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PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY 
 
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 jopy .., 1963 
 
 State Forest Academy 
 
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 MONT ALTO, FRANKLIN COUNTY, PA. 
 
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 GENERAL VIEW OF BUILDINGS 
 
 FIFTEENTH ANNIVERSARY 1903-1918 
 
 HARRISBURG, PENNA. : 
 
 J. L. L. KUHN, PRINTER TO THE COMMONWEALTH 
 1918 
 
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 PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY 
 
 STATE FOREST ACADEMY 
 
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 FIFTEENTH ANNIVERSARY 1903-19 1 8 
 
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 HARRISBURG, PENNA. : 
 
 .1. I.. L. KUHN, PRINTER TO THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 1918 
 
 (1) 
 
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 PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY 
 
 ROBERT S. CONKLIN. 
 
 Commissioner of Forestry 
 
 IRVIN C. WILLIAMS. ESQ. 
 
 Deputy Commissioner of Forestry 
 
 STATE FORESTRY RESERVATION COMMISSION 
 
 ROBERT S. CONKLIN, President 
 JOSEPH T. ROTHROCK. M. D. 
 WILLIAM P. STEVENSON 
 EDWARD BAILEY 
 
 (12 ) 
 
.J 
 
 FOREWORD. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Department of Foi-estry is undertaking 
 the huge task of restoring the forests of the State to their 
 original productive condition when they yielded abundant 
 revenue to the owners, steady work for the laboring men, and 
 healthful living conditions to all through their pure water 
 supply, stream regulation, and prevention of erosion. To 
 develop the one million acres of forest land purchased by the 
 State, trained foresters were needed; and since no institution 
 in the State could or would furnish them, the State Forest 
 Academy was organized fifteen years ago. 
 
 The following fifteenth anniversary announcement is made 
 to the people of Pennsylvania to inform them of the past pro- 
 gress and present standing of the school and to bespeak their 
 heartv co-operation in the very urgent restoration of the for- 
 ests of the State. It is not an extravagent claim to say that 
 the health and prosperity of the entire State hinge on the suc- 
 cess-or failure of this movement. 
 
 Mont Alto. Pa., 
 March 15, 1918. 
 
 (H) 
 
THE VILLAGE OF MONT ALTO. 
 Just Beyond the Town at the Western Foothills of the Picturesque South 
 Mountains, and Within the Grove of Veteran Trees Standing at the Mouth of 
 the Forested Gap, the Forest Academy is located. 
 
 A View in Mont Alto Park Conducive to Pleasant Walks and Interesting 
 Out-of-Door Tree Talks. 
 
Mira Lloyd Dock, Chairman Forestry Committee, Gen- 
 eral Federation of Women's Clubs. 
 
 vS. T. Dana, United States Forest Service. 
 
 Hon. Charles Walter, Member of Pennsylvania House 
 of Representatives. 
 
 Prof. Ralph Hosmer, Cornell University Forest School. 
 
 Raphael Zon, United States Forest Service. 
 
 ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY. 
 
 As early as 1876, in an address before the recently organized 
 American Forestry Association at Philadelphia, Burnett Land- 
 reth pointed out the necessity of teaching Forestry as a science 
 in itself and not as a branch of Agriculture. From that time, 
 throughout the period of agitation and public education which 
 preceded the foundation of the Department of Forestry there 
 continued frequent references to the necessity of such a sep- 
 arate course or, better still, of a separate school devoted to 
 the .teaching of Forestry. ]\Iost of the ideas expressed were 
 based on the European h'orest Schools as models, but all 
 recognized the necessity of adapting such a school to Ameri- 
 can needs and conditions. This agitation was especially 
 strong in the years 1888 and 1889. During 1889 tlie trustees 
 of the University of Pen'nsylvania established a chair of For- 
 estry to be filled as soon as funds l)ecame available, but the 
 chair was never filled. 
 
 Because of the slow growth of public sentiment in favor 
 of Forestry, particularly among forest owners, no constructive 
 steps were taken towards the establishment of a technical 
 forestry course until about the year 1900. In issues of "Forest 
 Leaves," in 1901 and 1902, are found several articles dwelling 
 on the necessity of trained men to do forestry work upon the 
 
large areas of land which were rapidly passing into the con- 
 trol of the Department of Forestry. Dr. J. T. Rothrock, then 
 Commissioner of Forestry, took the lead in this movement. 
 Endeavors were made to have scientific courses added to the 
 University of Pennsylvania or to Pennsylvania State College. 
 These schools refused at that time to undertake the work. 
 Appreciating the actual need of men and realizing the great 
 advantages of a practical school connected with actual forest 
 work, Dr. Rothrock decided to establish such a school under 
 the control of the Department of Forestry and locate it upon 
 a State forest. In the spring of 1902 the State Forester, Mr. 
 George H. Wirt, a Biltmore graduate, was sent to Mont Alto 
 to take charge of the property recently purchased from the 
 Mont Alto Iron Company, and establish a forest nursery. 
 Although the legislature of 1901 had refused to adopt Dr. 
 Rothrock's plans, he felt sure that two years would find a 
 change in sentiment, and, as a preliminary measure, four 
 young men, Ralph E. Brock, Charles Delaney, Robert G. Conk- 
 lin, and Harvey E. Frankenfield were sent to help Mr. Wirt 
 and get some instruction in Forestry. In January, 1903, Paul 
 E. Arnold, a German forester, and graduate of the famous 
 Tharandt Forest Academy in Saxony, was added to the teach- 
 ing force. By act of May 13, 1903, the school was formally 
 established and plans were made for the entrance of the first 
 class. The Forestry Reservation Commission had, however, 
 previously adopted, on June 4, 1902, a curriculum and plan 
 of work submitted by Mr. Wirt for the forest school then in 
 his charge. 
 
 The original idea was that the students admitted should 
 be composed of young men from the wooded districts with 
 practical woods experience, and the first class was partly 
 composed of such men. It was soon recognized that these men 
 were often unable to do the mental work required in a study 
 
of scientific forestry and the entrance requirements were made 
 strictly competitive with both physique and mental ability 
 entering- into the test. This plan has been constantly adhered 
 to since that time. 
 
 At first there was some thought of moving the school to 
 the Caledonia purchase as possessing better facilities, but 
 this was finally given up and the administrative buildings of 
 the old furnace at Mont Alto were utilized for the school. 
 These were far from being ideal, and consequently the school 
 was materially handicapped until in 1908, when ground was 
 broken for the first of the present group of modern buildings. 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 The Pennsylvania State Forest Academy is located about 
 one mile from Mont Alto, a small village in Franklin County, 
 which is sixty miles southwest of Harrisburg on the Cumber- 
 land Valley Railroad. The ground occupied by the school 
 buildings is a part of the Mont Alto State Forest, which affords 
 an opportunity for practical instruction and experimentation 
 equalled b}' few, if any, American forestry schools. One of 
 the foremost forestry educators of the United States called 
 the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy, because of its ex- 
 cellent location, "the gem of American forest schools." The 
 situation is healthful and the school is supplied with water 
 from a spring located in the interior of the 23,000-acre forest. 
 To the west of the school lies the Cumberland Valley which 
 is regarded as one of the garden spots of Pennsylvania, and 
 nearby are some of the most scientifically managed apple and 
 peach orchards of the State. 
 
 The remote location of the school stands in strong contrast 
 with those in larger cities and college towns. Such an isolated 
 
situation has a few disadvantages, compensated fully however, 
 by many advantages which make it not only attractive but 
 also convenient for the study of the objects and phenomena 
 of the forests. It enables the student to study things rather 
 than about thino-s. 
 
 BUILDINGS. 
 
 Thirteen buildings comprise the Academy group. Wiestling 
 Hall, the oldest of the buildings, is a large three-story struc- 
 ture and was formerly the residence of Colonel George B. 
 Wiestling, a member of the first Forestry Commission of 
 Pennsylvania. This building has recently been remodeled 
 and is now used as an administration building. It also con- 
 tains the dining room, kitchen, and quarters for the matron 
 and servants. 
 
 The Main Building was erected in 1908-1909 at a cost of 
 $30,000. It is the largest building of the group and constructed 
 of a very attractive native quartzite. On the second floor 
 of this building are comfortable living rooms for all the stud- 
 ents and two members of the faculty. The first floor is de- 
 voted to class rooms, laboratories, and the library. In the 
 basement are a soils laboratory, a large wood specimen room, 
 and a furnace room. The entire building is supplied with 
 steam heat, illuminated with electricity, and furnished with 
 necessary toilet rooms and lavatories. 
 
 A double cottage, occupied by the Director and another 
 member of the faculty, was built in 1911. Three other single 
 cottages are occupied by an instructor, the forester stationed 
 upon the Mont Alto State Forest, and a clerk. Other build- 
 ings, such as spring house, ice house, gas house, poultry house, 
 garage, wagon house, stable, and seed storage house, dot the 
 environs of the campus, and are all necessary features of the 
 school because of its isolated location. 
 
THE FACULTY COTTAGE. 
 
 THE LARGEST BUILDING OF THE ACADEMY GROUP CON- 
 STRUCTED OF AN ATTRACTIVE NATIVE QUARTZITE 
 STONE. 
 
CAMPUS. 
 
 A spacious and attractive campus surrounds the school 
 buildings. Upon it are many native and introduced woody 
 plants. The most distinctive and impressive features of the 
 campus are the massive Black Oak, White Oak, Rock Oak, 
 and Chestnut trees which are remnants of the original forest 
 and hear mute evidence of man\' struggles and successes dur- 
 ing an existence of more than two centuries. Amidst these 
 stately trees are carefully laid out drives and walks, and a 
 wandering" brook of pure mountain water. Overlooking all 
 this picturesqueness is the productive and carefully managed 
 Mont Alto State Forest. 
 
 FACILITIES FOR INSTRUCTION. 
 
 The facilities at Mont Alto for instruction in forestry com- 
 pare favorably with any in America. The laboratory equip- 
 ment is modern and complete and the object lessons in the 
 school forest, nursery, and arboretum are easily accessible 
 and cover a wide range of forestry problems. The proximity 
 of the school to its out-door working field economizes much 
 time which would otherwise be spent on the road. 
 
 The biological, chemical, and soil laboratories are adequately 
 equipped with modern appliances and fully stocked with neces- 
 sary working material. 
 
 Numerous collections have been prepared and are available 
 for demonstrating lectures, laboratory work, and special in- 
 vestigations. A herbarium of more than 4,000 specimens of 
 native and exotic woody and herbaceous plants is carefully 
 classified and available for study purposes. A collection of 
 
10 
 
 forest tree fruits, seeds, and seedlings is in progress. Typical 
 specimens of wood-destroying and parasitic tree fungi are on 
 exhibition in a small museum. Man}^ species of forest 
 insects have been collected and specimens of their destructive 
 M^ork are available for study and demonstration purposes. 
 
 In the basement of the Main Building is a room 16x60 feet 
 containing a collection of all the important commercial woods 
 of the United States and some foreign woods. These woods 
 are used in the course of Wood Identification. The room is 
 equipped with wood-working tools and work benches. 
 
 A collection of tools, instruments, and machines used in lum- 
 bering, sylvicultural operations, protective work, and mensura- 
 tion exercises is in progress. It contains planting hammers, 
 fire torches, fire rakes, brush hooks and other implements 
 designed by Pennsylvania and other American foresters. It 
 also embraces representative European instruments. 
 
 The school is adequately equipped with the best and most 
 practical instruments required in the practice of forestry. The 
 surveying equipment discussed on page 36 is complete and 
 up-to-date. The forest mensuration equipment comprises the 
 best types of American and representative European calipers, 
 hypsometers, increment borers, xylometers, chains, tapes, and 
 other necessary instruments. 
 
 The library comprises all the standard texts on forestry in 
 the English language and many publications in foreign 
 tongues. All the principal forestry periodicals and representa- 
 tive lumber, trade, and technical journals are received regu- 
 larly and filed systematically for future reference. 
 
 A large collection of carefully selected charts and photo- 
 graphs, covering all phases of forestal activities, is available 
 for use and furnishes the best kind of illustrative material for 
 class work. Lantern slides, covering the major forest opera- 
 tions and typical forest conditions, are in stock and are used to 
 illustrate classwork. 
 
11 
 
 For field work in forestry the vicinity of Mont Alto offers 
 unsurpassed facilities. The latitude and topography favor 
 a rich flora. It is the meeting ground of northern and southern 
 species. The northern follow the mountains towards the South 
 and the southern extend northward through the valleys. With- 
 in one mile of the school buildings occur more than 100 species 
 of native woody plants and may introduced species. The 
 richness of the local woody and herbaceous flora and its prox- 
 imity to the school make it possible and practical to give the 
 major part of the instruction in Tree Identification and Sys- 
 tematic Botany in the forest and nearby field without spending 
 an excessive amount of time on the road. 
 
 A five-minutes walk from the school brings one to a forest 
 nursery with an annual capacity of 2,000,000 seedlings. It is 
 well eq^uipped with modern nursery appliances, and in it the 
 students learn, not by general observation but by actual work, 
 nursery practice from the preparation and sowing of seed beds 
 to the packing and shipping of seedlings and transplants. 
 
 The Mont Alto State Forest has been under careful and 
 business-like management for the past seventeen years. It is 
 dotted with plantations, experimental sample plots, improve- 
 ment cuttings, fire towers, and ranger stations, ramified by 
 roads and trails, covered with fire, compartment, and telephone 
 lines, and partly divided into blocks, compartments, and stands. 
 The plantations contain many different species of trees rang- 
 ing in age from 1 to 17 years and cover an aggregate area of 
 499 acres. Improvement cuttings have been made annually 
 since the creation of the forest. A study of the effect of light, 
 medium, and heavy thinnings has been in progess for five 
 years. One steel and two wooden towers have been erected at 
 commanding lookout points. They and the ranger's houses 
 are connected with the forester's headquarters by a state- 
 owned metallic circuit telephone system, whose aggregate 
 length is more than 26 miles. 
 
12 
 
 The utilization opeiatiuiis aic aiiKiif^ ilie most interesting" 
 and instructive on the forest. Fuehvood, posts, and poles are 
 harvested on a large scale. A state-owned portable sawmill, 
 stave mill, shingle mill, and lath mill are operated on the 
 forest. The students, as a part of their course in Lumbering, 
 work upon these mills and learn to handle the different posi- 
 tions from felling the trees and firing the boiler to head sawyer 
 and tim1)cr scaler. Briefly, the students are kept in constant 
 contact with all the operations of a forest business, and taught 
 the best and most efficient methods of handling a forest prop- 
 erty both by precept and practice. 
 
 FACir.ITIES FOR RECREATION. 
 
 The faculty arranges annually a course of free lectures. 
 These instructive and helpful talks are given to the students 
 by men of prominence in subjects allied to forestry. They 
 cover travel, history, civics, literature, first aid, w^ood craft, 
 personal health, and other timely topics. 
 
 The student body maintains an athletic association. Ath- 
 letic contests are not engaged in so extensively as at some 
 other educational institutions because the students obtain 
 sufficient physical exercise in their field work which takes 
 them out of doors at frequent intervals during the entire 
 year. A large baseball diamond, a double tennis court, a 
 billiard table, and gymnastic equipment are available for use. 
 
 Basket Ball is the most popular game. It is especially 
 adapted to a small student body and engaged in during the 
 winter when field trips and forest exercises are few in number 
 and of short duration. The schedule comprises games with 
 normal schools and small colleges. 
 
ALL-ABOARD FOR A FIELD TRIP 
 
 LUNCHEON IN THE WOODS. 
 
PROMPT RESPONSE TO A FOREST FIRE CALL. 
 
 BASKET BALL TEAM 
 
13 
 
 Hunting and fishing are among the most popular sports. 
 The Mont Alto State Forest of 23,000 acres and adjoining 
 forest properties and abandoned fields aflr'ord excellent and 
 convenient hunting grounds. Within the forest is a game 
 refuge of 2,000 acres in which wild animals and game birds 
 are propagated systematically. Deer, opossums, raccoons, 
 woodchucks. squirrels, rabbits, pheasants, and quail are plenti- 
 ful, and wild turkeys and foxes are occasionally seen. It is 
 not unusual to see a herd of fifteen deer, and occasionally a 
 herd of 25 and in one instance 31 have been observed. During 
 the 1915, 1916, and 1917 hunting seasons 59, 63, and 47 male 
 deer respectively were shot on or near the Mont Alto State 
 Forest. In spring time trout fishing oft'ers an enjoyable form 
 of recreation. The nearby mountain streams are numerous 
 and well stocked. 
 
 Many points of historic interest are the objectives of week- 
 end walking trips. Among these may be mentioned the 
 Gettysburg and Antietam battlefields; President Buchanan's 
 birthplace, and Pen Mar. a summer resort located on a high 
 mountain at a point crossed by the Mason and Dixon line. 
 Walks to local high points and commanding lookout towers 
 are frequently scheduled. On the Mont Alto forest are one 
 steel and two wooden towers 50 feet in height, afifording ex- 
 cellent views of the extensive timbered mountain slopes and 
 the fertile Cumberland valley, which is surpassed in Pennsyl- 
 vania only by the Lancaster valley in its agricultural produc- 
 tive capacity. 
 
 PURPOSE. 
 
 The purpose of the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy is 
 to prepare thoroughly trained foresters for the service of the 
 State in its forests. The duties of a forester in the employ 
 of the State require a thorougli training and apprenticeship in 
 
14 
 
 actual woods work, besides the usual school studies in forestry, 
 the sciences, and a number of cultural subjects. The forester 
 must have an equipment covering the surveying and mapping 
 of his forest ; the growing of trees and their proper manage- 
 ment from planting, through thinning, to final logging and 
 sawing; the protection of the forest from its arch-enemy, the 
 forest fire, as well as from insects, disease, and trespass ; the 
 building and improvement of the forest roads, trails, fire-lines, 
 telephone lines, and fire towers; the estimate of timber and 
 the calculation of its growth, value, and financial returns; the 
 directing of labor; the keeping of records and accounts; and 
 some knowledge of business and forest law. This requires 
 an underlying training in mathematics, botany, zoology, chem- 
 istry, physics, geology, and soils, as well as history, language 
 and economics. 
 
 The practical application of this training is the large feature 
 of the school, for the entire course may be said to be given in 
 the 23,000 acres of the* Mont Alto State Forest in which the 
 school is located. All the activities of the forester are followed 
 in the woods from the growing of trees from seed in the nurs- 
 ery, to the grinding of the forest student's own axe, the cutting 
 of undesirable trees into cordwood, and the mature trees into 
 saw-logs, as well as their manufacture into lumber, lath, staves, 
 and shingles on the school mills ; from the day and night 
 fighting of forest fires and the pick and shovel building of 
 roads to the preparation of a thorough working plan for a 
 specified tract of forest land. 
 
 But beyond all this technical training, the school aims to 
 develop men who love the forest, for a successful forester 
 must look upon the forest as more than a mere clump or 
 collection of trees. He must see in it a complex community 
 or society of living things and be on a speaking acquaintance 
 with them all. He should know the wild animals, birds, plants, 
 and rocks so well that he finds interest in them. A good 
 
15 
 
 forester should not be lonesome in the forest, but instead find 
 continuous contentment in his extensive out-door laboratory. 
 Last, but not least, the school aims to graduate men who 
 love the people of the forest, if not for what they are, at least 
 for what he hopes they will become. A forester must be a 
 man of parts with whom the people of the forest communities 
 are glad to associate, willing to do ordinary business on a 
 reliable basis, and discuss everyday problems with interest 
 and benefit. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 The control of the school is vested by legislative enactment 
 in the Commissioner of Forestry. The pedagogical supervision 
 and immediate government is delegated to a director who re- 
 sides at the institution and takes an active part in the instruc- 
 tion of the students. 
 
 DEGREE. 
 
 The degree of Bachelor of Forestry is conferred upon the 
 successful completion of the prescribed courses of studies. 
 
 THE SCHOOL YEAR. 
 
 The school year is divided into first, second, and summer 
 terms. The first term begins on the first Tuesday of Septem- 
 ber and extends to the middle of December, when the Christ- 
 mas recess begins. The second term begins the first Tuesday 
 in January and extends to the end of May. The summer term 
 begins immediately upon the termination of the second term 
 
16 
 
 and extends to the middle of August when a two-weeks recess 
 begins. The school year thus covers about forty-six weeks, 
 and the entire course of three years represents 136 weeks of 
 actual work, which is considerably more than is given in many 
 four-year forestry courses. 
 
 THE FOREST CLUB. 
 
 The Rothrock Forest Club is a student organization named 
 in honor of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, the founder of the school, and 
 for many years the prudent leader and now the wise counsellor 
 of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry. The meetings 
 are held in Log Lodge, a commodious log building finished 
 in southern yellow pine and heated by a spacious fire place. 
 The program of the meetings is similar to that of literary 
 societies at other educational institutions. The club is also 
 the agency through which the students are introduced to 
 prominent men in forestry and other professions. 
 
 ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS. 
 
 WHO MAY BE ADMITTED? Only citizens of Pennsyl- 
 vania who are 18 j^ears of age and under 25 on the first day of 
 September, in the year in which the applicant is admitted. 
 
 THE PROSPECTIVE STUDENT must make application 
 on a blank form to l)e furnished by the Commissioner of For- 
 estry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 
 
 METHOD OF ADMISSION. Admission can be gained 
 only l)v examinations. No certificates are accepted. The first 
 or preliminary examination consists of two parts, viz: a physi- 
 
17 
 
 cal examination and a test in scholarship, and usuall}^ oc- 
 cupies two days. The physical examination is held the first 
 day and if the applicant discloses satisfactory conditions, he 
 is admitted the following day to tiie test in scholarship, which 
 covers the following branches: English (Grammar, Composi- 
 tion, and Rhetoric), United States History, Civil Government, 
 Arithmetic with special emphasis on Mensuration, Interest, 
 Proportion, and Progression, Algebra (to and including pure 
 and affected quadratic equations), Plane Geometry, and Bi- 
 ology (including Human Physiology). 
 
 As a residt of the mental and physical examinations and the 
 report of the examiners to the Commissioner of Forestry, the 
 first fifteen men in the group of those examined will be as- 
 signed to Pennsylvania foresters on State Forests for practical 
 work and instruction, during a period of two months, begin- 
 ning about July first. At the end of this period the fifteen 
 men so selected will assemble at a designated place where 
 they will be subjected to a final examination which covers 
 the probationary period spent on a State Forest. As a result 
 of this test and the recommendation of the foresters, in whose 
 charge the applicants served, ten men of the group who pass 
 the best examination in practical work will be nominated by 
 the Commissioner of Forestry for admission to the Forest 
 Academy the following September. Applicants will bear their 
 own expenses while on a State Forest for the two-month 
 period. 
 
 CONTRACT AND BOND: Each successful applicant re- 
 ceiving an appointment must enter into a contract with the 
 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for the proper fulfillment of 
 his duties at the Forest Academy during the full course of 
 three years, and then that he will enter the employ of the 
 State after graduation, if his services shall be required. He 
 must also furnish with his contract a bond in the sum of 
 
18 
 
 $500 with sureties to be approved by the Commissioner of 
 Forestry, conditioned that he will faithfully execute his con- 
 tract. Sureties, if individuals, must be two in number, and 
 show fee simple ownership of Pennsylvania real estate with 
 an equity above all incumberances of at least the amount of 
 the bond. 
 
 EXPENSE: The student will furnish his own clothing for 
 out-door "work, which should be plain, heavy, and strong, and 
 such other clothing of a better character ?.s he may desire to 
 have. He will also bear his incidental expenses, which may 
 be little or great, as he chooses, furnish his own soap and 
 towels, procure such technical textbooks and instruments at 
 his own expense as may be directed from time to time, and 
 have available a sufficient sum- of money to cover the expense 
 of trips to neighboring State Forests, other nearby forested 
 areas, and local wood-using industries. 
 
 SERVICE AND SUPPLIES FURNISHED BY THE 
 STATE: Each student will be furnished by the State, free 
 of charge, his tuition, board, room, room outfit, bed clothes, 
 stationery, and plain washing. 
 
 DEPOSIT: When a student enters the Academy he muSt 
 make a deposit of $5.00 in money with the Director, against 
 which will be charged all items of unnecessary, careless, or 
 wilful breakage or damage to State property. Whenever a 
 deposit is lowered by reason of charges against it, the student 
 will be required to increase the deposit at the beginning of 
 each school year to the full amount of $5.00. At the time 
 of graduation there will be returned to him whatever balance 
 mav remain to his credit. 
 
Countino- and Euncllinc: Seedlings in tiie School Forest Tree Nnrscry. 
 
 An Exercise in Forest Mensuration. Counting the Annual Rings on the 
 Cross Section, and Determining the Contents of a Felled White Pine 
 Tree. 
 
 A Real Test in Tree Identification Out in the Forest. 
 

19 
 
 ORDER OF STUDIES. 
 FIRST YEAR. 
 
 First Term. 
 ( 1) English 
 ( 2) German I 
 ( 7) General Physics 
 ( 5) General Chemistry 
 (14) Botany I 
 (21) Beginner's Forestry 
 
 Second Term 
 
 ( 1) English 
 
 ( 2) German I 
 
 ( 8) Meteorology 
 
 ( 5) General Chemistry 
 
 (15) Botany II 
 
 (43) Trigonometry 
 
 Summer Term — (42) Nursery Fracticum, Improvement Cutting, (22) 
 Forest Geography, (16) Botany III, and (23) Tree Identifica- 
 tion. 
 
 SECOND YEAR. 
 
 First Term. 
 (23) Tree Identification 
 (26) Wood Identification 
 (25) Wood Morpliology 
 (17) Botany IV 
 
 (10) Geology 
 
 (11) Introductory Soils 
 ( 6) Forest Chemistry 
 
 Second Term 
 (24) Dendrology 
 (30) Forest Alensuration 
 (39) Silviculture I 
 
 (18) Forest Pathology 
 (20) Forest Entomology 
 (12) Forest Soils and 
 
 (13) Soil Surveying 
 
 (19) Zoology 
 
 Summer Term — (30) Forest Mensuration and (40) Sylviculture II. 
 
 First Term. 
 (33) Forest Finance 
 (31) Forest Organization 
 (41) Silviculture III 
 (38) Forest Protection 
 (27) Wood Utilization 
 ( 4) General Economics 
 (44) Surveying 
 ( 3) German II 
 
 THIRD YEAR. 
 
 Second Term 
 (37) Forest History 
 (31) Forest Organization and 
 (32) Working Plans 
 
 (34) Forest Administration 
 
 (35) Business Law 
 
 (36) Forest Economics and Policy 
 (28) Forest Utilization and 
 
 (29) Lumbering 
 (45) Roads 
 (44) Surveying 
 ( 9) Forest Mechanics 
 
 Summer Term — (44) Surveying, and (45) Roads. 
 
20 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF COURSES. 
 
 (1) ENGLISH. The course proposes to develop in the stud- 
 
 ent an appreciation for good literature and to train him 
 in adapting- the l)est usages of the language to his own 
 needs. It includes a review of English grammar and 
 rhetoric, more or less intensive study of several of the 
 best authors, and constant drill in analysis and compo- 
 sition ; considerable attention is given to business 
 forms and correspondence, public speaking, and writing 
 for publication ; extemporaneous speaking is a part of 
 the regular class work. Throughout, the course insists 
 upon clear thinking and direct, forceful expression. 
 Lockwood and Emerson's Composition and Rhetoric is 
 the text used. Three hours, first and second terms. Mr. 
 Evans. 
 
 (2) GERMAN I. A course comprising a careful drill in pro- 
 
 nunciation and in the principles of German grammar 
 and syntax. Thomas' Practical German Grammar and 
 such other texts as may be recommended. Three hours, 
 first and second terms. Mr. Harris. 
 
 (3) GERMAN II. An elective course in German forestry 
 
 literature of prominent authors. Hausrath's Der 
 Deutsche Wald .is the main text used. Three hours, 
 second term. Mr. Illick. 
 
 (4) GENERAL ECONOMICS. A study of the principles 
 
 of economics and their modern applications. Extended 
 reference work among different authors is required, also 
 the examination of current literature having to do with 
 problems of an economic nature. Discussion of gov- 
 ernmental questions and activities along economic lines 
 is encouraged. Bullock's The Elements of Economics 
 is the text used. Three hours, first term. Mr. Evans. 
 
21 
 
 (5) GENERAL CHEMISTRY. A course comprising a short 
 
 series of introductory lectures on the historical develop- 
 ment of the science, and a general consideration of the 
 occurrence, preparation, properties, reaction, and useb 
 of the common elements. This is followed by a more 
 thorough study of the properties and reactioi. of the 
 common elements and acids, their detection in various 
 liquid and solid mixtures, and the principles involved 
 in the preparation and use of volumetric solutions and 
 in the work of gravimetric analysis. Special emphasis 
 is laid on carbon compounds in preparation for the 
 course in Forest Chemistry. Smith's Ooicral CJiemistry 
 is the text used. Five hours, first and second terms. Mr. 
 Deatrick. 
 
 (6) FOREST CHEMISTRY. The course consists of intro- 
 
 ductory lectures on the development of the subject of 
 the nutrition and chemical composition of plants, fol- 
 lowed by a consideration of the derived forest products, 
 and destructive distillation, naval store, and wood pres- 
 ervation industries. The preparation of birch, winter- 
 green and pine needle oils, vegetable dyes, and other 
 similar forest products, and their properties, reactions, 
 and relations are fully treated. Four hours, first term. 
 Mr. Deatrick. 
 
 {/) GENERAL PHYSICS. This course aims to give the 
 student a working" knowledge of the fundamental prin- 
 ciples of physics by developing them from familiar facts 
 and phenomena. The application of the commoner 
 ])rinciples is demonstrated on trips to industrial plants, 
 and illustrated with implements and machines used in 
 forestry. The course aims primarily to prepare the 
 student for the courses in Meteorology and Forest 
 Mechanics. The laboratory exercises cover the proper- 
 
22 
 
 ties of matter, heat, light (inchiding elementary photo- 
 graphy), sound, magnetism, and electricity. Four hours, 
 first term. Mr. Deatrick. 
 
 (8) Meteorology. A general consideration of the phenomena 
 
 of the atmosphere, their explanation and the forecasting 
 of the weather. United States weather maps are re- 
 ceived and studied from day to day. Two experiment 
 stations are maintained, one in the forest and another 
 in the open, where daily readings of maximum-minimum 
 thermometers and rain gauge readings are made by the 
 students. Practical field work and special lectures in 
 forest influences are given in connection with this 
 course. Milham's M eteorology is used as a text. Four 
 hours, second term. Mr, Deatrick. 
 
 (9) FOREST MECHANICS. A study of the general prin- 
 
 ciples of the construction, operation, and repair of ma- 
 chines, engines, boilers, telephone systems, fire towers, 
 and appliances that a forester has occasion to use. 
 Trips of inspection are taken to neighboring manufac- 
 turing and engineering plants, sawmills, and wood- 
 working establishments. The students are given prac- 
 tical experience in the construction of telephone lines, 
 cabins and fire towers, and in the setting up and opera- 
 tion of portable sawmills. One hour lecture and twenty- 
 five hours of field work, second term. Mr. Deatrick. 
 
 (10) GEOLOGY. The object of this course is to furnish a 
 
 fundamental knowledge of geologic principles and to 
 prepare the students for work in soil technology\ An 
 elementary review of the geological history of the earth, 
 with special attention to structural and dynamic geology 
 is followed by a detailed study of rock weathering and 
 the classification of physiographic and soil provinces. 
 The laboratory exercises are designed to teach recog- 
 
23 
 
 nition of the common soil-forming rocks and minerals; 
 their composition and mode of origin; and decomposi- 
 tion products. Fielci excursions, and the study of topo- 
 graphic maps emphasize the influence of the forces of 
 weathering on the formation of the various soils. Tarr's 
 Elementary Geology is the text used. Four hours, first 
 term. Mr. Deatrick. 
 
 (11) INTRODUCTORY SOILS. A course including the 
 
 study of (1) the classification of soils; (2) mechanical 
 and chemical analyses; (3) physical, chemical, and phys- 
 ical-chemical properties; (4) moisture and its control; 
 (5) soil biology; (6) the management of soils for in- 
 creased production. The laboratory work is designed 
 to demonstrate fundamental physical relations with 
 special emphasis on the collodial nature of organic soils. 
 Lyon, Pippin, and Buckman's Soils: Their Principles and 
 Properties is the text used. One hour recitation and 
 three hours laboratory, first term. Mr. Deatrick. 
 
 (12) FOREST SOILS. An advanced course in which the 
 
 chemical, physical, and biological phases of the organic 
 matter in the different forest soils are considered from 
 the point of view of economic factors of forest produc- 
 tion. The laboratory work consists of an examination 
 of the microbiological flora of forest soils and experi- 
 ments to demonstrate (1) the r61e of microorganisms 
 in soil fertility, (2) the decomposition of organic matter, 
 and (3) the metabolism of the carbon, nitrogen, and 
 sulphur cycles. The field work is designed to show the 
 effect of the soil factors on the choice of tree species 
 in artificial regeneration and to classify the different 
 forest soils on the basis of the existing vegetation. The 
 outline of the course follows Rauman's Bodenkunde. 
 Three hours, first part of second term. Mr. Deatrick. 
 
24 
 
 (13) SOIL SURVEYING. The course is designed to give a 
 
 working knowledge of the methods employed in the 
 preparation of reconnoisance and detailed soil surveys 
 of forest areas and to acquaint the students with the 
 fundamentals of site qualities as used in forest organiza- 
 tion. Field exercises in plane tabling, the determination 
 of soil types and their mapping on prepared or topo- 
 graphic maps are distinct features of the course. A 
 specified part of a State Poorest is mapped each year. 
 Two entire weeks, latter part of second term. Mr. 
 Deatrick. 
 
 (14) BOTANY I. (THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS 
 
 OF PLANTS). A course specially adapted to the 
 early and fundamental training of a forester. It com- 
 prises a study of the external and internal morphology 
 of the seed-bearing plants with special reference to the 
 fruit, and the root, stem, and leaf systems. This is 
 followed by a discussion of the life processes of plants, 
 such as absorption, conduction, transpiration, and 
 photosynthesis. Part I of Ganong's A Texthook of 
 Botany for Colleges is the text used. Two hours lec- 
 tures and three hours laboratory, first term. Mr. Harris. 
 
 (15) BOTANY II. EVOLUTION OF THE PLANT 
 
 KINGDOM. A careful study of representative ex- 
 amples among the algae, fungi, liverworts, mosses, 
 ferns and their allies, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, 
 with special emphasis on the form of plant parts, and 
 a comparison of them in the different groups. Special 
 attention is also given to the alternation of generations 
 in the plants studied, and in working out their life 
 histories, the progression and retrogression of certain 
 organs and phases in proceeding from the lower to the 
 higlier plants are noted. Part II of Ganong's A Text- 
 
25 
 
 hook of Botany for Colleges is the text used. Two hours 
 lectures and three hours laboratory, second term. Mr. 
 Harris. 
 
 (16) BOTANY III. TAXONOMY. A comparative study is 
 
 made of the families of flowering plants, and special 
 training- is given in the methods of collection and pre- 
 servation of material. Each student is required to 
 identify and make an herbarium of at least 150 species 
 of herbaceous plants. Gray's Ne/w Manual of Botany 
 and Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora of the 
 Northern titates and Canada are the text and reference 
 used. One hour lecture, and ten hours laboratory or 
 field work during April, May, and June. Mr. Harris. 
 
 (17) BOTANY IV. PLANT ECOLOGY. The course deals 
 
 with the relation of plants to their environment. First, 
 tliere is a study of the ecological factors, which in 
 general are grouped under physical, climatic and 
 biotic factors. This is followed by a discussion of 
 succession, the struggle for existence among plants, the 
 laws of migration, the anal^ysis of vegetative forms and 
 structures, plant formations and societies. 
 
 In the laboratory different members of the plant are 
 studied as to their special functions and their relation 
 to environment. The stem, root, leaf, flower, etc., are 
 carefully examined and their ecological relations pointed 
 out. 
 
 The Forest Academy is very favorably located for 
 the field study of Plant Ecology, as a great variety of 
 plant life conditions may be found in the immediate 
 vicinity of the school. Therefore, students are able to 
 work in the adjoining fields and forests, which is a 
 decided advantage over the studying of plant life pro- 
 cesses in the laboratory. Two hours lectures, and three 
 hours field Avork or laboratorv, first term. Mr. Harris. 
 
26 
 
 (18) FOREST PATHOLOGY. A course considering repre- 
 
 sentative tree diseases caused by Cryptogamic parasites 
 and saprophytes, and parasitic flowering plants. Pre- 
 ventive and remedial measures for checking their dam- 
 age are discussed. Class and laboratory work are sup- 
 plemented by field exercises. Three hours, second term. 
 Mr. Harris. 
 
 (19) ZOOLOGY. In this course a general survey is made of 
 
 the animal kingdom from the Protozoa to the Verte- 
 brata. The classification and distribution of animals 
 both in regard to time and space, the structure and 
 development of cells, tissues, and organs, regeneration, 
 effects of environmental factors as determining form, 
 organic evolution, and heredity are studied. The lec- 
 tures are well illustrated by over 100 invertebrates care- 
 fully identified and preserved, by several hundred slides 
 showing the various kinds of cells, tissues and organs 
 as well as their development. In the laboratory each 
 student dissects an animal typical of each phylum and 
 makes drawings of parts observed. Two hours lectures 
 and three hours laboratory or field work, second term. 
 Mr. Harris. 
 
 (20) FOREST ENTOMOLOGY. A general discussion of 
 
 the morphology, physiology, development, and classifi- 
 cation of insects ; the life history of both beneficial and 
 injurious species, with special reference to those forms 
 which are of economic importance in the forest. Two 
 hours, second term. Mr. Harris. 
 
 (21) BEGINNER'S FORESTRY. A course aiming to lay a 
 
 broad foundation for the later and more specific courses 
 in forestry. Special emphasis is laid upon field work 
 in the State Forest of 23,000 acres adjoining the school, 
 which is generally regarded as the best developed and 
 
OPERATING A TRANSIT DURING AN EXERCISE IN EOREST 
 
 SURVEYING. 
 
 IN THE BOTANICAL LABORATORY. 
 
ESTLMATING TIMBER 
 
 MEASURING THE HEIGHT OF TREES WITH DIFFERENT HEIGHT 
 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS. 
 
27 
 
 most instructive in Pennsylvania. Upon it are many 
 plantations, improvement cuttings, sample plots, fire 
 towers, telephone and compartment lines, established 
 within recent years. Each student is required to pre- 
 pare a written report of every field trip, which report 
 is corrected and returned. Moon and Brown's Elements 
 of Forestry is used as a text. Four hours, first term. 
 Mr. Retan. 
 
 (22) FOREST GEOGRAPHY. The course aims to give a 
 
 survey of the Forest Regions of the world. It com- 
 prises lectures on the ecological and economical feat- 
 ures of tropical and sub-tropical forests; a brief des- 
 cription of temperate forest regions; a detailed study 
 of the forest regions and types of the United States. 
 Two hours, summer term. Mr. Retan. 
 
 (23) TREE IDENTIFICATION. A field course embracing 
 
 the study of the woody vegetation in the vicinity of 
 Mont Alto, where more than 150 species of native trees 
 and shrubs are found. The woody flora about Mont 
 Alto embraces northern species which follow the moun- 
 tains towards the south and southern species which 
 extend northward through the Cumberland valley. 
 More than 100 different species of native woody plants 
 are found within 15 minutes walk of the school. Many 
 introduced species are accessible for study in the planta- 
 tions of the Mont Alto State Forest, and in the school 
 nursery and arboretum. 
 
 This course consists almost entirely of field work. An 
 afternoon of each w^eek is spent in nearby forests and 
 fields, and at irregular intervals a day or a week-end 
 trip is taken to nearby points of special dendrological 
 interest, such as the Gettysburg battlefield and the banks 
 of the Potomac river. Field tests cover about 700 speci- 
 
28 
 
 mens annually, representing almost 200 different species. 
 A collection of winter twigs mounted on cards, and 
 keys based on winter and summer characteristics are 
 required. Illick's Checklist of Woody Plants fiear Mont 
 Alto and Illick's Pennsylvania Trees are used as texts. 
 Seven hours during" latter part of summer term, and 4 
 hours first term. Mr. Illick. 
 
 (24) DENDROLOGY. A general systematic and biological 
 
 study of the forest trees of the United States and the 
 commoner introduced species, with special reference to 
 important timber trees. Particular attention is given 
 to their distinguishing characteristics, occurrence, and 
 geographical distribution. Three hours, second term. 
 Mr. Illick. 
 
 (25) WOOD MORPHOLOGY. A study of the microscopic 
 
 structural features of wood. Representative type speci- 
 mens of the conifers and broad-leaved trees are studied 
 in detail with compound microscopes in order to deter- 
 mine the occurrence, form, and structure of the wood 
 elements. All structural features, which are of value in 
 distinguishing the different woods, are studied under 
 the simple and compound microscopes from cross, 
 radial, and tangential sections of the different woods. 
 Record's Identification of the Economic Woods of the 
 Vnited States and Jeff'rey's The Anatomy of Woody 
 Plants are used as texts and references. Three hours, 
 first term. Mr. Harris. 
 
 (26) WOOD IDENTIFICATION. A practical workroom 
 
 course in the visual identification of the impo"rtant com- 
 mercial woods of the United States. It considers prim- 
 arily the macroscopic features of woods and supple- 
 ments the course of Wood Morplioloyy which covers the 
 microscopic characteristics. A workroom 16x60 feet 
 
29 
 
 supplied with work-ljcnches and tools and containing a 
 collection of all the important American and many for- 
 eign woods affords the student an excellent means of 
 acquainting himself with the common woods of the 
 market. Weekly tests are held in the work room, and 
 occasionally wood specimens are included in the field 
 tests of the companion course of Tree Identification. 
 Three hours, first term. Mr.' Illick. 
 
 (27) WOOD UTILIZATION. This course considers the 
 
 uses of wood, their physical properties, and the most 
 important wood-using industries. It aims to point out 
 the interrelation between the distinctive properties and 
 price of each wood, to show the adaptability of certain 
 woods to specific uses, and indicate how the wood of 
 inferior species may be used advantageously. Wood- 
 . using Industries of Pennsylvania and other states, and 
 Record's Mechanical Properties of Wood are used as 
 references and texts. Two hours, first term. Mr. Evans. 
 
 (28) FOREST UTILIZATION. This course aims primarily 
 
 to lay a foundation in the principles of lumbering by 
 acquainting the students with past, present, and future 
 methods of logging in the United States and in foreign 
 countries. Special emphasis is given to methods of 
 lumbering now applicable to the forests of the State of 
 Pennsylvania. Nearby lumbering operations are studied 
 and reported. The course also considers the harvesting 
 of such accessory forest products as clay, sand, blue- 
 stone, ganister rock; and such minor forest products 
 as leaf litter, leaf fodder, and tree fruits for human, 
 animal, industrial, and nursery uses. Four hours, sec- 
 ond term. Mr. Evans. 
 
 (29) LUMBERING. A practical course in logging and lum- 
 
 ber manufacture. Each student works at all positions 
 
30 
 
 from the marking and felling of trees through the saw- 
 mill operations to the stacking of the finished material 
 in the 3'ard. A school sawmill, shingle mill, stave mill, 
 and lath mill afford an excellent and continuous oppor- 
 tunity for practical experience. A comparative study 
 of log rules, the scaling of logs, the determination of the 
 contents of logs, and the ascertaining of mill factors are 
 special features of this course. Two to three entire 
 weeks, second term. Messrs. Staley and Evans. 
 
 (30) FOREST MENSURATION. A course of lectures, reci- 
 
 tations, field work, and office work in commercial and 
 scientitic methods of measuring the contents of stands, 
 standing and felled trees, and parts of single trees. The 
 principles of timber estimating, log scaling, and lumber 
 inspection are considered. Growth studies and tree 
 analyses are special features of the course. Volume, 
 form-factor, and yield tables are constructed. 
 
 Special exercises have been prepared for the field 
 work covering chaining, calipering, height growth, vol- 
 ume growth, estimating height, diameter and volume, 
 and determining the volume of stands. A school saw- 
 mill, shingle-mill, stave mill, and lath mill are available 
 and permit the working out of many practical problems, 
 particularly mill and waste factors. A practical xylo- 
 meter is used in the accurate determination of volume. 
 Graves' Forest Mensuration is used as a reference text; 
 outlines or field problems are supplied. Two hours, 
 second term, and practically the full time of the summer 
 term. Mr. Illick. 
 
 (31) FOREST ORGANIZATION. A course aiming to direct 
 
 the activities of a forest in such a manner that the pro- 
 ducts derived therefrom will be used in a profitable 
 way and removed in accordance with a prescribed fell- 
 
31 
 
 ing budget contemplating a continuous yield manage- 
 ment. Consideration is given to the fundamental prin- 
 ciples underlying the subject, 'the increment of stands, 
 yield tables, forest capital, maturity and rotation, nor- 
 mal forest, and the determination of the felling budget. 
 Upon the completion of the theoretical part of the 
 subject the applied part is taken up, which consists 
 almost entirely of field work and the compilation of 
 field data. Each class is required to make geometric, 
 quantitative, and qualitative surveys of a specified for- 
 est area which form the basis of a working plan. A 
 portion of a State Forest is annually divided into com- 
 partments and the stands thereon are dififerentiated on 
 the basis of age, species, density, site-quality, and sylvi- 
 cultural system. The preparation of stand and age- 
 class maps are also features of the course. Roth's For- 
 est Regulation and Recknagel's Theory and Practice of 
 Working Plans are used as texts and references. Three 
 hours first term, and four hours first part of second 
 term. Mr. Illick. 
 
 (32) FOREST WORKING PLANS. This course, immedi- 
 
 ately follows Forest Organization, and is designed es- 
 pecially to give practical training in the preparation 
 of concise reports containing prescribed instruction for 
 the conduct of operations on a forest property. Each 
 student is required to prepare a report for a specified 
 forest area. Three lecture and recitation hours latter 
 half of second term and sixty hours of field work. Mr. 
 Illick. 
 
 (33) FOREST FINANCE. The course includes Forest Val- 
 
 uation and Forest Statics. The work in Forest Valua- 
 tion is prefaced by a careful review of fundamental in- 
 terest formulae. The valuation of the producing factors. 
 
32 
 
 Cost Value, and Expectation Value, are considered. 
 Especial emphasis is laid on the determination of dam- 
 ages and the factors influencing the future value of 
 forest products. In Forest Statics the differentiation of 
 absolute forest land from agricultural and grazing land 
 is stressed. Special lectures are given on the Soil Rent 
 and Forest Rent theories. A considerable portion of the 
 courses is devoted to- typical American forestry and 
 lumbering problems. Roth's Forest Valuation is the 
 text used. Three hours, first term. Mr. Retan. 
 
 (34) FOREST ADMINISTRATION. This course is de- 
 
 signed to cover the principles and methods employed in 
 the administration of forest properties. The organiza- 
 tion of the personnel and the methods of conducting the 
 forest business in different countries and states is dis- 
 cussed. Special emphasis is given to the administrative 
 problems pertaining to the State forests of Pennsyl- 
 vania. A study of the special forms used by the Penn- 
 sylvania Department of Forestry in the conduct of its 
 business comprises a significant part of the course. One 
 hour, second term. Mr. Illick. 
 
 (35) BUSINESS LAW. An elementary course in the prin- 
 
 ciples of law as met with in the business of forestry. 
 Huff cut's The Elements of Business Law is the text 
 used. Kinney's Essentials of American TimJ)er Law is 
 used for cases and readings. Three hours, second term. 
 Mr. Retan. 
 
 (36) FOREST ECONOMICS AND POLICY. A course of 
 
 lectures treating the forest problem from a economic 
 point of view, and the principles of a rational forest 
 policy. It aims to show the needs and results of for- 
 estry, and discusses the functions of the National Gov- 
 ernment, the State, Counties, Municipalities, and Com- 
 
STUDENTS AlAlviXC. A STLMJV UF THt CliKMM I SHINGLE 
 
 BUSINESS. 
 
 A TEST IN WOOD IDENTIFICATION. 
 
33 
 
 munities relative to forestry. Fernow's Economics of 
 Forestry is used as a reference. Three hours, second 
 term. Mr. Retan. 
 
 (37) FOREST HISTORY. A course giving the development 
 
 of the forestry idea in foreign countries and in the 
 United States, particularly Pennsylvania. It considers 
 the forest conditions and laws in colonial times, the 
 early botanists, the primaeval forest of the State, the 
 beginning and development of lumbering, the "Fathers 
 of Pennsylvania Forestry," the history of the State For- 
 est Academy, and the achievements of its alumni. 
 Fernow's History of Forestry is the text used, supple- 
 mented by lectures and readings in Kinney's Develop- 
 ment of American Forest Law. Two hours, second term. 
 Mr. Retan. 
 
 (38) FOREST PROTECTION. A detailed discussion of the 
 
 grazing and the fire problems, particularly adapted to 
 the conditions prevailing in the Pennsylvania forests. 
 A complete fire protective system is planned and worked 
 out for a specified forest area. Effective methods of 
 preventing and controlling forest fires and the use of 
 practical firefighting tools are emphasized. Forest fire 
 laws and protective measures of other states and coun- 
 tries are considered. Public education is discussed. 
 
 The field work consists in part of trips to various 
 parts of the Mont Alto and neighboring State Forests 
 for the study of the existing protective systems and the 
 efifect of grazing, frost, heat, erosion, and other destruc- 
 tive agents. The entire student body participates act- 
 ively in the extinguishing of all fires which occur upon 
 the Mont Alto State Forest and adjoining forest proper- 
 ties. This affords the best possible training in the most 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 important phase of present-day forestry. A two-ton 
 Bessemer truck, fully equipped with fire-fighting tools, 
 is continuously kept in readiness to transport the stud- 
 ents to the fires. A special forest fire wagon and a num- 
 ber of saddle horses are also available for use. Three 
 hours, first term, Mr. Retan. 
 
 (39.) SILVICULTURE I. FOREST ECOLOGY. A course 
 discussing the effect of the atmosphere, heat^ light, wind, ' 
 and soils, on tree growth and distribution ; effect of the 
 forest on the soil and climate ; forest types, their des- 
 cription and distribution ; the internal struggle of the 
 stand; stand description. Schlich's Silviculture and 
 Mayr's Waldbau are the references used. Three hours 
 lectures and three hours field work, second term. Mr. 
 Retan. 
 
 (40) SILVICULTURE II. SEEDING AND PLANTING. 
 
 Seed production and collection. Nursery work and ad- 
 ministration. Direct seeding and planting. In addi- 
 tion to the regular^ field work of this course, directed 
 towards the study of reforestation problems, the class 
 performs all the different operations in the Mont Alto 
 nursery, which has a capacity of 2,000,000 seedlings per 
 year and affords an opportunity of familiarizing the 
 students with all nursery problems. The students also 
 take an active part in planting on the different State 
 Forests during each of the three school years. Tou- 
 rney's Seeding and Planting is the text used. Two 
 hours lectures and three hours field work, summer 
 term. Mr. Retan. 
 
 (41) SILVICULTURE III. REGENERATION SYSTEMS. 
 
 A critical study of pure and mixed woods ; high and low 
 forests ; natural seeding systems ; coppice wood man- 
 agement ; the woodlot; cleanings, thinnings, and im- 
 
35 
 
 provement work. Each year the students make a num- 
 ber of experimental cleanings and thinnings. A large 
 number made in previous years is now yielding un- 
 excelled material for instructional work. Graves' 
 Principles of Handling Woodlands. Schlich's Silvicul- 
 ture, and Mayr's TValdhau are used as references. Two 
 hours lectures and two hours field work, first term. Mr. 
 Retan. 
 
 (42) NURSERY PRACTICUM. Each year considerable 
 
 time is spent by the students in the nearby forest tree 
 nursery with a bed area of over three acres. Consider- 
 able practice is obtained in each operation from spading 
 the beds to shipping the trees. Costs are calculated for 
 all work done, and nursery forms and accounting meth- 
 ods explained. Problems in nursery management and 
 supervision are discussed in detail. The students also 
 participate in experimental work which is constantly in 
 progress, and members of the Senior class are given ex- 
 perience in directing work. Specially designated days, 
 summer term. Mr. Retan. 
 
 (43) TRIGONOMETRY. The course covers trigonometric 
 
 analysis, right and oblique triangles, and the use of 
 logarithms and trigonometric tables in the solution of 
 problems. Phillips and Strong's Elements of Trig- 
 onometry is the text used. Three hours, second term. 
 Mr. Evans. 
 
 (44) SURVEYING — PLANE AND TOPOGR.\PHIC; 
 
 MAPPING. A course including compass and transit 
 surveying; levelling with spirit level and barometer; 
 plane-table and traverse-table work; stadia measure- 
 ments ; triangulation ; practice in land surveying, par- 
 ticularly in tracing and re-running old lines ; laws and 
 customs applying to land surveying; care, testing, and 
 
36 
 
 adjusting- of instruments. Tracy's Plane Surveying is 
 the text used. The equipment consists of Young en- 
 gineer's transit ; Gurley Engineer's transit with grad- 
 ienter; two Randolph Mountain transits; plane-table, 
 telescopic alidade with stadia ; two traverse boards ; two 
 Wye levels, one 16 inch and one 18 inch ; open sight 
 compasses ; barograph and aneroid barometers ; stand- 
 ardized steel tape with spring balance attachment; 
 tapes, chains, level rods, and all necessary drafting 
 equipment, including polar planimeter, pantographs, and 
 blue-printing outiits. Two hours recitation, five hours 
 field work, and drafting, first and second terms, followed 
 by 10 weeks of topographic surveying and mapping. 
 Mr. Evans. 
 
 (45) ROADS. A course of lectures and references covering 
 the histor}^ and development of road building; traction 
 principles and grades ; drainage ; purpose and location 
 of forest roads with particular reference to Pennsyl- 
 vania conditions; construction and cost of surfaced and 
 dirt roads. The field work consists of location surveys 
 of mountain road ; grading and draining ; examination 
 of modern surfaced and dirt roads in mountain districts. 
 Two hours, second term. Mr. Evans. 
 
A LESSON IN SAW-FILING. 
 
 STUDYING THE OUTPUT OF A PORTABLE SAWMILL. 
 
0/ 
 GRADUATES. 
 
 Name Class Address. 
 
 Avery, John E., 1906 Notch, Pike Co., Pa. 
 
 Baer, Charles E., 1915 Elimsport, Lycoming Co., Pa. 
 
 ^Barnes, Leonard G., 1914 Pleasant Gap, Centre Co., Pa. 
 
 Bartschat, Walter J., .- 1914 Troxelville, Snyder Co., Pa. 
 
 Bastian, Tohn A., 1909 Mount Union, Huntingdon Co., Pa. 
 
 Bearer, Valentine M., .- 1913 Ligonier, Westmoreland Co., Pa. 
 
 Bietsch, Tom O., 1908 McAlveysfort, Huntingdon Co., Pa. 
 
 *Blouse, Joseph R., 1916 Wrightsville, York Co., Pa. 
 
 Bodinc, Alfred W., 1910 Mt. Union, Huntingdon Co., Pa. 
 
 *Breneman, Howard E., .. 1917 Hollidaysburg, Blair Co., Pa. 
 
 Brock, Ralph E., 1906 3857 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 Bryner, Harold E., 1908 New Germantown, Perry Co., Pa. 
 
 *Buch, J. Edward, 1917 Lititz, Lancaster Co., Pa. 
 
 Byers, William L., 1906 Rainsburg, Bedford Co., Pa. 
 
 Conklin, Robert G., 1906 Fayettcville, R. D. No. 2, Franklin Co., 
 
 Pa. 
 ♦Conklin, W. Gardiner, .... 1908 Department of Forestry, Harrisburg, 
 
 Pa. 
 *Critchley, Horace F., -.. 1913 North Bend, Clinton Co., Pa. 
 
 Dague, William F., -- 1908 Clearfield, Clearfield Co., Pa. 
 
 Detz, Lewis M., 1916 Coburn, Centre Co., Pa. 
 
 Dutlinger, Forrest H., -. 1908 125 9th St., Renovo, Clinton Co., Pa. 
 
 Elder, John R., 1913 Deceased. 
 
 Elliott, Harry E., 1909 Sizerville, Cameron Co., Pa. 
 
 Emerick, R. Lynn, 1909 Coudersport, Potter Co., Pa. 
 
 Evans, Horace C, 1908 Lafayette Hill, Montgomery Co., Pa. 
 
 Evans, W. Boyd, 1912 Mont Alto, Franklin Co., Pa. 
 
 Eawley, J. Russell, 1914 Wissahickon, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Fox, P. Hartman, 1911 Austin, Potter Co., Pa. 
 
 Funk, Nathaniel B., 1912 Waynesboro, Franklin Co., Pa. 
 
 •Golden, Thomas H., 1913 Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 Harbeson, Thomas C, .- 1914 Lloyd, Tioga Co., Pa. 
 ♦Harlacher. Josef B., 1917 East Berlin, Adams Co., Pa. 
 
 Heintzleman, B. Frank... 1007 U. S. Forest Service, Eugene, f.ane 
 
 Co., Oregon. 
 
 *In Military Service, U. S. Aa-uiy. 
 
38 
 GRADUATES— Cuiitiniitd. 
 
 Name Class Address. 
 
 Hogeland, Charles C, .... 1916 Department of Forestry, Harrisburg,. 
 
 Pa. 
 *Hogeiitogler, Joseph R. 1912 Loganton, Clinton Co., Pa. 
 *Horning, W. Harold, .... 1914 Karthaus, Clearfield Co., Pa. 
 
 *Houpt, W. Elmer, 1909 -\itch, Huntingdon Co., Pa. 
 
 *Houtz, Jesse M., 1913 Orwigsburg, Schuylkill Co., Pa. 
 
 *Irvin, James A., 1912 Altoona, Pa. 
 
 Jerald, Frank D., 1910 Deceased. 
 
 Keller, John W., 1910 Boalsburg, Centre Co., Pa. 
 
 Kirk, Carl L., 1909 Penfield, Clearfield Co., Pa. 
 
 Kraft, William H., 1906 Deceased. 
 
 *Leach, Walter, 1914 Department of Forestry, Harrisburg-, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Ludwig, Walter D., 1910 Johnstown, Cambria Co., Pa. 
 
 MacAvoy, Jolm L., 1911 Care of Lehigh-Portland Cement Co., 
 
 Albany, N. Y. 
 
 McCool, B. B., 1913 203 F. 47th St., Portland, Oregon. 
 
 McNaughton, Nelson R., 1911 Department of Forestry, Harrisburg,. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 *McNeal, James E., _ l')07 Reading, Pa. 
 
 *McNulty, Leighton E...... 1917 Chambersburg, Franklin Co., Pa. 
 
 *McPherson, Benj. D., .... 1916 Department of Forestry, Harrisburg,. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 *Meek, Charles R., 1912 Coburn, Centre Co., Pa. 
 
 Metzger, Homer S., 1909 Loganton, Clinton Co., Pa. 
 
 *Middour, J. Calvin, 1916 Fayetteville, R. D. No. 2, Franklin Co;,. 
 
 Pa. ' 
 
 *Miller, Edwin B., 1917 Chambersburg, Franklin Co., Pa. 
 
 Miner, Clement C, 1910 Venango, Crawford County, F'a, 
 
 *Montg"omery, W. Erd- 
 
 mann, 1913 Mont Alto, Franklin Co., Pa. 
 
 Morgan, Howard H., 1915 Slate Run, Lycoming Co., Pa. 
 
 '•'Morton, J. Newton, 1916 Department of Forestry, Harrisburg^, 
 
 Pa. 
 Morton, T. Roy, 1908 Petersburg, Huntingdon Co., Pa.. 
 
 *In Military Service, U. S. Army. 
 
39 
 GRADUATES— Continued. 
 
 Name Class Address. 
 
 *Moyei% :Marvin H., 1916 Telford, Montgomery Co., Pa. 
 
 Mueller, Harry T., 1909 Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 Mulford, Paul H., 1907 Asaph, Tioga Co., Pa. 
 
 Muller, Alax E., 19L^ Hammerslcyfork, Clinton Co., Pa. 
 
 Mumma, Walter M., 1911 Steclton, Dauphin Co., Pa. 
 
 =*Musser, Ralph W., 1917 Altoona, Pa. 
 
 Mustin, Maurice, 1912 915 S. 50th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Neefe, Robert R., 1913 VVaterville, Lycoming Co., Pa. 
 
 Perry, George S., 1913 Aitch, Huntingdon Co., Pa. 
 
 *Port, Harold F., 1916 Asaph, Tioga Co., Pa. 
 
 *Po\vers, Tames E., 1915 Pine Grove Furnace, Cumberland Co., 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Retan, George A., 1909 Mont Alto, Franklin Co., Pa. 
 
 ^Robinson, Milton O., 1912 Orland, Glenn Co., California. 
 
 *Root, Lloyd D., 1917 Beccaria, Clearfield Co., Pa. 
 
 *Ro\vland, Horace B., Jr., 1915 Department of Forestry, Harrisburg, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Rupp, Alfred E., 1909 Fort Loudon, Franklin Co., Pa. 
 
 Ryon, Tames B., 1912 East Orange, New Jersey. 
 
 *Seltzer, John W., 1909 Franklin Furnace, N. J. 
 
 *Sheeler, George W., 1912 Snow Shoe, Center Co., Pa. 
 
 *Shenefelt, Ira L., 1916 Department of Forestry, Harrisburg, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 *Siggins, Howard W., 1914 Department of Forestry, Harrisburg, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 *Smith, Edgar H., 1911 Department of Forestry, Harrisburg, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 *Smith, Edward S., 1916 Pine Grove Furnace, Cumberland Co , 
 
 Pa. 
 
 *Smith, Homer A., 1916 East Waterford, Juniata Co., Pa. 
 
 *Stadden, Robert W., 1914 Greentown, Pike Co., Pa. 
 
 Staley, Lewis E., 1906 Mont Alto, Franklin Co., Pa. 
 
 Strobeck, John L., 1909 Analomink R. D., Monroe Co., Pa. 
 
 Thomson, Harry A., 1909 Box 539, Weslcyville, Erie Co., Pa. 
 
 *In Militaiy Service, V. S. Army. 
 
40 
 
 GRADUATES— Conrinued:. 
 
 Name Class Address 
 
 Vail, H. Lawrence, 1910 
 
 *Van Horn, Harry C, .... 1914 Conrad, Potter Co., Pa. 
 
 Warfield, D. Kerr, 1910 Muddy Creek Forks, York Co., Pa:. 
 
 *WelIs, Arthur B., 1911 Field Station, Lycoming Co., Pa. 
 
 Williams, Jolm R., 1909 Pine Grove Furnace, Cumberland Co.,. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Windle, S. Warren, 1917 Parkesburg R. D. No. 2, Chester Co... 
 
 Pa. 
 Winter, Raymond B., .... 1910 Miffiinburg, Union Co., Pa. 
 
 Witherow, John L., 1907 Metal, Franklin Co., Pa. 
 
 Woof, Charles E., 1914 Deceased. 
 
 *Zerby, Charles E., 1913 Medi.x Run, Elk Co., Pa. 
 
 *In Military Service, U. S. Army. 
 

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