20 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 22—18 
 25—22 
 
 22—17 
 
 10—14 
 
 11—16 
 
 9—13 
 
 23 
 
 Remark — This opening is a variation of the the Old Fourteenth, made by the first 
 player playing 11 — 16 at his third move, and it is a fairly good one for him if 
 he plays 16—20 and not 4 — 8 at his eight move. 
 
 GAME. 
 
 :\rove. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 1 
 
 11—15 
 
 23—19 
 
 11 
 
 4— 8 
 
 24-19 
 
 2 
 
 8-11 
 
 22-17 
 
 12 
 
 8—11 
 
 30—26 
 
 3 
 
 11—16 
 
 24—20 
 
 13 
 
 11—16 
 
 17—13 
 
 4 
 
 16—23* 
 
 27—11** 
 
 14 
 
 2- 7 
 
 22—18 
 
 5 
 
 7—16 
 
 20—11* 
 
 15 
 
 14—17 
 
 21—14* 
 
 6 
 
 3— 7 
 
 28—24 
 
 16 
 
 10—17* 
 
 25—21 
 
 7 
 
 7—16* 
 
 25—22 
 
 17 
 
 6-10 
 
 21—14* 
 
 8 
 
 16—20 
 
 29—25 
 
 18 
 
 10—17* 
 
 18—14 
 
 9 
 
 20 -27* 
 
 31—24* 
 
 19 
 
 17—21 
 
 19—15 
 
 10 
 
 9—14 
 
 26-23 
 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 
 The position is : 
 
 Black— 1, 5, 7, 12, 16, 21. White— 13, 14, 15, 23, 26, 32. 
 
 THE LAIRD AND LADY OPENING. 
 
 So called from having been the favorite game of Laird and Lady 
 Caster, whose home was in Cambusnethan, Lanarkshire. 
 
 
 OPENING. 
 
 
 
 REVERSED. 
 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 Move. 
 
 White. 
 
 Black. 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 11—15 
 8—11 
 9—13 
 
 23—19 
 22—17 
 17—14 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 22—18 
 25—22 
 24—20 
 
 10—14 
 11—16 
 16—19 
 
 Remark This is another variation from the Old Fourteenth Opening. 
 
 GAME. 
 
 [ove. 
 
 Black. 
 
 . 1 
 
 11—15 
 
 2 
 
 8—11 
 
 3- 
 
 9—13 
 
 4 
 
 10—17* 
 
 5 
 
 15—18 
 
 6 
 
 13-17 
 
 7 
 
 4— 8 
 
 8 
 
 6— 9 
 
 9 
 
 1— 6 
 
 10 
 
 9-13 
 
 11 
 
 6—1.5* 
 
 12 
 
 11—15 
 
 13 
 
 8—11 
 
 14 
 
 18—25* 
 
 White. 
 
 23—19 
 
 22—17 
 
 17—14* 
 
 26—23 
 
 19—15 
 
 23—19 
 
 24—20 
 
 28—24 
 
 15-10 
 
 19—10* 
 
 31—26 
 
 25—22 
 
 29—22* 
 
 Move. 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 
 Black. 
 
 11—16 
 7—16* 
 
 17—26* 
 
 16—23* 
 
 13—17 
 
 17—22 
 
 22-26 
 
 26— 31-K 
 
 31—26 
 
 26—22 
 
 22—18 
 
 18— 9* 
 3— 7 
 Dravrn. 
 
 White. 
 
 20—11* 
 
 26—23 
 
 23—19 
 
 27—11** 
 
 80—23* 
 
 23—19 
 
 11— 8 
 
 8— 4-K 
 
 4— 8 
 
 8—11 
 32—28 
 10— 6 
 
 The position is : 
 
 Black— 2, 5, 7, K-9, 12. White— 6, K-11, 19, 24, 28. 
 
24 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 THE FIFE OPENING. 
 
 Thus called since 1847, when Wyllie, from Fifeshire, played it 
 against Anderson. 
 
 
 OPENING. 
 
 
 
 REVERSED. 
 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 Move. 
 
 White. 
 
 Black 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 11—15 
 9—14 
 5— 9 
 
 23-19 
 22—17 
 26—23 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 22-18 
 24—19 
 
 28-24 
 
 10-14 
 
 11—16 
 
 7—10 
 
 Remark — This opening Is not particularly favorable to White (second player), 
 but if he plays correctly he should make a draw. 
 
 GAME. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White 
 
 1 
 
 11—15 
 
 23—19 
 
 13 
 
 5— 9 
 
 31—26 
 
 2 
 
 9—14 
 
 22—17 
 
 14 
 
 9—14 
 
 26—22 
 
 3 
 
 5— 9 
 
 26—23 
 
 15 
 
 14—21* 
 
 23—18 
 
 4 
 
 9-13 
 
 30—26 
 
 16 
 
 21—25 
 
 27-23 
 
 5 
 
 13-22* 
 
 25— 9* 
 
 17 
 
 15-19 
 
 23-16* 
 
 6 
 
 6-13* 
 
 29—25 
 
 18 
 
 11—27 
 
 32—23* 
 
 7 
 
 8—11 
 
 25—22 
 
 19 
 
 25— 30K 
 
 22—17 
 
 8 
 
 4—8 
 
 22—17 
 
 20 
 
 30—25 
 
 28—14 
 
 9 
 
 13-^22* 
 
 26-17* 
 
 21 
 
 8-11 
 
 18—14 
 
 10 
 
 1— 5 
 
 17—13 
 
 22 
 
 25—21 
 
 
 11 
 
 2— 6 
 
 21—17 
 
 
 Black wins. 
 
 
 12 
 
 12—16 
 
 19-12 
 
 
 
 
 The position is : Black— 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, K-21. White— 12. 13, 14, 17, 23, 24. 
 
 Note — If White plays 17 — 14 at thirternth move, or 24 — 19, he still loses; but if he 
 plays 24—20 the game ought to result in a draw. If White at his eleventh move 
 plays 24 — 20 instead of 21 — 17, as given above, he will obtain a draw, unless Black at 
 fourteenth move p!ays 5 — 9 instead of 8 — 11, which will result in a win for Black. 
 
 WILL O' THE WISP OPENING. 
 This was so named by Mr. G. Wallace, of Glasgow, from the pecu- 
 liarity of some of the variations, where the player discovers by his 
 loss that he has been pursuing an ignis fatuus. 
 
 Move. 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 Remark- 
 
 opening. 
 
 Black. 
 11—15 
 
 9—13 
 
 6— 9 
 
 White. 
 23-19 
 26—23 
 22—18 
 
 Move. 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 REVERSED. 
 
 White. 
 22—18 
 24—20 
 27—24 
 
 Black. 
 
 10—14 
 
 7-10 
 
 11—15 
 
 -This opening is favorable to White, so if he plays 26 — 23 at his second 
 move he should draw the game ; but if he plays 21 — 27 he loses it. If Black, on the 
 other hand, plays 8 — 11 instead of 6 — 9 he should lose the game. 
 
 GAME. 
 
 White. 
 
 31—27 
 
 27—18* 
 
 24—20 
 
 30—26 
 
 .32—27 
 
 27—24 
 
 26—19* 
 
 20—11* 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 The position is : Black— 1, 2, 12, 13, 23 
 
 ove. 
 
 Black. 
 
 1 
 
 11—15 
 
 2 
 
 9—13 
 
 3 
 
 6— 9 
 
 4 
 
 15—22* 
 
 5 
 
 8—11 
 
 6 
 
 9—14 
 
 7 
 
 5—14* 
 
 8 
 
 14—23 
 
 9 
 
 10—15 
 
 White. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 23—19 
 
 10 
 
 7—23* 
 
 26—23 
 
 11 
 
 12—16 
 
 22-18 
 
 12 
 
 4- 8 
 
 25—18* 
 
 13 
 
 16—1!) 
 
 29—25 
 
 14 
 
 3— 7 
 
 18— 9* 
 
 15 
 
 8—12 
 
 23—18 
 
 16 
 
 19—23 ■ 
 
 27—18* 
 
 17 
 
 11—16 
 
 19-10 
 
 18 
 
 7-23** 
 
 , 12, 13, 23. 
 
 White— 18, 2 
 
 1,24,25,28 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 25 
 
 THE DEFIANCE OPENING. 
 
 So called because it defies or prevents the formation of the Fife 
 game. 
 
 
 OPENING. 
 
 
 
 REVERSED. 
 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 Move. 
 
 White. 
 
 Black. 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 11—15 
 9—14 
 8-11 
 
 23—19 
 27—23 
 
 22-18 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 22—18 
 24—19 
 25—22 
 
 10— 4 
 6—10 
 
 11- 5 
 
 Remark — This ought to prove a safe defense for While (second player) should he 
 play 27 — 23 at his second move, but this opening is not often played. Black should 
 carefully avoid playing 22 — 17 at his third move. 
 
 GAME. 
 
 jve. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 1 
 
 11—15 
 
 23—19 
 
 10 
 
 4- 8 
 
 32—29 
 
 2 
 
 9—14 
 
 27—23 
 
 11 
 
 17—22 
 
 26—17* 
 
 3 
 
 8-11 
 
 22—18 
 
 12 
 
 13—22* 
 
 15—10 
 
 4 
 
 15—22* 
 
 25— 9** 
 
 13 
 
 7—14 
 
 18— 9* 
 
 5 
 
 5-14* 
 
 29—25 
 
 14 
 
 11—16 
 
 23—18 
 
 6 
 
 6- 9 
 
 25-22 
 
 15 
 
 8-11 
 
 9- 5 
 
 7 
 
 9-13 
 
 22-18 
 
 16 
 
 3- 7 
 
 18—14 
 
 8 
 
 14—17 
 
 21—14 
 
 17 
 
 2- 6 
 
 27—23 
 
 9 
 
 10—17* 
 
 19—15 
 
 18 
 
 6—10 
 
 14— 9 
 
 The game is drawn and the position is : 
 
 Black— 1,7, 10, 11, 12, 16, 22. White— 5, 9, 23, 24, 28, 30, 31. 
 
 THE DOUBLE CORNER OPENING. 
 
 So named from its first mover (g — 14) being from one double corner 
 to another. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 Move. 
 
 White. 
 
 Black. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 9—14 
 5- 9 
 
 22—18 
 25—22 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 24—19 
 
 28—24 
 
 11—15 
 8—11 
 
 
 
 
 OR, 
 
 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 Move. 
 
 White. 
 
 Black. 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 9—14 
 
 11—15 
 
 5—14 
 
 22—18 
 18- 9 
 23—19 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 24—19 
 
 22—18 
 28-19 
 
 11—15 
 15—24 
 10—14 
 
 . Remark — This opening is extremely likely to end in a draw, as the player who 
 chooses the opening has to fall into error twice before he loses the game. 
 
 GAME. 
 
 ove. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 1 
 
 9-14 
 
 22—18 
 
 8 
 
 14—18 
 
 27—23 
 
 2 
 
 11—15 
 
 18— 9* 
 
 9 
 
 18—27 
 
 32—23* 
 
 3 
 
 5—14* 
 
 23-19 
 
 10 
 
 11—16 
 
 24—20 
 
 4 
 
 6— 9 
 
 25—22 
 
 11 
 
 15—24 
 
 20—11* 
 
 5 
 
 9-13 
 
 22—17 
 
 12 
 
 7—16 
 
 28—19* 
 
 6 
 
 13—22* 
 
 26—17* 
 
 13 
 
 10—15 
 
 19—10* 
 
 r. 
 ( 
 
 8—11 
 
 29—25 
 
 14 
 
 2- 6 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 Th ^ position is : 
 
 Black -1,3,4,6, 12, 16. White— 10, 17, 21 , 23, 25, 30, 31. 
 
26 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 THE SECOND DOUBLE CORNER. 
 This is named, like the preceding variation, Ijecause the first move 
 of the secon(/ -player is from the one double corner toward the other. 
 OPENING. REVERSED. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 1 
 
 11—15 
 
 24—19 
 
 1 
 
 28-18 
 
 9—14 
 
 2 
 
 15—25 
 
 28-19 
 
 2 
 
 18- 9 
 
 5—14 
 
 3 
 
 8—11 
 
 22-18 
 
 3 
 
 52—22 
 
 11—15 
 
 Remark. — This is by no means a good opening for White, or second plaj'er, as, 
 should he fall into the error of playing 27 — 24 instead of 30 — 25 at his fifth move, or 
 26 — 22 instead of 21 — 17 at his tenth move, he will lose the game ; and the best that 
 can happen to him is for the game to be drawn. 
 
 On the other hand, Black, or first player, has several options throughout the game, 
 none of which should alter the result. 
 
 GAME. 
 
 White. 
 
 24—19 
 
 28—19* 
 
 22—18 
 
 25—22 
 
 30—25 
 
 22—17 
 
 17—10* 
 
 32-28 
 
 28—19* 
 
 21—17 
 
 17—13 
 
 18- 9* 
 
 26—22 
 The game is drawn and the position is : 
 Black— 11, 12, 16, 20, 22. White— 13, 15, 18, 23, 27. 
 
 THE AYRSHIRE LASSIE OPENING. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 1 
 
 11—15 
 
 2 
 
 15—24* 
 
 3 
 
 8—11 
 
 4 
 
 10—14 
 
 5 
 
 11—16 
 
 6 
 
 4— 8 
 
 7 
 
 16—20 
 
 8 
 
 6—24** 
 
 9 
 
 8-11 
 
 10 
 
 11-16 
 
 11 
 
 7—10 
 
 12 
 
 9—14 
 
 13 
 
 5-14* 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 14 
 
 3- 8 
 
 13— 9 
 
 15 
 
 8-11 
 
 22—18 
 
 16 
 
 14-17 
 
 25—21 
 
 17 
 
 17-22 
 
 21-17 
 
 18 
 
 22—26 
 
 31—22* 
 
 19 
 
 1— 5 
 
 9- 6 
 
 20 
 
 2— 9* 
 
 17—13 
 
 21 
 
 9—14 
 
 18— 9* 
 
 22 
 
 5—14* 
 
 22—18 
 
 23 
 
 14-17 
 
 29—25 
 
 24 
 
 17—22 
 
 18—14 
 
 25 
 
 10—17* 
 
 25—18* 
 
 26 
 
 14—22 
 
 19-15 
 
 Move. 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 OPENING. 
 
 Black. 
 
 11—15 
 
 8-11 
 
 15—22 
 
 White. 
 24-20 
 22— 8 
 25—18 
 
 Move. 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 REVERSED. 
 Black. 
 22—18 
 25—22 
 18—11 
 
 White. 
 
 9—13 
 11—15 
 
 8—15 
 
 REMARK^This is a good defence for White (second player), as, should he play 
 well, the game ought to result in a draw ; whereas if Black makes a mistake at his 
 seventh move by playing 9 — 13 instead of 7 — 10 White ought to win. 
 
 GAME. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 Move. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White. 
 
 1 
 
 11-15 
 
 24—20 
 
 13 
 
 1.5—18 
 
 22—15* 
 
 2 
 
 8—11 
 
 22—18 
 
 14 
 
 11—18* 
 
 32—28 
 
 3 
 
 15—22 
 
 25—18* 
 
 15 
 
 2- 7 
 
 30—25 
 
 4 
 
 4- 8 
 
 29—25 
 
 16 
 
 7—11 
 
 2.5—21 
 
 5 
 
 10—15 
 
 25—22 
 
 17 
 
 18—22 
 
 26—17* 
 
 6 
 
 12—16 
 
 21—17 
 
 18 
 
 11—15 
 
 20—16 
 
 7 
 
 7-10 
 
 17—13 
 
 19 
 
 15—18 
 
 24-20 
 
 8 
 
 8-12. 
 
 28—24 
 
 20 
 
 18—22 
 
 27—24 
 
 9 
 
 9-14 
 
 18— 9* 
 
 21 
 
 22—26 
 
 19—15 
 
 10 
 
 5—14* 
 
 23-19 
 
 22 
 
 12—19* 
 
 13— 9 
 
 11 
 
 16-23* 
 
 26—19* 
 
 23 
 
 6—22** 
 
 15— 6* 
 
 12 
 
 3— 8 
 
 3a-26 
 
 24 
 
 1—10* 
 
 24— 6* 
 
 The game is drawn and the position is : Black— 8, 14, 22, 26. White— 6, 20, 21, 9( 
 
CHECKERS. 27 
 
 The above twelve illustrations will give the student a practical 
 insight into the various "openings," and are sufficient in number to 
 show him something of the varieties possible therein. To these we 
 may add the "Dyke," the "Souter," the "Whilter," "No Name 
 Opening," "Nondescript Opening," etc., all very intetesting and 
 treated of at length in the various publications. 
 
 THE "MOVE" AND ITS CHANGES. 
 
 (The " Great Secret.") 
 
 Assuming that the student has mastered the first principles of the 
 game, there remains still a very important factor to be considered ; to 
 have it is success, without it a failure. It is essential, therefore, to 
 be able to discover at all stages of the game which player has the 
 " move." 
 
 The first step is to be able to discover, at any stage of the game, 
 which player has possession of this very important factor, as it is con- 
 stantly passing from one to the other as the pieces are exchanged and 
 removed from the board. There are several methods for doing this, 
 but the most simple is to divide the board into two systems of squares, 
 consisting of four columns each, viz., those columns with a White 
 square at the bottom to form one system, and those with a Black the 
 other. Examples : 
 
 No. vni. 
 
 FIRST SYSTEM. SECOND SYSTEM. 
 
 Then count the pieces in one system only (either will do). If the 
 number be an odd one, and it is A's turn to play, he has the " move; " 
 if even, B has it. (See Example IX.) 
 
28 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 In this position (see No, IX.) it will be at once seen that the num- 
 ber of pieces in either one of the two systems is odd ; therefore Black 
 has the "move," and is enabled to block his opponent's pieces and 
 force the win, thus : i — 5, 28 — 24, 4 — 8, 24 — 19, 8 — ii, 29 — 25, 5 — 9, 
 25 — 22, 9 — 13. White must now lose a piece and the game. 
 
 No. IX. 
 BLACK. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 m 
 
 
 d 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 •1 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 Black to move and win. 
 
 Should it be desirable to change the " move," it can be done bj' an 
 exchange of odd pieces, as one for one or three for three, but one of 
 the capturing pieces must be taken off the board or the rule will not 
 apply. 
 
 In both the positions shown on page 29, it being White's turn to play, 
 Black has the "move." In No. X., White, exchanging 23 — 19, 
 gains the "move" (one of the captured pieces being taken off the 
 board) and wdns. 
 
 In No. XI. White draws by anything save 10 — 15. Should Wh*ite 
 be tempted to make that move, then Black wins by 25 — 22, keeping 
 the "move," as neither of the capturing pieces are taken off the 
 board. 
 
 An exception to the above rule arises when there is an odd number 
 of pieces upon the board, aS; for instance, three to two or four to 
 three. 
 
 In studying end-games of this description, it is invariably discov- 
 ered that one player has thg "move" in one system of squares, and 
 his adversary in the other ; so that the " move " varies according to 
 the fluctuations of the play from one system to the other. 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 29 
 
 If the player of the weaker side can manage to intrench his pieces 
 in the system in which he has the "move," it is always a great aid 
 to him in his defense, and will enable him also to force a draw some- 
 times. 
 
 To find in which system he has the " move," when it is his turn 
 to play, the player must count the pieces in either system. If the 
 
 No. X. 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 No. XI. 
 BLACK. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 i^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 "■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 _j 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 White to move and draw. 
 
 number is even, he will have the move in that system ; if odd, it will 
 be in the other. Example : 
 
 WHITE MOVES. 
 
 (a) 27 23 
 
 7—11 
 
 . 23 26 19—23 
 
 ■ 25 
 
 30 
 
 27—31 
 
 2— 7 
 
 27 23 
 
 15—19 30 25 
 
 24- 
 
 -27 
 
 25—30 
 
 23 27 
 
 11—15 
 
 26 30 20—24 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 Draws 
 
 (a) If 27- 
 
 -32 Black forces. 
 
 BLACK MOVES. 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 2— 7 
 
 26 23 
 
 13—17 27 32 
 
 25- 
 
 -30 
 
 32 27 
 
 (a) 22 26 
 
 11—16 
 
 32 27 21—25 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 
 7—11 
 
 27 32 
 
 17—21 32 27 
 
 30- 
 
 -25 
 
 Drawn 
 
 (a) If White should now try to draw by holding the man on thirteen, as in above 
 example, Black, having the " move," would win. 
 
 The player should note that each move is made by the removal of 
 the piece "from" the square indicated by the "left-hand" number, 
 to the square indicated by the "right-hand" number in the notation 
 column ; and furthermore, the Black's move is always shoAvn by a 
 dash ( — ) between the numbers. 
 
 Following are a few examples illustrative of the various modes of 
 play, as arranged by different well-known authorities. 
 
30 
 
 SOME 
 
 No. XII. 
 BLACK. 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 ELEMENTARY END-GAMES." 
 
 No. XIII. 
 
 WHITE (Payne). 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^^H 
 
 JjJ 
 
 ^)m 
 
 r^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ^^■B 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 mT 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 m 
 
 ■ 
 
 BoIm 
 
 WHITE. 
 Either to move ; White draws. 
 
 No. XIV, 
 
 WHITE (Payne). 
 
 
 __- .-^ 
 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 S r" W^^ 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 O 
 
 i 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Black to move and win. 
 
 1—6 6—9 7—10 
 
 5 1 14 5 Black win'^ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 I 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 bi 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 jBH 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 n 
 
 IH 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Black to move and draw. 
 
 23—26, 25—21, 2C— 22. Drawn. 
 
 No. XV. 
 WHITE (Sturges). 
 
 K 
 
 ■^H 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 J" 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 2M^ 
 
 [ji 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■r 
 
 ■T 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 jH 
 
 Tjl 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 PL 
 
 hP" 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 SB 
 
 Ji 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Black to move and win. 
 
 6—1, 2—3, 1—4, 1—5. Black wins. 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 31 
 
 No. XVI. 
 
 WHITE (Anderson). 
 
 K 
 
 
 > 
 
 ffi 
 
 ■M 
 
 i 
 
 ^■f* 
 
 ^MLM 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Black to move and draw. 
 
 3—7, 10—3, 24—27. Drawn. 
 
 No. XVII. — Known as "First Position.*' 
 
 WHITE (Payne). 
 
 17- 
 
 -13 
 
 10- 
 
 -15 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 13- 
 
 - 9 
 
 15- 
 
 -18 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 (a)5 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 1- 
 
 - 5 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 (b)9 
 
 6 
 
 14- 
 
 -10 
 
 18- 
 
 -15 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 21- 
 
 -17 
 
 6- 
 
 - 1 
 
 5- 
 
 - 1 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 15- 
 
 -18 
 
 5- 
 
 - 1 
 
 (c)17 
 
 13 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 18- 
 
 -15 
 
 1- 
 
 - 6 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 1- 
 
 - 5 
 
 6- 
 
 -10 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 15- 
 
 -10 
 
 10- 
 
 -15 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 10- 
 
 -14 
 
 15- 
 
 -18 
 
 22 25 Black wins 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 (a) 21—17, 18—22, 17—14, 1—6, 6—2, 1—5, 22—17, etc. Black wins. 
 
 (b) 9—13, 18—22, 21—17, 5—1, 17—14, 1—5, 14—10, 22—18, 10—6, 5—1, etc. Black 
 'ins. 
 
 (c) 9—5, 18—22, 17—14, 1—6, 5-1, 6—2, 1—5, 22—17, 14—9, etc. Black wins. 
 
32 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 No. XVIII. — Second Position. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 1- 
 
 - 5 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 24- 
 
 -27 
 
 5- 
 
 - 9 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 27- 
 
 -31 
 
 9- 
 
 -14 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 31- 
 
 -27 
 
 14- 
 
 -18 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 27- 
 
 -23 
 
 18- 
 
 -15 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 23- 
 
 -18 
 
 15- 
 
 -11 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 18- 
 
 -14 
 
 3- 
 
 - 7 
 
 24 
 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 19 
 
 6- 
 
 -10 
 
 7- 
 
 -10 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 10- 
 
 -15 
 
 10- 
 
 -15 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 15- 
 
 -19 
 
 15- 
 
 -19 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 19- 
 
 -24 
 
 19- 
 
 -24 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 y 
 
 
 24- 
 
 -27 
 
 28 32 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 19—24 
 
 27- 
 
 -32 
 
 32 28 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 11—16 
 
 32- 
 
 -27 
 
 28 19 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 16 23 
 
 2;- 
 
 -24 
 
 12 8 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 23-18 
 
 24- 
 
 -19 
 
 8— 4 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 18—14 
 
 19- 
 
 -15 
 
 4— 8 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 6— 1 
 
 15- 
 
 -10 
 
 14— 9 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 13 6 
 
 10- 
 
 - 6 
 
 1-10 
 
 24 
 
 19 
 
 11 16 
 
 14- 
 
 -10 
 
 10-15 
 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 16 i:o 
 
 10- 
 
 -15 
 
 15—19 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 Black 
 
 15- 
 
 -19 
 
 wins 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Black to move and win. 
 
 13- 
 
 - 9 
 
 25—22 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 15 10 
 
 9- 
 
 - 6 
 
 22—26 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 14 18 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 5— 9 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 10 6 
 
 21- 
 
 -25 
 
 9—13 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 6 10 
 
 1- 
 
 - 6 
 
 26—31 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 10 14 
 
 6- 
 
 -2 
 
 31—27 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 18 22 
 
 No. XIX.— Third Position 
 
 WHITE (Avery). 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 li 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 LJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 g| 
 
 
 U 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 27- 
 
 -23 
 
 24—20 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 22 26 
 
 2- 
 
 - 7 
 
 20-16 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 26 22 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 16—12 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 22 26 
 
 11- 
 
 -15 
 
 12— 8 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 26 22 
 
 23- 
 
 -27 
 
 8- 3 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 14 9 
 
 27- 
 
 -24 
 
 15—10 
 
 26 22 Black wins 
 
 BLACK. 
 Black to move and win. 
 
 The main point in this, according to an authority on the subject, is 
 to avoid the draw. 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 33 
 
 B 
 
 ack 
 
 moves. 
 
 28- 
 
 -24 
 
 32 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 24- 
 
 -28 
 
 24- 
 
 -20 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 18- 
 
 -22 
 
 22- 
 
 -18 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 22- 
 
 -26 
 
 23- 
 
 -19 
 
 30 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 31 
 
 28- 
 
 -24 
 
 19— 24 Black wins 
 
 No. XX. — Fourth Position. 
 WHITE (Sturges.) 
 
 White moves. 
 31-27 31 27 
 
 23—19 
 27 31 
 19—24 
 32 27 
 24—20 
 27 32 
 22—18 
 
 BLACK. 
 Black to move and win ; White to move and draw. 
 
 28—24 
 27 31 
 18—2:3 
 31 26 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 THE LOSING GAME. 
 
 As the title implies, this variety is the exact reverse of the ordinary- 
 game, the player's object being to lose all his men, or otherwise have 
 them so fixed that he is unable to move. When he succeeds in doing 
 this he wins the game. 
 
 The laws for the play here are the same as in the ordinary game, 
 to which are added the following : 
 
 I. The player who gives away the whole of his pieces wins the game. 
 
 II. Provided that the player has given away the whole of his legally 
 movable men, the number that remains is considered off the board 
 and he wins the game. 
 
 T. Dale, of Sheffield, published a book in i866 called the Sheffield 
 Draughts Flayer, which discloses the fact that the game is as full of 
 intricate points as when ordinarily played, and is lively and amusing 
 also. Although not ranking as scientific, it requires attention and 
 does afford great scope for the intellectual and reflective faculties. 
 He gives what he describes as a "Mathematical Rule" for playing 
 the game, as in diagram on page 34. 
 
34 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 No. XXI, 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 .1 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 /5 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 /^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 /s 
 
 ■ 
 
 /6 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 9 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 /o 
 
 ■ 
 
 // 
 
 ■ 
 
 /.^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 6 
 
 ■ 
 
 7 
 
 ■ 
 
 8 
 
 ■ 
 
 H 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 / 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 3 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 By this rule each player has sixteen good squares to play on, and in the 
 majority of cases loses the game by being forced out of it. It is an 
 advantage to a player to get one of his opponent's men fixed in his 
 fifth good square, and he must carefully avoid allowing him to have 
 a similar opportunity. It is best to open the game freely during the 
 first four or or five moves by v(\?^\Vi^ j udi cious exchanges. 
 
 PROBLEM IN LOSING GAME. 
 No. XXII. 
 
 WHITE (Allen). 
 
 3— 7 
 32 27 
 
 7—10 
 27 23 
 
 2— 6 
 31 27 
 
 6- 2 
 27 24 
 
 2— 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 24 20 
 7— 2 
 
 20 16 
 
 2— 6 
 
 29 25 
 
 6— 2 
 
 25 21 
 (a) 2— 6 
 
 Drawn. 
 
 BLACK. 
 Black to move and draw, 
 (a) Black having constructed an impregnable fortress, White cannot approacli near 
 enpugh to come within range without being obliged to capture both men. 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 35 
 
 11—15 
 24 19 
 15-24 
 27 20 
 8—11 
 20 16 
 
 EXAMPLES OF LOSING GAME. 
 
 "SECOND DOUBLE CORNER." 
 
 11-20 9—14 13—22 12—16 
 
 32 27 18 9 26 17 23 19 
 
 4— 8 6—13 8— 9 16—32 
 
 28 24 25 22 17 13 31 27 
 
 8—11 1—6 3-8 32—23 
 
 22 18 22 17 29 25 21 17 
 
 PROBLEMS OF CRITICAL END GAMES» 
 
 No. XXIII. 
 
 WHITE (F. D. James). 
 
 20—27 
 30 26 
 23—14 
 
 White 
 wins. 
 
 *23— 19 
 
 7 3 
 
 19—15 
 
 40—10 
 
 21 17 
 
 No. XXIV. 
 WHITE (Robinson, U. S. A.) 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 10 7 
 17 14 
 
 7—11 12—46 
 
 8 3 14 9 
 
 No. XXV. 
 
 WHITE (T. J. Reiley) 
 
 16—19 
 
 Black wins 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 V 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ra 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 '■ - ■ 
 
 El 
 
 
 W 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 "'• -"" ■ 
 
 Q 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 □ 
 
 D 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^ 
 
 m 
 
 p 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 Q 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 D 
 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Black to move and win. 
 
 *14— 17, 13—9, *18— 23, 27—18, 17—14, 26— 
 
 22, 14—5, etc. Black wins. 
 
 BLACK. 
 Black to move and draw. 
 -10, 11—8, *10— 15, 8—12, *22— 16, etc. 
 Drawn 
 
^6 CHECKERS. 
 
 The description, rules, tables and illustrations given in the preced- 
 ing pages will furnish the student with the information and practical 
 instruction he requires for learning to play the English variety of 
 draughts, as, after mastering these simpler rudiments he can pass on 
 to a more scientific and exhaustive treatise on the same. 
 
 From the English game we naturally turn to the Polish variation, 
 as that seems to come next in point of importance. 
 
 POLISH DRAUGHTS. 
 No. I. 
 
 DO a n 
 
 n D D D □ 
 
 m\ a a n a 
 
 ^ B Q B M \Q n U □ □ 
 
 m mn M El Bl w w 
 3 M B B B I 
 
 @ B ra ra ra 
 
 / z :> ^ 5 G 7 e 9 
 
 Of the many varieties of the game this is probably the most com- 
 plex in character, and owing to the fact, moreover, that a. board of 
 one hundred squares and forty men are used to play with, it stands to 
 reason that it offers an almost illimitable scope for the player's skill 
 
 It is played almost altogether on the continent, where it is said to 
 have quite superseded the English game, which latter, it may be in- 
 cidentally observed, is often referred to as, and by many considered, 
 the old French game. i, i • i 
 
 As seen by above diagrams (cut 25, Nos. I. and II.) the lolisli 
 draughts board is divided into horizontal and vertical columns, and 
 its topography may be briefly described asfoUows : . 
 
 I. Side sqtiares is the name given to the squares on the side of the 
 board, while the diagonal line of ten squares, o to 9, is called "great 
 line," or "central line," and the two lines of nine' squares ending at 
 the double corners are known as the "double diagonal." 
 
 II. The rectangles of squares, the paralled sides of which are made 
 by diagonal lines of the same length, and which end at the borders, 
 
CHECKERS. 37 
 
 are known as slides. These are four in number, each one having a 
 circuit of eighteen squares. 
 
 These slides are very important in end games of three Kings to one, 
 forming as they do, the basis of the various squares or traps for cap- 
 turing the single King, and are : 
 
 First Slide — The "2 — 9," limited by the dojible co7'7iers, and con- 
 sisting of the "double diagonal." 
 
 Second Slide — The "4 — 7," which is made by the four lines which 
 end on 06, 60, 93 and 39. 
 
 Third Slide — The 5 — 6, which is formed by the four lines ending 
 on the squares 04, 40, 95 and 59. 
 
 Fourth Slide — The 3 — 8, formed by the lines which end on 02, 20, 
 97 and 79. To thoroughly undersfand the description of the ' ' slides, " 
 the student must familiarize himself with the board and remember that 
 in the notation of the games the Jirst figtire refers to the lines, the 
 second to the cohnnns. For instance, the square designated by the 
 figures 08 he will find located in the 8th column of line o ; or, again, 
 64 is at the intersection of the 6th line and 4th column. 
 
 N. B. — The sole "exception '' is found in \.\\q great ox central line, 
 where the squares are numbered from o diagonally up to 9. 
 
 In the arrangement of the men on the board, it \\\\\ be noticed that 
 the White occupies the lowest number of squares and always takes 
 first move. 
 
 As will be observed, furthermore, the even-numbered squares are 
 all in one system and the odd in the other, the position of each square 
 being indicated by its numbers. Example : 75 — the 5th square in the 
 7th rank, counting upward from o. 
 
 There are two different styles of play in Polish Draughts — one for 
 position, the other strokes ; the first being generally regarded by good 
 players as the most sound principle of play. The ' 'good player" is, how- 
 ever, able to see and profit by "strokes " when they occur, but will 
 never interrupt any combination to pursue them. No matter what the 
 strength of the adversary is, the opening moves should always be 
 playe<l toward the centre of the board, rather than to the sides. The 
 student should give particular attention to the proper disposal of his 
 men for the dual purpose of avoiding strokes and keeping his moves 
 free, for if his game is too open he will be exposed to numerous 
 strokes. 
 
 The points M'hich especially mark the difference between the 
 English and the Polish games are few comparatively, but of such 
 importance as to merit the student's most careful attention and 
 observance. These are in brief : 
 
 I. A pawn (piece) can capture backwards, although he can only 
 move forward ; in this regard his power is equal to that of a king in 
 the English game. 
 
 II. \Vhen a pawn, in making a capture, reaches the crown head, 
 
38 CHECKERS. 
 
 and there is a piece or pieces en prise, he is not allowed to stop there 
 and be crowned ; he must go on with the capturing play until finished. 
 It is compulsory \n every instance to capture the largest number of 
 pieces in situations where there are a diverse number of pieces ^m/;'/.*-^ in 
 different directions. 
 
 III. Like in the Spanish game, the king has the power to move 
 over any number of vacant squares in a diagonal direction from the 
 one upon which he stands, provided, of course, that the way is clear 
 for him to jump from o to 9 at one move, or he can be played upon 
 any of the intermediate squares at the option of the player. 
 
 The king* has the power to capture every man of the opposite color 
 on the diagonal he commands, regardless of intervening vacant 
 squares, and provided there is one «r more vacant squares behind the 
 piece taken ; and should there be a man or men en prise on a 
 diagonal crossing any of the squares upon which he would otherwise 
 alight, he must turn off at that angle and make the capture. He must 
 continue this movement as long as he has a piece to take. 
 
 The laws which govern the English game apply, with slight altera- 
 tions noted on preceding page, to the Polish variation. A few sugges- 
 tions regarding these may be borne in mind : 
 
 In Polish draughts especially, it is by exchanges that good players 
 " parry strokes," and arrange them. For instance : 
 
 If the game is embarrassed it is opened by giving pawn for pawn, or 
 two for two, or, if a dangerous stroke is imminent, it is avoided by 
 giving pawn for pawn. 
 
 When necessary to strengthen the weak side of the game, it can be 
 done by exchanging. Again, if a player desires to gain the move or 
 an advantageous position, a well-arranged and carefully conducted 
 exchange will usually accomplish it, and, finally, it is by these 
 various exchanges that one pawn keeps many confined, and the game 
 eventually w^on. 
 
 When two pawns of the same color are so placed that there is a 
 vacant square behind each and a vacant one also between them where 
 the opponent can put himself, it is known as a lunette. When this 
 occurs one of the pawns must necessarily be captured, for they can- 
 not both be played or escape at the same time. Frequently the lunette 
 offers a number of pawns to be captured on either side. This is often 
 a snare laid by skilled players and must, therefore, be regarded with 
 suspicion, for naturally the opponent, if an expert in the game, would 
 not expose himself to lose his pawn for nothing. Hence, prior to 
 entering a lunette, he should look carefully at his opponent's position 
 and calculate what he would himself do in a like position. 
 
 * " In the Polish game the crowned piece is called a Queen instead of King. The 
 common name for Draughts is DrtWt'w (women) ; it follows therefore naturally that 
 the principal piece should be a Queen." For convenience sake and to prevent con- 
 fusion we wiJl keep to the title of King in this treatise, however. 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 39 
 
 Toward the end of the game, when there are few men remaining on 
 the board, they should be concentrated as soon as possible, for at this 
 point the most trifling error may be fatal. 
 
 When one king, in possession of the centre diagonal, i. <?. , o — 9, is 
 left opposed to three and two moves have been made to show that a 
 stroke is impossible, the game is declared a draw. 
 
 Pawn 04, being often of great use in end games, should not be 
 moved, save as absolutely necessary, and it is wise not to move 05 
 and 04 until after those on the "single" and " double corners " o 
 and 08. Squares 06 and 08 should not both be vacant at the 
 early part of the game, and, as long as possible, the triangle formed 
 by pawns 02, 04, 06, 13, 15 and 24 should be preserved. When, dur- 
 ing the progress of the game, the player is forced to break the above- 
 named triangle, let him keep intact as long as he can 24, 13, 15 and 
 04, and finally, when this goes, keep until the last 04. 
 
 These foregoing hints and directions are based on the broad prin- 
 ciple of general play and must be followed or moderated according to 
 circumstances. 
 
 The examples which are here presented have been selected from 
 among those revised from the works of M. Nicod and others. 
 
 SOME ELEMENTARY END GAMES AND PROBLEMS, WITH 
 
 SOLUTIONS. 
 
 White occupies the bottom of the diagram, as already shown, and 
 the terms to each problem are : 
 
 " White to move and win." Also, the sign " X4 " or "X3," which 
 are attached to some of the moves, indicates the number of pieces 
 captured and serves as a guide to the student. 
 
 No. II. 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 3- 4 
 5 3 
 
 6 
 
 35—40 
 
 5 
 
 57 35 
 
 59—68 
 
 
 79 57 
 
 4 
 
 51-60 
 
 
 73-51 ' 
 
 5 
 
 60-68X1 
 
 
 84 75 
 
 J, 
 
 o 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 4^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^W__N 
 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 
 
 B 
 
 ■jt^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 ■ B 
 
 s 
 
 ■K 
 
 > 
 
 68- 7 
 
 75 
 
 64 
 
 ( — 
 
 - 8 
 
 64 
 
 5 
 
 8- 
 
 - 9 
 
 5 
 
 46 
 
 9- 
 
 - 4 
 
 46 
 
 37 
 
 4- 
 
 -17 
 
 hite 
 
 wins 
 
 0f25&567&9 
 
40 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 No. III. 
 
 No. IV. 
 
 □ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 n 
 
 □ 
 
 
 s 
 
 □ ■ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 B 
 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 
 n 
 
 
 opl 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 2M 
 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 
 
 V 
 
 ■■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 V 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 □ 
 
 
 □ 
 
 
 □ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 □ 
 
 
 □ 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 D 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •**r-- 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 0JZ3iS6rdS 
 
 1 Z 3 "i 5 6 7 8 3 
 
 51—60 
 
 68 46 
 
 59—68 
 
 15 3 
 
 73 51 
 
 42—53 
 
 7 59 
 
 31—42 
 
 60-42 
 
 64 42 
 
 37-48 
 
 3 51 
 
 80 62 
 
 31—97X5 
 
 59 37 
 
 2—31 
 
 46—57 
 
 White wins. 
 
 15—26 
 
 40 2 
 
 
 
 37 15 
 
 1— 9X6 
 
 
 
 13—24 
 
 White wins. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 lo. 
 
 V. 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 / 
 
 ■LP 
 
 
 & 
 
 m 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 uTu 
 
 '. 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 arm^^' 
 
 ■ 
 H 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 6 
 
 H 
 Z 
 
 D 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 P 
 
 1 
 
 ¥ 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 ■ 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■1 ■ 
 
 No. VI. 
 
 /23i56739 
 
 3—42 
 
 15 3 
 
 13— 2 
 
 24-35 
 
 51 15 
 
 2- 6X4 
 
 31 13 
 
 02 46 
 
 13-24 
 
 White wins. 
 
 02—24 
 
 37—9X5 
 
 
 
 20 03 
 
 White wins 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 No. VII. —(Van Vught.) 
 
 41 
 
 No. VIII.— (BOU-IIGNY.) 
 
 46- 5 
 57 59 
 5- 6 
 75 57 
 73—84 
 93. 75 
 42—51 
 
 40 62 
 59—68 
 (a) 57 48 
 19 28 
 39 35X2 
 68—39X5 
 White wins. 
 
 86—97 
 46 37 
 97—64 
 37 26 
 
 40—51 
 62 40 
 64—53 
 White wins. 
 
 i) 2-13, 68-02, 62—53, 02-1 , etc. White wins 
 
 THREE KINGS AGAINST ONE. 
 No. IX. 
 
 S (^ 7 & S 
 
 White to move; Black draws. 
 
4^ 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 SOLUTION TO PROBLEM IX. 
 ♦'"When tlie King occupies the long diagonal, the game, after two 
 moves a side have been played to show that no coup was at maturity, 
 is relinquished as drawn. With beginners only is this end-game ever 
 played, and to them one or two experiments suffice to teach the whole 
 secret and enable them to defend the position and draw against the 
 most skilful player. To any learner the following will at once make 
 clear the reason of the precept never to venture beyond the square 
 next to either single corner. At the same time the traps successively 
 pointed out, which he baffles in this instance by simply remaining on 
 his four squares of safety, will give him a first insight into the snares 
 against which, when he has to move on otlier lines, he will have to 
 exert great care and vigilance." 
 
 04—26 
 
 1 
 
 9 8 
 
 93—48 
 
 06—39 
 
 8 
 
 (a) 8 
 
 48—59 
 
 39-93 
 
 (c) 1 
 
 (b) 1 
 
 08-17 
 
 26—35 
 
 8 
 
 17-06 
 
 9 
 
 57— 4G 
 
 (e) 8 9 
 
 9 
 
 59—37 
 
 9 
 
 46—37 
 
 35—24 
 
 9 
 
 28-19 
 
 9 8 
 
 1 
 
 37—04 
 
 9 
 
 60— C6 
 
 24-57 
 
 (d) 9 8 
 
 04—15 
 
 (f) 8 9 
 
 9 
 
 39—28 
 
 15 60 
 
 Drawn 
 
 06—39 
 
 8 9 
 
 
 
 (a) If he moved to 3 he would avoid the threatened shot 39 — 6, but fall into a trap 
 by 26—15, 08—17. (b) Trap on 5 by 93—82, 08—19. (c) Trar on 2 by 35—13, 08— 5i6. 
 (d) Trap on 7 by 57—68, 39—4. (e) Trap on 4 by 60—71, 19—08. (f) Trap on 6 by 
 37—48, 19—28. 
 
 POLISH GAMES. 
 
 Our" attention is drawn to the fact here that in these following 
 games the names of the openings refer to some characteristic position 
 formed after a few moves are made, regardless of the exact order or 
 direction in which they are played. 
 
 No. X. — The "Merchant of the Wood." 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 6 
 
 35— 4 
 
 
 57 35 
 
 S 
 
 4— 6 
 
 
 75 57 
 
 i 
 
 26—62 
 
 
 71 53 
 
 5 
 
 3- 4 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 □ 
 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 □ 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 □ 
 
 
 □ 
 
 
 
 □ 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 □ 
 
 ;:/ 
 
 n 
 
 □ 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 □ 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 D 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 o^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 53 35 
 24—46 
 57 35 
 42—51 
 60 42 
 31—97 
 White wins. 
 
 0/23^56785 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 43 
 
 THE "MERCHANT OF THE WOOD." 
 
 31—40 
 
 68 59 
 
 2—31 
 
 0— 1 
 
 6 5 
 
 35—46 
 
 7 6 
 26—35 
 
 9 8 
 
 17—26 
 
 8 7 
 
 08—17 
 
 62 53 
 (a) 3-42 
 
 (a) Forms the opening. 
 
 PIONEER, 68—57. 
 
 (By I\rr. J. Wyllie, champion of the world at English draughts.) 
 
 35—46 
 
 
 46-68 
 
 3— 4 
 
 17-26 
 
 48-59 
 
 39—48 
 
 60 51 
 
 
 7 59 
 
 53 35 
 
 80 71 
 
 82 73 
 
 84 75 
 
 31—42 
 
 
 37—48 
 
 24—46 
 
 13—24 
 
 24-35 
 
 
 51 40 
 
 
 59 37 
 
 6 5 
 
 62 53 
 
 91 82 
 
 
 20—31 
 
 
 26—48 
 
 28—37 
 
 02 13 
 
 13—24 
 
 
 (a) 68 57 
 
 
 62 53 
 
 71 62 
 
 73 6-: 
 
 75 6 
 
 Position : 
 
 (a) Forms 
 
 th 
 
 e opening. 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. XL 
 
 2— 3 
 40 4 
 42—51 
 62 40 
 48—57 
 
 6 48 
 
 V 
 
 • 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 D 
 
 □ 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 ■ D 
 
 ■ 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 □ 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 B 
 B 
 
 fl 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 fl 
 
 
 i" 
 
 
 
 oB 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 D 
 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 59—68 
 79 57 
 37—59 
 5 37 
 28—80X5 
 White wins. 
 
 y .0 3 "f s 6_ 7 a 9 
 
 EXCHANGE, " .;— ." 
 
 Played at the Amiens Tourney, September, 1887, by Messrs. Leclercq and 
 
 Moj'encont. 
 
 3.5— 4 
 
 2— 3 
 
 37—48 
 
 02—13 
 
 39—57 
 
 59-68 
 
 6 5 
 
 68 59 
 
 93 84 
 
 82 73 
 
 80 71 
 
 7 59 
 
 4— C 
 
 1— 2 
 
 28-37 
 
 37-^6 
 
 28—39 
 
 57- 6 
 
 7 5 
 
 59 37 
 
 62 53 
 
 5 37 
 
 71 62 
 
 75 37 
 
 3— 4 
 
 26—48 
 
 08—17 
 
 26—48 
 
 19 28 
 
 46—68 
 
 5 3 
 
 79 68 
 
 71 62 
 
 53 42 
 
 62 51 
 
 59 7 
 
 2— 4 
 
 48—57 
 
 24—35 
 
 31—53 
 
 28—37 
 
 2-31 
 
 8 7 
 
 68 46 
 
 80 71 
 
 62 26 
 
 51 40 
 
 40 2 
 
 1— 2 
 
 4— 5 
 
 13—24 
 
 15-37 
 
 24—35 
 
 13—93 
 
 9 8 
 
 6 4 
 
 91 80 
 
 71 62 
 
 73 62 
 
 
 0— 1 
 
 3—37 
 
 48— .59 
 
 37—46 
 
 06—15 
 
 
 7 6 
 
 75 6 
 
 64 5 
 
 62 53 
 
 62 51 
 
 
 37-^8 
 
 17—26 
 
 17—28 
 
 48-.57 
 
 15 24 
 
 
 8 7 
 
 84 75 
 
 73 64 
 
 48 
 
 (a) .53 42 
 
 White wins 
 
 (a) Falling into the trap ; 84 — 73 was the proper move. 
 
44 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 SPANISH DRAUGHTS. 
 
 This variation is played on a board exactly like the English 
 draughts board, and with, of course, the same number of pieces. It 
 is generally played, however, with the double corner to the left of the 
 player, and there are several important points in which the m<A'c- 
 ments of the pieces in the two games differ. 
 
 The diagrams below represent the board numbered, and the men 
 placed, according to the Spanish method. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 ^^H 
 
 50 
 
 
 3/ 
 
 ■ 
 
 23 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 i 
 
 zo 
 
 •H*H[«H!*H 
 
 11 ^ 
 
 U 
 
 26 
 /8 
 
 
 1^ /7 ^ 
 
 H H H-^PI 
 
 /3 m Ik 
 
 
 /5 
 
 
 /6 
 
 
 -^C^tj^—W 
 
 HmI 
 
 /O 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 U 
 
 W^_W_2W^_Wp 
 
 5 n 
 
 
 7 
 
 ..■- r 
 
 <5 
 
 
 ^W^ii^^^^ 
 
 ^H / ^1 
 
 2 
 
 ...:, 
 
 3 
 
 
 H 
 
 ■OtoJB^Ii^ 
 
 If the student wishes to pursue the study of the game according to 
 the strictly Spanish method, he will find it easy to do so by following 
 the above diagrams. For the sake of simplicity and lucidity, how- 
 ever, I will follow the plan of Mr. Dunne, and present the game in 
 the English form, for this method is familiar to the student, and does 
 not in any way affect the fundamental principles of the variation. 
 
 N.B. — To play the games following in the Spanish style it Mill 
 only require the noting of the numbers of the squares upon which the 
 men are placed on the English board, and change them to the cor- 
 responding numbers of the Spanish ; of course, the solutions of the 
 games will be the same, whichever way they are played. 
 
 The laws and methods of the English game maintain in Spanish 
 Draughts, save as they may happen to conflict with certain points, 
 here after named. 
 
 Sometimes, beside playing with twelve pieces (in Spanish known as 
 peoucs') each, a pleasing variety is added to the game by playing with 
 eleven men and one king (called Davia) each ; and, again, witli ten 
 men and two kings. 
 
 The illustrations annexed are chosen from among the numerous ex- 
 
CHECKERS. 45 
 
 amples taken in turn from the works of Garcez and Canalejas by Mr. 
 Dunne. 
 
 The laws may be given as follows : 
 
 I. When there are a good many pieces en pi'ise on various parts of 
 the board, it is compulsory for the player to make the capture by 
 the man which takes the greatest number. 
 
 II. A King, or Dama, has the right to move over as many vacant 
 squares as he likes in a diagonal direction from the square which he 
 occupies. For instance, if the way is clear he can jump from 4 to 29 
 at one move, or may be put on any of the intervening squares accord- 
 ing to the player's option. 
 
 III. A king has the right to any man of the adverse color on the 
 diagonal commanded by him, regardless of intermediate vacant 
 squares, provided always that there be one or ^more unoccupied 
 squares behind the man taken. Should there be, en prise, one or 
 more men on a diagonal, crossing any of the unoccupied squares upon 
 which he would otherwise alight, he must turn off at the angle and 
 make the capture, and he must go on with this movement as long as 
 there is a man to be taken. 
 
 Spanish Draughts will prove a very fascinating variation and will 
 repay the student for the time he spends in learning it. 
 
 SOME TABLES OF SPANISH GAMES. 
 
 
 Place Ki 
 
 ings 
 
 DUNDEE. 
 instead of meri 
 
 I on 3 
 
 and 31. 
 
 
 
 12—16 
 
 9—13 
 
 6 - 
 
 -15 
 
 12- 
 
 -19 
 
 
 7-14 
 
 
 3—14 
 
 24 19 
 
 26 22 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 
 22 17 
 
 
 27 23 
 
 8—12 
 
 10-15 : 
 
 16- 
 
 -19 
 
 4- 
 
 - 8 
 
 
 13—22 
 
 
 14—27 
 
 22 18 
 
 19 10 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 
 26 10 
 
 
 32 7 
 W. wins, 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 'WHILTER.' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 11—15 
 
 (1) 7—11 
 
 
 
 1 5—18 
 
 
 10- 
 
 -15 
 
 
 2—16 
 
 23 19 
 
 23 23 
 
 
 
 •?h 22 
 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 
 27 23 
 
 9—14 
 
 (2) 5—19 
 
 
 
 18—25 
 
 
 6- 
 
 -15 
 
 
 16-26 
 
 22 17 
 
 17 13 
 
 
 
 29 22 
 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 
 30 17 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 1. 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 W. wins. 
 
 5— 9 
 
 25—22 
 
 6- 
 
 - 9 
 
 18 
 
 
 6- 2 
 
 
 18 11 
 
 26 23 
 
 8 11 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 14- 
 
 -23 
 
 
 19 16 
 
 
 7—16 
 
 9—13 
 
 30-2G 
 
 2- 
 
 - 6 
 
 27 
 
 18 
 
 
 11—27 
 
 (a: 
 
 ) 31 5 
 
 ) Capturing 
 
 four pieces. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 . wins. 
 
 15—18 
 
 26 22 
 
 20- 
 
 — ( 
 
 28 
 
 19 
 
 
 10—19 
 
 
 23 16 
 
 30 2b 
 
 2—20 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 (b) 7- 
 
 - 2 
 
 
 17 10 
 
 
 12—19 
 
 11—15 
 
 22 26 
 
 15- 
 
 -24 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 
 3—14 
 
 i< 
 
 126 17 
 
 W. wins. 
 
 (b) 8—11, 20—16, 11-20, 19—15, 10—19, 2:3-16, 12—19, 26—13, W. wins. 
 
 (c) Capturing three pieces. , 
 
46 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 Some Spanish Problems and also Illustrated End Games, with their 
 
 Solutions. 
 No. II.— "La Forzosa." 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 13— 9 
 19 1 
 
 9— 5 
 
 7 19 
 
 2— 9 
 19 1 
 
 9—14 
 
 1 19 
 
 19 2 
 1-10 
 
 12 30 B. wins 
 4 — 25 B. wins 
 (1) 
 
 12 26 
 4-11 
 
 26 31 
 
 14—23 
 
 31 20 
 
 23—16 
 
 20 27 
 10—24 
 
 (2) 
 
 12 16 
 4—22 
 
 16 2 
 14-23 
 2 13 
 10—17 
 B wins 
 
 (3) 
 26 13 
 10—19 
 
 13 2 
 14— 7 
 
 2 13 
 B wins 
 
 (4) 
 31 13 
 10-19 
 13 17 
 19—24 
 B wins 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Black to move and win. 
 If the White king obtains command of the long diagonal, 4 to 29 [La. Entned;^), it 
 can draw against the three Black ones. 
 
 No. III.— (Garcez.) No. IV.— (Garcez.) 
 
 WHITE. WHITE. 
 
 ■ 
 
 oH 
 
 
 ^"^ 
 
 t 
 
 ■I 
 
 • 
 
 
 ^-^- 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ * ■ , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .> " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :'m 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 m 
 
 - . ,: - 
 
 D 
 
 c 
 
 ■ 
 
 D 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 - .- 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 1/- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .'.. ' 
 
 
 ' '' ■ 
 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 J 
 
 Black to move and win. 
 0—14 30-26 1—5 14—27 
 
 4 29 29 4 4 8 B. wins 
 
 
 
 BLACK 
 
 
 
 2- 
 
 -11 
 
 25—21 
 
 32— 5 
 
 11—20 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 28 1 
 
 1 28 
 
 32 18 
 
 12- 
 
 -16 
 
 21— 4 
 
 5— 1 
 
 20—27 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 1 28 
 
 28 32 
 
 18 32 
 
 29- 
 
 -25 
 
 14—32 
 
 16—19 
 
 1- 5 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 28 1 
 
 20 16 
 
 B. wins 
 
CHECKERS* 
 
 47 
 
 No. V. — (Canalejas.) 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 No. VI.— (Canalejas.) 
 WHITE. 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 - -. 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 -:> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 8 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 n 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ■ ;. i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 V'- 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 b 
 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 :r. - 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -' 
 
 ■ 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 4—8 12—16 3—8 
 13 4 20 11 B. wins 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 2.3—26 
 31 22 
 
 5—18 
 29 15 
 
 7—11 
 15 8 
 
 21—3 
 B. wins 
 
 4—25 
 
 2 16 
 
 13— 2 
 
 16 26 
 2—20 
 
 26 17 
 25—11 
 
 17 14 
 11—15 
 14 9 
 15—25 
 
 9 14 
 
 20—11 
 
 (1) 14 21 
 
 No. VII. — Lorenzo Valls. 
 
 A useful end-game often occurring in actual play, 
 WHITE. 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ '■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 8 
 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 
 y 
 
 p 
 
 m 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 25—30 
 21 17 
 30—21 
 17 31 
 
 3—7 
 
 (2)31 13 
 
 21—30 
 
 13 2 
 
 11—20 
 
 2 11 
 20— 7 
 12 8 
 30—25 
 B. wins 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Black to move and win. 
 
48 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 (a) 14 17 
 25—21 
 
 
 17 13 
 3- 7 
 
 (4) 13 2 
 11—20 
 
 
 2 10 
 20— 7 
 
 12 8 
 21—25 
 
 B. wln.s. 
 
 (a) If 14- 
 25—30, etc., 
 
 -20, 
 B 
 
 25—21, 10- (5 
 wins. 
 
 , 3 — 7, etc., 
 
 B wins ; or if 11 
 
 —9, 11—2, 9- 
 
 -14, 2—6, 14- 
 
 31 24 
 11—18 
 24 19 
 21—17 
 
 
 19 6 
 
 17—22 
 
 6 13 
 
 22—31 
 
 (3) 13 2 
 
 7—10 
 
 2 6 
 
 10—14 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 6 9 
 31—13 
 
 9 5 
 13— 9 
 
 5 1 
 18—25 
 
 1 5 
 25— 4 
 
 then 
 14—17 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 13 G 
 
 18— 4 
 
 6 19 
 
 
 31—27 
 19 6 
 
 27— 5 
 
 6 1 
 
 4—25 
 1 19 
 
 19 30 
 2.5— 4 
 
 30 21 
 
 1—10 
 
 21 30 
 
 then 
 
 7—11 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 13 6 
 
 21—30 
 
 6 24 
 
 
 11— 4 
 24 6 
 30—23 
 
 (b) 6 24 
 23— 5 
 24 1 
 
 4—25 
 1 19 
 
 5— 1 
 
 19 30 
 25— 4 
 30 21 
 
 1—10 
 
 21 30 
 
 7—11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 No 
 
 . VIII.— (Garcez.) 
 
 
 No. 
 
 IX. — (Canai.ejas.) 
 
 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 
 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 
 -21, 
 
 % 
 
 ■«■ 
 
 A 
 
 ■r 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 o 
 
 ■ o 
 
 ^1 
 
 f ^M 
 
 O 
 
 
 ^wi 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 mm 
 
 < 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 • 
 
 s 
 
 PL, 
 
 H pj jp 
 
 ^^^nj 
 
 arVVf 
 
 a 
 
 ■ □ ■ 1 
 
 HH 
 
 vM 
 
 • 
 
 Bl 
 
 ack 
 
 to move 
 
 and 
 
 wir 
 
 . 
 
 
 2—16 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 14- 
 
 -21 
 
 
 25 21 
 
 4 8 
 
 16- 
 
 -26 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 
 17—26 
 
 5—14 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 26- 
 
 -12 
 
 
 30 16 
 
 8 4 
 
 13- 
 
 -22 
 
 29 
 
 25 
 
 
 12—26 
 
 31—13 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 21- 
 
 -17 
 
 B. wins 
 
 11—16 
 
 
 21 ■ 17 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 -11 
 
 23 18 
 
 
 14—21 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 (1) 10—14 
 
 
 18 14 
 
 
 
 21- 
 
 -30 
 
 26 23 
 
 
 9 18 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 8—11 
 
 
 22 8 
 
 
 
 30- 
 
 -19 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Black to move and win. 
 20—24 19 10 1— 6 B. wins 
 
 28 19 3- 7 3 17 
 
 11—15 10 3 6—31 
 
 24 8 
 6—10 
 28 24 
 l((-20 
 24 19 
 
 7—11 
 22 18 
 10—14 
 18 9 
 
 5 14 
 
 19 15 
 11 18 
 
 W. 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 49 
 
 (2) 16—20 (a) 8—11 10—19 9—18 4—11 
 
 24 19 19 15 18 14 22 8 27 24 W. wins, 
 
 la) This problem is identical with Problem No. 445, bj- J. Robertson in " Gould's 
 Problems," and both Garcez and Canalejas give it. 
 
 2. 
 
 16—19 7—10 12-16 7—16 8—12 (3j 5— 9 
 
 24 15 27 24 24 20 25 2'i, 17 13 29 25 
 
 10—19 9—14 3— 7 16—20 4— 8 
 
 18 15 22 17 20 11 31 27 22 17 Position: 
 
 No. X. 
 WHITE. 
 
 (b) 8—11 
 15 8 
 10—15 
 17 10 
 19—24 
 28 19 
 1.5—31 
 
 (c) 8 3 
 31—29 
 21 17 
 
 IL 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 ^^^H -^^^H 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 1 
 
 ■^pC 
 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 K 
 
 6—15 
 13 6 
 
 2- 9 
 17 13 
 15—19 
 13 6 
 
 1—10 
 
 3 21 
 Equal 
 Game 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 Black to move and win. 
 (b) Garcez continues with 1 — 5 or 2-^7 or 12 — 10, and White wins in every case. 
 
 (c) 25—22, 6—15, 13—6, 2—9, 22— 18, 15-22, 26—17, 31—13, etc. 
 ter game. 
 
 3. 
 
 Black has the bet- 
 
 14—18 
 
 (4 
 
 ) 6- 
 
 - 9 
 
 17 14 
 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 10—17 
 
 
 1- 
 
 -17 
 
 21 14 
 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 1) 2—7, 10- 
 
 -•3, 
 
 12- 
 
 -16, 
 
 18—22 
 
 
 6- 
 
 - 9 
 
 26 17 
 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 11^15 
 
 
 15- 
 
 -18 
 
 23 19 
 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 8—11 
 
 
 13- 
 
 -17 
 
 22 17 
 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 9—13 
 
 
 4- 
 
 -8 
 
 17 14 
 
 
 31 
 
 26 
 
 10—17 
 
 
 6- 
 
 - 9 
 
 21 14 
 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 19—23 
 
 26—30 
 
 21—16 
 
 14 10 
 
 27 24 
 
 20 4 
 
 23—26 
 
 (d) 30—21 
 
 
 32 27 
 
 15 11 
 
 W. wins 
 
 17—26 
 30 14 
 20—24 
 27 20 
 3—23, 30—1, 24—19, 1—24, 28—19, etc. W. wins. 
 
 4. 
 2—18 18—22 22—29 29—11 
 
 17 14 29 25 30 26 27 24 
 
 W. wins. 
 THE "LAIRD AND LADY." 
 
 9—13 
 25 22 
 
 18—25 
 29 22 
 17—21 
 24 20 
 2— 6 
 28 24 
 
 6—15 
 14 10 
 
 7— 4 
 23 18 
 14—23 
 
 26 10 
 11—15 
 
 27 2ii 
 
 8-11 
 32 28 
 
 5— 9 
 24 19 
 15—24 
 38 19 
 11—15 
 20 16 
 
 15—24 
 16 11 
 24—27 
 11 7 
 12—16 
 
 Position: 
 
6o 
 
 CHECKIERS. 
 
 No. XI. 
 BLACK. 
 
 10 6 
 
 3 10 
 
 30 25 
 
 21 30 
 
 22 17 
 
 ■ 
 
 •■■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 S 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 9 
 
 ■ 
 B 
 
 • 
 
 ■^H 
 
 E 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 "j^~ 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 m^M 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 13 22 
 
 6 2 
 
 30 19 
 
 (a) 2 28 
 W. win' 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 (a) 7>za squares 20, 31, 13, G to 28, capturing six pieces and winning the game. 
 
 ITALIAN DRAUGHTS. 
 
 This game is exactly like both the English and Spanish variations, 
 as far as the hoard and the number of pieces used are concerned, but 
 from them of course differs in certain points regarding method of play. 
 
 Like the Spanish game, the Italian is played with the "double 
 corner "of the board to the left. This variation, however, will re- 
 ceive the same treatment given to the Spanish, the method of play 
 being transferred simply to the English table. 
 
 N. B. — The student who desires to practice the game according to 
 the strict Italian method can easily do so by following the instructions 
 given with the Spanish variety (page 4^) and studying the diagram of 
 the same. 
 
 The laws, few, but necessary, may be summed up thus: 
 
 1. A single piece is not allowed to take a king. 
 
 2. When there are several men in a position to be taken, it is com- 
 pulsory to capture the greatest number and most powerful. 
 
 3. In situations similar to those in the English ganie, v\''here it is 
 optional with the player to capture with king or man, it is compul- 
 sory in the Italian variation to make the capture with the king. 
 
 In everything else the laws of the English game govern the Italian. 
 
 The few games and illustrations of the same' given belovv are 
 selected from among the numerous examples presented by Mr. Dunne 
 from his collection of the works of Zonono, Michael Angelo Lanci. 
 Dr. C. Mancini and others. 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 51 
 
 Italian Problems and Illustrative End-Games, Accompanied bv Solu- 
 tions for the Same. 
 No. I. No. II. 
 
 BLACK. BLACK. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ • 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ■H 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ji 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 bC 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 White to move and draw, 
 (a) 12 8 8 11 11 8 8 11 
 
 9—18 18 14 14—19 Drawn 
 
 (a) 14—10 9—6, l(>-7 4— 8 12—3, 6—2 10 26 
 B. wins. 
 
 No. III. 
 BLACK. 
 
 tajB 
 
 . ' 
 
 •m 
 
 
 • jBI^B 
 
 s 
 
 n 
 
 
 ■LJH8 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ^:' 
 
 i 
 
 ■jM.- 
 
 s 
 
 ■ .--'■.•I 
 
 
 -1 
 
 w 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 B 
 
 ■ 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 White to move and win. 
 15 11 3-17 22 29 
 
 8—15 26 22 IT- 2:. 
 
 21—25 29 25 
 
 No. IV. 
 BLACK. 
 
 5— 9 
 2.5 22 
 W. wins 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 □ 
 
 mS 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 p 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ni 
 
 ■ 
 
 □ 
 
 
 
 
 
 >, ■/■v 
 
 
 '■^ -;- 
 
 ■ 
 
 B 
 
 g| 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 u 
 
 ■ 
 
 □ 
 
 El 
 
 1^ 
 
 m 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 W 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 
 
 
 WHITE 
 
 
 
 
 
 White to move and win. 
 
 
 
 Wh 
 
 te to move and win. 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 15 r— 16 18 9 
 
 13—22 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 17 14 
 
 30 14 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 23- 
 
 -30 31 26 6—13 
 
 25 11 
 
 10- 
 
 -19 
 
 10—17 
 
 13— 9 
 
 6- 
 
 -13 
 
 15 
 
 11 30—23 22 25 
 
 W. wins 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 8 12 
 
 22 18 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 21—25 
 
 9- 6 
 
 W. 
 
 wins 
 
52 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 No. V. 
 BLACK. 
 
 No. VI. 
 BLACK. 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :?<ii> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 m 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 m 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 BBr^^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 •■ 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 U 
 
 m 
 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 -\, " 
 
 
 £m 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 mo 
 
 
 
 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 
 
 Wh 
 
 ite to move 
 
 and win. 
 
 
 
 Whif. to move and win. 
 
 
 31 
 
 26 
 
 2 6 
 
 9 14 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 23 26 6 9 15 11 
 
 30 25 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 5— 9 
 
 10—15 
 
 24- 
 
 -28 
 
 22—29 5—14 16— 7 
 
 W. wins 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 6 13 
 
 14 18 
 
 27 
 
 32 - 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 ]— 6 
 
 15—19 
 
 w. 
 
 wins 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 13 9 
 
 18 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 6—10 
 
 19—24 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. VII. 
 BLACK. 
 
 No. VIII. 
 WHITE. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 •■ ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 D 
 
 D ■ 
 
 ■J".^ . 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 •■ H 
 
 
 
 □ 
 
 B B 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 T|oH 
 
 
 D 
 
 G ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 mSJjm 
 
 WHITE. 
 White to move and win. 
 16 11 10—10 3 1 24—28 
 
 23—16 26 3 19—24 27 32 
 
 30 2G 16— 7 31 27 W. wins 
 
 ■ 
 
 9 
 
 Ji 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 --' 
 
 jHj 
 
 y 
 
 m 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 ""-'-' - 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 ■ 
 
 J 
 
 • 
 ■ 
 
 OB 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 Q 
 
 i 
 
 BLACK. 
 White to move and draw. 
 11 7 i7._io 30 26 16—20 
 
 10— 3 27 24 12—16 31 27 
 
 32 27 26—17 26 23 Drawn 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 "KELSO." 
 
 
 
 10—18 
 
 7—11 
 
 1—19 
 
 16—20 
 
 16—19 
 
 18— 9 
 
 24 19 
 
 29 25 
 
 23 16 
 
 31 27 
 
 17 13 
 
 7 3 
 
 18-24 
 
 16-20 
 
 8—29 
 
 4- 8 
 
 20—24 
 
 24-27 
 
 28 19 
 
 21 17 
 
 16 11 
 
 27 23 
 
 13 9 
 
 3 8 
 
 9—13 
 
 11-16 
 
 3— 7 
 
 12—16 
 
 6-13 
 
 19—24 
 
 22 18 
 
 17 14 
 
 26 22 
 
 23 18 
 
 14 :o 
 
 8 15 
 
 6— 9 
 
 20— -^4 
 
 7—16 
 
 8—11 
 
 25-22 
 
 27-31 
 
 £5 22 
 
 27 11 
 
 30 25 
 
 25 21 
 
 18 14 
 
 28 19 
 
 11—16 
 
 13-17 
 
 2— 6 
 
 29—25 
 
 22—18 
 
 13—17 
 
 19—15 
 
 22 6 
 
 32 28 
 
 22 17 
 
 10 7 
 
 B. wins. 
 
 
 
 "CROSS." 
 
 
 
 11—15 
 
 18 15 
 
 12—16 
 
 23 16 
 
 9—13 
 
 2 11 
 
 23 18 
 
 9—14 
 
 24 20 
 
 15—19 
 
 24 20 
 
 32—28 
 
 15—19 
 
 27 24 
 
 7—11 
 
 26 2:3 
 
 13—22 
 
 16 12 
 
 24 15 
 
 5— 9 
 
 31 27 
 
 19—26 
 
 27 2i 
 
 28—19 
 
 10—19 
 
 32 27 
 
 11—18 
 
 30 23 
 
 18—27 
 
 11 15 
 
 22 17 
 
 2— 7 
 
 20 11 
 
 •3^-7 
 
 25 2 
 
 W. wins 
 
 7 10 
 
 27 23 
 
 8-15 
 
 28 24 
 
 27—32 
 
 
 TURKISH DRAUGHTS. 
 
 Thi.s is different from all the rest, for two reasons ; it is played on 
 a plain (uncheckered) board, and the pawns move forward and side- 
 ways — either to right or left — but ne^er backwards or diagonally. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 61 
 
 S>Z 
 
 83 
 
 SH 
 
 S>5 
 
 66 
 
 d>7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 7/ 
 
 11 
 
 73 
 
 7^ 
 
 IS 
 
 76 
 
 7 
 
 78 
 
 7 
 
 6/ 
 
 GZ 
 
 63 
 
 6i 
 
 6S 
 
 (o 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 6 
 
 S/ 
 
 52 
 
 f5 
 
 5-H 
 
 S 
 
 St 
 
 S7 
 
 sa 
 
 S 
 
 i/ 
 
 ^2 
 
 ^5 
 
 7 
 
 7i- 
 
 f6 
 
 H7 
 
 7(3 
 
 H 
 
 3/ 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 37 
 
 35- 
 
 56 
 
 67 
 
 ^6 
 
 5 
 
 2.1. 
 
 z 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 Z5 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Z 
 
 / 
 
 /£ 
 
 /3 
 
 /7' 
 
 /£■ 
 
 /6 
 
 /7 
 
 /a 
 
 1 
 
 J 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 •' 
 
 •' 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o' 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 2. 
 
 In connection with this latter fact, it must be noted that the men 
 have greater liberty of action, for they are able to move in three 
 directions instead of two, as is the case in the other games ; and. 
 also, they have a far more extended field to M'ork in, their boards 
 beih'g of 64 squares, as against 32 in English and 50 in Polish 
 draughts. The so-called elementary principles, however, are the 
 
54 
 
 CHECKERS. 
 
 same as in the preceding varieties, and offer as extensive and scien- 
 tific a development, if considered with proper care and interest. 
 
 The diagrams on page 53 show the board numlicred in the first 
 one, and in the second the position of the men thereon : 
 
 Like the ancient varieties of the game, it is always a "mimic 
 battle," in Avhich the soldiers "advance," "extend" and "close"; 
 advance in "line," "echelon," or in "columns," and also can be 
 " massed " for an attack in the centre, or, again, extend themselves 
 to the right or left in an endeavor to outflank the enemy, and at last, 
 when one of the lines is broken, and a king is gained and brought 
 into the scene of action, he may be said to literally "swoop" down 
 upon the scattered forces (/'. e., pawns) and complete their devasta- 
 tion. 
 
 The game is governed by the rules of the English game, excepting 
 those which conflicts with certain points named below. 
 
 'No. II 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 ® 
 
 
 • 
 
 m 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 8 
 
 The White King clears the board by 18— 78, 78— 75, 75— 15, 15— 17, 17— 17, 7— 71, 
 and is careful to take off each piece separately from the board when captured, as 
 otherwise he would be unable to take Pawn 07. 
 
 White ah^ays moves first. The pawns move only one square at a 
 time, and stiaight forward, as 8 to 43, for instance, or to the right 
 (4—45), or to the left (4—43)- 
 
 The men capture in the direction in which they are moving, ac- 
 complishing this l)y leaping over any of the adverse men adjoining 
 and with unoccupied scjuare on the other side. 
 
 The movements of the pawns are found to be l)ased on exactly the 
 same principles as those prevailing in the English game, save, of 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 55 
 
 Course, they are made in a vertical and horizontal direction, instead 
 of the ordinary diagonal one. A pawn, or man, is made a king un- 
 der the very same conditions that obtain in the English game, and 
 when they have attained this rank can move in every direction, back- 
 wards, forwards and sideways. 
 
 A king is not obliged to confine liimself to moving one square only 
 at a time ; on the contrary, he can jump several, a complete column, 
 either in " capturing " or otherwise. In this regard his power is like 
 that of the king in the Polish and Spanish games. 
 
 Here, again, capturing is compulsory, and where the various pieces 
 en prise are scattered in different directions, it is obligatory to take 
 the greatest number. 
 
 A special feature in the Turkish game is that the men are removed 
 from the board one at a time, as they are captured, thus often open- 
 ing up fresh loopholes for the taking of the other men in the same 
 way. 
 
 For example see diagram on page 54. 
 
 TURKISH PROBLEMS. 
 No. III. 
 
 23— £1 
 2.5 23 
 43—43 
 
 (1)4.5 48 
 
 a 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 — 17 
 
 82—28 
 
 81— 1 
 
 48 41 
 
 1— 2 
 
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 
 
 White to move and win. 
 1. 
 
 07—67 
 
 28—78 
 
 G 63 
 76—68 
 
 W. wins 
 
^6 
 
 CHRCKKR^^. 
 No. IV. 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 # 
 
 # 
 
 6 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 % 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 4 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 53— G3 
 
 (a) 64 54 
 
 4—64 
 
 6 67 
 
 34—4 
 
 76 6 
 
 41—51 
 
 61 45 
 
 / z 5 ^ s 6 7 a ' 
 
 White to move and win. 
 (a) If 75—65 or 6—65, White wins by 41—51, etc. 
 
 63—81 
 57 58 
 35— 5 
 6 65 
 64— 6 
 67 45 
 81—85 
 W. wins. 
 
 No. V. 
 
 No. VI. 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 # 
 
 # 
 
 • 
 
 % 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I I J^ ^ S 6 7 Q 
 
 White to move and win. 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 % 
 
 « 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 5 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 -• 
 
 
 4 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 5 
 
 O 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 l 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / ^ 3 ^ ^ 6 7 8 
 
 AVhite to move and win. 
 
 45— 5 
 
 25—35 
 
 37—38 
 
 17—43 
 
 65 47 
 
 45 25 
 
 57 17 
 
 3— 7 
 
 43-53 
 
 24—86 
 
 26—27 
 
 W. wins 
 
 63 45 
 
 W. wins. 
 
 
 
CHECKERS. 
 
 57- 
 
 3—43 
 65 5 
 36—46 
 
 5 36 
 37—36 
 75 65 
 35—45 
 
 64 54 
 (a) 38—37 
 
 67 57 
 45— 4 
 
 65 64 
 28—38 
 61 51 
 
 "CENTRE GUARD." 
 
 
 
 3-42 
 
 52 51 
 
 24—23 
 
 51 52 
 
 7 67 
 
 21-31 
 
 73 74 
 
 (b) 25—24 
 
 2-32 
 
 74 75 
 
 26-25 
 
 
 51 52 
 
 2.5—35 
 
 54 53 
 
 
 23- 3 
 
 75 65 
 
 23— 2 
 
 
 71 61 
 
 35—45 
 
 53 54 
 
 
 31-41 
 
 68 58 
 
 27-26 
 
 
 (a) Threatening a three-for-two stroke by 45, etc. 
 lb) And the position is now as follows : 
 
 No. VII. 
 
 58 48 
 38—58 
 65 5 
 45 — 65 
 
 67 68 
 65 -67 
 
 68 48 
 46 86 
 78- 7 
 67—87 
 48 38 
 87-47 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 6 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 # 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 61 51 
 41-61 
 63 53 
 61—65 
 38 28 
 4—84 
 28 18 
 42—82 
 18 48 
 (c) 13 06 
 B. wins 
 
 / 2 5 4- 5 6 7 8 
 
 (c) Black captures all the pieces, touching square 43, 23, 25, 27, 87, 85, 35, 3, aS, 81, 
 26, 86 and 82. , • ^ <-u„f 
 
 Mr Dunne savs of the above: "We can scarcely conceive that 
 this complicated'' stroke' could be seen through m cross-board pla,y; 
 t is more likely the result of analysis. That it is a practical pos i- 
 t on however, is beyond doubt, and can be formed from several dif- 
 ferent openings ; and it is a good illustration of the possibilities of 
 
 ^Yn^Sud'^-Ingt^e^-five varieties of draughts presented here, the stu 
 den^ w Ifind his time and mind most agreeably employed He must 
 be careful however, not to allow this fascinating game, with its many 
 and varied phases, to absorb his attention to the exclusion of all other 
 Occupations^ diversions, as thus he would once for al lose the 
 
 TosXlity even of the genuine good wdiich -^^l^^/^: ^ 
 '^ • 1 i.- ^f cr-ic^nrp in nnv form. JN o one wno nas e\ei 
 
 i-ip«;l- rnnmderation oi science lu a-ny iwnxi. 
 
 aken up draughts seriously will deny its scientific tendency, and the 
 larf^us^' openings" into deeper and more "f-^J^^f^^^^y/Xed" 
 search the clifferent forms of the game suggest. It can be played 
 however , in the simplest manner, and thus_ is accessible to al the 
 members'of the familf, from the oldest, who is o^^^^^^^^^_ 
 over some minor pastime, to the youngest who will find entertain 
 ment in the arranging of the pieces on the board, 
 
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