LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
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 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
INTEMPERANCE 
 
 CRIME 
 
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 By NOAH DAVIS, 
 
 CHIEF JUSTICE 07 THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW YORK. 
 
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 NEW YORK: 
 
 Hational Temperance Society and Publication House, 
 
 58 READE STREET. 
 1879. 
 
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 Copyright, 1879, by 
 J. N. STEARNS, Publishing Agent. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The following paper was kindly prepared by Chief 
 Justice Noah Davis, by special invitation, for a 
 Parlor Conference, one of a series now being held 
 under the auspices of the National Temperance 
 Society. 
 
 It was read by the author on the evening of De- 
 cember 17, 1878, in the parlors of Hon. Wm. E. 
 Dodge, President of the Society, and listened to 
 with profound attention by a large number of 
 guests, including many distinguished representa- 
 tives of the professional and mercantile life of the 
 metropolis. 
 
INTEMPERANCE AND CRIME. 
 
 I am invited to speak to-night of the relations 
 of intemperance to crime. The theme is a hack- 
 neyed one, as old as alcohol, and one can not 
 consider it without a sort of anger at the selfish- 
 ness of the men of past generations, who have 
 said all our good things before we were born. 
 Little is left to us but to array their testimonies 
 and confirm them by our own experiences. 
 
 No one doubts the existence of sin. Through- 
 out Christendom a million spires rise to heaven 
 in proof and condemnation of it. Yet the ugly 
 fact remains, and will, until the devil is finally 
 chained to make room for the millennium. But 
 this is no argument against the reiteration of 
 godly preaching and Gospel truth. Said Chief 
 Justice Marshall, to a lawyer who began his 
 argument in the Garden of Eden: "It 'is safe 
 to assume that the court knows something." 
 On that authority I shall assume that this 
 audience knows, by hear say, of the existence 
 of crime and intemperance, and proceed to 
 speak of their correlations. It is not quite sus- 
 
6 Intemperance and Crime. 
 
 ceptible of proof that the relation of intemper- 
 ance to crime is that of causa causans. There 
 are other causes, such as hate, avarice, jealousy, 
 lust, and revenge ; but these are narrower in 
 their circles of evil ; more easily repressed by 
 individuals and society ; more subject to moral 
 influences and restraints, and are not sanctioned 
 by law nor dealt out under statutory licenses. 
 
 But among all causes of crime, intemperance 
 stands out the "unapproachable chief." This 
 fact may be established both affirmatively and 
 negatively. It is proved by the existence of in- 
 temperance, and equally as well by its non-ex- 
 istence ; just as the tides of the ocean may be 
 proved by the flood and by the ebb. First, let 
 us briefly consider the proof by existence. The 
 proposition is, that whenever and wherever 
 intemperance is most prevalent, crime is most 
 abundant. Crime is the mercury of a political 
 and moral thermometer which intemperance- 
 and its opposite affect as heat and cold. This 
 recognized fact has created an elementary prin- 
 ciple in the criminal common law — that drunk- 
 enness is no excuse for crime. 
 
 No principle is better, or was earlier, settled, 
 and it was rested upon the manifest fact that, if 
 
Intemperance and Crime. J 
 
 allowed as an excuse, all crime would prepare 
 and fortify itself by intoxication. Hence courts, 
 even in capital cases, were compelled to treat 
 drunkenness as an aggravation of crime, and to 
 hold that a drunken intent was equally as felo- 
 nious as a sober one. In common acceptance, 
 the drunken man is temporarily insane. It is 
 fortunate that in a country where making drunk 
 was a business licensed by law as a source of 
 governmental revenue the wisdom of judges 
 discarded popular notions, and the natural infer- 
 ence from that kind of legislation, and gave us 
 principles and rules by inheritance which I fear 
 we would not have had the virtue to originate. 
 Intoxicating drinks enable men to commit crimes 
 by firing the passions and quenching the con- 
 science. Burke, the Irish murderer, whose 
 horrible mode of committing his crimes has 
 taken his own name, in his confession states 
 that only once did he feel any restraint of con- 
 science. That was when he was about to kill 
 an infant child. The babe looked up and smiled 
 in his face, " but," said he, "I drank a large 
 glass of brandy, and then I had no remorse." 
 His case is one of thousands. Many times in 
 my own experience have young men looked up 
 
8 Intemperance and Crime. 
 
 to me, when asked what they had to say why 
 the sentence of the law should not be pro- 
 nounced, and falteringly said : "I was drunk; 
 I would not and could not have done it had I 
 not been drunk." 
 
 That habits of intemperance are the chief 
 cause of crime is the testimony of all judges of 
 large experience. More than two hundred 
 years ago Sir Matthew Hale, then Chief Jus- 
 tice of England, to whom as a writer and judge 
 we are greatly indebted for our own criminal 
 law, speaking on this subject, said: "'The 
 places of judicature I have long held in this 
 kingdom, have given me an opportunity to ob- 
 serve the original cause of most of the enormi- 
 ties that have been committed for the space of 
 nearly twenty years, and by due observation I 
 have found that if the murders and manslaugh- 
 ters, the burglaries and robberies, the riots and 
 tumults, the adulteries, fornications, rapes, and 
 other enormities that have happened in that 
 time were divided into five parts, four of them 
 have been the issue and product of excessive 
 drinking — of tavern and ale-house drinking." 
 Leaping over two hundred years of English 
 history and jurisprudence, I call one other emi- 
 
Intemperance and Crime. . 9 
 
 nent judge of great experience to testify. Lord 
 Chief-Baron Kelly, perhaps the oldest judge now 
 on the English bench, says in a letter to the Arch- 
 deacon of Canterbury: " Two-thirds of the crimes 
 which come before the courts of law of this 
 country are occasioned chiefly by intemperance." 
 Not less explicit is the testimony of those 
 whose official duties have brought them in con- 
 tact with convicted criminals. Speaking of in- 
 temperance, the Chaplain of the Preston House 
 of Correction said: " Nine-tenths of the En- 
 glish crime requiring to be dealt with by law 
 arises from the English sin, which the law 
 scarcely discourages." And the late inspector 
 of English prisons says : " I am within the truth 
 when I state that in four cases out of five, when 
 an offense has been committed, intoxicating 
 drink has been one of the causes." The rea- 
 son for this is not found in English skies. A 
 committee of the House of Commons of the 
 Dominion of Canada, reporting in 1875, state 
 that "out of 28,289 commitments to the jails 
 of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, dur- 
 ing the three previous years, 21,236 were com- 
 mitted either for drunkenness or for crimes per- 
 petrated under the influence of drink." 
 
io Intemperance and Crime, 
 
 This is not a mere provincial imitation of the 
 fashions of the mother country ; for, alas ! in 
 our own land, under our beloved republican in- 
 stitutions, the same startling facts exist. Mas- 
 sachusetts, great keeper of Plymouth Rock and 
 of the virtues that landed there, tells the same 
 tale. The report of her State Board of Chari- 
 ties for 1869 says: " The proportion of crime 
 traceable to this great vice must be set down, 
 as heretofore, at not less than four-fifths," and 
 her inspectors of State prisons in 1868 gave 
 the same proportion. Coming closer home, we 
 have the testimony of our Board of Police Jus- 
 tices in their report of 1874: "We are fully 
 satisfied," say they, " that intoxication is the one 
 great leading cause that renders the existence 
 of our police courts necessary." 
 
 Of seventeen cases of murder, examined sep- 
 arately by Dr. Harris, corresponding secretary 
 of the Prison Association, fourteen were insti- 
 gated by intoxicating drinks. The line of wit- 
 nesses might stretch out to the crack of doom. 
 The case would only be a little stronger. It is 
 established beyond argument by official statis- 
 tics, by the experience of courts, and by the 
 observation of enlightened philanthropists, that 
 
Intemperance and Crime. . 1 1 
 
 the prevalence of intemperance in every coun- 
 try is the standard by which its crimes may be 
 measured. Whatever man or woman can do 
 that checks intemperance, diminishes crime, 
 lessens vice and misery, and promotes virtue 
 and happiness. Whatever man or woman does 
 do that spreads intemperance, increases crime, 
 promotes vice and misery, and lessens virtue 
 and happiness. The State has no soul to damn. 
 The corporation of New York will never stand 
 at the great judgment bar. The official who 
 goes in to-day and out to-morrow will carry his 
 own load of vice or meed of virtue ; but neither 
 State nor municipality will ever rise to the sim- 
 plest of all duties — the prevention of crime and 
 misery at the fountain-head — until the people 
 are brought by individual effort to realize the 
 necessity of that heroism. 
 
 The relation of intemperance to crime is also 
 strikingly shown by the diminution of the latter 
 wherever the former is wholly or partially sup- 
 pressed. 
 
 Whether the suppression be the result of pro- 
 hibitory laws, or of the efforts of the advocates 
 of temperance, makes no difference with the 
 general truth of the proposition. Taken in all 
 
12 Intemperance and Crime. 
 
 its aspects, perhaps the most wonderful tem- 
 perance reformation of any age was that led by 
 Father Mathew in Ireland. I can not speak 
 his name without emotions of deepest venera- 
 tion. Worthier he than all others to be called 
 the patron saint of Ireland. Before the close 
 of October, 1838, Father Mathew had enrolled 
 more than 250,000 names on his pledges of 
 total abstinence. Well, names are nothing. 
 Things are much. Lord Morpeth, when Sec- 
 retary for Ireland, in an address on the condi- 
 tion of Ireland, gave these statistics. Of cases 
 of murder, attempts at murder, offenses against 
 the person, aggravated assaults, and cutting 
 and maiming — there were, he says, in 1837, 
 12,096; 1838, 11,058; 1839, 1,097; l8 40, 173- 
 
 Between 1838 and 1840 the consumption of 
 spirits in Ireland had fallen off 5,000,000 gal- 
 lons ; the public-houses where liquors were re- 
 tailed had lessened by 237 in the city of Dub- 
 lin alone ; the persons imprisoned in the Bride- 
 well (the principal city prison), had fallen in a 
 single year from 136 to 23, and more than 100 
 cells in the Bridewell being empty, the Smith- 
 field prison was actually closed. 
 
 To what can be attributed this amazing array 
 
Intemperance and Crime, 13 
 
 of facts and figures ? Not to war, nor to pesti- 
 lence, nor to famine, for these are, unhappily, 
 the begetters of crime. Not to a sterner execu- 
 tion of the laws, nor to greater severity of pun- 
 ishments, for these always relax as crime dimin- 
 ishes. Not to changes in the excise laws of 
 the country, for they, for the most part, remain- 
 ed intact. No, it must stand as an historic 
 truth that one bold, humane man, planting him- 
 self on the rock of temperance, and supple- 
 menting his priestly power with Christian char- 
 ity and love, by his burning zeal and eloquence 
 awoke all the emotional nature of his volatile 
 race, and built up a barrier of voluntary pledges 
 between them and the great curse of their coun- 
 try. 
 
 Something analogous is even now in prog~- 
 ress in our city. Analogous in that its leader 
 and advocate is an Irishman full of the enthusi- 
 astic eloquence of the Irish nature ; in that its 
 motive power is humanity and love ; in that its 
 chief object is the rescue of the fallen victims of 
 drink ; in that it seeks to reach the intellect 
 through the avenues of the heart, by appeals to 
 man's better nature ; and God grant that it 
 
14 Intemperance and Crime. 
 
 may be analogous also in the might of its ex- 
 tent and influence ! 
 
 I have selected the one strong example of 
 the repression of crime by the successful efforts 
 of the friends of temperance not because it 
 stands alone, but because time will not permit 
 the detail of more. I feel bound to add, how- 
 ever, that in my judgment the efforts of tem- 
 perance organizations in our country, whatever 
 we may think of the wisdom or discretion of 
 some of their modes of action, have done more 
 to prevent crime by spreading and maintaining 
 temperance, especially among our rural popula- 
 tions, than all our numerous and complicated 
 systems of police. 
 
 The relation of intemperance to crime is also 
 plainly manifest where drunkenness is repressed 
 by partial or complete prohibition. The cases 
 of towns and villages where, by the arrange- 
 ments of their founders, no liquors or intoxicat- 
 ing drinks have ever been allowed to be sold, 
 furnish strong evidence. Vineland, with its 
 10,000 people, without a grog-shop, and with a 
 police force of one constable, who is also over- 
 seer of the poor (with a salary for both offices 
 
Intemperance and Crime. 1 5 
 
 of $75), reports in some years a single crime, 
 and a poor-rate swelling to the aggregate of 
 $4 a year. Greeley, in Colorado, is another 
 town of 3,000 people, and no liquor-shop. It 
 uses and needs no police force, and in two years 
 and a half $7 only was called out of its poor- 
 fund. Bavaria, Illinois, a town of the same 
 population, with absolute prohibition, was with- 
 out a drunkard, without a pauper, and without 
 a crime. A small town in Western New York 
 was founded some years ago by a gentleman 
 
 who made it a condition in all his title-deeds 
 
 > 
 
 that if liquors were sold, the land should revert 
 to him. The condition became the subject of 
 litigation in our courts, and was held to be valid 
 and enforceable by ejectment. 
 
 I well recollect when that case was argued 
 before the General Term, of which I was then 
 a member, that a very distinguished lawyer and 
 politician, not long since the president of the 
 State Convention of his party, came up to the 
 bench after the argument, and said to me : 
 "Judge, if I had been arguing that case I 
 should have made a stronger constitutional ob- 
 jection." " Well," said I, " what objection 
 would you have made ? " " Why," he replied, 
 
1 6 Intemperance and Crime. 
 
 " that the provision is plainly a violation of the 
 Constitution, inasmuch as it prevented free 
 speech." " How so ? " I asked. " Why, don't 
 you see," said he, " that it would be utterly im- 
 possible ever to hold a political meeting of my 
 party there ? " That village has none of the in- 
 cidents of intemperance ; and the same thing is 
 true of numerous other places whose founders 
 have established prohibition. 
 
 It may be said that these are not fair exam- 
 ples, because the inhabitants were all teetotal- 
 ers or temperance men. They are less conclu- 
 sive, perhaps, but they certainly show the value 
 of the absence of temptation. How is it, then, 
 where prohibition exists by absolute law ? I 
 will not take Maine, the hackneyed theme of so 
 many contradictions, further than to state that 
 in 1870 her convictions for crime under prohibi- 
 tion were only 431, or one in every 1,689, while 
 in our State (exclusive of this city), under license, 
 the convictions were 5,473, or one in every 620 
 souls. Can it be that the rural population of 
 New York is so much more addicted to crime 
 than the people of Maine ? 
 
 But take Connecticut — commonly called " the 
 land of steady habits." Under the prohibition 
 
Intemperance and Crime. • 17 
 
 law of 1854, crime is shown to have diminished 
 J$ per cent. On the restoration of license in 
 1873, crime increased 50 per cent, in a single 
 year, and in two years in Hartford, according to 
 official returns presented by the Rev. Mr. Walker, 
 crime increased in that city 400 per cent. In 
 New London the prison was empty, and the 
 jailer out of business for awhile after prohibi- 
 tion went into effect. Connecticut has now a 
 local option act. Under it New London lately 
 voted for no license. 
 
 I found in the New York Herald, a few 
 mornings ago, a letter from New London la- 
 menting at great length the present sufferings 
 of thirsty souls in that city. The concluding 
 portions of the letter are so naive and so much 
 to my purpose that you will pardon me for 
 reading them : 
 
 " There are, of course, two sides to the ques- 
 tion, and one of them is perhaps exhibited in 
 the records of the police of this town for the 
 month during which the prohibitory law has 
 been in operation. The ' force ' consists of a 
 captain, a sergeant, and five patrolmen. The 
 captain states that the number of arrests for in- 
 toxication heretofore averaged between thirty- 
 
1 8 Intemperance and Crime. 
 
 five and fifty per month. Seven was the num- 
 ber for November — in fact, it was only six, as 
 one of them got tipsy on the night before the 
 law went into operation, but was not arrested 
 until the following day. The whole number of 
 arrests on all charges each month is about ioo, 
 and the number of persons locked up on other 
 charges than drunkenness shows a correspond- 
 ing decrease, because many crimes grow out 
 of that. 
 
 "Another point is that the class of persons 
 most injured by drinking find it impossible to 
 obtain liquor. The poor wretch who on Satur- 
 day night would get drunk and squander his 
 week's earnings can find no one to sell him rum, 
 because no sooner does he venture in the streets 
 in a drunken condition than he is arrested and 
 forced to testify against those who sold him the 
 liquor. That class of excessive drinkers is thus 
 benefited by the law, and it is to bring this about 
 that the moderate drinkers suffer annoyance 
 and strangers total deprivation. 
 
 "Again, the houses where gambling and 
 other vices flourish complain of the new law. 
 It seems odd at the first blush that they should 
 be afraid to break one law in establishments 
 
Intemperance and Crime. 19 
 
 which depend for their existence upon the in- 
 fringement of another, but it will be seen that 
 if their customers become intoxicated they would 
 be the means of calling attention to the places 
 where the liquor was obtained, and that would 
 lead to the latter being closed. Cider is about 
 the only drink to be found in such places, and 
 as a consequence they are less frequented than 
 formerly. There is nothing to over-stimulate 
 the nerves or fire the blood in a glass of acrid 
 New England apple-juice — quite the contrary, 
 indeed, is its effect. New Haven has voted to 
 abolish the licensing of the liquor-traffic by a 
 majority of one thousand, and probably the 
 same grave and funny aspects of the case will 
 be found there." 
 
 But we have had a striking example in our 
 own city. The Metropolitan Excise Law of 
 1866 was absolutely prohibitory on Sundays. 
 Prior to that law there had been no material 
 difference in the number of arrests made on that 
 day and on other days of the week. Taking 
 Tuesdays for comparison, there were from 
 January 1, 1867, to October 1, 1868, of Tues- 
 day arrests iijC^, of Sunday arrests 5,263, 
 showing a difference of 5,771. A larger differ- 
 
20 Intemperance and Crime. 
 
 ence probably prevails under our present law, 
 and the older citizens talk of the quiet and good 
 order that now exist on Sundays, as in striking 
 contrast to the condition of things when liquors 
 were freely sold on the Sabbath. 
 
 On the day of our annual elections a statute 
 draws around each polling-place a circle of 
 absolute prohibition, within which no intoxicat- 
 ing drinks may be sold or given. Contrasted 
 with former days, who fails to recognize the 
 change from excitement, disorder, and crime to 
 almost universal quietude and peace ? And 
 who does not see that the measure of peace de- 
 pends upon the vigilance with which the police 
 enforce the statute ? During the spasmodic 
 efforts of the police authorities of this city about 
 one year ago to enforce the Excise law, one of 
 the Police Commissioners told me that in his 
 opinion arrests for crime (other than for breaches 
 of the Excise laws) had fallen off between thirty 
 and forty per cent. Yet there was no general 
 and complete enforcement of the law. This 
 fact speaks volumes for what might be accom- 
 plished in New York. 
 
 But I am not here to argue for prohibition. 
 My sole purpose is to establish that intemper- 
 
Intemperance and Crime. 2 1 
 
 ance is an evil factor in crime by showing that 
 whatever limits or suppresses the one, dimin- 
 ishes the other in a ratio almost mathematically 
 certain. Whether judging from the declared 
 judical experience of others, or from my own, or 
 from carefully collected statistics running through 
 many series of years, I believe it entirely safe 
 to say that one-half of all the crime of this coun- 
 try and of Great Britain is caused by the in- 
 temperate use of intoxicating liquors ; and that 
 of the crimes involving personal violence, cer- 
 tainly three-fourths are chargeable to the same 
 cause. 
 
 The practical question is : What can be done 
 about it ? 
 
 If intemperance were a new evil, coming in 
 upon us for the first time like a pestilence from 
 some foreign shore, laden with its awful burden 
 of disease, pauperism, and crime, with what 
 horror would the nation contemplate its mon- 
 strous approach. What severity of laws, what 
 stringencies of quarantine, what activities of re- 
 sistance would be suddenly aroused. But, 
 alas ! it is no new evil. It surrounds us like an 
 atmosphere, as it has our fathers through count- 
 less generations. It perverts judgments, it 
 
22 Intemperance and Crime. 
 
 poisons habits, it sways passions, it taints 
 churches, and sears consciences. It seizes the 
 enginery of our legislation, and by it creates a 
 moral phenomenon of perpetual motion, which 
 nature denies to physics ; for it licenses and 
 empowers itself to beget in endless rounds the 
 wrongs, vices, and crimes which society is organ- 
 ized to prevent ; and, worst of all for our coun- 
 try, it encoils parties like the serpents of Lao- 
 coon, and crushes in its folds the spirit of patriot- 
 ism and virtue. 
 
 Is the case, then, utterly hopeless ? No ; 
 not wdiile the spirit of Christ has a tabernacle 
 on earth. 
 
 The duties of the present hour lie immedi- 
 ately before us : 
 
 First. — To see to it that our present excise 
 laws take no step backward. The outcry that 
 the present laws must be changed because they 
 can not be enforced is insidious and false. They 
 can be enforced. The fault is not in them, but 
 in faithless officials, who in cowardice dare not 
 or in treachery will not obey the plain letter 
 and spirit of their injunctions. If the present 
 laws were decently enforced, there would not 
 be to-day in the city of New York one place 
 
Intemperance and Crime. % 23 
 
 where liquors could be sold by the drink which 
 is not in fact a public inn, necessary for the 
 actual accommodation of travelers, and having 
 all the conveniences essential to such accommo- 
 dation, and kept by a person morally fit to be 
 trusted with the responsibilities which the law 
 devolves upon inn-keepers and exacts from them 
 as licensed venders of intoxicating drinks. 
 
 Second. — It is our duty to stand by those who 
 seek to enforce the law and compel official 
 obedience to its provisions. Dr. Crosby's 
 organization commands respect and deserves 
 support. It asks nothing of its enemies but 
 obedience to the law, and nothing of its friends 
 but to aid it in compelling such obedience. 
 
 Third. — Since all the courts have given their 
 final sanction to the act for the protection of 
 women and childhood from the injuries drunken- 
 ness visits upon innocence, there is no excuse 
 for us if we do not see that that law is put in 
 vigorous operation. If enforced, it will give 
 many a wife a sober husband and many a child 
 a sober father, for the fear of the law will be the 
 beginning of wisdom to many a drunkard- 
 maker. 
 
 Lastly. — We ought to stand by and encourage 
 
24 Intemperance and Crime. 
 
 the reform that is reaching the hand of brother- 
 hood and love to the thousands of drinking men 
 and women in our city. Francis Murphy should 
 be armed with our sympathy, our prayers, and 
 our means to aid his noble work ; and, most of 
 all, the victims of rum who are bravely striving 
 with his aid to reclaim themselves should be 
 helped and encouraged in their efforts, not by 
 alms that demoralize and debase, but by em- 
 ployment that will encourage self-reliance and 
 strengthen the hopes of permanent reform. 
 What is to hinder an organization for such a 
 purpose, with good men and capital enough to 
 make it effective ! A hundred thousand dollars 
 devoted to that end would be returned to the 
 community an hundredfold in saved taxes, in- 
 creased industries, and, above all, in men, 
 women, and children rescued from the miseries, 
 vices, and crimes of drunkenness. 
 
INTEMPERANCE 
 
 ASID 
 
 CRIME 
 
 By NOAH DAVIS 
 
 CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW YORK. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 National Temperance Society and Publication House, 
 
 58 READE STREET. 
 1879. 
 

 Temperance Literature. 
 
 Paper Edition of Standard Works. 
 Low Prices, to Suit the Times. 
 
 . ♦*+> 
 
 The National Temperance Society have recently issued a number 
 of their standard works, in paper covers, for general circulation among 
 rhe People at such low prices as should secure the distribution of millions 
 of copies Having no funds fo.r gratuitous circulation, and receivmg nc 
 money whatever from Churches, or Temperance Organizations, we appea, 
 to aU Societies Churches, and individuals, to take measures to procure . 
 nuantit of Ae^e pamphlets and books, which are furnished at cost ana 
 SKt Aey have P a wide circulation. The following ,s a hst of tnose 
 already published : 
 
 ,. TOW** Hp, ft nrce S . By Dr. Wm. Hargreaves. 12nio, 202 pages. The Mis- 
 OW Z^i^Z^ceZor m ,^n g the xnost .aluahle statistics ever pub- 
 
 lished. Price, in cloth, 1 25; paper edition 
 
 ~,, « -l-u'x- • +'= T«vt Bftftk 12mo, 312 pages. Cloth, 1 00; paper 50 
 
 — ,* wn i.i.„ ««/l 1i4« Wine. 12mo, 458 pages. By Mrs. Mary 
 
 Cloth, 1 00 ; paper edition 
 
 ough discussion of the entire question. Cloth, 1 25 , paper edition 
 
 0« Alcohol By Dr. B. W. Richardson, F.R.S., of London. 12mo,. 190 pages Sis 
 
 0,1 ^Canto^ Lturls," showing the nature and Effect of Alcohol on the Body and Mind. ^ 
 
 Cloth, 1 00; paper edition 
 
 TWMins Dethroned. APrizeEssay. Cloth, 1 00; paper edition 5U 
 
 Bacchus Dethronett, By Ezra M. Hunt, M.D. 12mo, 137 pages. 
 Alcohol as a Food and Medicine, tfy ^ ra iU ^ 25 w 
 
 Cloth, 60c. ; paper edition 
 
 « j- ~A P^i+ntinns 12mo, 96 pages. Cloth, 60c. ; paper <£ 
 
 Re S*M£^^^ 
 
 BMe Vines, or, Laws of Fermentation. 1-c 13, pa g e, B.v Kev. ^ 
 
 Wm. Patton, D.D. Cloth, 60c; paper •_ • • 
 
 The Action of Alcohol on the Body and on the Mind. By b. . 
 
 Richardson, M.D., of England. 12mo, 60 pages. Paper edition *l -, 
 
 Sent by mail, post paid, on receipt of price a 
 
 Addre* J. N. STEARNS, Publishing Agent 
 
 58 Reade Street, X&c York. 
 
For Sunday-School Libraries, 
 
 The 
 
 National Temperance Society and Publication Houses 
 nnHithed Eiehty-seven Books specially adapted to Sun- 
 5 a iSnbrarS which have been carefully examined and 
 
 At Lion's Mouth . ,- S 1 g 
 
 Adopted..-. - 
 
 Andrew Douglass <;> 
 
 Aunt Dinah's Pledge 1 f 
 
 Alice Grant \ f 
 
 Barford Mills . . . v. • •■•— • 1 00 
 Best Fellow in the World, 
 
 1>h.e -I io 
 
 Broken' Rock, The ••-■••■ • 50 
 Brook, and the Tide Turn- 
 
 Life Cruise of Captain Bess 
 Adams, The 1 50 
 
 Mc Allisters, The ... • . . 
 
 Mill and the Tavern, The. 
 
 Model Landlord, The ...... 
 
 More Excellent Way, A.. . 
 
 Mr. Mackenzie's Answer. 
 
 National Temperance Ora- 
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 Nettie Loring ....... • • •• • • • ■ • \ j» 
 
 Norman Brill's Life- Work. 1 00 
 
 -».t_4--u^^«. +« TkY-inlr 1 OU 
 
 50 
 1 25 
 
 60 
 1 00 
 1 25 
 
 ing, The 
 
 1 00 
 
 Brewir's Fortune, The 1 50 
 
 Come Home, Mother 
 
 •Coals of Fire • „,;;•■■ 
 
 Curse of Mill Valley, The. 
 Drinking- Fountain Stories 
 Dumb Traitor, The. ... . • 1 
 Eva's Engagement-Ring. . . 
 
 Est^Maxweirs Mistake 1 00 
 
 n t>^^-/->tt'c! KnichT. HiV- 
 
 1 00 
 
 50 
 
 1 00 
 
 1 25 
 
 1 00 
 
 25 
 
 90 
 
 85 
 
 50 
 1 25 
 
 1 25 
 
 Fannjr Percy's Knight Er 
 
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 Fatal Dower, The.. 
 
 Fire Fighters, The - - - 
 
 Fred's Hard Fight. .. . . . • • ■ 1 25 
 
 Frank Spencer's Rule or 
 
 jj jf e °« 
 
 Frank Oldfield; or, Lost 
 
 and Found 1 50 
 
 Gertie's Sacrifice go 
 
 Glass Cable, The... lg 
 
 Harry the Prodigal > *> 
 
 History of a Threepenny 
 
 TDJV <° 
 
 Hard Master, The^ |5 
 
 Harker Family, The. . ...... 1 gg 
 
 History of Two Lives, The. ou 
 Hope dale Tavern, and 
 
 What it Wrought 1 00 
 
 Hole in the Bag, The. ... . 1 00 
 How Could He Escape P . . . . l 25 
 
 Humpy Dumpy. ] j» 
 
 Image Unveiled, The 1 00 
 
 JewiUed Serpent, The 1 00 
 
 John Bentley's Mistake.... 50 
 
 Job Tufton's Rest 1*5 
 
 Joe's Partner 
 
 Jug-or-Not • • ••• • 
 
 Little Girl in Black 
 
 Nothing to Drink. 
 
 Old Times... 
 
 Our Coffee-Room \ y" 
 
 Old Brown Pitcher, The. . J 00 
 
 Out of the Fire.... 1 f. 
 
 Our Parish... ..... . £ 
 
 Packington Parish... • } jg 
 Paul Brewster and Son.... a uu 
 Philip Eckert's Struggles 
 
 and Triumphs «» 
 
 Piece of Silver, A... °u 
 
 Pitcher of Cool Water ...... 50 
 
 l dueer Home in Rugby 
 
 Court, The.... . ;• 1 5° 
 
 Rachel Noble's Experi- 
 
 Red Bridge The..... •■ yu 
 
 Rev. Dr. Willoughby and 
 
 his Wine 1|0 
 
 Ripley Parsonage ........ . . . i -» 
 
 Boy's Search; or, Lost m 
 
 the Cars \ £ 
 
 Saved • t 5^ 
 
 Silver Castle 
 
 Seymours, The • • 
 
 Strange Sea Story, A.- 
 
 Temperance Doctor, Tbe.^ 
 Temperance Speaker, ±ne 
 
 Temperance Anecdotes \ w 
 
 Time Will Tell \™ 
 
 Tim's Troubles x ou 
 
 Tom Blinn's Temperance 
 
 1 00 
 1 50 
 
 1 25 
 
 75 
 
 Society. 
 
 1 25 
 
 50 
 1 25 
 
 Ten Cents. 1 f n 
 
 Vow at the Bars Jo 
 
 Wealth and Wme ] g 
 
 White Rose, The. .... ...... • \ % 
 
 Wife's Engagement-Rmg.. 1 % 
 Work and Reward 
 
 Zoa Rodman. 
 
 1 Ol 
 
 Ser of the above will be 8 e„t by »1, post-pa.d, on receipt oj pr.ee. 
 J. $. STEABNS, Publishing Agent, 58 Keade St., K, Y. 
 
The Temperance Lesson Book. 
 
 A Series of Short Lessons on Alcohol and its Action on 
 
 the Body. 
 
 By BENJAMIN ¥. RICHAKDSON, M.A., M.D, P.ES., 
 
 Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London, etc. 
 
 16mo, 220 Pages. Price, 75 Cents. 
 
 School Edition. $6 oo per Dozen. 
 
 The National Temperance Society has just published a new and very valuable wort 
 designed for all schools, public and private, and for home instruction, entitled The Tem- 
 perance Lesson Book, from the pen of Dr. B. W. Richardson, of London, tbe distinguished 
 author of " The Cantor Lectures on Alcohol." 
 
 This timely and important book, which comprises a series of short lessons on alcohol 
 and its action on the body, meets thoroughly a great educational need. It is the mature 
 result of most careful and extended research on the part of its gifted author, whose attain- 
 ments place him in the front rank of the ablest scientists of the world. There are fifty-two 
 lessons, each followed by a series of questions for examination and review. They arc free 
 from labored and wearisome details, cover a wide range of physiological and hygienic infor- 
 mation, and in style are simple and attractive, admirably adapted to win and retain to the end 
 the interest of students. Their practical value, as a means of prevention and a safeguard 
 for the young against the drink peril, it would be impossible to compute. 
 
 Measures should be immediately taken everywhere to bring the work to the notice ol 
 Boards of Education, School Committees, Trustees and Teachers, and to have it at once 
 Introduced into the schools under their direction and care. It should find a place in all 
 schools, public and private, in every State and Territory, in every city, town, and school- 
 district throughout the land. The following is the 
 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 i. 
 n. 
 ni. 
 rv. 
 
 v. 
 
 VI. 
 VII. 
 
 vin. 
 
 IX. 
 
 x. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 XTV. 
 
 XV. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 XML 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 XX. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 xxn. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 Artificial Drinks. 
 Natural Drinks. 
 The Water of the Body. 
 Uses of Water in the Body. 
 The Water-Current in the Body. 
 Natural Food. 
 Water-Drinkers. 
 Wine and Strong Drink. 
 Wine and Beer in Ancient Times. 
 Wise Men on Wine. 
 Distillation. 
 Spirit of Wine. 
 Ardent Spirits. 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 Composition of Alcohol. 
 Properties of Alcohol. 
 Alcoholic Drinks. 
 Alcohol in Strong Drinks. 
 Alcohol in Wines. 
 Alcohol in Spirits and Beers. 
 The Alcohol Family. 
 The Alcohol Family, continued. 
 The Alcohol Family 
 Construction of the Alcohols. 
 Alcohol and Animal Life. 
 Alcohol as a Food. 
 Alcohol in the Blood. 
 Action of Alcohol on the Blood. 
 Further Action of Alcohol on the 
 Blood. 
 
 XXXI. Diseased Blood from Alcohol. 
 XXXTI.' Respiration and Alcohol. 
 
 XXXIII. Standard Animal Warmth. 
 
 XXXIV. Animal Life under Alcohol. The 
 
 First Stage. 
 XXXV. The Feeling of Warmth from Al- 
 cohol. 
 XXXVI. Animal Life under Alcohol. The 
 
 Second Stage. 
 XXXVn. Animal Life under Alcohol. The 
 Third stage. 
 XXXVTIL Animal Life under Alcohol. The 
 Fourth Stasre. 
 XXXIX. The Stages of Action of Alcohol. 
 XL. Alcohol and Cold. 
 XLI. Alcoholic Chill. 
 XLII. The Heart under Alcohol. 
 XLIII. Heart Work under Alcohol. 
 XLIV. Alcoholic Fatigue. 
 
 XLV. Alcohol and Muscular Strength. 
 XL VI. Alcohol and tbe Small Blood 
 
 Vessels. 
 XLVTI. Alcohol as a Stimulant. 
 XLVni. Stimulation and Depression. 
 XLIX. Alcohol as a Poison. 
 
 L Diseases of the Body from Alcoboi 
 LI. Death from Alcohol. 
 LH. Inanity from Alcohol. 
 
 Summary of Lessons 
 
 J. N. STEAMS, Publishing Agent, 
 
 58 Reade Street, New York.