PE 1143 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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SPELLING-BOOK SUPERSEDED; 
 
 OR, 
 
 A NEW AND EASY METHOD OF TEACHING 
 THE 
 
 SPELLING, MEANING, PRONUNCIATION, AND ETYMOLOGY 
 
 OF ALL THE 
 
 DIFFICULT WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ; 
 
 WITH 
 
 EXERCISES ON VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 BV 
 
 ROBERT SULLIVAN, LL.D, T.C.D., 
 
 BARRISTER-AT-LAW, etc. 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Edition. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 LONGMANS, AND CO. ; SIMPKLN, MARSHALL, AND CO. ; 
 
 HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND CO. 
 
 EDINBURGH: JOHN MENZIES AND CO. 
 
 HALIFAX, N.S. : A. & W. MACKINLAY. 
 
 MELBOURNE: GEORGE ROBERTSON; AND SOLD BY ALL 
 
 BOOKSELLERS. 
 
 1872. 
 
I17Z 
 
 387270 
 '29 
 
 ENTERED IN STATIONERS' HALL, ACCORDING TO THE LATE ACT. 
 
 DUBLIN: PRINTED BY ALEXANDER THOM, 87 & 88, ABBEY- STREET. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The substance of the Preface to the First Edition of 
 
 this little work will be found in the Introductory 
 
 . Observations, commencing page 9. See also page 54. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 In issuing the Second Edition of this little work to the 
 public, the author is happy to observe that it has been 
 found, upon trial, by several intelligent and experienced 
 instructors of youth, to answer the purpose for which 
 he intended it, namely, a short and easy road to the 
 
 DIFFICULTIES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 The etymological part of the work has, as he ex- 
 pected, been found novel, interesting, and useful. By 
 referring to it, the reader will find that the author 
 has attempted to apply to the English language the 
 principles which guided him in his dictionary of 
 derivations. 
 
 TWENTY-THTTiD EDITION. 
 
 The present edition of " The Spelling-book Super- 
 seded " has been so much enlarged and improved that 
 it may now be regarded as almost a new work. To 
 effect this the Stereotype Plates, though in good condi- 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 tion, were broken up ; and to render further additions 
 and improvements more practicable, the type will in 
 future be kept standing. 
 
 This little work will, therefore, be more worthy of 
 the favour which has been shown to it by the public ; 
 and as it will continue to be sold at the same price as 
 heretofore, it will, it is expected, drive out of the mar- 
 ket those spurious editions of it, which have been 
 printed and stereotyped in Canada without the permis- 
 sion of the author. Some of the Canadian Publishers 
 seem not to know that there is such an Act on the 
 Statute Book, as the 5 & 6 Yict., cap. 45. 
 
 SEVENTIETH EDITION. 
 
 A complete collection of the Latin and Greek Boots 
 which have enriched the English Language most has 
 been added to this Edition, See page 156. 
 
 K. S. 
 Dublin February, 1861. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-FIRST 
 EDITION. 
 
 Owing to the unprecedented circulation of this Book 
 (719,000 copies having been printed and sold within the 
 last nine years) the Publishers have had the present 
 Edition set up in new type, and, printed on superior paper. 
 The Work has been carefully revised, without altering 
 the paging, 
 Dublin, October, 1870. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Introductory Observations — Opinion of Miss Edgeworth, 
 and other eminent Educationists, .... 9 
 
 English Verbal Distinctions — Class I. — Words pronounced 
 
 exactly alike, but differing in Spelling and Signification, 19 
 Sentences for Dictation, . . . . .31 
 
 Class II. — Words pronounced nearly alike, but differing in 
 Spelling and Signification, , . . . .37 
 
 Sentences for Dictation, . . . . .40 
 
 Class III.— Words frequently confounded by incorrect 
 speakers, though differing in Pronunciation, Spelling, and 
 Meaning, . . . . . .43 
 
 Sentences for Dictation — Words for Exercise, . .45 
 
 Class IV, — Words similarly Spelled, but differently Pro- 
 nounced and Applied, . . . . .46 
 
 Sentences for Dictation, . . . . .53 
 
 Class V. — Words Spelled and Pronounced alike, but differ- 
 ing in Meaning or Application — Extract from Edge- 
 worth's Practical Education, . . . .54 
 
 Words for Exercise, . . . . . .74 
 
 Exercises in Orthography — Irregular Sounds — Silent Let- 
 ters, . . . . . . .75 
 
 Regular and Irregular Sounds promiscuously arranged for 
 Exercise, ....... 82 
 
 Words ending in le and re — Double-sounding Consonants- 
 Exercises, . . . . . . .84 
 
 Practical Rules for Spelling — Exercises on each Rule and 
 the Exceptions to it promiscuously arranged, . 87 
 
Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 Sentences for Dictation — Words erroneously Spelled, . 101 
 Collection of Words of Unsettled Orthography, . .103 
 
 Orthoepy, or the Correct Pronunciation of Words — Ex- 
 tract from " Bosweli's Life of Johnson," . . . 107 
 Practical Rules for Pronunciation, . . . .110 
 
 Examples of Irish Vulgarisms, . . . .118 
 
 Examples of English Vulgarisms, . . . .120 
 
 Difficult and Irregular Words, . . . .122 
 
 A Collection of the most Difficult Words in the Language, 
 so arranged as to afford a Practical Exercise in Pronun- 
 ciation as well as in Spelling, . . . ,131 
 Derivation — Affixes and Prefixes — Latin, Greek, and Eng- 
 lish or Anglo-Saxon, . . . . .143 
 
 Latin Roots traced through their English Derivatives, . 152 
 A Collection of the Latin and Greek Roots which have en- 
 riched the English language most, . . .156 
 Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Roots, . . ■ . .203 
 English Etymologies, . . . . . .209 
 
 Synonymes — Extract from Blair's Lectures, . 229 
 
 Synonymous Terms, collected and arranged, . .235 
 
 Specimens of what might be called Duplicate Words, . 246 
 
 On the choice of Prepositions, . . . .247 
 
 Examples for Exercise, ..... 248 
 
 Latin and Greek Words and Phrases explained, . . 249 
 
 French and Foreign Phrases pronounced and explained, . 255 
 Abbreviations, . . . . . .260 
 
 Directions for Addressing Persons of every Rank, both in 
 Writing and Speaking, . . . . .262 
 
 Appendix, containing a Collection of Proverbs and Precepts, 265 
 
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 NEW AND IMPEOVED METHOD 
 
 OF 
 
 TEACHING ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 The attention of Teachers and Parents is requested 
 to the following observations : — 
 
 OKTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 Teachers, instead of occupying the time of their 
 pupils in the useless drudgery of committing to 
 memory the uninteresting and endless columns of 
 a dictionary or spelling-book, are strongly recom- 
 mended to adopt the improved method of teaching 
 orthography, namely by dictation. It is simply 
 this : the teacher reads a sentence from a book, or 
 dictates one composed by himself, to the pupils, 
 who either write it dowm verbatim, or merely spell 
 the words as they occur, as if they were writing 
 them down. This practical plan of teaching 
 orthography, does not, however, entirely supersede 
 the use of spelling-books. There should at least 
 be a text-book on the subject, which the pupil may 
 be made to consult, when necessary, and to which 
 
 A3 
 
10 EXERCISES OK ORTHOGRAPHY, 
 
 even the teacher may occasionally refer with ad- 
 vantage. This text-book should contain either in 
 columns, or in sentences formed for dictation, all 
 the words in the language which are liable to be 
 misspelled, such as : 
 
 1. Words similarly pronounced, but differently 
 spelled. 
 
 2. Words similarly spelled, but differently pro- 
 nounced and applied. 
 
 3. Words spelled and pronounced alike, but 
 differing in signification. 
 
 4. Words liable to be misspelled, either from the 
 silence or unusual sound of one or more letters. 
 
 5. All words of unsettled orthography. 
 
 6. Practical rules for spelling. 
 
 These words, or sentences in which they occur, 
 should be dictated to the pupils, who should either 
 spell, or, if they are competent, write down the 
 entire sentence on their slates. The latter mode 
 is preferable, as it is only by writing that a prac- 
 tical and perfect knowledge of orthography can be 
 attained. 
 
 In the absence 1 of a text-book, containing the 
 difficulties of orthography, the teacher must have 
 recourse to the reading books. Let him make his 
 pupils spell and explain the words at the head of 
 each lesson, before commencing to read it ; and 
 after the lesson is over, let him direct them to close 
 
 1 And even in connexion with such a text-book this plan should 
 be used. 
 
ETYMOLOGY, AND VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 11 
 
 their books, and spell any word or sentence he may- 
 select from it. 
 
 The practical superiority of such a plan is obvious. 
 For the language of letters, and of composition, in 
 general, consists of such combinations of words as 
 occur in the pages of a reading-book — not of words 
 syllabically and alphabetically arranged, as we see 
 in the columns of a spelling-book. Let the reader 
 who may be disposed to dissent, dictate in the 
 manner recommended, a few familiar sentences to 
 a young person who has learned orthography from 
 the columns of his spelling-book only, and, unless 
 we are greatly mistaken, the inferiority of the old 
 plan will be evinced by the erroneous spelling of 
 some, perhaps of the easiest and most familiar 
 words. 1 
 
 But how, it may be inquired, are children, 
 without dictionaries or spelling-books, to learn the 
 meaning of words ? By being accustomed to give, 
 
 1 The sound or pronunciation of a word will not enable us to 
 spell it, because, as we have seen, the same sounds are often re- 
 presented by different signs or letters. The words meet, mete, and 
 meat, for example, are spelled differently, though the sound or 
 pronunciation of each is the same. To spell a word correctly, 
 therefore, we must be well acquainted with it. We must know its 
 meaning or signification, and the identical letters which compose 
 it. The sound of it is not sufficient ; we must know how it looks : 
 and this the eye will enable us to do, for, as has been well said by 
 an American writer, " the eye in such cases may be said to re- 
 member." Hence, when we are in doubt as to which of two ways 
 a word should be spelled, it is a §ood rule to write down both, 
 and the eye will enable us to decide which is correct. Hence, 
 too, persons that write or even read much are, in general, correct 
 spellers ; for their eyes are so well acquainted with the form or 
 appearance of the words, that they can at once detect the errors 
 which arise from wrong or omitted letters. 
 
12 EXERCISES ON ORTHOGRAPHY, 
 
 in their own language, their own ideas of every 
 unusual and important word which occurs in their 
 reading lessons; the teacher, of course, correcting 
 them when wrong, and explaining to them, when 
 necessary, the proper meaning of the term in ques- 
 tion; or referring them for this information to their 
 dictionaries, which should always be at hand for 
 this, their legitimate use. 
 
 In confirmation of the recommendations here 
 made we subjoin the opinions of the Edge worths 
 and of other eminent educationists on the subject 
 of spelling and spelling-books. 
 
 " Spelling comes next to reading. New trials for the tem- 
 per ; new perils for the understanding ; positive rules ; and 
 arbitrary exceptions ; endless examples and contradictions ; 
 till at length, out of all patience with the stupid docility of 
 his pupil, the tutor perceives the absolute necessity of mak- 
 ing him get by heart with all convenient speed every word 
 in the language. The formidable columns rise in dread suc- 
 cession. Months and years are devoted to the undertaking ; 
 but after going through a whole spelling-book, perhaps a 
 whole dictionary, till we come triumphantly to spell Zeugma, 
 we have forgotten how to spell Abbot, and we must begin 
 again with Abasement. Merely the learning to spell so many 
 unconnected words, without any assistance from reason or 
 analogy, is nothing compared with the difficulty of learning 
 the explanation of them by rote, and the still greater diffi- 
 culty of understanding the meaning of the explanation. When 
 a child has got by rote — 
 
 Midnight, the depth of night ; 
 
 Metaphysics, the science vhich treats of immaterial beings, 
 and of forms in general abstracted from matter; 
 
 has he acquired any very distinct ideas either of midnight or 
 of metaphysics? If a boy had eaten rice pudding till he 
 fancied himself tolerably well acquainted with rice, would he 
 
ETYMOLOGY, AND VEHBAL DISTINCTIONS. 13 
 
 find his knowledge much improved by learning from his spell- 
 ing-book the words 
 
 " Rice, a foreign esculent grain ? 
 
 yet we are surprised to discover, that men have so few accu- 
 rate ideas, and that so many learned disputes originate in a 
 confused or improper use of words. 
 
 " l All this is very true,' says a candid schoolmaster ; ' we 
 see the evil, but we cannot new-model the language, or write 
 a perfect philosophical dictionary ; and in the meantime we 
 are bound to teach children to spell, which we do with the less 
 reluctance, because though we allow that it is an arduous task, 
 we have found from experience that it can be accomplished, 
 and that the understandings of many of our pupils survive 
 all the perils to which you think them exposed during the 
 operation.' 
 
 " Their understandings may, and do survive the operation ; 
 " but why should they be put in unnecessary danger ; and why 
 should we early disgust children with literature by the pain 
 and difficulty of their first lessons ? We are convinced that 
 the business of learning to spell is made much more laborious 
 to children than it need to be: it may be useful to give them 
 five or six words every day to learn by heart, but more only 
 loads their memory ; and we should at first select words of 
 which they know the meaning, and which occur most fre- 
 quently in reading or conversation. The alphabetical list of 
 words in a spelling-book contains many which are not in 
 common use, and the pupil forgets these as fast as he learns 
 them. We have found it entertaining to children, to ask 
 them to spell any short sentence as it has been accidentally 
 spoken. ' Put this book on that table.' Ask a child how he 
 would spell those words if he were obliged to write them 
 down, and you introduce into his mind the idea that he must 
 learn to spell before he can make his words and thoughts un- 
 derstood in writing. It is a good way to make children write 
 down a few words of their own selection every day, and 
 correct the spelling ; and also after they have been reading, 
 whilst the words are yet fresh in their memory, we may ask 
 them to spell some of the words which they have just seen ; 
 by these means, and by repeating at different times in the 
 
14 EXERCISES ON OttTHOGRAPHTT, 
 
 day those words which, are most frequently wanted, his voca^ 
 bnlary will be pretty well stocked without its having cost 
 him many tears. We should observe that children learn to 
 spell more by the eye than by the ear ; and that the more 
 they read and write, the more likely they will be to remem- 
 ber the combination of letters in words which they have con- 
 tinually before their eyes, or which they feel it necessary to 
 represent to others. When young people begin to write, they 
 first feel the use of spelling, and it is then that they will 
 learn it with most ease and precision. Then the greatest care 
 should be taken to look over their writing, and to make them 
 correct every word in which they have made a mistake ; be- 
 cause bad habits of spelling, once contracted, can scarcely be 
 cured : the understanding has nothing to do with the business ; 
 and when the memory is puzzled between the rules of spelling 
 right, and the habits of spelling wrong, it becomes a misfor- 
 tune to the pupil to write even a common letter. The shame 
 which is annexed to bad spelling excites young people's atten- 
 tion, as soon as they are able to understand that it is consi- 
 dered as a mark of ignorance and ill-breeding. We have 
 often observed, that children listen with anxiety to the re- 
 marks that are made on this subject in their presence, espe- 
 cially when the letters or notes of grown-up people are criticised. 
 " Some time ago, a lady who was reading a newspaper, 
 met with a story of an ignorant magistrate, who gave for 
 his toast at a public dinner ' the two K's.' for the King and 
 Constitution. ' How very much ashamed the man must 
 have felt, when all the people laughed at him for his mis- 
 take ! they must all have seen that he did not know how to 
 spell ; and what a disgrace for a magistrate too!' said a boy 
 who heard the anecdote. It made a serious impression upon 
 him ; a few months afterwards he was employed by his 
 father in an occupation which was extremely agreeable to 
 him, but in which he continually felt the necessity of spelling 
 correctly. He was employed to send messages by a tele- 
 graph ; these messages he was obliged to write down hastily 
 in little journals kept for the purpose ; and as these were seen 
 by several people when the business of the day came to be 
 reviewed, the boy had a considerable motive for ortho- 
 graphical exactness. He became extremely desirous to teach 
 himself, and consequently his success was from that moment 
 
ETYMOLOGY, AND VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 15 
 
 certain. As to the rest, we refer to Lady Carlisle's Compre- 
 hensive maxim, ' Spell well — if you can.' " 
 
 The following is from " Wood's Account of the 
 Edinburgh Sessional School :" — 
 
 " In the Sessional School the children are now taught to 
 spell from their ordinary reading lessons, employing for this 
 purpose both the short and the long words as they occur. 
 Under the former practice in the school, of selecting merely 
 what are longer and apparently more difficult words, we very 
 frequently found the pupils unable to spell the shorter and 
 more common ones, which we still find by no means un- 
 common in those who come to us from some other schools. By 
 making the pupil, too, spell the lesson, just as he would 
 write it, he is less liable to fall in future life into the com- 
 mon error of substituting the word their for there, and others 
 of a similar kind. In former times the practice prevailed 
 of telling a long story about every word which was spelt : 
 thus, in spelling the word exemplification, for instance, even 
 a child in the higher classes used to say, 'ear, ex; em, em, 
 exem , pli, pie, exemple ; fi, f e, exemplef e ; c a, ca, exem- 
 plefeca ; tion, shun, exemplef ecashun ; six syllables, and 
 accented on the penult syllable.' This, obviously, as a 
 general practice, was a great waste of time, and is, we be- 
 lieve, almost universally exploded. In our own school, the 
 pupil, in spelling, merely names the letters, making a marked 
 pause at the end of each syllable." 
 
 The following extract is from " Thayer's Lecture 
 on Spelling and Definitions" (delivered before the 
 American Institute of Instruction) : ! — 
 
 " I have said nothing of the practice, once so common, of 
 assigning lessons in spelling and defining from the columns 
 of a dictionary, sweeping through the whole, from the letter 
 A to the last word under Z — if the pupil continued long 
 enough at school to accomplish it, — for I cannot suppose 
 
 1 Published by Knight in u The Schoolmaster.'' 
 
16 EXERCISES ON ORTHOGRAPHY, 
 
 it to have come down to this day. If it has, however, I 
 should feel impelled to pronounce it one of the most stupid 
 and useless exercises ever introduced into a school — com- 
 pared with which, the ' committing to memory' indiscrimin- 
 ately of all the pages of an almanac would be agreeable, 
 beneficial, and instructive. 
 
 " To say that it would be impossible to remember the defi- 
 nitions thus abstractedly learned, would be to assert what 
 must be perfectly obvious to every one. And even if they 
 could be remembered, they would be of little utility ; for as 
 the right application of a definition must depend entirely on 
 the situation of the word to be explained and the office it 
 performs in a sentence, the repeating of half a score of mean- 
 ings as obscure perhaps as the word itself, conveys no 
 definite thought, and serves rather to darken than illuminate 
 the mind. 
 
 " As a book of reference a dictionary is useful, although it 
 must be confessed that, even with the best, one often finds 
 himself obliged to make his own explanation, in preference to 
 any furnished by the lexicographer ; and the teacher or the 
 pupil who relies exclusively on his dictionary, without the 
 exercise of much discretion, for the definition of ^ whatever 
 words he may find in the course of his studies, will not un- 
 frequently fall into very awkward and absurd mistakes. 
 
 " Experience and common sense must lend their aid — the 
 former to teach us what is practicable ; and the latter, what is 
 appropriate and useful." 
 
 The following extracts are from two other excel- 
 lent American works on Education, the " Teacher's 
 Manual" and " The School and the Schoolmaster." 
 
 " In the old-fashioned school a vast deal of time is spent 
 to very little purpose, in the acquisition of spelling ; it being 
 commonly found, that the most adroit speller in the class 
 cannot write half a dozen lines without orthographical blun- 
 ders. What can be the cause of so signal a failure, with such 
 an appearance of proficiency? The subject well deserves ex- 
 amination. 
 
 " The columns of the spelling-book are committed to me- 
 mory ; and, when the student can spell the whole orally, he 
 
ETYMOLOGY, AND VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 17 
 
 takes it for granted that he is a proficient in orthography. 
 But this by no means follows ; for the number of words in the 
 largest spelling-book does not exceed seven thousand, whereas 
 there are upwards of eighty thousand words in the English 
 language. 
 
 " The words in the spelling-book are selected and arranged, 
 chiefly with a view to teach the elements of reading ; and it 
 does not contain half the anomalies of orthography. Indeed, 
 the greatest number of these anomalies occur in the words in 
 most common use, few of which are to be found in any spell- 
 ing-book." 
 
 " It is found, by experience, that spelling well orally, and 
 writing orthographicaily, are really different acquirements; 
 and that a child, very expert in the former, may be very de- 
 ficient in the latter. Nothing can show, more strikingly, the 
 folly of the oral method of teaching spelling, than this fact, 
 the truth of which is now generally acknowledged. Of the 
 generation now on the stage of life, whose education has been 
 confined to the district school, although, at least, one-third of 
 their time was spent in drilling from the spelling-book, not 
 one in ten can write a letter of even a few lines without blun- 
 dering in orthography. 
 
 " An excellent plan of teaching spelling is, to give out 
 sentences to be written containing the difficult words, or, rather, 
 to give out the words, and require the pupil to make sentences 
 including them. They thus become fixed in the memory so as 
 never to be erased. The objection that will be made to this 
 course is the time which it takes. When, however, it is con- 
 sidered that by this exercise not only is spelling taught, but 
 writing and composition, and all of them in the way in which 
 they ought to be taught, that is, in the way in which they will 
 be used, the objection loses its weight. As spelling is usually 
 taught, it is of no practical use ; and every observer must have 
 met with many instances of persons who had been drilled in the 
 columns of spelling-books and dictionaries for years, who mis- 
 spelt the most common words in the language as soon as they 
 were set to write them." 
 
 Notwithstanding all that has been said and 
 written against the old and absurd practice of load- 
 
18 EXERCISES ON ORTHOGRAPHY, ETC. 
 
 ing the memory of children, day after day, and 
 year after year, with heaps of unconnected, and to 
 them, unmeaning words, many teachers, particu- 
 larly of schools in remote districts, continue to use 
 spelling-books and dictionaries " in the old way." 
 And even in some schools of a superior class the 
 practice is persevered in because, as the teachers 
 will tell you, the parents of the children like to see 
 them thumbing over their "spellings and meanings" 
 in the evenings at home. Besides, as we have 
 heard an intelligent and candid teacher, who ad- 
 mitted the absurdity of the practice, say, "It is an 
 easy way^/br the teacher of keeping the children 
 employed." Now this we admit, for however great 
 the difficulty and drudgery may be to the children, 
 it is doubtless an easy way for the teacher of keep- 
 ing them employed. 
 
 That spelling may be learned more easily and 
 more effectually without spelling-books must be 
 evident from what we have said and quoted. And 
 that a person may learn to spell without ever 
 having had a spelling-book in his hand, is equally 
 certain ; for in teaching Latin, French, or any other 
 foreign language, there are no spelling-books used ; 
 nor is the want of such a book ever felt. Nor do 
 we ever hear that the persons who learn any of 
 these languages find any difficulty in writing, that 
 is, in spelling the words. 
 
19 
 
 ENGLISH VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 " It is a shame for a man to be so ignorant of this little art, as to be 
 perpetually confounding words of like sound and different signification; 
 the consciousness of which defect makes some men, otherwise of good 
 learning and understanding, averse to writing even a common letter." — 
 Franklin. 
 
 CLASS FIRST. 
 
 WORDS PRONOUNCED EXACTLY ALIKE, BUT DIFFERING IN 
 SPELLING AND SIGNIFICATION. 
 
 {The first word in each case indicates the pronunciation.] 
 
 Adds, does add, joins. 
 Adze, a cooper's axe. 
 
 Ale, strong beer. 
 
 Ail, to feel pain or grief. 
 
 Air, the atmosphere. 
 
 Ayr, a town in Scotland. 
 
 Ere, before. 
 
 E'er, ever. 
 
 Heir, one that inherits. 
 
 All, the whole, every one. 
 Awl, an instrument for boring 
 holes in leather. 
 
 An, the article. 
 
 Ann, a woman's name. 
 
 Ant, an emmet, an insect. 
 Aunt, a father or mother's sister. 
 
 Anti, against or opposite (as in 
 
 antipathy and antipodes). 
 Ante, before (as in antecedent). 
 
 Arc, part of the circumference 
 
 of a circle ; an arch. 
 Ark, a chest or coffer ; the vessel 
 
 in which Noah was preserved. 
 
 Ascent, the act of ascending; 
 
 the rising of a hill. 
 Assent, to agree or consent to. 
 
 Ate, did eat. 
 Eight, twice four. 
 
 Aught, any thing. 
 
 Ought, what one should do. 
 
 Bad, ill, wicked, worthless. 
 Bade, did bid. 
 
 Bale, a package of goods. 
 Bail, surety for another's appear- 
 ance in court. 
 
 Baize, a kind of cloth. 
 Bays, the plural of Bay, the 
 laurel-tree ; a garland. 
 
 Ball, anything of a round or glo- 
 bular form ; an entertainment 
 of dancing. 
 
 Bawl, to cry or shout out. 
 
 Bate, to abate or lessen. 
 Bait, a lure for fishes. 
 
20 
 
 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Bare, naked ; did bear. 
 Bear, a wild beast ; to carry ; to 
 suffer ; to produce as fruit. 
 
 Bark, the rind of a tree ; to peel ; 
 
 to make a noise like a dog. 
 Barque, a small ship. 
 
 Base, the lowestpart; low, mean. 
 Bass, a low deep sound in music. 
 
 Bay, a term in geography; a 
 
 tree ; a colour ; to bark. 
 Bey, a Turkish Governor. 
 
 Beech, a kind of tree. 
 Beach, the shore, the strand. 
 
 Been, participle of Be. 
 Bean, a kind of pulse. 
 
 Beet, a kind of vegetable. 
 Beat, to strike ; to throb. 
 
 Bow, an instrument to shoot 
 arrows ; a kind of knot. 
 
 Beau, a fashionably-dressed per- 
 son, a fop ; an admirer. 
 
 Bee, an insec 
 Be, to exist. 
 
 Beer, malt liquor. 
 Bier, a frame for bearing or car- 
 rying the dead to interment. 
 
 Bell, a hollow sounding vessel. 
 Belle, a gay or fashionably- 
 dressed young lady. 
 
 Berry, a small fruit. 
 Bury, to inter ; to conceal. 
 
 Birth, coming into life. 
 Berth, sleeping-place in a ship. 
 
 Bight, a coil or turn of a rope; 
 a bay (as the Bight of Benin). 
 Bite, to seize with the teeth. 
 
 Blew, did blow. 
 Blue, a colour. 
 
 Bore, to perforate or make a 
 hole in ; to annoy ; did bear. 
 Boar, the male swine. 
 
 Bough, a branch of a tree. 
 Bow, to bend, to stoop ; an act 
 of reverence or courtesy. 
 
 Borne, carried or supported. 
 Bourn, a limit or boundary. 
 
 Brays, as an ass; pounds or 
 
 bruises, as in a mortar. 
 Braze, to solder with brass. 
 
 Brake, a thicket of brambles. 
 Break, to part or burst by force ; 
 to infringe ; to violate. 
 
 Bred, brought up. 
 Bread, food made of corn. 
 
 Broach, a spit ; to pierce. 
 Brooch, an ornamental pin. 
 
 Brews, does brew. 
 
 Bruise, to crush ; a contusion. 
 
 Brute, a beast. 
 
 Bruit, to noise abroad ; a report. 
 
 Burrow, rabbit holes. 
 Borough, a corporate town. 
 
 But, except, nevertheless. 
 Butt, a cask ; a mark to aim at ; 
 to thrust with the head. 
 
CLASS FIRST. 
 
 21 
 
 By, near, beside, &c. 
 Buy, to purchase. 
 
 Call, to name, to invoke; to 
 
 make a short visit. 
 Caul, the network of a wig. 
 
 Cane, a reed ; a walking-stick. 
 Cain, Abel's brother. 
 
 Cannon, a great gun. 
 Canon, a law or rule of the 
 church ; an ecclesiastic. 
 
 Cast, to throw. 
 Caste, a tribe ; a class. 
 
 Cask, a barrel. 
 Casque, a helmet. 
 
 Cereal, pertaining to corn or 
 
 grain. 
 Serial, pertaining to a series. 
 
 Ceiling, of a room. 
 Sealing, as with wax. 
 
 Cession, a giving up or yielding. 
 Session, a sitting; the time of 
 sitting. 
 
 Chagrin, vexation, ill-humour. 
 
 Shagreen, the skin of a kind of 
 fish, or a species of leather 
 made rough in imitation of it. 
 
 Check, to restrain; checkered 
 
 linen or cotton. 
 Cheque, an order for money. 
 
 Chair, a movable seat. 
 Char, to work by the day. 
 
 Chews, grinds with the teeth. 
 Choose, to select ; to prefer. 
 
 Cord, a string or rope. 
 Chord, the string of a musical 
 instrument. 
 
 Chuff, a blunt, clownish person. 
 Chough, a kind of sea-bird. 
 
 Cit, a citizen. 
 Sit, to be seated. 
 
 Cite, to summon. 
 Site, situation, position. 
 Sight, the sense of seeing, the 
 thing seen ; a look, a show. 
 
 Clarke, a surname. 
 Clerk, a clergyman; a man of 
 letters ; an accountant. 
 
 Claws, plural of Claw. 
 Clause, part of a sentence. 
 
 Clime, climate, region. 
 Climb, to mount or ascend. 
 
 Coarse, not fine, gross. 
 Corse, 1 a dead body. 
 Course, a running ; career. 
 
 Cobble, to mend coarsely. 
 Coble, a fishing boat. 
 
 Cole, cabbage. 
 Coal, for burning. 
 
 i Corse is a poetic word for Corpse, 
 
22 
 
 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Complement, the full number. 
 Compliment, an act or expres- 
 sion of civility ; to natter. 
 
 Coquette, a flirt. 
 
 Coquet, to act like a coquette. 
 
 Core, the heart or inner part. 
 Corps, a body of soldiers. 
 
 Coarser, more coarse. 
 Courser, a swift horse. 
 
 Cousin, a blood relation. 
 Cozen, 1 to cheat. 
 
 Creek, a narrow bay or inlet. 
 Creak, to make a straining or 
 grating noise. 
 
 Crews, ships' companies. 
 Cruise, to sail up and down in 
 quest of an enemy. 
 
 Cue, a hint to speak. 
 Queue, the hair tied behind. 
 
 Dam, the mother; a bank to 
 
 confine water. 
 Damn, to condemn. 
 
 Day, the time between sunrise 
 
 and sunset. 
 Dey, a Moorish governor. 
 
 Deer, an animal. 
 Dear, costly ; beloved. 
 
 Dane, a native of Denmark. 
 Deign, to condescend. 
 
 Dew, the vapour that falls after 
 
 sunset. 
 Due, what is owing. 
 
 Die, to expire ; a small stamp 
 used in coining ; the singular 
 of Dice. 
 
 Dye, colour, tinge. 
 
 Discreet, prudent, cautious. 
 Discrete, not concrete ; distinct. 
 
 Doe, the female deer. 
 Dough, unbaked paste. 
 
 Dun, a dark yellow colour ; to 
 
 importune for a debt. 
 Done, performed. 
 
 Dust, earth dried to powder. 
 Dost, thou doest. 
 
 Doze, to slumber. 
 Does, the plural of Doe. 
 
 Dram, a glass of spirits. 
 Drachm, a small weight. 
 
 Draft, a bill of exchange. 
 Draught, a drawing ; a drink. 
 
 Dying, expiring. 
 
 Dyeing, colouring or tinging. 
 
 Fane, a temple. 
 Fain, desirous. 
 Feign, to dissemble. 
 
 Faint, to swoon ; languid. 
 Feint, a pretence. 
 
 Fare, food ; price of passage. 
 Fair, handsome ; just or right; 
 a large market. 
 
 1 Cozen. — This word is nearly obsolete. It seems formed from 
 the low word chouse, to cheat {chouseri). 
 
CLASS FIBST. 
 
 23 
 
 Fate, destiny. 
 Fete, a festival. 
 
 Faun, a sylvan deity. 
 Fawn, a young deer ; to natter 
 meanly, to cringe. 
 
 Feet, the plural of Foot. 
 Feat, a deed or exploit. 
 
 Fellow, an associate; a match. 
 Felloe, the rim of a wheel. 
 
 Feud, a quarrel, a grudge. 
 Feod, a freehold. 
 
 Fillip, a jerk or blow with the 
 finger let go from the thumb. 
 Philip, a man's name. 
 
 Flee, to run away. 
 Flea, an insect 
 
 Flew, did fly. 
 
 Flue, a pipe ; a chimney. 
 
 Fool, an idiot ; a foolish person. 
 Full, replete, filled. 
 
 Fore, in front. 
 Four, in number. 
 
 Fort, a fortified place. 
 Forte, what a person knows, or 
 can do best. 
 
 Forth, forward, out. 
 Fourth, the ordinal of Four. 
 
 Foul, dirty, unfair. 
 Fowl, a bird. 
 
 Frays, broils, quarrels. 
 Phrase, an expression or short 
 sentence, 
 
 Freeze, to congeal. 
 Frieze, a term in architecture *, 
 coarse woollen cloth. 
 
 Fungus, a mushroom, a toad- 
 stool ; a spongy excrescence. 
 Fungous, excrescent, spongy. 
 
 Furs, skins with soft hair. 
 Furze, prickly shrubs. 
 
 Gage, a pledge or pawn. 
 Gauge, to measure. 
 
 Gall, bile, rancour. 
 
 Gaul, ancient name of France. 
 
 Gate, a door or entrance. 
 Gait, manner of walking. 
 
 Gild, to overlay or adorn with 
 
 leaf gold. 
 Guild, a corporation. 
 
 Gilt, adorned with gold. 
 Guilt, crime, wickedness. 
 
 Glare, dazzling light. 
 Glair, the white of an egg. 
 
 Gore, clotted blood ; to stab or 
 
 pierce with horns. 
 Goar, a slanting piece inserted 
 
 to widen a garment. 
 
 Grate, for holding fire ; to rub 
 against a rough surface ; to act 
 harshly on the feelings. 
 
 Great, large, grand. 
 
24 
 
 VEBBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Grater, a rasp or rough file. 
 Greater, comparative of Great. 
 
 Greece, a country. 
 Grease, melted fat. 
 
 Grieves, laments ; causes grief. 
 Greaves, armour for the legs. 
 
 Grizzly, somewhat gray. 
 Grisly, hideous, horrible. 
 
 Groan, to sigh deeply. 
 Grown, increased in growth. 
 
 Grocer, a dealer in tea, &c. 
 Grosser, comparative of Gross. 
 
 Grot, a grotto or cell. 
 Groat, fourpence. 
 
 Hale, strong, healthy. 
 Hail, frozen rain; to salute or 
 wish health to. 
 
 Hare, an animal. 
 Hair, of the head. 
 
 Hall, a large room. 
 Haul, to pull or drag. 
 
 Hart, a kind of stag. 
 Heart, the seat of life. 
 
 Heel, the hind part of the foot. 
 Heal, to cure ; to grow sound. 
 He'll, for he will. 
 
 Here, in this place. 
 Hear, to hearken. 
 
 Herd, a collection of cattle. 
 Heard, did hear. 
 
 Hew, to cut, to chop. 
 Hue, a colour, dye. 
 Hugh, a man's name. 
 
 Hie, to go in haste. 
 High, elevated, lofty. 
 
 Him, objective case of He. 
 Hymn, a divine song. 
 
 Horde, a tribe ; a band. 
 Hoard, a secret store. 
 
 I, myself. 
 
 Eye, the organ of sight. 
 
 Idle, lazy ; unemployed. 
 
 Idol, an image worshipped as a 
 
 god. 
 Idyl, a short pastoral poem. 
 
 Isle, an island. 
 
 Aisle, wing or side of a church. 
 
 I'll, for I toill 
 
 In, into. 
 Inn, a hotel. 
 
 Indite, to compose or write. 
 Indict, to accuse. 
 
 Jam, a conserve of fruit. 
 Jamb, a leg or supporter. 
 
 Jewry, Judea ; a place in a town 
 
 where Jews reside. 
 Jury, twelve men sworn to give 
 
 a true verdict. 
 
 Just, equitable ; fair. 
 Joust, as in a tournament. 
 
 Key, for a lock. 
 Quay, a wharf or dock. 
 
 Kill, to deprive of life. 
 Kiln, a large stove. 
 
CLASS FIRST. 
 
 25 
 
 Lac, a kind of gum. 
 
 Lack, to want ; need, want. 
 
 Lacks, wants, needs. 
 Lax, loose ; vague. 
 
 Lade, to load. 
 
 Laid, placed, deposited. 
 
 Lancli, to cast as a lance. 
 Launch, to push into the sea. 
 
 Lane, a narrow passage. 
 Lain, participle of Lie. 
 
 Leaf, of a tree, book, &c. 
 Lief, willingly, gladly. 
 
 Led, conducted. 
 Lead, a metal. 
 
 Lee, the sheltered side. 
 Lea, a meadow, a field. 
 
 Leek, a kind of onion. 
 Leak, to let in or out water. 
 
 Levy, to raise, to collect. 
 Levee, a morning visit. 
 
 Limb, a member. 
 Limn, to paint. 
 
 Links, plural of Link. 
 Lynx, a wild beast. 
 
 Lo, look or behold. 
 Low, not high, humble. 
 
 Lone, alone, solitary. 
 Loan, any thing lent. 
 
 Lock, of a door. 
 Loch, a lough or lake. 
 
 Made, did make, finished. 
 Maid, a girl or maiden. 
 
 Male, the masculine kind. 
 Mail, a bag for letters ; armour. 
 
 Mane, the hair on the neck of a 
 
 horse, &c. 
 Main, principal, chief. 
 
 Mantel, a chimney-piece. 
 Mantle, a cloak ; a cover. 
 
 Maze, an intricate place. 
 Maize, Indian corn. 
 
 Mark, an impression ; to note. 
 Marque, a licence ; " Letters of 
 Marque and Reprisal. 1 ' 
 
 Marshal, the highest rank in the 
 army ; a master of ceremo- 
 nies ; to put in order. 
 
 Martial, warlike. 
 
 Mean, low ; a means or medium ; 
 
 to intend or purpose. 
 Mien, air, look, manner. 
 
 Medal, a piece stamped in honor 
 
 of some victory or event. 
 Meddle, to interpose. 
 
 Meed, reward, recompense. 
 Mede, a native of Media. 
 Mead, a meadow ; a drink made 
 of honey. 
 
 Meet, to come together ; to en- 
 counter ; suitable, fit. 
 Meat, animal food ; any food. 
 Mete, to measure. 
 
 Meter, a measurer. 
 Metre, measure, verse. 
 
 Mite, a very small insect. 
 Might, strength, power. 
 
 Mity, full of mites. 
 Mighty, very powerful. 
 B 
 
26 
 
 VEBBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Moan, to lament. 
 Mown, mowed, cut down. 
 
 Mote, a very small or minute 
 
 particle of matter. 
 Moat, a deep ditch or trench. 
 
 Mule, a kind of ass. 
 Mewl, to cry as a child. 
 
 Muscle, a fleshy fibre. 
 Mussel, a bivalve shellfish. 
 
 Muse, to meditate ; one of the 
 
 Nine Muses. 
 Mews, cages or enclosures ; 
 
 stabling ; a kind of sea-birds. 
 
 Nap, a short sleep. 
 
 Knap, a small protuberance. 
 
 Naught, nothing ; worthless. 
 Nought, not any thing. 
 
 Nay, no, not. 
 Neigh, as a horse. 
 
 Nave, the middle part of a wheel 
 Knave, a rogue. 
 
 Need, want, necessity. 
 Knead, to work dough. 
 
 New, novel, fresh. 
 Knew, did know. 
 
 Night, time of darkness. 
 Knight, a title of honour. 
 
 Not, a word of denial. 
 Knot, a tie ; a difficulty. 
 
 No, not any. 
 
 Know, to understand. 
 
 None, no one. 
 Nun, a religieuse. 
 
 Nose, the organ of smell. 
 Knows, understands. 
 
 Ore, unrefined metal. 
 Oar, for rowing with. 
 O'er, over. 
 
 Our, belonging to us. 
 Hour, sixty minutes. 
 
 Palate, the roof of the mouth. 
 Pallet, a small mean bed. 
 Palette, a painter's board. 
 
 Pale, white, wan ; a stake ; an 
 
 enclosure. 
 Pail, a wooden vessel. 
 
 Pane, a square of glass. 
 Pain, ache ; uneasiness. 
 
 Pare, to cut thinly. 
 Pair, a couple. 
 Pear, a fruit. 
 
 Paul, a man's name. 
 
 Pall, a cloak; a covering thrown 
 over the coffin at funerals; to 
 clog or become insipid. 
 
 Pannel, a kind of rustic saddle. 
 Panel, a square piece of board; 
 a jury-roll. 
 
 Pause, to stop ; a cessation. 
 Paws, feet of a beast. 
 
 Peace, quiet, rest. 
 Piece, a part or portion. 
 
 Peak, a point ; the top. 
 Pique, to nettle or irritate with 
 
 sharp words; to give offence ; 
 
 a grudge or ill will ; to pride 
 
 one's self on. 
 
CLASS FIRST. 
 
 27 
 
 Peel, rind or skin. 
 Peal, a ring of bells. 
 
 Peer, an equal, a nobleman. 
 Pier, a mole or structure of 
 stones projecting into the sea. 
 
 Pencil, for writing with. 
 Pensile, hanging, suspended. 
 
 Place, locality ; rank. 
 Plaice, a flat fish. 
 
 Plane, a plain surface; a tool 
 for making surfaces plain; the 
 platanus or plane tree. 
 
 Plain, smooth ; a level country. 
 
 Plate, a flat piece of metal ; 
 wrought silver ; a small shal- 
 low dish to eat off. 
 
 Plait, to fold ; to braid. 
 
 Please, to give pleasure. 
 Pleas, pleadings, excuses. 
 
 Plum, a fruit ; £100,000. 
 
 Plumb, a leaden weight at the 
 end of a line, used by builders 
 for ascertaining the perpen- 
 dicularity of walls. 
 
 Pole, a long staff; a measure of 
 five yards and a half ; extre- 
 mities of the earth's axis. 
 
 Poll, the head; to take the votes 
 at an election. 
 
 Pore, a spiracle or small pas- 
 sage for perspiration ; to look 
 closely or intensely over. 
 
 Pour, to empty out liquor. 
 
 Practice, the habit of doing any 
 
 thing ; a custom. 
 Practise, to do habitually. 
 
 Primmer, comparative of Prim. 
 Primer, a first book. 
 
 Pray, to supplicate. 
 Prey, spoil, plunder. 
 
 Prays, does pray. 
 Praise, applause. 
 
 Prize, a reward gained, booty 
 to set a price on, to esteem. 
 
 Pries, inspects closely and offi- 
 ciously. 
 
 Psalter, the book of Psalms. 
 Salter,one who salts, or sells salt. 
 
 Quarts, plural of Quart. 
 Quartz, a species of mineral. 
 
 Quire, 24 sheets of paper. 
 Choir, a band of singers ; the 
 place in which they sing. 
 
 Rain, water from the clouds. 
 Reign, to rule as a king. 
 Rein, part of a bridle ; to check 
 or control. 
 
 Raise, to lift up ; to excite. 
 
 Rays, beams of light. 
 
 Raze, to level with the ground. 
 
 Rap, to strike quickly. 
 Wrap, to roll or fold round. 
 
 Rapt, enraptured. 
 Rapped, did rap. 
 Wrapped, did wrap. 
 
 Reed, a hollow, jointed stalk. 
 Read, to peruse. 
 
 b2 
 
28 
 
 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Red, a colour. 
 Read, did read. 
 
 Reck, to care or heed. 
 "Wreck, destruction, ruin ; 
 shatter, to destroy. 
 
 to 
 
 Reek, smoke, vapour. 
 Wreak, to execute vengeance. 
 
 Rest, quiet, cessation. 
 Wrest, to twist or wrench vio- 
 lently from ; to distort. 
 
 Rime, hoar frost. 
 Rhyme, verses terminating with 
 similar sounds. 
 
 Ring, a round or circular figure ; 
 
 to sound a bell. 
 Wring, to twist ; to torture. 
 
 Rite, a ceremony or observance. 
 
 Right, straight ; just. 
 
 Write, to express by letters ; to 
 
 compose as an author. 
 Wright, a workman. 
 
 Rode, did ride. 
 Road, a way or route. 
 
 Roe, the female of the hart; 
 
 the eggs of a fish. 
 Row, a line, a rank ; to impel 
 
 by means of oars. 
 
 Rood, the cross ; the fourth part 
 
 of an acre. 
 Rude, untaught ; rough. 
 
 Room, space ; an apartment. 
 Rheum, catarrh or cold. 
 
 Root, of a tree or plant. 
 Route, road or way ; direction. 
 
 Rose, a well-known flower. 
 Rows, does row ; plural of Row. 
 Roes, plural of Roe. 
 
 Rote, words committed to me- 
 mory, without regard to the 
 meaning. 
 
 Wrote, did write. 
 
 Rot, to putrefy. 
 Wrought, worked, made. 
 
 Ruff, an article of dress. 
 Rough, rugged, uneven. 
 
 Rung, the past tense of ring. 
 Wrung, the past tense of Wring. 
 
 Rye, a kind of corn. 
 Wry, crooked. 
 
 Sale, selling ; the act of selling. 
 Sail, of a ship ; a ship. 
 
 Sane, sound, healthy. 
 Seine, a river in Franca 
 
 Satire, a poem censuring vice 
 and folly ; severity of remark. 
 Satyr, a sylvan deity. 
 
 Scate, a kind of flat fish. 
 Skate, a kind of shoe for sliding 
 on ice. 
 
 Seal, a stamp ; the sea calf. 
 Ceil, to overlay the inner roof 
 of a building or room. 
 
 Seed, that which is sown. 
 Cede, to yield, to give up. 
 
 Seem, to appear. 
 
 Seam, the line formed by sewing. 
 
CLASS FIRST. 
 
 29 
 
 Seas, the plural of Sea. 
 
 Sees, beholds. 
 
 Seize, to take by force. 
 
 See, to perceive by the eye ; the 
 
 diocese of a bishop. 
 Sea, the ocean. 
 
 Seen, beheld, observed. 
 Scene, a view or prospect. 
 Seine, a kind of fishing net. 
 
 Sell, to give for a price. 
 Cell, a cellar ; a hermit's hut. 
 
 Sent, did send. 
 
 Scent, a smell ; chase by smell. 
 
 Cent., for centum, a hundred. 
 
 Sere or Sear, dry ; withered ; to 
 parch or dry up ; to cauterize. 
 Cere, to cover with wax. 
 
 Sheer, pure, unmixed. 
 Shear, to clip or cut. 
 
 Sign, a token, a symbol. 
 Sine, a line in geometry. 
 
 Signet, a small seal. 
 Cygnet, a young swan. 
 
 Sink, to descend. 
 
 Cinque, old French for cinq, five. 
 
 Sion, a Scripture mountain. 
 Scion, a cutting, a sprout,a twig. 
 
 Size, bulk, quantity ; a glutinous 
 
 substance. 
 Sighs, plural of Sigh. 
 Sice, six at dice. 
 
 Skull, the cranium, the head. 
 Scull, a small boat, a small oar. 
 
 Slight, weak, small, trivial ; to 
 
 think little of, to neglect. 
 Sleight, a dexterous trick. 
 
 Slow, not swift ; dull. 
 Sloe, a small wild plum. 
 
 So, thus, in this manner. 
 Sow, to scatter seed. 
 Sew, to use a needle. 
 
 Sole, the whole ; only ; the bot- 
 tom of the foot ; a flat fish. 
 
 Soul, the immortal part of man 
 the spirit. 
 
 Sore, any thing causing sorrow 
 or pain; an injured or painful 
 part ; an ulcer. 
 
 Soar, to fly aloft. 
 
 Staid, steady, sober, grave. 
 Stayed, to stop, obstruct, or 
 support. 
 
 Stake, apost ; a wager ; a pledge 
 Steak, a slice of broiled beef. 
 
 Stare, to gaze on ; a starling. 
 Stair, a step for ascending. 
 
 Steel, iron refined and hardened 
 Steal, to take by theft. 
 
 Step, a pace ; a proceeding. 
 Steppe, a barren plain or waste 
 
 Stile, steps over a fence. 
 Style, manner of writing. 
 
 Strait, narrow; a narrow pas- 
 sage ; a difficulty. 
 Straight, right, direct. 
 
30 
 
 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Sum, the amount or whole of 
 any thing ; to add or cast up. 
 Some, a part of any whole. 
 
 Sun, the luminary of the day. 
 Son, a male child. 
 
 Sutler, one that follows an army 
 
 and sells provisions. 
 Subtler, comparative of Subtle. 
 
 Sware, the old past tense of 
 
 Swear. 
 Swear, to declare or promise 
 
 upon oath. 
 
 Sweet, pleasing to the senses. 
 Suite, retinue ; a set of rooms. 
 
 Tacks, small nails. 
 Tax, a rate or impost ; to charge 
 or accuse. 
 
 Tale, a story; number reckoned. 
 Tail, the hinder or lower part. 
 
 Tare, a weed that grows among 
 corn ; an allowance in weight. 
 Tear, to rend ; a rent. 
 
 Tier, a row, a rank. 
 Tear, water from the eye. 
 
 Tease, to annoy, to comb wool. 
 Teas, plural of Tea. 
 
 Teem, to produce plentifully? 
 
 to be full of ; to pour. 
 Team, a yoke of horses or oxen. 
 
 Time, measure of duration ; a 
 
 proper season. 
 Thyme, a kind of plant. 
 
 There, in that place. 
 Their, belonging to them, 
 
 Threw, did throw. 
 Through, from one end or side 
 to the other ; by means of. 
 
 Throne, a regal seat of state. 
 Thrown, cast, projected. 
 
 Throw, to cast, to fling. 
 Throe, extreme pain, agony. 
 
 To, noting motion towards ; 
 
 addition. 
 Too, overmuch ; also. 
 Two, twice one ; a couple. 
 
 Toe, of the foot. 
 Tow, the coarse part of flax ; to 
 pull along with a rope. 
 
 Tun, a large cask; 252 gallons. 
 Ton, a weight of 20 hundred. 
 
 Travail, labour ; to toil. 
 Travel, to make a journey or 
 voyage. 
 
 Tray, a broad shallow trough of 
 
 wood or metal. 
 Trey, three at cards or dice. 
 Trait, a characteristic or feature. 
 
 Use, to make use of. 
 Ewes, plural of Ewe. 
 
 Vane, a weathercock. 
 Vain, empty, futile ; false. 
 Vein, a blood-vessel. 
 
 Vale, a valley. 
 
 Vail, money given to servants ; 
 
 to lower ; to yield. 
 Veil, a cover to conceal the face. 
 
 Wale, a projecting timber in a 
 ship's side ; a rising part on 
 the surface of cloth. 
 
 Wail, to lament, to bewail. 
 
CLASS FIRST. 
 
 31 
 
 Wane, to grow less, to decline. 
 Wain, a wagon. 
 
 Waste, to consume uselessly ; a 
 tract of uncultivated ground. 
 
 Waist, the middle part of the 
 human body. 
 
 Wait, to stay, to tarry. 
 Weight, heaviness ; importance. 
 
 Ware, merchandise, goods. 
 Wear, to use, to waste. 
 
 Wave, of the sea ; to undulate. 
 Waive, 1 to beckon ; to omit men- 
 tioning, to defer, to relinquish. 
 
 Way, a road, course, manner. 
 Weigh, to try the weight of 
 any thing, to ponder. 
 
 Weald, a wold or wild, a forest. 
 Wield, to sway, to govern. 
 
 Wean, to deprive of the breast. 
 Ween, to think, to imagine. 
 
 Weather, state of the air. 
 Wether, a sheep. 
 
 Week, the space of seven days. 
 Weak, feeble, infirm. 
 
 Won, did win. 
 One, in number. 
 
 Wood, a forest ; timber. 
 Would, past tense of Will. 
 
 Yoke, a frame of wood for 
 coupling oxen ; a [couple or 
 pair ; bondage or slavery. 
 
 Yolk, the yellow part of an egg. 
 
 You, the plural of Thou. 
 Yew, a kind of tree. 
 Ewe, the female sheep. 
 
 Your, belonging to you. 
 Ewer, a small jug. 
 
 SENTENCES FOR DICTATION. 
 
 [The following sentences, and others similarly formed, should be dic- 
 tated to the pupils, who should either spell every word as it occurs, or 
 if they are competent, write down the entire sentence on their slates. ] 
 
 Does any thing ail you ? My stomach is sick since I 
 took that draught of ale. Water is preferable. 
 
 The young heir has the air, mien, and even gait of 
 his father. I heard this ere my arrival in Ayr ; and if 
 e'er I return, I hope to find him following his father's 
 footsteps. 
 
 His awl was almost all the poor cobbler possessed. 
 
 The ascent to the top is easy. I cannot assent to 
 that opinion. 
 
 l Waive is a different application of the verb wave, and it should 
 be spelled in the same way. It properly means to reject or decline* 
 by a waving motion of the hand. 
 
32 VEEBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 If you have aught against his character, you ought to 
 state it before I employ him. 
 
 The magistrate committed him to gaol for smuggling 
 a bale of tobacco. His character too was so bad that 
 no one offered to bail him. 
 
 The bear seized him by the bare leg. I could not 
 bear to look on. 
 
 Parallel to the beach ran a row of beech trees. 
 
 The carpenter having planed the board, bored several 
 holes through it, and then threw it aside. 
 
 John has given up his bow and arrows, and all his 
 boyish amusements, and is beginning to set up for a 
 beau. 
 
 If you bury that berry it might grow. 
 
 The crews of the ships sent to cruise on the coast of 
 Africa, suffered greatly from sickness. 
 
 The wind blew away my blue handkerchief. 
 
 The storm has made that large bough bow to the 
 earth. 
 
 At eight o'clock, this morning, I ate a little bread, 
 but nothing since. 
 
 Which part of the wig do you call the caul ? 
 
 Canon, an ordinance of the church, should be dis- 
 tinguished from cannon, a piece of ordnance. 
 
 He lost caste, and was cast out of his tribe. 
 
 He beat me with a large beet root. 
 
 He was borne to that country from whose bourn no 
 traveller returns. 
 
 The cinnamon when kindled sent forth a most fra- 
 grant scent. 
 
 Early in the next session of Parliament, the cession 
 of territory was agreed upon. 
 
 Though I threatened to cite him before a magistrate, 
 he fixed upon a site, and began to build even in my 
 
 si S ht - . ... 
 
 His manners are coarse, and his conversation is, of 
 
 course, similar. 
 
CLASS FIRST. 33 
 
 He was a captain of a yeomanry corps, but he had 
 a heart no bigger than the core of an apple. 
 
 In running up the creek, the vessel struck the ground 
 with such force that the timbers began to creak and 
 strain. 
 
 Conceiving that the old gentleman with the queue 
 could give me a cue to the matter, I addressed him. 
 
 The two deer which he bought and sent to me, were 
 considered too dear. 
 
 When you have done, saddle the dun pony. 
 
 Did you bind the ewe to the yew-tree? 
 
 The flue took fire, and the sparks flew about in all 
 directions. 
 
 The two fore- feet of that horse, and indeed the whole 
 four, are badly formed. 
 
 His gait is very awkward : he swings like a gate on 
 its hinges. 
 
 This shoe has taken the skin ofl my heel. Well, go 
 to the apothecary, and he'll give you a plaster, which 
 will soon heal it. 
 
 This hale old fellow seems to care nothing for rain, 
 hail, or snow : let us hail him. 
 
 The fur of a hare is more like hair than down. 
 
 He threw the javelin, and pierced the hart through 
 the heart. 
 
 The treasure, which he had taken such pains to amass 
 and hoard up, was carried off by a horde of robbers. 
 
 He made a hole, and put the whole of his money 
 into it. 
 
 In the little isle stand the ruins of an ancient church, 
 the aisle of which is almost entire. 
 
 Walking on the quay to-day, I lost the key of my 
 watch. 
 
 It must have been painful to witness the chagrin of 
 poor Moses when he found that he had been imposed 
 upon with regard to the u gross of green spectacles with 
 silver rims and shagreen cases." 
 
 b3 
 
34 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS* 
 
 Lest they should seize and kill him, he concealed 
 himself in a limekiln. 
 
 You need not knead that dough any more. 
 
 I saw a naughty boy beating a poor ass with a 
 rough knotty stick. 
 
 Lead the pony to the farrier's, and when you have 
 led him there buy me some lead. 
 
 His time was wholly taken up in holy and devout 
 contemplations. 
 
 I heard at the levee to-day that a new levy, both of 
 men and money, is intended. 
 
 Has the laundry- maid made up the clothes ? 
 
 I sent the old coat of mail by the mail-coach, in 
 charge of one of the male passengers. 
 
 He seized the pony by the mane, and held with all 
 his might and main. 
 
 The Field Marshal has a very martial appearance. 
 
 The flowery mead sends forth its meed of praise* 
 
 It is not meet that we should meet again. 
 
 Salt meat should be sparingly used, and as if by 
 mete. 
 
 You might have given your mite. 
 
 I heard a moan among the new-mown hay. 
 
 Just as I was about to say nay, the horse began to 
 neigh. 
 
 I will give you some of this silver ore, if you take 
 your oar and row me o'er the ferry. 
 
 Do yon see that pale-faced girl climbing over the 
 pale, with a pail in her hand ? 
 
 The pane cut my hand, and occasions me great pain. 
 
 Did you ever see a person pare an apple or a pear 
 with a pair of scissors ? 
 
 The poor painter threw away his palette, and flung 
 bimself upon his wretched pallet. 
 
 Have you not even read of the Peak of Teneriffe ? 
 I pique myself upon having seen it. Do not pique me 
 by showing your superior knowledge* 
 
CLASS tflRStf. 35 
 
 Do you mean pannel, a mean or rustic saddle ; or 
 panel, a square of parchment, wood, or glass ? 
 
 The carpenter with his plane, will soon make it 
 smooth and plain. 
 
 The pole of the coach struck against the poll of his 
 head. 
 
 Shall I place the plaice at the head of the table ? 
 
 That gentleman standing on the pier, is a peer ox 
 the realm. The sun begins to peer. 
 
 I was on the rack, expecting every moment the ves- 
 sel to become a wreck, but he seemed to reck not what 
 happened. 
 
 You are right in saying that rite means an observ- 
 ance, and that wright means a maker ; as wheel- wright, 
 ship-wright, mill-wright, and book- wright. Now write 
 down or spell this sentence. 
 
 When the funeral-bell began to ring, she began to 
 weep and wring her hands. 
 
 When I rowed him over the ferry, he mounted a 
 horse, and rode along the new road. 
 
 After sealing the letter, he stuck the wax against 
 the ceiling of the room. 
 
 So beautiful a scene I have never seen. 
 
 So I stayed at home to sew my clothes, but John 
 went to the field to sow the wheat. 
 
 He did it by a manoeuvre or sleight of hand. Slight 
 all such trickery. 
 
 Sole partner of my soul. 
 
 He stares at me, as I ascend the stairs. 
 
 Before we reached the Strait of Gibraltar, we were 
 in a great strait for want of water. On arriving there, 
 the captain sent a boat straight ashore for some. 
 
 The fox sat down upon his tail, and thus began his 
 tale or story. 
 
 He gave two pears to me too. 
 
 A vane is not more changeable than that vain young 
 man. There is, however, a vein of good humour in him. 
 
36 VERBAL DISTINCTION 
 
 Is it time to transplant the thyme? 
 
 Don't waste your money in buying fancy waistcoats* 
 
 Wait for a moment till I ascertain the weight of 
 
 this article. Unless you weigh it immediately, I must 
 
 proceed on my way. 
 ^ He is still in a weakly state : his physician visits 
 
 him weekly. 
 
 EXEKCISES ON WORDS. 
 
 [7b vary the exercise the teacher should occasionally spell and 
 pronounce one of the words himself and then require the pupils 
 to give its meaning; and also, the spelling and meaning of any 
 other word similarly pronounced.} 
 
 Arc, ark ; bad, bade ; bait, bate ; baize, bays ; base, 
 bass ; beer, bier ; bell, belle ; bourn, borne ; brake, 
 break ; burrow, borough. 
 
 Cask, casque; check, cheque; chord, cord; chuff, 
 chough ; claws, clause ; climb, clime , close, clothes ; 
 complement, compliment ; cygnet, signet ; dram, drachm. 
 
 Ewer, your; fain, fane, feign; faint,feint; feat, feet; 
 fellow, felloe; fort, forte; foul, fowl; frays, phrase; 
 freeze, frieze ; furs, furze ; gage, gauge ; gild, guild ; 
 gilt, guilt. 
 
 Gore, goar; grater, greater; grocer, grosser; grot, 
 groat ; hall, haul ; hie, high ; him, hymn ; indict, indite ; 
 jam, jamb; knave, nave. 
 
 Lanch, launch; leak, leek; leaf, lief ; limb, limn; 
 loan, lone ; maize, maze ; male, mail ; mane, main ; 
 mantel, mantle ; marshal, martial ; mean, mien ; mead, 
 meed, Mede. 
 
 Meet, meat, mete ; meter, metre ; mite, might ; mity, 
 mighty ; moan, mown ; mote, moat; mule, mewl"; muse, 
 mews ; nap, knap ; naught, nought ; nay, neigh. 
 
 Nave, knave; need, knead; new, knew; night, 
 knight ; not, knot ; no, know ; none, nun, &c., &c. 
 
CLASS SECOND, 
 
 3? 
 
 CLASS SECOND. 
 
 WORDS PRONOUNCED NEARLY ALIKE, 1 BUT DIFFERING IN 
 SPELLING AND SIGNIFICATION. 
 
 [In this class, the distinction between the pronunciation of thewords 
 in each case should be taught as well as the difference of the 
 spelling and meaning.'] 
 
 Able, sufficient, competent. 
 Abel, a man's name. 
 
 Aloud, with a loud voice. 
 Allowed (allow'd), did allow. 
 
 Altar, of a church. 
 
 Alter, to change ; to vary. 
 
 Auger, a boring instrument. 
 Augur, a soothsayer or diviner ; 
 to predict by signs,to forebode. 
 
 Bald, without hair. 
 Bawled (bawl'd), did bawl. 
 
 Barbary, a country of Africa. 
 Barberry, a small wild fruit 
 with barbs or spines. 
 
 Board, a plank ; a table. 
 Bored (bor'd), did bore. 
 
 Bold, brave; daring; forward. 
 Bowled (bowl'd), did bowl. 
 
 Boy, a male child. 
 Buoy, a floating mark. 
 
 Braid, to weave or plait ; a plait. 
 Brayed (bray'd), did bray. 
 
 Brood, offspring ; progeny. 
 Brewed (brew'd), did brew. 
 
 Bridal, a wedding; nuptial. 
 Bridle, for a horse. 
 
 Britain, as Great Britain. 
 Briton, a native of Britain. 
 
 Calendar, an almanac. 
 Calender, a hot press for giving 
 a gloss to linens, calicoes, &o. 
 
 Carat, a small weight. 
 Caret, a mark in writing. 
 
 Castor, the beaver; a beaver 
 
 hat ; a kind of oil. 
 Caster, one who casts; that out 
 
 of which something is cast. 
 
 Cellar, a ceil; a wine store. 
 Seller, one who sells any thing. 
 
 Censer, a pan to barn incense in. 
 Censor, a corrector of morals; 
 a licenser of the press. 
 
 1 It is only in colloquial or careless speaking that. these words 
 are pronounced " nearly alike." In almost every case there is a 
 marked difference between their pronunciations. These differences 
 and distinctions the learner must not only know, but also habituate 
 himself to, if he wishes to become a correct speaker. 
 
38 
 
 VERfeAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Choler, bile ; anger. 
 Collar, the neck; something 
 worn about the neck. 
 
 Counsel, to advise; advice; a 
 
 legal adviser. 
 Council, an assembly or body 
 
 for consultation. 
 
 Counsellor, an adviser; a bar- 
 rister or lawyer. 
 Councillor, member of a council. 
 
 Culler, one who culls or selects. 
 Colour, as black, white, &c. 
 
 Depositary, a storekeeper. 
 Depository, a store or place in 
 which things are deposited. 
 
 Deviser, one who devises; a 
 
 contriver; an inventor. 
 Divisor, a term in arithmetic. 
 
 Dire, dreadful ; dismal. 
 Dyer, one who dyes. 
 
 Find, to discover. 
 Fined (nn'd), did fine. 
 
 Flour, from meal. 
 Flower, a blossom. 
 
 Fur, skin with soft hair. 
 Fir, a kind of tree. 
 
 Galloon, a kind of lace, 
 Galleon, a name given to a class 
 of Spanish merchant ships. 
 
 Gored (gor'd), did gore. 
 Gourd, a plant like a melon. 
 
 Guest, a visitor. 
 
 Guessed (guess'd), did gtiess. 
 
 Hire, wages ; recompense. 
 Higher, more elevated. 
 
 Hole, a hollow; a cavity. 
 Whole, all ; the entire. 
 
 Holy, sacred ; pure. 
 
 Wholly, entirely ; completely. 
 
 Lair, a wild beast's couch. 
 Layer, one who lays ; that which 
 is laid ; a stratum. 
 
 Lessen, to make less. 
 
 Lesson, a school task ; a precept. 
 
 Liar, one who tells lies. 
 Lyre, a musical instrument. 
 
 Lien, a tie ; a claim. 
 Lion, a wild beast. 
 
 Load, a burden ; to lade. 
 Lowed (low'd), did low. 
 
 Lore, learning. 
 
 Lower, more low ; to let down. 
 
 Manner, method or way. 
 Manor, a domain, a district. 
 
 Mare, the female horse. 
 Mayor, a chief magistrate. 
 
 Medlar, a kind of fruit. 
 Meddler, one who meddles. 
 
 Metal, as gold, silver, &c. 
 Mettle, spirit ; courage. 
 
 Miner, a worker in mines* 
 Minor, one under age. 
 
ClASS SECOND. 
 
 39 
 
 Mist, a iOg ; small rain. 
 Missed (miss'd), did miss. 
 
 More, in number or quantity. 
 Mower, one that mows. 
 
 Naughty, worthless ; wicked. 
 Knotty, having knots. 
 
 Ode, a lyric poem. 
 Owed (ow'd), did owe. 
 
 Otter, an amphibious animal. 
 Ottar, oil of roses. 
 
 Pact, a contract ; an agreement. 
 Packed (pack'd), did pack. 
 
 Pearl, a gem of great value. 
 Peril, danger; denunciation. 
 
 Pendant, something which 
 
 hangs ; an earring. 
 Pendent, hanging. 
 
 Peter, a man's name. 
 Petre, nitre, saltpetre. 
 
 Pilot, one who steers a ship. 
 Pilate, a man's name. 
 
 Plaintiff, in a lawsuit. 
 Plaintive, mournful. 
 
 President, one that presides 
 over an assembly, &c. 
 
 Precedent, something done or 
 said before; an example or 
 rule for future times. 
 
 Principal, chief; a chief or head ; 
 money placed out at interest. 
 
 Principle, a maxim; a funda- 
 mental truth; a rule of action. 
 
 Profit, gain ; advantage. 
 Prophet, one who prophesies. 
 
 Habbit, a well-known animal. 
 Kabbet, a term in carpentry. 
 
 Rapt, carried away; transported. 
 Wrapped (wrapp'd), did wrap. 
 
 Roar, as a lion, &c. 
 Rower, one that rows. 
 
 Rode, did ride. 
 
 Rowed (row'd), did row. 
 
 Side, the edge, the margin. 
 Sighed (sigh'd), did sigh. 
 
 Sailer, as a ship. 
 
 Sailor, a seaman or mariner. 
 
 Soared (soar'd), did soar. 
 Sword, a weapon. 
 
 Sold, did sell. 
 
 Soled (sol'd), did sole 
 
 Sower, one who sows seed. 
 Sewer, one who sews cloth. 
 
 Staid, steady ; grave. 
 Stayed (stay'd), did stay. 
 
 Stationary, remaining in one 
 
 place ; not progressive. 
 Stationery, pens,. paper, &c. 
 
 Sucker, a young shoot. 
 Succour, help ; to relieve. 
 
 Symbol, a type ; a sign. 
 Cymbal, a musical instrument. 
 
 Tact, ready talent ; adroitness. 
 Tacked (tack'd), did tack. 
 
 Tide, the flow and ebb of the sea. 
 Tied, did tie. 
 
 Told, did tell. 
 
 Tolled (toll'd), did toll. 
 
 Tract, a region ; a pamphlet* 
 Tracked (track'd), did track. 
 
40 
 
 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Venus, the goddess of beauty. 
 Venous, pertaining to the veins. 
 
 Vial, a phial, or small bottle. 
 Viol, a musical instrument. 
 
 Wade, to walk through water. 
 "Weighed (weigh'd) , did weigh. 
 
 Ware, goods, merchandise. 
 Where, in which place. 
 
 Weal, happiness ; prosperity. 
 Wheel, of a vehicle. 
 
 Weigh, to try the weight of. 
 Whey, the serous part of milk. 
 
 Wet, to make wet ; to moisten. 
 Whet, to sharpen; to make keen. 
 
 Wicket, a small gate. 
 Wicked, sinful ; vicious. 
 
 Wig, for the head. 
 Whig, a political name. 
 
 Wight, a person ; a being* 
 White, a colour. 
 
 Wile, guile ; to beguile. 
 While, time ; space of time. 
 
 Win, to gain. 
 Whin, gorse, furze. 
 
 Wine, juice of the grape. 
 Whine, like a dog. 
 
 Wist, to think, to suppose. 
 Whist, a game at cards. 
 
 Witch, a sorceress. 
 Which, a pronoun. 
 
 Wither, to fade ; to dry up. 
 Whither, to what place. 
 
 Wot, to know ; to think. 
 What, that which. 
 
 Ye, you. 
 Yea, yes. 
 
 SENTENCES FOR DICTATION. 
 
 I cannot reach to it with my arm ; but with my cane 
 I shall be able. 
 
 We are not allowed to speak aloud during business. 
 
 He should not be permitted to alter either the 
 appearance or the position of the altar. 
 
 The ball struck him on the ear, and he began to bawl, 
 as if it had been a bullet. In fact, he bawled so loud 
 that old Stephen popped his bald head out of the win- 
 dow to inquire what was the matter. 
 
 He bored a hole through the board. 
 
 One of the bridal party stepped forward, and caught 
 my horse by the bridle. 
 
CLASS SECOND. 41 
 
 Scotland is called North Britain, and therefore a 
 Scotsman is a North Briton. 
 
 He is a seller of old clothes, and he lives in a cellar. 
 
 His choler was so vehement that he seized him by the 
 collar in the presence of the by-standers. 
 
 A member of the council suggested that they should 
 take the opinion of counsel. 
 
 The dyer said that this was dire news to him, for 
 that he could no longer live by dyeing. 
 
 By referring to the register, 1 find that he too was 
 fined on two occasions. 
 
 His guest guessed it without difficult}^. 
 
 The hire of servants is higher in this country. 
 
 He made a hole, and put the whole of his money in it. 
 
 His time was wholly spent in holy contemplation. 
 
 It is a legal lien that I have on his estate, not an 
 African lion. 
 
 He asserted that no lord of the manor ever acted 
 in this manuer before. 
 
 This horse, though made of metal, cannot be said to 
 be a horse of mettle. 
 
 A miner whom we met near the works, told us that 
 theproprietor of the mines was a minor. 
 
 The mist was so thick that I almost missed my way. 
 
 I saw a naughty boy beating a poor ass with a rough 
 knotty stick. 
 
 The cobbler having soled the shoes, sold them to a 
 pedlar for a trifle. 
 
 He told the sexton, and the sexton tolled the bell. 
 
 As I am not to be stationary here, I will not encum- 
 ber myself with a large supply of stationery. 
 
 The principal portion of the meeting approved of 
 the principle. 
 
 If an ode could have paid the debt which he owed, 
 the poor poet would have been happy. 
 
 The ship rode at anchor, and the boats from the 
 shore rowed round her. 
 
42 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 The sailor said that his ship was an excellent sailer. 
 
 The president would not acquiesce in the arrange- 
 ment, lest it might be made a precedent on some future 
 occasion. 
 
 EXERCISES ON WORDS. 
 
 [To vary the exercise the teacher should occasionally spell and pro- 
 nounce one of the words himself and then require the pupils to 
 give its meaning; and also, the spelling, meaning, and exact 
 pronunciation of any otJier word likely to be confounded with it.} 
 
 Able, abel ; aloud, allowed ; altar, alter ; auger, 
 augur ; bald, bawled ; Barbaiy, barberry ; board, 
 bored ; bold, bowled ; braid, brayed ; brood, brewed ; 
 bridal, bridle ; Britain, Briton. 
 
 Calendar, calender ; carat, caret ; castor, caster ; 
 cellar, seller ; censer, censor ; choler, collar ; counsel, 
 council ; counsellor, councillor ; culler, colour. 
 
 Depositary, depository; divisor, devisor; dire, dyer; 
 find, fined ; flour, flower ; fur, fir ; gored, gourd ; 
 guest, guessed. 
 
 Hire, higher ; hole, whole ; holy, wholly ; lair, 
 layer ; lessen, lesson ; liar, lyre ; lion, lien ; load, 
 lowed ; lore, lower. 
 
 Manner, manor ; mare, mayor ; medlar, meddler ; 
 metal, mettle ; miner, minor ; mist, missed ; more, 
 mower ; naughty, knotty. 
 
 Ode, owed; otter, ottar; pact, packed; Peter, petre; 
 pilot, Pilate; plaintiff, plaintive; president, precedent; 
 principal, principle ; profit, prophet. 
 
 Rabbit, rabbet ; rapt, wrapped ; roar, rower ; rode, 
 rowed ; sailer, sailor ; soared, sword ; sold, soled ; 
 sower, sewer ; staid, stayed ; stationary, stationery ; 
 sucker, succour ; symbol, cymbal. 
 
 Tact, tacked; tide, tied; told, tolled; tract, tracked ; 
 Venus, venous"; vial, viol ; wade, weighed; ware, where ; 
 weal, wheel ; weigh, whey ; wet, whet ; wicket, wicked ; 
 wig, whig. 
 
CLASS THIRD. 
 
 43 
 
 CLASS THIRD. 
 
 W0RBS FREQUENTLY CONFOUNDED BY INCORRECT SPEAKERS, 
 
 THOUGH DIFFERING IN PRONUNCIATION, SPELLING, AND 
 
 MEANING. 
 
 [More words of this class will be found at pages 119 and 120 
 under the head of " Vulgar Pronunciations."'] 
 
 Accept, to take, to receive. 
 Except, to take out, to object to. 
 
 Access, approach, admittance. 
 Excess, superfluity. 
 
 Accede, to comply with. 
 Exceed, to go beyond. 
 
 Adherence, attachment to. 
 Adherents, followers, partisans. 
 
 Addition, something added. 
 Edition, a publication. 
 
 Advice, counsel ; instruction. 
 Advise, to counsel ; to instruct. 
 
 Affect, to act upon, to aim at. 
 Effect, to bring to pass, to 
 accomplish. 
 
 Alley, a walk or passage. 
 Ally, a confederate. 
 
 Allusion, reference to. 
 Illusion, false show, mockery. 
 
 Apposite, fit, appropriate. 
 Opposite, contrary. 
 
 Assistance, help, relief. 
 Assistants, helpers. 
 
 Attendance, the act of waiting 
 
 on, service. 
 Attendants, persons who attend. 
 
 Ballad, a simple song. 
 Ballot, a little ball. 
 
 Baron, a lord. 
 
 Barren, sterile, not prolific. 
 
 Cease, to stop, to leave off. 
 Seize, to lay hold of. 
 
 Currant, a small berry. 
 Current, running or passing. 
 
 Decease, death. 
 Disease, a malady. 
 
 Decree, to ordain ; an edict. 
 Degree, a step, rank. 
 
 Defer, to put off, to postpone. 
 Differ, to disagree, 
 
 Deference, respect, submission. 
 Difference, disagreement. 
 
 Device, a contrivance. 
 Devise, to contrive ; to plan. 
 
 Dissent, difference of opinion. 
 Descent, declivity ; lineage. 
 
 Divers, several. 
 Diverse, different. 
 
 Elicit, to draw out of. 
 Illicit, illegal, not lawful. 
 
 Elude, to escape from. 
 Illude, to mock, to deceive. 
 
44 
 
 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Emerge, to rise out of. 
 Immerge, to plunge into. 
 
 Emigrant, one who migrates 
 
 from a country. 
 Immigrant, one who migrates 
 
 into a country. 
 
 Eminent, distinguished. 
 Imminent, impending. 
 
 Errand, a message. 
 Errant, wandering. 
 
 Eruption, a breaking out. 
 Irruption, a breaking into. 
 
 Extant, surviving. 
 Extent, space, compass. 
 
 Fibres, threads, filaments. 
 Fibrous, having fibres. 
 
 Fisher, one who fishes. 
 Fissure, a cleft, a crack. 
 
 Gamble, to practise gaming. 
 Gambol, to frisk ; a frolic. 
 
 Gristly, consisting of gristle. 
 Grizzly, somewhat gray. 
 
 Impostor, one who imposes upon 
 
 the public, a cheat. 
 Imposture, imposition, fraud. 
 
 Ingenious, having ingenuity. 
 Ingenuous, candid, noble. 
 
 Least, smallest. 
 Lest, for fear that. 
 
 Lineament, a feature. 
 Liniment, an ointment. 
 
 Lose, to suffer loss, not to win. 
 Loose, untied, slack. 
 
 Missal, the mass book. 
 Missile, a weapon thrown by the 
 hand. 
 
 Monetary, relating to money. 
 Monitory, admonishing. 
 
 Oracle, one famed for wisdom. 
 Auricle, an ear, an opening. 
 
 Ordinance, a decree. 
 Ordnance, cannon. 
 
 Pastor, a shepherd, a clergy- 
 man in charge of a flock. 
 Pasture, grazing ground; grass. 
 
 Patience, the being patient. 
 Patients, sick persons. 
 
 Presence, the being present. 
 Presents, gifts, donations. 
 
 Preposition, a part of speech. 
 Proposition, a proposal. • 
 
 Prophecy, a prediction. 
 Prophesy, to foretel, to predict. 
 
 Radish, an esculent root. 
 Reddish, somewhat red. 
 
 Racer, a race-horse. 
 Razor, for shaving with. 
 
 Ruse, a trick, a stratagem. 
 Rues, does rue. 
 
 Rot, to decay, to putrefy. 
 Wrought, worked. 
 
CLASS THIRD. 
 
 45 
 
 Statue, an image or figure. 
 Statute, an Act of Parliament. 
 
 Tenor, a continued course. 
 Tenure, the manner in which 
 tenements are held. 
 
 Track, a vestige ; to trace. 
 Tract, a region, a treatise. 
 
 "Wary, watchful, cautious. 
 Weary, worn out, tired, 
 
 Salary, wages, hire. 
 Celery, a vegetable, 
 
 Sink, to descend ; a sewer. 
 Zinc, a metal. 
 
 Sculptor, an artist in sculpture. 
 Sculpture, the art of carving. 
 
 Soar, to fly above. 
 Sower, one that sows. 
 
 Spacious, wide, roomy. 
 Specious, showy, plausible. 
 
 SENTENCES FOR DICTATION. 
 
 All your presents I accept, except the last. 
 
 At this access to his fortune, his joy was in excess. 
 
 Though your terms exceed my expectations, I will 
 accede to them. 
 
 His adherence to these extreme views, cost him 
 many of his adherents. 
 
 New editions, with additions, are in preparation. 
 
 Till he effected his purpose, he affected to be igno- 
 rant of the whole matter. 
 
 Assistants were assigned to me, but they rendered 
 me no assistance. 
 
 I had to dance attendance upon him, as if I had been 
 one of his paid attendants. 
 
 Baron Humboldt describes the whole region as a 
 barren waste. 
 
 The decree applied to persons of every degree. 
 
 With all due deference to you, I think there is a 
 great difference. 
 
 EXERCISES ON WORDS. 
 
 [The difference between the pronunciation, spelling, and meaning 
 of each pair to be given by the pupils.} 
 
 Abolition, ebullition; acts, axe; accidence, accidents ; 
 alley, ally; breath, breadth; captor, capture; censer, 
 censure; chance, chants; citron, citrine; coat, quote; 
 coffin, coughing; confidant, confident; corporal, cor- 
 poreal; critic, critique; celery, salary; cease, seize. 
 
46 
 
 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Correspondence, correspondents ; dense, dents ; 
 dependence, dependents ; door, doer ; ether, either ; 
 ewer, hewer ; exercise, exorcise ; favour, fever ; for- 
 merly, formally ; gaol, goal ; idle, idoL 
 
 Genus, genius ; gluttonous, glutinous ; gore, goer ; 
 idle, idol ; incite, insight ; instance, instants ; intense, 
 intents ; jester, gesture ; juggler, jugular ; legislator, 
 legislature ; lightening, lightning. 
 
 Mattress, matrice ; ooze, whose ; patron, pattern ; 
 poplar, popular ; populous, populace ; prefer, proffer ; 
 preposition, proposition ; proscribe, prescribe. 
 
 Regimen, regiment ; relic, relict ; senior, seignior ; 
 sewer, shore ; shone, shown ; surplice, surplus ; talents, 
 talons; tense, tents; tour, tower; treatise, treaties. 
 
 CLASS FOURTH. 
 
 WORDS SIMILARLY SPELLED, BUT DIFFERENTLY PRONOUNCED 
 AND AFPLLED. 
 
 AV-sent, not present. 
 Ab-sent', to keep away. 
 
 Ab'-stract, an abridgment. 
 Ab-stract', to draw or separate 
 from ; to abridge. 
 
 Abuse (abuce) , ill use. 
 Abuse (abuze), to injure by use ; 
 to reproach. 
 
 Ac'-cent, a peculiar tone in 
 speaking or pronouncing ; 
 stress or force given to a par- 
 ticular syllable in a word ; a 
 mark by which the accent is 
 denoted. 
 
 Ac-cent', to mark the accent; 
 to giye or express the accent. 
 
 Af '-fix, a postfix or termination. 
 Af-fix', to join or unite to. 
 
 At'-tri-bute, a quality. 
 At-trib'-ute, to assign to. 
 
 Aug'-ment, an increase. 
 Aug-ment', to increase. 
 
 Au'-gust, the eighth month. 
 Au-gust', great, majestic. 
 
 Bow (bo), for shooting arrows. 
 Bow (bou), an act of courtesy or 
 reverence. 
 
 Buf '-f et, a box or blow with the 
 
 fist ; to strike. 
 Buf-f et', a shelf ; a side table. 
 
CLASS FOURTH. 
 
 47 
 
 Char (tshar), to turn wood to 
 
 charcoal. 
 Char (tshare), to do turns or jobs 
 
 of work as a charwoman. 
 
 Com'-pact, an agreement. 
 Corn-pact', firm, solid. 
 
 ColMect, a short prayer. 
 Col-led/, to bring together. 
 
 Com 7 -ment, an exposition. 
 Com-ment 7 (upon), to expound. 
 
 Com'-merce, trade with foreign 
 
 countries. 
 Com-mer'ce, to hold intercourse 
 
 with ; to traffic. 
 
 Com 7 -pound, a mixture. 
 Corn-pound 7 , to mix; to come to 
 terms of agreement. 
 
 Con 7 -cert, a musical entertain- 
 ment ; agreement or design. 
 Con-cert 7 , to contrive, to plan. 
 
 Con'-cord, harmony. 
 Con-cord 7 , to agree with. 
 
 Con 7 -duct, behaviour. 
 Con-duct 7 , to lead, to manage. 
 
 Con 7 -fine, a boundary. 
 Con-fine 7 , to limit ; to imprison. 
 
 Con 7 -flict, a struggle, a contest 
 Con-fiict 7 , to oppose. 
 
 Con-jVre, 1 to call upon with the 
 solemnity of an oath ; to en- 
 treat, in the most earnest 
 manner. 
 
 Con 7 -jure (kun-jur), to practise 
 the arts of a conjurer. 
 
 Con 7 -sort, wife or husband ; a 
 
 companion. 
 Con-sort 7 , to associate with. 
 
 Con 7 -test, a dispute, a struggle. 
 Con-test 7 , to dispute, to contend. 
 
 Con 7 -tract, a binding agreement. 
 Con-tract 7 , to draw together. 
 
 Con 7 -trast, opposition of figures. 
 Con-trast 7 ,to place in opposition. 
 
 Con 7 -verse, conversation ; the 
 opposite or contrary. 
 
 Con-vei^se, to discourse fa- 
 miliarly with. 
 
 Con 7 -vert, a person converted. 
 Con-vert 7 , to change or turn. 
 
 Con 7 -vict, a person convicted. 
 Con-vict 7 , to prove guilty. 
 
 Con 7 -voy, an escort or guard. 
 Con-voy 7 , to escort, to accom- 
 pany as a guard. 
 
 Coun 7 -ter-mand, an order to the 
 
 contrary. 
 Coun-ter-mand 7 , to revoke a 
 
 former order. 
 
 Courtesy (kur J -tsey\ courtly or 
 elegant manners ; civility ; an 
 act of civility. 
 
 Courtesy (kurtf-se), an act of 
 respect or reverence made by 
 females. 
 
 1 Conjure. — From the Latin conjuro, to swear together, to con- 
 spire or plot ; in which sense Milton has used the term : — 
 
 " Who, in proud rebellious arms, 
 
 Conjured against tfee Highest." 
 
48 
 
 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Cruise 1 (Jkruze), a predatory- 
 voyage ; a rambling excursion. 
 Cruise 2 Qcruce), a small cup. 
 
 Des'-cant, a song; a discourse. 
 Des-cant', to harangue. 
 
 Desert (de-zert') , that which one 
 deserves ; degree of merit. 
 
 Desert (dez'-ert), a wilderness ; 
 a deserted place. 
 
 De'tail, a minute account. 
 Detail', to relate particularly. 
 
 Diffuse (dif-fu'ce), scattered, not 
 
 concise. 
 Diffuse (dif-fu'ze), to scatter, to 
 
 spread abroad. 
 
 Di'-gest, materials arranged. 
 Di-gest', to arrange ; to dissolve. 
 
 Dis'-count, abatement for ready 
 money. 
 
 Dis-count', to make an abate- 
 ment for ready money. 
 
 Does, the plural of Doe. 
 Does (dus), doth. 
 
 En'-trance, the act or the place 
 
 of entering. 
 En-tran'ce, to put into a trance 
 
 of ecstasy. 
 
 Es'-cort, an armed guard. 
 Es-cort', to accompany as a 
 guard. 
 
 Es'-say, an attempt ; a treatise. 
 Es-say', to attempt, to try. 
 
 Excuse (excu'ce), an apology. 
 Ex-cu'se, to give an excuse for. 
 
 Ex'-ile, a person banished ; ba- 
 nishment. 
 Ex-i'le, to banish. 
 
 Ex'-port,a commodity exported 
 Ex-port', to carry or ship goods 
 out of the country. 
 
 Ex'-tract, something extracted. 
 Ex-tract', to draw out or from. 
 
 Gal'-lant, brave (applied to 
 
 military men). 
 Gal-lant', particularly attentive 
 
 to ladies. 
 
 Grease (greece), melted fat. 
 Grease (greaze), to smear, or 
 anoint with grease. 
 
 Gout, a disease ; a drop. 
 Gout (goo), taste, desire. 
 
 Gill (usually Gills, g hard), the 
 
 lungs of a fish. 
 Gill (g soft), the fourth part of 
 
 a pint. 
 
 Fer'-men.,, a boiling ; a tumult. 
 Fer-ment', to cause or produce 
 fermentation. 
 
 1 Cruise. — Johnson says, " From the original cruisers, who bore 
 the cross, and plundered only Infidels." But it seems simply from 
 cruising or crossing, sc. the seas without any certain course. 
 
 2 Cruise. — The more correct spelling of this word is Cruse. 
 
CLASS FOUKTH. 
 
 49 
 
 Form, shape, appearance. 
 Form, a bench or seat; a class. 
 
 Fre'-quent, often occurring. 
 Fre-quent', to visit often. 
 
 House, an abode or residence. 
 House (Jiouze), to bring or put 
 into a house. 
 
 Im'-port, any commodity im- 
 ported ; meaning; conse- 
 quence; tendency. 
 
 Im-port', to bring from abroad ; 
 to mean or signify. 
 
 In'-cense, perfume or fragrance 
 
 exhaled by fire. 
 In-cen'se, to inflame, to enrage. 
 
 In'-crease, augmentation. 
 In-cre'ase, to make more or 
 greater. 
 
 In'-lay, something inlaid or in- 
 serted. 
 In-lay', to lay or put in. 
 
 In'-sult, an affront. 
 
 In-sult', to treat with insolence. 
 
 In'-ter-change, a mutual ex- 
 change; commerce. 
 In-ter-chVnge,to exchange with 
 
 In'-ter-dict, a prohibition, 
 In-ter-dict', to prohibit. 
 
 In'-ti-mate, inmost ; familiar. 
 
 In'-timate, 1 to hint; properly to 
 convey by a hint our intimate 
 or inmost thoughts or opinions 
 
 Invalid $n-val'-id), weak; of 
 
 no force or weight. 
 Invalid (in'va-leed"), one weak 
 
 or disabled by sickness or 
 
 wounds. 
 
 Lead (leed), to conduct, to guide. 
 Lead (led), a heavy metal. 
 
 Live (liv), to exist; to pass life. 
 Live (live), living; put for Alive. 
 
 Lower (lo'-er), to bring low. 
 Lower (lou'-er), to appear dark 
 and gloomy. 
 
 Min'-ute, the 60th part of an 
 hour ; a small portion of time. 
 Mi-nu'te, small, diminished. 
 
 Mis-con'- duct, bad behaviour. 
 Mis-con- duct', to behave badly. 
 
 Mouse, a small animal. 
 Mouse (mouze), to catch mice. 
 
 Mow(mo),to cut with the scythe. 
 Mow (mou), a heap of hay or 
 corn when housed. 
 
 Notable (no'ta-bl), worthy of 
 
 note, memorable. 
 Notable (not'a-bl), skilled in the 
 
 science of house-keeping. 
 
 Object', to make an objection 
 to, to oppose by argument. 
 
 Ob'ject, something seen; an end 
 or purpose. 
 
 1 Intimate. — Though this word, both verb and noun, is accented 
 on the same syllable, yet when used as the former the last syllable 
 is longer dwelt upon. Compare the pronunciations of separate, 
 verb and noun; also moderate. 
 
 C 
 
50 
 
 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Ordinary (oi J -de-na-ry), the es- 
 tablished judge of an ecclesi- 
 astical court ; a stated or regu- 
 lar chaplain ; common, mean. 
 
 Ordinary (ordinary), a house 
 of entertainment, where the 
 meals are given at an ordinary 
 or regular price. 
 
 0'-ver-charge,too great a charge. 
 O-ver-char'ge, to charge too 
 much ; to crowd. 
 
 O'-ver-throw, defeat, discomfi- 
 ture, destruction. 
 
 O-ver-thro'w, to defeat, to dis- 
 comfit, to destroy. 
 
 Pen'dant, a jewel hanging from 
 
 the ear. 
 Pendant (pen'ant), a small flag 
 
 or streamer. 
 
 Per'-mit, a written authority 
 from an excise officer for re- 
 moving goods. 
 
 Per-mit', to authorize, to allow. 
 
 PolMsh, to smoothe, to brighten, 
 
 to refine. 
 Po'-lish, pertaining to Poland. 
 
 Precedent (press 1 '-e-dent) , a pre- 
 vious rule or example. 
 
 Pre-ce'-dent^preceding or going 
 before; former. 
 
 Pre'-fix, a particle or preposi- 
 tion prefixed to a word. 
 Pre-fix', to put before. 
 
 Prel r -ude, something introduc- 
 tory, as to a concert. 
 
 Pre-lu'de, to serve as an intro- 
 duction ; to begin with. 
 
 Pres'-age, a prognostic or sign. 
 Pre-sa'ge,to foretel or forebode. 
 
 Pres'-ent, something presented 
 
 a gift or offering. 
 Pre-sent', to give formally. 
 
 Prod'-uce, that which is pro- 
 duced, the product or amount. 
 Pro-du'ce, to bring forth. 
 
 Proj'-ect, a design, a scheme, 
 
 a contrivance. 
 Pro-ject', to form in the mind ; 
 
 to jut out. 
 
 Prot'-est, a solemn declaration. 
 Pro-test', to declare solemnly. 
 
 Provost (prov'-ust), the head of 
 a college. 
 
 Provost (pro-vo'), the execu- 
 tioner of an army. 
 
 Rarity (rare-ity), a thing valued 
 for its scarceness. 
 
 Rarity (rar'-ity), thinness, sub- 
 tlety ; opposed to density. 
 
 Read (reed), to peruse, to read. 
 Read (red), perused, did read. 
 
 Reb'-el, one that rebels. 
 Re-bel', to oppose lawful autho- 
 rity, to rise in rebellion. 
 
 Rec'-ol-lect", to call to mind. 
 Re'-col-lect", to collect again. 
 
 1 Precedent is nearly obsolete ; preceding being used instead : 
 
 "A slave that is not twentieth part the tythe 
 Of your precedent lord." — Hamlet. 
 
CLASS FOUKT'H. 
 
 51 
 
 Rec'-ord, a register, a memorial. 
 Re-cord', to register. 
 
 Refuse, what is refused as use- 
 less ; worthless remains. 
 Refuse, to reject. 
 
 Rep'-ri-mand, a censure. 
 Rep-ri-mand', to censure, to 
 chide. 
 
 Re'tail, sale by small quantities. 
 Retail', to sell in small quantities 
 
 Row (ro), a rank or line ; to pro- 
 pel with oars. 
 
 Row (rou), a riotous noise, a 
 brawl or scuffle. 
 
 Sewer (sower), one that sews. 
 Sewer (soor), a drain, a sink. 
 
 Slough (slou), a deep miry place. 
 Slough (stuff), the cast skin of 
 a snake. 
 
 Sow (sou), a female pig. 
 Sow (so), to scatter seed for 
 growth ; to disseminate. 
 
 Sub'-ject, placed under; liable 
 to ; one under the dominion 
 of another; the question or 
 matter under consideration. 
 
 Sub-ject', to place under, to 
 reduce to submission. 
 
 Su'-pine, a kind of verbal noun. 
 
 Su-pi'ne, lying with the face 
 upwards ; indolent. 
 
 Sur'-vey, a view taken. 
 Sur-vey', to take a view. 
 
 Tar'ry, smeared with tar. 
 Tar'ry, to stay, to wait for. 
 
 Tear (tare), a rent ; to rend. 
 Tear (leer), water from the eye, 
 
 Tor'-ment, torture, vexation. 
 Tor-ment', to put to pain; to 
 torture or vex. 
 
 Trans'-fer, the act of transfer- 
 ring; delivery; removal. 
 
 Trans-fer', to assign or make 
 over to another ; to remove. 
 
 Trans'-port, rapture; a vessel for 
 conveying soldiers beyond sea. 
 
 Trans-port', to carry beyond sea 
 as a convict ; to enrapture. 
 
 Un-dress', to divest of clothes, 
 Un '-dress, a dishabille. 
 
 Use (uce), act of using ; utility. 
 Use (uze), to make use of. 
 
 Wind, air in motion. 
 
 Wind, to turn round, to twist. 
 
 Wound (ivoond), a hurt given 
 
 by violence. 
 Wound (wownd), participle of 
 
 the verb to Wind. 
 
 In most of the preceding words the accent is 
 regulated by the application. When used as nouns, 
 the accent should be on the first syllable, but when 
 employed as verbs, on the last. 1 Thus, " Absent, 
 
 1 Some words of this class have not as yet come under this ana- 
 logy; as Balance, Combat, and Counsel, which are accented alike 
 both as verbs and nouns ; and even with respect to some words in 
 this list, usage is divided ; as Comment, Commerce, and Protest. 
 
 c 2 
 
52 
 
 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 not present," is pronounced ^^-sent ; but when used 
 as a verb, the accent must be on the last syllable, 
 viz., Ab-sentf. 
 
 This change of accent in the same word is pro- 
 duced, as Walker well observes, by an instinctive 
 effort in the language to compensate, in some degree, 
 for the want of different terminations for these 
 different parts of speech. 1 
 
 The following words exemplify the same ten- 
 dency, but in a different manner :*< — 
 
 Nouns. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Nouns. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Abuse 
 
 Abuse 2 
 
 Mouse 
 
 Mouse 
 
 Close 
 
 Close 
 
 Use 
 
 Use 
 
 Diffuse 
 
 Diffuse 
 
 Grease 
 
 Grease 
 
 Excuse 
 
 Excuse 
 
 House 
 
 House 
 
 Grass 
 
 Graze 
 
 Advice 
 
 Advise 
 
 Glass 
 
 Glaze 
 
 Device 
 
 Devise 
 
 Brass 
 
 Braze 
 
 Practice 
 
 Practise 
 
 Price 
 
 Prize 3 
 
 Prophecy 
 
 Prophesy 
 
 Behoof 
 
 Behoove 
 
 Grief 
 
 Grieve 
 
 Proof 
 
 Prove 
 
 Thief 
 
 Thieve 
 
 Reproof 
 
 Reprove 
 
 Life 
 
 Live 
 
 Belief 
 
 Believe 
 
 Wife 
 
 Wive 
 
 Bath 
 
 Bathe 
 
 Mouth 
 
 Mouthe 
 
 Breath 
 
 Breathe 
 
 Sheath 
 
 Sheathe 
 
 Cloth 
 
 Clothe 
 
 Smooth 4 
 
 Smooth 
 
 Loath 
 
 Loathe 
 
 Wreath 
 
 Wreathe 
 
 1 Compare Analogy vii., under the head of "Principles of Pro- 
 nunciation," page 112. 
 
 8 Either by a change in the pronunciation of the same letter (as 
 Abuseis pronounced abuce as a noun, and abuze as a verb), or by a 
 change or addition of letters (as Glass, Glaze ; Bath, Bathe). 
 
 3 Prise, to set a price upon ; to value or esteem highly. 
 
 4 The adjective Smooth is pronounced like the verb Smooth, 
 
CLASS FOURTH. 53 
 
 SEXTEXCES FOR DICTATION. 
 
 It was on the twelfth, and not on the eighth of 
 August, that our august Monarch died. 
 
 1 was once as straight as an arrow, though now 
 obliged, by age and infirmity, to bow like a bow. 
 
 The chairman said that his wife was a charwoman, 
 and that she sold charcoal. 
 
 Though I acknowledge it to be nothing more than 
 my desert, yet I beseech you not to desert me in this 
 desert. 
 
 Though he suffers the most excruciating pain from 
 the gout, yet he continues to indulge his gout for con- 
 viviality. 
 
 The incense of flattery must offend and incense the 
 wise and good. 
 
 As you are his intimate friend, I will venture to in- 
 timate to you a circumstance of which it will be ad- 
 vantageous to him to be apprized. 
 
 The objections to the admission of the invalid into 
 the hospital were shown to be invalid and frivolous. 
 
 We hoped, but our hope was in vain, that the vein 
 of lead would lead to silver. 
 
 Lower the sails, the sky begins to lower. 
 
 A minute is a very minute portion of time. 
 
 The provost of the corporation was cruelly consigned 
 to the provost of the army. 
 
 Can you wonder that he should refuse to accept 
 the mere refuse ? 
 
 I heard that there was a great row in Pater-noster- 
 row yesterday. 
 
 We observed at the edge of the slough the slough of 
 a serpent. 
 
 She bursts into tears, wrings her hands, tears her 
 hair, and shows every sign of woe. 
 
 He wound his handkerchief about the wound. 
 
fl VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 CLASS FIFTH. 
 
 WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE, BUT DIFFERING 
 MEANING OR APPLICATION. 
 
 We shall begin this Part with an extract from 
 " Edge-worth's Practical Education :" — 
 
 "Pere Bourgeois, one of the Chinese missionaries, 
 attempted to preach a Chinese sermon to the Chinese. His 
 own account of the business is the best we can give : 
 
 " ' They told me chou signifies a book, so that I thought 
 whenever the word chou was pronounced, a book was the 
 subject of discourse ; not at all. Chou, the next time I heard 
 it, I found signified a tree. Now I was to recollect that chou 
 was a book and a tree ; but this amounted to nothing. Chou 
 I found also expressed great heats. Chou is to relate. Chou 
 is the Aurora. Chou means to be accustomed. Chou ex- 
 presses the loss of a wager, &c. I should never have done 
 were I to enumerate all the meanings of chou. * * * * 
 I recited my sermon at least fifty times to my servant before 
 I spoke it in public, and yet I am told, though he continually 
 corrected me, that of the ten parts of the sermon (as the 
 Chinese express themselves) they hardly understood three. 
 Fortunately the Chinese are wonderfully patient.' 
 
 "Children often experience similar difficulties, and their 
 patience deserves equal commendation. Block, for instance 
 (according to Dr. Johnson), signifies a heavy piece of timber ; 
 a mass of matter. Block means the wood on which hats are 
 formed. Block means the wood on which criminals are be- 
 headed. Block is a sea term for a pulley. Block is an 
 obstruction, a stop; and finally, block means a blockhead. 
 Children do not perceive that the metaphoric meanings of this 
 word are all derived from the original Block" 
 
 Like the example just quoted, almost every word 
 
, CLASS FIFTH. 55 
 
 in our, and indeed every language^ has, in addition 
 to its original and proper meaning, its consequen- 
 tial and figurative applications. And though in 
 several instances the original or primitive meaning 
 has been lost, or is no longer in use, yet, in general, 
 it will be found to pervade and explain what are 
 called the different meanings of the same word. In 
 explaining the following class of words, the author 
 has kept this principle in view. In almost every 
 case it will be seen that the primitive or original 
 meaning naturally leads to all the others, though, 
 at first view, some of them may appear to be quite 
 different. And, besides the pleasure which even 
 children take in tracing analogies, it is surely much 
 easier, as well as much more philosophic, to learn 
 the meanings of words in this way, than to get them 
 by rote from the uninteresting and unconnected 
 columns of a dictionary. For even if it were pos- 
 sible for a child to recollect the different meanings 
 of every word in his dictionary (and unless he re- 
 collects all, there is little use in his knowing only 
 a part), how is he to know, on the spur of the 
 moment, which of the many meanings he is to attach 
 to a word that he meets with in reading, or hears 
 pronounced in conversation ] Hear what a philo- 
 sopher 1 has said on this subject : — ■ 
 
 "When I consult Johnson's Dictionary, I find many words 
 of which he has enumerated forty, fifty, or even sixty different 
 significations; and after all the pains he has taken to distin- 
 guish them from each other, I am frequently at a loss how to 
 avail myself .of his definitions. Yet, when a word of this kind 
 
 ! Dugald Stewart. 
 
56 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 occurs to me in a book, or even when I hear it pronounced in 
 the rapidity of viva voce discourse, I at once select, without 
 the slightest effort of conscious thought, the precise meaning 
 it was intended to convey. How is this to be explained but 
 by the light thrown upon the problematical term by the 
 general import of the sentence ?" 
 
 This view of the subject is unquestionably just. 
 The import of words may often be inferred from 
 the context and meaning of the sentence ; but still 
 it is necessary to know the meanings of each of the 
 words which compose it ; and the only question is, 
 whether it is better that children should learn the 
 meanings of words easily and intellectually, as here 1 
 recommended, or whether they are to undergo the 
 useless drudgery of attempting to learn by rote, 
 from their dictionaries, the meanings of every word 
 in the language. 
 
 Angle, a corner, a point where two lines meet. 
 Angle, to fish with a ho oh and line. 
 
 Arch, something formed like a how; as the arch 2 (now 
 written arc) of a circle, the arch of a bridge. 
 
 Arch, chief; as in arcAbishop, archangel, arch-vrag, 
 arch-rogue, &c. Arch, mischievously droll, is the 
 game word; which signification it seems to have 
 acquired from the frequency of its application to a 
 person pre-eminent or chief in drollery and mischief. 
 Notorious, 8 which properly means noted or well- 
 
 1 See also Observations on this subject, under the head of 
 M Etymology," p. 143. 
 
 * From the Latin arcus, a bow. 
 
 3 Notorious.— That the seat of ordinary justice might be perma- 
 nent and Ttotorious to all the nation, it was made an article of Magna 
 
CLASS FIFTH* 57 
 
 known, has acquired a similar signification (that is, it 
 is now generally used in a bad sense). 
 
 Ashes, the plural of Ash. 
 
 Ashes, the remains of anything burnt. ^.^-Wednes- 
 day, the first day of Lent ; so called from the ancient 
 custom of sprinkling ashes on the head. 
 
 Bachelor, a young man ; an unmarried man. 
 
 Bachelor, & junior graduate, or a student admitted to 
 the Jirst degree at a university; a knight of the lowest 
 or first degree. 
 
 Bait, a bit or bite of food put upon a hook to allure 
 fish ; and, hence, a temptation. 
 
 Bait, to stop at an inn for the purpose of taking (si'bit 
 or bite) sl hasty refreshment. 
 
 Bait, to set dogs on ; as to bait sl bull. 
 
 Bale, a round bundle or package of goods. 
 
 Bale, to heave or throw water out of a boat. 
 
 Base, the lowest part or foundation ; the pedestal of a 
 statue. 
 
 Base, low, mean, worthless. 
 
 Base, a low, deep sound in music. 
 
 Bat, an animal resembling a mouse, with wings of 
 skin or leather. 
 
 Bat, a kind of club fbr beating or striking a ball. 
 
 Bay, a portion of the sea encompassed or surrounded 
 by the land, except at the entrance. 
 
 Bay, as in the phrase " to stand at bay," properly re- 
 fers to a stag bayed in or surrounded by the dogs, 
 and obliged to face them by an impossibility of 
 escape. 
 
 Bay-window (usually and perhaps properly Bow- win- 
 dow), a window curving outward, and thereby 
 forming a kind of bay or hollow in the room. 
 
 Charta that Common Pleas should no longer follow the King's 
 Court, but be held in some certain place. — Mackstone. 
 
 c3 
 
58 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Bay, a species of the laurel tree. 
 
 Bay, a colour; as a bay horse. 
 
 Baf, to bark, to bark at ; as to " bay the moon." 
 
 Beaver, an amphibious animal, called also a Castor. 
 Beaver, a hat made of the fur of the beaver or castor 
 Beaver, the part of a helmet that covers the face. 
 
 Bill, the beak of a bird. 
 
 Bill, a kind of axe with a hooked point. 
 
 Bill, a written paper of any kind, as an account of 
 
 money; a law presented in writing to Parliament, 
 
 which, when passed, is called an act. 
 
 Blade, thejtfa £ or cutting part of a knife or weapon. 
 
 Blade, a spire or leaf of corn or grass, from its resem- 
 blance to the blade of an instrument. 
 
 Blade, the flat bone of the shoulder ; the broad or flat 
 part of an oar. 
 
 Blade, a sharp, keen person. This application of 
 the term is vulgar. 
 
 Blow, a stroke, a sudden calamity. 
 Blow, to puff like the wind ; to inflate ; to swell or put 
 forth blossoms like a flower. 
 
 Board, 1 a broad piece of timber ; a table ; the deck or 
 floor of a ship. To board a person is to entertain 
 him at our board or table. 
 
 Board, a council or commission sitting at the same 
 board or table ; as the Board of Education. 
 
 Box, a kind of shrub or tree. 
 
 Box, a case or coffer made of wood (properly hox- 
 wood) ; a money chest ; a Christmas present. 
 
 1 Board is formed from broad, by the metathesis of r ; as in the 
 following corruptions : Crub for cwrd, cruds for curds, purty for 
 pretty, &c. 
 
CLASS FIFTH. 59 
 
 Box, an enclosed or circular seat ; as a box in a theatre 
 
 the box of a coach, &c. 
 Box, a blow with the fist or closed hand. 
 
 Brace, (to embrace, to hold tightly ,)T;o bind together. 
 
 Brace, two or a pair ; as a brace of partridges. Like 
 the word Couple, brace seems to have acquired this 
 signification from the custom of bracing or coupling 
 two dogs, or pieces of game together. 
 
 Buff, a sort of leather prepared from the skin of the 
 
 Buffalo, used for waist belts, pouches, &c. 
 Buff, the colour of buff leather, that is, light yellow. 
 
 Butt, a large cask or barrel. 
 
 Butt, the mark to be aimed at; a person at whom jests 
 
 are aimed or directed. 
 Butt, to strike with the head. 
 
 Case, that which holds or covers something else ; as a 
 
 book-ca.se, a pillow- case. 
 Case, state or condition of things ; as a hard case. 
 Case, at law ; put for Cause. 
 
 Cashier, the person who has charge of the cash. 
 Cashier, to make void ; to dismiss from office. 
 
 Cast, to throw with the hand; to throw away; to 
 
 throw or pour into a mould or form. 
 Cast (the thing moulded or formed), a model, shape, 
 
 or form. Compare Mould, p. 69. 
 
 Chase, to hunt, to pursue, to drive away. 
 
 Chase (put for Enchase), to set in a case or frame, as 
 
 a precious stone in gold ; to adorn by embossed or 
 
 raised work. 
 
 Club, a heavy stick, thicker at one end than the other ; 
 one of the four suits of cards, 
 
60 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Club, to contribute to a common expense in settled 
 
 proportions. 1 
 Club, an association or society ; as the Yacht Club. 
 
 Comb, an instrument for adjusting the hair. 
 
 Comb, the crest of a cock ; so called from its fancied 
 
 resemblance to a comb? 
 Comb, the cavities in which bees deposit their honey. 
 
 Consistency, uniformity or agreement with self. 
 Consistency, degree of denseness or rarity; as boiled 
 into the consistency of syrup. 
 
 Corn, seeds or grains which grow in ears, not in pods ; 
 
 grain unreapcd. 
 Corn, to sprinkle or throw grains of salt on meat ; and 
 
 hence, to salt slightly. 
 Corn, an excrescence on the foot, of a corneous or 
 
 horny substance. 
 
 Count, to reckon or compute ; any thing summed up 
 or reckoned, as a count in an indictment. 
 
 Count, a foreign title ; an earl; originally the governor 
 or lieutenant of a county. 
 
 Counter, a bench or table in a shop on which money 
 
 is counted or received. 
 Counter, a piece of fictitious money used for keeping 
 
 count or reckoning. 
 Counter, contrary to ; as to counteract. 
 
 Court, the residence of a king, or of his representative ; 
 
 the hall or chamber where justice is administered. 
 Court, to solicit with courtly attention ; to woo. 
 Court, enclosed space before a house, an enclosure. 
 
 1 Club. — " Plums and directors, Shylock and his wife, 
 
 "Will club their testers now to take thy life." — Pope. 
 
 2 Comb. — "Because it standeth iagged like the teeth of a combe,'* 
 says MinsJieio. — " From its pectinated indentures." — Johnson. 
 
CLASS FIFTH. 61 
 
 Craft, trade; 1 manual art or handicraft; and hence, 
 
 art, artifice, cunning. 2 
 Craft, a small ship (engaged in waft or trade). 
 
 Crane, a bird with a long beak ; also a long bent tube 
 
 for drawing liquor out of casks. 
 Crane, an engine for raising weights ; so called from 
 
 its overhanging shape and capacity to pick up objects. 
 
 Crop, to cut short or close ; to cut or eat the tops off. 
 
 Crop, that which has been cropped or cut off; the har- 
 vest cut down ; and hence the produce of the field. 
 
 Crop, the craw or first stomach of birds (which serves 
 the same purpose with them as mastication with us) . 
 
 Cross, a kind of gibbet ; the emblem of the Christian 
 religion ; any thing that thwarts or gives annoyance ; 
 a trial of patience. 
 
 Cross, to lay one body, or draw one line, across or 
 athwart another in the form of a cross. To cross 
 the channel is to go across in a straight line ; to cross 
 a person is to thwart or cross him in his purpose ; and 
 aperson disposed to act so, is called cross orPERVERSE. 
 
 Crow, a well-known bird. — " To pluck a crow" would 
 be to lose our labour for nothing, for crows are not 
 eaten ; and hence the phrase (which is now vulgar) 
 came to signify to lose our time in disputing about a 
 matter of no consequence, even if decided. This 
 kind of disputation was called by the Romans de lana 
 caprina, that is, a controversy about goats'* wool, or 
 in other words, about nothing. 
 
 Crow, an iron bar, (with a beak like a crow,) used as a 
 lever. Compare Crane, a siphon or tube. 
 
 1 Craft. — " And because he was of the same craft, he abode with 
 them, and wrought." — Acts xviii. 3. 
 
 2 Cunning. — " If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand 
 forget her cunning. — Psalm cxxxyii. 5. 
 
62 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Crow, as a cock, and hence to crow or triumph over. 
 
 Dam, the mother of an animal. Dame is another form 
 of the same word, and was formerly used in the same 
 sense (mother)} 
 
 Dam, a bank to confine water. 
 
 Date of a letter, that is, the time when it was given 
 
 from under our hands ; the time of any event. 
 Date, the fruit of the date-tree (a species of palm). 
 
 Deal, to divide, share, or parcel out ; as to deal cards. 
 Deal, a division, share, or quantity ; as a great deal 
 
 that is, a great share or portion. 
 Deal, fir or pine planks (perhaps so called from being 
 
 dealed or divided equally from the trunk ; as cards 
 
 from the pack). 
 Deal, to trade or traffic ; but properly to retail or sell 
 
 in small portions or quantities. 
 
 Deab, expensive or costly ; much prized or valued. 
 
 Darling, formerly dearling, means little dear; as 
 
 gosling means little goose, &c. 
 Dear, a term of endearment, implying highly valued or 
 
 esteemed. 
 
 Deck, to cover ; to clothe ; to adorn — in the last sense 
 
 perhaps put for decorate. 
 Deck, the floor of a ship (that which covers the hull). 
 
 Desert, that which one has deserved or merited. (It is 
 
 formed thus, deserved, deserved, desert. 2 ) _ 
 Desert, to forsake or leave deserted. 
 
 Diet, an assembly; as the German Diet, held for enact- 
 ing laws, and regulating the mode of government. 
 
 1 In Paradise Lost Eve is called " universal Dame." 
 
 2 " Not my deserts, but what I shall deserve "~ Kicli. III. 
 
CLASS FIFTH. 63 
 
 Diet, food or regimen regulated by the rules of medi- 
 cine j 1 and hence, food generally. 
 
 Draw, to drag or draw along ; as a horse does a car. 
 Draw (that is, the brush or pencil along the paper), to 
 delineate or portray. 
 
 Engross, to take the gross or whole ; to monopolize. 2 
 Emgross, to copy in gross, or large characters ; as in 
 records or law writings. 3 
 
 Express, to press out ; to utter or send out words ; to 
 
 pronounce or declare. 
 Express, to send out or off speedily ; a message so sent. 
 
 Fair, a fixed or stated market for buyers and sellers. 
 Fair, pleasing to the eye or mind ; as a, fair lady, a fair 
 day, fair conduct ; also, favourable ; as a, fair wind. 
 
 Fellow , one of the same society ; as a fellow of college ; 
 and hence, an equal, a match ; as one glove is said to 
 be the fellow of the other. This word is also used 
 in contempt ; as companion* formerly was. 
 
 File, & thread of wire on which papers are strung to 
 keep them in order ; a catalogue or roll ; a line or 
 rank of soldiers. — To file a bill is, to put it on the 
 file of the court for trial in due order. 
 
 File, an iron or steel instrument for rasping. 
 
 File, 6 formerly used as Defile now is. (Now obsolete.) 
 
 1 u To fast like one that takes diet,* 9 (that is, to abstain like one 
 confined to a prescribed regimen). — Shalcspeare. 
 
 * m All our praises why should lords engross ? 
 Rise, honest Muse, and sing the man of Ross." 
 
 8 " A clerk foredoom'd his father's soul to cross, 
 
 Who pens a stanza when he should engross." — Pope 
 
 4 "Away! scurvy companion." — SJiaTcspeare. 
 
 5 " For Banquo's issue have I filed my mind 
 
 For them the gracious Duncan have I murdered." 
 
64 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Fillet, (a little thread,) a slight bandage ;i a cliaplet 
 
 or band round the head. 
 Fillet, the thick part of a leg of veal ; so called from 
 
 being usually trussed with & fillet or slight bandage. 
 
 Flag, the colours or ensign of a ship, &c. 
 Flag, to hang loose ; to droop : to grow spiritless. 
 Flag, a water plant with a broad drooping leaf. 
 Flag, a broad kind of stone used for smooth pavement. 
 
 Fold, a double or plait. Twenty-/^ means twenty 
 doubled, or twice the number. Hence manifold, 
 that is, many doubled, or very numerous. 
 
 Fold, a place in which sheep are (enfolded) enclosed. 
 
 Foot, as the foot of a man; the foot of a table; the foot 
 (or lower part) of a mountain. 
 
 Foot, a measure of twelve inches, such being the sup- 
 posed length of the human foot. — See Nail, p. 69. 
 
 Forge, to beat with the hammer into a particular shape 
 or form ; to make or form. 
 
 Forge, to fabricate or counterfeit a writing in imita- 
 tion of the original ; as to forge a note, to forge a 
 signature. 
 
 Found, to lay the ground-work or foundation ; to build 
 
 or establish ; as to found a city. 
 Found, to form by pouring molten metal into a mould, 
 
 as in a foundry (instead of founding metals, we now 
 
 say casting).* 
 
 Fret, to wear away by rubbing ; to wear or eat away ; 
 as u a moth fretteth a garment." 
 
 1 " What with fillets of roses, and fillets of veal, 
 
 Things garni with lace, and things garni with eel." 
 
 Fudge Family, 
 2 " A second multitude, 
 With wondrous art, founded the massy ore." — Milton. 
 

 CLASS FIFTH. 65 
 
 Fret, to tease, to vex, to irritate or make angry. 
 Fret, in architecture, raised and ornamented work. 
 
 Fry, to dress food in a frying-pan. 
 Fry, a swarm or crowd of young fishes. 
 
 Game, sport or amusement of any kind ; as a game or 
 
 match at football. 
 Game, to play (as a gamester or gambler) high. 
 
 Game, animals, as partridges and hares, which, by being 
 shot or hunted, are said to afford game or sport to 
 persons who are called sportsmen. 
 
 Gin, a snare or trap (an abbreviation of Engine"). 
 Gin, an abbreviation of Geneva. 
 
 Grain, a single seed of corn; and hence, any thing 
 very minute or small ; as a grain of salt. — See 
 Corn, page 60. 
 
 Grain (like scruple, which originally meant a little 
 stone), a small weight. The grain of a body means 
 the particles of which it is composed; and hence, the 
 texture of cloth ; the temper or constitution of the mind. 
 
 Grate, a range of bars, or frame of iron ; as a grate for 
 
 fire, the grating of a window. 
 Grate, to rub against a rough, uneven surface, as to 
 
 grate ginger ; to make a harsh, grating sound. 
 
 Grave, to engrave ; to carve on a hard substance. 
 Grave (a hole graved or scooped 1 out) for the dead. 
 Grave, heavy, serious, solemn. 
 
 Graze, to crop or feed on grass. 
 
 Graze, to take the tops of the hair off in passing, as a 
 bullet from a gun ; to touch the skin slightly in 
 passing. Hence the expressions, the bullet gr-azed 
 his whiskers, the bullet grazed his arm. 
 
 1 " He died — and they unlocked his chain, 
 And scooped for him a hollow grave." 
 
 The Prisoner of CMllon. 
 
6$ VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Hail, drops of rain frozen while falling. 
 
 Hail, to wish health, to salute ; to call to. Hale, 
 
 healthy, and Heal, to make hale or healthy, are 
 
 different forms of the same word. 
 
 Hamper, a large basket used for package. 
 Hamper, to put obstacles in one's way, to clog or 
 impede, to embarrass. 
 
 Hind, the female of the red deer or stag. 
 Hind, a peasant, a rustic, a boor. 
 Hind, as hind legs, behind. Hence, hinder, to keep 
 behind or back, to obstruct. Compare to forward. 1 
 
 Jet, a beautiful black fossil. Hence the expression, 
 
 " as black as jet. " 
 Jet, a spout or shoot of water ; to jut out or project. 
 
 Kind, species or sort, as mankind ; manner or way. 
 
 Kind (fond of one's kind 2 or kin) , congenial, benevo- 
 lent. Compare humane, that is, becoming (or having 
 the feelings of) a human being. 
 
 Left, (that which is leaved, leatfd, left), not taken ; 
 
 quitted, abandoned. 
 Left, as the left hand, that is, the hand which is 
 
 (leaved) left or not used. 
 
 Letter, one of the characters of the alphabet. 
 Letter, an epistle (or message communicated' by letters 
 or written characters). 
 
 Light, luminous matter, as the light of the sun, the 
 light of a candle. Hence, light, to kindle or pro- 
 duce light, as to light the fire. 
 
 1 Forward (put for /oreward), to bring he/ore or in front ; to 
 advance or promote. 
 
 2 Hence, kindless, unnatural ; as " landless villain," applied by 
 Hamlet to his uncle, the murderer of his father. Hence, also 
 kindlv, natural ; as " the Undly fruits of the earth." 
 
CLASS FIFTH. bV 
 
 Light, not heavy ; unsteady ; not regular in conduct. 
 Light, to come down or settle upon ; as to light from 
 
 a carriage ; to light upon one's feet. 
 Light, to happen or light upon by chance ; to light as 
 
 birds ; to light (or alight) as from a carriage. 
 
 Lightex, to make light or less heavy. 
 
 Lighten, to enlighten or illumine ; to flash as lightning. 
 
 Lime, viscous or sticky matter, as hivd-lime ; mortar or 
 
 cement used in building. 
 Lime, a small species of lemon. 
 Lime, the linden-tree. 
 
 Line, a string or cord; any thing extended like a line; 
 as the equinoctial line, a line of poetry, a line of 
 soldiers, a line of conduct. Hence, also, outline, 
 lineament, delineate, lineal, lineage, &c. 
 
 Line, to put lining (properly linen) into clothes. 
 
 i Link, a single ring of a chain ; any thing connecting ; 
 
 a link in the evidence ; linking arm and arm. 
 Link, a torch, a light. Hence, link-hoy. 
 
 Litter, a portable bed or couch; a palanquin. 
 Litter, straw, because used for the bedding of horses 
 
 and other animals. 
 Litter, to scatter things carelessly about like litter. 
 Litter, a brood of young ; as the litter of a pig, that 
 
 is, the number farrowed in the litter. 
 
 Lock, a tuft; as a lock of wool, a lock of hair. 
 
 Lock, an instrument composed of springs and bolts, used 
 
 to fasten, shut up, or confine ; as the lock of a door, 
 
 the lock of a canal, the lock of a gun. 
 
 Long, as a long journey, a long time. 
 Long, to desire earnestly (to think the time long till 
 we possess the object). 
 
68 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Lot, a die, or any thing used in deciding chances ; as 
 
 to cast lots, to draw lots. 
 Lot, that which comes to any one as his chance; 
 
 fortune or state assigned ; as a happy lot, a hard lot. 
 Lot, a parcel of goods, as if drawn by lot. 
 Lot, a proportion of taxes ; as to pay scot and lot. 
 
 Mail, a coat of steel network; a bag (properly one 
 made of meshes, like an angler's casting net, or a 
 lady's reticule). 
 
 Mail-coach or Mail-packet, the coach or packet 
 which carries or conveys the mail or post bags. 
 
 Match, a contest ; a game ; also (because the contending 
 parties are supposed to be equal) one that is equal or 
 suitable to another; as John and his wife are well 
 matched ; these gloves do not match. Hence, match- 
 less, without an equal or match. 
 
 Match, any thing used for igniting ; as a small chip of 
 wood dipped in melted sulphur. 
 
 Mean, the middle or medium ; as u the golden mean." 
 Mean, 1 middling (and hence not high); low, base. In 
 
 the meantime means the mter?nediate time. 
 Mean, to purpose or intend ; to signify. 
 
 Meet' to come face to face ; to come together. 
 Meet, 2 convenient ; proper, suitable. 
 
 Minute, a small or minute portion of time. 
 Minute, a short or brief note. 
 
 Moor, a marsh or bog. 
 
 Moor, to fasten by anchors. 
 
 Moor, an African, properly a native of Morocco. 
 
 1 " And the mean man shall be brought down, and the mighty 
 man shall be humbled." — Isaiah, v. 15. 
 
 2 " It is not meet to despise the poor man that hath understand 
 ing, neither is it convenient to magnify a sinful man." — Eccles. x. 
 
CLASS FIFTH. 69 
 
 Mortar, a vessel in which thing3 are pounded or 
 brayed together ; and hence mortar, cement used in 
 building, because the sand, lime, &c, are mixed and 
 blended together as if in a mortar. 
 
 Mortar, a short, wide cannon for throwing bombs (so 
 called from having some resemblance in shape to an 
 apothecary's mortar). 
 
 Mould, fine, soft earth. Hence, moulder, to turn to 
 
 mould or dust ; to crumble. 
 Mould, a form or shape (usually made of mould or 
 
 clay) in which things are cast or modelled, 
 Mould, to grow mouldy or musty. 
 
 Nail, a sharp spike of metal. 
 
 Nail, of the finger. Hence, nail, a measure (from the 
 second joint of the finger to the end of the nail) of 
 two inches and a quarter. Hand and Foot are also 
 used to denote measure. — See Foot, p. 64. 
 
 Pale, wan, whitish, dim. 
 
 Pale, a stake; an enclosure formed by stakes; any 
 
 enclosure ; a district, jurisdiction, or boundary ; as 
 
 "within the pale " "beyond the pale." 
 
 Palm, the inner part or palm of the hand ; a hand or 
 measure of four inches. — Compare Foot and Nail. 
 
 Palm, a tree ; so called because its leaves, when ex- 
 panded, have some resemblance to the palm or open 
 hand ; and because the branches of this tree were 
 worn by conquerors, palm came to signify victory, 
 triumph. 
 
 Palm, to conceal in the palm of the hand, as jugglers ; 
 and hence, to impose upon by fraud. 
 
 Partial, pertaining only to a part; as a partial 
 
 eclipse of the sun. 
 Partial, inclined to a particular part ; as John is too 
 
 partial to James, that is, too much disposed to take 
 
 his part, whether right or wrong, 
 
70 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Perch, a long pole ; a roost for birds ; a measuring rod, 
 
 a measure of five yards and a half. 
 Perch, to light or settle upon a perch or bough. 
 Perch, a kind of fish. 
 
 Pike, a lance or spear used by foot soldiers. 
 Pike, a voracious fish (perhaps so called from the sharp* 
 ness of his snout). 
 
 Pitch, the resin of the pine inspissated; tar. Hence, 
 
 the expression, " as black as pitch." 
 Pitch, to fix ; as to pitch the tents. 
 Pitch, to throw headlong, to throw or cast forward. 
 Pitch, a certain degree of elevation ; as at the highest 
 
 pitch of the voice. 
 
 Poach, to boil slightly ; as to poach eggs. 
 Poach, to {poke) bag or steal game. 
 
 Port, a gate or entrance ; a harbour. Port-holes in a 
 ship of war are the apertures or doors through which 
 the guns are put out. 
 
 Port, 1 bearing, carriage, mien, demeanour. 
 
 Port (wine), an abbreviation of Oporto. 
 
 Porter, a gate or door keeper. 
 
 Porter, one who carries loads for hire. 
 
 Porter, strong beer — the favourite drink of porters. 
 
 Pound, a weight ; and because a pound of silver was 
 ^formerly coined into twenty shillings, twenty shillings 
 are still called a pound, though they are now only 
 about one-third of that weight. 
 
 Pound, to beat or bruise with something weighty. 
 
 Pound, to impound, as to pound cattle. 
 
 Range, to set in a rank or row, to dispose in proper 
 
 order, to arrange. 
 Range, to rove at large. 
 
 1 " Pride in his port> defiance in his eye." — Goldsmith. 
 
CLASS FIFTH, 71 
 
 Rank, overgrown, luxuriant, rampant. 
 Rank, strong- scented, rancid. 
 
 Hank, a row or line; a range of subordination ; a de- 
 gree of dignity ; high life. 
 
 • Rear, to raise up ; to bring up, to breed. 
 Rear, to rise up on the hind legs, as a horse. 
 Rear (or Rere), that which is behind or backwards; 
 
 as the rear rank. 
 Rear (or Rare), raw, underdone. 
 
 Rock, a vast mass of stone fixed in the earth ; and be- 
 cause places of defence are usually founded upon a 
 rock, the term, particularly in Scripture, has been 
 used to denote a defence or protection ; as u the rock 
 of Israel." 
 
 Rock, to shake, to agitate ; as to rock a cradle. 
 
 Sable, a little animal ; the skin of this animal (which 
 is dark and glossy). * 
 
 Sable, dark, black ; as the sable night. — Compare the 
 figurative applications of Jet and Pitch. 
 
 Scale, a ladder ; also a figure (so called from having 
 some resemblance to a ladder) in maps exhibiting 
 the proportions between the represented and actual 
 distances. Hence the expressions, " on a grand scale," 
 "on a small scale." 
 
 Scale, to ascend by ladders; as to scale the walls. 
 
 Scale, as the scale of a fish ; the scale of a balance. 
 
 Scale, to pare or peel off in thin particles like scales. 
 
 Set, to place; to place or put in order; as to set a 
 watch, to set a razor, to set the house in order. 
 
 Set, a number of things (set down together) suited to 
 each other ; as a set of china, a set of fire irons. 
 
 Shaft, an arrow; any thing long and straight ; as the 
 shaft of a car, the shaft of a weapon. 
 
72 VEKBAL DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 Shaft, a narrow, deep, perpendicular pit, or opening 
 
 into a mine ; as the shaft of a mine. 
 Shoal, a shallow or sandbank. 
 Shoal, a great number or body ; as a shoal of herrings. 
 
 Sole, a flat fish ; so called from its similarity to the 
 
 sole of the foot, or the sole of a shoe. 
 Sole, only or entire; as "sole partner of my soul." 
 
 Sound, any thing audible, a noise. 
 
 Sound, a shallow sea — such as may be sounded 1 wr£h 
 
 the plummet; as the Sound of Denmark. Hence 
 
 sound, to try, to examine ; as, have you sounded him 
 
 on the subject? 
 Sound, healthy, sane ; wise ; uninjured ; as a sound 
 
 mind in a sound body ; safe and sound. 
 
 Spring, to shoot up unexpectedly or imperceptibly, as 
 plants ; to spring up suddenly, as an elastic body 
 when the pressure is removed ; to spring or leap 
 upon, as a wild beast on its prey. 
 
 Spring, the season in which plants, &c, spring up. 
 
 Spring, a well of water springing up out of the ground. 
 
 Stake, a strong stick or post stuck or fixed in the ground. 
 Stake, a wager or pledge — deposited or fixed to await 
 the event ; and hence, chance, risk, hazard. 
 
 Stern (the sfeenV^- place), the hind part of a ship. 
 Stern, austere, harsh. 
 
 Stick (a long, slender piece of wood) , a staff. 
 Stick, to fasten or pin against ; to adhere to. 
 
 Stock, the trunk or stem of a tree; so called from 
 
 being stuck or fixed in the ground. 
 Stock, a family or race, in allusion to the stem of a tree. 
 Stock, a stiff band or cravat in which the neck seems 
 
 to be stuck or fixed. 
 
 1 Sound—See Acts, xxvii. 28, for an illustration. 
 
CLASS FIFTH. 73 
 
 Stock, fixed quantity or store of any thing ; as stock 
 or capital in trade. 
 
 Stock, that part of a musket or gun in which the bar- 
 rel is stuck or fixed. 
 
 Stocks, a place of confinement in which the legs of 
 
 offenders are stuck. 
 Stocks, the frame or timber in which ships are stuck 
 
 or fixed while building. 
 Stocks, the public Funds. 
 
 Strain, to squeeze or press ; to press too much or vio- 
 lently ; to force or constrain. Hence, to strain one ? s 
 ankle ; to strain sl point. 
 
 Strain, a song or note ; a style or manner of speaking. 
 
 Talent, a weight or sum of money. 
 Talent, (from the parable of the Talents), a natural 
 gift ; a faculty or power. 
 
 Taper, a wax candle ; a light. 
 
 Taper, (formed like a taper), conical ; slender. 
 
 Tender, soft, delicate. 
 Tender, (to extend the arm), to offer. 
 Tender, (put forATTENDER), a small vessel which attends 
 upon the fleet, &e. 
 
 Usher, one who stands at the door for the purpose of 
 introducing strangers or visiters. 
 
 Usher, an under teacher, or one who introduces or in- 
 itiates young scholars in the elements of learning. 
 
 Utter, outer, outward, extreme ; as uttermost. 
 Utter, (to give out words,) to speak ; (to give out or 
 circulate ; as to utter base coin,) to publish ; to vend. 
 
 Vault, an arched cellar. 
 
 Vault, 1 to leap in an arched or circular direction. 
 
 1 " The fiery darts in flaming volleys flew, 
 
 And, flying, vaulted either host with fire." — Milton, 
 
 D 
 
74 
 
 VEEBAL DISTINCTIONS, 
 
 WORDS FOR EXERCISE. 
 
 [The pupils should be required to give the different meanings or 
 applications of each of the following words.} 
 
 Address 
 
 Drill 
 
 Mace 
 
 Rest 
 
 Air 
 
 Dun 
 
 Mangle 
 
 Ring 
 
 Apparent 
 
 Elder 
 
 Meal 
 
 Rue 
 
 Art 
 
 Entertain 
 
 Mint 
 
 Rush 
 
 Ball 
 
 Exact 
 
 Mole 
 
 Sack 
 
 Bank 
 
 Fare 
 
 Must 
 
 Sage 
 
 Bark 
 
 Figure 
 
 Nap 
 
 Sash - 
 
 Baste 
 
 Fine 
 
 Nervous 
 
 Seal 
 
 Beam 
 
 Firm 
 
 Oblige 
 
 Season 
 
 Bear 
 
 Fit 
 
 Order 
 
 See 
 
 Become 
 
 Flock 
 
 Ounce 
 
 Shed 
 
 Beetle 
 
 Foil 
 
 Page 
 
 Shrub 
 
 Bill 
 
 Founder 
 
 Pali 
 
 Size 
 
 Billet 
 
 Ground 
 
 Patient 
 
 Spirit 
 
 Boot 
 
 Habit 
 
 Peak 
 
 Steep 
 
 Bound 
 
 Hide 
 
 Pen 
 
 Still 
 
 Brazier 
 
 Host 
 
 Pet 
 
 Succeed 
 
 Brook 
 
 Hue 
 
 Pile 
 
 Suit 
 
 Bugle 
 
 Jar 
 
 Pinion 
 
 Swallow 
 
 Calf 
 
 Kennel 
 
 Pole 
 
 Table 
 
 Cape 
 
 Kite 
 
 Post 
 
 Tack ' 
 
 Card 
 
 Lap 
 
 Prefer 
 
 Tense 
 
 Cataract 
 
 Lawn 
 
 Prune 
 
 Till 
 
 Charge 
 
 Lay- 
 
 Pulse 
 
 Toll 
 
 Collation 
 
 League 
 
 Punch 
 
 Tone 
 
 Corporal 
 
 Lean 
 
 ' Pupil 
 
 Treat 
 
 Crab 
 
 Let 
 
 Quarter 
 
 Tumbler 
 
 Cricket 
 
 Lie 
 
 Pace 
 
 Turtle 
 
 Crown 
 
 Like 
 
 Rail 
 
 Vice 
 
 Die 
 
 List 
 
 Rent 
 
 Yard 
 
 V 
 
75 
 
 EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 The chief difficulties in orthography arise from 
 the irregular sounds of the letters in some words, 
 and their silence in others. 
 
 In the Introduction to the author's Dictionary 
 the regular and irregular sounds of the letters are 
 fully explained, 1 to which the learner can refer. 
 
 ISUEGULAR SOUNDS OP THE VOWELS, 
 
 A. 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 Were 
 
 Finale 
 
 Are 
 
 Thames 
 
 Clerk 
 
 Rationale 
 
 Bade 
 
 Furnace 
 
 Sergeant 
 
 
 Have 
 
 Palace 2 
 
 Derby 
 
 I. 
 
 Halve 
 
 Image 
 
 Berkley 
 
 Give 
 
 Salve 
 
 Village 2 
 
 Acme 
 
 Live 
 
 Shall 
 
 Climate 
 
 Anemone 
 
 Bird 3 
 
 Mall 
 
 Primate 2 
 
 Apostrophe 
 
 Dirt 
 
 Pall-mall 
 
 
 Catastrophe 
 
 First 
 
 Ancient 
 
 E, 
 
 Epitome 
 
 Sir 
 
 Angel 
 
 Ere 
 
 Hyperbole 
 
 Stir 
 
 Chamber 
 
 There 
 
 Recipe 
 
 Third 
 
 Cambric 
 
 Where 
 
 Simile 
 
 Thirty 
 
 1 Both the regular and irregular sounds of the letters are given 
 in the Dictionary under each vowel, diphthong, and consonant in 
 alphabetical order. As an exercise the learner should be required 
 to state what would be the regular sound in each of the following 
 cases. 
 
 2 And in all unaccented syllables ending in ace, age, and ate. — 
 See page 113, No. 10. 
 
 3 In words of this class the present tendency is, to give i its own 
 short unaccented sound, instead of short ilov 6; as in birth, mirths 
 virtue, girl, squirt, 
 
 d2 
 
76 
 
 EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 Thirst 
 
 Respite 
 
 Cony 
 
 None 
 
 Fir 
 
 Definite 
 
 Conjure 
 
 Nothing 
 
 Birch 
 
 Opposite 
 
 Constable 
 
 One 
 
 Dirk 
 
 Motive 
 
 Covenant 
 
 Onion 
 
 Flirt 
 
 Olive 3 
 
 Cover 
 
 Other 
 
 Squirt 
 
 Primitive 
 
 Covert 
 
 Oven 
 
 Spirt 
 
 Intuitive 3 
 
 Covet 
 
 Plover 
 
 Antique 
 
 
 Covey^ 
 
 Pomegranate 
 
 Caprice 
 
 0. 
 
 Cozen 
 
 Pommel 
 
 Chagrin 1 
 
 Above 
 
 Discomfit 
 
 Shove 
 
 Minion 2 
 
 Affront 
 
 Done 
 
 Shovel 
 
 Pinion 
 
 Among 
 
 Doth 
 
 Sloven 
 
 Auxiliary 
 
 Amongst 
 
 Dost 
 
 Smother 
 
 Incendiary 
 
 Attorney 
 
 Dove 
 
 Some 
 
 Notice 
 
 Bomb 
 
 Dozen 
 
 Somerset 
 
 Justice 
 
 Bombard 
 
 Dromedary 
 
 Son 
 
 Artifice 
 
 Borough 
 
 Front 
 
 Sovereign 
 
 Benefice 3 
 
 Brother 
 
 Glove 
 
 Sponge 
 
 Fertile 
 
 Cochineal 
 
 Govern 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Servile 3 
 
 Colander 
 
 Honey 
 
 Thorough 
 
 Juvenile 
 
 Colour 
 
 Hover 
 
 Ton 
 
 Mercantile 
 
 Come 
 
 Love 
 
 Tongue 
 
 Famine 
 
 Comely 
 
 Lover 
 
 Word 
 
 Engine 
 
 Comfit 
 
 Monday 
 
 Work 
 
 Discipline 
 
 Comfort 
 
 Money 
 
 Wonder 
 
 Genuine 3 
 
 Company 
 
 Monger 
 
 Weld 
 
 Practise 
 
 Compass 
 
 Mongrel 
 
 Worry 
 
 Promise 3 
 
 Comrade 
 
 Monk 
 
 Worse 
 
 Advertise 
 
 Combat 
 
 Monkey 
 
 Worship 
 
 Disfranchise Comfrey 
 
 Month 
 
 Wort 
 
 Granite 
 
 Conduit 
 
 Mother 
 
 Worth 
 
 1 See under No. 6, page 112, for other words of this class. 
 
 2 Minion. — In certain situations i takes the sound of initial y. 
 gee under Y in the Dictionary, page 13. 
 
 8 And in all unaccented syllables ending in ice, He, ine, ise, ite, 
 and ive. — Seepage 115, No. 12. 
 
EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 77 
 
 Ado 
 
 Wolf 
 
 Butcher 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Do 
 
 Woman 
 
 Cuckoo 
 
 Brute 
 
 Move 
 
 Wolsey 
 
 Cushion 
 
 Intrude 
 
 Movement 
 
 
 Full m 
 
 Prudent 
 
 Movable 
 
 U. 
 
 Pudding 
 
 Bude 
 
 Prove 
 
 Bull 
 
 Pull 
 
 Buby 
 
 Approval 
 
 Bullfinch 
 
 Pullet 
 
 True 
 
 Improvable 
 
 Bullet 
 
 Pulley 
 
 Bury 
 
 Lose 
 
 B ullion 
 
 Pulpit 
 
 Busy 
 
 Who 
 
 Bulwark 
 
 Push 
 
 Business 
 
 Tomb 
 
 Bush 
 
 PUS3 
 
 Burial 
 
 Bosom 
 
 Bushel 
 
 Put 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 IRREGULAR SOUNDS 
 
 OF THE DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 M. 
 
 AU. 
 
 Draught 
 
 Dearth 
 
 Aphaeresis 
 
 Aunt 
 
 Draughts 
 
 Dread 
 
 Diaeresis 
 
 Askaunt 
 
 Gauge 
 
 Dreamt 
 
 Caesarea 
 
 Askaunce 
 
 Gauger 
 
 Earl 
 
 Daedalus 
 
 Craunch 
 
 Hautboy 
 
 Early 
 
 
 Daunt 
 
 Hautgout 
 
 Earn 
 
 AI. 
 
 Haunt 
 
 Cauliflower 
 
 Earth 
 
 Again 
 
 Gaunt 
 
 Laurel 
 
 Earnest 
 
 Against 
 Said 
 
 Gauntlet 
 
 Laudanum 
 
 Endeavour 
 
 Haunch 
 
 
 Feather 
 
 Saith 
 
 Jaundice 
 
 EA. 
 
 Head 
 
 Wainscot 
 
 Jaunt 
 
 Bread 
 
 Health 
 
 Waistcoat 
 
 Launch 
 
 Breadth 
 
 Heard 
 
 Plaid 
 
 Laundress 
 
 Breakfast 
 
 Hearse 
 
 Kaillery 
 
 Laundry 
 
 Breast 
 
 Heather 
 
 Aisle 
 
 Maund 
 
 Breath 
 
 Heaven 
 
 Quay _ 
 
 Paunch 
 
 Cleanly 
 
 Heavy 
 
 Captain 
 
 Saunders 
 
 Cleanse 
 
 Instead 
 
 Curtain 
 
 Saunter 
 
 Dead 
 
 Jealous 
 
 Fountain 
 
 Saunterer 
 
 Dealt 
 
 Jealousy 
 
 Villain 
 
 Taunt 
 
 Deaf 
 
 Lead 
 
 Britain 1 
 
 Laugh 
 
 Death 
 
 Leant 
 
 1 And all unaccented syllabi 
 
 es ending in ain. 
 
 — See page 114, 
 
78 
 
 Exercises in orthography. 
 
 Learn 
 
 Leather 
 
 Leaven 
 
 Meadow 
 
 Meant 
 
 Measure 
 
 Pearl 
 
 Peasant 
 
 Pheasant 
 
 Pleasant 
 
 Pleasure 
 
 Bead 
 
 Ready 
 
 Pealm 
 
 Rehearse 
 
 Seamstress 
 
 Search 
 
 Spread 
 
 Stead 
 
 Steady 
 
 Stealth 
 
 Stealthy 
 
 Sweat 
 
 Thread 
 
 Threat 
 
 Threaten 
 
 Treachery 
 
 Tread 
 
 Treadle 
 
 Treasure 
 
 Wealth 
 
 Wealthy 
 
 Weapon 
 
 Weather 
 
 Yearn 
 
 Zealot 
 
 Zealous 
 
 Bear 
 
 Bearer 
 
 Break 
 
 Forbear 
 
 Forswear 
 
 Great 
 
 Greater 
 
 Greatest 
 
 Pear 
 
 Steak 
 
 Swear 
 
 Swearer 
 
 Tear 
 
 Wear 
 
 Wearer 
 
 Heart 
 
 Hearten 
 
 Hearth i 
 
 Hearken 
 
 EL 
 
 Deign 
 
 Eight 
 
 Feign 
 
 Feint 
 
 Freight 
 
 Heinous 
 
 Heir 
 
 Heiress 
 
 Inveigh 
 
 Leisure 
 
 Neigh 
 
 Neighbour 
 
 Obeisance 
 
 Eeign 
 
 Pern 
 
 Eeindeer 
 
 Seize 
 
 Skein 
 
 Their 
 
 Veil 
 
 Vein 
 
 Weigh 
 
 Weighty 
 
 Height 
 
 Sleight 
 
 Heifer 
 
 Nonpareil 
 
 Forfeit 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Sovereign 
 
 EO. 
 
 People 
 
 Jeopardy 
 
 Leopard 
 
 Feoff 
 
 Feod 
 
 Yeoman 
 
 Yeomanry 
 
 George 
 
 Georgic 
 
 Galleon 
 
 Surgeon 
 
 Sturgeon 
 
 Bourgeon 
 
 Bludgeon 
 
 Dudgeon 
 
 Gudgeon 
 
 Dungeon 
 
 Luncheon 
 
 Puncheon 
 
 Truncheon 
 
 Scutcheon 
 
 Escutcheon 
 
 Pigeon 
 
 Widgeon 
 
 Geography 
 
 Geometry 
 
 Theory 
 
 EW. 
 
 Sew 
 
 Sewer 
 
 Shrewsbury 
 
 Sewer 
 
 Sewerage 
 
 EY. 
 Key 
 Ley 
 Barley 
 Valley 
 Attorneyi 
 
 IE. 
 
 Friend 
 
 Kerchief 
 
 Handkerchiol 
 
 Mischief 
 
 Mischievous 
 
 Siege 
 
 Die 
 
 Lie 
 
 Pie 
 
 Piebald 
 
 Tie 
 
 Vie 
 
 Fiery 
 
 lAnd all unaccented syllables ending in ey.— See page 1.14, No. 10. 
 
EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 70 
 
 OA. 
 
 Mourn 
 
 Tough 
 
 Tourmaline 
 
 Groat 
 
 Poultice 
 
 Toughness 
 
 Uncouth 
 
 Broad ' 
 
 Poultry 
 
 Touch 
 
 You 
 
 Abroad 
 
 Poulterer 
 
 Touchy 
 
 Your 
 
 Cupboard 
 
 Pour 
 
 Young 
 
 Youth 
 
 
 Resource 
 
 Youngster 
 
 Would 
 
 OE. 
 
 Shoulder 
 
 Younker 
 
 Wound 
 
 Canoe 
 
 Smoulder 
 
 Accoutre 
 
 Besought 
 
 Shoe 
 
 Soul 
 
 Amour 
 
 Bought 
 
 Does (doth) 
 
 Source 
 
 Bouquet 
 
 Brought 
 
 Doe 
 
 Thorough 
 
 Bouse 
 
 Fought 
 
 Foe 
 
 Though 
 
 Bousy 
 
 Methought 
 
 Hoe 
 
 Adjourn 
 
 Capouch 
 
 Nought 
 
 Toe 
 
 Bourgeon 
 
 Car touch 
 
 Ought 
 
 Asafoetida 
 
 Chough 
 
 Contour 
 
 Sought 
 
 
 Country 
 
 Could 
 
 Thought 
 
 OU. 
 
 Couple 
 
 Croup 
 
 Wrought 
 
 Although 
 
 Courage 
 
 Croupier 
 
 Cough 
 
 Borough 
 
 "Courteous 
 
 Gout (goo) 
 
 Trough 
 
 Bourn 
 
 Cousin 
 
 Group 
 
 Lough 
 
 Coulter 
 
 Enough 
 
 Paramour 
 
 Shough 
 
 Course 
 
 Flourish 
 
 Ragout 
 
 
 Court 
 
 Gournet 
 
 Rendezvous 
 
 ow. 
 
 Courtier 
 
 Housewife 
 
 Rouge 
 
 Below 
 
 Concourse 
 
 Journal 
 
 Route 
 
 Bestow 
 
 Discourse 
 
 Journey 
 
 Routine 
 
 Blow 
 
 Dough 
 
 Journeyman 
 
 Should 
 
 Bow 
 
 Doughy 
 
 Joust 
 
 Soup 
 
 Crow 
 
 Four 
 
 Nourish 
 
 Sou, Sous 
 
 Flow 
 
 Fourteen 
 
 Rough 
 
 Surtout 
 
 Flown 
 
 Furlough 
 
 Roughness 
 
 Through 
 
 Glow 
 
 Intercourse 
 
 Scourge 
 
 Toupee \ 
 Toupet J 
 
 Grow 
 
 Mould 
 
 Slough 1 
 
 Grower 
 
 Mouldy 
 
 Southern 
 
 lour 
 
 Grown 
 
 Moult 
 
 Southerly 
 
 Tourist 
 
 Growth 
 
 1 Slough ; that is, when it means the cast skin of a serpent. 
 
80 
 
 EXERCISES IN 
 
 ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 Know 
 
 Stow 
 
 Guerdon 
 
 Guinea 
 
 Known 
 
 Throw 
 
 Conquer 
 
 Guitar 
 
 Low 
 
 Thrown 
 
 Conqueror 
 
 Build 
 
 Lower 
 
 Trow 
 
 Coquet 
 
 Biscuit 
 
 Lowest 
 
 
 Etiquette 
 
 Circuit 
 
 Mow 
 
 UA. 
 
 Masquerade 
 
 Conduit 
 
 Mower 
 
 Guard 
 
 Dialogue 
 
 Harlequin 
 
 Owe 
 
 Guardian 
 
 Demagogue 
 
 Bruise 
 
 Own 
 
 Guarantee 
 
 Catalogue 
 
 Cruise 
 
 Owner 
 
 Quadrille 
 
 
 Fruit 
 
 Row 
 
 Piquant 
 
 UL 
 
 Nuisance 
 
 Rower 
 
 Victuals 
 
 Guide 
 
 Recruit 
 
 Show 
 
 Antigua 
 
 Guidance 
 
 Juice 
 
 Slow 
 
 
 Guild 
 
 Sluice 
 
 Sow 
 
 UE. 
 
 Guile 
 
 Suit 
 
 Sown 
 
 Guess 
 
 Guise 
 
 Suitable 
 
 Snow 
 
 Guest 
 
 Guilt 
 
 Pursuit 
 
 *""■ 
 
 EXAMPLES OF 
 
 SILENT LETTERS. 
 
 B. 
 
 Doubtful 
 
 Victuals 
 
 Deign 
 
 Climb 
 
 Doubtless 
 
 Victualler 
 
 Feign 
 
 Comb 
 
 Eedoubt 
 
 
 Reign 
 
 Crumb 
 
 Redoubted 
 
 CH. 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Dumb 
 
 Subtle 
 
 Drachm 
 
 Sovereign 
 
 Jamb 
 
 Subtlety 
 
 Schedule 
 
 Sign 
 
 Lamb 
 
 
 Schism 
 
 Assign 
 
 Limb 
 
 a 
 
 Yacht 
 
 Assignee 
 
 Ivumb 
 
 Abscess 
 
 
 Assignment 
 
 Thumb 
 
 Abscind 
 
 G. 
 
 Consign 
 
 Tomb 
 
 Scene 
 
 Gnat 
 
 Consignee 
 
 Catacombs 
 
 Scent 
 
 Gnaw 
 
 Consignment 
 
 Hecatomb 
 
 Sceptre 
 
 Gnash 
 
 Design 
 
 Debt 
 
 Scimitar 
 
 Gnarl 
 
 Ensign 
 
 Debtor 
 
 Scissors 
 
 Gnome 
 
 Resign 
 
 Indebted 
 
 Indict 
 
 Gnomon 
 
 Arraign 
 
 Doubt 
 
 Indictment 
 
 Gnostics 
 
 Campaign 
 
EXERCISES Itf ORTHOGHAPHY. 
 
 81 
 
 Resign 
 
 Benign 
 
 Condign 
 
 Malign 
 
 Impugn 
 
 Oppugn 
 
 Poignant 
 
 Poignancy 
 
 Seignior 
 
 Cognisance 
 
 Phlegm 
 
 Apophthegm 
 
 Diaphragm 
 
 Paradigm 
 
 GH. 
 
 Aghast 
 
 Ghost 
 
 Gherkin 
 
 Burgh 
 
 Burgher 
 
 Although 
 
 Dough 
 
 High 
 
 Nigh 
 
 Neigh 
 
 Sigh 
 
 Thigh 
 
 Inveigh 
 
 Weigh 
 
 Though 
 
 Through 
 
 Borough 
 
 Furlough 
 
 Neighbour 
 
 Thorough 
 
 Plough 
 
 Slough 
 
 Straight 
 
 Eight 
 
 Height 
 
 Weight 
 
 Blight 
 
 Bright 
 
 Delight 
 
 Fight 
 
 Flight 
 
 Fright 
 
 Light 
 
 Might 
 
 Night 
 
 Plight 
 
 Right 
 
 Sight 
 
 Slight 
 
 Tight 
 
 Wright 
 
 Aught 
 
 Caught 
 
 Fraught 
 
 Naught 
 
 Taught 
 
 Ought 
 
 Bought 
 
 Brought 
 
 Sought 
 
 Fought 
 
 Rhinoceros 
 
 Thought 
 
 Rhine 
 
 Wrought 
 
 Rhomb 
 
 
 Rhubarb 
 
 H. 
 
 Rhyme 
 
 Heir 
 
 Rhythm 
 
 Heiress 
 
 Catarrh 
 
 Herb 1 
 
 Myrrh 
 
 Herbage 
 
 Dishabille 
 
 Honest 
 
 Shepherd 
 
 Honesty- 
 
 Diphthong 
 
 Honor 
 
 Triphthong 
 
 Honorable 
 
 Asthma 
 
 Honorary 
 
 Naphtha 
 
 Hospital 
 
 Isthmus 
 
 Hostler 
 
 Thomas 
 
 Hour 
 
 Thames 
 
 Humble 
 
 
 Humbleness 
 
 K. 
 
 Humour 
 
 Knack 
 
 Humorous 
 
 Knapsack 
 
 Humorsome 
 
 Knave 
 
 Ah 
 
 Knavery 
 
 Elijah 
 
 Knavish 
 
 Sirrah 
 
 Knead 
 
 Sarah 
 
 Knee 
 
 Micah 
 
 Kneel 
 
 Rhapsody 
 
 Knew 
 
 Rhetoric 
 
 Knife 
 
 Rhetorical 
 
 Knight 
 
 Rheum 
 
 Knit 
 
 Rheumatic 
 
 Knives 
 
 .Rheumatism 
 
 Knob 
 
 1 Tn the words printed in Italic, the h is often pronounced by 
 persons who are considered correct speakers. 
 
 d3 
 
82 
 
 EXEECISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 Knock 
 
 Falcon 
 
 Psalter 
 
 W. 
 
 Knoll 
 
 Almond 
 
 Pseudo 
 
 Wrap 
 
 Knot 
 
 Auln 
 
 Pshaw 
 
 Wrought 
 
 Know 
 
 Alms 
 
 Psyche 
 
 Wreak 
 
 Knowledge 
 
 Balm 
 
 Corps 
 
 Wreath 
 
 Knuckle 
 
 Calm 
 
 Raspberry 
 
 Wrench 
 
 
 Palm 
 
 Sempstress 
 
 Wren 
 
 
 Palmer 
 
 Redemption 
 
 Wrestle 
 
 L. 
 
 Palmy- 
 
 Receipt 
 
 Wrest 
 
 Could 
 
 Qualm 
 
 Ptisan 
 
 Wreck 
 
 Would 
 
 Salmon 
 
 Ptolemy 
 
 Wretched 
 
 Should 
 
 Malmsey 
 
 Prompt 
 
 Wring 
 
 Calf 
 
 
 Tempt 1 
 
 Wrinkle 
 
 Half 
 
 K 
 
 Empty 
 
 Wriggle 
 
 Halfpenny 
 
 Autumn 
 
 Symptom 
 
 Wright 
 
 Behalf 
 
 Column 
 
 Sumptuous 
 
 Wrist 
 
 Halve 
 
 Condemn 
 
 Sumptuary 
 
 Writ 
 
 Salve 
 
 Contemn 
 
 
 Write 
 
 Balk 
 
 Hymn 
 
 S. 
 
 Writer 
 
 Calk 
 
 Limn 
 
 Aisle 
 
 Wrote 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Solemn 
 
 Isle 
 
 Wrong 
 
 Stalk 
 
 
 Island 
 
 Wrung 
 
 Walk 
 
 P. 
 
 Demesne 
 
 Wry 
 
 Talk 
 
 Psalm 
 
 Puisne 
 
 Answer 
 
 Folk 
 
 Psalmist 
 
 Viscount 
 
 Sword 
 
 Yolk 
 
 Psalmodv 
 
 Viscountess 
 
 Towards 
 
 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR SOUNDS PROMISCU- 
 OUSLY ARRANGED FOR EXERCISE. 
 
 Bare, are ; gave, have ; made, bade ; valve, salve, 
 halve ; tall, shall, wall, mall ; paltry, palace ; falcon, 
 falcated, walnut, Alps, although, Albion, Pall-mall ; 
 blab, swab : arm, warm, harm, swarm ; that, what. 
 
 Mart, thwart ; bard, ward ; harp, warp ; ran, wan ; 
 
 1 Tempt.— Colloquially the p is not pronounced in such words; 
 but on all grave or solemn occasions it should he heard. 
 
EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 83 
 
 match, watch ; barrel, quarrel ; waver, water ; anger, 
 danger ; anchor, ancient, angle, angel ; clamber, cham- 
 ber ; camphor, cambric, Cambridge ; deface, preface, 
 solace, grimace ; chase, purchase ; enrage, courage ; in- 
 grate, private, inmate, climate. 
 
 Me, the ; ere, here, there, mere, where ; jerk, Berk- 
 ley, perk, clerk ; serge, sergeant ; herb, Derby ; mile, 
 simile, tome, epitome, ale, finale. 
 
 Five, give, hive, live, alive, motive ; firm, first, shirt, 
 dirt, twirl, girl, girth, birth, bird, third ; advice, novice, 
 caprice, suffice, office, police ; servile, defile, profile ; 
 grin, chagrin ; decline, combine, engine, machine ; pro- 
 mise, premise ; respite, despite, granite ; basin, bom- 
 basin ; valid, invalid ; basis, glacis. 
 
 Cove, dove, love, move ; bomb, tomb, rhomb ; bor- 
 row, borough ; dome, come, cone, done, gone ; donkey, 
 monkey ; bone, none, one, tone ; drove, prove, shove ; 
 hovel, shovel ; tome, some ; cord, word ; sorry, worry ; 
 dose, lose, hose ; no, do ; blossom, bosom. 
 
 Bulk, bulwark, bulge, bullion ; brush, bush ; bureau, 
 bury, burlesque, burial ; bustle, busy, buskin, busi- 
 ness ; fulfil, fulsome, fulness, fulminate ; puddle, pud- 
 ding ; put, putty ; suggest, sugar. 
 
 Gain, again, bargain, maintain ; aid, said ; faith, 
 saith ; swain, wain, wainscot ; waist, waistcoat ; paid, 
 plaid ; sailor, rail, raillery, aisle ; fault, aunt, vaunt, 
 laurel, laugh, gauge, hautboy ; plead, bread ; heath, 
 heather ; ear, bear, earth, hearth. 
 
 Deceit, forfeit ; heinous, heifer, inveigh, inveigle, 
 neighbour, neither, freight, height, feint, sleight, non- 
 pareil ; people, jeopardy, yeoman, George, geography, 
 galleon ; sew, sewer ; prey, key, convey, valley ; field, 
 fiend, friend, mischief; throat, groat, load, broad, cup- 
 board; food, flood, brood, blood, poor, door, moor, floor. 
 
 Although, bough, chough, dough, enough, furlough, 
 cough, hiccough, slough, tough, plough, trough, rough, 
 hough, lough, shough, thorough, though, 
 
84 
 
 EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY* 
 
 WORDS ENDING IN le. 
 
 Words ending in le 1 are pronounced as if they 
 ended in el, and hence there is a disposition to spell 
 such words as they are pronounced ; as appel for 
 apple, apostel for apostle. 
 
 As a general rule it may be laid down that all 
 the words of this class now end in le, except the 
 following, and perhaps one or two others. 
 
 Angel 
 
 Chisel 
 
 Hovel 
 
 Pavel 
 
 Barrel 
 
 Cudgel 
 
 Kennel 
 
 Bevel 
 
 Bevel 
 
 Damsel 
 
 Level 
 
 Bowel 
 
 Bushel 
 
 Drivel 
 
 Lintel 
 
 Shovel 
 
 Camel 
 
 Flannel 
 
 Model 
 
 Snivel 
 
 Cancel 
 
 Funnel 
 
 Morsel 
 
 Swivel 
 
 Chancel 
 
 Gospel 
 
 Novel 
 
 Tunnel 
 
 Channel 
 
 Gravel 
 
 Panel 
 
 Trammel 
 
 Chapel 
 
 Grovel 
 
 Parcel 
 
 Travel 
 
 Charnel 
 
 Hazel 
 
 Pommel 
 
 Tinsel 
 
 WORDS ENDING IN re. 
 
 Similar observations apply to words ending in 
 re ; that is, they are liable to be confounded in 
 spelling with words ending in er. 
 
 Except the following, all the words of this class 
 now end in er. 2 
 
 Accoutre 
 
 Acre 
 
 Antre 
 
 Calibre 
 Centre 
 Fibre 
 
 Livre 
 Lucre 
 Lustre 
 
 Maugre 
 
 Massacre 
 
 Meagre 
 
 i See the observations on the anomalous terminations le and re 
 in the Introduction to the author's Dictionary, page 11. 
 
 2 In old authors we find arbitre, diametre, disastre, disordre, 
 cTiambre, chaptre, chartre, monstre, tigre, fyc. Milton, and even later 
 authors, wrote center, scepter, and sepulcher. Pope has u sceptered 
 king." — See the observations referred to in the preceding note. 
 
EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 85 
 
 Mediocre Ochre Saltpetre Spectre 
 
 Metre Ogre Sabre Sepulchre 
 
 Mitre Orchestre Sombre Theatre 
 
 Nitre Reconnoitre Sceptre Yertebre 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Abel, able ; angle, angel ; grapple, chapel ; frizzle, 
 chisel ; medal, mettle ; model, noddle ; eager, meagre, 
 enter, centre ; auger, maugre ; sober, sabre. 
 
 DOUBLE SOUNDING CONSONANTS. 
 
 In the following, and similar words the middle 
 consonant has, from the accent falling upon it, a 
 doable sound, 1 and hence there is a liability to 
 double it in the spelling. 
 
 Agate 
 
 Capital 
 
 Cynic 
 
 Grovel 
 
 Alum 
 
 Cavil 
 
 Damage 
 
 Habit 
 
 Atom 
 
 Cherish 
 
 Damask 
 
 Harass 
 
 Balance 
 
 Chisel 
 
 Deluge 
 
 Havoc 
 
 Banish 
 
 City 
 
 Desert 
 
 Hazard 
 
 Baron 
 
 Civil 
 
 Develop 
 
 Homage 
 
 Bevel 
 
 Civet 
 
 Dragon 
 
 Honor 
 
 Bevy 
 
 . Claret 
 
 Drivel 
 
 Honest 
 
 Bigot 
 
 Clever 
 
 Elegant 
 
 Honey 
 
 Blemish 
 
 Closet 
 
 Fagot 
 
 Hovel 
 
 Bodice 
 
 Colony 
 
 Famine 
 
 Hover 
 
 Body 
 
 Comet 
 
 Felon 
 
 Lavish 
 
 Botany 
 
 Conic 
 
 Flagon 
 
 Level 
 
 Bury 
 
 Copy 
 
 Forest 
 
 Levy 
 
 Busy 
 
 Coral 
 
 Frigate 
 
 Limit 
 
 Cabin 
 
 Cover 
 
 Frolic 
 
 Linen 
 
 Calico 
 
 Covert 
 
 Gamut 
 
 Lizard 
 
 Camel 
 
 Covet 
 
 Granite 
 
 Malice 
 
 Canon 
 
 Credit 
 
 Gravel 
 
 Manor 
 
 
 .1 See Rule II., page 89. 
 
 
86 
 
 EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 Many 
 
 Pity 
 
 Senate 
 
 Tepid 
 
 Medal 
 
 Pivot 
 
 Separate 
 
 Tonic 
 
 Memory 
 
 Planet 
 
 Seraph 
 
 Topic 
 
 Melon 
 
 Polish 
 
 Sever 
 
 Travail 
 
 Menace 
 
 Prelate 
 
 Shadow 
 
 Traverse 
 
 Metal 
 
 Privy 
 
 Shekel 
 
 Travel 
 
 Merit 
 
 Provost 
 
 Sheriff 
 
 Tropic 
 
 Minute 
 
 Quiver 
 
 Sirup 
 
 Valance 
 
 Misery 
 
 Rabid 
 
 Sloven 
 
 Valid 
 
 Model 
 
 Rapid 
 
 Snivel 
 
 Valet 
 
 Modest 
 
 Ravage 
 
 Spavin 
 
 Vapid 
 
 Money 
 
 Ravel 
 
 Spigot 
 
 Venom 
 
 Moral 
 
 Rebel 
 
 Spirit 
 
 Venue 
 
 Never 
 
 Relish 
 
 Sterile 
 
 Vermilion 
 
 Novel 
 
 Revel 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Very 
 
 Oven 
 
 River 
 
 Study 
 
 Vigour 
 
 Palace 
 
 Rivet 
 
 Swivel 
 
 Visit 
 
 Palate 
 
 Rigour 
 
 Talent 
 
 Vizard 
 
 Parish . 
 
 Salad 
 
 Talon 
 
 Wagon 1 
 
 Pavilion 
 
 Salary 
 
 Tenant 
 
 Widow 
 
 Pelican 
 
 Satin 
 
 Tenon 
 
 Wizard 
 
 PerH 
 
 Scholar 
 
 Tenor 
 
 Zenith 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Allow, alum ; appointment, apartment ; ballad, ba- 
 lance ; banner, banish ; city, ditty ; commit, comet ; 
 dismissal, commiserate ; maggot, fagot ; fellow, felon ; 
 harrow, harass ; linnet, linen ; mallet, malice ; manner, 
 manor ; meddle, medal ; million, vermilion ; Ellen, 
 melon ; noddle, model ; pillion, pavilion ; pity, pittance ; 
 bigger, rigour ; gallery, salary ; pennant, tenant ; merri- 
 ment, merit ; wherry, very. 
 
 i Wagon. — This word is now usually spelled with two p's, but 
 erroneously. There is no more reason for doubling the g in 
 wagon than there is in dragon, or any similar word. This is a 
 proof of the utility of this rule. 
 
87 
 
 PKACTICAL RULES FOR SPELLING. 
 
 I. As a general rule, y, when its place may be 
 supplied by i, is not to be written except at the end 
 of a word. 1 Hence, when y is advanced from that 
 position, by the addition of a letter or syllable, it 
 is changed into i. This change is exemplified by 
 the formation of the plural of nouns * the persons, 
 past tenses, and past participles of verbs ; and the 
 comparison of adjectives ; as a cry, the cries ; I cry, 
 thou cri-est, he cri-es or cri-eth, cri-ed ; holy, hok'-er, 
 hoK-est. It is also exemplified by the addition of 
 the affixes or terminations, er, al, ful,fy, less, ly, 
 merit, ness, 2 able, ance, ant, ous, 3 (fee; as try, trz-er, 
 tri-al ; pity, piti-ful, pithless ; glory, glori-fy, 
 glori-ous ; holy, hoK-ness, holi-day f merry, merri- 
 ment; comply, compK-ance, compk'-ant; envy, envi- 
 able, envi-ous; many, mani-fold, &c. 
 
 Exceptions. — 1. In such cases y retains its form 
 when it is part of a diphthong, which occurs in all 
 words ending in ay, 4 ey, oy, or uy ; as in day, days ; be- 
 tray, betrays, betrayed, betrayer, betrayal ; attorney, 
 attorneys ; convey, conveys, conveyed, conveyance ; boy, 
 
 i Except in Greek and foreign words, as system, tyrant, myrrh, 
 alchymy, &c. In these instances y is not the representative of i, 
 but of a different letter, namely, the Greek upsilon, or short <&. 
 
 2 The y is usually retained in the following words, dry, shy, 
 sly, when ly or ness is added, as dry-lj, dryness, &c. 
 
 3 In the words beauty, bounty, duty, pity, and plenty, 
 y has been changed into e before the termination ous ; as 
 beauteous, bounteous, duteous, piteous, and plenteous. 
 
 4 Lay, pay, say, and their compounds repay, unsay &c, follow 
 the general rule when ed or d is added, as laid, paid, said, unpaid, 
 unsaid, &o. But the exception prevails in layer, payer, payable, &c. 
 
OS RULES FOR SPELLING, 
 
 boys, boyish. ; destroy, destroys, destmyeth, destroyed, 
 destroyer ; buy, buys, bwyeth, buyer. 
 
 2. For an obvious reason, y retains its form when fol- 
 lowed by the terminations ing, ish, and ist ; as in mag- 
 nifying, carry-ing, accompany-ing, baby-ish, copy-ist. 
 
 3. For the sake of distinction, y is properly used for 
 i in such names as Taylor, Smyth, &c. 
 
 4. In proper names pluralized, y retains its form, as 
 the Henrys, the Ponsonbys. 1 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE RULE AND THE EXCEPTIONS PROMIS- 
 CUOUSLY ARRANGED. 
 
 1. Spell or write the plural Jorm of each of the following 
 
 nouns. 
 
 Ally, alley, army, abbey, baby, beauty, berry, chim- 
 ney, body, donkey, copy, essay, dainty, dairy, jockey, 
 journey, daisy, eddy, kidney, fancy, ferry, turkey. 
 
 Lamprey, money, fury, hobby, gipsy, jelly, jury, 
 monkey, lady, lily, pulley, puppy, penny, pony, joy, 
 poppy, reply, toy, valley, ruby, study, convoy, volley. 
 
 Ability, attorney, comedy, gallery, galley, academy, 
 effigy, apology, envoy, embassy, atrocity, turnkey, 
 necessity, villany, propensity, magistracy, incendiary, 
 tourney, seminary, eccentricity, whimsey. 
 
 2. Spell or write the second and third persons, present tense? 
 
 and the present and past participle of each of the follow- 
 ing verbs. — Or, in other words, join to each example the 
 terminations est, eth, ing, and ed, making the necessary 
 'es. 
 
 Ally, apply, allay, carry, dry, defy, deny, pray, decay, 
 espy, fancy, fry, defray, display, pity, convey, pry, ply, 
 obey, essay, annoy, rally, tarry, try, survey, descry, 
 employ, delay, supply, stray, convoy, portray, enjoy, 
 
 1 The proper name Sicily, however, follows the general rule, as 
 44 the King of the two Sicilies. 1 ' 
 
 2 The learner should note that in all regular verbs the past 
 tense and past participle are alike. 
 
RULES FOR SPELLING. 89 
 
 purvey, vary, deploy, amplify, indemnify, multiply, 
 occupy, prophesy, supply, buy, buoy, typify. 
 
 3. Spell or ' write the comparative and superlative forms of 
 
 each of the following adjectives. 1 
 Busy, easy, giddy, happy, lonely, lovely, merry, 
 ready, greedy, silly, speedy, tidy, rosy, lively, stately, 
 shady, lucky, noisy, lofty, lazy, clumsy, ugly, worthy. 
 
 4. To the following words add any of the terminations 
 
 mentioned in the rule vjhich are applicable, making 
 
 the necessary changes. 
 Beauty, fancy, mercy, ally, deny, comply, annoy, 
 carry, bury, pity, busy, giddy, enjoy, greedy, ready, 
 rely, convey, bounty, penny, duty, defy, glory, ply, 
 play, plenty, vary, merry, lovely, silly, sprightly, 
 stately, lazy, injury, ugly, study, harmony, employ, 
 accompany, victory. 
 
 II. Monosyllables and words accented on the 
 last syllable, ending with a single consonant preced- 
 ed by a single vowel, double the final consonant 
 when they take an additional syllable beginning 
 with a vowel. 3 
 
 This rule is exemplified by the formation of the per- 
 sons and participles of verbs, the comparison of adjec- 
 tives, and by words formed from verbs, nouns, and ad- 
 jectives by the addition of affixes or terminations 
 
 1 Adjectives of two or more syllables are generally compared 
 by prefixing the adverbs more and most, or less and least. Ad- 
 jectives of two syllables, however, ending in y or e may be com- 
 pared either ways ; that is, by er and est, or by more and most ; 
 as busy, busier, busiest, &c. 
 
 2 The reason of this rule is obvious. The duplication of the 
 final consonant in such cases preserves the pronunciation of the 
 original word. If the b were not doubled in rob-bed, for example, 
 we would have not only a different pronunciation {robed), but 
 also a different word (namely, the past tense of the verb robe). 
 Again, "a good hatter''' would to the eye be "a good hater," if 
 the t were not doubled. 
 
90 RULES FOR SPELLING. 
 
 beginning with a vowel; as rob, rob-Z>est, rob-Jeth, 
 rob-Z>ed, robbing, rob-&er, rob-Z>ery; sin, sin-west, 
 sin-weth, sin-wed, sin-wing, sin-wer ; rebel, rebel-Zest, 
 rebel-Zeth, rebel-Zed, rebel- Zing, rebel-Zion, rebel-Zious; 
 commit, commit -test, commit-Zeth, coniniit-Zed, com- 
 mitting, committal, commit-Zee. 
 
 Big, big-^er, big-^est ; red, red-ofer, red-Jest, red- 
 dish ; slim, sliin-mer, slim-raest; thin, thin-wer, thin- 
 west, thin-wish ; fat, fat-ter, fat-test, fat-Zish. 
 
 Beg, beg-^ar, beg-^ary, beg-^arly ; gun, gun-wer, 
 gun-wery ; stop, stoppage, stop-^le; 1 slip, slip-^ery, 
 slip-joer; pot, pot-Zage, pot-ter, pot-tery; rub, rub-Z>er, 
 rub-Msh ; glad, glad- den ; sad sad-den ; wit, wit-Zy, 
 wit-Zier, wit-Ziest, wit-deism. 
 
 Exceptions. — 1. In words ending with Z 2 preceded by 
 a single vowel, the final consonant is usually doubled in 
 such cases as the above, though accented on the first 
 syllable ; as travel, travelZed, travelZing, travel/er ; 
 counsel, counselZed, counseling, counselZor ; libel, 
 libelZed, libel/ing, libelZous ; model, modelZed, model- 
 Zing, modelZer ; duel, duelZing, duelZist, &c. The word 
 gas does not double the s, as gaseous. 
 
 1 The termination le is equivalent to el, and was formerly so 
 written. See Introduction to the Dictionary, page 11, note ||. 
 
 2 The "liquid" nature of the letter I, and the orthography of 
 the French words from which the most of these terms are im- 
 mediately derived, account for, and perhaps sanction, these 
 anomalies ; hut there is no such excuse for doubling the p in gal- 
 lopped, gallopping, worshipped, worshipping, worshipper, gos- 
 sipping, <fcc. 
 
 In most of the American printed books, it may be observed 
 that these exceptions are not admitted. The following are 
 "Webster's observations on the subject: — "We observe in all 
 authors, ballotting, bevelling, levelled, travelled, cancelled, re- 
 velling, rivalling, worshipped, worshipper, apparelled, em- 
 bowelled, libelling, and many others in which the last consonant 
 is doubled, in opposition to one of the oldest and best established 
 rules in the language. Nouns formed from such verbs should be 
 written with a single consonant, as jeweler, traveler, worshiper. 
 What should we say to a man who should write andittor, garden- 
 ner, laborrcr"- &c. 
 
RULES FOR SPELLING. 
 
 91 
 
 WORDS ENDING IN / WHICH DOUBLE THE FINAL CON- 
 
 
 SONANT CONTRARY TO THE 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Apparel 
 
 Drivel 
 
 Label 
 
 Quarrel 
 
 Bevel 
 
 Duel 
 
 Laurel 
 
 Ravel 
 
 Bowel 
 
 Embowel 
 
 Level 
 
 Travel 
 
 Cancel 
 
 Enamel 
 
 Libel 
 
 Revel 
 
 Carol 
 
 Equal 
 
 Marshal 
 
 Rival 
 
 Cavil 
 
 Gambol 
 
 Marvel 
 
 Rowel 
 
 Channel 
 
 Gospel 
 
 -Model 
 
 Shovel 
 
 Chisel 
 
 Gravel 
 
 Panel 
 
 Shrivel 
 
 Counsel 
 
 Grovel 
 
 Parcel 
 
 Snivel 
 
 Cudgel 
 
 Handsel 
 
 Pencil 
 
 Tassel 
 
 Dial 
 
 Jewel 
 
 Pistol 
 
 Trammel 
 
 Dishevel 
 
 Kennel 
 
 Pommel 
 
 Unkennel 
 
 Exceptions. — 2. In the words woollen, worshipped, 
 
 worshipping, worshipper, biassed, unbiassed, equipped, 
 eqidpping, humbugging, kidnapped, kidnapping, the 
 final consonant is doubled contrary to the rule. 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE RUDE AND THE EXCEPTIONS PRO- 
 MISCUOUSLY ARRANGED. 
 
 1. Spell or write ike second and third persons present tense, 
 
 and the past and present participles oj each of the. 
 
 following verbs. — Or, in other words, join to each 
 
 example the terminations est, eth, ing, and ed, 
 
 making the necessary changes. 
 Daub, stab, aid, nod, brag, rage, drop, droop, seem, 
 swim, pin, pain, blot, float, spur, wag, wage, abet, abate, 
 allot, ballot, compel, counsel, begin, retain, bedim, con- 
 temn, repel, repeal, libel, annul, annex, 1 revel, reveal, 
 demur, murmur, limit, omit, proffer, prefer, usurp, re- 
 gret, rivet, pocket, coquet, visit. 
 
 2. Spell or write the comparative and superlative forms of each 
 
 of the following adjectives. 
 Big, large, glad, grand, sad, bold, brief, frail, dim, 
 deep, dun, green, thin, lean, red, black, dear, poor, hot, 
 stout, fat, great, proud, grim, vain, broad, mad, warm. 
 
 } Annex. — Note that x is equivalent to two consonants (& s). 
 
92 
 
 RULES FOR SPELLING. 
 
 3. To the following words unite any of the affixes, which will 
 exemplify either the rule or the exceptions (such as 
 
 ED, EN, ER, EST, ETH, ERY, ING, ISH, AGE, AL, Y, 
 &C.) 
 
 Rub, mad, bag, gauge, beg, bid, sad, broad, pot, gun, 
 rook, nun, station, lot, wag, crag, wage, shrub, mud 
 bog, stop, stoop, soot, wit, quit, rid, in, up, cheap, run, 
 sun, rain, fin, fen, gum, gloom, fun, rheum, dog, log. 
 cot, cut, snug, fop, sleep, hap, thin, lean, hot, sleep, 
 scrag, drum, wood, wool, wait, wet, abet, abut, batton 
 begin, complain, repel, repeal, combat, duel, regret, 
 bigot, rivet, remit, limit, libel, dispel, pocket, coquet, 
 gossip, worship. 
 
 The following list contains almost all the verbs 
 which double the final consonant, in accordance with 
 the rule : — 
 
 Abet 
 
 Bob 
 
 Abhor 
 
 Bog 
 
 Abut 
 
 Blur 
 
 Acquit 
 
 Brag 
 
 Admit 
 
 Bud 
 
 Allot 
 
 Cabal 
 
 Annul 
 
 Cap 
 
 Appal 
 
 Chap 
 
 Aver 
 
 Char 
 
 Bag 
 
 Chip 
 
 Bar 
 
 Chop 
 
 Bed 
 
 Clap 
 
 Bedim 
 
 Clog 
 
 Beg 
 
 Clot 
 
 Begin 
 
 Cog 
 
 Bet 
 
 Commit 
 
 Bestir 
 
 Compel 
 
 Bid 
 
 Con 
 
 Blab 
 
 Concur 
 
 Blot 
 
 Confer 
 
 Control 
 
 Dot 
 
 Coquet 
 
 Drag 
 
 Cram 
 
 Drip 
 
 Crib 
 
 Drop 
 
 Crop 
 
 Drub 
 
 Cup 
 
 Drug 
 
 Cut 
 
 Drum 
 
 Dab 
 
 Dub 
 
 Dam 
 
 Dun 
 
 Debar 
 
 Embed 
 
 Defer 
 
 Emit 
 
 Demur 
 
 Enrol 
 
 Deter 
 
 Entrap 
 
 Dig 
 
 Equip 
 
 Din 
 
 Excel 
 
 Dip 
 
 Expel 
 
 Dispel 
 
 Extol 
 
 Distil 
 
 Fag 
 
 Dog 
 
 Fan 
 
 Don 
 
 Fib, 
 
RULES FOE SPELLING. 
 
 93 
 
 Ken 
 
 Prefer 
 
 Skin 
 
 Knit 
 
 Prop 
 
 Skip 
 
 Knot 
 
 Propel 
 
 Slam 
 
 Lag 
 
 Pun 
 
 Slap 
 
 Lap 
 
 Put 
 
 Slip 
 
 Let 
 
 Quit 
 
 Slit 
 
 Lop 
 
 Ram 
 
 Slur 
 
 Lug 
 
 Rap 
 
 Smut 
 
 Man 
 
 Rebel 
 
 Snap 
 
 Manumit 
 
 Recur 
 
 Snip 
 
 Map 
 
 Refer 
 
 Snub 
 
 Mar 
 
 Refit 
 
 Sob 
 
 Mat 
 
 Regret 
 
 Sop 
 
 Mob 
 
 Remit 
 
 Span 
 
 Mop 
 
 Repel 
 
 Spar 
 
 Nab 
 
 Rid 
 
 Spin 
 
 Net 
 
 Rig 
 
 Spit 
 
 Nib 
 
 Rip 
 
 Split 
 
 Nip 
 
 Rob 
 
 Spot 
 
 Nod 
 
 Rot 
 
 Sprig 
 
 Occur 
 
 Rub 
 
 Spur 
 
 Omit 
 
 Run 
 
 Squat 
 
 Pad 
 
 Scan 
 
 Stab 
 
 Pat 
 
 Scar 
 
 Star 
 
 Patrol 
 
 Scrub 
 
 Stem 
 
 Peg 
 
 Scud 
 
 Step 
 
 Pen 
 
 Set 
 
 Stir 
 
 Permit 
 
 Sham 
 
 Stop 
 
 Pin 
 
 Shed 
 
 Strap 
 
 Pip 
 
 Ship 
 
 Strip 
 
 Pit 
 
 Shop 
 
 Strut 
 
 Plan 
 
 Shrug 
 
 Stub 
 
 Plat 
 
 Shun 
 
 Stud 
 
 Plod 
 
 Sin 
 
 Stun 
 
 Plot 
 
 Sip 
 
 Submit 
 
 Pop 
 
 Sit 
 
 Sum 
 
 Pot 
 
 Skim 
 
 Sua 
 
01 RULES FOR SPELLING. 
 
 Sup 
 
 Ted 
 
 Trap 
 
 War 
 
 Swap 
 
 Thin * 
 
 Trepan 
 
 Wed 
 
 Swig 
 
 Throb 
 
 Trim 
 
 Wet 
 
 Swim 
 
 Thrum 
 
 Trip 
 
 Whet 
 
 Swop 
 
 Tin 
 
 Trot 
 
 Whip 
 
 Tag 
 
 Tip 
 
 Tug 
 
 Whiz 
 
 Tan 
 
 Top 
 
 Twit 
 
 Win 
 
 Tap 
 
 Transfer 
 
 Wad 
 
 Wot 
 
 Tar 
 
 Transmit 
 
 Wag 
 
 Wrap 
 
 III. When words ending with double I are com- 
 pounded with others, — or when the termination 
 ness, less, ly, ovful is affixed, one I should be omitted ; 
 as already, aZ-beit, although, almost, altogether, 
 with-aZ, \m-til, chil-blain, cZttZ-ness, sKZ-less, ful-\y, 
 ful-Hl, wil-fnl , bul-rush, bel-fry, el-how, &c. 
 
 Exceptions. — The exceptions to this rule are nume- 
 rous and contradictory. In Johnson's Dictionary, for 
 example, we find miscall and recal, enroll and xmrol, 
 welfare and farewell, unwell and welcome. Again, we 
 find distil and instil with one Z, while forestall and in- 
 stall are written with two. Johnson also omits one of 
 the Z's in the compounds of bell, as belman, feZfounder, 1 
 foZmetal, feZwether ; while he retains both in the com- 
 pounds of fall ; as befall, befell, downfall, waterfall. 
 
 At present the practice is in favour of the general 
 rule. In the following words however, and a few others, 
 the two Z's are still retained : aZZspice, farewell, unwell, 
 illness, shrillness, smallness, stillness, stillborn, stilllife, 
 tallness, downhill, befall, befell, downfall, waterfall, 
 undersell, millstone, millraee, &c. 
 
 TV. When an affix or termination, beginning 
 with a vowel, is added to a word ending with e, the 
 
 1 When the two words are not incorporated the two Vs are re- 
 tained ; as &e?£-metal, belMomi&er, iveM-faing, tvelMayouved, &c, 
 
RULES FOR SPELLING. 95 
 
 e should be omitted ; as cure, cut-able ; sense, sens- 
 ible ; love, lov-ixG ; convince, convinc-iiza ; slave, 
 slav-iSB. ; rogue, rogu-i$H. ; stone, ston-Y ; connive, 
 conniv-ASCE ; arrive, arriv-AJj) desire, desir-ovs, &c. 
 
 Exceptions. — 1. The e, if preceded by c or g soft, 
 must (in order to preserve the pronunciation) be re- 
 tained before the postfix, able ; as in peace, ne&ce-able ; 
 service, service-able ; charge, charge-a&Ze ; change, 
 change-tf Z>Ze ; also in courage, courage-ows ; advantage, 
 advantage -ous ; outrage, outrage-ows ,• umbrage, um- 
 brage-ems, 1 &c. 
 
 Exceptions. — 2. In verbs ending in ie, ye, oe, and 
 ee, the e is retained before ing ; as hie, hieing- ; vie, 
 vieing ; dye, dyeing ;* eye, eyeing ; shoe, shoeing ; hoe, 
 hoeing ; see, seeing ; agree, agreeing : also, in singe, 
 singeing ; swinge, swingeing. 2 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE RULE AND THE EXCEPTIONS. 
 
 To the following words unite any of the affixes which will 
 exemplify either the rule or the exceptions. 
 
 Admire, advise, adore, agree, arrive, bile, brute, 
 carouse, conceive, contrive, deplore, desire, dispose, 
 dye, endure, excuse, eye, fame, nee, fuse, grieve, guide, 
 hie, hoe, imagine, impute, knave, manage, move, nerve, 
 notice, observe, palate, peace, pore, propose, pursue, 
 reverse, rate, see, shoe, singe, swine, swinge, tame, 
 thieve, trace, value, white, wise, reconcile. 
 
 Y. When an affix, or termination, beginning with 
 a consonant, is added to a word ending with e, the 
 e is retained ; as in pale, n&\e-ness ; sense, sense-less ; 
 close, close-lg ; peace, peace- ful ; allure, nRvooe-ment. 
 
 1 Johnson and Walker retain the e in move-able and racwe-ables, 
 but there is no reason for this exception, particularly as the for- 
 mer excludes e from immov-zble. 
 
 2 If the e were omitted in dyeing, singeing, and swingeing, these 
 words would be confounded with dying, singing, and swinging. 
 
96 RULES FOE SPELLING. - 
 
 Exceptions. — Due, du-ly ; true,tv\x-ly ; awe, nw-ful ; 
 judge, jndg-ment ; abridge, abridg-mew£; whole, whol-fy; 
 lodge, lodg-ment ; acknowledge, aeknowledg-??ze?z£ ; argue, 
 ixrgn-ment ; wise, wi$-dom ; wide, yi\dlh} 
 
 To the following words join any of the affixes which will 
 exemplify either the rule or the exceptions. 
 
 Like, life, wise, due, care, engage, rude, shame, tame, 
 true, spite, advance, lodge, base, name, home, whole, 
 waste, encourage, hoarse, shape, mere, wake, awe, 
 abridge, induce, judge, entice, acknowledge. 
 
 VI. Except in monosyllables, as pack, peck, 
 block, the k final is now generally omitted, parti- 
 cularly in words ending in ic. 
 
 Exceptions. — The k final is retained in the folio whig 
 words, and perhaps a few others : arr&cA, barrack, 
 ransack, pinchbec/t, bullock, cassock, haddock, hemlock, 
 hillock, paddocA ; also in proper names, as Frederick, 
 Patrick, Limerick, Warwick, Brunswick, &c. It must 
 also be restored in the past tense and participles of 
 verbs ending in ic ; as in frolicked and frolicking from 
 frolic ; trafficked and trafficking from traffic, &e. 
 
 The following words, and several others of the 
 same class, are, in Johnson's Dictionary, and even 
 in Walker's, written with the k final. In all such 
 words modern usage has omitted the k final : 2 — 
 
 1 Johnson excludes e from chast-ness, but retains it in c7iaste-ly. 
 "Walker excludes e from both, writing chast-ness, chast-ly. Usage, 
 as well as reason, is against these exceptions. 
 
 » Even the learning and authority of Johnson are unable 
 to control custom. He has laid it down as a principle that no 
 English word can end with the letter c. In this case custom is 
 right ; for Jc in such a position is perfectly useless, either as re- 
 gards the orthography or etymology. 
 
KULES FOR SPELLING. 
 
 97 
 
 Acrostick 
 
 Ecstatick 
 
 Hysterick 
 
 Pedantick 
 
 Angelick 
 
 Electrick 
 
 Intrinsick 
 
 Poetick 
 
 Aquatick 
 
 Elastick 
 
 Logick 
 
 Prolifick 
 
 Athletick 
 
 Elliptick 
 
 Lyrick 
 
 Prophetick 
 
 Atlantick 
 
 Emetick 
 
 Magnetick 
 
 Physick 
 
 Asphaltick 
 
 Epick 
 
 Majestick 
 
 Publick 
 
 Conick 
 
 Extrinsick 
 
 Mechanick 
 
 Belick 
 
 Cosmetick 
 
 Eabrick 
 
 Mimick 
 
 Satirick 
 
 Critick 
 
 Fanatick 
 
 Mnemonicks Specifick 
 
 Cubick 
 
 Fantastick 
 
 Musick 
 
 Statistick 
 
 Despotick 
 
 Forensick 
 
 ISTarcotick 
 
 Tacticks 
 
 Dramatick 
 
 Frolick 
 
 Optick 
 
 Terrifick 
 
 Eccentrick 
 
 Gigantick 
 
 Panick 
 
 Tonick 
 
 Ecliptick 
 
 Harmonick 
 
 Pathetick 
 
 Tunick 
 
 VII. As the diphthongs ei and ie have the same 
 sound in the terminations eive and ieve, the learner 
 is sometimes at a loss to know whether the e or the 
 i should come first. As a general rule, it may be 
 laid down that ei in such cases follows c, and ie 
 any other consonant. 
 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 
 Conceive 
 Deceive 
 
 Receive 
 Perceive 
 
 Conceit 
 Deceit 
 
 Eeceipt 
 Ceiling 
 
 Achieve 
 Belief 
 Believe 
 Brief 
 
 Chief 
 Fief 
 Grief 
 Grieve 
 
 Li eve 
 Sieve 
 Eeprieve 
 Eetrieve 
 
 Thief 
 Thieve 
 Mischief 
 Mischievous 
 
 See page 78, under ei, for exceptions. 
 VIII. In writing words commencing with the 
 prefix dis or mis, mistakes are sometimes made, 
 either by the omission or insertion of an s. This 
 may be easily avoided, by considering whether the 
 word to which dis or mis is prefixed, begins with s. 
 
 E 
 
98 
 
 RULES FOR SPELLING, 
 
 If so, of course the s must be retained ; as in Dis- 
 solve, Dissipate, Misspell, Misshapen, &c. 
 
 Disappoint 
 
 Dissatisfy 
 
 Disarm 
 
 Dissect 
 
 Disease 
 
 Dissembler 
 
 EXAMPLES, 
 
 Dishonest 
 
 Dissent 
 
 Disseminate 
 
 Distinguish 
 
 Dissuade 
 
 Dissyllable 
 
 Misspend 
 
 Mischievous 
 
 Misstate 
 
 Mistake 
 
 Misconstrue 
 
 Misdemeanour 
 
 ETYMOLOGY USEFUL IN SPELLING. 
 
 As etymology is a safe guide in many cases of 
 doubtful orthography, the pupil, even with this 
 view, should be made well acquainted with the 
 Prefixes, Affixes, and Roots, which enter so largely 
 into the composition of English words. The fol- 
 lowing are examples : — 
 
 1 . The prefixes de and di are frequently confounded 
 in spelling by persons ignorant or heedless of the differ- 
 ence between their meanings. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Depend Degrade Despair Deliver 
 
 Digest Digit Dilute Dilapidate 
 
 Decease Descend Delude Despatch 
 
 Disease Diverge Divide Dilaccrate 
 
 2. Words beginning with the prefixes pre or pro are 
 sometimes confounded in spelling, and even in pronun- 
 ciation; as precede and proceed, prescribe and pro- 
 scribe, preposition and proposition. Such errors may 
 be avoided by attending to the distinction between the 
 prefixes prce and pro, and the consequent difference 
 between the meaning of the words to which they are 
 prefixed. — See Prae and Pro, and the other Prefixes, 
 Affixes, a&$ Hoots, commencing at page 145, 
 
RULES FOR SPELLING. 
 
 99 
 
 3. In several words beginning with the prefix ex, 
 em, in, or im, usage has not decided whether e or i 
 should be written. In all such cases we should be 
 guided by the etymology of the word. 1 Thus inquire 
 should be preferred to enquire, because it is immediately 
 derived from the Latin inquiro ; and enclose should be 
 written rather than inclose, because it is derived from 
 the French enclos — Or generally, in all such cases, en or 
 em is to be preferred to in or im, except when the 
 word in question is immediately derived from the 
 Latin, or when it is used in a legal or special sense ; as 
 " the Incumbered Estates Court ;" 6i the Atlas Insurance 
 Company;" " to insure one's life." 2 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Encage 
 
 Enchain 
 
 Enchant 
 
 Encounter 
 
 Encroach 
 
 Encumber 
 
 Endorse 
 
 Enroll 
 
 Enshrine 
 
 Entangle 
 
 Entomb 
 
 Embalm 
 
 Embark 
 
 Embay 
 
 Embed 
 
 Embellish 
 
 Embezzle 
 
 Embody 
 
 Embosom 
 
 Emboss 
 
 Embrace 
 
 Embroil 
 
 Employ 
 
 E impoverish 
 
 4. In some of the affixes or endings of words similar 
 mistakes in spelling are liable to be made ; as between 
 able and ible, axce and ence, axt and ent, sion and 
 tiox. In all such cases a knowledge of the Latin root 
 or affix from which the word is formed, will, generally 
 speaking, enable us to decide whether a or i, a or e, 
 
 1 When the orthography of a word is doubtful, that is, when 
 custom or authority is divided, etymology and analogy should 
 decide. Hence, complete, and not compleat, is the proper 
 orthography, because derived from the Latin completus, or the 
 French complet, which is confirmed by the cognate word replete. 
 And in all such cases the immediate etymology should be pre- 
 ferred to the more remote. Thus the word entire should be 
 spelled with an e, and not with an i, because we derive it imme- 
 diately from the French entiere, and not from the Latin integer. 
 — Dictionary of Derivations. 
 
 2 For a similar reason, such words as Abetter, Granter, and 
 Visiter, are spelled with or, and not er when used in a legal sense. 
 
 E 2 
 
100 
 
 RULES FOR SPELLING. 
 
 s or t should be written. For example, if the Latin 
 word from which it is formed ends in abilis, we should 
 write able and not ible ; but if in ibilis, the reverse ; as 
 in mutable from mutabilis, and credible from credibilis. 
 Again, if the Latin word ends in ans or antia, ant or 
 ance 1 should be written ; but if in ens or entia, ent or 
 ence. In the same way the s and t in the termina- 
 tions sion and lion may be easily distinguished. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Laudable 
 Probable 
 Horrible 
 Flexible 
 
 Mission 
 Decision 
 Position 
 Relation 
 
 Abundant Arrogance 
 
 Triumphant Yigilance 
 
 Confident Negligence 
 
 Innocent Impertinence 
 
 5. Of the following class of words some end in or, 2 
 some in our, and some are written both wavs. Accord- 
 ing to the rule we have laid down, or should be written 
 when the word is derived directly from the Latin ; and 
 our when it comes to us through the medium of the 
 French. 3 
 
 EXAMPLES OF WORDS ENDING IN OT. 
 
 Actor 
 
 Factor 
 
 Pastor 
 
 Tenor 
 
 Castor 
 
 Horror 
 
 Rector 
 
 Terror 
 
 Censor 
 
 Languor 
 
 Sculptor 
 
 Torpor 
 
 Doctor 
 
 Liquor 
 
 Sector 
 
 Tremor 
 
 Donor 
 
 Major 
 
 Sponsor 
 
 Tutor 
 
 Error 
 
 Minor 
 
 Stupor 
 
 Victor 
 
 1 Except in some words which we have adopted from the 
 French ; as attendance, attendant, confidant, &c. 
 
 2 The authority of Johnson is in favour of our. His words 
 are — " Some ingenious men have endeavoured to deserve well of 
 their country, by writing honor and labor for honour and 
 iiABOUR. Of these it may be said, that, as they have done no 
 good, they have done little harm ; both because they have inno- 
 vated little, and because few have followed them." 
 
 s The French form is eur, which is another reason for prefer- 
 ring or to our ; for our is neither in accordance with the French 
 nor the Latin form. In all American printed works the Latin 
 form (or) has been adopted. 
 
RULES FOR SPELLING. 
 
 101 
 
 
 ENDING IN OUr. 
 
 
 Ardour 
 
 Favour 
 
 Labour 
 
 Splendour 
 
 Candour 
 
 Fervour 
 
 Odour 
 
 Tumour 
 
 Clamour 
 
 Flavour 
 
 Rigour 
 
 Valour 
 
 Colour 
 
 Honour 
 
 Rumour 
 
 Yap our 
 
 Dolour 
 
 Humour 
 
 Savour 
 
 Vigour 
 
 ENDING IN OUT Oil or. 
 
 Colour or Fervour or 
 
 Color Fervor 
 
 Favour or Honour or 
 
 Favor Honor 
 
 Odour or Splendour or 
 
 Odor Splendor 
 
 Rigour or Vigour or 
 
 Rigor Vigor 
 
 We venture to recommend 1 the omission of u in all 
 these words, and for the following reasons. — It is 
 useless to the orthography, opposed to etymology, and 
 contrary, rather than otherwise, to analogy. For ex- 
 ample, in most of the words derived from them the u 
 is omitted ; as in 
 
 Honorary Laborious Vaporous 
 
 Humorous Rigorous Vigorous 
 
 Humorsome Valorous Invigorate 
 
 SENTENCES FOR DICTATION. 
 
 The allies encamped in the valleys below. 
 
 The attorneys made frequent journeys down. 
 
 As befitting his exalted station and character, he 
 omitted no opportunity of benefiting mankind. 
 
 After repeated sallies from the lanes and alleys, they 
 were repulsed and dislodged. 
 
 He offered to mould it in pewter, but I preferred one 
 of plain lead. 
 
 1 It should be added, however, that we seldom venture to follow 
 our own recommendation in this respect. 
 
 " In words as fashion the same rule will hold, 
 Alike fantastic if too new or old ; 
 Be not the first by whom the new are tried, 
 Nor yet the last to lay the old aside."— Pope. 
 
102 SENTENCES F03 DICTATION. 
 
 I omitted to state that I visited hiin several times. 
 
 I regretted to hear sentiments so bigoted and be- 
 sotted, and, upon expressing my regret, the eyes of all 
 present were riveted upon me. 
 
 He proffered me his assistance on the occasion, but 
 I preferred to act for myself. 
 
 He mounted the piebald pony, and galloped away. 
 
 At the last conference 1 the president conferred great 
 honour upon him. 
 
 Shall I envelop it in a cover, or send it without an 
 envelope ? 
 
 The misfortunes of that dissipated and dissolute 
 young man deserve no commiseration. 
 
 Though all his friends interceded in his behalf, he 
 was superseded. 
 
 I will not recede ; on the contrary, I will proceed. 
 
 It is almost unnecessary to observe that he was not 
 benefited by such counsels ; nay, he was unfitted by them 
 for his situation. 
 
 The vessel, having unshipped her rudder, became un- 
 manageable. 
 
 WORDS ERRONEOUSLY SPELLED. 
 
 [To vary the exercise, the teacher should Occasionally exhibit 
 lists of words erroneously spelled, to be corrected in writing 
 by the pupils, such as :] 
 
 Attornies, heavyness, holyday, driness, robery, com- 
 mital, untill, dullness, ilness, abridgement, stoney, 
 sensless, unbiased, agreable, havock, haddoc, traffick, 
 txafficing, recieve, beleive, misstake, mistate, portible, 
 indelable, dispair, delute, enquire, inclose, truely, 
 wholely, tranquility, dip thong, staunch, baulk, gossip - 
 ping, worshiping, &c. 
 
 1 Conference. — In this word the r is not doubled, because the 
 accent is on the preceding syllable. Compare preference, pref- 
 erable, preferred ; inference, inf erVible or inferable, inf erVed 
 reference, referVable, &c. 
 
WORDS SWELLED IN TWO OH MOKE WAYS. 103 
 
 A COLLECTION OF WORDS OF UNSETTLED 
 ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 [In the Introduction to the writer's " Dictionary of the English 
 Language," page 40, an attempt has been made to settle the 
 orthography of these, and other words of the same class, to 
 which the more advanced pupils can refer, The more usual 
 orthography is here put first.] 
 
 Abetter 1 Alkoran 3 Anemone Archaeology 
 
 Abettor Alcoran Anemony Archaiology 
 
 Abridgment Almanac 4 Antechamber Ardour 6 
 Abridgement 2 Almanack Antichamber Ardor 
 
 Accessary Analyse 5 Apostasy Balk 
 
 Accessory Analyze Apostacy Baulk 
 
 Alchemy Ancient Apothegm Banister 
 Alchymy Antient Apophthegm Baluster 
 
 1 Abetter, from abet. — See the affix or termination ek, page 
 150, and note 2 , same page. In words direct from the Latin, ok 
 is the form ; as actor, instructor, &c. ; also, in words used in a 
 legal or official sense ; as abettor, grantor, &c. 
 
 2 Abridgment. — See the Exceptions to Rule V., page 96. 
 
 s Alkoran simply means the Koran; al being the form of the 
 Arabic definite article. Compare the al in kali, &c. 
 
 4 Almanac. — See Rule VI., page 96, and the Exceptions ; also 
 note 2 , same page. 
 
 5 Analyse. — In words ending in ize or ise, pronounced alike, it 5s 
 often doubted whether z or s should be written. The following 
 rules will in most cases enable us to decide : — 1. The z and not s 
 should be written when the word is derived from a Greek verb 
 ending in i£w, as in agonize and baptize. 2. In words which we 
 have formed by the addition of the Greek termination i£w, 
 which, like the Latin fy, signifies to make, as in civilize and fer- 
 tilize. 3. In words formed by means of prefixes, s and not z 
 should be written, as in supervise and enterprise. It should be 
 added, however, that printers, particularly those who are em- 
 ployed in newspaper printing, scarcely ever use z in such words ; 
 and the public are insensibly imitating them. In fact, if this prac- 
 tice be persevered in, z in such words will soon be regarded as 
 antiquated or pedantic, notwithstanding all rules to the con- 
 trary. 
 
 6 Ardour. — For words ending in our or or, see pages 100 and 
 101, and the notes at foot, 
 
104 WORDS SPELLED IN TWO OH MORE WAYS. 
 
 Banns 
 Bans 
 
 Calk 
 Caulk 
 
 Chemist 
 Chymist 
 
 Crawfish 
 Crayfish 
 
 Barque 
 Bark 
 
 Camlet. 
 Camelot 
 
 Cheque 
 Check 
 
 Cruse 
 Cruise 
 
 Barytone 1 
 Baritone 
 
 Camomile 
 Chamomile 
 
 Chestnut 
 Chesnut 
 
 Damson 
 Damascene 
 
 Base 
 Bass 
 
 Camphor 
 Camphire 
 
 Cipher 
 Cypher 
 
 Delft 
 Delf 
 
 Bazaar 
 Bazar 
 
 Carbine 
 Carabine 
 
 Clarionet 
 Clarinet 
 
 Demesne 
 Demain 
 
 Befall 
 Befal 
 
 Carbinier 
 Carabinier 
 
 Coif^ 
 Quoif 
 
 Despatch 
 Dispatch 
 
 Behalf 
 Behoof 
 
 Causeway 
 Causey 
 
 Connexion 
 Connection 
 
 Downfall 4 
 Downfal 
 
 Bell-man 
 Belman 
 
 Centiped 
 Centipede 
 
 ContemporaryDraught 
 Cotemporary Draft 5 
 
 Blamable 2 
 Blameable 
 
 Chameleon 
 Cameleon 
 
 Cordovan 
 Cordwain 
 
 Ecstasy 
 Ecstacy 
 
 Brazier 
 Brasier 
 
 Chap 3 
 Chop 
 
 Cornelion 
 Carnelian 
 
 Enclose 6 
 Inclose 
 
 i Barytone. — See note J , page 87 ; compare the y in Baryta. 
 
 2 Blamable. — See Rule IV., page 95. 
 
 3 Chap. — When applied to the hands, usage requires Chap, 
 which is usually pronounced as if written Chop. The confusion 
 between these words is produced by the broad sound of a, which 
 approaches to o ; as in ball, all, wall, &c. Hence the two forms 
 of this word. Compare, also, Slabber and Slobber. 
 
 4 Downfall. — See Rule III., page 94, and the Exceptions to it. 
 
 5 Draft. — Johnson rejects this word as a corruption ; but it is 
 now properly applied to a draft for money, to draft troops, and 
 a sketch or rough drawing of anything. 
 
 6 Enclose. — For this and the other words beginning with the 
 prefix en, em> in, or im, see page 99, No. 3. 
 
WORDS SPELLED IN TWO OH MOHE WAYS* 105 
 
 Enigma 
 jEnigma 
 
 Jelly 
 Gelly 
 
 Head- acne 
 Headach 
 
 Inquire 6 
 Enquire 
 
 Enrol 
 Enroll 
 
 Jail 
 Gaol 
 
 Hiccough 
 Hiccup 
 
 Inquiry 
 Enquiry 
 
 Ensure 
 Insure 2 
 
 Jailer 
 Gaoler 
 
 Hindrance 
 Hinderance 
 
 Judgment 
 Judgement 7 
 
 Entire 3 
 Intire 
 
 Gipsy 
 Gypsy 
 
 Hostler 
 Ostler 
 
 Joust 
 Just 
 
 Equerry 
 Equery 
 
 Gray 
 Grey 
 
 Holiday 
 Holyday 
 
 Lavender 
 Lavander 
 
 Expense 
 Expenee 
 
 Griffin 
 Griffon 
 
 Immovable 5 
 Immoveable 
 
 Leaven 
 Leven 
 
 Fleam 
 Phleme 
 
 Gulf 
 Gulph 
 
 Imbrue 
 Embrue 
 
 Licence, 8 s. 
 License, v. 
 
 Foretell 
 Foretel 
 
 Gunnel 
 Gunwale 
 
 Inferable 
 Inferrible 
 
 Licorice 
 Liquorice 
 
 Foundry 
 Foundery 
 
 Gaiety 
 Gayety 4 
 
 Halliards 
 Halyards 
 
 Harebrainec 
 Hairbrained 
 
 Indite 
 Endite 
 
 . Endue 
 Indue 
 
 Lilac 
 Lilack 
 
 Marquess 
 Marquis 
 
 Gaily 
 Gayly* 
 
 Haul 
 Hale 
 
 Innuendo 
 Inuendo 
 
 Mastic 
 Mastich 
 
 1 Enrol — See Rule III., page 94, and the Exceptions to it. 
 
 2 Insure. — In words having a legal or special meaning, Insure is 
 the correct form. — See page 99, No. 3. 
 
 3 Entire. — See note, page 99. 
 
 4 Gayly. — See the Exceptions to Rule I., page 87 
 
 5 Immovable. — See Rule IV., page 94. 
 
 6 Inquire. — See page 99, No. 3. 
 
 7 Judgement. — See the Exceptions to Rule V., page 96. 
 
 8 Licence. — Compare the words Practice and Practise ; Pro- 
 phecy and Prophesy. — See page o2. 
 
 e3 
 
106 WORDS SPELLED IK TWO Oil MORS WAtS, 
 
 Molosses 
 
 Potato 
 
 Scissors 
 
 Spiritous 
 
 Molasses 
 
 Potatoe 
 
 Scissars 
 
 Spirituous 
 
 Moneys 1 
 
 Pumpkin 
 
 Sere 
 
 Spinach 
 
 Monies 
 
 Pompion 
 
 Sear 
 
 Spinage 
 
 Movable 
 
 Purblind 
 
 Sergeant 
 
 Sponge 
 
 Moveable 
 
 Poreblind 
 
 Serjeant 
 
 Spunge 
 
 Negotiate 
 
 Ease 
 
 Sempstress 
 
 Stanch 
 
 Negociate 
 
 Eaze 
 
 Seamstress 
 
 Staunch 
 
 Olio 
 
 Here 
 
 Show 
 
 Strew 
 
 Oglio 
 
 Pear 
 
 Shew 
 
 Strow 
 
 Palliasse 
 
 Rosin 
 
 Shyness 
 
 Surname 
 
 Paillasse 
 
 Resin 
 
 Shiness 
 
 Sirname 
 
 Pansy 
 
 Reflection 
 
 Siphon 
 
 Thrash 3 
 
 Pancy 
 
 Reflexion 
 
 Syphon 
 
 Thresh 
 
 Peddler 
 
 Rennet 
 
 Sirup 
 
 Transferable 
 
 Pedler 
 
 Runnet 
 
 Syrup 
 
 Transferable 
 
 Phial 
 
 Ribbon 
 
 Skate 2 
 
 Visiter 
 
 Vial 
 
 Riband 
 
 Scate 
 
 Visitor 4 
 
 Pincers 
 
 Rotatory 
 
 Sceptic 
 
 Whoop 
 
 Pinchers 
 
 Rotary 
 
 Skeptic 
 
 Hoop 
 
 Plat 
 
 Sanitary 
 
 Solder 
 
 Woe 
 
 Plot 
 
 Sanatory 
 
 Soder 
 
 Wo 
 
 Pommel 
 
 Sat 
 
 Spa 
 
 Woful 
 
 Pummel 
 
 Sate 
 
 Spaw 
 
 Woeful 
 
 1 Moneys. — This is the correct form. There is no authority 
 whatever for monies. See the Exceptions No. 1 to Rule I., page 
 87 ; and compare attorneys, valleys, &c. 
 
 2 When a fish is meant, scate is now written ; and skate when 
 it means to slide on skates. 
 
 3 Thrash, when it means to drub, or heat soundly ; but thresh 
 when applied to the beating out of corn from the straw. 
 
 4 Visitor, when used in an official sense, as having visitoria 
 power. See note on Abettor, page 103. 
 
 
10? 
 OKTHOEPY; 
 
 OR, THE 
 
 CORRECT PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS. 
 
 Pronunciation is just when every letter has its proper sound, and every 
 syllable has its proper accent or quality. — Dr. Johnson. 
 
 The difficulties of pronunciation arise from the 
 nature of language; the imperfections of alpha- 
 bets J 1 and the ignorance, carelessness or affectation 
 of the generality of speakers. 
 
 These difficulties are so numerous that it would 
 be impossible to notice them all, even in the most 
 cursory manner, in so small a work. 
 
 We shall, however, give a few general principles 
 which will be found to embrace almost all that is 
 useful in practice. 
 
 1 . The analogies of the language, the authority 
 of lexicographers, and above all, the custom of the most 
 
 1 A perfect alphabet would imply that the different sounds of 
 the human voice had been carefully analysed, and accurately 
 ascertained, and that to each of those sounds so ascertained, a 
 sign or character was attached which should represent that sound 
 and no other. But this is not the case in our, nor indeed in any 
 alphabet. In some cases we have distinct sounds without proper 
 or peculiar signs to represent them, and in others, we have two 
 or more different signs or characters for the same sound. Oue 
 alphabet is, therefore, both defective and redundant. The very- 
 first letter of the alphabet, for instance, represents, without altera- 
 tion or external change, four different and distinct sounds ; and 
 with regard to all the other vowels, and several of the conson- 
 ants, similar observations might be made. Hence the difficulties 
 and inconsistencies in pronunciation and spelling. 
 
108 ORTHOEPY, OH THE 
 
 correct and elegant speakers, are the guides to which 
 we must refer in all cases of difficulty. Nor can these 
 difficulties, in every case, be resolved by such references ; 
 for we shall often find analogy opposed to analogy, au- 
 thority to authority, and custom divided, even among 
 the most elegant speakers. The following passage from 
 u BoswelFs Life of Johnson" will serve as an illus- 
 tration. 
 
 " Boswell. — ' It may be of use, Sir, to have a dictionary 
 to ascertain the pronunciation.' 
 
 "Johnson. — 'Why, Sir, my dictionary shows you the 
 accents of words, if you can but remember them.' 
 
 " Boswell ' But, Sir, we want marks to ascertain the 
 
 pronunciation of the vowels. Sheridan, I believe, has finished 
 such a work.' 
 
 " Johnson. — ' Why, Sir, consider how much easier it 
 is to learn a language by the ear, than by any marks. 
 Sheridan's dictionary may do very well; but you cannot 
 always carry it about with y$u; and when you want the 
 word, you have not the dictionary. It is like a man who 
 has a sword that vail not draw. It is an admirable sword 
 lo be sure; but while your enemy is cutting your throat, 
 you are unable to use it. Besides, Sir, what entitles Sheridan 
 to fix the pronunciation of English? 1 He has, in the first 
 place, the disadvantage of being an Irishman ; and if he 
 says he will fix it after the example of the best company, 
 why they differ among themselves. I remember an instance : 
 when I published the plan for my dictionary, Lord Chester- 
 
 1 Sheridan's Dictionary was acknowledged, however, even by 
 Walker, " to be generally superior to every thing that preceded 
 it, and his method of conveying the sound of words by spelling 
 them as they are pronounced, highly rational and useful." And 
 Webster, the American lexicographer, thus speaks of his work : 
 " His analysis of the English vowels is very critical, and in this 
 respect, there has been little improvement by later writers, though 
 I think none of them are perfectly correct. But in the appli- • 
 cation of his principles, he failed of his object. In general, how- 
 ever, it may be asserted that his notation does not warrant a 
 tenth part as many deviations from the present respectable usage 
 in England as Walker's." 
 
CORRECT PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS. 109 
 
 field told me the word great should be pronounced so as to 
 rhyme to state; and Sir William Yonge sent me word that it 
 should be pronounced so as to rhyme to seat, and that none 
 but an Irishman would pronounce it grait. Now, here were 
 two men of the highest rank — the one the best speaker in the 
 House of Lords, and the other the best speaker in the House 
 of Commons, differing entirely.' M1 
 
 In this case the pronunciation of Lord Chesterfield 
 prevailed, 2 though opposed to analogy, because he was 
 considered the most polite speaker of his day ; and in 
 all similar cases, the analogies of the language, and the 
 opinions of lexicographers must give way to what is 
 considered the usage of the best and most polite 
 speakers. 
 
 2. In eases in which custom or authority is divided, 
 we should give the preference to the pronunciation 
 which is most in accordance with analogy. The word 
 Rome, for instance, should be pronounced rdme rather 
 than room ; and this is beginning to be the case, though 
 the latter pronunciation was once thought u irrevocably 
 fixed in the language." 3 
 
 1 And on the same subject, the great Doctor obseryes of him- 
 self—" Sir, when people watch me narrowly, and I do not watch 
 myself, they will find me out to be of a particular county. In 
 the same manner, Dunning may be found out to be a Devonshire 
 man. So most Scotchmen may be found out. " 
 
 2 Through the same influence the i in the word oblige lost its 
 foreign or French sound. For till the publication of his " Letters,'* 
 in which this pronunciation is proscribed, oblige was usually pro- 
 nounced obleege ; as by Pope in the following well-known lines : 
 
 " Dreading e'en fools, by flatterers besieged, 
 And so obliging that he ne'er obliged" (pbleeged). 
 
 3 See "Walker on this word. The pun which he quotes from 
 Shakspeare, as a proof of the pronunciation of the word Borne in 
 his time — 
 
 *' Now it is Borne indeed, and room enough, 
 Since its wide walls encompass but one man"— 
 
 may be answered by another from the same author in favor of the 
 
110 ORTHOEPY, OE THE 
 
 3. The three great and prevailing errors in pronun- 
 ciation are vulgarity, pedantry, and affectation. 
 Against each of these faults we should be constantly on 
 our guard ; but most of all against affectation ; for 
 it is by far the most odious. 
 
 4. The following excellent observations from Dr, 
 Johnson deserve particular attention : — 
 
 " For pronunciation, the best general rule is to consider 
 those of the most elegant speakers who deviate least from the 
 written words. Of English, as of all living tongues, there is 
 a double pronunciation, one cursory and colloquial, the other 
 regular and solemn. The cursory pronunciation is always 
 vague and uncertain, being made different in different mouths 
 by negligence, unskilfulness, and affectation. The solemn 
 pronunciation, though by no means immutable and permanent, 
 is always less remote from the orthography, and less liable to 
 capricious innovation. They [lexicographers] have, however, 
 generally formed their tables according to the cursory speech 
 of those with whom they happen to converse ; and, conclud- 
 ing that the whole nation combines to vitiate language in 
 one manner, have often established the jargon of the lower 
 people as the model of speech." 1 
 
 other pronunciation. In the first part of Henry VI., act 3, scene 
 1, the Bishop of Winchester exclaims: " Rome shall remedy this ;" 
 to which Warwick retorts, "Roam thither then." In Pope, too, 
 authority for both pronunciations may be found, as in the fol- 
 lowing couplets : 
 
 " From the same foes at last both felt their doom; 
 And the same age saw learning fall and Rome." 
 
 " Thus when we view some well-proportioned dome, 
 The world's just wonder, and even thine, Rome." 
 
 If a rule such as is suggested above were folio wed, these, and 
 all similar anomalies, would soon disappear. 
 
 1 Walker, though he had this caution before his eyes, has not 
 always profited by it; for in many instances he has given the col- 
 loquial, and even vulgar pronunciation, as the " model of speech." 
 For instance, he gives apurn as the pronunciation of apron, iurn 
 of iron, and a-pos-sl of apostle. He also, in large classes of words, 
 
CORRECT PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS. Ill 
 
 5. Every word of two 1 or more syllables has in pro- 
 nunciation a certain accent, that is, a peculiar stress 
 or force laid upon a particular syllable. 
 
 If the accent in any word is misplaced, the pronun- 
 ciation is injured or destroyed. Compare, for instance, 
 the different pronunciations of refu'se and refuse; 
 desert' and des'ert ; minu'te and min'ute. See also the 
 class of words, page 46. 
 
 a. Some words, in addition to the principal, have a 
 secondary, 2 or weaker accent ; as in 
 
 Ad'verti^se, Ab'sente^e, Com'plaisan^t, 
 
 Ar"tizan', Ben^efac'tor, Conversation. 
 
 6. The general tendency of our language is to accent 
 the root and not the termination of a word. Hence 
 the natural position of the accent in English words is 
 in the first syllable. As a general rule, therefore, 
 English or Saxon words should have the accent on the 
 first syllable. 
 
 This general rule is exemplified not only by the usual 
 position of the accent in English or Saxon words, 
 particularly in dissyleabees and trisyeeabees, but 
 also by the tendency which we observe in our language 
 
 favours affected pronunciations ; as in the word " ed-ju-ca-shun," 
 which he calls " an elegant pronunciation of education. " He gives 
 similar pronunciations to virtue (vertshu), ordeal, tedious, frontier, 
 and all such words. It should also be kept in mind that several of 
 the accents and vowel sounds have changed since his time; as in 
 narrate and zenith, &c. These observations are not in depreciation 
 of the great merits of Walker's Dictionary, but merely to put the 
 learner on his guard. 
 
 1 Monosyllables may have emphasis, but, as they consist of but one 
 syllable, they cannot have accent. 
 
 2 In the case of a polysyllabic word, a secondary accent is often 
 necessary for its full enunciation ; and when it occurs in words of 
 three syllables, it seems, generally, to be the result of a struggle for 
 ascendancy between the foreign and English tendency. 
 
in 
 
 ORTHOEPY, OR THE 
 
 to bring words of foreign origin under the English or 
 radical accent. 
 
 a. The words memoir, bouquet, and reservoir, for instance, have 
 been brought under the English accent, and complaisant, balcony, 
 revenue, cravat, saline, and many others, are on the way. Hence 
 also the popular pronunciation of the word police (namely, po-lis) ; 
 and the colloquial, but nowrecognised pronunciation of boatswain, 
 (bo'sn,) cockswain, (coctfsn,) cupboard, (cupbwrd,) &c. Many foreign 
 words, however, particularly French, have struggled successfully 
 against the English4endency ; as 
 
 Antique 
 Brazil 
 
 Critique 
 Fascine 
 
 Palanquin 
 Profile 
 
 Ravine 
 Recitative 
 
 Bombasin 
 Caprice 
 
 Fatigue 
 Grimace 
 
 Quarantine 
 Machine 
 
 Repartee 
 Routine 
 
 Capuchin 
 
 Invalid 
 
 4Marine 
 
 Tambourine 
 
 Chagrin 
 Chemise 
 
 Pelisse 
 Police 
 
 Magazine 
 Mandarin 
 
 Tontine 
 Unique 
 
 b. With regard to words of Greek or Latin origin, it may be laid 
 down as a general rule, that when they are adopted whole or with- 
 out change the accent or quantity of the original word is usually 
 preserved ; as in 
 
 Anath'ema Dilem'ma Diplo'ma Hori'zon 
 
 Acu'men Bitu'men Deco'rum Spectator 
 
 c. In many such words, however, the English tendency has pre- 
 vailed ; as in 
 
 Or'ator 
 
 Sen'ator 
 
 Auditor 
 
 Plethora 
 
 7. This tendency is, however, counteracted to a 
 certain extent by another natural tendency in the 
 language. In words used as verbs, the tendency of the 
 accent is to the termination, and not to the root. 1 
 Hence, in verbs of two syllables, the accent is generally 
 on the last, and in verbs of three syllables, on the last, 
 or last but one. 
 
 a. Hence, the unsettled position of the accent in such 
 words as 
 
 Confiscate, 
 Compensate, 
 
 Contemplate, 
 Demonstrate, 
 
 Enervate, 
 Extirpate. 
 
 1 See the claes of words, page 46. 
 
CORRECT PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS. 113 
 
 Some authorities, following the general tendency, 
 place the accent on the first syllable, as com'pensate ; 
 while others hold that, as verbs, it is better to accent 
 the second syllable, as compen'saie. 
 
 8. The radical accent is also counteracted by the 
 tendency in compound or derivative words to follow the 
 accent of their primaries ; as in 
 
 Admi'rer from adnii're Begin'ning from begin' 
 
 Abet'tor ,, abet' Coinmen cement „ commence 
 
 Profess'or ,, profess' Commit'tal „ commit' 
 
 Assail'able „ assail' Coquet'ry ,, coquet'te 
 
 a. In many cases, however, the radical or general 
 tendency of the accent has prevailed ; as in 
 
 Ad'mirable from admi're Advertisement from adverti'se 
 
 Com'p arable „ compa're Chas'tisement „ chasti'sa 
 
 Lam'entable „ lament' Dis'piitant ,, dispu'te 
 
 b. In several words ths contest is, as yet, undecided, 
 as in 
 
 Acceptable or acceptable Disputable or dispu'table 
 
 Com'mendableorcommend'able Con'fessor or confess'or 
 
 9. The tendency in compound or derivative words 
 to preserve the accent of their primaries, is crossed by 
 another natural tendency, namely, the disposition in 
 compound or derivative words to shorten the long 
 sounds or syllables of their primaries ; as in the follow- 
 ing words : — 
 
 Depravity from deprave Maintenance from maintain 
 
 Severity 
 
 „ severe 
 
 Shepherd „ 
 
 sheepherd 
 
 Divinity 
 
 „ divine 
 
 Splenetic „ 
 
 spleen 
 
 Consolatory 
 
 „ console 
 
 Gosling „ 
 
 goose 
 
 Granary 
 
 „ grain 
 
 Throttle 
 
 throat 
 
 Villany 
 
 „ villain 
 
 Pronunciation „ 
 
 pronounce 
 
 Desperate 
 
 „ despair 
 
 Southerly (u) „ 
 
 south 
 
 10. Accent, from its very nature, must affect not 
 only the syllable under it, but also the syllable next 
 it ; for in proportion as the one is dwelt upon, the 
 
114 
 
 ORfflO£i% OK THE 
 
 other is passed quickly over. This is exemplified hy 
 
 the usual pronunciation of the unaccented syllable in 
 the following words : — 
 
 Cab'bage Fur'mXce Cli'm&te Cap'tam (i) 
 
 Courage Menace Curate Fountain 
 
 Image Palace Prelate Villain 
 
 Village Solace Private Britain 
 
 Foreign (i) 
 
 Fa'vowr (u) 
 
 Fa'mows (u) 
 
 Carnage (#) 
 
 Forfeit 
 
 Fervour 
 
 Pious 
 
 Marriage 
 
 Surfeit 
 
 Humour 
 
 Pompous 
 
 Parliament 
 
 Sovereign 
 
 Labour 
 
 Monstrous 
 
 "William 
 
 In the preceding words the unaccented syllable is 
 pronounced quickly and indistinctly ; and in the case 
 of a diphthong, one of the vowels is omitted altogether 
 in the pronunciation. Compare, for example, the 
 different sounds of the termination age in the words 
 cab'bage and enga'ge, presage and presa'ge. Compare, 
 also, the different pronunciations of the accented and 
 unaccented syllables in the following words : — 
 
 Coutam' (a) Cap'tain (£) Retain' (a) FomrWn (i) 
 
 Alia/ (a) Swafdayd) Ally' (I) Sal'ly (0 
 
 Deceit' (ee) For'feit {%) Conceit' (ee) Surfeit t) 
 
 Perceive' (ee) For'eign (i) Survey' (a) Sur'vey 
 
 1 1 . Hence it is that such combinations as ea, ia, ie, 
 eo, io, eous, ious, following an accented syllable, are, in 
 pronunciation, usually drawn into one sound or syllable, 
 though composed of more than one vowel, as in 
 
 Ocean (o'sMji) 
 
 Logician (lo-jish r ari) 
 Social (so'sMl) 
 
 Partial (par'sh&ty 
 Conscience {con'shense) 
 Patient (pafshtnt) 
 
 Surgeon (sur'juri) 
 Luncheon (lun'shuri) 
 Pension (pen'shun) 
 Mention (men'shuri) 
 Gorgeous (gor'jus) 
 Gracious (gra'shus) 
 
 1 Though in primitive words containing such combinations this 
 rule generally holds, yet it is usually departed from in the deriva- 
 tives. Thus Partial and Christian are pronounced as dissyllables, 
 while their derivatives, Partiality and Christianity, are pronounced 
 in five syllables, though only two are added. 
 
CORRECT PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS. 
 
 115 
 
 a. And when c, s, or t precedes any of these com- 
 binations, it has, by the quickness of the enunciation, 
 and the consequent blending of its sound with the 
 vov/el, the force of sh, as in the examples just given. 
 
 b. Hence the terminations rial, sial, and tied, are 
 pronounced like shdl ; as in commemc?, controvert/, 
 and martial. 
 
 c. The terminations ceous, cious, and tious are pro- 
 nounced like shus ; as in farinacea&s, capaczows, and 
 contentious. 
 
 d. The terminations geous and gious are pronounced 
 like jus ; as in courageous and religious. 
 
 e. The terminations sion and Hon are pronounced 
 like shun ; as in mission and invention ; but the termi- 
 nation sion, preceded by a vowel, is pronounced like 
 zhun ; as in explosz'ora and confusion. 
 
 ] 2. The seat of the accent will generally serve as a 
 guide in the pronunciation of final syllables in ice, ile, 
 ike, ise, and ite. When the i is accented, it is lonfj, 
 and when unaccented, it is usually short ; as in the 
 following words : — 
 
 Advice 
 
 Novice 
 
 Suffice 
 
 Office 
 
 Revile 
 
 Ser'vile 
 
 Combine 
 
 Doctlme 
 
 Premise 
 
 Premise 
 
 Despite 
 
 Res'pite 
 
 Av'arice 
 
 Clandestine 
 
 Jac'obShe 
 
 Definite 
 
 Benefice 
 
 Cor'alline 
 
 Jessamine 
 
 Ex'quisite 
 
 Cow'ardice 
 
 Discipline 
 
 Lib'ertine 
 
 Fa'vorite 
 
 Ju'venfle 
 
 Eglantine 
 
 Mas'culine 
 
 Hyp'ocrite 
 
 Mercantile 
 
 Feminine 
 
 Medicine 
 
 Indefinite 
 
 Pu'erile 
 
 Genuine 
 
 Nedarine 
 
 In'finite 
 
 Adamantine 
 
 Her'oine 
 
 Pafatine 
 
 Op'posite 
 
 Afkaline 
 
 Hy'aline 
 
 Ap'posfte 
 
 Perquisite 
 
 A'quiline 
 
 Ima'gine 
 
 Composite 
 
 Requisite 
 
 13. In such terminations, that is, final syllables in 
 ice, ile, and ite, the i is sometimes long, though not 
 under the accent ; x as in the following words : — 
 
 That is, the principal accent. — See under No. 5, page 113. 
 
116 
 
 ORTHOEPY, Oil THE 
 
 Cock'atnce 
 
 Sacrifice 
 
 Croc'odile 
 
 Cham'oniile 
 
 Reconcile 
 
 Infantile 
 
 In fantine 
 
 Asinine 
 
 Brig'antzne 
 
 Calamine 
 
 Columbine 
 
 Crystalline 
 
 Gel'atine 
 
 Incarnadine 
 
 Leg'atine 
 
 Le'onine 
 
 Mus'cadme 
 
 Porcupine 
 
 Saccharine 
 
 Satlirnine 
 
 Ser'pentine 
 
 Turpentine 
 
 U'terine 
 
 Ac'onite 
 
 Anc'horlte 
 
 Ap'petite 
 
 Bedlamite 
 
 Carmelite 
 
 Expedite 
 
 Eremite 
 
 Parasite 
 
 Sat'ellite 
 
 a. It should be observed, however, that in each of 
 the preceding words the i is evidently under a secondary 
 accent, and therefore inclined to be long. — See No. 5. 
 
 14. As we have already observed, a proper accentua- 
 tion of words is essential to their just pronunciation ; 
 and a proper accentuation can only be acquired by 
 attending to the most correct speakers, and by consult- 
 ing the most approved Dictionaries ; for words are under 
 so many influences with regard to their accentuation, 
 that it is scarcely possible to lay down a rule on the 
 subject to which numerous exceptions may not be 
 found. The following rules, however, (in addition to 
 the General Principles which we have already ex- 
 plained,) will be found useful to the learner. 
 
 15. Words ending in cial, sial, tial, cian, tian, dent, 
 tient, ceous, cious, tious, sion, tion, tiate, have the 
 accent on the preceding syllable ; as 
 
 Provincial 
 
 Controrer'sial 
 
 Substantial 
 
 Physi'cian 
 Christian 
 An'cient 
 
 Pa'tient 
 
 Gra'cious 
 
 Sententious 
 
 Confu'sion 
 Muta'tion 
 Ingra'tiate 
 
 1 6. Words ending in ety, ity, or ical, have also the 
 accent on the preceding syllable ; as 
 
 Propriety Insensibility Astronomical Emphatlcal 
 
 Satiety Spontaneity Categorical Polemical 
 
 17. When the termination ical is abbreviated into 
 zc, the accent of the original word remains ; as 
 
 Astronomic 
 Angelic 
 
 Emphatic 
 Fanatic 
 
 Harmonic 
 Mechanic 
 
 Polemic 
 Specific 
 
CORRECT PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS. 117 
 
 1 8. In English, as has been observed, the favourite 
 accent in polysyllables is on the antepenult, or last 
 syllable but two ; but in many cases the accent has 
 been transferred to that position from the radical part 
 of the word, for the greater harmony and ease of pro- 
 nunciation ; as in 
 
 An'gel 
 
 Angel'ical 
 
 Sa'tan 
 
 Satan'ical 
 
 Har'mony 
 
 Harmonious 
 
 Sa'tire 
 
 Satirical 
 
 Rhet'oric 
 
 Rhetorical 
 
 Victory 
 
 Victorious 
 
 19. In uniting simple words into a compound, there 
 is a tendency to simplify the compound as much as 
 possible, by throwing the accent on that syllable in 
 which the simple words unite. Hence, words with the 
 following terminations have the accent on the ante- 
 penult, or last syllable but two : — 
 
 -craey, as democ'raey 
 -ferous, as somnif 'erous 
 -fluent, as circum'fluent 
 -Jiuous, as superfluous 
 -gamy, as polyg'amy 
 -gonal, as diag'onal 
 -graphy, as geog'raphy 
 -logy, as philol'ogy 
 -loquy, as ventril'oquy 
 -machy, as logom'achy 
 
 -iwithy, as polyrn'athy 
 -meter, as baroin'eter 
 -nomy, as econ'omy 
 -parous, as ovip'arous 
 -pathy, as antip'athy 
 -phony, as eu'phony 
 -strophe, as catastrophe 
 -tomy, as anat'omy 
 -vomous, as igniv'omous 
 -vorous as omniv'orous 
 
 a. Some words are differently accented, according 
 as they are used as nouns or verbs. — See page 52. 
 
 20. Of foreign words admitted into our language, 
 particularly French, there is usually a threefold pro- 
 nunciation. 1. The original or foreign pronunciation. 
 2. The English pronunciation. 3. A pronunciation 
 which is neither English nor foreign, but between the 
 two. In this case, the middle course is not the best 
 but it is perhaps right to encourage it as a step in ad- 
 vance towards an honest English pronunciation. 
 
 In another part of this work will be found a col- 
 
118 ORTHOEPY, OR THE 
 
 lection of French and foreign words which have been 
 introduced into our language without change. 1 ' 
 
 21. Some Greek and Latin words retain the pro- 
 nunciation of e final, though in such a position in Eng- 
 lish it is always silent f as in 
 
 Acme 
 
 Catastrophe 
 
 Strophe 
 
 Cicerone 
 
 Apostrophe 
 
 Epitome 
 
 Recipe 
 
 Finale 
 
 Anemone 
 
 Hyperbole 
 
 Simile 
 
 Ration alS 
 
 22. The diphthong an before n and another consonant 
 should be sounded like the long Italian a, as in far 
 and father? In some words of this class, however, it is 
 pronounced, particularly by persons who are ambitious 
 of being thought to speak better than their neighbours, 
 like aw in awe. Avaunt and vaunt are perhaps the 
 only words of this class which should be considered as 
 exceptions. 4 
 
 EXAMPLES OF IRISH VULGARISMS. 
 
 23. The uneducated, and sometimes the educated 
 Irish, err in the pronunciation of the following sounds 
 and letters, ea, ei, ey, oo, ou, a, e, i, o, u; d, t, l 3 and r; 
 as in the following words : — 
 
 Plase for please 
 Desate „ deceit 
 Resate „ receipt 
 
 1 To employ a foreign word, when there is one in our own 
 language to express the same idea, is a mark of silly affectation 
 and petty pedantry. 
 
 2 That is, it does not constitute an additional syllable, but it 
 usually modifies the sound of the preceding vowel ; as in fat, 
 fate ; m£t, mete, pin, pine, &c. 
 
 3 And as it is by every one in aunt, jaunt, jaundice, laundry, 
 launch, Saunders, &c. 
 
 4 The u in such words (for it does not really belong to them) 
 must have crept in to represent the drawling and affected sound 
 of a before n, as we sometimes hear in the pronunciation of 
 can't (cawn't), shan't, command, &c. Staunch, the old spell- 
 ing of stanch, is an additional illustration of this. 
 
 Lave 
 
 for leave 
 
 Tay 
 
 „ tea 
 
 Nate 
 
 „ neat 
 
CORRECT PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS. 1 
 
 Resave foi 
 
 receive 
 
 Twinty 
 
 for 
 
 twenty 
 
 Convee „ 
 
 convey 
 
 Cowld 
 
 5» 
 
 cold 
 
 Obee 
 
 obey 
 
 Bould 
 
 ,, 
 
 bold 
 
 Shuk „ 
 
 shook 
 
 Bush 
 
 ,, 
 
 bush (00) 
 
 Tuk 
 
 took 
 
 Push 
 
 V 
 
 push 
 
 Fut 
 
 foot 
 
 Pull 
 
 » 
 
 pull 
 
 Stud 
 
 stood 
 
 Cushion 
 
 
 cushion 
 
 Coorse „ 
 
 course 
 
 Loudher 
 
 
 louder 2 
 
 Coorse ,, 
 
 coarse 
 
 Broadher 
 
 ,, 
 
 broader 
 
 Soorce „ 
 
 source 
 
 Watther 
 
 „ 
 
 water 
 
 Getheri „ 
 
 gather 
 
 Betther 
 
 1> 
 
 better 
 
 Ketch „ 
 
 catch 
 
 Hel-um 
 
 5> 
 
 helm 
 
 Sinsare „ 
 
 sincere 
 
 Reai-una 
 
 
 realm 
 
 Schame ,, 
 
 scheme 
 
 Ar-um 
 
 ,, 
 
 arm 
 
 Plinty „ 
 
 plenty 
 
 Har-um 
 
 „ 
 
 harm 
 
 119 
 
 24. The learner should collect all the words in which 
 such errors are likely to occur 3 , and habituate himself 
 to a correct pronunciation of them. Also, all such 
 
 1 Gather. — This error (giving a the short sound of e) belongs 
 to the north of Ireland and Scotland. 
 
 2 D, like its cognate letter i, is often mispronounced by the un- 
 educated Irish. Thus, though they sound the d correctly in the 
 positive degree of such words as proud, loud, broad, yet in the 
 comparative, they thicken it by an aspiration, and pronounce it 
 as if written dh (proudher, loudher, broadher). The same observa- 
 tion applies to t in such cases, as in fitter {fitther), hotter (hotther), 
 and all words similarly formed, as water, butter, &c. This is a 
 very vulgar pronunciation, and should be avoided. And it is 
 easy to do so ; for as they pronounce the d or t properly in loud, 
 broad, fit, and hot, they have only to pronounce the first syllable 
 distinctly, and then add without an aspiration the termination 
 er. The affected pronunciation of these letters, d and t, in such 
 words as education and actual, should be equally avoided. — See 
 page 20 of the author's English Dictionary. 
 
 s The digraph ea, for instance, has always the sound of ee, ex- 
 cept in the words given under the head of " Irregular Sounds," 
 page 77. In the words referred to, ea has either the sound of e, 
 as in met; or of a, as in fate; or of a as in far. Hence it may be 
 inferred, as a general rule, that in all other words ea has the sound 
 
 O/EE. 
 
 Again, ei also has usually the sound of ee, except in the words 
 given under the head of " Irregular Sounds," page 78. Hence it 
 may be inferred, that in cdl other words ei has the sound o/ee. 
 
120 ORTHOEPY, OR THE . 
 
 vulgarisms as "jommetry," " joffgraphy," "hoighth," 
 " tenth," "strenth," " breth '' (breadth), "flure" 
 (floor), " readin," " writin," " aljaybra " (al'gebra), for 
 the purpose of guarding against them. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF ENGLISH VULGARISMS. 
 
 25. The principal vulgarisms of the uneducated 
 English, particularly of the Cockneys or natives of Lon- 
 don, consist : — 
 
 1. In the use of w for v and v forw; as, " Fine, weal, and wine- 
 gar, are tvery good wittles, I wow ! "* 
 
 2. In sounding h where it should not, and in omitting it where 
 it ought to be heard ; as, " Give my orse some hoats." 2 
 
 3. In introducing the sound of r into some words in which it 
 has no place, and in excluding it from others to which it belongs ; 
 as in idear, winder, Mariar, feller; boar for boa? marm for 
 ma'am, bam for barm, laud for lord, fast for first, bust for burst, 
 dust for durst, &c. 
 
 26. In England the following words are frequently 
 confounded by uneducated and careless speakers : — 
 
 Add Air Awl And 
 
 Had Hair Hall Hand 
 
 Aft Ale Alter Arbour 
 
 Haft Hale Halter Harbour 
 
 Ail All Am Ardour 
 
 Hail Hall Ham Harder 
 
 i It is the same worthy citizen I suppose that is introduced in 
 the following short dialogue : — 
 
 Citizen. — Villiam, I vants my vig. 
 
 Servant. — Vitch vig, sir ? 
 
 Citizen. — Vy the vite vig in the vooden vig-box, vitch I vore 
 last Vensday at the Westry. 
 
 2 " It was quite impossible to witness unmoved the impressive 
 solemnity with which he poured forth his soul in ' My 'art's in 
 the 'ighlands,' or * The brave old HoaJc.' " — Dickens. 
 
 3 As, " She had a black boar about her neck," 
 
CORRECT PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS. 
 
 121 
 
 Ark 
 Hark 
 
 Ear 
 Hear 
 
 Ire 
 
 Hire 
 
 Owe 
 Hoe 
 
 Arm 
 Harm 
 
 Eat 
 Heat 
 
 Is 
 His 
 
 Wales 
 Whales 
 
 Arras 
 Harass 
 
 Eaves 
 Heaves 
 
 Islands 
 Highlands 
 
 Ware 
 
 Where 
 
 Arrow 
 Harrow 
 
 Eddy 
 Heady 
 
 It 
 Hit 
 
 Way 
 Whey 
 
 Art 
 Heart 
 
 Edge 
 Hedge 
 
 Itch 
 Hitch 
 
 Wen 
 When 
 
 As 
 Has 
 
 Eel 
 Heel 
 
 Oaks 
 Hoax 
 
 Wig 
 Whig 
 
 Ash 
 Hash 
 
 Eight 
 Hate 
 
 Oar 
 Hoar 
 
 Wight 
 White 
 
 Asp 
 Hasp 
 
 Elm 
 Helm 
 
 Old 
 Hold 
 
 Wile 
 While 
 
 At 
 Hat 
 
 Erring 
 Herring 
 
 Osier 
 Hosier 
 
 Wine 
 Whine 
 
 Ate 
 Hate 
 
 Ewer 
 Hewer 
 
 Otter 
 Hotter 
 
 Wist 
 Whist 
 
 Aunt 
 Haunt 
 
 Eye 
 High 
 
 Our 
 Hour 
 
 Witch 
 Which 
 
 Awe 
 Haw 
 
 Hanker 
 Anchor 
 
 Owl 
 Howl 
 
 Wither 
 Whither 
 
 Axe 
 
 Hacks 
 
 111 
 Hill 
 
 Own 
 Hone 
 
 Wot 
 What 
 
122 
 
 A COLLECTION 
 
 OF ALMOST ALL THE DIFFICULT AND IRREGULAR 
 WORDS IX THE LANGUAGE.* 
 
 [The pronunciation and the explanations of each of these 
 ■words will, when required, be found in the author's Diction art, 
 to which the learner can refer. Many of these words indeed 
 will appear very easy to the reader, but that is because they are 
 familiar to him. To persons unacquainted with them, such as 
 children and foreigners, the irregular or unusual sounds of the 
 letters occasion great difficulty. Besides, even the easiest of them 
 will serve to recall the reader's attention to the preceding Prin- 
 ciples of Pronunciation.] 
 
 Aborigines 
 
 Adamantine 
 
 Alkaline, 12 
 
 Anathema, 6 
 
 Abroad 
 
 Adept, 6 
 
 Allegro 
 
 Anchoret 
 
 Acacia 
 
 Adulator 
 
 Alleluiah 
 
 Anchorite, 
 
 Acceptable 
 
 Adulatory 
 
 Alms 
 
 Anchovy 
 
 Accessary 
 
 Adult 
 
 Almoner 
 
 Ancient 
 
 Accomplice 
 
 Adust 
 
 Aloes 
 
 Ancillary 
 
 Accompt 
 
 Advertise, 5 
 
 Altercate 
 
 Angel 
 
 Accomptant 
 
 Advertiser, * 
 
 1 Alternate 
 
 Angelic, 
 
 Accoutre 
 
 Again 
 
 Alumine 
 
 Angle 
 
 Accrue 
 
 Aghast 
 
 Alvine 
 
 Anguish 
 
 Acetous 
 
 Agile, 12 
 
 Amaranthine 
 
 } Anility, 
 
 Achieve, 
 
 Agone 
 
 Ambages, 6 
 
 Anise, 12 
 
 Acme, 
 
 Ague 
 
 Ambergris 
 
 Anodyne 
 
 Acolyte, 13 
 
 Aisle 
 
 Ambush 
 
 Anonymous 
 
 Acotyledon 
 
 Albeit 
 
 Amethystine 
 
 Answer 
 
 Aconite 
 
 Alchymy 
 
 Amiable 
 
 Antalgic 
 
 Acoustics 
 
 Alcohol 
 
 Amour 
 
 Anthracite 
 
 Acquiesce 
 
 Alcoholic 
 
 Amphibious 
 
 Antipodes 
 
 Acre 
 
 Alguazil 
 
 Amphisbsena Antiquary 
 
 Adamantean Alien 
 
 Anachronism 
 
 l Antique 
 
 1 The numbers after the words refer to the preceding Principles 
 of Pronuncia tio n. 
 
DIFFICULT AND IRREGULAR WORDS. 
 
 123 
 
 Antiquity 
 
 Antre 
 
 Anxiety 
 
 Anxious, " 
 
 Aphaeresis 
 
 Apocrypha 
 
 Asthmatic 
 Atheist 
 Atrocious, ] 
 Atrocity, 9 
 Auln 
 Auspice, 12 
 
 Apophthegm Autumn 
 Apostle Autumnal 
 
 Applicability Auxiliary 
 Apposite, 12 Avalanche 
 
 Apprentice 
 
 Approval 
 
 Apricot 
 
 Aquatic 
 
 Aqueduct 
 
 Aqueous 
 
 Aquiline 
 
 Arabesque 
 
 Archangel 
 
 Architect 
 
 Architrave 
 
 Archives 
 
 Area 
 
 Arena 
 
 Argil 
 
 Argillaceous 
 
 Aroma 
 
 Armistice 
 
 Artifice 
 
 Asafoetida 
 
 Asbestine 
 
 Asinine, 13 
 
 Assign 
 
 Assignation 
 
 Assignee 
 
 Assuage 
 
 Asthma 
 
 Avoirdupois 
 Avouch 
 
 Bade 
 
 Balcony, 6 
 
 Balsam 
 
 Balsamic 
 
 Bandana 
 
 Banian 
 
 Banquet 
 
 Barouche, *° 
 
 Battalion 
 
 Bayonet 
 
 Becafico 
 
 Behove 
 
 Benign 
 
 Benignity 
 
 Bequeath 
 
 Biscuit 
 
 Bissextile 
 
 Bitumen 
 
 Bivouac 
 
 Blaspheme 
 
 Blasphemous 
 
 Boatswain 
 
 Bombard 
 
 Bombardier 
 
 Bombasin 
 
 Borough 
 
 Bosom 
 
 Boudoir, *° 
 
 Bouilli 
 
 Bouillon 
 
 Bouquet, 6 
 
 Bourgeon 
 
 Bowline, 12 
 
 Bowsprit 
 
 Brazier 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Break 
 
 Breakfast, 9 
 
 Brevet 
 
 Brevier 
 
 Brigand 
 
 Brigantine 
 
 Britzska 
 
 Brooch 
 
 Bruise 
 
 Brunette 
 
 Brusque 
 
 Bulletin 
 
 Bullion 
 
 Buoy 
 
 Buoyant 
 
 Bureau 
 
 Burial 
 
 Burlesque 
 
 Bury 
 
 Business 
 
 Busy 
 
 Cabal 
 
 Cabaret 
 Caboose 
 
 Cabriolet, *° 
 
 Cajeput 
 
 Calamine, 
 
 Calcareous 
 
 Caldron 
 
 Cambric 
 
 Camelopard 
 
 Campaign 
 
 Canaille 
 
 Canine, 6 
 
 Canoe 
 
 Canorous 
 
 Capillary 
 
 Caprice 
 
 Capricious 
 
 Captain 
 
 Capuchin 
 
 Carabine 
 
 Caries 
 
 Carriage, 
 
 Casque 
 
 Cassia 
 
 Cassino 
 
 Catachresis 
 
 Catarrh 
 
 Catastrophe 
 
 Catechism 
 
 Catechist 
 
 Catholicism 
 
 Cavalier 
 
 Cavatina 
 
 Caviare 
 
 Cazique 
 
 Centre 
 
 Centrifugal 
 
 Centripetal 
 
 Chagrin 
 
 f2 
 
124 
 
 DIFFICULT AND IRREGULAR WORDS. 
 
 Chalice, la 
 
 Chamber 
 
 Chameleon 
 
 Chamois, 20 
 
 Chamomile 
 
 Champagne 
 
 Champaign 
 
 Chaos 
 
 Chaperon 
 
 Charade 
 
 Charlatan 
 
 Charlatanical 
 
 Charlatanry 
 
 Chart 
 
 Chasm 
 
 Chasten 
 
 Chastise 
 
 Chastisement 
 
 Cheerful, 9 
 
 Chemise 
 
 Chevalier 
 
 Chicane 
 
 Chivalry 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Chocolate 
 
 Choir 
 
 Chorister 
 
 Chough 
 
 Christianity 
 
 Chrysalis 
 
 Chrysolite 
 
 Chyle 
 
 Chyme 
 
 Cicatrice 
 Cinque 
 Circuit 
 Clandestine 
 
 Clarion 
 
 Constable 
 
 Cromlech 
 
 Clerk 
 
 Construe 
 
 Crosier 
 
 Clique 
 
 Contagious 
 
 Cucumber 
 
 Clough 
 
 Contemn 
 
 Cuerpo 
 
 Cocagne 
 
 Contemner 
 
 Cuirass, 20 
 
 Cochineal 
 
 Contemning 
 
 Cuisse 
 
 Cockswain, 6 
 
 Contemplate 
 
 Cushion 
 
 Cocoa 
 
 Contrary, 6 
 
 
 Cognizance 
 
 Contrite, 13 
 
 Dahlia 
 
 Coigne 
 
 Conversant 
 
 Daunt 
 
 Colloquy 
 
 Coppice, 12 • 
 
 Dearth 
 
 Colonel 
 
 Coquet 
 
 Debtor 
 
 Colonnade, 8 
 
 Coquetry, 8 
 
 Decorous 
 
 Colour 
 
 Coquette 
 
 Decorum, 6 
 
 Column 
 
 Coriaceous, 1 ' 
 
 1 Defalcation 
 
 Comely 
 
 Cornice 
 
 Definite, 12 
 
 Comfrey 
 
 Corollary 
 
 Deign 
 
 Commissary 
 
 Corps, 20 
 
 Deity, 16 
 
 Compensate 
 
 Corsair 
 
 Delicious, u 
 
 Complacent 
 
 Cortege 
 
 Demagogue 
 
 Complaisance Cough 
 
 Demesne 
 
 Condemn 
 
 Coulter 
 
 Denier 
 
 Condemned 
 
 Counterfeit 
 
 Dentifrice 
 
 Condemning 
 
 Couple 
 
 Dernier 
 
 Condign 
 
 Courage, 10 
 
 Desuetude 
 
 Conduit 
 
 Couragious 
 
 Desultory 
 
 Confessor 
 
 Courier 
 
 Detour 
 
 Confidant 
 
 Courteous 
 
 Devastate 
 
 Confidante 
 
 Courtesy 
 
 Devastation 
 
 Confiscate, ' 
 
 Cousin 
 
 Devoir 
 
 Conge, 20 
 
 Covenant 
 
 Diachylon 
 
 Conjure 
 
 Covetous 
 
 Diaeresis 
 
 Connoisseur 
 
 ' Cowardice 
 
 Dialogue 
 
 Conquer 
 
 Cozen 
 
 Diamond 
 
 Conquest 
 
 Cravat 
 
 Diaphragm 
 
 Console 
 
 Crevice 
 
 Diarrhoea 
 
 Consolatory 
 
 ' Critique 
 
 Diastole," 
 
DIFFICULT AND IRREGULAR WORDS. 
 
 125 
 
 Dicotyledon 
 
 Duenna 
 
 Equable 
 
 Falchion 
 
 Dilatory 
 
 Dungeon, " 
 
 Equator 
 
 Falcon 
 
 Dimissory 
 
 Duress, 6 
 
 Equatorial 
 
 Falconer 
 
 Diphthong 
 
 Dynasty 
 
 Equerry 
 
 Falconet 
 
 Discipline 
 
 
 Equinox 
 
 Falsetto 
 
 Discomfit 
 
 Eclat, 20 
 
 Equipage 
 
 Familiar 
 
 Discretion, 1 
 
 Eclogue 
 
 Equivoque 
 
 Famine 
 
 Disembogue 
 
 Egotism 
 
 Ermine, 12 
 
 Fanatic 
 
 Disfranchise 
 
 Egotist 
 
 Escalade 
 
 Farina, 6 
 
 Dishabille 
 
 Eider 
 
 Eschalot- 
 
 Farrago 
 
 Dishevel 
 
 Elicit 
 
 Eschew 
 
 Fascine 
 
 Disputable 
 
 Elite 
 
 Escritoire 
 
 Fatigue 
 
 Disputant, 8 
 
 Empiric 
 
 Escutcheon 
 
 Fealty 
 
 Dissolubility - Empty 
 
 Espalier 
 
 Feather 
 
 Dissoluble 
 
 Empyrean 
 
 Especial 
 
 Febrile 
 
 Distich 
 
 Encore 
 
 Espionage 
 
 Feign 
 
 Docible 
 
 Endeavour 
 
 Etiquette 
 
 Feint 
 
 Docile, 12 
 
 Enervate 
 
 Eucharist 
 
 Felloe 
 
 Doctrinal 
 
 Enfilade 
 
 Exaggerate 
 
 Felucca 
 
 Doctrine 
 
 Enfranchise 
 
 Exemplary 
 
 Feminine 
 
 Doge, 20 
 
 Engine, 12 
 
 Exequies 
 
 Ferocious 
 
 Domicile 
 
 Ennui 
 
 Exergue 
 
 Ferocity 
 
 Dose 
 
 Enough 
 
 Exorcise 
 
 Fertile, 
 
 Double 
 
 En passant 
 
 Explicit 
 
 Fibre 
 
 Doublet 
 
 Ensign 
 
 Expugn 
 
 Fief 
 
 Doubt 
 
 Ensigncy 
 
 Exquisite 
 
 Fierce 
 
 Douceur 
 
 Entomb 
 
 Extinguish 
 
 Fiery 
 
 Dough 
 
 Envelop 
 
 Extirpate, 7 
 
 Filial 
 
 Doughty 
 
 Envelope 
 
 Eyry 
 
 Finesse 
 
 Drachm 
 
 Environ 
 
 
 Flaccid 
 
 Drachma 
 
 Environs 
 
 Fabric 
 
 Flageole 
 
 Drama 
 
 Epaulet 
 
 Facade, m 
 
 Flambea 
 
 Draught 
 
 Epergne 
 
 Facile 
 
 Flaunt, M 
 
 Drought- 
 
 Epilogue 
 
 Facetise 
 
 Flourish 
 
 Ducat, 6 
 
 Epiphany 
 
 Fac-simile 
 
 Focile 
 
 Ductile 
 
 Epitome, 21 
 
 Factitious 
 
 Foliage 
 
 Dudgeon, " 
 
 Equal 
 
 Falcated 
 
 Foreign, 
 
123 
 
 DIFFICULT AND IRREGULAR WORDS. 
 
 Forfeit 
 
 Gillyflower 
 
 Hauberk 
 
 Import 
 
 Fracas, 20 
 
 Gimp 
 
 Haunt, 22 
 
 Important 
 
 Fragile, 12 
 
 Gin 
 
 Hautboy 
 
 Impugn 
 
 Franchise 
 
 Gingham 
 
 Hauteur, 20 
 
 Incendiary 
 
 Frankincense Giraffe 
 
 Haut-gout 
 
 Inchoate 
 
 Freight 
 
 Glacier 
 
 Hecatomb 
 
 Inchoative 
 
 Frequent 
 
 Glacis 
 
 Hegira 
 
 Indecorous 
 
 Fricassee 
 
 Goitre 
 
 Heifer 
 
 Indefinite 
 
 Frigid 
 
 Gorgeous 
 
 Heinous 
 
 Indict 
 
 Frontier 
 
 Gouge 
 
 Hemistich 
 
 Indictment 
 
 Fulsome 
 
 Gourd 
 
 Hemorrhage 
 
 : Indigenous 
 
 Funereal 
 
 Gout 
 
 Heroine, 12 
 
 Indisputable 
 
 Furlough 
 
 Governante 
 
 Hideous 
 
 Indissoluble 
 
 Furnace 
 
 Grenade 
 
 Hogshead 
 
 Indocile 
 
 Fusil 
 
 Grisette 
 
 Holm 
 
 Infantile 
 
 Fasilier 
 
 Guaiacum 
 
 Honey 
 
 Infinite 
 
 Futile 
 
 Guano 
 
 Hosier 
 
 Inimical 
 
 
 Guardian 
 
 Hostile 
 
 Initial 
 
 Galiot 
 
 Guava 
 
 Hostler 
 
 Insignia 
 
 Galleon 
 
 Guerdon 
 
 Hough 
 
 Intaglio 
 
 Galoche 
 
 Guinea 
 
 Housewife 
 
 Interstice 
 
 Galoches 
 
 Guitar 
 
 Huguenot 
 
 Intestine 
 
 Gamboge 
 
 Gunwale 
 
 Humble 
 
 Intrigue 
 
 Gaol 
 
 Gymnastic 
 
 Hyena 
 
 Invalid 
 
 Gauge 
 
 Gypsum 
 
 Hygeian 
 
 Inveigh 
 
 Gauger 
 
 Gyves 
 
 Hymeneal 
 
 Inveigle 
 
 Gaimt 
 
 
 Hymn 
 
 Inventory 
 
 Gauntlet 
 
 Halcyon 
 
 Hymning 
 
 Iota 
 
 Genuine 
 
 Halfpenny 
 
 Hyphen 
 
 Isthmus 
 
 Gewgaw 
 
 Hallelujah 
 
 Hypocrite 
 
 
 Gherkin 
 
 Halliard 
 
 Hypotenuse 
 
 Jacobine 
 
 Gibber 
 
 Halser 
 
 Hyssop 
 
 Jaguar 
 
 Gibberish 
 
 Halve 
 
 
 Jalap 
 
 Gibbet 
 
 Halves 
 
 Idea 
 
 Jaundice 
 
 Gibbous 
 
 Harangue 
 
 Idiot 
 
 Jeopardy 
 
 Gills 
 
 Harlequin 
 
 Illicit 
 
 Jessamine 
 
 Gill 
 
 Harrier 
 
 Imbecile 
 
 Jet-d'eau 
 
DIFFICULT AND IRREGULAR WORDS. 
 
 127 
 
 Jocose 
 
 Jonquille 
 
 Journal 
 
 Judaism 
 
 Judiciary 
 
 Judicious 
 
 Jugular 
 
 Juvenile 
 
 Kerchief 
 
 Know 
 
 Knowledge 
 
 Lache 
 
 Laconic 
 
 Lacquer 
 
 Laity 
 
 Landau 
 
 Language 
 
 Languid 
 
 Laniard 
 
 Lattice 
 
 Laudanum 
 
 Laughable 
 
 Laundress 
 
 Laundry 
 
 Laurel 
 
 Lava 
 
 League 
 
 Legend 
 
 Legendary 
 
 Leisure 
 
 Leopard 
 
 Lethe 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 Leviathan 
 
 Libertine 
 
 Licentiate 
 
 Licorice 
 
 Lichen 
 
 Lieu 
 
 Lieutenant 
 
 Lilac 
 
 Limekiln 
 
 Limn 
 
 Limner 
 
 Lingual 
 
 Liquid 
 
 Liquor 
 
 Liquefy 
 
 Litigious 
 
 Live-long 
 
 Livelihood 
 
 Longevity 
 
 Loquacious 
 
 Loquacity 
 
 Lose 
 
 Lough 
 
 Lucre 
 
 Luncheon 
 
 Lunette 
 
 Macaroni 
 
 Machine 
 
 Machinist 
 
 Magazine 
 
 Mahomet 
 
 Malecontent 
 
 Malign 
 
 Malignity 
 
 Malmsey 
 
 Mammillary 
 
 Mandarin 
 
 Manoeuvre 
 
 Mantua 
 
 Militia 
 
 Marauder 
 
 Million 
 
 Marchioness 
 
 Mineral, 9 
 
 Mareschal 
 
 Miniature 
 
 Marine 
 
 Minion 
 
 Maritime 
 
 Minute, 10 
 
 Marline 
 
 Mirage, 20 
 
 Marmorean 
 
 Miscellany 
 
 Marque 
 
 Mischief 
 
 Marquee 
 
 Mischievous 
 
 Marquess • 
 
 Missile 
 
 Marquetry 
 
 Mistletoe 
 
 Marriage 
 
 Mobile, n 
 
 Masculine 
 
 Moccason 
 
 Masquerade 
 
 Money 
 
 Massacre 
 
 Moresque 
 
 Ma trice 
 
 Mortgage 
 
 Matron 
 
 Mortise 
 
 Matronal 
 
 Mosque 
 
 Maugre 
 
 Mosquito 
 
 Mausoleum 
 
 Movable 
 
 Medicament 
 
 Muscle 
 
 Medicinal 
 
 Mustache 
 
 Medicine 
 
 Myrrh 
 
 Mediocre 
 
 
 Melange, 20 
 
 1ST APHTHA 
 
 Melee 
 
 Nation 
 
 Meliorate 
 
 National 
 
 Memoir 
 
 Natural 
 
 Menace 
 
 Nature 
 
 Menagerie 
 
 Nausea 
 
 Mercantile 
 
 Nectarine 
 
 Messuage 
 
 Neighbour 
 
 Meteor 
 
 Nephew 
 
 Mezzo 
 
 Nereid 
 
 Mezzotinto 
 
 Nicety 
 
 Mignonette 
 
 Niche 
 
128 
 
 DIFFICULT AND IRREGULAR WORDS. 
 
 Nitre 
 
 Pageantry 
 
 Peruke 
 
 Nonchalance Palanquin 
 
 Peruse 
 
 Nonpareil 
 
 Palatine 
 
 Pewter 
 
 Nothing, 9 
 
 Palette 
 
 Phaeton 
 
 Notice 
 
 Palfrey 
 
 Phalanx 
 
 Nourish 
 
 Pall-Mali 
 
 Phlegm 
 
 Nubile, 12 
 
 Palmy 
 
 Phoenix 
 
 Nuisance 
 
 Palsy 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 Nymph 
 
 Paltry 
 
 Phthisic 
 
 
 Panacea 
 
 Phthisis 
 
 Oasis 
 
 Panegyric 
 
 Physic 
 
 Obduracy 
 
 Parachute 
 
 Physician 
 
 Obdurate 
 
 Parliament 
 
 Piety 
 
 Obedient 
 
 Paroquet 
 
 Pillion 
 
 Obeisance 
 
 Paroxysm 
 
 Pinion 
 
 Obey 
 
 Parterre 
 
 Pinnace 
 
 Oblique 
 
 Partial 
 
 Picturesque 
 
 Obloquy 
 
 Paschal 
 
 Piebald 
 
 Obsequies 
 
 Pasquinade 
 
 Pigeon 
 
 Officiate 
 
 Pasty 
 
 Pioneer 
 
 Olio 
 
 Patent 
 
 Piquant 
 
 Omega 
 
 Patentee 
 
 Pique 
 
 Once 
 
 Patrol 
 
 Piquet 
 
 Onion 
 
 Patron 
 
 Pirouette 
 
 Opaque 
 
 Patronage 
 
 Piteous 
 
 Opposite 
 
 Peasant 
 
 Pitiable 
 
 Orchestre 
 
 Pedagogue 
 
 Plagiarism 
 
 Ordeal 
 
 Pelisse 
 
 Plague 
 
 Ordinary 
 
 Penguin 
 
 Plaguy 
 
 Orgies 
 
 Pensile, 12 
 
 Plaintiff 
 
 Orifice 
 
 Pentateuch 
 
 Plebeian 
 
 Orison 
 
 People 
 
 Plethoric 
 
 Orthoepy 
 
 Perdue 
 
 Plethora, 6 
 
 Osier 
 
 Peremptory 
 
 Plover 
 
 
 Perfume 
 
 Plumber 
 
 Pacha 
 
 Perquisite 
 
 Plural 
 
 Pageant 
 
 Persuade 
 
 Poignant 
 
 Polemic 
 
 Police 
 
 Polygon 
 
 Poniard 
 
 Pontine, 12 
 
 Pontoon 
 
 Porcelain 
 
 Porpoise 
 
 Portmanteau 
 
 Posse 
 
 Posy 
 
 Poultice 
 
 Precipice 
 
 Prejudice 
 
 Premier 
 
 Premise 
 
 Presage 
 
 Prescience 
 
 Prestige 
 
 Presumption 
 
 Pristine 
 
 Private, 10 
 
 Privy 
 
 Proceeds 
 
 Profile 
 
 Projectile 
 
 Prologue 
 
 Promenade 
 
 Promise 
 
 Pronounce 
 
 Prorogue 
 
 Proselyte 
 
 Prussian 
 
 Prussic 
 
 Psalm 
 
 Psalter 
 
 Pseudo 
 
DIFFICULT AND IRREGULAR WORDS. 
 
 129 
 
 Ptisan 
 
 Rapier 
 
 Rhetorical 
 
 Sanguine 
 
 Pudding 
 
 Rapine, 12 
 
 Rheum 
 
 Sapphire 
 
 Puerile, 12 
 
 Raspberry 
 
 Rhomb 
 
 Sarcenet 
 
 Puisne 
 
 Ratio 
 
 Rhubarb 
 
 Satellite 
 
 Puissance 
 
 Ration 
 
 Rhyme 
 
 Satiety 
 
 Puissant 
 
 Rational 
 
 Righteous 
 
 Satire 
 
 Pumice 
 
 Ravine 
 
 Rigid 
 
 Satirical 
 
 Pumpion, " 
 
 Realm 
 
 Risible 
 
 Satirist 
 
 Puncheon 
 
 Reason 
 
 Rochet 
 
 Satirize 
 
 Purlieu 
 
 Receipt 
 
 Roquelaure 
 
 Satyr 
 
 Pursuivant 
 
 Receptacle 
 
 Rosin 
 
 Saunter 
 
 
 Recipe 
 
 Rouge 
 
 Sausage 
 
 Quadrille 
 
 Recondite 
 
 Rouleau 
 
 Scallion 
 
 Qualify 
 
 Reconnoitre 
 
 Rout 
 
 Scallop 
 
 Quality 
 
 Recruit 
 
 Route 
 
 Scene 
 
 Quandary 
 
 Recusant 
 
 Routine 
 
 Scenic 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Redoubt 
 
 Row 
 
 Sceptic 
 
 Quarantine 
 
 Rehearse 
 
 Rowel 
 
 Sceptre 
 
 Quarrel 
 
 Relate 
 
 Rowlock, 9 
 
 Schedule 
 
 Quarry 
 
 Relative 
 
 Rudiment 
 
 Schism 
 
 Quartz 
 
 Rendezvous 
 
 Ruffian 
 
 Schismatic 
 
 Quash 
 
 Repartee 
 
 Ruse 
 
 Scimitar 
 
 Quaver 
 
 Repertory 
 
 
 Scirrhus 
 
 Querulous 
 
 Reptile 
 
 Sabaoth 
 
 Scissors 
 
 Query 
 
 Requiem 
 
 Sabre 
 
 Scourge 
 
 Question 
 
 Requisite 
 
 Sacrament 
 
 Screw 
 
 Quinine 
 
 Rescue 
 
 Sacred 
 
 Scutcheon 
 
 Quoit 
 
 Reservoir 
 
 Sacrifice 
 
 Scythe 
 
 Quota 
 
 Resign 
 
 Sagacious 
 
 Secret 
 
 Quote 
 
 Resignation 
 
 Sagacity 
 
 Secretary 
 
 Quotient 
 
 Resin 
 
 Saline 
 
 Seignior 
 
 
 Respite 
 
 Salique 
 
 Seneschal 
 
 Radius 
 
 Retinue 
 
 Saliva 
 
 Se'nnight 
 
 Ragout 
 
 Revenue 
 
 Salmon 
 
 Sepulchre 
 
 Raillery 
 
 Reverie 
 
 Saltpetre 
 
 Seraglio 
 
 Raisin 
 
 Rhapsody 
 
 Salve 
 
 Sergeant 
 
 Rancour 
 
 Rhetoric 
 
 Salver 
 
 Servile 
 f3 
 
130 
 
 DIFFICULT AND IKREGULAH WORDS. 
 
 Sewer 
 
 Sextile 
 
 Shoe 
 
 Shough 
 
 Siesta 
 
 Sieve 
 
 Sign 
 
 Signify 
 
 Slaughter 
 
 Sleight 
 
 Slough 
 
 Sloven 
 
 Sluice 
 
 Smoulder 
 
 Soiree, 20 
 
 Sojourn 
 
 Solace 
 
 Solder 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Solemn 
 
 Solemnize 
 
 Soliloquy 
 
 Solstice 
 
 Sombre 
 
 Sonorous 
 
 Sortie 
 
 Souchong 
 
 Sous 
 
 Southerly, f 
 
 Sovereign 
 
 Spaniel 
 
 Special 
 
 Species 
 
 Specify 
 
 Specious 
 
 Spectre 
 
 Spinach 
 
 Springe 
 
 Springy 
 
 Stalactite, 13 
 
 Stalagmite 
 
 Steppe 
 
 Sterile 
 
 Stipend 
 
 Stipendiary 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Stomacher 
 
 Strophe 
 
 Sturgeon 
 
 Suasive 
 
 Subaltern 
 
 Sublunar 
 
 Sublunary 
 
 Subtile, l2 
 
 Subtle 
 
 Successor, 8 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Suggest 
 
 Suicide 
 
 Suite 
 
 Sumach 
 
 Sumptuous 
 
 Sure 
 
 Surfeit, 10 
 
 Surgeon 
 
 Surplice 
 
 Surtout, 20 
 
 Sword 
 
 Synagogue 
 
 Syncope 
 
 Synonyme 
 
 Tambour 
 Tambourine 
 
 Tapestry 
 
 Tapioca 
 
 Tapis 
 
 Target 
 
 Taunt, ** 
 
 Tenable 
 
 Tenacious 
 
 Tenacity 
 
 Tenor 
 
 Terrace 
 
 Tetrarch 
 
 Textile 
 
 Thames 
 
 Theatre 
 
 Theologian 
 
 Theology 
 
 Thorough 
 
 Threepence 
 
 Tissue 
 
 Tontine 
 
 Tortoise 
 
 Tourniquet 
 
 Toward 
 
 Tragedian 
 
 Tragedy 
 
 Trait, 20 
 
 Traverse 
 
 Travesty 
 
 Troubadour 
 
 Unguent 
 
 Unique 
 
 Usquebaugh 
 
 Vacillate 
 
 Vaccine 
 Vague 
 
 Valet, 20 
 
 Variegate 
 
 Vase 
 
 Vaunt, 
 
 Vehicle 
 
 Venison 
 
 Verdigris 
 
 Vermicelli 
 
 Vermilion 
 
 Vertebre 
 
 Vertigo 
 
 Victuals 
 
 Victualler 
 
 Vignette 
 
 Virago 
 
 Virtu 
 
 Viscount 
 
 Visor 
 
 Vizier 
 
 Volatile 
 
 Wacke 
 
 Wainscot 
 
 Weapon 
 
 Widgeon 
 
 Wolf 
 
 Woman 
 
 Women 
 
 Wound 
 
 Wrath 11 
 
 Wry 
 
 Yacht 
 
 Yeoman 
 
 Yolk 
 
 Zenith 
 
 Zoophyte 
 
131 
 
 A COLLECTION OF THE MOST DIFFICULT 
 WORDS IN THE LANGUAGE, 
 
 SO ARRANGED AS TO AFFORD A PRACTICAL EXERCISE IN 
 PRONUNCIATION AS WELL AS IN SPELLING. 
 
 [The following words, in suitable numbers, should be assigned 
 to the pupils as a lesson in Pronunciation, Spelling, and Ex- 
 planation according to the plan recommended in page 12. For 
 the more difficult or unusual words they should refer to their 
 Dictionaries previous to the lesson. But in most cases it will be 
 found that they will be able to explain them, in their own lan- 
 guage, with sufficient accuracy, particularly if they avail them- 
 selves of the assistance derivable from the prefixes, affixes, 
 and roots,* with which they should be previously and perfectly 
 acquainted.] 
 
 Abeyance 
 
 Acne 
 
 Acre 
 
 Ague 
 
 Alien 
 
 Amiable 
 
 Ancient 
 
 Angel 
 
 Apron 
 
 Aqueous 
 
 Arraign 
 
 Ascertain 
 
 Assuage 
 
 Assay 
 
 Aviary 
 
 Bayonet 
 
 Bear 
 
 Brazier 
 
 Brocade 
 
 Brigade 
 
 Caitiff 
 
 Caliph 
 
 Cambric 
 
 Campaign 
 
 Cater 
 
 Chaise 
 
 Chamber 
 
 Champagne 
 
 Debonair 
 
 Chaos 
 
 Deign 
 
 Charade 
 
 Dissuasive 
 
 Chasten 
 
 E'er 
 
 Chicane 
 
 Eight 
 
 Clayey 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Colonnade 
 
 Emaciate 
 
 Complacent 
 
 Equator 
 
 Contagious 
 
 Ere 
 
 Convey 
 
 Fane 
 
 Crayon 
 
 Farrago 
 
 Cutaneous 
 
 Feign 
 
 Dahlia 
 
 Freight 
 
 Danger 
 
 Gaiety 
 
 * Page 145 to 208 inclusive. 
 
 1 The vowel sounds in the monosyllables, and the accented syl- 
 lables in the other words, have the long slender sound of a, as in 
 fate and paper. 
 
132 
 
 A COLLECTION OF THE MOST 
 
 Gaol 
 
 Plaguy 
 
 Weight 
 
 Half 
 
 Gauge 
 
 Prairie 
 
 Yea 
 
 Harlequin 
 
 Great 
 
 Purveyor 
 
 
 Harpsichord 
 
 Grenade 
 
 Quandary 
 
 (2.) 
 
 Haunch 
 
 Halfpenny- 
 
 Quaint 
 
 Almond 
 
 Haunt 
 
 Halfpence 
 
 Rail 
 
 Alms 
 
 Heart 
 
 Harebrained Raiment 
 
 Archives 
 
 Hearth 
 
 Heinous 
 
 Rain 
 
 Are 
 
 Hearken 
 
 Hiatus 
 
 Raisin 
 
 Aunt 
 
 Hussar 
 
 Impair 
 
 Ratio 
 
 Bargain 
 
 Jaundice 
 
 Inveigh 
 
 Reign 
 
 Barque 
 
 Jaunt 
 
 Knavish 
 
 Rein 
 
 Bazaar 
 
 Jaunty 
 
 Lair 
 
 Sabre 
 
 Bravo 
 
 Laugh 
 
 Manger 
 
 Satiate 
 
 Calf 
 
 Laughable 
 
 Masquerade Scrape 
 
 Calm 
 
 Launch 
 
 Matron 
 
 Scarce 
 
 Catarrh 
 
 Laundry 
 
 Nasal 
 
 Seine 
 
 Charlatan 
 
 Mall 
 
 Nay 
 
 Skein 
 
 Charnel 
 
 Mamma 
 
 Ne'er 
 
 Sleigh 
 
 Chart 
 
 Martyr 
 
 Neigh 
 
 Spontaneous 
 
 \ Cigar 
 
 Marque 
 
 Neighbour 
 
 Square 
 
 Clarion 
 
 Palm 
 
 Obeisance 
 
 Suasive 
 
 Clerk 
 
 Palmy 
 
 Obey^ 
 
 Subterranean Daunt 
 
 Parliament 
 
 Occasion 
 
 There 
 
 Eclat 
 
 Partisan 
 
 Opaque 
 
 Their 
 
 Embalm 
 
 Pharmacy 
 
 Parterre 
 
 They 
 
 Fabric 
 
 Psalm 
 
 Pasty 
 
 Trait 
 
 Facade 
 
 Psalmist 
 
 Patriarch 
 
 Unfeigned 
 
 Finance 
 
 Psalmody 
 
 Patent 
 
 Vague " 
 
 Flaunt 
 
 Qualm 
 
 Patron 
 
 Yein 
 
 Gargle 
 
 Rather 
 
 Pear 
 
 Virago 
 
 Gaunt 
 
 Salve 
 
 Persuade 
 
 Wear 
 
 Gauntlet 
 
 Saunter 
 
 Phaeton 
 
 Whey 
 
 Guard 
 
 Scarf 
 
 Plagiarism 
 
 Where 
 
 Guardian 
 
 Sergeant 
 
 Plague 
 
 Weigh 
 
 Guitar 
 
 Spa 
 
 2 The long 
 
 Italian sound of < 
 
 7, as in far and,/ 
 
 a$er.— See Note 1 
 
DIFFICULT WORDS IN THE LANGUAGE. 133 
 
 Taunt 
 
 Battalion 
 
 Undaunted 
 
 Camelopard 
 
 
 Canvass 
 
 (3. 
 
 Captain 
 
 Abscess 
 
 Carriage 
 
 Academy 
 
 Casque 
 
 Accessary 
 
 Catalogue 
 
 Accessory 
 
 Catechism 
 
 Acetic 
 
 Caterpillar 
 
 Acme 
 
 Chalice 
 
 Adequate 
 
 Chamois 
 
 Adjutant 
 
 Character 
 
 Aghast 
 
 Charm 
 
 Alchymy 
 
 Chasm 
 
 Alcohol 
 
 Chastisement 
 
 Amalgam 
 
 Chastitv 
 
 Anachronism Confidant 
 
 Anathema 
 
 Drachm 
 
 Answer 
 
 Draught 
 
 Aquatic 
 
 Emphatic 
 
 Aqueduct 
 
 Enamour 
 
 Aquiline 
 
 Exaggerate 
 
 Ascetic 
 
 Falcated 
 
 Asphalt ic 
 
 Falconet 
 
 Asthma 
 
 Flageolet 
 
 Asthmatic 
 
 Flambeau 
 
 Avenue 
 
 Flannel 
 
 Average 
 
 Fragile 
 
 Bachelor 
 
 Gallery 
 
 Bade 
 
 Gnat 
 
 Balance 
 
 Grandeur 
 
 Balcony 
 
 Graphic 
 
 Banquet 
 
 Gymnastic 
 
 Basaltic 
 
 Halcyon 
 
 Halliard 
 
 Harangue 
 
 Have 
 
 Harass 
 
 Javelin 
 
 Knack 
 
 Knapsack 
 
 Lacerate 
 
 Lamb 
 
 Language 
 
 Languor 
 
 Machinate 
 
 Malleable 
 
 Massacre 
 
 Mastiff 
 
 Mechanic 
 
 Molasses 
 
 Morass 
 
 Naphtha 
 
 Opacity 
 
 Pageant 
 
 Pamphlet 
 
 Paragraph 
 
 Parallel 
 
 Paroxysm 
 
 Pertinacity 
 
 Phantasm 
 
 Phantom 
 
 Placid 
 
 Plaid 
 
 Pneumatics 
 
 Portmanteau 
 
 Quaff 
 
 Raillery 
 
 Raspberry 
 
 Rhapsody 
 
 Rheumatic 
 
 Salmon 
 
 Salve 
 
 Sanguine 
 
 Sapphire 
 
 Scalp 
 
 Schismatic 
 
 Scratch 
 
 Spasm 
 
 Stomachic 
 
 Suavity 
 
 Tacit 
 
 Thatch 
 
 Thrash 
 
 Thwack 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Vacuum 
 
 Wrap 
 
 (4.) 
 Alder 
 Almanac 
 Alter 
 Alterative 
 Appal 
 Applause 
 Assault 
 Athwart 
 Audience 
 Auspice 
 Autumn 
 Awe 
 
 3 The short Italian sound of a, as in fat and marry. — See Note 1 . 
 
 4 The broad German sound of a, as in fall and water.— See 
 Note I, 
 
134 
 
 A COLLEC^IOS 
 
 i OF TitE MOS$ 
 
 Awkward 
 
 Halt 
 
 Scrawl 
 
 Bequeath 
 
 Awl 
 
 Halter 
 
 Shawl 
 
 Bier 
 
 Bald 
 
 Hauberk 
 
 Slaughter 
 
 Blaspheme 
 
 Balk 
 
 Haughty 
 
 Swarm 
 
 Bohea 
 
 Balsam 
 
 Hawk 
 
 Swarthy 
 
 Bombardier 
 
 Bashaw 
 
 Haughtiness 
 
 Tarpaulin 
 
 Bombasin 
 
 Basalt 
 
 Hydraulics 
 
 Taught 
 
 Breathe 
 
 Bauble 
 
 Instalment 
 
 Thaw 
 
 Breeze 
 
 Bedaub 
 
 Inthral 
 
 . Thought 
 
 Brigadier 
 
 Bought 
 
 Lawn 
 
 Thraldom 
 
 Canteen 
 
 Brought 
 
 Marauder 
 
 Thwart 
 
 Cap-a-pie 
 
 Caldron 
 
 Maugre 
 
 Vault 
 
 Caprice 
 
 Calk 
 
 Mawkish 
 
 Vaunt 
 
 Capuchin 
 
 Caught 
 
 Memoir 
 
 Walnut 
 
 Career 
 
 Cauterize 
 
 Naught 
 
 Warble 
 
 Cashier 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Naughty 
 
 Warm 
 
 Cassino 
 
 Crawl 
 
 Nauseate 
 
 Water 
 
 Cavalier 
 
 Daub 
 
 Nauseous 
 
 Wrought 
 
 Cavatina 
 
 Daughter 
 
 Nautical 
 
 Yawn 
 
 Cazique 
 
 Dauphin 
 
 Orchestre 
 
 
 Ceiling 
 
 Defaulter 
 
 Ordeal 
 
 (5.) 
 
 Chagrin 
 
 Devoir 
 
 Orgies 
 
 Abstemious 
 
 Chameleon 
 
 Endorsement Orphan 
 
 Acetous 
 
 Chandelier 
 
 Enormous 
 
 Pacha 
 
 Achieve 
 
 Cheese 
 
 Enthral 
 
 Palsy 
 
 Achievement Chevalier 
 
 Exhaust 
 
 Paltry 
 
 Allegiance 
 
 Chief 
 
 Falchion 
 
 Palter 
 
 Allegro 
 
 Chimera 
 
 False 
 
 Paucity 
 
 Ambergris 
 
 Cochineal 
 
 Falcon 
 
 Pawn 
 
 Antique 
 
 Compeer 
 
 Fault 
 
 Porphyry 
 
 Appreciate 
 
 Conceit 
 
 Falter 
 
 Psalter 
 
 Arena 
 
 Conceive 
 
 Fraught 
 
 Saucer 
 
 Assignee 
 
 Congeal 
 
 Gaudy 
 
 Sauciness 
 
 Austere 
 
 Contumelious 
 
 Gnaw 
 
 Saucy 
 
 Beacon 
 
 Corypheus 
 
 Groat 
 
 Scald 
 
 Believe 
 
 Crease 
 
 The long sound of e, as in me and here. — See Note 1. 
 
DIFFICULT WOltDS IN THE LANGUAGE. 
 
 1S5 
 
 Critique 
 
 Grieve 
 
 Oblique 
 
 Cuirass 
 
 Guillotine 
 
 Obsequious 
 
 Deceit 
 
 Guarantee 
 
 Palanquin 
 
 Deceive 
 
 Hyena 
 
 Pelisse 
 
 Deity 
 
 Hymeneal 
 
 Perceive 
 
 Denier 
 
 Imbecile 
 
 People 
 
 Depreciate 
 
 Intrigue 
 
 Piece 
 
 Deteriorate 
 
 Invalid 
 
 Pierce 
 
 Deviate 
 
 Inveigle 
 
 Pier 
 
 Devious 
 
 Irretrievable Piquant 
 
 Eager 
 
 Key 
 
 Pique 
 
 Eagle 
 
 Knead 
 
 Please 
 
 Eel 
 
 League 
 
 Plebeian 
 
 Egregious 
 
 Leap 
 
 Police 
 
 Either 
 
 Leisure 
 
 Preach 
 
 Emir 
 
 Lever 
 
 Precedence 
 
 Empyrean 
 
 Lief 
 
 Primeval 
 
 Equal 
 
 Liege 
 
 Profile 
 
 Era 
 
 Machine 
 
 Quarantine 
 
 Ethereal 
 
 Machinery 
 
 Quay 
 
 Facetious 
 
 Machinist 
 
 Queer 
 
 Fascine 
 
 Magazine 
 
 Keason 
 
 Fatigue 
 
 Marine 
 
 Receipt 
 
 Feasible 
 
 Marquee 
 
 Receive 
 
 Fever 
 
 Mausoleum 
 
 Recitative 
 
 Fief 
 
 Measles 
 
 Relief 
 
 Fiend 
 
 Mediocre 
 
 Relieve 
 
 Field 
 
 Meteor 
 
 Relievo 
 
 Fierce 
 
 Meter 
 
 Remediable 
 
 Financier 
 
 Metre 
 
 Reprieve 
 
 Frequent 
 
 Mien 
 
 Retrieve 
 
 Fusil 
 
 Moreen 
 
 Routine 
 
 Glacis 
 
 Nankin 
 
 Saltpetre 
 
 Grief 
 
 Neither 
 
 Scene 
 
 Grenadier 
 
 Niece 
 
 Scheme 
 
 Screech 
 
 Seignior 
 
 Seize 
 
 Shield 
 
 Shriek 
 
 Siege 
 
 Species 
 
 Specious 
 
 Spermaceti 
 
 Sphere 
 
 Squeeze 
 
 Subpoena 
 
 Suite 
 
 Thief 
 
 Thieve 
 
 Tierce 
 
 Tontine 
 
 Tureen 
 
 Unwieldy 
 
 Valise 
 
 Vehicle 
 
 Wield 
 
 Wreath 
 
 Wreathe 
 
 Yield 
 
 Zebra 
 
 (6.), 
 
 Acceptable 
 
 Acetic 
 
 Acquiesce 
 
 Address 
 
 Again 
 
 Against 
 
 Ascetic 
 
 6 The short e, as in met and ?n€r.—See Note 1. 
 
136 
 
 A COLLECTION OF TlIE MOST 
 
 Bagatelle 
 
 Beverage 
 
 Bevy 
 
 Breadth 
 
 Breakfast 
 
 Brunette 
 
 Burial 
 
 Burlesque 
 
 Bury 
 
 Cadet 
 
 Catechetical 
 
 Celery 
 
 Cenotaph 
 
 Centre 
 
 Cheerful 
 
 Chestnut 
 
 Chimerical 
 
 Cleanse 
 
 Coalesce 
 
 Coerce 
 
 Condemn 
 
 Contemn 
 
 Coquette 
 
 Corvette 
 
 Crescent 
 
 Crevice 
 
 Cuerpo 
 
 Deaf 
 
 Dearth 
 
 Decalogue 
 
 Debtor 
 
 Decimate 
 
 Demagogue 
 
 Dervis 
 
 Desuetude 
 
 Develop 
 
 Diseresis 
 
 Dilemma 
 
 Discern 
 
 Dishevel 
 
 Duenna 
 
 Earnest 
 
 Eccentric 
 
 Echo 
 
 Eclogue 
 
 Eclectic 
 
 Ecstasy 
 
 Edge 
 
 Edible 
 
 Edifice 
 
 Effervesce 
 
 Egotism 
 
 Eligible 
 
 Emphasis 
 
 Empty 
 
 Endeavour 
 
 Ensign 
 
 Envelop 
 
 Epilogue 
 
 Episode 
 
 Epitaph 
 
 Epoch 
 
 Etch 
 
 Etiquette 
 
 Exchequer 
 
 Excrescence 
 
 Feather 
 
 Felon 
 
 Finesse 
 
 Friend 
 
 Gazette 
 
 Gherkin 
 
 Grisette 
 
 Grotesque 
 
 Guess 
 
 Guest 
 
 Head 
 
 Heather 
 
 Heifer 
 
 Hemisphere 
 
 Heroine 
 
 Jeopardy 
 
 Leant 
 
 Learn 
 
 Leaven 
 
 Ledger 
 
 Leopard 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 Lieutenant 
 
 Meadow 
 
 Mechanism 
 
 Medley 
 
 Membrane 
 
 Menace 
 
 Messieurs 
 
 Metaphor 
 
 Mignonette 
 
 Necessary 
 
 Necessarily 
 
 Nephew 
 
 Nonpareil 
 
 Pedagogue 
 
 Pentateuch 
 
 Peremptorily 
 
 Pheasant 
 
 Phlegm 
 
 Phrensy 
 
 Picturesque 
 
 Piquet 
 
 Plenteous 
 
 Plethora 
 
 Precipice 
 
 Quench 
 
 Querulous 
 
 Realm 
 
 Recipe 
 
 Rehearse 
 
 Rescue 
 
 Reservoir 
 
 Retinue 
 
 Revenue 
 
 Rhetoric 
 
 Said 
 
 Saith 
 
 Says 
 
 Sceptre 
 
 Schedule 
 
 Se'nnight 
 
 Sepulchre 
 
 Separate 
 
 Sheriff 
 
 Special 
 
 Spectre 
 
 Specimen 
 
 Steady 
 
 Stiletto 
 
 Suggest 
 
 Sweat 
 
 Tenant 
 
 Tenet 
 
 Terrace 
 
 Tetrarch 
 
 Thames 
 
 Tread 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Venison 
 
 Verdigris 
 
 Vermicelli 
 
DIFFICULT WOUDS IN THE LANGUAGE. 137 
 
 Vertebre 
 
 Decipher 
 
 Veterinary 
 
 Decisive 
 
 Violoncello 
 
 Diagram - 
 
 Wainscot 
 
 Dialogue 
 
 Weapon 
 
 Diaper 
 
 Were 
 
 Diaphragm 
 
 Wreck 
 
 Diary 
 
 Wrench 
 
 Disguise 
 
 Wretch 
 
 Environ 
 
 Yes 
 
 Fibre 
 
 Zealous 
 
 Fibrous 
 
 Zealot 
 
 Fie 
 
 Zenith 
 
 Flight 
 
 Zephyr 
 
 Guide 
 
 
 Guile 
 
 (70 
 
 Guise 
 
 Aisle 
 
 Gyves 
 
 Ally; 
 
 Height 
 
 Archives 
 
 Hie 
 
 Assign 
 
 Horizon 
 
 Asylum 
 
 Hyphen 
 
 Benign 
 
 Icicle 
 
 Blight 
 
 Ignite 
 
 Bright 
 
 Indict 
 
 Buy 
 
 Indictment 
 
 B 7> 
 
 Indite 
 
 China 
 
 Island 
 
 Choir 
 
 Isle 
 
 Cipher 
 
 Knight 
 
 Climax 
 
 Leviathan 
 
 Condign 
 
 Light 
 
 Child 
 
 Lilac 
 
 Chyle 
 
 Lyre 
 
 Die 
 
 Malign 
 
 Might 
 
 Night 
 
 Nigh 
 
 Nitre 
 
 Oblige 
 
 Phial 
 
 Pie 
 
 Plight 
 
 Primary 
 
 Proviso 
 
 Pyre 
 
 Rhyme 
 
 Eight 
 
 Righteous 
 
 Rye 
 
 Saliva 
 
 Satiety 
 
 Scythe 
 
 Sigh 
 
 Sign 
 
 Sitfht 
 
 Sleight 
 
 Slight 
 
 Spright 
 
 Sprightly 
 
 Thyme 
 
 Thigh 
 
 Tie g 
 
 Tight 
 
 Title 
 
 Trifle 
 
 Tripod 
 
 Tyrant 
 
 Type 
 
 Vie' 
 
 Viscount 
 
 Wight 
 
 Wind 
 
 Writhe 
 
 Wry 
 
 (8.) 
 Abscind 
 Academician 
 Agile 
 
 Amphibious 
 Antipodes 
 Avarice 
 Banditti 
 Barilla 
 Biscuit 
 Brindle 
 Build 
 Built 
 Business 
 Busy 
 
 Capitulate 
 Cedilla 
 Centrifugal 
 Centripetal 
 Chalybeate 
 Chemist 
 Chisel 
 Chrysalis 
 Chrysolite 
 Cinque 
 Circuit 
 Clinical 
 
 7 The long diphthongal sound of i, as in pine and title. — See 
 Note l. 
 
 8 The short simple ?", as in pin and tittle.— See Note 1. 
 
138 
 
 A COLLECTION OF THE MOST 
 
 Commiserate Hypocrite 
 
 Piteous 
 
 Beau 
 
 Conciliatory Hyssop 
 
 Pusillanimity Boatswain 
 
 Contiguous 
 
 Illicit 
 
 Quadrille 
 
 Bourn 
 
 Criticism 
 
 Implicit 
 
 Quilt 
 
 Bowl 
 
 Crystal 
 
 Initial 
 
 Reminiscence Bowsprit 
 
 Cuisse 
 
 Initiate 
 
 Rescind 
 
 Broach 
 
 Cynic 
 
 Invidious 
 
 Risible 
 
 Brogue 
 
 Decision 
 
 Isthmus 
 
 Schism 
 
 Bureau 
 
 Delineate 
 
 Jonquille 
 
 Scissors 
 
 Cajole 
 
 Delirium 
 
 Kiln 
 
 Sickle 
 
 Chorus 
 
 Digit 
 
 Liquefy 
 
 Sieve 
 
 Clothes 
 
 Dilatoriness 
 
 Lineament 
 
 Solicit 
 
 Cocoa 
 
 Dingy 
 
 Linguist 
 
 Soliloquy 
 
 Cony 
 
 Diphthong 
 
 Limn 
 
 Supercilious 
 
 Corridor 
 
 Dishabille 
 
 Live -long 
 
 Switch 
 
 Corporeal 
 
 Dissonant 
 
 Lizard 
 
 Sycamore 
 
 Corps 
 
 Dissyllable 
 
 Lyric 
 
 Sycophant 
 
 Coulter 
 
 Distich 
 
 Metaphysics 
 
 Synagogue 
 
 Course 
 
 Dynasty 
 
 Mezzotinto 
 
 Syringe 
 
 Court 
 
 Dysentery 
 
 Miniature 
 
 Ubiquity 
 
 Crosier 
 
 Eclipse 
 
 Miscellany 
 
 Victuals 
 
 Decorous 
 
 Electricity 
 
 Mischief 
 
 Victualler 
 
 Diploma 
 
 Elicit 
 
 Mischievous 
 
 Vicissitude 
 
 Disembogue 
 
 Explicit 
 
 Mistletoe 
 
 Vitriol 
 
 Doe 
 
 Exhilarate 
 
 Myrrh 
 
 Vineyard 
 
 Door 
 
 Fastidious 
 
 Myrtle 
 
 Widgeon 
 
 Dough 
 
 Gimp 
 
 Mystic 
 
 Witticism 
 
 Droll 
 
 Gist 
 
 Niche 
 
 Women 
 
 Encore 
 
 Give 
 
 Nymph 
 
 Wring 
 
 Envelope 
 
 Glimpse 
 
 Opinionative 
 
 ! Wrist 
 
 Erroneous 
 
 Guilt 
 
 Panegyrist 
 
 
 Floor 
 
 Guinea 
 
 Paralytic 
 
 (9.) 
 
 Foe 
 
 Hiccough 
 
 Pavilion 
 
 Anchovy 
 
 Folk 
 
 Hideous 
 
 Phthisic 
 
 Apropos 
 
 Four 
 
 Hymn 
 
 Pigeon 
 
 Aroma 
 
 Fourth 
 
 9 The long open o, as in no and notice.See Note 1. 
 
Difficult wouds in the language. 
 
 139 
 
 Ghost 
 
 Scholium 
 
 Buffoon 
 
 Poltroon 
 
 Gourd 
 
 Scroll 
 
 Behove 
 
 Prove 
 
 Hautboy 
 
 Sew 
 
 Bruise 
 
 Ragout 
 
 Hoax 
 
 Sewer 
 
 Canoe 
 
 Recruit 
 
 Hoe 
 
 Shewbread 
 
 Cartoon 
 
 Removal 
 
 Hosier 
 
 Shoulder 
 
 Cartouch 
 
 Remove 
 
 Hydrophobia Sojourn 
 
 Chew 
 
 Rheum 
 
 Knoll 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Cocoon 
 
 Rheumatism 
 
 Loath 
 
 Sombre 
 
 Contour 
 
 Rhubarb 
 
 Loathe 
 
 Sonorous 
 
 Crew 
 
 Route 
 
 Macaroni 
 
 Soul 
 
 Croup 
 
 Rouge 
 
 Morone 
 
 Source 
 
 Croupier 
 
 Rue 
 
 Mould 
 
 Sword 
 
 Crude 
 
 Rude 
 
 Moult 
 
 Though 
 
 Cruise 
 
 Rule 
 
 Mourn 
 
 Throe 
 
 Do 
 
 Ruse 
 
 Negotiate 
 
 Toe 
 
 Doubloon 
 
 Screw 
 
 Ocean 
 
 Toward 
 
 Entomb 
 
 Shoe 
 
 Ochre 
 
 Towards 
 
 Festoon 
 
 Shrewd 
 
 Orthoepy 
 
 Trophy 
 
 Fruit 
 
 Sluice 
 
 Osier 
 
 Troll 
 
 Galloon 
 
 Souvenir 
 
 Own 
 
 Worn 
 
 Gamboge 
 
 Soot 
 
 Parochial 
 
 Vogue 
 
 Gouge 
 
 Surtout 
 
 Parole 
 
 Yolk 
 
 Groove 
 
 Through 
 
 Patrol 
 
 Yeoman 
 
 Group 
 
 Tour ' 
 
 Pony 
 
 (10.) 
 
 Hautgout 
 
 True 
 
 Porcelain 
 
 Accoucheur 
 
 Imbrue 
 
 Two 
 
 Poulterer 
 
 Accoutre 
 
 Improve 
 
 Uncouth 
 
 Poultice 
 
 Accrue 
 
 Intrude 
 
 Undo 
 
 Pour 
 
 Ado 
 
 Lose 
 
 Who 
 
 Prorogue 
 
 Approval 
 
 Manoeuvre 
 
 Woman 
 
 Kevolt 
 
 Approve 
 
 Obtrude 
 
 Woo 
 
 Roe 
 
 Balloon 
 
 Peruke 
 
 Wound 
 
 Rogue 
 
 Bassoon 
 
 Perusal 
 
 Your 
 
 Roguery 
 
 Blue 
 
 Pleurisy 
 
 Youth 
 
 ] o The long close o, as in move and tomb.-See Note 1. 
 
140 
 
 A COLLECTION OP THE MOST 
 
 (11) 
 
 Anomaly 
 
 Apocryphal 
 
 Apostrophe 
 
 Autograph 
 
 Caloric 
 
 Cauliflower 
 
 Cognizance 
 
 Chaotic 
 
 Chocolate 
 
 Chord 
 
 Chorister 
 
 Cockswain 
 
 Colleague 
 
 Colloquy 
 
 Column 
 
 Conch 
 
 Concoct 
 
 Conquer 
 
 Conscience 
 
 Construe 
 
 Corollary 
 
 Corsair 
 
 Cough 
 
 Crotchet 
 
 Daughter 
 
 Decalogue 
 
 Docible 
 
 Docile 
 
 Doggerel 
 
 Dolnhin 
 
 Dwarf 
 
 Mnemonics 
 
 Slabber 
 
 Etymology 
 
 Mortgage 
 
 Solemn 
 
 Exhort 
 
 Mosque 
 
 Sophism 
 
 Exotic 
 
 Motley 
 
 Squab 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Obloquy 
 
 Squabble 
 
 Foreigner 
 
 Obsequies 
 
 Squad 
 
 Forfeit 
 
 Oligarchy 
 
 Squadron 
 
 Forfeiture 
 
 Orchestre 
 
 Squalid 
 
 Frontier 
 
 Ostrich 
 
 Squat 
 
 Geography 
 
 Philanthropic 
 
 e Swab 
 
 Geometry 
 
 Phonic 
 
 Swaddle 
 
 George 
 
 Phraseology 
 
 Swallow 
 
 Gone 
 
 Physiognomy Swamp 
 
 Haughty 
 
 Poniard 
 
 Swan 
 
 Holm 
 
 Posthumous 
 
 Swap 
 
 Homicide 
 
 Process 
 
 Symptom 
 
 Homologous 
 
 Proceeds 
 
 Synonymous 
 
 Hostler 
 
 Prognostic 
 
 Synopsis 
 
 Hough 
 
 Prologue 
 
 Tortoise 
 
 Hypocrisy 
 
 Proselyte 
 
 Trod 
 
 Hypothesis 
 
 Provost 
 
 Through 
 
 Imposthume 
 
 Quadrant 
 
 Wad 
 
 Isosceles 
 
 Quality 
 
 Waddle 
 
 Knot 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Wallet 
 
 Knowledge 
 
 Quarrel 
 
 Wan 
 
 Laudanum 
 
 Quart 
 
 Wand 
 
 Laurel 
 
 Quash 
 
 Wander 
 
 Logarithm 
 
 Sausage 
 
 W T ant 
 
 Lough 
 
 Scallop 
 
 War 
 
 Lozenge 
 
 Scotch 
 
 Warren 
 
 Mahogany 
 
 Shough 
 
 Wart 
 
 u The short broad o, as in not and cottage. This sound of o is 
 lengthened before r when terminating monosyllables, or when 
 followed by another consonant; as in for and former. The short 
 sound of o, it may be observed, is equivalent to the broad German 
 sound of a, and also to the diphthong cm. Compare, for exam- 
 ple, the pronunciation of the words Poll, Pall, and Paul, 
 
DIFFICULT WORDS IN THE LANGUAGE. 
 
 141 
 
 Was 
 
 Ewer 
 
 Borough 
 
 Dudgeon 
 
 Wash 
 
 Exude 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Dungeon 
 
 Wasp 
 
 Feodal 
 
 Burgher 
 
 Enough 
 
 Wast ( 
 
 Feud 
 
 Burglary 
 
 Escutcheon 
 
 Wassail 
 
 Feudal 
 
 Bustle 
 
 Flourish 
 
 Watch 
 
 Glutinous 
 
 Chough 
 
 Flood 
 
 Wattle 
 
 Herculean 
 
 Clough 
 
 Fulsome 
 
 What 
 
 Impugn 
 
 Colonel 
 
 Furlough 
 
 Yacht 
 
 Jewel 
 
 Combat 
 
 Gournet 
 
 Yawl 
 
 Jewess 
 
 Come 
 
 Gudgeon 
 
 
 Juice 
 
 Comely 
 
 Gunwale 
 
 (12.) 
 
 Lieu 
 
 Conduit 
 
 Honey 
 
 Acumen 
 
 Mucous 
 
 Courage 
 
 Housewife 
 
 Adieu 
 
 Neuter 
 
 Couple 
 
 Hurricane 
 
 Beauty 
 
 Nuisance 
 
 Courteous 
 
 Journey 
 
 Beauteous 
 
 Pewter 
 
 Courtesy 
 
 Love 
 
 Bedew 
 
 Pseudo 
 
 Cousin 
 
 Luncheon 
 
 Bitumen 
 
 Puce 
 
 Cover 
 
 Lustre 
 
 Bugle 
 
 Puisne 
 
 Covetous 
 
 Monday 
 
 Cerulean 
 
 Puny 
 
 Covey 
 
 Mongrel 
 
 Contiguity 
 
 Sue 
 
 Cozen 
 
 Monk 
 
 Contumely 
 
 Suit 
 
 Crumb 
 
 Monkey 
 
 Culinary 
 
 Suitor 
 
 Cupboard 
 
 Month 
 
 Cue 
 
 Sulphureous Currier 
 
 None 
 
 Cupola 
 
 Sure 
 
 Curvet 
 
 Nothing 
 
 Demure 
 
 Surety 
 
 Defunct 
 
 Numb 
 
 Dew 
 
 Tutelary 
 
 Demur 
 
 Onion 
 
 Due 
 
 View 
 
 Dirty 
 
 Other 
 
 Duresse 
 
 
 Discomfit 
 
 Oven 
 
 Duteous 
 
 (13.) 
 
 Double 
 
 Plumb 
 
 Endue 
 
 Affront 
 
 Dove 
 
 Pommel 
 
 Eschew 
 
 Attorney 
 
 Dozen 
 
 Pulse 
 
 Eucharist 
 
 Blood 
 
 Dromedary 
 
 Puncheon 
 
 Euphony 
 
 . Bludgeon 
 
 Ducat 
 
 Purlieu 
 
 is The long diphthongal sound of n } as in tube and Cupid, — See 
 Note 1. 
 »3 The short simple u, as in tub and cup. — See Note 1. 
 
142 MOST DIFFICULT WORDS IN THE LANGUAGE. 
 
 Pursuivant 
 
 Rough 
 
 Scourge 
 
 Scullion 
 
 Scutcheon 
 
 Shovel 
 
 Slough 
 
 Some 
 
 Son 
 
 Southward 
 
 Southerly 
 
 Southwark 
 
 Sovereign 
 
 Sponge 
 
 Stomach 
 
 Sturgeon 
 
 Subaltern 
 
 Subtile 
 
 Subtle 
 
 Surfeit 
 
 Surgeon 
 
 Thirsty 
 
 Thorough 
 
 Ton 
 
 Tongue 
 
 Touch 
 
 Tough 
 
 Trouble 
 
 Wont 
 
 Worse 
 
 Word 
 
 Work 
 
 Worth 
 
 Young 
 
 (14.) 
 
 Ambush 
 
 Bosom 
 
 Bouquet 
 
 Bull' 
 
 Bullet 
 
 Bullion 
 
 Bully _ 
 
 Bulletin 
 
 Bullock 
 
 Bulrush 
 
 Bulwark 
 
 Bush 
 
 Bushel 
 
 Butcher 
 
 Could 
 
 Cuckoo 
 
 Cushion 
 
 Full 
 
 Fuller 
 
 Pudding 
 
 Pull 
 
 Pullet 
 
 Pulley 
 
 Flower 
 
 Pulpit 
 
 Gout 
 
 Push 
 
 Grouse 
 
 Puss 
 
 Howl 
 
 Put 
 
 Lounge 
 
 Should 
 
 Owl 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Plough 
 
 Wolf 
 
 Pouch 
 
 Would 
 
 Powder 
 
 
 Power 
 
 (15.) 
 
 Proud 
 
 Allow 
 
 Prowl 
 
 Avouch 
 
 Redound 
 
 Avow 
 
 Renown 
 
 Bough 
 
 Rout 
 
 Brow 
 
 Scour 
 
 Browse 
 
 Scout 
 
 Carouse 
 
 Scowl 
 
 Couch 
 
 Scoundrel 
 
 Cowl 
 
 Shower 
 
 Crouch 
 
 Slough 
 
 Dowry 
 
 Thou 
 
 Doubt 
 
 Towel 
 
 Doughty 
 
 Tower 
 
 Drought 
 
 Trousers 
 
 Drowsy 
 
 Trowel 
 
 Endow 
 
 Vouch 
 
 Espouse 
 
 Vow 
 
 Fowl 
 
 Vowel 
 
 
 14 The middle or obtuse sound of u, as in bull and pulpit ; an 
 intermediate sound between dull and pool, or wool and woo. — 
 See Note 1. 
 
 is As the diphthong ou in count. This is the general sound of 
 ou, but it has no less than six others ; as in roitgh, through, though, 
 cowgh, thowght, and cowld. 
 
 The diphthong ow (another form of ou) is sounded either as ou 
 in county or as ou in though. The former is its general sound. 
 
143 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Tlie difficulties which young persons have to con- 
 tend with in learning the meaning of words have 
 been noticed in a preceding part of this book. 1 We 
 shall now merely add, that the easiest and most 
 effectual method of acquiring a knowledge of what 
 may be called the difficult words of our language, 
 is, to learn the comparatively few roots from which 
 they are derived, and the prefixes and affixes 
 which vary and modify their meaning. In this 
 way the pupils learn with greater ease, and recollect 
 with greater certainty whole families of words, in 
 less time perhaps than it would take them to learn 
 the meaning of an equal number of single and un- 
 connected terms ; which, as they are not connected 
 by any principle of association, soon escape from 
 the memory, even after the labour of much repetition. 
 In short, under the old way, as it is called, the pupil 
 fished with a hook, and drew in, at most, but one 
 word at a time ; but under the system here recom- 
 mended, he uses a net, and at one cast draws in a 
 whole multitude of words. 
 
 DERIVATION. 
 
 Derivation is that part of Etymology which treats 
 of the origin and primary signification of words. 
 
 Words are either Primitive or Derivative. A primi- 
 tive word cannot be reduced or traced to any simple 
 
 1 See page 54 also, page 16. 
 
144 PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 
 word in the language ; as man, good. Primitive words, 
 from which derivatives are formed, are called roots. 
 
 A derivative word can be reduced or traced to 
 another in the language of greater simplicity ; as manly, 
 manliness ; goodly, goodness. 
 
 Derivative words are formed from their primitives 
 in three ways — i . By the addition of letters or syllables. 
 2. By the omission of letters or contraction. 3. By 
 the interchange of equivalent or kindred letters. 
 
 All words having prefixes or affixes, or both, are 
 examples of the first process. All words which undergo 
 what grammarians call aphaeresis, syncope, or apocope,^ 
 are examples of the second process of derivation. For 
 examples of the third process, see the words under the 
 head of u English Etymologies " (page 209). 
 
 The meaning of a word is either primary or secondary. 
 The primary meaning of a word is that in which it was 
 first or originally applied. 
 
 A word can have but one primary, but it may have 
 several secondary meanings. Though in several in- 
 stances the primary meaning of a word has been lost, 
 or is no longer in use, yet in general it will be found to 
 pervade all its secondary or figurative applications. 
 
 Many words considered as primitives or roots in 
 English, are derivatives from the Latin, Greek, and 
 other languages. To the Latin language, in particular, 
 the English is indebted for a large portion of its vocabu- 
 lary. In proof of this the reader is referred to the au- 
 thor's Dictionary of Derivation. 
 
 A prefix is a significant particle, generally an insepa- 
 rable preposition, prefixed to a word to vary or modify 
 its signification ; as un in unjust, mis in mistake. 
 
 An affix or termination is a significant particle or 
 syllable added to a word to vary or modify its mean- 
 ing ; as ful in harmful, less in harmless. 
 
 1 Aphaeresis takes from the beginning of a word, syncope from 
 the middle, and apocope from the end. 
 
PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 145 
 
 LATIN PREFIXES. 
 
 A, AB, i abs, from or away; as avert, to turn from; absolve, 
 
 to free from ; abstain, to hold or keep from. 
 Ad, to; as advert, to turn to; adverb, (a part of speech added) 
 to a verb. 
 
 Note. — For the sake of euphony, the final letter of a preposi- 
 tion in composition usually assumes the form of the initial 
 letter of the word to which it is prefixed. Thus ad becomes 
 ac, as in accede ; af, as in tf/fix ; AG, as in aggression ; ad, 
 as in aZlude ; an, as in announce ; ap, as in apply ; AR, as 
 in arrogate ; as, as in assent ; and at, as in attract. 
 
 Amb or Ambi, about or around; as ambient, going round or 
 
 about. See the Greek Prefix Amphi. 
 Ante, 2 before; as antecedent, going before. See the Greek 
 
 Prefix Anti. 
 Bis, bi, two ; as fo'sect, to cut or divide into two ; 02'ped, a two- 
 
 footed animal. 
 CrceuM, emeu, about or around; as circumjacent, lying 
 
 around ; circulate^o carry round. 
 Cis, on this side ; as cisalpine, on this side the Alps. 
 Con, with or together ; as cowdole, to grieve zvith ; concourse, 
 
 a running together. 
 
 JS T ote.-^-~F or the sake of euphony, con becomes co, as in 
 coheir; cog, as in co^mate ; col, as in collect; com, as it; 
 compress ; and con, as in correspond. See note under Ad. 
 
 Contra, against; as contradict, to speak against, or to the 
 
 contrary. Contra sometimes takes the form of Counter, 
 
 as in counteract, to act or work against. 
 De, down, from, of, or concerning ; as descend, to come down ; 
 
 deduct, to take from ; depart, to part from ; describe, to 
 
 write of or concerning. 
 Dis, di, asunder, apart, or separated from, (and hence its 
 
 negative force) not ; as adjoin, dismember, a^'splease. 
 E, 3 ex, out of, beyond; as emit, to send out ; eject, to cast out 
 
 of; extend, to stretch out; exclude, to shut out of ; exceed, 
 
 to go beyond. 
 
 i Ab is the original form — from the Greek Prefix Apo (Ap'). 
 2 Ante. — In Anticipate the e has been corrupted into i. 
 ? E. — The original form is Ex— from the Greek Prefix Ek or Ex. 
 
 G 
 
146 PREFIXES AtfD AFFIXES. 
 
 Note. — In composition, ex is changed into ec, as in eccen- 
 tric; ef, as in e/face; and el, as in ellipse. See note 
 under Ad. 
 
 Extra, 1 out, beyond; as extra ordinary, beyond ordinary. 
 
 In, when prefixed to verbs, signifies in or into, on or upon, 
 against ; as mject, to cast in or into ; mcident, falling on or 
 upon ; mcite, to stir up against. But when In is prefixed 
 to nouns, adjectives, or adverbs, it means not or con- 
 trary to ; as mjustice, mfirm, ^gloriously. Compare the 
 English Prefix Un. 
 
 Note. — For the sake of euphony, in in composition usually 
 assumes the form of the initial letter of the word to which 
 it is prefixed ; as in &raoble, -ignorance, illegal, Ruminate, 
 twimortal, imprison, irregulars/radiate. Compare the changes 
 of the Prefixes Ad and Con. 
 
 Inter, between ; as interyene, to come between* 
 Intro, to within ; as Produce, to lead to within. 
 Juxta, nigh to; as juxtaposition, position nigh to. 
 Ob, in the way of, against ; as oovious, obstacle, o&ject (to cast 
 or urge against). 
 
 Note. — In composition, ou is changed into oc, as in occur ; 
 of, as in offer ; and op, as in oppress. See note under Ad. 
 
 Per, through, thoroughly, or completely ; as pervade, to go 
 
 through ; perfect, thoroughly made, or complete. 
 Post, after; as postscript, written after. 
 Pr^e, before ; as p?'ecede, to go before ; predict, to foretell. 
 
 Prce is another form of Pro. 
 Preter, beyond or past ; as preternatural and preterite. 
 Pro, forth or forward ; also,yb?', or instead of ; as p?-otrude, 
 
 to thrust forward; pronoun, for or instead of a, noun. See 
 
 the Greek Prefix Pro. 
 Re, back or again ; as ?*evert, to turn bach ; reform to form 
 
 again, to remodel, to improve. 
 Retro, backward ; as retrospect, a looking backward or on the 
 
 past. 
 Se, aside or apart ; as secede, to go apart or withdraw from. 
 Sine, without; as swecure (without care or duty). 
 
 i Extra is derived from ex, and the termination (tera) tra, as 
 Intra from In. Compare, also, the formation of Infra and Supra. 
 
PREFIXES AND AFFIXES, 147 
 
 Sub, under ; as subscribe, to write under ; sw&terranean, under 
 ground ; sublunary, under the moon. 
 
 Note. — In composition, sub becomes sue, as in succeed; 
 Suf, as in suffer ; sug, as in suggest ; sup, as in suppress ; 
 and sus, as in suspend. See note under Ad, Con, and Ob. 
 
 Subter, under; as subterfuge (a flying under or beneath). 
 Super, 1 above or over ; as sz^^mumerary, above the number. 
 Trans, beyond; as transport, to carry beyond. 
 Ultra, beyond ; as w^minarine and e^mmontane. 
 
 GREEK PREFIXES. 
 
 A, 5 not or without; as apathy, without (pathos) feeling; abyss, 
 without a bottom. 3 
 
 Amphi, about, on both sides ; as amphitue&txe, a theatre with 
 seats about or circular ; amphibious, living in both, that is 
 either in land or water. 
 
 Ana, again or bach ; as anabaptism, that is, baptism again or 
 a second time ; analyze, to resolve or loose (into the com- 
 ponent parts) again ; anachronism, (dated back or earlier 
 than the occurrence,) an error in chronology. 
 
 Anti, opposite to, in opposition to, against; as Antarctic, opposite 
 to the Arctic (circle) ; antagonist, one who contends against 
 another ; anfo'dote, something given against, or to counteract. 
 
 Apo, from or away; as apostle, (sent from) a missionary; 
 apostate, one who stands from or abandons his profession 
 or party ; apology, a word or discourse from, an excuse or 
 justification. Before an aspirated vowel, apo becomes 
 aph; as in aphelion and apha.eresis. 
 
 Auto, self; as anagraph, se^-written (as " an autograph 
 letter from the Queen"); autobiography, a biography or 
 history of one's self 
 
 Cata, down ; as cataract, a water fall. 
 
 i Super. — Hence sur (through the French) ; as in snrbase, above 
 the base ; snrtout, over all ; surmount, snrpass, <fcc. 
 
 2 A. — Before a vowel, a becomes an; as anarchy, without 
 government ; anonymous, witJwut a name. 
 
 s " The dark, unbottomed, infinite abyss." — Milton. 
 
 G 2 
 
148 PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 
 Dia, through ; as ammeter, a line passing through the middle ; 
 diagonal, a line passing through a parallelogram from one 
 angle to the opposite ; omlogue, a discourse (passing from 
 one side to the other) between two. 
 
 Ek, ex, from or out of; as eclectic, selected from ; ecstasy 
 (standing out of), transport or rapture. 
 
 En (em), in or on ; as endemic, in or among the people ; em- 
 phasis, force or stress laid on a word or words in pronuncia- 
 tion. 
 
 Epi, upon, on, over, to • as epidemic, upon the people, or very- 
 prevalent ; epilogue, a word or speech upon, or immediately 
 after, the play ; epistle, a writing sent to, a letter. 
 
 Hyper, above ; as /hypercritical, over critical. 
 
 Hypo, under ; as hypocrite, one who keeps under or conceals 
 his real sentiments ; hyphen, a mark used to bring two words 
 or syllables under or into one. 
 
 Meta, beyond; as metaphor, a carrying of, or applying, a word 
 beyond its proper meaning. 
 
 Para, beside, from ; as paragraph, a writing beside ; parallel, 
 beside one another; parasol, keeping the sun /rom ; para- 
 dox, from or contrary to the general opinion ; a seeming 
 contradiction, but true in fact. 
 
 Peri, round about; as periphery. Compare the derivation of 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCE . 
 
 Syn, with or together zoith ; as in synthesis, a placing together ; 
 synod, a going together, a convention. 
 
 Note. — In composition, syn becomes sy, as in system ; 
 SYL, as in stable ; and sym, as in sympathy (compassion). 
 
 ENGLISH OR SAXON PREFIXES. 
 
 A, at, to, or on ; as afield, 1 that is, at or to the field ; afoot, on 
 
 foot ; aboard, on board ; ashore, on shore. 
 Be has usually an intensive signification, as Sewail, Sespread, 
 
 oehold, oesprinkle. In 6ecau.se, &sfore, Reside, and a few 
 
 other words, it is another form of by. 
 
 lu How jocund did they drive their team afield" 
 
PREFIXES AND AFFIXES.' 149 
 
 En, em, 1 in or into ; as enrol, embalm ; also, to make, a3 in 
 
 enable, enlarge, embark, empower. 
 For, negative or privative ; as forbid, to bid not or prohibit 
 
 forget, not to #e£ or bave in recollection. 
 Fore, before ; as /bresee, forewarn, foremost, forward. 
 Ltf for ix, to make ; as mbitter, impair (to make worse), 
 
 impoverish, improve (to make proof of), to make better. 
 Mis, not, vjrong or error ; as mistake, misconduct. 
 Out, beyond, superiority ; as oz^live, outrun. 
 Over, above, beyond; as overcharge, overreach. 
 Un, not, like the Latin in; as zmspeakable, ineffable; wwwilliag, 
 
 ^voluntary. Prefixed to verbs it signifies to undo ; as in 
 
 unlock, untie, wwbind. 
 Up, motion zipwards ; as iipon, upstart ; also, subversion ; as 
 
 in upset (to overthrow). • 
 
 With, from, against ; as withdraw, loithbold, withstand, 
 
 AFFIXES OR TERMINATIONS. 
 
 [it is impossible in every case to ascertain the exact force, or 
 even the general import, of an affix or termination. Several 
 of them seem to have different, and even contradictory meanings, 
 and in some cases they appear to be merely paragogic, that is, 
 they lengthen the word, without adding to the meaning. Teach- 
 ers should recollect this, and not require their pupils to assign a 
 meaning to every affix which occurs.] 
 
 Able, ible, ble, or ile, implies having ability or power to do 
 what the word to which it is attached signifies ; as -portable, 
 fit or able to be carried ; defensive, that- which can or is able 
 to be defended ; doczYe, 2 able or fit to be taught ; ductile, 
 that which may be, or is fit to be led, or drawn out. 
 
 Aceous, having the qualities of, consisting of, resembling ; as 
 herbaceous, testaceoz^s, crustaefoe^s. 
 
 1 En. — In some words en is used both as a prefix and an affix ; 
 ate in e/ilighte?i, enliven, and embolde?i. 
 
 2 Docile. — In such cases ile is a contraction of ible, and must 
 be distinguished from the adjective termination ill, which 
 denotes similitude ; as puenVe, like a boy ; infants, like an infant. 
 
150 PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 
 Acy, implies doing, or the thing done ; also, state or condition ; 
 as conspiracy, legacy, celibacy, prelacy. 
 
 Age, ion, denote the act of doing ; the thing done ; state or 
 condition ; as carriaye, passaye, marriaye, bondaye ; aberra- 
 tion, immersion, derivator, cohesion, subordination. 
 
 Al, an, ory, ic, id, ine, ile, denote belonging or pertaining 
 to; as natural, duca?; European, collegian, Christian; 
 prefatory, introductory ; public, theoretic ; timid, lucid ; 
 alkaline, feminine ; infantile, mercantile. See Ary. 
 
 Ana, denotes sayings or anecdotes of ; as Walpoliana, John- 
 
 soniana, that is, sayings or anecdotes of Walpole — of JoJm- 
 
 son. 
 Ard, state or character ; as dota?-d, one in a state of dotage ; 
 
 slugga?-d, one who slugs or indulges in sloth ; wizard, a wise 
 
 man or sage. 
 Ary, implies pertaining to, or one who is what the word to 
 
 Vv-hich it is attached signifies ; as military, adversary, mis- 
 
 siona?*y. 
 Ary, ery, or ory, implies also a set or collection of ; as library, 
 
 aviary ; nurse?-y, rooke?*y, knavery, cookery ; repository, 
 
 dormitory. 
 Ate, in some cases, signifies to make ; as renovate, invigorate, 
 
 abbreviate. 1 
 Dom, implies dominion or possession, state or condition ; as 
 
 kingdom, Christendom, martyrdom, freedom, wisdom. 
 Er 2 or or, denotes the agent or person acting ; as doer, writ.'?*, 
 
 actor, professor. 
 Ee, usually denotes the person in a passive state, or as the 
 
 object of the action ; as (lesso?*, the person who lets or gives 
 
 a lease) lessee, the person to whom a lease is made ; patentee, 
 
 trustee, committee (a number of persons to whom some in- 
 quiry or charge is committed). 
 En, denotes made of ; also, to make ; as wooden, golden, 
 
 blacken, brighten. Compare Fy and Ize. 
 
 i Ate is, in many cases, an integral part of the word, and not 
 an affix. 
 
 2 Br. — In a few words this termination has become eer, ster, or 
 «r; as auctioneer, engineer; gamester, spinsfer; liar beggar. 
 
PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 151 
 
 Ess, the feminine termination of a noun ; as princess, lioness, 
 
 duchess, actress. 
 Ful, denotes full of, or abounding in ; as honeful, artful, 
 
 joyful, successful. 
 Fy, denotes to make ; as magnify, rjurify, beauti/y, notify 
 
 See Ex and Ize. 
 Hood or head, implies state or degree ; as manhood, maiden- 
 
 hood or head, priesthood. 
 Ish, implies belonging to ; like or resembling ; having a ten- 
 dency to ; as British, Irish, boyish, greenish, thievish. 
 Ism, denotes sect, party, peculiarity, or idiom ; as Calvinism 
 
 Jacobinism, Gr&cism, vulgarism. 
 1st, denotes skilled in or professing ; as botanist, florist, artist 
 
 naturalist, linguist 
 Ite, a descendant or follower of ; as Israelite, Jacobite. 
 Ive, has usually an active signification ; as motive, defensive 
 
 offensive, persuasive, adhesive. 
 Ize, denotes to make ; as fertilize, generalize, civilize. Com- 
 pare En and Fy. 
 Kix, a diminutive affix meaning akin to, or like ; as lambkin, 
 
 manikin, pip&i/z. See Lixg. 
 Less, denotes privation, or to be without ; as joyless, careless 
 
 harmless. 
 Lixg, cle, el, et, ock, express diminution, endearment, 
 
 contempt ; as gosling (little goose), foundling (a Utile child 
 
 or \niantfound or abandoned), o\arling (little dear), underling, 
 
 worldling ; particle, satchel, pocket, hillock. 
 Like or ly, denotes likeness or similitude ;. as godii&e or godly, 
 
 gentleman?i£e or gentleman^/. 
 Mext, implies the act or doing of ; state of ; as acknowledg- 
 
 ment, contentment 
 Ness, 1 denotes the prominent or distinguishing qualities; state 
 
 or quality of being ; as goodness, greatness, "whiteness, 
 
 happiness. 
 Ose, denotes full of ; as verbose, full of words. 
 
 1 Xess properly means a promontory ; as Langness, the Naze, &q 
 The root is the Latin nasus, the nose. 
 
152 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Ous, implies having or consisting of ; as danger ous, biliot^, 
 
 ambitious. See Aceous. 
 Rick, 1 implies rnle or jurisdiction ; as bishopnc/fc. 
 Ship, 2 denotes office, state, or condition ; as chancellors^};, 
 
 lordship, fellowship, friendship. 
 Some, denotes some of, or in some degree; as troublesome, 
 
 venturesome, quarrelsome, handsome. 
 Tide, denotes time or event ; as noontide, WhitsunfoWe. 
 Tude, ity, or ty, implies being or state of being ; as gratifeJe, 
 
 multitape, fortitude; abil%, adversity; novelty, anxiety, 
 
 honesty, liberty. 
 AVard, means turned or in the direction of ; as toward 
 
 (turned to), forward (foreword), baekvjard. 
 Ure, implies doing or being ; state or condition ; as manuf ac- 
 
 ture, captwe, Scripture, exposure, displeasure. 
 Y, implies having or abounding in ; as (stone) stony, (wealth) 
 
 wealthy, (wood) woody. 
 
 LATIN AND GEEEK BOOTS, 3 
 
 TO BE TRACED THROUGH THEIR ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 
 
 After the preceding Prefixes and Affixes have 
 been thoroughly learned by the pupils, they should 
 be accustomed to point them out as they occur in 
 their reading lessons till they become quite fami- 
 liar with their ordinary meanings. They should 
 also be required to apply them to any root the 
 teacher may choose to assign. The following roots 
 
 i Rick. — The root is the Latin rego, to rule or govern. 
 
 2 Ship properly means the shape or form (as in landscape, fqr 
 landscape), and hence, the prominent or distinguishing quality. 
 
 s Latin and Greek words are pronounced like English, that is, 
 generally speaking, with the accent on the first syllable. The 
 exceptions from this rule will be noted as they occur ; and it 
 should be kept in mind that e final in Latin and Greek words 
 is pronounced, and not silent, as in English ; as in the words 
 male, simiU, strophe, epitome, &c. — See page 118. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 153 
 
 will supply botli the teacher and pupils with ample 
 materials for such exercises, the great utility of 
 which no person can doubt. They might, in fact, 
 be called Lessons on Language. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING ROOTS ARE TRACED AS EXAMPLES. 
 
 Cap, 1 capt, cept, cip, to take, hold, or contain. Hence, 
 capable, able, or fit to take or hold, equal or adequate to ; 
 incapable, not capable ; capability, ability or power of taking, 
 adequateness ; cap ableness ; capacious (that can take or hold 
 much), large ; captious (disposed to take or start objections 
 to, or to find fault), peevish, morose ; copiousness, a disposi- 
 tion to be captious; captive, a person taken or captured in war; 
 captivity, the state of a captive ; captivate (to take captive), 
 to subdue by force of charms ; captor, the person who takes 
 or subdues ; captiire, a taking, a prize; accept (to take to, sc, one's 
 self), to receive; accepter, the person who accepts; acceptable, 
 fit or worthy of being accepted ; accep^ableness, acceptability, 
 acceptation ; anticipate, to take beforehand ; anticipation ; 
 conceive (through the French) ; conception ; deceive f decep- 
 tion, deceptive ; except, to take out of or from ; exception ; 
 inceptive, taking in (as a commencement) ; intercept (to take 
 between), to stop or obstruct ; participate, to take- a part in, to 
 . share with; participle, a part of speech participating, sc. in the 
 qualities of both a verb and an adjective ; perception, the act of 
 
 1 Cap, &c. — From capio, to take or hold ; captus, taken. In 
 composition, cipio, ceptus. Capio literally means / take, but it is 
 much better to English Latin and Greek verbs in a general way, 
 (that is, by the infinitive mood,) than to give the exact transla- 
 tion, which, with persons ignorant of the learned languages, 
 seems to limit their meaning to the first person singular, present 
 tense. Besides it is ridiculous to hear children calling out 
 4i pendeo, I hang;" "cazdo, I kill," &c, &c. 
 
 2 Deceive is derived, through the French, from decipio, which 
 literally means to fake from. To trace out and account for the 
 peculiar force, and (apparently) different meanings of preposi- 
 tions in composition, constitutes the chief difficulty in the Latin 
 language. We must not therefore expect to be able, in every 
 case, to detect and explain their proper and peculiar force. 
 
 g3 
 
154 LATIN AND GREEK BOOTS. 
 
 (taking through) perceiving ; perceptible, that can be perceived ; 
 imperceptible, receptacle, reception, receipt ; reczpe (take thou) ; 
 susceptible (that may be taken or subdued by), subject to, &c. 
 
 Cede 1 or ceed, to go, to go bach, to yield or give up. Cede, 
 to give up ; cession, a giving up ; cessation, a giving up, or 
 ceasing ; cease to give up or stop ; accede (adcede), (to go or 
 yield to, sc. a proposal), to comply with; access, agoing to, 
 approach or admission to ; accessible (that may be gone to\ 
 easy of access ; accession accessary, accessory {going to), 
 helping or abetting ; antecedent, going before ; concede (to go 
 with), to comply with or agree to ; concession, a going with or 
 yielding; exceed, to go above or beyond; excess, excessive; 
 intercede (to go between), to mediate ; intercession ; precede, to 
 go before ; precedent (an example), going before ; •proceed, to 
 go forward ; procession; process, something going forward or 
 on; procedure; recede, to go back; recess ; secede, to go apart; 
 seceder, a person who secedes ; succeed, to go up to or after, 
 to follow (to go up to our wishes or object), to prosper ; success, 
 successful, unsuccessful; succession, successive (following after); 
 decease, going from, or departure, death ; predecessor, the per- 
 son who goes from, sc. a place before the successor or person 
 who comes after; ancestor (for antecessor), one who goes 
 before. 
 
 Duce, 2 duct, to had or bring. Duke, a leader; dukedom, 
 the dominion or territory of a duke; ducal', ducat (a coin, so 
 called because issued by a reigning duke— as our coin, a 
 sovereign) ; ductile, ft or able to be led ; c?wctility ; abaction, 
 a leading from or away; adduce, to bring to or forward; con- 
 duce, to bring with, to help or promote; cond^cible, conceive; 
 conduct, to lead with, to guide ; conductor ; conduit, a pipe for 
 conducting, sc. water — -an aqueduct ; deduce, to lead or bring 
 from; deduction, dec?«cible ; educe, to bring out; educate, to 
 had or bring up, education ; induce, to bring in or on ; induce- 
 ment, inaction ; introduce, to bring to within, introduction ; intro- 
 ductory; produce, to bring forth or for Avar d ; product, produc- 
 tion, productive, able to produce ; reduce, reduction, seduce, 
 seduction, superinduce, traduce, &c. 
 
 1 Cede or ceed, and cess. — From CEDO,to go, to go back, to give 
 up, or yield; cessus, given up. 
 
 2 Duce, duct. — From duco, to lead ; ductus, led. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 155 
 
 Ject, 1 to throw or cast. Hence, abject, cast from or away 
 adjective, cast to or added ; conjecture, a casting (our thoughts) 
 together; dejected, cast dozen ; eject, to cast out; ejectment, 
 ejection, a casting out; ejector, & person who ejects; inject, to 
 cast in, injection; interjection, a casting between (other words 
 and phrases) ; object', to cast in the way of, or against, to 
 oppose; object, something cast in our way, or before our eyes; 
 objector, a. person objecting; objectionable, that may or can be 
 objected to; unobjectionable, objective; project, to cast or 
 shoot forward; projection; projector, a person projecting or 
 designing; projectile (He or ible), that which can be cast 
 forward, a body put in motion; reject, rejection, to cast back 
 or refuse ; subject, subjection, cast under, in the dominion or 
 power of, &c. 
 
 Port, 2 tobear or carry. Port, bearing or carriage; porter, 
 a car rier ; port able, fit or able to be carried ; portm.antea.VL 
 (for carrying a mantle or cloaJ:); ^?or£folio (for carrying 
 a folio) \ comport, comportment; deport, deportment (the 
 manner of conducting or demeaning one's self) ; export to carry 
 out; exportation; import, to earn/ into, to imply or mean, to 
 be of importance; importation; important (carrying into), of 
 consequence; purport (to bear forward), to import or mean; 
 report, a carrying back, sc. of noise (as the report of a gun) 
 or news; reporter', support, to carry or bear under, to assist 
 or uphold; supporter; transport, to carry beyond, sc. the seas, 
 or ourselves ; transportation, &c. 
 
 Press, to force or urge. Press, a frame or case in 
 which clothes, &c, are kept in press, or when folded np; 
 also, the machine used for printing or impressing the 
 paper with the types; and figuratively, the term has 
 been applied to printing, and in an especial manner to 
 newspaper printing. Hence, the terms, " liberty of the press," 
 "licentiousness of the press" ''gentlemen of the press;" 
 the press-gang (persons commissioned in war times to press or 
 force mariners to serve in the navy). A press-bed folds or 
 shuts up in the form of a press; express, is to press out or 
 utter our thoughts ; also, to send out or off speedily or 
 
 1 Ject. — From jacio, to cast or throw; jectus, cast, or thrown. 
 
 2 Port. — From porto, to carry, portatls, carried. 
 
156 LATIN HOOTS. 
 
 specially; whence the term expressly. The other words in 
 which this root is found, are numerous and easy ; as pressure, 
 compress, depress, impress, oppress, repress, suppress, &c. 
 
 LATIN KOOTS EXPLAINED.' 
 
 [It will seldom be necessary to trace any of the roots with 
 such minuteness ; nor should the pupils in any case be required 
 to give the derivatives and their meanings as a task. This 
 would be to go back to the old and absurd practice of learning 
 words and their meanings by rote. All that should be required 
 f som them is, that they should have a thorough and familiar 
 knowledge of the roots, and of the prefixes and affixes, 
 which modify their meaning; and having this, they will be 
 prepared for the Exercises on the derivatives, as suggested, 
 page 152.] 
 
 Aceo, to be sour or acid : Acer or Acris, sharp, pungent : 
 Acerbus, sour, bitter. Acescent, acetic, acetify, acetous, 
 acerbity, acid, acidity, acrid, acrimony, acrimonious, acute, 2 
 acumen, eager,* &c. 
 
 iEquus, even, equal, just. Equable, equability, equal, 
 
 i To the few hundred Latin roots contained in this list we owe 
 a large portion of the vocabulary of our language. The deriva- 
 tives given here are only a portion of the English words which 
 are derived from them. See the note which follows. 
 
 2 Acute. — Hence acutely, acuteness, &c. In general, only such 
 derivatives as are primitives in our language are given 
 here. It will be easy for the pupils, under the correction of Iho 
 teacher, to give the other words which are formed from them by 
 means of prefixes and affixes ; with which they are now 
 supposed to be perfectly familiar. — See the observations on this 
 subject, page 152. 
 
 * Eager. — The less obvious derivations are explained in the 
 Author's Dictionary of Derivations, to which the teacher and the 
 more advanced pupils can refer. For example, this word is thus 
 explained in it, page 92 : Eager is through the French aigre 
 from the Latin acer, sharp, acid, keen; as meagre from macer. 
 The root is the Greek aKt] (ak'e), a sharp point. 
 
 " It doth posset and curdle like eager dippings into milk." — 
 Shakspeare. 
 
 " It is a nipping and an eager VQi"—*8haZspeare 
 
LATIN ROOTS. 1-37 
 
 equality, equalize, equation, equator, equatorial, equi- 
 angular, equidistant, equilateral, equilibrium, equinox, equi- 
 noctial, equitable, equivalent, equivocal, equivocate, equivo- 
 cation, equivocator, adequacy, adequate, co-equal, inadequate, 
 inadequacy, inequality, iniquity, iniquitous, unequal, un- 
 equalled, unequivocal, &c. 
 
 Ager, a field, land. Agrarian, agricultural, agriculture, 
 agriculturist, peregrination, pilgrim,* pilgrimage, &c. 
 
 Ago (actus), 1 to do or act. Agent, agency, agile, agility, 
 act, active, activity, actor, actress, action, actionable, actual, 
 actuary, actuate, cogent, cogency, counteract, enact, enactment, 
 exact, exaction, exigence, exigency, exigent, inaction, inactive, 
 inactivity, overact, re-act, re-action, re-enact, transact, trans- 
 action, &c. Also (from its frequentative Agito, to drive, to 
 stir up, or excite), agitate, agitation, agitator, cogitate, cogi- 
 tation, &c. Hence, also, navigable, 2 navigate, navigation, 
 navigator, circumnavigate, &c. 
 
 Alius, another : Alienus, belonging to another, foreign. 
 Alien, alienable, alienate, alienation, aliquant, &c. 
 
 Alo, to nourish, to grow. Aliment, alimental, alimentary, 
 alimony, alumnus, coalesce, coalition, &c. 
 
 Alter, another. Alter, alterant, alteration, alterative, alter- 
 cate, 3 altercation, alternate, alternation, alternative, adulter- 
 . ation, subaltern, unalterable, &c. 
 
 Altus, high, lofty. Altitude, alto-relievo, exalt, &c. 
 
 Ambulo, to walk, to pace. Amble, amblingiy, ambulance, 
 perambulate, perambulation, perambulator, &c. 
 
 Amo (amatus), to love. Amiable, amiably, amiability, 
 amour, amorous, amateur, amatory, enamour, paramour, &c. 
 Also (from its derivative Amricus, a friend), amity, amicable, 
 enemy, 4 enmity, mimical, &c. 
 
 i Actus. — When a second word is given in a parenthesis, it is 
 either the past participle of the verb, or the possessive case of the 
 noun which precedes it. 
 
 2 Navigate is from navis, a ship, and ago, in the sense of to 
 leador conduct. 
 
 3 Altercate is to assert (alterum) another, or a different thing; 
 and hence to contradict, to dispute, to wrangle. 
 
 4 Enemy, Enmity. — The prefix en in these words (whieh we 
 derive through the French) represents the Latin prefix in its 
 negative sense. See In, page 1 i6. 
 
158 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 Ampins, large, wide, full. Ample, amply, amplify, ampli- 
 fication, amplitude, &c. 
 
 Angulus, a corner, an angle. 1 Angle, angular, angularity, 
 quadrangle, rectangle, triangle, &c. 
 
 Anima, breath, spirit, life. Animate, animated, animation, 
 animal, animalcule, inanimate, re-animate, &c. 
 
 Animus, the mind. Animadvert, animadversion, animosity, 
 equanimity, magnanimity, magnanimous, pusillanimity, pusil- 
 lanimous, unanimity, unanimous, &c. 
 
 Annus, a year. Annals, anniversary, annual, annuity, an- 
 nuitant, biennial, triennial, septennial, perennial, millennium, 
 superannuate, &c. 
 
 Antiquus, old, ancient. Antiquary, antiquarian, antiquated, 
 antique, antiquity, ancient, antic,* &c. 
 
 Aptus, fit, apt, meet. Apt, aptitude, adapt, adaptation, in- 
 aptitude, inept, ineptitude, unapt, attitude, 2 &c. 
 
 Aqua, water. Aquatic, aqueous, aquarius, aquafortis, aqua- 
 marina, aqua-vitae, aqueduct, terraqueous, &c. 
 
 Arbiter, an umpire or judge. Arbitrate, arbitration, arbi- 
 trator, arbitrary, &c. 
 
 Ardeo (arsus), to burn. Ardent, ardently, ardency, ardour, 
 arson, &c. 
 
 Arma, arms. To arm, arms, army, armour, armorial, 
 armory, armament, armistice, disarm, disarmed, unarmed, 
 alarm,* armada, armadillo, &c. 
 
 Ars (artis), 3 an art, skill. Art, artful, artless, artisan, artist, 
 artifice, artificer, artificial, &c. 
 
 Audio (auditus), to hear. Audible, audience, audit, auditor, 
 auditorship, auditory, inaudible, &c. 
 
 Augeo (auctus), to increase. Augment, auction, 4 auctioneer, 
 
 1 Angle is from the Greek (ayKv\og) angidos, curved or bent. 
 The root is (ayiciov) angkon, the elbow, that is, the bow or bend 
 of the ell (ulna), or arm. 
 
 2 Attitude is through the Italian attitudine, from the Latin apti- 
 tudo. The posture or position best adapted to display the beauty 
 or graces of a painting or statue is expressed by this word. 
 
 a Ars (artis). — See note on Actus, page 157. 
 
 4 Auction. — Because the price goes on increasing till the sale 
 is effected. 
 
LATiN ROOTS. 159 
 
 author, 1 authorize, authority, authoritative, unauthorized, 
 autumn,* autumnal, &c. 
 
 Bacchus, the god of wine, wine, revelry. Bacchanal, 
 bacchanalian, debauch, debauchery, &c. 
 
 Barbarus, rude, savage. Barbarous, barbarian, barbarity, 
 barbaric, barbarism, Barbary, barb, 2 &c. 
 
 Beatus, happy, blessed. Beatify, beatific, beatitude, &c. 
 
 Belium, war. Belligerent, rebel, rebellion rebellious re- 
 belliously, &c. 
 
 Bene, well, good. Benediction, benefaction, benefactor, 
 benefactress, benefice, beneficed, beneficial, benefit, benevolence 
 benevolent, benison, unbeneficed, &c. 
 
 Bibo, to drink. Bibulous, imbibe, wine-bibber, &c. 
 
 Bis, Bi, twice, two. Biscuit, 3 bidental, biennial, bifurcated, 
 bigamy, bilinguous, biped, bisect, bivalve, &c. 
 
 Bonus, good. A bonus, boon,* bounty, bounteous, boun- 
 teously, bountiful, bountifully, &c. 
 
 Brevis, short, brief. Brevity, breviary, breve, brevet, brief 
 abbreviation, abridge, abridgment, &c. 
 
 Brutus, brute, senseless. Brute, brutal, brutality, brutalize, 
 brutify, brutish, Brutus, &c. 
 
 Cado 4 (casus), to fall out or happen. Cadence, cadency, 
 cadent, cascade, case, casual, casualty, casuist, casuistical, 
 casuistry, accidence, accident, accidental, coincide, coinci- 
 dence, coincident, decadence, decay, deciduous, incident, inci- 
 dental, occasion, occasional, Occident, chance,* &c. 
 
 Caedo 4 (caesus), to cut, to kill. Decide, decision, decisive, 
 concise, conciseness, excise, excision, incision, incisor, inde- 
 cision, precise, preciseness, precision, fratricide, homicide, 
 matricide, parricide, regicide, suicide, suicidal, undecided, 
 undecisive, unexcised, vaticide, &c. 
 
 Calculus, a small stone or pebble. Calculate, calculation, 
 incalculable, miscalculate, causey,* &c. 
 
 i Author. — Properly, one who increases, generates, or produces 
 any thing. 
 
 2 Barbary. — This name was given by the Romans to the coun- 
 tries along the northern coast of Africa. Barb is properly a 
 Barbary horse : but barb, as of an arrow, is from barba, a beard. 
 
 3 Biscuit, that is, ticice or double baked. The root is coctus. 
 
 4 In composition, cado makes cido, as incklo ; but o&do, to 
 cut or kill, makes cldo, and cjesus, ctius; as incido and incisus. 
 
160 LATIN HOOTS. 
 
 Caleo, to be warm or hot. Calefy, calefactiou, calid, 
 calidity, caloric, incalescence, scald,* nonchalance,* &c. 
 
 Campus, a plain, an open field. Camp, campaign, decamp, 
 decampment, encamp, encampment, champaign, champagne, 
 Campania, 1 champion, 2 &c. 
 
 Candeo, to be white, to shine, to be bright, to be white with 
 heat. Candent, candid, candour, candidate, 3 candle, candle- 
 mas, candy, candied, chandler, chandelier, &c. Cendo (census), 
 to kindle or inflame. Censer,* in' cense, incen'se, incentive, 
 incendiary, kindle, &c. 
 
 Cano (cantus), 4 to sing. Canorous, cant, cantata, canticle, 
 canto, canzonet, chant, chantry, chanticleer, charm, * charm- 
 ing, ac'cent, accent', accentuate, des'cant,* descant', enchant, 
 enchanting, enchantment, incantation, precentor, recant, re- 
 cantation, &c. 
 
 Capio (captus), to take, hold, or contain. See page 153, 
 for the derivatives of this word. 
 
 Caput (capitis), the head. Cap, cap-a-pie, cape, capital, 
 capitular, capitulate, captain, chaplet, chapter, bicipitous, 
 occiput, precipice, precipitate, precipitous, recapitulate, chief, * 
 kerchief,* &c. 
 
 Caro (carnis), flesh. Carnage, carnal, carnival, 3 carnivo- 
 rous, charnel house, incarnate, incarnation, &c. 
 
 Castigo, to punish. Castigate, castigation, chastise, &c. 
 
 Causa, a cause, a reason. Cause, causal, causality, causa- 
 tion, causative, accuse, 6 accusation, accusatory, excuse, 7 ex- 
 cusable, inexcusable, recusant, &c. 
 
 i " Or where Campania's plain forsaken lies, 
 
 A dreary waste expanding to the skies."— Goldsmith. 
 
 2 Champion. — One who takes the field {champ) in defence of 
 any person or cause. 
 
 3 Those who canvassed for place or preferment among the 
 Eomans were called candidati, from the ivhite toga which they 
 wore, as emblematic of the purity of their intentions. 
 
 ^ In composition, cano makes cino, and cantus, centus. 
 
 5 Carnival — The latter part of the word is from valeo, to bid 
 farewell. 
 
 e Accuse. — From accuso, to bring (causam) a cause or charge 
 ad) against a person. 
 
 7 Excuse. — From excuso, to get a person (ex) out of (causa) a 
 cause or charge ; and hence, to free from blame. 
 
LATIX HOOTS. 161 
 
 Caveo (cautus), to beware, to avoid. Caution, cautious, 
 incautious, precaution, precautionary, &c. 
 
 Cavus, hollow. Care, cavern, cavity, concave, concavity, 
 excavate, excavation, &c. 
 
 Cedo (cessus), to go, to go back, to yield. See page 154, 
 for the derivatives of this word. 
 
 Censeo (census), to think, to judge, to estimate or value. 
 Censor, censorial, censorious, censoriousness, censure, censur- 
 able, census, &c. 
 
 Centrum, the middle point or centre. Centre, central, 
 centrality, centric, centrifugal, centripetal, concentric, concen- 
 trate, concentration, eccentric, &c. 
 
 Centum, a hundred. Cent, centage. centenary, century, 
 centennial, centesimal, centigrade, centipede, centurion, cen- 
 tal, &c. 
 
 Cerno (cretus), to sift or separate by a sieve, to distin- 
 guish, to perceive, to judge or determine. Concern, concern- 
 ing, decree, decretal, discern, discernment, discernible, dis- 
 cerning, discreet, discretion, discretional, discretionary, dis- 
 crete, discretive, discriminate, indiscreet, indiscretion, indis- 
 criminate, secret, 1 secrecy, secretary, secrete, secretion, 
 unconcern, undiscerning, &c. 
 
 Certus, certain, sure. Certain, certainty, certify, certifi- 
 cate, certitude, ascertain, ascertainable, incertitude, uncertain, 
 unqertainty, &c, 
 
 Cieo (citus), to stir up, to call. Cite, citation, excite, ex- 
 citement, excitable, excitability, exciting, &c, 
 
 Circulus, a circle, a ring. Circle, circular, circulate, circu- 
 lation, circulative, encircle, semicircle, &c. 
 
 Civis, a citizen. Civic, civil, civil-war, , civility, civilian, 
 civilize, civilization, incivility, uncivil, uncivilized, &c. 
 
 Clamo (clamatus), to cry or call out. Claim, claimant, 
 clamour, clamorous, acclaim, acclamation, declaim, declama- 
 tion, disclaim, exclaim, exclamation, exclamatory, irreclaim- 
 able, proclaim, proclamation, reclaim, reclamation, unclaimed, 
 unreclaimed, &c. 
 
 Claru3, clear, bright, manifest. Clarify, clarion,* clario- 
 
 1 Secret. — From (se, aside, or apart, and cretus, separated 
 bECEETUs, put apart or concealed ; and hence, secret. 
 
1G2 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 net, clear, clearance, declare, declaration, declaratory, chanti- 
 cleer, clairvoyance, claret,* &c. 
 
 Claudo 1 (clansns), to shut, to close. Clause, close, closet, 
 conclude, conclusion, conclusive, disclose, disclosure, enclose, 
 enclosure, exclude, exclusion, exclusive, inclusive, inconclu- 
 sive, preclude, preclusion, preclusive, recluse, seclude, seclu- 
 sion, &c. 
 
 Clino, to bend, to lean, to lie down. Clinic, clinical, decline, 
 declination, declension, disincline, disinclination, incline, in- 
 clination, indeclinable, recline, &c. 
 
 Colo (cultus), to till or cultivate. Colony, colonial, colonize, 
 cultivate, culture, agriculture, horticulture, menticulture, 
 uncultivated, clown,* occult, 2 &c. 
 
 Concilio, to unite, to make friends. Conciliate, concilia- 
 tion, conciliatory, reconcile, reconcilement, reconciliation, irre- 
 concilable, unreconciled, &c. 
 
 Contra, against, opposite to. Contrary, contrariety, con- 
 trast, 3 counter, counteract, contraband,* &c. 
 
 Coquo (coctus), to boil, to cook. Cook, cookery, concoct, 
 concoction, decoct, decoction, cuisine,* &c. 
 
 Cor (cordis), the heart. Core, cordial, cordiality, accord, 
 accordance, accordingly, concord, discord, record, unrecorded, 
 courage, courageous, encourage, &c. 
 
 Corpus (corporis), a body. Corps, corpse, corporal, corpo- 
 rate, corporation, corporeal, corpulence, corpulency, corpulent, 
 corpuscle, incorporate, incorporeal, cuerpo,* &c. 
 
 Credo (creditus), to believe, to trust. Credence, creden- 
 tial, credible, credibility, credit, creditable, creditor, credulity, 
 credulous, creed, accredited, discredit, discreditable, incredible, 
 incredibility, incredulity, incredulous, miscreant,* recreant,* 
 &c. 
 
 Creo (creatus), to make out of nothing. Create, creation, 
 creative, Creator, creature, increate, miscreated, procreate, 
 procreative, recreate, recreation, uncreated, &c. 
 
 1 In composition, claudo makes clUdo, as includo ; and 
 ciiAUSUS, clusus, as inclusvs. 
 
 * Occult. — Literally, ploughed over, or buried and hence hid- 
 den, secret. 
 
 3 Contrast. — The latter part of the word is from sto, to stand. 
 To contrast is to make to stand or place in opposition for the 
 purpose of comparison. 
 
LATIN HOOTS. 163 
 
 Cresco (cretus), to grow, to increase. Crescent, crescive, 
 accrue, concrete, concretion, decrease, decrement, excrescence, 
 increase, increment, recruit, cresses, &c. 
 
 Crimen (criminis), an accusation, a crime. Crime, crimi- 
 nal, criminality, criminate, recriminate, &c. 
 
 Crusta, a crust. Crust, crusty, crustily, crustaceous, incrus- 
 tation, &c. 
 
 Crux (crucis), a cross. Crucial, crucify, crucifix, cruci- 
 fixion, excruciate, crosier, crucible,* crusade, cruise,* &c. 
 
 Cubo or Cumbo, to lie down, to recline at table. Cuba- 
 tion, incubus,* incubation, incumbency, incumbent, recum- 
 bent, succumb, superincumbent, covey,* &c. 
 
 Culpa, a fault, blame. Culpable, culpability, exculpate, 
 exculpation, exculpatory, &c. 
 
 Cur a, care, cure. Cure, curacy, curate, curative, curator, 
 curious, curiosity, care, careful, careless, accurate, accuracy, 
 inaccurate, incurious, insecure, insecurity, procurator or proc- 
 tor,* procuracy or proxy, procure, procurement, secure, 1 
 security, sinecure, sinecurist, &c. 
 
 Curro (cursus), to run. Current, currency, curricle,* cur- 
 sitor, cursory, courant, courier, course, courser, coursing, 
 concourse, concur, discourse, discursive, excursion, incur, 
 occur, precursor, recourse, recur, succour, &c. 
 
 Curvus, curved or bent. Curvated, curvature, curve,* 
 curvet,* curvilineal, curvilinear, curb, &c. 
 
 Cutio (cussus), to shake. Concussion, concussive, discuss, 
 discussion, discussive, percussion, percutient, &c. 
 
 Damnum, loss, hurt, harm. Damage, damn, damnable, 
 damnatory, condemn, condemnation, condemnatory, indem- 
 nify, indemnity, undamaged, &c. 
 
 Decern, ten. December, decemviri, decimal, decimate, 
 decennial, dean,* duodecimo, &c. 
 
 Decens, becoming, graceful, proper. Decency, decent, in- 
 decent, indecency, &c. : Decor, becomingness, grace, beauty. 
 Decorate, decoration, decorator, decorous, decorum, indeco- 
 rous, indecorum, &c. 
 
 1 Secure.— From securus, which is compounded of se, apart, 
 and eura, care or concern. 
 
 " Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole."— Hamlet. 
 
1C4 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 Deliciae, delicacies, dainties. Delicious, deliciousness, deli- 
 cacy, delicate, indelicacy, indelicate, &c. 
 
 Dens (dentis), a tooth. Dental, dentist, denticulated, den- 
 tifrice, dentition, tridental, indent, indentation, indenture,'* 
 dent,* dandelion,* trident, &c. _ 
 
 Deus, a god, God. Deity, deist, deodand, &c. 
 
 Dexter, the right hand. Dexterity, dexterous, &c. 
 
 Dico (dictus), to speak, to say. Diction, dictionary, dic- 
 tum, dictate, dictatorial, ditty,* benedict, benediction, indict, 
 indictment, interdict, interdiction, jurisdiction, contradict, 
 predicate, predict, verdict, ditto,* &c. 
 
 Dies, a day. Dial, diary, diurnal, meridian, noctidial, 
 quotidian, journal,* &c. 
 
 Dignus, worthy. Dignity, dignitary, dignify, deign, con- 
 dign, disdain, indignity, indignant, &c. 
 
 Divido (divisus), to divide. Divide, dividend, division, 
 divisible, individual, indivisible, &c. 
 
 Do (datus), to give. Date,* data, deodand, add, adden- 
 dum, addition, edit, edition, editor, perdition, superadd, &c. : 
 Donum, a gift. Donation, donor, donative, condone, condo- 
 nation, &c. 
 
 Doceo (doctus), to teach. Docible, docibility, docile, doci- 
 lity, doctor, doctrine, doctrinal, document, documentary, in- 
 doctrinate, indocile, doctrinaire, &c. 
 
 Doleo, to grieve, to be in pain. Dole, doleful, condole, 
 condolence, dolour, &e. 
 
 Dominus, a lord, a master. Domain, dominant, domina- 
 tion, domineer, dominical, dominion, don,* predominance, 
 predominant, duenna,* &c. 
 
 Domus, a house, a family. Dome, domestic, domesticate, 
 domicile, domiciled, domiciliary, &c. 
 
 Dormio (dormitus), to sleep. Dormant, dormar, dormancy, 
 dormitory,' dormouse, &c. 
 
 Dorsum, the back. Dorsal, indorse or endorse,* &c. 
 
 Duco (ductus), to bring, to lead. See page 154, for the 
 derivatives of this word. 
 
 Duo, two. Dual, dualism, duality, duello, duet, duode- 
 cimo, duplex, duplicate, duplicity, &c. 
 
 Durus, hard, lasting. Durable, durability, durance, dura- 
 tion, during, endure, obduracy, obdurate, &c. 
 
 Ens (entis), being; Esse, to be. Entity, essence, es- 
 
LATIN ROOTS. 165 
 
 sential, absent, absentee, absence, interest, disinterested, 
 nonentity, presence, present, presentment, presentable, 
 presentation, omnipresence, omnipresent, quintessence, repre- 
 sent, representative, uninteresting, &c. 
 
 Eo (itus), to go. Ambient, ambition, 1 ambitious, circuit, 
 circuitous, exit, initial,* initiate,* obit, obituary, perish, post- 
 obit, preterite, sedition, 2 seditious, trance,* transient, transit, 
 transition, transitive, transitory, intransitive, uninitiated, issue,* 
 &c. 
 
 Erro (erratus), to wander. Err, errant, erratum, errata, 
 erratic, erroneous, error, aberration, arrant, unerring, &c. 
 
 Eternus, without beginning or end. Eternal, eternity, 
 eterne, co-eternal, &c. 
 
 Examen, a balance, a test, or trial. Examine, examiner, 
 examination, unexamined, &c. 
 
 Exemplum, a copy or pattern. Example, exemplar, ex- 
 emplary, sample,* sampler, unexampled, &c. 
 
 Externus, outside, outward, foreign. Exterior, extern, 
 external, extraneous, extreme, extremity, extrinsic, estrange, 
 strange,* stranger, exotic, exoteric, &c. 
 
 Fabula, something much spoken of, a story, a fable. Fable,* 
 fabled, fabulous, fib, confabulate, affable, affability, ineffable, 
 infant,* &c. 
 
 Facies, the make, shape, form, outward appearance, face. 
 Facade,* face, facing, fashion,* fashionable, feature,* efface, 
 superficies, superficial, surface, &c. 
 
 Facio (factus), to make, to do : Fio, to be made, to become. 
 Fact, factor, faction, factious, factitious, factory, f ac-simile, * 
 factotum, feasible, feasibility, feat, fit, fiat, affect, affectation, 
 affection, affectionate, affected, affecting, artifice, artificer, 
 artificial, benefice, beneficent, beneficial, benefit, confectionary, 
 counterfeit, defeat, defect, deficient, deficit, disaffected, dis- 
 
 1 Ambition. — This word, from simply meaning (itus) the going 
 (ambi) about of candidates for the purpose of canvassing for posts 
 of honor and preferment, came to signify an inordinate desire 
 of advancement — a lust of power. 
 
 2 Sedition (for se-itio, d being euphonic). This term literally 
 means going apart ; but because the Roman people, when they 
 quarrelled with their rulers, used to retire to Mount Aventine, 
 the term came to signify factious proceedings, and insurrectionary 
 attempts. 
 
166 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 affection, edifice, effect, effective, effectual, efficacy, efficacious, 
 efficiency, efficient, forfeit, forfeiture, fortification, imperfect, 
 indefeasible, infect, infectious, magnificence, magnificent, 
 manufacture, modification, mortification, munificence, muni- 
 ficent, notification, office,* officer, official, officiate, officious, 
 olfactory, orifice,* ossification, pacification, pacificator, per- 
 fect, perfection, personification, petrifaction, pluperfect, pro- 
 ficiency, proficient, profit, prolific, ratification, refection, refec- 
 tory, refit, sacrifice, sanctification, satisfaction, satisfactory, 
 significance, significant, signification, somnific, soporific, spe- 
 cific,* specification, stupefaction, sudorific, suffice, sufficiency, 
 surfeit, terrific, verification, versification, &c. — To these add 
 words ending 'mfy; as fortify, magnify, mollify, &c. 
 
 Facilis, easy to be done ; easy. Facile, facility, facilitate, 
 faculty, difficult, difficulty, &c. 
 
 Fallo (falsus), to deceive, to mistake. Fallible, fallibility, 
 fallacy, fallacious, false, falsehood, falsify, falsification, in- 
 fallible, infallibility, fail,* &c. 
 
 Fama, fame, renown, repute. Fame, famous, defame, 
 defamation, defamatory, infamy, infamous, fable,* &c. 
 
 Familia, a family. Familiar, familiarity, familiarize, &c. : 
 Paterfamilias, the father, or head of a family. 
 
 Fanum, a shrine, a temple. Fane, fanatic,* fanatical, 
 fanaticism, profane,* profanity, profanation, &c. 
 
 Faveo, to favour. Favour, favourite, favouritism, favour- 
 able, unfavourable, &c. 
 
 Febris, a fever. Febrile, febrifuge, fever,* feverish, feverous, 
 feverishness, February,* &c. 
 
 Fendo (fensus), to keep off, to strike. Fend, fender, fence, 
 defend, defendant, defence, defensible, defensive, offend, offence, 
 offensive, unoffending, &c. 
 
 Fera, a wild beast. Ferine, ferocious, ferociously, fero- 
 ciousness, ferocity, fierce,* fiercely, fierceness, &c. 
 
 Fero (latus), to bear or carry, to suffer. Ferry, fertile, 
 fertility, fertilize, circumference, confer, defer, differ, differ- 
 ent, infer, Lucifer, mammiferous, offer, offertory, pestiferous, 
 prefer, proffer, refer, somniferous, soporiferous, suffer, trans- 
 fer, vociferate, vociferous, &c. See Latus. 
 
 Ferveo, to boil, to grow hot. Fervour, fervent, fervency, 
 fervescent, fervid, effervesce, effervescence, ferment, unfer- 
 mented, &c. See Febris. 
 
LATIN ROOTS. 167 
 
 Festurn, a feast, a banquet. Feast, festal, festival, festive, 
 festivity, fete,* festoon,* &c. 
 
 Fessus, confessed. Confess, confessor, confessedly, confes- 
 sion, confessional, profess, professedly, profession, professional, 
 professor, professorial, &c. 
 
 Fides, faith. Bond fide, confide, confidant, confidence, 
 . confident, confidential, diffidence, diffident, infidel, infi- 
 delity, perfidy, perfidious, fidelity, affiance, defy,* defiance, 
 &c. 
 
 Figura, a shape, an image. Figure, figurative, disfigure 
 disfiguration, effigy, prefigure, &c. 
 
 Fiiius, a son : Filia, a daughter. Filial, filiate, filiation, 
 filly, affiliate, affiliated, affiliation, &c. 
 
 Filum, a thread. Filaceous, filament, file,* filigree,* fillet,* 
 filter,* filtrate, enfilade,* profile, &c. 
 
 Fingo (fictus), to form or fashion. Feign, feint, fiction, 
 fictitious, unfeigned, &c. 
 
 Finis, the end, a limit or boundary. Fine,* finery, final, 
 finish, finite, affinity, confine,* confinement, define, definite, 
 definition, infinite, infinitive, infinitude, infinity, refine, re- 
 finement, superfine, finesse,* finical,* unfinished, &c. 
 
 Firmus, firm, strong. Firm, firmament, affirm, confirm, 
 infirm, infirmary, infirmity, &c. 
 
 Fiscus, a basket, a bag or purse, the treasury. Fisc, fiscal, 
 confiscate,* confiscation, confiscatory, &c. 
 
 Fixus, stuck, fixed. Fix, fixity, fixture, affix, crucifix, 
 crucifixion, infix, postfix, prefix, transfix, &c. 
 
 Flamma, a flame, a blaze. Flame, flambeau, inflame, in- 
 flammability, inflammation, inflammatory, &c, 
 
 Flatus, a puff, or blast of wind. Flatulence, flatulent, in- 
 flate, inflated, inflation, sufflation, &c. 
 
 Flecto (flexus), to bend, to turn, to change. Flexible, 
 flexibility, flexile, flection, flexion, flexure, circumflect, cir- 
 cumflex, deflect, inflect, reflect, reflex, &c. 
 
 Fligo (flictus), to beat, to strike. Afflict, affliction, afflict- 
 ive, conflict, inflict, infliction, &c. 
 
 Flos (floris), a flower, a blossom. Flora, Florence, florid, 
 florist, flour,* flourish, flower, florin, &c. 
 
 Fiuo (fluxus), to flow. Fluent, fluency, fluid, fluxion, flux, 
 affluence, affluent,* confluence, confluent, conflux, defluxion, 
 effluvium, effluvia, influence, influential, influx, reflux, super- 
 
168 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 fluity, superfluous, flush,* &c. : Fluctus, a wave. Fluctuate, 
 fluctuation, fluctuating, &c. 
 
 Folium, a leaf. Foliaceous, foliage, foliate, foliation, folier, 
 folio, interfoliate, portfolio, trefoil, &c. 
 
 Fons (fontis), a fountain. Font, fontal, fount, &c. 
 Forma, form or shape, a figure. Form, formal, formality, 
 formation, formula, formulary, conform, conformable, confor- 
 mity, deform, deformity, inform,* informal, informality, 
 misinform, nonconformist, perform, performance, reform, 
 transform, uniform, uniformity, &c. 
 
 Fors (fortis), chance, luck. Fortune, fortuitous, fortunate, 
 misfortunate, unfortunate, &c. 
 
 Fortis, strong, valiant. Fort, forte,* fortify, fortification, 
 fortitude, fortress, comfort, comfortable, discomfort, effort,* 
 force,* forcible, enforce, enforcement, re-enforce, re-enforce- 
 ment, unfortified, &c. 
 
 Frango (fractus), to break. Frangible, infringe, fraction, 
 fracture, fragile, fragility, fragment, fragmentary, frail,* in- 
 fraction, refract, refractory, &c. 
 
 Frater, a brother. Fraternal, fraternity, fratricide, frater- 
 nize, friar,* confraternity, &c. 
 
 Fraus (fraudis), fraud. Fraudulence or fraudulency, fraud- 
 ulent, defraud, defraudment, &c. 
 
 Frigus, cold. Frigid, frigidity, freeze, fresco, fresh, refresh, 
 refrigerate, refrigerator, &c. 
 
 Frons (frontis), the forehead. Front, frontier, frontispiece, 
 frontlet, affront,* confront, effrontery, &c. 
 
 Fugio (fugitus), to flee. Fugitive, centrifugal, febrifuge, 
 refuge, refugee, subterfuge, &c. 
 
 Fumus, smoke. Fume, fumid, fumidity, fumigate, fumi- 
 gation, fumy, perfume,* perfumery, &c. 
 
 Fundo (fusus), to pour out, to melt. Found, foundery or 
 foundry, fuse, fusible, fusion, confound, confuse, diffuse, 
 diffusive, effuse, infuse, profuse, refund, refuse, suffuse, trans- 
 fuse, &c. 
 
 Fundus, the bottom. Found,* founder, foundation, funda- 
 mental, profound, profundity, unfounded, &c. 
 
 Gelu, frost, ice. Gelatine, gelatinous, gelid, jelly,* congeal, 
 congealable, congelation, &c. 
 
 Genus (generis), a race or family, a kind or sort. Gen- 
 der, general, generality, generalize, generalissimo, generic, 
 
LATIN ROOTS. 169 
 
 generate, generous, generosity, genial, genius, genteel, janty,* 
 gentile, gentility, gentle, gentleman, gentry, genuine, con- 
 genial, degenerate, disingenuous, engender, ingenious, inge- 
 nuity, ingenuous, primogeniture, progeny, progenitor, regen- 
 erate, unregenerate, engine, gin, &c. 
 
 Gero (gestus), to carry, to bear, to bring. Gerund, gest, 
 gestation, gesticulate, gesture, jest, 1 belligerent, congeries, con- 
 gestion, digest, indigestible, indigestion, suggest, vicegerent, 
 germ,* germen, germ an,* &c. 
 
 Gloria, glory. Glorious, glorify, inglorious, &c. 
 
 Gradior (gressus), to go step by step, to go. Grade, grada- 
 tion, gradient, gradual, graduate, graduation, aggression, con- 
 gress, degrade, degree, digress, egress, ingredient,* ingress, 
 progress, regress, retrograde, retrogression, transgress, under- 
 graduate, &c. 
 
 Grandis, great, grand, lofty. Grand, grandeur, grandee, 
 grandiloquence, grandiloquent, aggrandize, &c. 
 
 Granum, a grain of corn. Grain, granary, granite, grani- 
 vorous, granulate, grenade,* grenadier, ingrained, pomegra- 
 nate,* corn,* garner,* garnet,* &c. 
 
 Gratia, favour, grace, thankfulness. Grace, graced, graceful, 
 graceless, Graces, gracious, grateful, gratify, gratis, gratitude, 
 gratuitous, gratuity, disgrace, ingrate, ingratitude, ingratiate, 
 ungraceful, ungracefully, ungracefulness, &c. Hence, also, 
 agree,* agreeable, agreement, disagreeable, disagreement, &c. 
 
 Gravis, heavy, weighty. Grave, graveness, gravid, gravi- 
 tate, gravitation, gravity, grief, grieve,* grievance, grievous, 
 aggravate,* aggrieve, &c. 
 
 Grex (gregis), a flock, a herd. Gregarious, aggregate, 
 congregate, congregational, egregious,* &c. 
 
 Guberno, to govern. Governor, governess, government, 
 governmental, misgovernment, ungovernable, &c. 
 
 Gustus, taste, relish. Gust, gusto, gout, 2 disgust, disgusting, 
 ragout,* &c. 
 
 Habeo (habitus), to have, to hold. Habiliment, habit, 
 
 1 Jest, an abbreviation of gesture. A jest is properly a gesture 
 or grimace, to excite mirth. 
 
 2 Gout, a drop, is from the Latin gutta; as " gouts " of blood. 
 Hence, also, our word gutter. 
 
 H 
 
170 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 habitable, habitation, habituate, habitual, cohabit, exhibit, 
 exhibition, inhabit, inhabitant, inhibit, prohibit, uninhabitable, 
 uninhabited, &c. 
 
 Haereo (hsesus), to stick to, to adhere. Adhere, adherence, 
 adherent, cohere, coherence, coherent, cohesion, cohesive, 
 cohesiveness, hesitate, incoherence, incoherent, inhere, in- 
 herence, inherent, &c. 
 
 Hares (hasredis), an heir. Heir, heirloom, heritage, here- 
 ditary, coheir, coheiress, disinherit, inherit, inheritable, inheri- 
 tance, inheritor, &c. 
 
 Honor, respect, regard. Honor or honour, honorary, 
 honourable, honest, honesty, dishonour, dishonourable, hono- 
 rarium, unhonoured, &c. 
 
 Horreo, to be rough as with bristles, to regard with disgust 
 and dread. Horrent, horrible, horrid, horrific, horror, abhor, 
 abhorrence, abhorrent, &c. 
 
 Hospes (hospitis), a host, a guest. Host,* hostess, hospi- 
 table, hospital, hospitality, hotel,* ostler,* &c. 
 
 Humus, the ground. Exhume, humble,* humiliate, humi- 
 lity, inhume, posthumous, human,* humane,* &c. 
 
 Imago, an image or picture. Image, imagery, imagine,* 
 imaginary, imagination, imaginative, &c. 
 
 Imitor, to imitate. Imitable, imitability, imitate, imita- 
 tion, imitator, inimitable, inimitability, unimitable, &c. 
 
 Impero, to command. Imperative, imperial, imperialist, 
 imperious, emperor, empress, empire, &c. 
 
 Interns, below, beneath. Inferior, inferiority, infernal, 
 &c. 
 
 Insula, an island. Insular, insulated, isle, islet, island, 
 isolated, peninsula, peninsular, &c. 
 
 Ira, anger. Ire, irritate, irritable, irascible, &c. 
 
 Iterum, again, a second time. Iteration, reiterate, &c. 
 
 Jaceo, to lie. Adjacent, circumjacent, interjacent, &c. 
 
 Jacio (jectus), to throw or cast. For the derivatives of 
 this word see page 155. 
 
 Jocus, a joke or jest. Jocose, jocular, jocularity, jocund, 
 joke, juggler, * juggle, &c. 
 
 Judex (judicis), a judge. Judge, judgment, judicature, 
 judicial, judiciary, judicious, adjudge, adjudicate, adjudica- 
 tion, extrajudicial, injudicious, misjudge, prejudge, prejudice, 
 prejudicial, unprejudiced, &c. 
 
LATIN ROOTS. 171 
 
 Jugum, a yoke. Conjugal, conjugate, subdue,* subjugate, 
 subjugation, yoke, yoke-fellow, &c. 
 
 Jungo (junctus), to join. Join, joiner, joint, junction, 
 juncture, junto,* adjoin, adjunct, conjoin, conjoint, conjunc- 
 tion, conjuncture, disjoin, disjunct, disjunction, disjunctive, 
 conjoin, injunction, rejoin, rejoinder, subjoin, subjunctive, 
 unjointed, &c. 
 
 Juro, to swear. Juror, jury, abjure, adjure, conju're,* 
 con'jure,* conjurer, nonjuring, perjure, perjury, &c. 
 
 Jus (juris), right, law, justice. Jurist, juridical, jurisdic- 
 tion, jurisprudence, injure, injury, injurious: Justus, just, 
 upright. Just, justice, justify, justifiable, justification, un- 
 just, &c. 
 
 Labor, toil. Labour, labourer, laborious, laboriousness, 
 elaborate, laboratory, belabour, &c. 
 
 Lament or, to weep or bewail Lament, lamentable, lamen- 
 tation, unlamented, &c. 
 
 Langueo, to be languid, to droop. Languid, languidly, 
 languidness, languish, languor, &c. 
 
 Lapis (lapidis), a stone. Dilapidated, lapidary, &c. 
 
 Largus, big, extensive. Large, largess, enlarge, &c. 
 
 Latus, brought or carried. Collate, collation, elate, illa- 
 tive, legislate, legislature, oblate, oblation, prelacy, prelate, 
 prolate, relate, relation, relative, superlative, translate, dilate,* 
 &c. : Latus, carried out, extended, wide. Latitude, latitudina- 
 rian, &c. 
 
 Latus (lateris), the side. Lateral, collateral, equilateral, 
 quadrilateral, trilateral, &c. 
 
 Laus (laudis), praise. Laud, laudable, laudanum.* 
 
 Lavo (lotus), to wash. Lava,* lavatory, lave, lavish,* 
 laundress, laundry,* lotion, lavender,* &c. 
 
 Laxus, loose. Lax, laxity,* laxness, laxative, prolix, pro- 
 lixity, relax, relaxable, relaxation, &c. 
 
 Lego (lectus), to gather or select; also, to read. Legend, 
 legendary, legible, legion, lecture, lesson, collect, dialect, 
 eclectic, elect, electioneering, electoral, elegance, elegant,* 
 eligible, eligibility, illegibility, predilection, prelection, re- 
 collect, select, elite,* &c. From its compounds, Diligo, come 
 diligence, diligent, &c. ; from Intelligo, intelligence, intel- 
 ligent, &c. ; and from Negligo, negligence, negligent, ne- 
 glect,* &c. 
 
172 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 Levo (levatus), to raise or lift up. Leaven,* Levant,* 
 levee, lever,* levy, alleviate, elevate, irrelevant,* relevant, 
 relief, relieve,* &c. 
 
 Lex (legis), a law. Legal, legality, legalize, legislate, 
 legitimacy, legitimate, privilege, law,* &c. 
 
 Liber, free. Liberal, liberality, liberate, libertine, liber- 
 tinism, liberty, deliver, deliverance, illiberal, &c. 
 
 Liber, a book. Library, librarian, libel,* &c. 
 
 Libra, a pound, a balance. Librate, equilibrium, deliberate, 
 deliberation, &c. 
 
 Liceo, to be lawful. Licence, license, licentiate, licentious, 
 licentiousness, illicit, &c. > 
 
 Ligo, to bind, to tie. League,* liable, liability, liege, liga 
 ment, ligature, obligate, oblige, religion, &c. 
 
 Limes (limitis), a path, a boundary. Limit, limited, limi- 
 tation, illimitable, unlimited. 
 
 Linea, a line. Line,* lineal, lineament, linear, lineage, cur- 
 vilinear, delineate, interline, interlinear, outline, rectilinear, 
 underline, linen,* &c. 
 
 Linquo (lictus), to leave. Delinquency, delinquent, relin- 
 quish, derelict, dereliction, relic, relict, &c. 
 
 Liquo, to melt, to be liquid. Liquor, liqueur, liquid, liquid- 
 ate, liquidation, liquefy, &c. 
 
 Lis (litis), strife, a lawsuit. Litigant, litigate, litigation, 
 litigious, litigiousness, &c. 
 
 Litera, a letter. Letter, lettered, literal, literary, literati, 
 literature, alliteration, illiterate, obliterate, &c. 
 
 Locus, a place. Local, locality, locate, location, locomotion, 
 locomotive, allocate, dislocate, &c. 
 
 Loquor (locutus), to speak. Loquacity, loquacious, col- 
 loquy, colloquial, elocution, eloquence, eloquent, grandiloquent, 
 obloquy, soliloquy, ventriloquy, &c. 
 
 Luceo, to shine, to be clear. Lucent, lucid, lucidness, Luci- 
 fer, elucidate, elucidation, pellucid, &c. 
 
 Ludo (lusus), to play, to deceive. Allude, allusion, col- 
 lude, collusion, delude, delusion, elude, elusive, illude, illusion, 
 illusory, prelude, ludicrous, &c. 
 
 Lumen, light. Luminary, luminous, illume, illumine, illu- 
 minate, illumination, relume, limner,* &c. 
 
 Luna, the moon. Lunacy, lunatic,* lunation, lunar, lune, 
 lunette, sublunary, &e. 
 
LATIN ROOTS. 173 
 
 Luo (lutus), to wash, to wash away. Abluent, ablution, 
 alluvial, diluent, dilute,* dilution, &c. 
 
 Maceo, to be lean or thin : Macer, lean. Macerate, meagre,* 
 meagerness, emaciated, &e. 
 
 Machina, a contrivance, a machine. Machine,* machinist, 
 machinery, machinate, machinator, &c. 
 
 Macula, a spot or stain. Maculate, immaculate, mackerel,* 
 mail,* &c. 
 
 Magister, a master. Master,* mastery, magistrate, magis- 
 terial, magistracy, &c. 
 
 Magnus, great. Magna Charta, magnitude, magnanimity, 
 magnanimous, magnify, magnificence, magnificent, magnilo- 
 quence, main,* majesty, majestic, major, majority, mayor,* 
 maxim,* &c. 
 
 Male, bad, ill. Malecontent, malcontent, malapropos, male- 
 diction, malefactor, malefaction, malevolent, malversation, 
 malice, malicious, &c. 
 
 Mali gnus, malignant. Malign, malign er, malignancy, ma- 
 lignant, malignity, &c. 
 
 Malleus, a hammer. Mail, maul,* mallet, malleable, mal- 
 leability, immalleable or unmalleable, &c. 
 
 Mando, to give in charge, to command. Mandamus, 1 man- 
 date, command, countermand, demand, remand, commend- 
 recommend, &c. 
 
 Maneo (mansus), to stay, to remain. Manse, mansion, 
 permanence, permanent, remain, remnant, menial,* &c. 
 
 Manus, the hand. Manacle, manage, manipulate, manual, 
 manufacture, manumit, manuscript, emancipate, mismanage- 
 maintain,* manifest,* &c. 
 
 Mare, the sea. Marine, mariner, maritime, submarine, 
 transmarine, ultramarine, rosemary, 2 &c. 
 
 Mater, a mother. Matron, matronize, matronly, maternal, 
 matriculate, matrimony, matrimonial, &e. 
 
 Materia, matter or stuff, substance. Material, materialism, 
 materials, matter, immaterial, &c. 
 
 1 Mandamus.— A kind of writ — literally, we command. 
 
 2 Rosema7'y.— From ros, dew ; and marinus, marine. So called 
 because it generally grows on the sea-shore, and appears be- 
 dewed with the spray. 
 
174 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 Maturus, ripe. Mature, maturity, immature, immaturity, 
 premature, prematurity, &c. 
 
 Medius, middle. Mediate, mediator, mediocrity, medium, 
 immediate, intermediate, mean,* moiety,* &c. 
 
 Medeor, to cure or heal. Medical, medicament, medicate, 
 medicine, medicinal, remedy, remedial, &c. 
 
 Meditor, to muse or think upon. Meditate, meditation, 
 premeditate, premeditation, unpremeditated, &c. 
 
 Memor, mindful, keeping in mind. Memoir, memorable, 
 memorandum, memory, memorial, memorialize, commemorate, 
 immemorial, remember, remembrance, &e. 
 
 Menda, a spot, a blemish. Mend, amend,* emend, &c. 
 
 Mens (mentis), the mind. Mental, demented, &c. 
 
 Mergo (mersus), to dip or plunge. Merge, emerge,* emer- 
 gency, emersion, immerse, submerge, &c. 
 
 Merx (mercis), merchandise. Mercer, merchant, mer- 
 chantable, mercantile, mercenary, commerce, commercial, 
 market, mart,* amerce,* &c. 
 
 Metior (mensus), to measure. Mete, meter, commensurable, 
 commensurate, dimension, immense, immensity, measure, &c. 
 See Metron, page 198. 
 
 Migro, to migrate. Migration, migratory, emigrant, emi- 
 grate, immigrant, immigrate, transmigrate, &c. 
 
 Miles (militis), a soldier. Militant, military, militate, 
 militia, &c. 
 
 Mille, a thousand. Millenarian, milfoil, millennium, mil- 
 leped, millesimal, mile,* &c. 
 
 Mineo, to hang over or beyond. Eminence, eminent, immi- 
 nence, imminent, prominence, prominent, &c. 
 
 Minister, a servant. Minister, ministering, ministerial, 
 ministry, administer, administrator, &c. 
 
 Minuo (minutus), to lessen. Minikin, minim, minimum, 
 minion,* minor, minority, minus, minu'te, min'ute, minutiae, 
 diminish, diminutive, mince,* minnow,* &c. 
 
 Minis, strange, wonderful. Miracle, miraculous, admire, 
 admirable, admiration, marvel,* mirror,* &c. 
 
 Misceo (mistus or mixtus), to mix. Mix, mixture, commix, 
 commixture, intermix, miscellany, miscellaneous, promiscuous, 
 unmixed, &c. 
 
 Miser, wretched. Miser,* miserable, misery, commiserate, 
 commiseration, &c. 
 
LATIN ROOTS. 175 
 
 Mitto (missus), to send. Mittimus, missile, mission, admit, 
 admissible, commit, committee, commissariat, commissary, 
 compromise, demise, dimissory, dismiss, emit, emissary, 
 emission, immission, intermit, intermission, manumit, manu- 
 mission, omit, permit', per'mit, premi'se, prem'ise, pre- 
 mises,* promise, remit, submit, surmise, transmit, unremit- 
 ting, &c. 
 
 Modus, a measure, a manner, a rule. Mode, modal, model, 
 moderate, modern,* modernize, modest,* modesty, modicum, 
 modify, modish,* mood, modulate, modus, accommodate, com- 
 modious, commodity, incommode, &c. 
 
 Moneo (monitus), to put in mind, to warn. Monish, mo- 
 nition, monitor, monument, monumental, admonish, admoni- 
 tory, summon, summons,* &c. 
 
 Mons (montis), a mountain. Mount, mound,* mountain, 
 mountebank, dismount, promontory, remount, surmount, 
 ultramontane, unsurmountable, amount,* &c. 
 
 Monstro, to show or point out. Monster,* monstrous, 
 muster,* demonstrate, remonstrate, &c. 
 
 Mors (mortis), death. Mortal, mortality, mortgage, mor- 
 tify, mortmain,* mortuary, murder,* &c. 
 
 Mos (moris), a manner or custom. Moral, morality, moral- 
 ize, morals, demoralize, morose,* &c. 
 
 Moveo (motus), to move. More, movable, movables, motion, 
 motive, promote, remote, remove, rummage,* moment,* mo- 
 mentous, momentum,* mob,* emeute,* &c. 
 
 Multus, many. Multifarious, multiped, multiple, multi- 
 plicity, multiply, multitude, &c. 
 
 Munus (muneris), a gift, an office. Municipal, munificence, 
 munificent, common, commonweal, commonwealth, commune, 
 communicate, communicant, communion, community, excom- 
 municate, immunity, remunerate, uncommon, uncommunica- 
 tive, &c. 
 
 Muto (mutatus), to change. Mutable, mutability, muta- 
 tion, mutiny, mutineer, commute, commutable, immutable, 
 transmutable, transmutation, &c. 
 
 Nascor (natus), to be born, to spring. Nascent, natal, 
 nation, native, nature, cognate, innate, preternatural, rena- 
 scent, supernatural, unnatural, naive,* naivete, &c. 
 
 Navis, a ship. Naval, navy, navigable, navigate, naviga- 
 tion, circumnavigation, circumnavigator, &c. 
 
176 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 Necto (nexus), to bind, to knit. Connect, connection or 
 connexion, annex, disconnect, unconnected, &c. 
 
 Nego (negatus), to deny. Negation, negative, renege, 
 renegade, * nay, deny, * denial, undeniable, &c. 
 
 Neuter, neither of the two. Neuter, neutral, neutrality, 
 neutralize, neutralized, &c. 
 
 Niger, black. Negro, negress, Nigritia, Niger, &c. 
 
 Noceo, to hurt. Nocent, noxious, nuisance,* innocence, 
 innocent, innocuous, noise,* annoy,* &c. 
 
 Nomen (nominis), a name. Nomenclature, nominal, nomi- 
 nate, nominee, noun,* name, denominate, ignominy, pro- 
 nominal, renown,* &c. 
 
 Norma, a rule or square. Normal, abnormous, enormous,* 
 enormously, enormity, &c. 
 
 Nosco (notus), to know. Notable, notary, note, notice, 
 notify, notion, notorious, * cognizable, precognition, connois- 
 seur, recognise, reconnoitre,* noble,* &c. 
 
 Nota, a mark by which a thing can be known. Note, 
 notable, notice, notorious, annotate, denote, &c. 
 
 Novus, new. New, news, novel, novelty, novice, novitiate, 
 innovate, renew, renewal, renovate, &c. 
 
 Nox (noctis), night. Noctambulist, noctidial, nocturnal 
 equinox, equinoctial, pernoctation, &c. 
 
 Nullus, no one, none. Null, nullify, nullified, nullity, 
 annul, or disannul, &c. 
 
 Numerus, a number. Number, numerate, numerical, nume- ' 
 rous, enumerate, innumerable, supernumerary, &e. 
 
 Nuncius, a messenger : Nuncio, to tell or declare. Nuncio, 
 announce, announcement, annunciation, denounce, enunciate, 
 pronounce, renounce, &c. 
 
 Nutrio, to nourish. Nutriment, nutrition, nutritious, 
 nurse,* nursery, nurture, nourish, nourishment, &c. 
 
 Octo, eight. Octave, octavo, octennial, October. 1 octagon, 
 octagonal, octangular, &c. 
 
 Oculus, the eye, a bud. Ocular, oculist, binocle, binocular, 
 monocular, inoculate,* inoculator 3 &c. 
 
 1 October. — The Roman year began in March, and hence, 
 September, October, November, and December derive their name. 
 Before the time of Julius and Augustus Caesar, July and August 
 were called QuintUis and Sextllis, that is, the Jffth and sixth 
 months. 
 
LATIN BOOTS. 177 
 
 Omen (ommis), a sign, good or bad. Omen,* ominous 
 abominate,* abomination, abominable, &c. 
 
 Omnis, all. Omnium, omnibus, omnific, omnipotence 
 omnipotent, omniscience, omnivorous, &c. 
 
 Opto, to wish. Optative, option, optional, adopt, &c. 
 
 Opus (operis), a work. Opera,* operate, 1 operative, opera- 
 tor, inoperative, manoeuvre,* manure,* &c. 
 
 Orbis, an orb, a circle. Orb, orbit, exorbitant, &c. 
 
 Ordo (ordinis), order, rank. Ordain,* order, ordinal, ordi- 
 nance, ordnance,* ordinary, ordination, disorder, extraordinary 
 inordinate, insubordinate, &c. 
 
 Orior (ortus), to rise. Orient, oriental, abortion, abortive 
 origin, original, originality, originate, &c. 
 
 Orno (ornatus), to decorate, to adorn. Ornament, orna- 
 mental, ornate, adorn, suborn, subornation, &c. 
 
 Oro (oratus), to speak, to pray, to beseech : Os (oris) the 
 mouth. Oracle,* oracular, orison,* oral, orator, oratorio 
 orifice,* adore, inexorable, peroration, &c. 
 
 Os (ossis), a bone. Osseous, ossify, ossified, ossification 
 ossiferous, ossivorous, ossuary, ospray* or ossifrage, &c. 
 
 Ovum, an egg. Oval, ovary, oviparous, &c. 
 
 Palatum, the taste, the palate. Palate, palatable, &c. 
 
 Palma, the palm tree; also, the inner part of the hand. 
 Palm,* palmer,* palmetto, palmy, palmistry,* &c. 
 
 Pando (pansus), to open, to spread. Expand, expanse 
 expansion, expansive, &c. 
 
 Panis, bread. Panada or panado, pannier,* pantiy, pantler 
 appanage,* &c. * 
 
 Par, equal. Par, parity, pair,* peer,* peerage, peerless, 
 compare, 2 comparable, comparison, compeer, disparage, 3 dis- 
 parity, nonpareil,* paragon,* &c. 
 
 Pareo, to appear. Peer,* appear, apparent, apparition, dis- 
 appear, transparency, transparent, &c. 
 
 Pario, to bring forth, to beget. Parent, parental, parentage, 
 parturient, oviparous, viviparous, &c. 
 
 1 Operate. — Compare the original meaning of drama with that 
 of opera; also the words actor and act. 
 
 2 Compare is from comparo, to make equal with ; to liken to. 
 
 3 Disparage. — To make unequal to ; to injure by comparison 
 with something of less value. 
 
 h3 
 
178 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 Paro (paratus), to make ready. Parade,* apparatus, apparel, 
 prepare, repair, irreparable, pare,* &c. 
 
 Pars (partis), a part, a share. Part, parboil, partake, par- 
 tial, participate, particle, particular, partisan, partition, part- 
 ner, party, parcel, parse, portion, apart, apartment, bipartite, 
 compartment, counterpart, depart, department, departure, 
 dispart, impart, impartial, impartiality, proportion, tripartite, 
 interpret,* &c. 
 
 Pasco (pastus), to feed. Pastor, pastoral, pasture, pas- 
 turage, antepast, repast, pabulum,* &c. 
 
 Passus, a pace or step. Pace, pass, passable, passage, en 
 passant, passenger* passover, passport, past, pastime, compass, 
 surpass, trespass, passing-bell,* &c. 
 
 Pater, a father. Paternal, paternity, patriarch, patriarchal, 
 patrician, patrimony, patrimonial, patristic, patron,* patronage, 
 patronize, patronymic, paterfamilias, parricide, Pater-noster, 
 pattern,* &c. 
 
 Patior (passus), to suffer. Patience, patient, passion, pas- 
 sionate, passive, compassion, compassionate, dispassionate, im- 
 patience, impatient, &c. 
 
 Patria, one's country, fatherland. Patriot, patriotism, 
 patriotic, compatriot, expatriate, &c. 
 
 Pauper, poor. Pauper, pauperism, poverty, poor, poorly, 
 empoverish or impoverish, &c. 
 
 Pax (pacis), peace. Pacify, pacific, pacification, pacificator, 
 peace, peaceable, peaceful, appease, &c. 
 
 Pecco (peccatus), to sin. Peccable, peccability, peccadillo, 
 peccant, impeccable, impeccability, &c. 
 
 Pello (obsolete), to call or name. Appellation, appellatory, 
 appeal, appellant, appellative, repeal, &c. 
 
 Pello (pulsus), to drive, to thrust. Compel, compulsion, 
 compulsive, dispel, expel, impel, impulse, propel, pulse,* pulsa- 
 tion, repel, repellent, repulse, &c. 
 
 Pendeo, to hang down. Pendant, pendent, pending, pen- 
 dulum, pendulous, pennant, pensile, append, appendage, ap- 
 pendix, depend, impend, independence, independent, perpen- 
 dicular, prepense, propensity, suspend, suspense, vilipend, &c. 
 
 Pendo (pensus), to hang weights, to weigh, to pay. Perpend, 
 compensate, dispense,* dispensary, expend, expenditure, ex- 
 pense, indispensable, pensive, pension, recompense, unpensioned, 
 pansy * &c. 
 
LATIN ROOTS. 179 
 
 Pehetro, to pierce or enter. Penetrable, penetrability, 
 penetrate, penetration, impenetrable, &c. 
 
 Penitet, to repent. Penitence, penitent, penitential, peni- 
 tentiary, impenitent, impenitence, repent, repentance, repent- 
 ant, unrepenting, &c. 
 
 Perior (perltus), to try. Experiment, experimental, expe- 
 rience, expert, inexperience, inexpert, &c. 
 
 Persona, a mask used by players ; a person. Person,* per- 
 sonal, personality, personate, personify, impersonal, &c. 
 
 Pes (pedis) the foot. Pedal, pedestal,* pedestrian, pedigree,* 
 cap-a-pie, expedient, expedite, impede, biped, quadruped, im- 
 peach,* &c. 
 
 Pestis, a plague, pestilence. Pest, pester, pestiferous, pes- 
 tilence, pestilent, pestilential, &c. 
 
 Peto (petltus), to seek, to ask. Petition, appetency, appe- 
 tite, centripetal, compatible,* compete, competency, competent,* 
 impetus, impetuous, repeat, repetition, &c. 
 
 Pilo, to pillage, to pilfer. Pilfer, pilferer, pillage, compile, 1 
 compiler, compilation, &c. 
 
 Pingo (pictus), to paint. Paint, Picts, 2 pictorial, picture, 
 picturesque, pigment, depict, &c. 
 
 Piscis, a fish. Piscatory, Pisces (the twelfth sign of the 
 zodiac), piscine, piscivorous, porpoise,* &e. 
 
 Pius, pious. Piety, pious, impiety, impious, &c. 
 
 Placeo (placitus), to please. Placid, placidity, please, plea- 
 sant, complacent, complaisant, displease, &c. 
 
 Placo, to appease. Placable, implacable, &c. 
 
 Plango (planctus) to complain. Plaint, plaintiff, plaintive, 
 complain, complainant, complaint, &c. 
 
 Planus, plain, level, evident. Plain, a plain, plain-dealing, 
 a plane, to plane, explain, explanatory, plan,* &c. 
 
 Plaudo (plausus), to praise by clapping the hands. Plaudit, 
 plausible, applaud, explode, &c. 
 
 Piecto (plexus), to twist, to knit. Complex, complexity, 
 complexion, 3 perplex, perplexity, &c. 
 
 1 Compile, to pick out parts or passages from other writers. 
 
 2 Picts ; so called, it is said, from their custom of painting their 
 bodies. 
 
 3 Complexion, primarily meant the whole complication or com- 
 position of the parts — the general appearance; but it now means 
 the hue or colour of the skin. 
 
180 LATIN BOOTS. 
 
 Plenus, full. Plenary, plenipotentiary, plenitude, plenty, 
 plenteous, plentiful, plenum, replenish, &c. 
 
 Pleo (pletus), to fill. Pleonasm, pleonastic, accomplish, 
 complement, complete, depletion, expletive, implement,* 
 maniple, replete, supplement, supply, &c. 
 
 Plico (plicatus), to fold, to bend. Pliable, pliancy, pliant, 
 ply,* pliers,* apply, applicable, complicate, comply, complicity, 
 display,* double, duplicate, duplicity, explicit, imply,* impli- 
 cated, implicit,* inexplicable, misapply, multiply, quadruple, 
 quintuple, reply,* simple, simpleton, simplicity, simplify, sup- 
 pliant, supplicate, triple, treble, deploy,* employ,* splice,* &c. 
 
 Ploro (ploratus), to wail, to weep. Deplore, deplorable, 
 explore, 1 implore, unexplored, &c. 
 
 Plumbum, lead. Plumb, plumber, plummet, plumbago, 
 plunge,* plump,* &c. 
 
 Plus (pluris), more. Plural, pluralist, plurality, pluper- 
 fect, overplus, surplus, surplusage, &c. 
 
 Poena, punishment. Penal, penalty, penance, pain, &c. 
 
 Pondus (ponderis), weight. Ponderous, ponder, pound,* 
 preponderance, poise,* counterpoise, equipoise, &c. 
 
 Pono (positus), to place or put down. Pose, position, post,* 
 postage, postpone, posture, apposite, apposition, apropos, 2 
 component, compose, composite, compositor, compost, com- 
 posure, compound, decompose, deponent, depose, deposit, de- 
 position, depot, dispose, exponent, expose, exposure, expound, 
 impose, * impost, impostor, indisposition, interpose, opponent, 
 oppose, preposition, proposal, propound, provost,* purpose, 
 repose, repository, suppose, transpose, &c. 
 
 Populus, the people. Populace, popular, popularize, popu- 
 larity, population, public, publican, publicity, publish, de- 
 populate, people, republic, &c. 
 
 Porcus, a hog. Pork, porcine, porcupine, * &e. 
 
 Porto, to bear or carry. For the derivatives of this word 
 see page 155, 
 
 Posse, to be able : Potens (potentis), able, powerful. 
 
 1 Explore, to search for earnestly ; properly, with sorrowing 
 and tears. 
 
 2 Apropos, that is, to the purpose, seasonably. It is a French 
 word, and is pronounced apropo. 
 
LATIN ROOTS. 181 
 
 Posse, 1 possible, potent, potency, impotent, impotency, poten- 
 tate, potential, omnipotence, omnipotent, plenipotentiary, 
 puissance,* puissant, &c. 
 
 Post, .after, behind : Posterus, after. Postpone, posterior, 
 posterity, postern,* preposterous, &c. 
 
 Postulo, to demand or ask. Postulant, postulate, postu- 
 latum, expostulate, expostulation, &c. 
 
 Poto, to drink. Potable, potation, potion, poison,* &e. 
 
 Praeda, prey, plunder. Predatory, depredator, prey.* 
 
 Precor (precatus), to pray or entreat. Precarious, 2 depre- 
 cate, deprecation, imprecate, imprecation, pray,* &c. 
 
 Prehendo (prehensus), to take hold of, to seize. Apprehend, 
 apprehension, apprehensive, apprentice,* apprize, comprehend, 
 comprise, enterprise, impregnable,* imprison, prisoner,* prize,* 
 misapprehend, reprehend, reprehension, reprisal, surprise, 
 mainprize, &c. 
 
 Premo, to force or press : pressus, forced or pressed. See 
 page 155 for the derivatives of this word. 
 
 Pretium, a price, worth. Precious, price, prize,* praise, 
 appraise, appreciate, depreciate, &c. 
 
 Primus, first. Prime, primer, primeval, prim,* primitive, 
 primogeniture, primrose,* primacy, primate, premier, prior, 
 pristine, imprimis, &c. From this root and Capio, come 
 prince, principal, principle, principia, &c. 
 
 Privus, one's own, not public. Privacy, private, privateer, 
 privilege, privy, deprive, privative, &c. 
 
 Probo (probatus), to prove, to try. Probable, probate, pro- 
 bation, probe, probity, proof, prove,* approve, approbation, 
 improve, reprobate, reprove, reproof, &c. 
 
 Propago, a shoot or branch, offspring. Propagate, propa- 
 gator, propagandism, propagandist, &c. 
 
 Prope, near : Proximus, nearest. Propinquity, proximate, 
 proximity, approach,* propitious,* &c. : Propriu% one's own, 
 peculiar, fit. Proper,* propriety, proprietor, appropriate, im- 
 proper, impropriety, &c. 
 
 1 Posse, as in "posse comitatus" the civil power or force of the 
 county, as the constabulary. 
 
 2 Precarious is properly applied to a thing that cannot be ob- 
 tained or granted without prayers or entreaties ; and hence, 
 depending on the will of another ; uncertain. 
 
182 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 Propitio, to appease, to atone. Propitiate, propitiator, pro- 
 pitiation, propitious, unpropitious, &c. 
 
 Pugna, the fist. Pugilist, pugnacious, pugnacity, expugn, 
 impugn, oppugn, repugnant, &c. 
 
 Pulvis (pulveris), dust. Puiverable, pulverize, pulverin, 
 pulvil, powder,* powdery, &c. 
 
 Pungo (punctus), to point or puncture. Pungent, punctual, 
 punctilio, punctilious, punctuate, puncture, compunction, ex- 
 punge, poignant,* point, poniard,* &c. 
 
 Punio (punltus), to punish. Punish, punishment, punish- 
 able, punitive, punition, impunity, &c. 
 
 Purgo (purgutus), to cleanse, to purify. Purge, purgation, 
 purgatory, compurgator, expurgated, &c. 
 
 Purus, pure. Pure, pureness, purity, purist, puritan, puri- 
 tanical, purify, impure, impurity, &e. 
 
 Puto (putatus), to lop or prune ; also, to think, to compute. 
 Putative, amputate,* compute,* depute, deputy, dispute, im- 
 pute, imputation, repute, disreputable, count, account, discount, 
 recount, &c. 
 
 Putris, rotten. Putrescence, putrescent, putrefy, putrefac- 
 tion, putrid, putridity, olla podrida,* (under Oglio.*) 
 
 Quadra, a figure having four sides, a square. Quadrant, 
 quadratic, quadrangle, quadrilateral, quadrille,* quadroon, 
 quart, quarter,* quartern, quarto, squadron,* squad, square,* 
 quarry,* &c. 
 
 Qusero, to seek : (quaesltus), sought. Query, quest, question, 
 acquire, acquisition, conquer, conquest, exquisite,* inquest, 
 inquire, inquisition, perquisite, require, request, requisite, 
 queer,* &c. 
 
 Qualis, of what kind, such. Quality, qualify, qualification, 
 disqualify, disqualification, &c. 
 
 Quantus, how great, as much as : Quantum, quantity : 
 Quot, how many, so many, or as many as : Quota, quotidian, 
 quotient, aliquot, &c. 
 
 Queror, to complain. Querulous, quarrel, &c. 
 Quies (quietus), quiet, ease, peace. Quiet, quietus, quiescent, 
 acquiesce, inquietude, quit,* quite,* &c. 
 
 Quinque, five. Quinary, quintessence, quintuple, &c. 
 Radius, the spoke of a wheel, the semidiameter of a circle, 
 a beam or ray of light, Radiate, radiation, radiance, radiancy, 
 radiant, ray,* eradiate, irradiate, &c. 
 
LATIN ROOTS. 183 
 
 Radix (radicis), a root. Radical radically, radish, eradicate, 
 race,* racy,* &c. 
 
 Rado (rasus), to shave, to scrape. Rase, raze,* razee, razor,* 
 rasher,* abrade, erase, erasion, erasure, &c. 
 
 Ranceo, to be rancid. Rancid, rancidness, rancour, rancor- 
 ous, rank, rankness, rankle, &c. 
 
 Rapio (raptus), to snatch or carry away by force. Rape, 
 rapacious, rapt,* rapture, rapid, rapine,* ravage,* enrapture, 
 ra\-en,* ravenous, &c. 
 
 Earns, rare, thin, scarce. Rare, rareness, rarely, rarefy, 
 rarefaction, rarity, raree-show, &c. 
 
 Rego (rectus), to rule or govern ; also, to make straight or 
 right. Regent, regency, regimen, regiment,* region,* regnant, 
 regular, regulate, correct, corrigible, direct, erect, incorrect, 
 incorrigible, misdirect, rectangle, rectify, rectilineal or rec- 
 tilinear, rectitude, rector, rectory, right, righteous, upright, 
 &c. 
 
 Reor (ratus), to think, to judge. Rate, ratable, ratify, ratio, 
 rationale, rational, reason,* overrate, &c. 
 
 Res, a thing. Real, reality, realize, rebus,* &c. 
 
 Rete, a net. Reticle,* reticule, retina, riddle,* &c. 
 
 Rideo (risus), to laugh, to laugh at. Ridicule, ridiculous, 
 deride, derision, risible, rally,* &c. 
 
 Rigeo, to be stiff with cold. Rigid, rigidity, rigor, &c. 
 
 Rivus, a stream, a river. River, rivulet, derive,* derivable 
 derivation, derivative, rival,* &c. 
 
 Robur (roboris), strength. Robust, corroborate, &c. 
 
 Rodo (rosus), to gnaw. Corrode, corrosion, rostrum.* 
 
 Rogo (rogatus), to ask. Rogation, abrogate,* arrogate, 
 arrogant,* derogate, interrogate, prerogative, prorogue, super- 
 erogation, surrogate, &c. 
 
 Rota, a wheel. Rotary or rotatory, rotate, rote,* routine, 
 rotund, roll, rowel,* reel,* roulette, roue,* &c. 
 
 Ruber, red. Rubicund, rubric,* ruby,* &c. 
 
 Rudis, untaught, rough. Rude, rudiment, erudite, &c. 
 
 Rumpo (ruptus), to break, to burst. Rupture, ruption, 
 abrupt, bankrupt,* corrupt, corruptible, disruption, eruption, 
 interrupt, irruption, uncorruptible, &c. 
 
 Ruo, to rush, to fall down. Rumour,* ruin, &c. 
 
 Rus (ruris), the country. Rural, rustic, &c. 
 
184 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 Sacer, sacred or holy. Sacrament, sacred, sacrifice, sacrilege, 
 sacerdotal, sacristan, sacristy, consecrate, desecrate, execrate,* 
 execrable, &c. 
 
 Sal, salt. Saltish, saltcellar,* sal-ammoniac, sal-volatile, 
 salad,* salary,* salaried, saline, &c. 
 
 Salio (saltns), to leap, to jump. Salient, sally,* salmon,* 
 assail, assault, desultory, exult, exultation, consult,* consult- 
 ation, insult, result, unassailable, &c. 
 
 Salus (saliitis), safety, health. Salubrity, salubrious, salu- 
 tary, salute, salutation, &c. : Salvus, safe. Salve, salvage,* 
 salver, salvo, save,* safe, &c. 
 
 Sanctus, made holy, sacred. Sanctify, sanctimony, sanc- 
 timonious, sanction, sanctity, sanctuary, saint, &c. 
 
 Sanguis (sanguinis), blood. Sanguinary, sanguine, consan- 
 guinity, cousin,* ensanguine, &c. 
 
 Sanus, sound in health. Sanitary, sane, insane, &c: 
 Sano, to heal, to cure. Sanatory, sanative, &c. 
 
 Sapio, to savour or taste of, to know, to be wise. Sapience, 
 sapient, savour, savoury, insipid, unsavoury, &c. 
 
 Satis, enough. Sate, satiate, satiety, satisfy, satisfaction, 
 satisfactory, dissatisfy, insatiable, unsatisfied, &c. 
 
 Scando (scansus), to climb, to mount. Ascend, ascent, 
 ascension, descend, descendant, descent, condescend, transcend, 
 transcendental, &c. 
 
 Scindo (scissus), to cut. Abscind, rescind, scissors, &c. 
 
 Scio, to know. Science, scientific, sciolist, conscience, 
 conscientious, conscious, omniscience, omniscient, prescience, 
 prescient, unconscious, &c. 
 
 Scribo (scriptus), to write. Scribe, scribble, scrip, scripture, 
 ascribe, circumscribe, conscript, describe, escritoire, inscribe, 
 manuscript, nondescript, prescribe, prescriptive, proscribe,* 
 proscription, rescript, subscribe, superscribe, transcribe, tran- 
 script, &c. 
 
 Seco (sectus), to cut. Secant, sect, sectarian, section, seg- 
 ment, bisect, dissect, insect,* intersect, trisect, &c. 
 
 Sedeo (sessus), to sit. Sedentary, sediment, sedulous, 
 session, assess, assiduous, assize,* insidious, 1 preside, pre- 
 sidency, president, reside, residence, resident, residuum, resi- 
 
 1 Insidious. — PrdpesJly, lying in icaitfor; and hence, treacherous. 
 
LATIN ROOTS. 185 
 
 duary, subside, subsidize, subsidy, 1 subsidiary, supersede, 
 supersedeas, siege,* besiege, size,* &c. 
 
 Semen, seed. Seminal, seminary, disseminate, &c. 
 
 Senex (senis), an old man : Senior, older. Senescence, 
 senile, senility, senior, seignior,* senate. 
 
 Sentio (sensus), to think, to feel, to perceive. Sensation, 
 sense, sensible, sensibility, sensitive, sensorium, sensual, sen- 
 tient, sentence, sententious, sentiment, sentinel,* sentry, assent, 
 consent, dissent, dissension, dissentient, nonsense, presenti- 
 ment, resent,* resentment, &c. 
 
 Separo (separatus), to separate, to sever. Separate, sepa- 
 ration, separable, sever,* several, inseparable, &c. 
 
 Septem, seven. September, septennial, septinsular, &c. 
 See under Octo. 
 
 Sequor (secutus), to follow. Sequence, sequent, sequel, 
 consecutive, consequence, consequent, ensue, execute,* perse- 
 cute, prosecute, pursue, pursuant, pursuit, pursuivant, obse- 
 quies,* subsequent, sue,* suit, suitor, suitable, &c. 
 
 Sero (sertus), to connect, to weave, to join in a rank or row. 
 Assert, assertion, desert,* desertion, dissertation, insert, series, 
 seriatum, sermon,* &c. 
 
 Servio, to be a slave, to serve. Serve, service, servile, ser- 
 vitude, serf, deserve, disserve, subservient, desert,* &c. 
 
 Servo (servatus), to keep, to save. Conser've, conserve, 
 conservative, observe, preserve, reserve, reservoir,* &c. 
 
 Sex, six. Sexennial, sextant, sextile, &c. 
 
 Signum, a mark, a sign. Sign, signal, signalize, signature 
 signet, signify, significance, significancy, significant, assign, 
 assignee, assignation, consign, design, designate, insignia, 
 resign,* ensign,* &c. 
 
 Silva, a wood. Silvan, Pennsylvania, savage,* &c. 
 
 Similis, like. Simile, similar, simulate, assimilate, dissemble, 
 dissimulation, seem,* semblance, fac-simile, &c. 
 
 Singulus, one, single. Single, singular, &c< 
 
 Sinus, a bay, the bosom. Sinuous, sinuosity, insinuate, in- 
 sinuation, &c. 
 
 Sisto, to make to stand. Assist, assistance, assistant, 
 
 1 Sit bsidy.— Literally, a sitting finder or near, for the purpose 
 of aiding. 
 
186 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 consist, consistence, consistency, consistent, desist, irresistible, 
 persist, resist, subsist, subsistence, &c. 
 
 Socius, a companion, an associate. Sociable, social, society, 
 associate, dissociate, unsocial, &c. 
 
 Sol, the sun. Solar, solstice, solstitial, &c. 
 
 Solidus, firm, solid. Solder,* solid, solidity, consols,* con- 
 solidate, consolidated, insolidity, &c. 
 
 Solor (solatus), to comfort, to solace. Solace, console,"* 
 consolation, consolatory, disconsolate, inconsolable, uncon- 
 soled, &c. 
 
 Solus, alone, single. Sole,* solely, solo, solitary, solitude, 
 soliloquy, soliloquize, desolate,* desolation, &c. 
 
 Solvo (solutus), to loose, to free, to melt. Solve, solvent, 
 solvable, solution, absolve, absolute, absolution, dissolve, dis- 
 solute, dissolution, insoluble, insolvent, irresolute, resolve, 
 soluble, unabsolved, undissolved, &c. 
 
 Somnus, sleep. Somnambulist, somnambulism, somnific, 
 somniferous, somnolence, somnolent, &c. 
 
 Sonus, a sound. Sonorous, sonnet,* sonneteer, consonant,* 
 dissonant, resonant, sound, unison, &c. 
 
 Sorbeo (sorptus), to suck in, to drink up. Absorb, absorb- 
 ent, absorbing, absorption, unabsorbed, &c. 
 
 Sors (sortis), lot, sort, kind. Sort,* sortabie, sortie,* assort, 
 assortment, consort, resort,* &c. 
 
 Spargo (sparsus), to scatter, to bespatter. Sparse, asperse, 
 aspersion, disperse, intersperse, &c. 
 
 Spatium, space. Space, spacious, expatiate, &c. 
 
 Specio (spectus), to see, to look. Species, special, specific, 
 specify, specimen, specious, spectacle, spectator, spectre,* 
 speculate, spy,* aspect, auspices,* auspicious, circumspect, con- 
 spicuous, despicable, despise, despite, especial, espy, inspect, 
 irrespective, perspective, perspicuous, prospect, prospectus, 
 respect, retrospect, suspect, respite,* spite,* &c. 
 
 Spero (speratus), to hope. Despair, desperate, desperation, 
 prosper, prosperity, prosperous, &c. 
 
 Spiro (spiratus), to breathe. Spiracle, spirit, spirited, spiri- 
 tual, spirituous, spright or sprite,* aspire, aspirate, aspiration, 
 conspire, conspiracy, dispirit, expire, inspire, perspire, respire, 
 transpire, unaspiring, &c. 
 
 Splendeo, to shine. Splendid, splendour, &c. 
 
 Spolium, booty, spoil. Spoil, spoliation, despoil, &c. 
 
LATIN ROOTS. 187 
 
 Spontleo (sponsus), to promise. Sponsor, correspond, des- 
 pond,* irresponsible, responsive, spouse,* espouse, &c. 
 
 Sterno (stratus), to spread, to throw down or to lay flat. 
 Stratum, strata, street,* stratify, consternation, prostrate, 
 substratum, unstratified, &c. 
 
 Stilla, a drop. Still, distil, distillery, instil, &e. 
 
 Stimulus, a goad or spur. Stimulate,* stimulant, &c. 
 
 Stinguo (stinctus), to mark, to distinguish. Distinguish, 
 distinguishable, distinct, extinguish, extinct, indistinct, in- 
 stinct, stigma,* stigmatize, &c. 
 
 Stipo, to stuff, to cram. Constipate, costive,* &c. 
 
 Sto (status), to stand. Stable, a stable, stability, stamen, 
 stamina, stanch,* stanchion, stand, standard, stanza,* status, 
 state, statement, statics, station, stationary, stationery, statis- 
 tics, statue, statute, stay, staid, stays, stead, steadfast, steady, 
 armistice, arrest, circumstance, constable,* constant, constitute, 
 constituent, contrast,* destitute, distance, establish, extant, 
 instant, instead, institute, interstice,* obstinacy, rest,* restiff * 
 or restive, restitution, solstice, substance, stall,* &c 
 
 Stringo (strictus), to bind. Strain, strict, stricture,* astrin- 
 gent, constrictor, constrain, constraint, restrain, restraint, 
 restrict, restriction, strait, &c. 
 
 Struo (structus), to build. Structure, construe,* construct, 
 destroy,* destructible, destructive, instruct, instrument,* in- 
 strumental, instrumentality, misconstruction, obstruct, ob- 
 struction, substructure, superstruction, &c. 
 
 Studeo, to study. Student, study, studious, &c. 
 
 Stupeo, to be stupid, to be lost in wonder. Stupid, stupidity 
 stupor, stupendous, stupefy, stupified, &c. 
 
 Suadeo (suasus), to persuade. Suasion, suasive, dissuade, 
 dissuasive, persuade, persuasion, persuasive, &c. 
 
 Sudo, to sweat. Sudorific, exude or exsude, &c. 
 
 Summa, a sum, the whole or highest amount. Sum, * sum- 
 mary, summit, consummate, consummation, etc. 
 
 Sumo (sumptus), to take. Assume, assumption, consum- 
 able, consume, consumptive, presume, presumptive, presump- 
 tuous, resume, unassuming, &c. 
 
 Surgo (surrectus), to rise, to lift up. Surge, insurgent, in- 
 surrection, insurrectionary, Resurrection, &c. 
 
 Tabula, a board or plank, a table. Tablature, table, tablet 
 tabular, tabulate, tavern * entablature, &e. 
 
188 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 Taceo, to be silent. Tacit, taciturn, reticence, &c. 
 
 Tango (tactns), to touch. Tangent, tangible, tact, taction, 
 attain, attainment, contact, contagion, contagions, contiguity, 
 contingent, contingency, integer, integrant, integral, integrity, 
 disintegrate, disintegration, entire, &c. 
 
 Tardus, slow, dilatory. Tardy, retard, tardiness, &c. 
 
 Tego (tectus), to cover. Tegument, tegular, tile,* detect, 
 detection, integument, protect, protection, &c. 
 
 Temno (temptus), to despise. Contemn, contempt, &c. 
 
 Tempero, to temper, to mix, to moderate. Temper, tempera- 
 ment, temperance, temperate, temperature, attemper, distemper, 
 intemperate, tamper, &c. 
 
 Tempus (temporis), time. Temporal, temporalities, tem- 
 porary, extemporary, contemporaneous, &c. 
 
 Tendo (tentus or tensus), to stretch, to strive. Tend, ten- 
 dency, tender (to offer), tense, tension, tent,* tenter-hook, 
 attend, attention, contend, contentious, distend, extend, extent, 
 intend, intense, intent, ostensible, ostentation, portend, por- 
 tent,* pretend, pretence, subtend, superintend, superinten- 
 dent, &c. 
 
 Teneo (tentus), to hold. Tenable, tenacious, tenacity, 
 tenant, tenement, tenet,* tenon,* tenor,* tenure, abstain, 
 appertain, appurtenance, contain, content, continent, continue, 
 countenance, 1 detain, discontent, entertain, impertinent,* lieu- 
 tenant, maintain,* obtain, pertain, pertinacious, pertinent, 
 ^ , retain, retainer, retention, retentive, retinue, sustain, unsus- 
 
 tained, &c. 
 
 Tento, to try, to attempt. Tempt, tempter, temptation, 
 tentative, attempt, unattenipted, &c. 
 
 Tenuis, thin, slender. Tenuity, attenuate, attenuated, 
 attenuant, extenuate, extenuation, <&e. 
 
 Terminus, a limit or boundary. Terminus, term, termin- 
 able, terminate, conterminous, determine, determinate, exter- 
 minate, predetermine, terminology, &c. 
 
 Tero (tritus), to wear by rubbing. Trite, triturate, attri- 
 tion, contrite, detriment, detrition, detritus, &c. 
 
 Terra, the earth. Terrace,* terrestrial, terrier,* territory, 
 inter, disinter, Mediterranean, subterranean, &c. 
 
 1 Countenance (from coniinens), the contents of the face : the 
 whole features taken together. 
 
LATIK BOOTS. 189 
 
 Terreo, to frighten. Terror, terrible, deter, &c. 
 
 Testis, a witness. Test, testament, testamentary, testator, 
 testify, testimonial, testimony, attest, contest,* detest,* intes- 
 tate, protest, unattested, &c. 
 
 Texo, to weave. Text,* texture, pretext, tissue,* &c. 
 
 Timeo, to fear. Timid, timidity, intimidate, &c. 
 
 Tingo (tinctus), to tinge, to stain. Tinge, tincture, tint, 
 taint,* attainder, attaint, mezzotinto,* &c. 
 
 Titulus, a title, an inscription. Title, titular, &c. 
 
 Tolero (toleratus), to bear or suffer. Tolerable, tolerance, 
 tolerant, tolerate, toleration, intolerable, &c. 
 
 Torpeo, to be torpid, or void of feeling. Torpedo, torpescent, 
 torpid, torpitude, torpidity, torpor, &c. 
 
 Torqueo (tortus), to twist. Tort, torso, tortile, tortoise,* 
 torture, torment,* tortuous, contortion, distort, extort, ex- 
 tortion, extortioner, retort,* &c, 
 
 Totus, whole, all. Total, factotum, surtout,* &c. 
 
 Trado (traditus), to deliver, to hand down. Tradition, tradi- 
 tional, traditionary, traitor,* treason,* &c. 
 
 Traho (tractus), to draw. Trace, traceable, track, tract,* 
 tractable, traction, trail, train,* abstract, attract, betray, con- 
 tract, contraction, contractor, detract, distract, extract, por- 
 trait, portray,* protract, retract, trait, subtract, subtrahend, 
 retreat,* tirade,* &c. 
 
 Tremo, to tremble. Tremor, tremulous, tremble, &c. 
 
 Tres, three. Triangle, trident, triennial, Trinity, trio, tri- 
 partite, triple, treble, trisect, trivial,* &c. 
 
 Tribuo, to contribute. Tribute, tributary, attribute, con- 
 tribution, distribute, retribution, &c. 
 
 Tribus, tribe. Tribe,* tribunal, tribune, &c. 
 
 Tricae, hairs or thread used to ensnare birds. Trick, extri- 
 cate, inextricable, intricacy, intricate,* intrigue, tress,* &e. 
 
 Trudo (trusus), to thrust. Abstruse, abstruseness, intrude, 
 intrusion, obtrude, obtrusion, obtrusive, protrude, protrusion, 
 unobtrusive, &c. 
 
 Tuber, a swelling or bump. Tuber, tubercle, tubercular, 
 extuberance, protuberance, protuberant, &c. 
 
 Tueor (tutus), to see, to watch over, to guard, to instruct. 
 Tuition, tutelage, tutelary, tutor, intuition, intuitive, un- 
 tutored, &c. 
 
190 LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 Tumeo, to swell. Tumid, tumor, tumulus, tumult, tumultu- 
 ous, contumacy, contumacious, contumelious, &c. v 
 
 Tundo (tusus), to beat, to bruise, to blunt. Contusion, 
 obtuse, obtuseness, &c. 
 
 Turba, a crowd, a disturbance. Turbid, turbulence, tur- 
 bulent, disturb, perturbation, trouble, &c. 
 
 Turgeo, to swell. Turgid, turgidity, turgidness, &c. 
 
 Ultimus, last. Ultimate, ultimatum, penultimate, &c. 
 
 Umbra, a shade. Umbrage, umbrella, sombre,* &c. 
 
 Unda, a wave. Undulate, abound,* abundance, abundant, 
 inundate, redound,* redundant, superabound, &c. 
 
 Unguo (unctus), to anoint. Unction, unctuous, &c. 
 
 Unus, one, alone. Union, unique, unison, unit, unite 
 unanimity, unicorn, univalve, universe, university, &c. 
 
 Urbs, a city. Urbane,* urbanity, suburbs, &e. 
 
 Urgeo, to press, to force. Urge, urgency, urgent, &c. 
 
 Urina, animal water. Urine, urinal, urinary, &c. 
 
 Uro (ustus), to burn. Adust, combustion, combustible, 
 combustive, incombustible, &c. 
 
 Utor (usus), to use. Use, usage, usual, usury,* usurp, 
 utensil, utility, utilitarian, inutility, perusal, unusual, abuse, 
 disuse, misuse, peruse, &c. 
 
 Vacca, a cow. Vaccine, vaccinate,* vaccination, &c. 
 
 Vaco, to be empty, to be at leisure. Vacancy, vacant, 
 vacate, vacation, vacuum, vacuity, evacuate, &c. 
 
 Vado (vasus), to go. Vade-mecum, evade, evasion, invade, 
 •^ invasion, pervade, wade,* waddle, &c. 
 
 Vagus, wandering. Vague, vagabond, * vagrant, vagrancy, 
 vagary, extravagance, extravagant, &c. 
 
 Valeo, to be well, to be strong. Valediction, valetudinarian, 
 valiant, valid, valour,* value, avail, convalescence, counter- 
 vail, equivalent, invalid, invalidate, invaluable, prevail, pre- 
 valence, unavailable, unavailing, &c. 
 
 Valvae, folding doors. Valve,* valvular, bivalve, &c. 
 
 Vanus, vain, empty. Vain, vanity, vanish, evanescent. 
 
 Vapor, an exhalation, steam. Vapour, evaporate, &c. 
 
 Varius, various, diverse. Vary, variable, variance, varia- 
 tion, variegate, variety, various, unvaried, &c. 
 
 Vastus, large, vast. Vast, vastness, vasty : Vasto, to lay 
 waste. Devastate, devastation, waste,* &c, 
 
LATIN ROOTS. 191 
 
 Veho (vectus), to carry. Vehemence, vehement, vehicle, * 
 veterinary,* vex,* convex, convey, invective, &c. 
 
 Yello (vulsns), to pull or pluck. Yellicate, convulse, con- 
 vulsion, convulsive, divellicate, revulsion, wool, * &c. 
 
 Velo, to cover with a veil; to conceal. Yail, "veil, reveal,* 
 revelation, Revelation, unveil, &c. 
 
 Yena, a vein. Vein, venesection, veneer,* &c. 
 
 Yendo, to sell. Yenal, vend, vendible, vent,* &c. 
 
 Venenum, poison. Venom, venomous, envenom, &c. 
 
 VenervT, to venerate. Venerate, venerable, &c. 
 
 Venio (ventus),to come, to arrive. Vent, venture,* advent 
 adventitious, adventure, avenue,* circumvent, contravene, 
 convene, convenience, convent, conventicle, convention, con- 
 ventional, covenant, covin,* event, intervene, invent, invention, 
 inventive, inventory,* prevent,* prevention, preventive, re- 
 venue, supervene, parvenu,* &c. 
 
 Venor, to hunt. Venary, venation, venison,* &c. 
 
 Venter, the belly. Ventral, ventricle, ventriloquism. 
 
 Yentusthe wind. Ventilate, vent,* ventage, &c. . 
 
 Verbum, a word. Verb, verbal, verbatim, verbiage, ver- 
 bose, verbosity, adverb, proverb, proverbial, &c. 
 
 Vereor, to stand in awe of. Verecund, revere, reverence, 
 reverend, reverent, reverential, &c. 
 
 Vergo, to tend towards, to verge. Converge, convergence, 
 convergent, diverge, divergence, &c. 
 
 Vermis, a worm. Vermicelli,* vermicular, vermifuge, 
 vermilion,* vermin, verminous, worm,* &c. 
 
 Yerto (versus), to turn. Versatile, verse, version, vertebre or 
 vertebra, vertex, vertical, vertigo, advert, adverse, adversary, 
 advertise, animadvert, animadversion, anniversary, avert, aver- 
 sion, controvert, convert, convertible, conversant, conversation, 
 conversazione, converse, conversion, divert, divers, diverse, 
 diversion, diversity, diversify, inadvertent, invert, inverse, 
 inversion, malversation, obverse, pervert, perverse, revert, 
 reverse, subvert, subversive, tergiversation, 1 transverse, tra- 
 verse, universe, universal, university, divorce, vortex, &e. 
 
 Verus, true. Veracity, veracious, verdict,* verify, verisi- 
 militude, verity, very, verily, aver, * average, * &c. 
 
 1 Tergiversation, literally a turning of the back upon. From 
 tergam, the L-ack, and uerto to turn. 
 
192 LATIN HOOTS. 
 
 Vestigium, a footstep, a trace. Vestige, investigate, &e. 
 
 Vestis, a garment or robe. Vest, vestment, vestr y,* vesture, 
 divest, invest, investment, investiture, &c. 
 
 Vetus (veteris), old. Veteran, inveterate, &c. 
 
 Via, a way. Viaduct, viaticum, deviate, devious, obviate, 
 obvious, pervious, previous, trivial,* convoy, voyage,* un- 
 deviating, &c. 
 
 Vibro, to oscillate. Vibrate, vibration, vibratory, &c. 
 
 Vicis (vice), a change or turn, instead of. Vice-versa, 
 vice-admiral, viceroy, vicegerent, viscount, vicissitude, vicar, * 
 vicarial, vicarious, &c. 
 
 Video (visus), to see. Vide, visage,* visard, visible, vision, 
 visionary, visit, visor,* visual, adverse, adviee, evidence, 
 evident, invidious, envy, provide, providence, provident, pro- 
 vidential, provision, provisional, proviso, purvey,* revise, 
 revisit, supervision, survey,* vedette,* videlicet (viz.), vis-a- 
 vis,* vista, &c. 
 
 Viduus, empty, bereft. Void, avoid, avoidable, devoid, 
 widow,* unavoidable. 
 
 Vigil, watchful. Vigils, vigilance, vigilant, revel, &c. 
 
 Vigor, strength, energy. Vigour, vigorous, &c. 
 
 Vilis, of no value ; base. Vile, vilify, villain, * &c. 
 
 Vinco (victus), to conquer. Vincible, victim,* victor, 
 victory, vanquish, convince, convict, conviction, evince, evict, 
 eviction, province, * provincial, &e. 
 
 Vindico, to revenge. Vengeance, vindicate, vindictive, 
 avenge, avenger, revenge, &c. 
 
 Vinum, wine. Vine, vineyard, vintage, * vintner, vinegar, 
 vinous, viny, wine,* vignette,* &c. 
 
 Violo, to injure, to violate. Violate, violation, violator, 
 violence, violent, inviolable, inviolate, &c. 
 
 Vir, a man. Virile, virility, virago, decemvir, &c. 
 
 Viridis, green. Verdant, verdure, verdigris,* &c. 
 
 Virtus, bravery; any excellent quality. Virtue, virtuous, 
 virtual, virtu, virtuoso, &c. 
 
 Virus, noxious juice, poison. Virus, virulent, &c. 
 
 Vitium, vice. Vitiate, vitiated, vice, vicious, &e. 
 
 Vito, to shun, to avoid. Evitable, inevitable, &c. 
 
 Vitrum, glass. Vitreous, vitrify, vitriol, &c. 
 
 Vitupero, to blame, to abuse. Vituperate, &c. 
 
 Vivo (victus), to live- Vivacity, vivacious, viva-voce, 
 
GREEK ROOTS. 193 
 
 vivary, vivid, vivify, viviparous, viand,* victual, victuals,* 
 vital, vitals, vitality, convivial, revive, survive, &c. 
 
 Yoco, to call. Vocal, vocation, vociferate, vociferous, 
 advocacy, advocate, avocation, convoke, equivocal, equivocate, 
 evoke, invocate, invoke, provoke, revoke, vocabulary, vouch,* 
 avouch, vouchsafe, vowel,* &c. 
 
 Volo, to fly. Volatile, volatility, volatilize, volley,* &c. 
 
 Voluptas, sensuality, pleasure. Voluptuary, voluptuous, 
 voluptuousness, &c. 
 
 Volvo (volutus), to roll. Voluble, volubility, volume,* 
 voluminous, volute, volution, circumvolve, convolve, convol- 
 vulus, devolve, evolve, involve, revolve, revolt, valve.* 
 
 Voro, to devour. Voracity, voracious, carnivorous, devour, 
 graminivorous, granivorous, omnivorous, &c. 
 
 Voveo (votus), to vow. Vow, votary, vote, votive, avow,* 
 devote, devotee, devotion, devotional, devout, &e. 
 
 Vulgus, the common people. Vulgar, vulgarism, vulgarity, 
 vulgate, divulge, promulge,* promulgate, &c. 
 
 Vulnus (vulneris), a wound. Vulnerable, invulnerable 
 invulnerability, invulnerableness, &c. 
 
 GEEEK ROOTS. 3 
 
 Aer, the air. Aerial, air, airy, aeriform, airiness, aerify, 
 aerolite, aeronaut, &c. 
 
 Aggelo (ang-el-lo), to bring tidings. Angel,* angelic, 
 evangelist, evangelical, evangelize, &c. 
 
 Ago, to drive or lead. Demagogue, paragoge, 1 &c. 
 
 Agon, a writhing and twisting, as of wrestlers ; a struggle, 
 a contest. Agony, antagonist, antagonistic, &c. 
 
 Agora, a place for public assemblies ; an oration. Allegory, 
 allegorical, category, categorical, panegyric, &c. 
 
 Akouo, to hear. Acoustics, diacoustics, otacoustic. 
 
 Alios, another. Allegory, allegorical, parallel, &c. 
 
 Anemos, the wind. Anemone', anemometer, &c. 
 
 1 For the pronunciation of Greek words, see note 3 , page 152. 
 
 I 
 
194 GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Anthropos, a man. Misanthropy, philanthropy, &c. 
 
 Archaios, ancient. Archaeology, archaic, archives, &c. 
 
 Arche, 1 the beginning ; government. Archetype, anarchy, 
 hierarchy, monarch, oligarchy, patriarch, tetrarch. 
 
 Aristos, the best, the noblest. Aristocracy, aristocrat. 
 
 Arithmos, number. Arithmetic, logarithms, &c. 
 
 Astron, a star. Astral, astrology, astronomy, asterisk. 
 
 Aulos, a pipe. Hydraulic, hydraulics, &c. 
 
 Autos, one's self. Autobiography, autocrat, autograph, 
 automaton, autopsy, &c. 
 
 Ballo, to cast. Bolt, bolus, emblem,* emblematic, hyper- 
 bole, parable, parabola, problem,* symbol, &c. 
 
 Balsanion, balm. Balsam, balsamic, balm, embalm, &c. 
 
 Bapto or Baptizo, to dip, to baptize. Baptize, &c. 
 
 Baros, weight. Barometer, barytes, barytone, &c. 
 
 Basis, the foot ; the lowest part, the foundation. Base, 
 basement, baseness, bass, debase, surbase, &c. 
 
 Biblos, a book. Bible, biblical, bibliographer, bibliopole or 
 bibliopolist, bibliomania, bibliotheke, &c. 
 
 Bios, life. Biography, amphibious, autobiography, &c. 
 
 Botane, an herb. Botany, botanic, botanist, &c. 
 
 Bronchos, the windpipe. Bronchial, bronchitis, &c. 
 
 Character, a mark. Character, characteristic, &c. 
 
 Charis (charitos), love, grace. Charity, eucharist, &c. 
 
 Cheir, the hand. Chirurgeon* or surgeon, chiragra, &c. 
 
 Chole', bile, anger. Choler, choleric, melancholy, &c. 
 
 Chorda, a gut, a string. Chord, cord,* cordon, &c. 
 
 Christos, anointed. Christ, Christian, Christianity, Christ- 
 mas, chrism, unchristian, &c. 
 
 Chronos, time. Chronic, chronicle,* chronology, &c. 
 
 Chrusos, gold. Chrysalis, chrysohte, &c. 
 
 Chulos, chyle. Chylous, chylaceous, &c. 
 
 Chumos, juice (from cheo, to melt or pour). Chynie, che- 
 mistry, chemist, chemical, alchymy, &c. 
 
 Dahnon, a spirit, a demon. Demoniac, pandemonium. 
 
 Damao, to tame, to subdue. Adamant, diamond,* &c. 
 
 i Archi, — As a guide to the pronunciation, the ejinalis marked 
 s hort, though it is long in the original (??). See note s, p. 152. 
 
GREEK ROOTS. 195 
 
 Deca, ten. Decade, decagon, decalogue, &c. 
 
 Demos, the people. Demagogue, democracy, democrat, 
 democratic, endemic, epidemic, &c. 
 
 Dendron, a tree or shrub. Dendrite, dendrolite, &c. 
 
 Despotes, a master, a tyrant. Despot, despotism, &c. 
 
 Diaita, food, regimen. Diet,* dietary, dietetic, &c. 
 
 Diploma (literally a duplicate), a letter or writing conferring 
 some privilege. Diploma, diplomacy, &c. 
 
 Dis, di, twice. Dilemma, diphthong, dimeter, &c. 
 
 Dogma, an opinion. Dogma, dogmatic, &c. ; Doxa, an 
 opinion, belief. Heterodox, orthodox, paradox, &c. 
 
 Dotos, given. Dotal, dose,* anecdote,* antidote, &c. 
 
 Drama, a play. Drama,* dramatic, dramatist, &c. 
 
 Dromos, a race-course. Dromedary, hippodrome, &c. 
 
 Drus, an oak. Druid, druidical or druidic, dryad, &c. 
 
 Dun amis, power, force. Dynamics, dynamic, dynasty. 
 
 Dus, ill, difficult. Dysentery, dyspepsy, &c. 
 
 Ecclesia, the church. Ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical. 
 
 Echeo, to sound, to echo. Echo, catechise, &c. 
 
 Eido, to see : Eidos, a form, figure, or likeness. Idol, 
 idolater, idolize, idea, cycloid, asteroid, spheroid, &c. 
 
 Elao (elaso), to drive, to impel. Elastic, elasticity, &c. 
 
 Electron, amber. Electric, electricity, &c. 
 
 Eleemosyne, pity. Eleemosynary, alms,* &c. 
 
 Emeo, to vomit. Emetic, emetical, &c. 
 
 Epos, a word. Epic, orthoepy, orthoepist, &c. 
 
 Eremos, desert, solitary. Eremite, hermit,* &c. 
 
 Ergon, a work. Chirurgeon* (surgeon), energy, &c. 
 
 Ethnos, a nation. Ethnic, ethnical, heathen,* &c. 
 
 Ethos, custom, manners. Ethics, ethic, ethical, &c. 
 
 Etumos, true. Etymon, etymology, etymological, &c. 
 
 Eu, well. Eucharist, eulogy, euphony, evangelist, &c. 
 
 Gameo, to marry. Amalgam, amalgamate, bigamy, &c. 
 
 G aster, the stomach. Gastric, gastronomy, &c. 
 
 Ge, the earth. Geography, geology, geometry, &c. 
 
 Genea, a race, a descent : Genos, genus, kin. Genealogy, 
 Genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous, hydrogen. 
 
 Glotta or glossa, the tongue. Polyglot, gloss, glossary. 
 
 Glupho, to carve or engrave. Glyph, hieroglyphics, &c. 
 
 Gonia, a corner, an angle. Diagonal, hexagon, &c. 
 
 Grapho, to write. Graphic, autograph, biography, geo- 
 
 i2 
 
196 GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 graphy, hydrography, lithography, orthography, paragraph, 
 stenography, telegraph, topography, typography, &c. : Gram- 
 ma, a letter. Grammar, anagram,* diagram, epigram, paral- 
 lelogram, programme, telegram, &c. 
 
 Gune, a woman. Gynarchy, gyneocracy, misogynist. 
 
 Gyrus, a ring, a circle. Gyration, veer,* environ,* &c. 
 
 Haima, blood. Hematite, hemorrhage, &c. 
 
 Haireo, to take, to take up an opinion. Heresy, heretic 
 aphreresis, diaeresis, synseresis, &c. 
 
 Hebdomas, a week. Hebdomadal, &c. 
 
 Hecaton, a hundred. Hecatomb, &c. 
 
 Hedra, a seat, a chair. Cathedral, chair,* &c. 
 
 Helios, the sun. Heliacal, aphelion, &c. 
 
 Hemera, a day. Ephemera, ephemeral, ephemeris, &c. 
 
 Hemisus, half. Hemi, hemicrany, megrim,* &c. 
 
 Hepta, seven. Heptagon, heptachord, heptarchy, &c. 
 
 Heros, a hero. Hero, heroine, heroic, heroism, &c. 
 
 Heteros, another. Heterodox, heterogeneous, &c. 
 
 Hex, six. Hexagon, hexameter, &c. 
 
 Hieros, sacred. Hierarch, hierarchy, hieroglyphic, &e. 
 
 Hippos, a horse. Hippopotamus, hippodrome, &c. 
 
 Holos, the whole. Catholicon, &c. 
 
 Homos, like. Homogeneal, homologous, &c. 
 
 Hora, an hour. Horary, horologe, horoscope, &c. 
 
 Horos, a boundary. Horizon, horizontal, aphorism, &c. 
 
 Hudor, water. Hydraulics, hydrogen, hydrophobia, hy- 
 drostatics, dropsy,* hydrodynamics, water,* &c. 
 
 Hugros, moist. Hygrometer, hygroscope, &c. 
 
 Humen, the god of marriage. Hymen, hymeneal, &c. 
 
 Humnos, a sacred song. Hymnic, hymn, anthem, &c. 
 
 Ichnos, a footstep, a track. Ichneumon,* ichnography. 
 
 Ichthus, a fish. Ichthyology, ichthyophagist, &c. 
 
 Idea, a mental image. See Eido. 
 
 Idios, peculiar. Idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot, &c. 
 
 Idolon, an image or idol. See under Eido. 
 
 Ikon, an image or picture. Icon, iconoclast, &c. 
 " Isos, equal. Isosceles, isothermal, ice,* &c. 
 
 Kaio (kauso), to burn. Caustic, cauterize, &c. 
 
 Kakos, bad. Cacodemon, cacoethes, &c. 
 
 Kalos, beautiful. Caligraphy, kaleidoscope, &c. 
 
 Kalupto (kalupso), to cover, to conceal. Apocalypse. 
 
GREEK ROOTS. 197 
 
 Kanon, a rule. Canon, canonical, canonize, &c. 
 
 Kathairo, to cleanse. Cathartic, cathartical, &c. 
 
 Kentron, a goad, a point, the centre. Centre, centrical, 
 cento,* &c. See Centrum, page 161. 
 
 Kephale, the head. Cephalic, hydrocephalus, &c. 
 
 Keras, a horn. Cerastes, monocerouSj rhinoceros, &c. 
 
 Kleros, a lot. Cleric, clergy, clerk, * &c. 
 
 Klimax, a ladder ; a gradual ascent or rising. Climax, 
 climacteric, anticlimax, climate, &c. 
 
 Klino, to bend, to incline. Clinic, clinical, &c. 
 
 Koinos, common. Cenobite, cenobitical, epicene, &c. 
 
 Kolon, a limb, a member, a stop ; also, the largest of the 
 intestines. Colon, colic, &c. 
 
 Komos, a jovial meeting. Comic, comical, comedy, &c. 
 
 Konos, a cone. Conic, conical, &c. 
 
 KoptOj to cut. Apocope, syncope, chop, &c. 
 
 Kosmos, order, ornament ; also, the world. Cosmetic, cos- 
 mogony, cosmopolitan, cosmorama, &c. 
 
 Kr anion, the skull. Cranium, craniology, megrim,* &c. 
 
 Krasis, temperament, constitution. See under Tdios. 
 
 Kratos, power. Aristocracy, democracy, theocracy, &c. 
 
 Krino, to sift or separate; to judge: Rrites, a judge, a 
 critic. Critic, critical, criticise, criticism, critique, criterion, 
 hypercritical, crisis,* hypocrisy, &c. 
 
 Krupto, to hide. Crypt cryptogamic, apocrypha, &c. 
 
 Kuklos, a circle. Cycle, Cyclops, encyclopedia, &c. 
 
 Kulindros, a roller. Cylinder, cylindrical, &c. 
 
 Kuon, a dog. Cynic, cynical, cynosure, 1 &c. 
 
 Lambo (or Lambano), to take. Astrolabe, syllable, &c. 
 
 Laos, the people. Lay, laity, laic, layman, &c. 
 
 Latria, service, worship. Idolater, idolatry, &c. 
 
 Lego (lexo), to say ; to read ; to gather or select. Lexicon, 
 dialect, dialectics, eclectic, eclogue, * &c. See Logos. 
 
 Leipo (leipso), to leave out. Eclipse, 2 ellipsis, &c. 
 
 1 Cynosure. — See the " Dictionary of Derivations," page 268. 
 
 2 Eclipse means a leaving out or deficiency, as of light ; and 
 Ellipse is another form of the same word. In making an ellipse, 
 we leave out, as it were, a part of the radius, not giving the full 
 sweep of the compasses, as in a circle. An elliptical orbit and 
 an elliptical sentence have each something left out. 
 
198 GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Lethe, forgetfulness, death. Lethe, lethargy, &c. 
 
 Lithos, a stone. Lithography, lithotomy, aerolite, &c. 
 
 Logos, a word, a discourse, reason, science. Logic, loga- 
 rithm, logomachy, analogy, anthology, apology, astrology, 
 chronology, demonology, doxology, etymology, genealogy, 
 geology, meteorology, mineralogy, mythology, ornithology, 
 osteology, pathology, philology, phrenology, physiology, tau- 
 tology, theology, zoology, apologue, catalogue, decalogue, 
 dialogue, epilogue, prologue, &c. 
 
 Luo (luso), to loose. Analyse, analysis, analytic, analy- 
 tical, paralysis, paralyse, palsy,* &c. 
 
 Mache, a battle Logomachy, sciomachy, &c. 
 
 Mania, madness. Mania, maniac, bibliomania, &c. 
 
 Manteia, prophecy, divination. Necromancy, &c. 
 
 Martur, a witness, a martyr. Martyr, martyrdom, &c. 
 
 Mathema, learning. Mathematics, mathematician, &c. 
 
 Mechanao, to contrive, to invent. Mechanics, mechanic, 
 machine,* mechanism, &c. 
 
 Melas (melan), black. Melancholy, &c. See Ckole. 
 
 Melos, a sweet sound, a tune, song. Melody, melodious, 
 melodrama, philomel, &c. See Ode. 
 
 Metallon, a metal. Metal,* metallurgy, metalloid, &c. 
 
 Meteor a, luminous bodies in the air or sky. Meteor 
 meteoric, meteorology, meteorological, &c. 
 
 Meter, a mother. Metropolis,* metropolitan, &c. 
 
 Metron, a measure. Meter, metre, metrical, barometer, 
 chronometer, diameter, gasometer, geometry, micrometer, 
 symmetry, thermometer, trigonometry, &c. 
 
 Mikros, small. Microcosm, microscope, omikron, &c. 
 
 Mimos, an imitator, a buffoon. Mimic, pantomime, &c. 
 
 Misos, hatred. Misanthropy, misogamist, &c. 
 
 Mneo (mnao, mneso), to remind, to remember. Mnemonics, 
 mnemonic, amnesty, &c. 
 
 Monos, alone. Monk,* monarch, monody, monogamist, 
 monopoly, monastery, monotony, &c. 
 
 Morphe, shape, form. Metamorphose, amorphous, &c. 
 
 Muthos, a word, a fable. Myth, mythology, &c. 
 
 Murios, ten thousand. Myriad, myriagrarame, &c. 
 
 Naus, a ship : nautes, a sailor. Nausea,* nauseate, nauti- 
 cal, nautilus, aeronaut, Argonauts, &c. 
 
 Nekros, dead. Necropolis, &c. See Manteia. 
 
GREEK ROOTS. 199 
 
 Neos, new. Neology, neophyte, Naples, new,* &c. 
 Nesos, an island. Chersonesus, Peloponnesus, &c. 
 Neuron, a nerve. Neuralgia, nerve, enervate, &c. 
 Nomos, a law. Deuteronomy, astronomy, &c. 
 Nosos, a disease. Nosology, nosological, &c. 
 Ode, a song. Ode, palinode, comedy, melody, monody, 
 parody, prosody, psalmody, rhapsody, &c. 
 
 Odos, a way. Episode, Exodus, method,* period, periodi- 
 cal, periodic, synod, &c. 
 
 Oikos, a house. Economy, diocese, parish, * &c. 
 Oligos, few. Oligarchy, oligarchical, &c. 
 Omalos, like, regular. Anomalous, anomaly, &c. 
 Onoma, a name. Anonymous, synonymous, &c. 
 Optomai, to see. Optic, optics, synopsis, dropsy,* &c. 
 Orama, the thing seen, a sight. Cosmorama, diorama, 
 dioramic, panorama, panoramic, &c. 
 
 Organon, an instrument. Organ, organic, organize, &c. 
 Orkos, an oath. Exorcise, exorcism, &c. 
 Ornis (ornlthos), a bird. Ornithology, &c. 
 Orphanos, bereft of parents. Orphan, orphanage, &c. 
 Orthos, straight, right. Orthodox, orthography, &c. 
 Osteon, a bone. Osteology, periosteum, &c. 
 Ostrakon, a shell. Ostracism, oyster,* &c. 
 Ouranos, heaven. Uranus, ouranography, &c. 
 Oxus, sharp, acid. Oxalic, oxyde, paroxysm, &c. 
 Pais (paidos), a boy : Paideia, instruction. Pedagogue, 
 pedagogy, cyclopredia, &c. See Ago. 
 
 Palaios, ancient, old. Paleography, paleology, paleonto- 
 logy, paleosaurus, paleotherium, &c. 
 
 Papas, a father. Papa, papal, papacy, Pope, &c. 
 Pas (pantos), all. Panacea,* pandect, panegyric, panoply, 
 panorama, pantheon, pantomime, &c. 
 
 Pascha, the passover. Paschal, pasque-flower, &c. 
 Pateo, to tread, to walk about. Peripatetic, patrol, &c. 
 Pathos, feeling. Pathetic, apathy, antipathy, &c. 
 Peptos, cooked, digested. Dyspepsy, &c. See Dus. 
 Petalon, a leaf. Petal, apetalous, bipetalous, &c. 
 Petra, a rock. Peter, saltpetre, petrify, &c. 
 Phago, to eat. Anthropophagi, sarcophagus,* &c. 
 Phaino, to shine, to appear. Phantasm,* fancy,* fantasy, 
 fantastic, phase, epiphany, &c. 
 
200 GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Pharmakon, a drug. Pharmacy, pharmacopoeia, &c. 
 Phemi, to say, to speak. Blaspheme, blasphemy, emphasis, 
 emphatic, prophet, euphemism, &c. 
 
 Phero, to carry. Metaphor, paraphernalia,* &c. 
 Philos, one who loves. Philanthropy, philanthropic, phil- 
 ology, philosophy, Philadelphia, &c. 
 
 Phone, voice. Phonic, euphony, symphony, &c. 
 Phos (photos), light. Phosphorus, phosphoric, phosphuret, 
 photogenic, photography, photograph, &c. 
 
 Phrasis, a phrase, a saying. Phrase, antiphrasis, meta- 
 phrase, paraphrase, periphrase, &c. 
 
 Phren, the mind. Phrenetic, phrenology, frantic, &c. 
 Phthongos, a sound. Diphthong, triphthong, &c. 
 Phullon, a leaf. Aphyllous, monophyllous, &c. 
 Phusis, nature. Physic, physics, metaphysics, &c. 
 Phuton, a plant. Zoophyte, neophyte, &c. 
 Plane, wandering. Planet, planetary, &c. 
 Plasso, to form in clay. Plastic, plaster, &c. 
 Pleo, to fill. Pleonastic, pleonastical, pleonasm, &c. Pie 
 thos, fulness. Plethora, plethoric, &c. 
 
 Plesso (plexo), to strike. Apoplexy, apoplectic, &c. 
 Pneuma (pneumatos), air, breath. Pneumatics, &c. 
 
 Poieo, to make. Poem, poet, onomatopoeia, &c. 
 Polemos, war. Polemics, polemical, &c. 
 
 Poleo, to sell. Monopoly,* bibliopolist, &c. 
 
 Polis, a city. Police,* policy, politics,* metropolis,* Acro- 
 polis, Heliopolis, Adrianople, Constantinople, &c. 
 
 Polus, many. Polyanthus, polyglot, Polynesia, &c. 
 
 Pompa, a grand procession. Pomp, pompous, &c. 
 
 Poros, a pore, a passage. Pore, porous, emporium, &c. 
 
 Potamos, a river. Hippopotamus, Mesopotamia. 
 
 Pous (podos), a foot. Antipodes, polypus, tripod, &c. 
 
 Praktos, done : prasso, to do. Practise, practice, prag- 
 matic,* praxis, impracticable, &c. 
 
 Presbuteros, elder. Presbyter, presbytery, presbyterian, 
 presbyterianism, priest,* &c. 
 
 Protos, first. Protocol,* protomartyr, prototype, &c. 
 
 Psallo, to sing, to play. Psalm, psalter, &c. 
 
 Pseudos, false. Pseudograph, pseudo-prophet, &c. 
 
 Ptoma, a fall. Symptom,* symptomatic, &c. 
 
 Par, fire. Pyre,* pyramid, pyrites, empyrean &c. 
 
CHEEK HOOTS. 201 
 
 Rhapto (rhapso), to sew or stitch together. Rhapsody. 
 
 Rheo, to flow. Rhetoric, rheum, rheumy, rheumatism, 
 catarrh, diarrhoea, hemorrhage, &c. 
 
 Rhodon, a rose. Rhododendron. See Dendron. 
 
 Rhombos, a whirling motion; a rhomb. Rhomb, &c. 
 
 Ruthmos, measured time, harmony. Rhythm, rhyme. 
 
 Sarx, flesh. Sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus,* &c. 
 
 Sauros, a lizard. Sauroid, ichthyosaurus, plesiosaunts, 
 megalosaurus, geosaurus, hylaeosaurus, &c. 
 
 Schema, a plan, a design. Scheme, schemer, &c. 
 
 Schisma, a division. Schism, schist, schistous, &c. 
 
 Sitos, corn, bread. Parasite,* parasitic, &c. 
 
 Skandalon, a stumbling-block, offence, disgrace. Scandal 
 scandalous, scandalize, &c. 
 
 Skene, a tent, the stage. Scene, scenic, scenery, &c. 
 
 Skeptomai, to consider, to doubt. Sceptic, sceptical. 
 
 Skia, a shadow. Antiscii, ascii, sciomachy, &c. 
 
 Skopeo, to view. Scope, kaleidoscope, microscope, telescope, 
 episcopacy, bishop,* &c. 
 
 Sophia, wisdom. Sophist, sophistry, philosophy, &c. 
 
 Spao, to draw: spasma, a drawing or contraction. Spasm, 
 spasmodic, antispasmodic, &c. 
 
 Sperma, seed : speiro, to sow. Sperm, spermatic, sperma- 
 ceti,* sporadic, spore or sporule, &c. 
 
 Sphaira, a globe. Sphere, spheroid, atmosphere, &c. 
 
 Splen, the milt or spleen. Spleen, splenetic, &c. 
 
 Spongia, a sponge. Sponge, spongiole, spongy, &c. 
 
 Stenos, short, narrow. Stenography, &c. 
 
 Stasis, a standing. Statics, statistics, apostasy, apostate 
 ecstasy, hydrostatics, system, &c. 
 
 Stello, to send. Apostle, epistle, peristaltic, &c. 
 
 Stereos, firm, solid. Stereography, stereotype, &c. 
 
 Stichos, a rank, a line, a verse. Acrostic, * distich. * 
 
 Stigma, a brand or mark of infamy. Stigma,* stigmatic, 
 stigmatize, stimulus,* &c. 
 
 Stoa, a porch. Stoic, 1 stoical, stoicism, &c. 
 
 1 Zeno, the founder of the Stole philosophy, taught in a porch 
 in Athens. Hence the name. 
 
 i3 
 
202 GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Stoma, the stomach, the mouth. Stomach, stomachic. 
 
 Stratos, an army. Stratagem, stratocracy, &c. 
 
 Strophe, a turning. Apostrophe, catastrophe, &c. 
 
 Stulos, a pillar or column ; a style or sharp-pointed instru- 
 ment for writing with. Style,* stiletto, &c. 
 
 Taphos, a tomb. Epitaph, cenotaph, &c. 
 
 Tasso (taxo), to put in order, to arrange. Tactics, tactician, 
 syntax, syntactical, &c. 
 
 Tautos, the same. Tautology, tautophony, &c. 
 
 Techne, an art. Technical, technology, polytechnic 
 Tecton, an artist, a builder. Architect, &c. 
 
 Tele, afar. Telegram, telegraph, telescope, &c. 
 
 Temno, to cut. See under Tome. 
 
 Thauma, a wonder. Thaumaturgy, &c. See Ergon. 
 
 Theaomai, to see. Theorem, 1 theory, theoretical, theorist, 
 &c. : Theatron, a theatre. Theatre, theatrical, &c. 
 
 Theke, a place where any thing is deposited, a store. 
 Apothecary, bibliotheke, bibliothecal, &c. 
 
 Theos, God. Theocracy, theology, theologian, theological, 
 apotheosis, atheism, atheist, atheistical, pantheist, pantheon, 
 polytheism, Theophilus, Timotheus, &c. 
 
 Therion, a wild beast. Dinotherium, megatherium, paleo- 
 therium, &c. See Palaios. 
 
 Therme, heat. Thermometer, thermal, isothermal, isotherm, 
 Thermopylae, 2 &c. 
 
 Thronos, a seat. Throne, dethrone, enthronement, &c. 
 
 Tithemi, to put or place : Thesis, a placing. Theme, thesis. 
 anathema, antithesis, epenthesis, epithet, hypothesis, meta- 
 thesis, nomothetic, parenthesis, synthesis, &c. 
 
 Tome, a cutting, a section, a division. Tome, atom, 
 anatomy, epitome, lithotomy, phlebotomy, &c. 
 
 Tonos, tension or stretching, a tone or sound.- Tone, tonic, 
 tune, barytone, monotone, semitone, &c. 
 
 Topos, a place. Topic, topical, topically, topography, 
 topographical, topographer, Utopian,* &c. 
 
 i Theorem. — See the " Dictionary of Derivations," page 272. 
 
 2 Thermopylce. — From this root, and pyle, a gate or pass — in 
 allusion to the Iwt springs near it. Our word ivarm is evidently 
 from the same root (therme). 
 
GREEK ROOTS." 203 
 
 Tragos, a goat. 1 Tragedy, tragedian, tragic, &c. 
 
 Trapeza, a table, a quadrilateral figure. Trapezium, trape- 
 zoid, trapezoidal, &c. 
 
 Tropos, a turning. Trope, tropic, heliotrope, &c. 
 
 Tupos, an impression, a mark, a type. Type, typical, 
 typify, typography, prototype, stereotype, &c. 
 " Turannos, a ruler, a king, a despot. Tyrant, tyrannical, 
 tyrannous, tyranny, tyrannize, &c. 
 
 Xulon, wood. Xylography, xylographic, &c. 
 
 Zelos, ardour, zeal. Zeal, zealous, zealot, &c. 
 
 Zoon, an animal. Zodiac, zodiacal, zoology, zoological, 
 zoologist, zootomy, zoophyte, &c. 
 
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS. 
 
 Generally speaking, English words which are not de- 
 rived from Latin or Greek, are from Anglo-Saxon 
 Roots. But as few of these Roots have more than one 
 or two derivatives in English, it is obvious that young 
 persons would gain little or nothing by learning them. 
 With Latin and Greek Roots it is quite different ; for, 
 by learning them the pupil will, without any additional 
 trouble, become acquainted, at least in a general way, 
 with whole families of words. In fact, it may be said 
 that a young person who learns Anglo-Saxon Roots, 
 fishes with a hook, and draws in at most but one word 
 at a time ; but in learning Latin and Greek Roots, he 
 uses a net, and at one cast draws in a whole multitude 
 of words. Hence it is not thought necessary to insert 
 here a collection of Anglo-Saxon Roots ; but should 
 the teacher wish to make use of them, he will find in 
 the Author's "Manual of Etymology," page 126, a 
 list of all those which have more than two or three 
 derivatives in our language. 
 
 1 Tragos. — From this root, and ode, a song, tragedy is derived, 
 which originally meant a feast in honor of Bacchus, at which a 
 goat was sacrificed with singing and dancing. 
 
204 
 CELTIC AND ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS, 
 
 PRINCIPALLY THOSE FROM WHICH THE NAMES OF PLACES 
 IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND ARE DERIVED. 
 
 [In the Author's Dictionary of Derivations, under the head of 
 44 Geographical Etymologies," these roots, and the names of the 
 places derived from them, are more fully explained.] 
 
 CELTIC KOOTS. 
 
 Aber, the mouth of a river ; as Aberdeen, Abergavenny, Loclr 
 aber, &c. See Inver. 
 
 Agh, a field ; as Ardagh, 1 Claragh, &c. 
 
 Alp, high ; as " the Alps" and Slieve-J^ ( m Mayo). 
 
 Ard, high ; a height, a promontory ; as Ardagh, Ardfert, Ard- 
 glass, Ardmore, &c. 
 
 Aih, a ford ; as in Athboy, Athemy, Aihlone, ^iftleague, 
 A thy. See Augli. 
 
 Auchter, the summit or top of the height ; as ^4. wc^er arder, 
 and Oughterard. 
 
 Augh, a corruption of aih ; as Aughnacloy, Aughmore, &c. 
 
 Avon, water, a river ; as the Avons in England, &c. 
 
 JBaan, white ; as Kenbaan, Strabane, &e. 
 
 Bal, Ball, Bally, a townland, a township, a village, a town; 
 as Itoflbriggan, ito^inakill, Ballymore, &c. 
 
 Beg, small or little ; as Drum&e^, Ennis&e#, &c. 
 
 Bel, the mouth of the ford, or the entrance of a river ; as Bel- 
 fast, ifefaiullet, Z?efturbet, &c. 
 
 Ben, Pen, a mountain, a promontory, or headland ; as Ben- 
 gore, Benmore, Percmaenmaur, &c. 
 
 Blair, a plain cleared of woods ; as Blairis Moor, Bhir athol, 
 Ardblair. 
 
 Borris, Burris, the Irish form of burgess or borough ; as Borris- 
 in-Ossory, itornsokane, ifomsoleigh. 
 
 Boy, yellow ; as i%anagh, Athboy, B awn boy, Claneboy. 
 
 Brough, a fort or enclosure of earth, like Lis and Rath. (The 
 old Irish form was brugh, which is evidently from Burgh, 
 by metathesis.) 
 
 i Ardagh, that is, the high field. The full explanation of all the 
 words which follow will be found in the " Dictionary of Deriva- 
 tions." 
 
efttMc ttocyrs. 205 
 
 Bun, the mouth or end of a river; as I&mcrana, J5widoran, 
 
 I?zmduff, iftmratty. 
 Car, Caer, Cahir, a fort ; as Carlisle, Carnarvon, Cahir, Cahir- 
 
 civeen. 
 Cairn, Cam, a conical heap of stones, generally monumental ; 
 
 also a mountain, properly one with a cairn on the top ; as 
 
 Cairngaver, Cairngorm. 
 Cam, crooked, bending; as Camlough, Camolin, Cambusken- 
 
 neth, Cambusmore. 
 Clar, a board, a table, a level; as Clare, Claragh, Clara, 
 
 'Ballyclare, &c. 
 Clon, a lawn, a meadow, a plain ; as Clonard, Clones, Clongovres, 
 
 Clonmel, Clontari, &c. 
 Clough, Clogh, a stone, a stone house, a strong or fortified 
 
 house; as CVow^/i Jordan, Cloghan, Clogheen, Cloghnakilty, 
 
 Clogher. 
 Craig, Carrich, a rock, a rocky place, a craggy or rocky hill ; 
 
 as the Craig of Ailsa, Craiaengower, Carried- a- rede, Car- 
 
 richlergws, Bally craigy, &c. 
 Croom, Cram, crooked, or bending; as Croom, Macroom, 
 
 Crwmlin. 
 Cut, the back or hinder part, a recess, an angle or corner ; as 
 
 Cultra, Culmore, Culross, Coleraine. 
 Berry, Dare, the oak, an oak wood ; as Ballincferr?/, Lonclon- 
 
 derry, Kildare, &c. 
 JDhu, black; as Airddhu, Dhuisk, Roderick-D/m, Douglass, 
 
 Dublin, Annaduff, &c. 
 Drum, a ridge, a back, a hill, as Drumbo, Drumbeg, Dromore, 
 
 Dundrum, &c. 
 Dun, a fort, a fort on a hill, a hill, a fortified residence, a place 
 
 of abode, a town. Hence Dunbar, Dunblane, Dundalk, 
 
 Dungannon, Dunmore, Dw^keld, Dw?ibarton, Dowwpatrick, 
 
 Clifton Downs, Clarenc&w, Croy^ow, Chateaudon, &c. 
 Fer, a man ; as .Fermanagh, Fermoy, Fermoyle, &c. 
 Fin, white, fair ; as jFmtona, Finvoy, &c. 
 Gall, a stranger or foreigner. This term seems to imply west 
 
 or western; as in Gael, Gaul, Galway, Galloway, Wales 
 
 (Pay de Galles), Cornwall, &c. 
 Inis, Innis, Ennis, Inch, an island, a place nearly or occasion- 
 ally surrounded by water ; as Ennis, Ennismore, Ennisbeg, 
 
 Innishowen, Inch, Inchheg, Inchmore, Inchkeith, Bal- 
 
 Mnahinch, Killinchy, Ynysmoek, &c. 
 
206 CELTIC AND ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS. 
 
 Inver, the mouth of a river ; as Inver, Invermore, Inverness 
 J&ossinver. Compare Aher. 
 
 Ken, Kin, the head, a headland or cape ; as iTemnore, jSTewmare, 
 Kinross, Kinsale, Cantyre, &c. 
 
 Kill, a cell, a cloister, a church, a church-yard, or burying- 
 place; as iftTkenny, ZiZpatrick, jK^7bride, Kilmore, Kil- 
 marnock, &c. Kill also means (coille) a wood, in many of 
 the names in which it occurs. (Thus, BallinafoYZ might be 
 the town of the church, or of the wood.") 
 
 Knoc, a hill ; as the Knock, Zwoc&breda, Knockca,im, KnocMuff, 
 KnocJcroe, &c. 
 
 Lin, Lyn, & deep pool, particularly one formed below a water- 
 fall ; as C&molin, Crum?m, Dublin, Roslin, J,ynn-Hegis or 
 King's -Lynn, Chateau/m, &c. 
 
 Magh, a plain ; as Maghera,, Maghersiheg, MagheY&more, Magh- 
 eralin, Maeroom, Maywooth, &c. 
 
 Money, a shrubbery, a brake ; as Moneybag, Moneymove, 
 Ballymoney, Carnmoney, &c. 
 
 Mor, More, great; as .Morecairn, Arranwore, Ballyraore, Ben- 
 more, Dunmore, Strathmore, Penmaenmawr, &"c. 
 
 Moy, another form of magh, a plain ; as Ji/oz/cullen, Jl/b?/cashel, 
 Moyn&lty, &c. 
 
 Mull, a bald or bare head, a bare headland ; as the Mull of 
 Cantyre, the Mull of Galloway, &c. 
 
 Mullen, a mill; as Mulling&r, Mulintr&, &c. 
 
 Rath, an earthen fort or mound ; as Rathbeg, Rathmore. 
 
 Ros, Ross, a promontory or peninsula ; as Ross, the Rosses 
 Rossbeg, Rossmore, Kinross, Muckross, Melrose, &c. 
 
 Sleive, a mountain ; as /SleivebsLwn, Sleiveroe } &c. 
 
 Strath, a long and broad valley, through which a river gene- 
 rally flows ; as /Strath&veii, Strathmore, Strathneldsay. 
 Tra, a strand ; as Jralee, 2ramore, Ballin£m, Cul£ra. 
 
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS. 
 
 Ac, an oah ,* as ^.wcMand, ^Lc/cworth, .damolm. 
 
 Athel, noble; as Atheling, the title of the heir-apparent to the 
 
 Saxon crown. Hence also Athelney (the island of nobles), 
 
 in Somersetshire. 1 
 
 1 Where Alfred and his nobles concealed themselves from the 
 Danes. 
 
AJTGLO-SAXON ROOTS. 207 
 
 Berg, Burg, Burgh, Borough, Bury. The Gr. purgos (a tower, 
 a castle, a fortified city, a town) seems to be the root of all 
 these words. Compare the Celtic Dun. Hence Burgos, 
 Bergen, Prague, Edinburgh, &c. 
 
 Boil, Botle, an abode or dwelling-place ; as ILlbottle, Harbottle, 
 ISewbottle. 
 
 Burne, a stream, a brook, a bourn ; ai in Adderburn. Black - 
 burn, Cranoowrw, Burnham, Bradbum, tlarybone, Tlolbum, 
 Tyburn, Burton, &c. 
 
 By, Bye, a dwelling or habitation, a village or town ; as in 
 Appleoy, Deroy, Fenby, Kirk6y, Rugby, Denbigh. 
 
 Carr, a rock, a scar ; as /Scarborough, and Skerries (rocky or 
 craggy islets). 
 
 Ceap, cattle, saleable commodities, sale, bargaining, traffic. 
 Hence, Ceaptan, to buy, to traffic ; and our words Cheap, 
 Cheapen, Cliapman, and shop. Hence, also, the names of 
 places remarkable for trade, or where large markets were 
 held ; as Cheapside, Chippenham, Copenhagen, &c. 
 
 Comb, a hollow or low place between hills, a valley ; as Alcomb, 
 Chilco7?i6, Stancomb, Wycombe, Y ar combe, &e. Hence, also, 
 Cumberland, that is, the land of the combs, or hollows. In 
 some cases the name of the owner was annexed; as Comb- 
 Basset, CWo-Raleigh. The Welsh form is cwm ; as Ctvm- 
 neath, CWaystwith. 
 
 Cot, Cote, a cot or cottage ; as Cofewold, Fenco^es, Saltcoats. 
 
 Dale, from the Danish dal, or the German thai, a vale or valley. 
 Hence Avondale or Avendale, Clydesdale, ~Kendal, Dal- 
 keith, Dalecarlia, Franken^a?, Heinthal, &c. Dell is another 
 form of dale; as Aiimdel, "Dingley- Dell." 
 
 Den, a deep valley, a valley in a plain ; as Denbigh, Dihden, 
 Tenterden, &c. 
 
 Ea, Ey, water, an island; as Anglesey, Battersea, Chelsea, 
 Winchelsea, Bardsey, Ramsey, Sheppey, Nordereys, Souderey.?, 
 Dalkey, Ely, Faroe, Mageroe, &c. 
 
 Ham, a home or dwelling, a village, a town ; Hampshire, 
 Hamburg, Hampton. Hence, also, our diminutive noun, 
 hamlet. 
 
 Hurst, a wood, a forest ; as Bradhurst, Brockhurst, &c. 
 
 Ing, Inge, a field or meadow, a pasture ; as Heading, Leam- 
 ington, Whittmyham, &c. 
 
 Law, a conical hill, a mount, a tract of ground gently rising j 
 as Broadluw, Berwick/az.y, &e 
 
208 AttGLO-gAfcOtt THIOLS. 
 
 Mere, a sea, a lake, a pool, a marsh ; as Mersey, Mereton, 
 Merlon, Merdon, ifo?-ton, &c. The root is the Latin mare, 
 a sea. 
 
 Minster, a monastery; as Ax.minster, Kidder?ninster, York- 
 minster, Westminster, Monaster ev an, &c. 
 
 Ness, a promontory ; as the Naze, Blackness, Caithness, 
 Dvmgeness, hangness, &c. The root is the Latin nasus, the 
 nose. 
 
 Nord, the north ; as Nordereys, No?*dkyn, Norton, iVwway, 
 i\ r o?'rkopping. 
 
 Nether, downward, lower ; as Netherby, Netherlands, &c. 
 
 Scrobs, a shrub or bush ; as Shropshire, Shrevjsbury, &c. 
 
 Shire, a division, a share, sa shire, or county. Shear, to cut 
 off, to divide, is from the same root ; also sheer, which pro- 
 perly means that which is divided or separated from every- 
 thing else ; and hence, unmixed, pure, clear. Hence, Shir- 
 burne and Sherborn, that is, clear burn or stream. 
 
 Stan, a stone ; as Staines, Stanton or Staunton, Holystone , 
 EhrenbreitsZem, Frankenstem, &c. 
 
 Stede, a stead, a station, a place, a town ; as Hamnstead, ITor- 
 stead, Christians tadt, Williams tadt, &c. 
 
 Stock, Stoke, Stow, a place, a dwelling ; as Stockbridge, Stoke, 
 Stoke-Foges, Woodstock, Chepstow, Fadstow, &c. 
 
 Strat, a street, a way or road; as in the Stratiords in Eng- 
 land, and Stradbally in Ireland. This root is the Latin 
 stratum. 
 
 Sud, Suth, south ; as Sudbury, Sidlaw, Sudereys, Zuyder- 
 Zee, &c. 
 
 Thorp, a village ; as Thorp, Althoi'p, 'Bishonthorp, Altorf, 
 Dusseldorf, &c. 
 
 Wald, Weald, a wood or forest, a wold or wild. Hence, Wal- 
 den, Waltham, " the" Wealds," the Cotswold Hills. 
 
 JFzc/c, PF*cA, a town ; also, a bay or bend in a river, &c. ; a 
 harbour. Hence, Alnwick, Brunsvnck, Warwick, Norwich, 
 SsLiidiuich, Vantzic, Slesvrick. The root is the Latin vicus, 
 a street. 
 
 Worth, a farm, a village, a town ; as Aeworth, Glentivorth, 
 ItLemlworth, Itamivorth, Walworth, Wentworth, &c. 
 
209 
 ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 The great importance of a knowledge of the Latin 
 and Greek roots, by which the vocabulary of the 
 English language has been so much enriched, is now 
 universally admitted. In almost every spelling- 
 book and grammar now published copious lists of 
 them are given \ while English Etymology, pro- 
 perly so called, is comparatively neglected. It 
 seems to be forgotten that a similar use may be 
 made of primitive English words. In this little 
 book, from page 56 to 73, and under the head of 
 English Prefixes and Affixes, from page 149 to 
 152, several hundred words have heenetymologically 
 explained by merely tracing them to the primitive 
 English words from which they are derived. The 
 following are additional examples : — ■ 
 
 Derivative words are formed from their primi- 
 tives: 1. By the addition of letters or syllables. 
 2. By the omission of letters or syllables. 3. By the 
 interchange of equivalent or kindred letters. 
 
 All words having prefixes or postfixes, or both, 
 are examples of the first process. To the examples 
 given from page 145 to 152, inclusive, the following 
 may be added : — 
 
 EXAMPLES OF DERIVATIVE WORDS FORMED FROM THEIR 
 ROOTS BY THE ADDITION OF LETTERS OR SYLLABLES. 
 
 Crack Crackle 
 
 Cramp Crumple 
 
 Crumb Crumble 
 
 Curd Curdle 
 
 Drip Dribble 
 
 Fond Fondle 
 
210 
 
 ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 Gamble 
 
 Shove 
 
 Shovel 
 
 Grapple 
 Hackle 
 
 Side 
 Spark 
 
 Sidle 
 Sparkle 
 
 Higgle 
 
 Stray 
 
 Straggle 
 
 Nestle 
 
 Stride 
 
 Straddle 
 
 Nibble 
 
 Throat 
 
 Throttle 
 
 Puzzle 
 
 Track 
 
 Trickle 
 
 Prattle 
 
 Wade 
 
 Waddle 
 
 Rankle 
 
 Whet 
 
 Whittle 
 
 Ramble 
 
 Wink 
 
 Twinkle 
 
 Ruffle 
 
 Wrest 
 
 Wrestle 
 
 Scribble 
 
 Wring 
 
 Wrinkle 
 
 Settle 
 
 Wrong 
 
 Wrangle 
 
 Game 
 
 Gripe 
 
 Hack 
 
 Hack 
 
 Nest 
 
 Nib 
 
 Pose 
 
 Prate 
 
 Rank 
 
 Roam 
 
 Rough 
 
 Scribe 
 
 Set 
 
 Verbs of this formation are called frequentative s, 
 
 because they imply & frequency or iteration of small acts. 
 Nouns of this formation are called diminutives, 
 
 because they imply diminution; as 
 Bind Bundle 'Seat Saddle 
 
 Gird Girdle Shoot Shuttle 
 
 Hand Handle Spin Spindle 
 
 Lade Ladle Steep Steeple 
 
 Nib Nipple Stop Stopple 
 
 Round Rundle Thumb Thimble 
 
 Ruff Ruffle Tread Treadle 
 
 Some frequentative verbs are formed by adding 
 <??- to the primitive word ; as 
 
 Beat 
 Spit 
 Spit 
 Pest 
 Climb 
 
 Batter 
 
 Sputter 
 
 Spatter 
 
 Pester 
 
 Clamber 
 
 Gleam 
 
 Wend 
 
 Long 
 
 Hang 
 
 Whine 
 
 Glimmer 
 
 Wander 
 
 Linger 
 
 Hanker 
 
 Whimper 
 
 The large classes of nouns which are formed from the 
 past participle, and also, from the old form (-eth) of the 
 third person singular of verbs, are examples of the 
 second and third process, that is, of contraction, and 
 interchange of kindred letters. 
 
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES 
 
 211 
 
 EXAMPLES OF NOUNS FORMED FROM THE PAST 
 PARTICIPLES OF VERBS. 
 
 Joined 
 
 Joint 
 
 Shrived 
 
 Shrift 
 
 Feigned 
 
 Feint 
 
 Drived 
 
 Drift 
 
 Waned 
 
 Want 
 
 Gived 
 
 Gift 
 
 Bended 
 
 Bent 
 
 Sieve (sieved) 
 
 Sift 
 
 Rended 
 
 Bent 
 
 Rived 
 
 Rift 
 
 Gilded 
 
 Gilt 
 
 Grafted 
 
 Graft 
 
 Weighed 
 
 Weight 
 
 Haved 
 
 Haft 
 
 Frayed 
 
 Fright 
 
 Haved 
 
 Heft 
 
 Mayed 
 
 Might 
 
 Waved 
 
 Waft 
 
 Bayed 
 
 Biirht 
 
 Deserved 
 
 Desert 
 
 Cleaved 
 
 Cleft 
 
 Held 
 
 Hilt 
 
 Weaved 
 
 Weft 
 
 Flowed 
 
 Flood 
 
 Thieved 
 
 Theft 
 
 Flowed 
 
 Float 
 
 Thrived 
 
 Thrift 
 
 Cooled 1 
 
 Cold 
 
 EXAMPLES OF NOUNS FORMED BY CONTRACTION FROM THE 
 
 OLD THIRD PERSON 
 
 SINGULAR OF VERBS. 
 
 Healeth 
 
 Health 
 
 Beareth 
 
 Birth 
 
 Stealeth 
 
 Stealth 
 
 Breatheth 
 
 Breath 
 
 Wealeth 
 
 Wealth 
 
 Girdeth 
 
 Girth 
 
 Groweth 
 
 Growth 
 
 Dieth 
 
 Death 
 
 Troweth 
 
 Troth 
 
 Tilleth 
 
 Tilth 
 
 Troweth 
 
 Truth 
 
 Smiteth 
 
 Smith 2 
 
 Breweth 
 
 Broth 
 
 Mooneth 
 
 Month 
 
 Some nouns have been 
 
 similarly formed from ad- 
 
 jectives ; as 
 
 
 
 Deep 
 
 Depth 
 
 Wide 
 
 Width 
 
 Long 
 
 Length 
 
 Broad 
 
 Breadth 
 
 Strong 
 
 Strength 
 
 Slow 
 
 Sloth 
 
 Young 
 
 Youth 
 
 Warm 
 
 Warmth 
 
 Merry 
 
 Mirth 
 
 Dear 
 
 Dearth 
 
 i The irregular verbs, as they are called, are additional ex 
 amples of this tendency in the language. 
 
 2 "Whence cometh Smyth, albe he knight or squire, 
 
 But from the smith that smiteth at the fire." — Verstegan. 
 
212 
 
 EHGttSH ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF THE INTERCHANGE OF KINDRED LETTERS, 
 
 Bake 
 
 Batch 
 
 Nick 
 
 Notch 
 
 Wake 
 
 Watch 
 
 Nick 
 
 Niche 
 
 Hack 
 
 Hatch 
 
 Stink 
 
 Stench 
 
 Make 
 
 Match 
 
 Drink 
 
 Drench 
 
 Break 
 
 Breach 
 
 Crook 
 
 CrouclT 
 
 Speak 
 
 Speech 
 
 Mark 
 
 Marches 
 
 Seek 
 
 Beseech 
 
 Stark 
 
 x Starch 
 
 Poke 
 
 Pouch 
 
 Milk 
 
 Milch 
 
 Dike 
 
 Ditch 
 
 Kirk 
 
 Church 
 
 Stick 
 
 Stitch 
 
 Lurk 
 
 Lurch 
 
 From the natural 1 tendency in all languages to ab- 
 breviations, long sounds in simple or primitive words 
 usually become short in compounds and derivatives. 
 In the lists of words previously given, several examples 
 may be found ; and the following are additional : 
 
 Cave 
 
 Cavity 
 
 Steal 
 
 Stealth 
 
 Game 
 
 Gamble 
 
 Weal 
 
 Wealth 
 
 Vale 
 
 Valley 
 
 Breathe 
 
 Breath 
 
 Shade 
 
 Shadow 
 
 Dear 
 
 Dearth 
 
 Insane 
 
 Insanity 
 
 Please 
 
 Pleasant 
 
 Nature 
 
 Natural 
 
 Please 
 
 Pleasure 
 
 Prate 
 
 Prattle 
 
 Seam 
 
 Sempstress 
 
 
 
 Zeal 
 
 Zealous 
 
 Grain 
 
 Granary 
 
 
 
 Vain i 
 
 Vanity 
 
 Legend 
 
 Legendary 
 
 Explain 
 
 Explanation 
 
 Secret 
 
 Secretary 
 
 Villain > 
 
 Viliany 
 
 
 
 Maintain 
 
 Maintenance 
 
 Deep 
 
 Depth 
 
 
 
 Sheep 
 
 Shepherd 
 
 Break (a) 
 
 Breakfast (e) 
 
 Spleen 
 
 Splenetic 
 
 Clean 
 
 Cleanse 
 
 
 
 Clean 
 
 Cleanly 
 
 Crzme 
 
 Criminal 
 
 Heal 
 
 Health 
 
 Prime 
 
 Primer 
 
 1 Because we wish to communicate our ideas with as much 
 quickness as possible. 
 
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 213 
 
 Mime 
 Line 
 Vine 
 . Behind 
 Wind 
 Wild 
 Wise 
 Wise 
 Michael 
 White 
 White 
 
 Mimic 
 
 Lineal 
 
 Vineyard 
 
 Hinder 
 
 Windlass 
 
 Wilderness 
 
 Wizard 
 
 Wisdom 
 
 Michaelmas 
 
 Whitbread 
 
 Whitsunday 
 
 Fore 
 
 Know 
 
 Holy 
 
 Import 
 
 Goose 
 
 Coal 
 
 Foul 
 
 Sour 
 
 Boor 
 
 House 
 
 South 
 
 Forehead 
 
 Knowledge 
 
 Holiday 
 
 Important 
 
 Gosling 
 
 Collier 
 
 Fulsome 
 
 Surly 
 
 Burly 
 
 Hustings 
 
 Southerly 
 
 This is an important principle in pronunciation, as 
 well as in derivation. We sometimes hear the fore in 
 /orehead "pronounced four as in the simple word, instead 
 of for, as it should be in the compound ; also chastity 
 with the long sound ot a, as in chaste instead of 
 eliastitij. Compare humane, humanity ; nation, na- 
 tional ; serene, serenity ; divine, divinity ; conspire, 
 conspiracy ; pronounce, pronunciation, &c. 
 
 In English, as in all other languages, there are fami- 
 lies of words, that is, words allied in derivation and 
 meaning ; as 
 
 Basis, base, abase, debase, basement. 
 
 Beat, batter, battery, bat, baton, beetle. 
 
 Bind, band, bandage, bond, bound, boundary, bundle. 
 
 Bow, bough, booth (boweth, or made of boughs), bay. 
 
 Crook, creek, crick, crouch, crotchet, crotchety, 
 crutch, encroach, encroachment. 
 
 Drop, droop, drip, dribble, dripping, drivel. 
 
 Feed, food, fodder. 
 
 Foot, feet, fetter, fetlock. 
 
 Head, heed, hood. 
 
 Heal, health, hale, hail (to wish health, to salute). 
 
 Slip, slop, slope, slipper, slippery. 
 
 Spit, spittle, spout, sputter, spatter. 
 
 Sup, supper, sop, soup, sip, &c. 
 
214 ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 Many of the preceding words are ety mo logically 
 explained in the following list : — 
 
 Abase, to lower ; to debase or degrade. 
 
 Abate, to beat down ; to lower ; to lessen or diminish. 
 Bate 1 is another form of the same word. 
 
 Acorn (ac-corri), the corn or berry of the oak. Com- 
 pare Auckland, that is, Oakland. 
 
 After, a comparative from aft, 2 behind. 
 
 Alderman, another form of elderman. Compare Sen- 
 ator (from the Latin senex, an old man). 
 
 Aeoft, on loft; that is, lifted up, or on high. 
 
 Alone, all one ; that is, entirely by one's self. We 
 sometimes hear a alV redoubled as " all alone." 
 Hence, also, Lone, Lonely, &c. 
 
 Aemosi, that is, most all ; nearly. 
 
 Also, that is, so all ; likewise. 
 
 Aeoof, from all off; that is, entirely off, or away from, 
 remote, apart. 
 
 Amass, to bring to the mass or heap ; to accumulate. 
 
 Amount, to mount or ascend. u The amount " is what 
 the entire sum ascends or rises to. 
 
 Ant, an abbreviation of emmet (em'i). 
 
 Appal, to make pale with fear, to terrify. 
 
 Appease, to bring to peace ; to pacify. 
 
 Appraise, to set a price or value on. 
 
 Arrears, that portion which remains (in the rear) be- 
 hind or unpaid. 
 
 Atone, to make to be at one ; to reconcile ; to expiate. 
 
 Bacon, swine's flesh baked (baken) or dried by heat. 
 
 Bandy, to beat to and fro ; to give word for word. 
 From bandy, an instrument bent at the bottom, for 
 striking balls at play. Bandy-legs, uneven, bending, 
 or crooked leers. 
 
 1 " Abate thy speed and I will bate of mine." — Dryden. 
 
 2 Aft and abaft are still used at sea. 
 
 
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 215 
 
 Barricade, Barrier, are so called because made or 
 fortified with bars. 
 
 Batter, a frequentative of beat. Hence Battery, 
 Battle, Battle-door, Bat, Combat, Debate. 
 
 Baste, to beat with a baton 1 or cudgel ; to give the 
 bastinado. To baste meat is to beat or rub it with a 
 stick covered with fat, as was formerly the custom. 
 
 Batch, the number of loaves baked at the same time. 
 Compare the words similarly formed, page 212. 
 
 Bairn, another form of boren or born ; from the verb 
 to bear. Bairn is a Scotch term for a child. 
 
 Baubee, a baby or child's plaything ; a gewgaw. 
 
 Bayonet, so called, from having been first made in 
 JBayonne, a town in France. 
 
 Beam. A sym-beam, the beam of a balance, and a beam 
 of timber are evidently different applications of the 
 same word. Compare Ray and Radius. 
 
 Beaver, a hat made of the fur of the beaver or castor. 
 
 Bedlam, originally the hospital of St. Mary, Bethlehem, 
 which was opened in London, in 1545, for the recep- 
 tion of lunatics ; but the term is now generally ex- 
 tended to all mad-houses or lunatic asylums. 
 
 Beetee, from the verb to beat, because used for beating 
 or pounding. A beetle is a heavy-looking 2 and clumsy 
 instrument, and hence the terms a Z><?<?£fe-headed," 
 that is, with a head as thick as a beetle ; u beetle- 
 browed," having a brow heavy and overhanging like 
 a beetle. This common household word has been also 
 beautifully extended to poetry ; as, 
 
 «« The cliff 
 
 That beetles o'er his base into the sea." 3 
 
 " "Where the hawk 
 
 High in the beetling cliff his aery builds." 4 
 
 1 Baton, formerly written baston. 
 
 2 Some beetlesvrere so heavy that it requiredthreemen tomanage 
 them, as appears by the term "three-man beetle,''' in Shakspeare. 
 
 s Shaksperre (Hamlet). i Thomson (Spring). 
 
216 ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 Behold, to hold or keep the eyes fixed upon, and hence, 
 
 to look steadfastly on. 
 Beholden, the old form of the past participle of the . 
 
 verb to hold. Compare Bounden, Bound, Obliged, 
 
 and Obligated. 
 Behaef, seems to be a corruption of behoof, which' 
 
 means to a person's profit or advantage. 
 Bereave, from be and reave or rive, to take away from ; 
 
 to plunder or rob. 
 Between, between twain or two. See Twin. 
 Bewilder. To be bewildered is to be puzzled and per- 
 plexed, like a person in a wilderness, who does not 
 
 know which way to turn. See Wild. 
 Bib, Bibber, from the same root as imbibe, to drink in. 
 
 Bib is properly a cloth tucked under the chin of a 
 
 child when it drinks or feeds. 
 Bileet, a small bill. To billet soldiers, is to note their 
 
 names, &o, in a bill, or piece of writing ; and hence 
 
 to send them to their quarters or lodgings. See Bill, 
 
 page 58. 
 Boa, a fur tippet ; large and round ; so called from its 
 
 resemblance to the boa constrictor. 
 Beoat, from Mowed (plowed, blowt, bloat), as float, 
 
 from flowed. Bloated, blown out or inflated; swollen 
 
 or puffed out. 
 Boggee, to hesitate ; to stick as if in a bog. 
 Bond, that by which a person is bound. 
 Booth, from boweth ; as broth from breweth ; truth 
 
 from troweth ; &c. A booth properly means a house 
 
 made of boughs ; and hence a temporary house. 
 Bough, from bow, to bend, because it bows or bends 
 
 from the stem or trunk. Hence bower, an arbour, 
 
 because made of boughs bent and twined together. 
 Bow, the forepart of a ship ; so called from its bent or 
 
 rounded form. Hence Bowsprit, the spar or boom 
 
 which {sprouts or) projects from the bow of a ship. 
 
 Hence also, Bower, an anchor carried at the bow. 
 
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 217 
 
 Bout, from bow, to bend ; to turn (bow'd, bout). An- 
 other bout means another turn} 
 
 Bread, from brayed, past participle of bray, to pound 
 or break. Bread properly means brayed corn. 
 
 B rinded, Brindled, other forms of the word branded. 
 The skin or hide of a brinded cat, or brindled cow, is 
 marked with brown streaks, as if branded in. Branded 
 is another form of burned. See note on Board, p. 58. 
 
 Brood, the number bred at one time. u To brood over," 
 is a beautiful metaphor from a bird sitting constantly 
 and anxiously over its eggs, till they are brought to 
 maturity. 
 
 Burly, for boorly, that is, like a boor. Compare surly 
 (for sourly) from sour*. See page 213. 
 
 Cambric, from Cambray, because noted for its manu- 
 facture. Compare Calico, from Calicut; Damask, 
 from Damascus; Diaper, from aV Ypres ; Dimity, 
 from Damietta, &c. 
 
 Casement, a window opening in a case or frame. 
 
 Cashier, the person in a mercantile establishment who 
 has charge of the cash. 
 
 Cavalierly, haughtily ; like a cavalier, or trooper. 
 Cavalier, cavalry, and chivalry are different 
 forms and applications of the same word. 
 
 Cess, abbreviated from assess. Cess is the amount of 
 taxes assessed or rated. 
 
 Chandler, a maker and seller of candles. Hence, also, 
 chandelier, a branch for candles. But chandler, a 
 general dealer, as ship-chandler and corn- chandler , 
 is from a different root. 
 
 Clamber, a frequentative from climb. See page 210. 
 
 Chilblain, from chill and blain. A chilblain is a Main 
 or blister produced by cold. 
 
 Closet, a small or close apartment ; a private room. 
 
 ' " In notes with many a winding bout 
 
 Of linked sweetness long drawn out." — Milton. 
 
 K 
 
218 ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 Clumsy, from clump (clumpsy) ; and hence heavy, shape- 
 less, awkward. 
 
 Comely, coming together ; and hence fitting, suitable, 
 decent, graceful. Compare Becoming. 
 
 Coop, originally a cask or barrel ; and hence the term 
 cooper, a maker of coops. The name was also given 
 to cages or enclosures for poultry, &c, and hence, to 
 coop up, came to signify to shut up, or confine within 
 narrow limits. 
 
 Countenance, the contents of the face — the whole fea- 
 tures taken together. 
 
 Craven, one that has craven or craved his life from 
 his antagonist. 
 
 Crtmpee, Crumple, frequentatives from cramp, a con- 
 traction or drawing together. 
 
 Crippee, from creep. A cripple is sometimes obliged, as 
 it were, to creep along. 
 
 Crouch, to crook or bow down. Crutch is another 
 form of crook, and means a staff for crouching or 
 stooping old men. Crotchet and Crotchety are 
 from the same root. 
 
 Cud, that is, what has been already chewed (cheufd). 
 
 ~*Quid is another form of the same word. 
 
 Curd, Curdle, from crude, by metathesis of the letter 
 r. See note on Board, page 58. 
 
 Damson, for Damascene, from Damascus. 
 
 Dawn (Joy day en), the beginning or break of day. 
 
 Deed, anything that is do~ed or done ; as seed from 
 sowed, and flood from flowed. See page 211. 
 
 Dismay, from dis, as in dfzsarm, and may, to be able. 
 To be deprived of might, and hence to be discouraged 
 and terrified. 
 
 Dorr, to do or put off; to lay aside. 
 
 Doom, that which is deemed or adjudged. Doomsday, 
 the day of judgment. 
 
 Draughts, a game in which the men are played by 
 being draughted or drawn along the board. 
 
 
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 219 
 
 Drawing-boom, an apartment for withdrawing or re- 
 tiring* to after dinner. 
 
 Drawl, to draw out one's words slowly and affectedly. 
 
 Dray, a heavy cart, originally without wheels, so called 
 from being drawn or dragged along. 
 
 Droop, to drop or hang down the head ; to languish. 
 
 Elder, the comparative of the obsolete word eld, old. 
 Elder, Older, and Alder (as in alderman) are the 
 same words differently spelled. 
 
 Ell, properly means an arm ; whence elbow, the how 
 or bend of the arm. The ell English was fixed by 
 the length of the king's arm in 1101 (Henry I.) See 
 Nail, page 69. 
 
 Embark, to go into a bark or ship ; to put to sea : and 
 hence to engage in a hazardous undertaking or enter- 
 prise ; to engage in any affair. 
 
 Embarrass (to oppose a bar or obstacle), to obstruct 
 to perplex or confuse. 
 
 Embroider, to botldeii or ornament with raised figures 
 of needle-work. For the metathesis of the letter 
 r, see note on Board, page 58. 1 
 
 Enlist, to enter on a list or roll, the names of persons 
 engaged for military service. 
 
 Endeavoub, to do one's devoir or duty ; to exert one's 
 self for a particular purpose. 
 
 Fag, one that does the coarse or heavy work ; a drudge. 
 To he fagged, is to be weary from over- work; and 
 the^^-end is the coarse or inferior end. 
 
 Fancy, from phantasy; as frenzy, from phrenesy ; 
 palsy from paralysis ; and pboxy from procuracy. 
 
 Fallow, a yellowish-red; and hence the term has been 
 applied to fallow deer, and fallow ground, that is, 
 ground turned up by the plough and left unsown. 
 Hence, to lie fallow is to be unoccupied. 
 
 Fabthing, from four thing, a division into four parts. 
 
 '* 'Among the thick- woven arborets and flowers, 
 
 Embordered on each bank — the work of Eve." — Milton. 
 
 K 2 
 
220 ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 Festoon, originally a garland worn at a feast ; but 
 
 now an ornament in architecture, in the form of a 
 
 wreath or garland of flowers. 
 Fetlock, from foot and lock ; which means either the 
 
 joint that locks or fastens the foot to the leg ; or the 
 
 loch of hair that grows behind the pastern of a horse. 
 Fetter, properly chains or shackles for the feet ; as 
 
 manacles for the hands. 
 Fifteen, from five and ten. Compare twenty (twain 
 
 ten), thirty (three ten), &c. 
 First, the superlative of fore (as in before, and fore- 
 head), Fore, forer, forest, for sH, first. Compare 
 
 wore, worer, w or est, worst. 
 Flea, perhaps fromfie^ from its agility in escaping. 
 Fodder, to feed or give food to. 
 
 Foible, & failing or weakness ; another form of feeble. 
 Forest al, to buy up provisions before they reach the 
 
 stall or market ; and hence to anticipate or hinder 
 
 by preoccupation or prevention. 
 Forsake, not to seek; and hence to leave or desert. 
 
 See page 149, for the prefix for. 
 Fortnight, from fourteen and night ; as se'nnight is 
 
 for sevennight. 
 Forward. See under ward, page 152. 
 Fribble, a frivolous or trifling person ; a fop. Compare 
 
 drivel, from dribble. 
 Fro ward, turned from or perverse. Compare toward. 
 Fulsome, from foul and some. 
 Fume, to smoke ; to be hot with rage ; to vapour. 
 Gad-fly, from goad and fly, as tad -pole is for toad- 
 
 pole, that is, a young toad. Compare hornet with 
 
 gad-fty. 
 Gang, a number of person s ganging or going together, as 
 
 "the press-gang ;" a u gang of robbers," &c. 
 Gangway, the way by which persons gang or go. 9 
 Garner, from granary, by metathesis of r. See note 
 
 on Board,' page 58; also Grain, page 65. 
 
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 221 
 
 Gingerbread, a kind of sweet bread or cake, so called 
 from being spiced or flavoured with ginger. 
 
 Gosling, from goose and ling. See page 151. 
 
 Grocer, from gross, a large quantity ; a grocer, origi- 
 nally signifying a dealer that sells by the gross or 
 wholesale. 
 
 Guinea, so called because first coined from the gold 
 brought from Guinea, in Africa. 
 
 Gunnel, properly gunwale, from gun and wale, sl ridge, 
 a streak ; a rising or projecting plank in the sides of 
 a ship, through which the guns, when there are any, 
 are pointed. 
 
 Grotesque. This term was originally applied to 
 figures found in the ancient grottos in Italy. 
 
 Haft, is haved, havd, haft. The haft of a knife or 
 poniard, is the haved part ; the part by which it is 
 held. Heft is another form of the same word ; and 
 hilt, that is, held, is similarly derived. 
 
 Hammercloth, from hamper and cloth. The cloth 
 that covers the coach-box. Under the seat of the 
 coachman there was formerly a hamper, for market 
 and other purposes, and the cloth that covered or 
 concealed it was called the hamper cloth ; whence 
 
 HAMMERCLOTH. 
 
 Hanger, a short sword ; so called because it hangs or 
 is suspended from the side. 
 
 IIarier, now written harrier, a kind of hound for 
 hunting hares. 
 
 Hare-brained, wild, unsettled. Compare the adage, 
 " As mad as a March hare ;" also the phrase harum- 
 scarum. This word is usually, but erroneously 
 spelled Amr-brained. 
 
 Heed, to give one's head or mind to. 
 
 Higgle, probably another frequentative from hack, 
 and meaning to cut as with a blunt instrument, and 
 therefore to be long about a thing. Compare the 
 word decide, which means to cut off at once. 
 
222 ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 Holster, another form of holder. Compare rhymer 
 and rhymester ; spinner and spinster; singer and 
 songster, &c. See Upholsterer. 
 
 Hood, a part of the dress which covers the head. 
 
 Hound, a dog for hunting with. See Mound. 
 
 Huswife, from house and wife. 
 
 Husband, probably from house and band ; as being 
 the stay or support of the family. 1 Hence, husband- 
 man, a farmer or tiller of the ground ; and hus- 
 bandry, tillage or cultivation ; thrifty management 
 or economy. 2 
 
 Ill, a contraction of evil. Ail is another form of ill. 
 
 Imagine, to form an image or likeness of any thing in 
 the mind ; to fancy or conceive that a thing is so. 
 
 Impertinent, not pertaining or relating to ; and hence 
 unfit ; unbecoming ; intrusive. 
 
 Incense, perfume exhaled by fire. Hence, Incen'se, to 
 inflame with anger. 
 
 Indenture, a deed or covenant, so named, because 
 the counterparts are indented or notched, so as to 
 correspond. 
 
 Inform, to represent to the mind or conception the 
 form or idea of a thing ; and hence, to convey or 
 impart ideas ; to apprise or instruct. 
 
 Jest, an abbreviation of gesture. A jest is properly a 
 gesture or grimace, to excite mirth. 
 
 Jovial (born under the influence of the planet Jupiter 
 or Jove), gay, merry, jolly. Compare saturnine, 
 mercurial, and martial. 
 
 Kidnap, to nab or steal children ; kid having formerly 
 meant a child. 
 
 Kine, for cowen, the old plural of cow. Compare the 
 formation of swine from sowen. 
 
 1 " The name of a husband, what is it to say ? 
 
 Of wife and the household the band and the stay." — Tusser. 
 
 2 *' There's husbandry in heaven, their candles are all out." 
 
 Shakspeare. 
 
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 223 
 
 Landscape, from land and shape. The shape and ap- 
 pearance of the land, &c. , in a picture. 
 
 Lass, a contraction of Ladess, the feminine of lad. 
 Compare ma'am for madam ; and last for latest. 
 
 Last, a contraction of latest ; and hence to be the latest, 
 or most enduring. Hence, lasting, everlasting, &c. 
 
 Laggard, one that lags or keeps behind. Seepage 150. 
 
 Launch or Lanch, to hurl a lance ; to dart from the 
 hand ; and hence to propel with velocity, as a ship 
 from the stocks into the sea. Hence, launch, a 
 light boat, and therefore easily launched. 
 
 Left. See pages 66 and 211. 
 
 List, a narrow strip of paper on which names are en- 
 rolled ; a border on cloth ; the space enclosed for 
 combatants. 1 See Enlist. 
 
 Locket, the diminutive of lock. A small loek or catch 
 used for fastening a necklace or other ornament. 
 Compare pocket from poke. 
 
 Loiter, to be later ; to be slow or dilatory. 
 
 Luggage, properly, baggage, so heavy that it requires 
 to be lugged or pulled along. Hence, also, lugger, 
 a vessel which sails heavily, and as if draggingly along. 
 
 Lumber, probably from lump ; things lying in confused 
 lumps or heaps. 
 
 Manacles, chains for the hands. Compare fetters. 
 
 Manual, a book that may be carried in the hand ; and 
 hence, a small book. 
 
 Mayor, the chief magistrate in a city. Another form 
 and application of major, the proper meaning of 
 which is greater. 
 
 Meander, from the Meander, a river in Phrygia, re- 
 markable for its winding and serpentine course. 
 
 Mote, a very small particle, seems to be another form 
 of mite, a small insect ; a small coin. 
 
 i ' ; The very list, the very utmost bound, 
 Of all our fortune!-). — Shakspeare. 
 
224 ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 Mould is perhaps from meal? {mealed, meaVd, mould, 
 
 like the words in page 211). See Mould, page 69. 
 Mound, another form of mount. Compare the for- 
 mation of Hound from Hunt. 
 Naught, a compound of ne aught, that is, not any 
 
 thing ; and hence, worthless ; bad ; wicked. 
 Neighbour, from nigh ; and perhaps boor. 
 Neither, from ne or not, and either, one of the two. 
 Ness, a nose or point of land running into the sea ; as 
 
 the Naze in Norway ; and Langness in the Isle of 
 
 Man (i. e., long ness or nose). 
 Net, so called because knitted. 
 Niggard, from nigh, near, and ard. See page 150 for 
 
 ARD. A niggard is a near, close, or stingy person. 
 Nosegay, a bunch of flowers for smell and gay ap- 
 pearance. 
 Nostril, from nose and thrill, to drill or pierce. 
 None, a contraction of no one. Compare neither. 
 Nought, a corruption of naught, bat the meaning is 
 
 now different : nought meaning not any things and 
 
 naught, bad or wicked. 
 Nozzle, a frequentative from nose. See page 210. 
 Offal, that which (falls off) is cast away as unfit for 
 
 food ; and hence, any thing worthless. Compare 
 
 refuse and rubbish. 
 Offspring, that which springs off, or arises from ; 
 
 a child or children. 
 Only, from one and ly or like. See like, p. 151. 
 Ought, a contraction of owed, oiv'd, ought. 2 Ought 
 
 means to owe it as a duty to act so and so. Compare 
 
 the formation of bought from buyed. 
 Orrery, an astronomical instrument, which the inventor 
 
 (Rowley) so named in honour of his patron, the Earl 
 
 of Orrery. 
 
 1 Meal is from the Latin mold, a mill. 
 
 2 " The love and duty I long have ought you.""— Spellman. 
 
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 225 
 
 Ostler, Hostler, the man who takes care of horses at 
 
 a (hostel) hotel or inn. 
 Padlock (a lock for a pad gate) , a lock with a staple 
 
 and hasp. 
 Paduasoy, a kind of silk from Padua. 
 Parboil, to (part boil) half boil. 
 Parcel, 1 a small part or portion ; a small package. 
 Parse, to resolve or analyse a sentence into its elements 
 
 or parts of speech. 
 Pattern, a corruption of patron, and hence a model, 
 
 because dependents follow and try to imitate their 
 
 patrons. 
 Pelt, contracted from pellet, a small ball. To pe'Ct, 
 
 properly means to hit with pellets. 
 Perform, to bring to &form or shape ; to perfect ; to 
 
 achieve or accomplish. 
 Perry, a drink made from pears. 
 Peruse, to use (per) throughly or thoroughly; and 
 
 hence, to read through and through, or carefully. 
 Philippic, properly the speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 against Philip, king of Macedon ; but afterwards 
 
 applied to any invective declamation ; as the orations 
 
 of -Cicero against Antony. 
 Pike, along lance or spear ; a voracious fish — so named 
 
 from the sharpness of its snout. Pique, to touch to 
 
 the quick, to offend deeply, is the same word differ- 
 ently spelled and applied. Hence, piquant, sharp, 
 
 pungent, severe. 
 Pipkin, a small pipe or vessel. Compare l&mbkin, &c. 
 Pocket, a small poke, or bag. Pouch and pock (a 
 
 little bag or pustule) are different forms of the same 
 
 word. Hence also poach, to bag or steal game ; 
 
 and poacher, a stealer of game. 
 Pucker (to form into small pocks or pokes), to wrinkle 
 
 or ruffle. See Pocket. 
 
 1 " Of which by parcels she had something heard." — Shakspeare* 
 
 K 3 
 
226 ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 Quagmire, from quake, as in ewtfaquake, and mire. 
 
 Quick, alive or living ; as " the quick and the dead/ 7 
 Hence, be quick, and be alive, are equivalent expres- 
 sions. Life implies motion ; and hence, the expres- 
 sions quicksilver, ^zc&sand, &c. 
 
 Rally, to re- ally or reunite broken forces. 
 
 Keel (a frequentative of roll), to roll or turn, to 
 move quickly round ; to stagger. 
 
 Regale (to entertain like a king), to feast sumptu- 
 ously. From regal, kingly. 
 
 Remnant, a contraction of remanent, remaining. 
 
 Rest, that which rests or remains behind. Rest, cessa- 
 tion or relaxation, is the same word differently applied. 
 
 Riddle, an enigma, is a diminutive of read or rede, to 
 guess. Riddle, a coarse sieve, is from reticle. 
 
 Roost, to rest ; the place on which birds perch or rest 
 for the night. 
 
 Satchel (a small sack), a small bag. See page 151, 
 for the terminations which express diminution. 
 
 Salver, from save. Salvers were originally used for 
 saving or carrying away the fragments of an enter- 
 tainment. Salvage is a recompence awarded to 
 those who have saved ships from being wrecked. 
 
 Sampler, an example ; a copy or model. Hence, also, 
 sample, a specimen. See Spice. 
 
 Saw, a saying ; a proverb; as, ''full of wise saws and 
 modern instances." 
 
 Scrap, that which is scraped off; and hence, a very 
 small portion of any thing Compare scum, that 
 which is skimmed off. 
 
 Sharper, a sharp, keen person ; a cheat. 
 
 Sheen, bright or shining ; from the verb to shine. 
 
 Sheriff, from shirereeve. Compare portreeve. 
 
 Shuffle, a frequentative from shove. To shove or 
 move cards frequently from one hand to the other ; 
 and hence, to keep changing one's ground or position. 
 Shovel is from the same root. 
 
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 227 
 
 Skipper, another form of shipper; the master or cap- 
 tain of a trading vessel, 
 Sloven, from slow ; as craven, from crave. Slut is 
 
 from the same word (slowed, slow'd, slut). See 
 
 similar formations, page 211. 
 Sneer. It is remarkable that most words beginning 
 
 with sn have reference to the nose; as snout, sneer, 
 
 sneeze, snore, snort, snarl, snuff, snuffle, sniff, snivel, 
 
 snaffle, &c. 
 Snuff, that which is sniffed. 
 Soak seems to be connected with suck. 
 Sorrel, a plant of a sour or acid taste. Compare surly. 
 Spice, a very small quantity — as much as would enable 
 
 one to .judge of the species or quality. Specimen is 
 
 another form of the same word. 
 Staple, another form of stable; firm, established. 
 Starch, another form of stark ; stiff, firm, confirmed, 
 
 as u stark mad." See Starch, page 212. 
 Steeple, from steep, high. Step, that which enables 
 
 us to ascend, is also from steep. 
 Stud, another form of stood, a number of horses 
 
 standing together ; a set of horses ; a nail or button for 
 
 fixing or keeping things steady ; the head of a nail 
 
 or similar ornament set or fixed on any thing. 
 Tad-pole. See Gad-fly, page 220. 
 Talent, a weight or sum of money; also (from the 
 
 parable of the Talents), a natural gift or faculty. 
 Tamper, to try a person's temper, with the view of 
 
 practising upon it. 
 Tap, to strike or hit with the tip of any thing, as the 
 
 finger ; to knock gently. 
 Tendril, the young or tender spirals of the vine. 
 Tight, from tied. See page 211. 
 Twilight, the waning light between day and dark. 
 Twin, from twoen. Twain, twine, and tween, as in 
 
 between, are different forms of the same word. 
 Twist, that which is twiced. See page 211. 
 
228 ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES. 
 
 Trice, is from thrice, and means in an instant; before 
 you could say thrice. 
 
 Trifle. It seems another form of trivial. 
 
 Upholsterer, another form of upholder (upholdster, 
 upholsterer), a bearer or supporter at a funeral ; 
 one who undertakes to supply funerals; and hence, 
 one "who provides furniture or upholstery for houses. 
 Compare undertaker; and see Holster, page 222. 
 
 Usher, one that stands at a door for the purpose of 
 introducing strangers or visitors; and hence, an 
 under teacher — one who introduces or initiates young 
 children in the rudiments or elements of learnin g. 
 
 Utter, for outer, farther out ; and hence, extreme ; as 
 in M utter darkness." See Express, page 63. 
 
 Veneer, to inlay with wood, so as to give the appear- 
 ance of veins. 
 
 Waddle, from wade. To walk as if wading; to walk 
 awkwardly. 
 
 Waver, from wave. " For he that wavereth is like a 
 wave of the sea, driven with the wind and tossed." 
 
 Wild, will, willed, wil'd, wild. Self-willed, or follow- 
 ing one's own will. 
 
 Warn, from the old verb ware-en, as in heware. Com- 
 pare learn from lear-en ; for the old form was lear, 
 whence lore. To warn is to tell a person to beware, 
 or to be wary. 
 
 Whisk, a quick, sweeping motion f a kind of brush 
 for sweeping; hence whisker, from the resemblance 
 to a whisk or brush. 
 
 Wizard. See page 150 for the affix, ard. 
 
 Wrong, from wring, as song from sing. Wrong 
 means wrung, or wrested from the right or correct 
 course of conduct. 
 
 1 "No thought advances but the eddy brain 
 Whisks it about, and 4own it goes again.*' 
 
229 
 
 SYNONYMES. 
 
 In all languages, particularly in those that are of a 
 mixed origin, there are numerous groups of words 
 which have the same general meaning. Such words 
 are called synonymes or synonymous terms. In 
 the English language, for example, which derives 
 so large a portion of its vocabulary from Latin, 
 Greek, French, and other sources, the number of 
 SYNONYMES is unusually great \ and to this circum- 
 stance one of its principal difficulties may be at- 
 tributed. For, in order to have a correct and 
 critical knowledge of the language, we must know, 
 not only all the words which are synonymous, but 
 also all the peculiarities by which they are dis- 
 tinguished from each other. For it is only in the 
 expression of one general idea that synonymous 
 words agree ; and to this extent only they should 
 be considered as equivalent in meaning. But it 
 will be found, also, that they have, in addition to 
 the idea which is common to them all, peculiar sig- 
 nifications or appropriate applications of their own ; 
 and in these respects they should be considered as 
 quite different words. In employing synonymous 
 words, therefore, great care should be taken to 
 distinguish between their general meanings and 
 particular or peculiar applications. If two or more 
 of them be employed to express one and the same 
 
230 SYNONYMES, OK 
 
 idea/ the most objectionable kind of tautology will 
 be produced, namely, the unnecessary repetition of 
 the same idea. And on the other hand, if their 
 peculiar significations and appropriate applications 
 be confounded, ambiguity and error will be the 
 result. 
 
 In a work of this kind it would be useless to 
 attempt even to enter upon a subject so extensive 
 and so important. All that can be done here is, 
 to give a list of the principal or most important 
 synonymes of the language, with a few introductory 
 notes in illustration of the general subject. The 
 learner is also recommended to refer to a Dictionary 
 for the general meaning and peculiar applications 
 of each of the words here given ; and in order that 
 this maybe done in our schools, the teacher should, 
 from time to time, assign to the class a suitable 
 number of them to be prepared as a lesson or 
 exercise. 
 
 The following extract from Blair's Lectures will 
 form an excellent introduction to the subject : — 
 
 u The great source of a loose style, in opposition to 
 precision, is the injudicious use of those words termed 
 S} r nonymous. They are called synonymous, because 
 they agree in expressing one principal idea ; but for the 
 most part, if not always, they express it with some di- 
 versity in the circumstances. They are varied by some 
 
 i " There are two occasions on which synonymous words may 
 be used : one is, when an obscurer term, which we cannot avoid, 
 precedes or follows, and needs explanation by one that is clearer ; 
 the other is, when the language of the passions is exhibited. 
 Passion naturally dwells ©n its objects. The impassioned speaker 
 always attempts to rise in expression ; but when that is imprac- 
 ticable, he recurs to repetition and synonymy, and theieby in 
 some measure produces the same effect." — Campbell's Phil, of 
 Rhetoric. 
 
SYNONYMOUS TERMS. 231 
 
 accessary idea, which every word introduces, and which forms 
 the distinction between them. Hardly in any language are 
 there two words that convey precisely the same idea ; a person 
 thoroughly conversant in the propriety of the language will 
 always be able to observe something that distinguishes them. 
 As they are like different shades of the same colour, an accurate 
 writer can employ them to great advantage, by using them so 
 as to heighten and to finish the picture which he gives us. Pie 
 supplies by one what was wanting in the other, to the force or to 
 the lustre of the image which he means to exhibit. But in order 
 to this end, he must be extremely attentive to the choice which 
 he makes of them. For the bulk of writers are very apt to 
 confound them with each other, and to employ them carelessly, 
 merely for the sake of filling up a period, or of rounding and 
 diversifying the language, as if their signification were exactly 
 the same, while in truth it is not. Hence, a certain mist and 
 indistinctness is unwarily thrown over style. 
 
 " As the subject is of importance, I shall give some examples 
 of the difference in meaning among words reputed synonymous. 
 The instances which I am about to give may themselves be of 
 use ; and they will show the necessity of attending with care 
 and strictness, to the exact import of words, if ever we would 
 write with propriety and precision: — 
 
 Austerity, severity, rigour. — Austerity relates to the manner of 
 living ; severity, of thinking ; rigour, of punishing. To austerity 
 is opposed effeminacy ; to severity, relaxation ; to rigour, clemency. 
 A hermit is austere in his life ; a casuist severe in Ms application 
 of religion or law ; a judge, rigorous in his sentence. 
 
 Custom, habit — Custom respects the action ; habit, the actor. 
 By custom we mean the frequent repetition of the same act ; by 
 habit, the effect which that repetition produces on the mind or 
 body. By the custom of walking often in the street, one acquires 
 a habit of idleness. 
 
 Surprised, astonished, amazed, confounded. — I am surprised, 
 with what is new or unexpected ; I am astonished at what is vast 
 or great ; I am amazed, with what is incomprenensible ; I am 
 confounded, by what is shocking or terrible. 
 
 Desist, renounce, quit, leave off. — Each of these words implies 
 some pursuit or object relinquished, but from different motives. 
 "We desist, from the difficulty of accomplishing; we renounce, on 
 account of the disagree ableness of the object or pursuit ; we quit, 
 for the sake of some other thing which interests us more; and we 
 
232 SYNONYMES, OR 
 
 leave off, because we are weary of the design, A politician de- 
 sists from his designs, when he finds they are impracticable ; he 
 renounces the court, because he has been affronted by it ; he quits 
 ambition for study in retirement ; and leaves off his attendance on 
 the great, as he becomes old and weary of it. 
 
 Pride, vanity. — Pride makes us esteem ourselves ; vanity makes 
 us desire the esteem of others. It is just to say, as Dean Swift 
 lias done, that a man may be too proud to be vain. 
 
 Haughtiness, disdain. — Haughtiness is founded upon the high 
 opinion we entertain of ourselves ; disdain, on the low opinion 
 we have of others. 
 
 To distinguish, to separate. — "We distinguish what we want not 
 to confound with another thing ; we separate what we want to 
 remove from it. Objects are distinguished from one another by 
 their qualities. They are separated, by the distance of time or 
 place. 
 
 To weary, to fatigue. — The continuance of the same thing 
 wearies us ; labour fatigues us. I am weary with standing ; I 
 am fatigued with walking. A suitor wearies us by his persever- 
 ance ; fatigues us by his importunity. 
 
 To abhor, to detest. — To abhor, imports simply strong dislike ; 
 to detest, imports also strong disapprobation. One abhors being 
 in debt ; he detests treachery. 
 
 To invent, to discover. — We invent things that are new; we 
 discover what was before hidden. Galileo invented the telescope ; 
 Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood. 
 
 Only, alone. — Only, imports that there is no other of the same 
 kind ; alone, imports being accompanied by no other. An only 
 child, is one who has neither brother nor sister ; a child alone is 
 one who is left by itself. There is a difference, therefore, in pre- 
 cise language betwixt these two phrases: " Virtue only makes us 
 happy;" and, "Virtue alone makes us happy." "Virtue only 
 makes us happy," imports that nothing else can do it. " Virtue 
 alone makes us happy," imports that virtue, by itself, or unaccom- 
 panied with other advantages, is sufficient to do it. 
 
 Entire, complete. — A thing is entire by wanting none of its 
 parts ; complete by wanting none of the appendages that belong 
 to it. A man may have an entire house to himself ; and yet not 
 have one complete apartment. 
 
 Tranquillity, peace, calm. — Tranquillity respects a situation 
 free from trouble, considered in itself ; peace, the same situation 
 with respect to any causes that might interrupt it; calm, with 
 regard to a disturbed situation going before, or following it. A 
 good man enjoys tranquillity in himself, peace with others, and a 
 calm after a storm. 
 
 A difficulty, an obstacle. — A difficulty embarrasses ; an obstacle 
 stops us. We remove the one ; we surmount the other. Gene- 
 
 J 
 
SYNONYMOUS TERMS. 233 
 
 rally, the first expresses somewhat arising from the nature and 
 circumstances of the affair ; the second, somewhat arising from a 
 foreign cause. Philip found difficulty in managing the Athenians, 
 from the nature of their dispositions ; but the eloquence of Demos- 
 thenes was the greatest obstacle to his^designs. 
 
 Wisdom, prudence. — Wisdom leads us to speak and act what is 
 most proper; prudence prevents our speaking and acting im- 
 properly. A wise man employs the most proper means for success ; 
 a prudent man, the safest means for not being brought into danger. 
 
 Enough, sufficient. — Enough relates to the quantity which one 
 wishes to have of anything ; sufficient relates to the use that is to 
 be made of it. Hence, enough generally imports a greater quan- 
 tity than sufficient does. The covetous man never has enough, 
 although he has what is sufficient for nature. 
 
 To avow, to acknowledge, to confess. — Each of these words 
 imports the affirmation of a fact, but in very different circum- 
 stances. To avow, supposes the person to glory in it ; to acknow- 
 ledge, supposes some small degree of f aultiness, which the acknow- 
 ledgment compensates ; to confess, supposes a higher degree of 
 crime. A patriot avows his opposition to a bad minister, and is 
 applauded ; a gentleman acknowledges his mistake, and is for- 
 given; a prisoner confesses the crime he is accused of, and is 
 punished. 
 
 To remark, to observe. — We remark, in the way of attention, 
 in order to remember ; we observe, in the way of examination, in 
 order to judge. A traveller remarks the most striking objects he 
 sees ; a general observes all the motions of his enemy. 
 
 Equivocal, ambiguous. — An equivocal expression is one which 
 lias one sense open, and designed to be understood ; another sense 
 concealed, and understood only by the person who uses it. An 
 ambiguous expression is one which has apparently two senses, and 
 kaves us at a loss which of them to give it. An equivocal ex- 
 pression is used with an intention to deceive ; an ambiguous one, 
 when it is used with design, is, with an intention not to give full 
 information. An honest man will never employ an equivocal 
 expression; a confused man may often utter ambiguous ones, 
 without any design. I shall only give one instance more. 
 
 With, by. — Both these particles express the connexion between 
 some instrument, or means of effecting an end, and the agent who 
 employs it ; but with expresses a more close and immediate con- 
 nexion ; by, a more remote one. We kill a man with a sword ; 
 he dies by violence. The criminal is bound with ropes by the 
 executioner. The proper distinction in the use of those particles 
 is elegantly marked in a passage of Dr. Robertson's History of 
 Scotland. When one of the old Scottish kings was making an 
 inquiry into the tenure by which his nobles held their lands, they 
 Started up and drew their swords : "By these," said they, "we 
 
234 SYNONYMES, OR 
 
 acquired our lands, and with these we will defend them/' "By 
 these we acquired our lands," signifies the more remote means of 
 acquisition by force and martial deed ; and, " with these we will 
 defend them," signifies the immediate, direct instrument, the 
 sword, which they would employ in their defence. 
 
 " These are instances of words in our language, which, by 
 careless writers, are apt to be employed as perfectly synony- 
 mous, and yet are not so. Their significations approach, but are 
 not precisely the same. The more the distinction in the meaning 
 of such words is weighed and attended to, the more clearly and 
 forcibly shall we speak or write." 
 
 The illustrations in the preceding extract will, 
 as Ave said before, form an excellent introduction to 
 the study of English synonymes. The following 
 list will furnish the teacher with materials for 
 exercises or lessons on the subject, as recom- 
 mended in page 230, and in the subjoined note — 
 for, generally speaking, it will be found that the 
 etymology of a word leads to its true meaning and 
 proper applications. The pupils should, therefore, 
 be required to give, when ascertainable, the etymo- 
 logy of the synonymes in each of the prescribed 
 lessons; and, also, instances of their appropriate 
 applications. But before the pupils enter upon this 
 subject, they should be quite familiar ivith the general 
 principles of Etymology, as already given. See 
 pages 54, 98, 143, &c. ; and also the author's 
 " Dictionary of Derivations. " 
 
SYNONYMOUS TEEMS. 235 
 
 SYNONYMOUS TEEMS, 
 
 (To be explained as recommended in the preceding page.) 
 
 Abandon 2 Abdicate 3 Abettor* Abhor 
 
 Desert Resign Accessary Abominate 
 
 Forsake Relinquish Accomplice Detest 
 
 1 Though there are seldom more than two or three words synony- 
 mous in meaning, yet, in several cases, there are four, five, and 
 sometimes even more. We shall not, however, give more nor less 
 than three. When there are more, the teacher should either elicit 
 them from the pupils, or suggest them himself. We have only space 
 for a few introductory notes. 
 
 2 Abandon is to give up entirely ; to give up as lost. Mariners 
 abandon their ship at sea when they have lost all hopes of being able 
 to bringher into port. Persons lostto virtue abandon themselves to 
 vice and profligacy. Desert properly means to give up or leave a 
 station which it was our duty to defend ; and hence it implies to give 
 up treacherously or meanly. Soldiers who abscond from their regi- 
 ments, are said to desert, and are called deserters. Politicians who 
 leave their party when their support is most required are also said 
 to desert. Forsake etymologically means not to seek, or to seek no 
 longer ; and hence it came to signify to give up or leave through 
 resentment or dislike. Like desert it often implies treachery or 
 meanness — but not to the same extent — as when we/orsa&e persons 
 who are entitled to our services or protection. '* Then all the disci- 
 ples forsook Him and fled." " Forsake me not, O Adam I' 1 — A bird 
 is said to forsake its nest, when it observes that it has been disco- 
 vered. In this case abandon would be more appropriate. When a 
 person leaves his house at the approach of a victorious enemy, he is 
 said to abandon, not to forsake it, or desert it. It should also be ob- 
 served that abandon is often an involuntary or necessary act; and 
 in such cases it is, consequently, free from blame. But, on the 
 contrary, desert and forsake are voluntary or optional acts, and 
 are therefore censurable. The meaning common to each of these 
 words is, to give up or leave. 
 
 3Abdicate,re3ign,relinquis7i.-Thegeneralme2Lmngofthese\YOYds 
 is the same, namely, to give up ; but, as is the case with most 
 synonymes,they have each peculiar and appropriate applications ; 
 as, to abdicate a throne ; to resign an office ; to relinquish a, claim. 
 
 4 Abettor, accessary, accomplice. — An abettor is one that abets or 
 incites anotherto the commission of a wrong or unlawful act. Acces- 
 sary from the Latin accedo (accessus) , to go to, to accede to, is one 
 that advises to, assists in, or conceals a felonious act, and who there 
 
236 
 
 SYNO^mtES, OR 
 
 
 Abilityi 
 
 Capacity 
 
 Talent 
 
 Absorb 
 Swallow up 
 Engross 
 
 Abusive 
 
 Reproachful 
 
 Scurrilous 
 
 Accommodate 
 
 Adjust 
 
 Suit 
 
 Abjure 
 
 Renounce 
 
 Recant 
 
 Abstain 
 Forbear 
 Refrain 
 
 Accede 
 Comply 
 Acquiesce 
 
 Accomplish 
 
 Fulfil 
 
 Complete 
 
 Abridge 
 
 Curtail 
 
 Shorten 
 
 Abstemious 
 Temperate 
 Sober 
 
 Accelerate 
 
 Quicken 
 
 Hasten 
 
 Accomplished 
 
 Finished 
 
 Completed 
 
 Abridgments 
 Compendium 
 Epitome 
 
 Absurd 
 
 Preposterous 
 
 Irrational 
 
 Accident 
 
 Chance 
 
 Casualty 
 
 Accost 
 
 Salute 
 Address 
 
 Absolute 
 
 Arbitrary 
 
 Despotic 
 
 Abuse 
 
 Reproach 
 
 Revile 
 
 Accidental 
 
 Casual 
 
 Fortuitous 
 
 Account 
 
 Narrative 
 
 Description 
 
 fore participates in the guilt of it. Accomplice (from the Latin ad, 
 con, and plico, through the French) is a person implicated with 
 another or others, in the execution of a plot. Abettors encourage, 
 accessaries assist, accomplices execute. The abettor and accessary 
 may be one and the same person, but not so the accessary and 
 accomplice. 
 
 i Ability, capacity, talent. — The chief distinction between ability 
 and capacity is, that the former is active in its signification, the latt er 
 passive. The one implies power to do or execute ; the other power 
 to take in, conceive, or comprehend. Thus we might say, " The" 
 execution of the work was beyond his ability — nay, he had not suffi- 
 cient capacity of mind to comprehend how it should be done." 
 Ability is either physical or mental ; capacity is always mental. 
 Talent properly means a weight or sum of money ; but in modern 
 languages (from the " Parable of the Talents ") it is used to signify 
 a natural gift — a faculty or power , as a talent for learning languages. 
 
 2 Abridgment, &c. — An abridgment is the reduction of a work 
 into a smaller compass. Thus a work of three volumes has been 
 often abridged into one. An abridgment gives all the substance of 
 a work or writing, but in fewer words. A compendium (from con, 
 together, and pendo, to weigh) denotes that which is collected 
 from weighing or considering several things together; and hence 
 it came to signify a concise view of any science, as a " Compen- 
 dium of Logic." Epitome is a Greek word (from epi, upon, and 
 temno, to cut), with much the same meaning as abridgment; as 
 an " Epitome of the History of England." Compare the word 
 concise* with epitome. 
 
 a Concise is derived from the Latin con and caedo (caesus), to cut 
 

 SYNONYMOUS TERMS. 
 
 237 
 
 Account 
 Reckoning 
 | Bill 
 
 Actual 
 
 Real 
 
 Positive 
 
 Adjourn 
 
 Prorogue 
 
 Postpone 
 
 Air 
 Mien 
 
 Look 
 
 Account 
 
 Sake 
 
 Reason 
 
 Actuate 
 
 Induce 
 
 Impel 
 
 Admit 
 Allow 
 Grant 
 
 Alleviate 
 Mitigate 
 Relieve 
 
 Accountable 
 Responsible 
 Answerable 
 
 Acute 
 Sharp 
 Keen 
 
 Admission 
 
 Admittance 
 
 Access 
 
 Allot 
 Apportion 
 
 Assign 
 
 Accumulate 
 Heap up 
 
 Amass 
 
 Adage 
 Proverb 
 
 Aphorism 
 
 Adorn 
 
 Decorate 
 
 Beautify 
 
 Alter 
 
 Change 
 Vary 
 
 Accurate 
 
 Exact 
 
 Precise 
 
 Add 
 Join 
 Unite 
 
 Adroit 
 
 Dexterous 
 
 Clever 
 
 Ambassador 
 
 Envoy 
 
 Plenipotentiary 
 
 Achieve 
 
 Accomplish 
 
 Perform 
 
 Address 
 
 Direction 
 
 Superscription 
 
 Advantageous 
 Beneficial 
 
 P portable 
 
 Ample 
 Plentiful 
 
 Abundant 
 
 Achievement 
 
 Exploit 
 Eeat 
 
 Address 
 
 Adroitness 
 
 Dexterity 
 
 Adversary 
 Opponent 
 Antagonist 
 
 Ancient 
 
 Antiquated 
 
 Antique 
 
 Acid 
 Sour 
 Tart 
 
 Adduce 
 Bring forward 
 Advance 
 
 Affinity 
 
 Consanguinity 
 Relationship 
 
 Animate 
 Enliven 
 Inspire 
 
 Acquire 
 
 Obtain 
 Gain 
 
 Adequate 
 
 Commensurate 
 Sufficient 
 
 Affirm 
 Assert 
 Aver 
 
 Annals 
 Chromel'_ = 
 Records 
 
 Acrimony 
 
 Bitterness 
 Harshness 
 
 Adhere 
 Stick 
 Cleave to 
 
 Affix 
 
 Attach 
 
 Annex 
 
 Announce 
 
 Proclaim 
 
 Declare 
 
 Act 
 Action 
 
 Deed 
 
 Adherent 
 Follower 
 Partisan 
 
 Agreement 
 
 Contract 
 
 Covenant 
 
 Answer 
 Reply 
 
 Response 
 
 Active 
 Quick 
 Kimble 
 
 Adjacent 
 
 Adjoining 
 
 Contiguous 
 
 Aim 
 View 
 
 Design 
 
 Anxiety 
 
 Perplexity 
 
 Solicitude 
 
238 
 
 SYKONYMES, Oil 
 
 Apparition 
 
 Spectre 
 
 Phantom 
 
 Association 
 
 Society 
 
 Company 
 
 Behaviour 
 
 Conduct 
 
 Demeanour 
 
 Boundaries 
 
 Limits 
 
 Confines 
 
 Apathy- 
 Insensibility 
 Indifference 
 
 Assurance 
 Confidence 
 Effrontery 
 
 Behead 
 
 Decapitate 
 
 Guillotine 
 
 Bounty 
 
 Generosity 
 Liberality 
 
 Appear 
 
 Look 
 
 Seem 
 
 Augmentation 
 
 Increase 
 
 Addition 
 
 Behold 
 
 View 
 
 Observe 
 
 Brace 
 
 Couple 
 
 Pair 
 
 Apprehend 
 
 Seize 
 
 Catch 
 
 Avarice 
 
 Covetousness 
 Cupidity 
 
 Binding 
 
 Obligatory 
 Compulsory 
 
 Brave 
 
 Courageous 
 
 Valiant 
 
 Apprehend 
 
 Fear 
 
 Dread 
 
 Baffle 
 
 Balk 
 
 Frustrate 
 
 Biamable 
 Culpable 
 Reprehensible 
 
 Brave 
 
 Dare 
 
 Defy 
 
 Apprehend 
 
 Conceive 
 
 Imagine 
 
 Banish 
 
 Exile 
 Expatriate 
 
 Bleeding 
 
 Phlebotomy 
 
 Venesection 
 
 Brittle 
 
 Frangible 
 
 Fragile 
 
 Artifice 
 
 Trick 
 
 Stratagem 
 
 Barbarian 
 
 Savage 
 
 Uncivilized 
 
 Blend 
 Mix 
 
 Mingle 
 
 Building 
 Structure 
 Edifice 
 
 Artificer 
 Artisan 
 Mechanic 
 
 Barren 
 Sterile 
 Unfruitful 
 
 Blot out 
 
 Obliterate 
 
 Erase 
 
 Bud 
 
 Germinate 
 Sprout 
 
 Ascribe 
 
 Attribute 
 
 Impute 
 
 Basis 
 
 Foundation 
 
 Groundwork 
 
 Bodily 
 
 Corporeal 
 
 Corporal 
 
 Bulk 
 
 Size 
 
 Magnitude 
 
 Assail 
 
 Assault 
 
 Attack 
 
 Bear 
 Carry 
 Convey 
 
 Bog 
 Fen 
 Marsh 
 
 Burdensome 
 
 Weighty 
 
 Onerous 
 
 Assemble 
 
 Muster 
 
 Collect 
 
 Bear 
 
 Endure 
 
 Suffer 
 
 Border 
 Margin 
 Verge 
 
 Bury 
 Inter 
 Entomb 
 
 Associate 
 
 Companion 
 
 Partner 
 
 Beautiful 
 
 Pretty 
 
 Handsome 
 
 Boundless 
 Unlimited 
 Infinite 
 
 Cabal 
 Clique 
 Junto 
 
 
SYNONYMOUS TERMS. 
 
 239 
 
 Calling 
 
 Vocation 
 
 Profession 
 
 Choleric 
 
 Passionate 
 
 Irascible 
 
 Competent 
 
 Qualified 
 
 Fitted 
 
 Contemptible 
 
 Despicable 
 
 Paltry 
 
 Carnage 
 
 Massacre 
 
 Slaughter 
 
 Civility 
 
 Politeness 
 
 Urbanity 
 
 Complexity 
 
 Complication 
 
 Intricacy 
 
 Contemptuous 
 
 Disdainful 
 
 Scornful 
 
 Carriage 
 Bearing 
 Deportment 
 
 Clear 
 Lucid 
 Perspicuous 
 
 Compound 
 
 Mixture 
 
 Medley 
 
 Conversation 
 
 Colloquy 
 
 Conference 
 
 Cast down 
 
 Dejected 
 
 Depressed 
 
 Cloak 
 
 Palliate 
 
 Screen 
 
 Conceit 
 
 Fancy 
 
 Imagination 
 
 Convivial 
 
 Jovial 
 
 Social 
 
 Celebrated 
 
 Famous 
 
 Renowned 
 
 Close 
 Shut 
 Conclude 
 
 Conciliate 
 Propitiate 
 Reconcile 
 
 Contrivance 
 
 Device 
 
 Scheme 
 
 Changeable 
 
 Mutable 
 
 Variable 
 
 Clothes 
 
 Garments 
 
 Dress 
 
 Conclusion 
 
 Inference 
 
 Deduction 
 
 Convention 
 
 Congress 
 
 Convocation 
 
 Cheat 
 
 Defraud 
 
 Trick 
 
 Colleague 
 
 Partner 
 
 Associate 
 
 Conclusive 
 
 Decisive 
 
 Convincing 
 
 Copy 
 
 Model 
 Pattern 
 
 Check 
 
 Curb 
 
 Control 
 
 Colours 
 Ensign 
 Flag 
 
 Concord 
 
 Harmony 
 
 Unity 
 
 Crafty 
 
 Cunning 
 
 Artful 
 
 Chide 
 
 Rebuke 
 
 Reprimand 
 
 Commodious 
 
 Convenient 
 
 Suitable 
 
 Confute 
 
 Refute 
 
 Disprove 
 
 Cross 
 
 Perverse 
 
 Froward 
 
 Cherish 
 Nourish 
 Foster 
 
 Common 
 Ordinary 
 Vulgar 
 
 Console 
 
 Solace 
 
 Comfort 
 
 Cross 
 
 Thwart 
 
 Obstruct 
 
 Childish 
 
 Boyish 
 
 Puerile 
 
 Communicate 
 
 Impart 
 
 Disclose 
 
 Constant 
 
 Continual 
 
 Perpetual 
 
 Curious 
 
 Inquisitive 
 
 Prying 
 
 Choke 
 
 Suffocate 
 
 Smother 
 
 Compensation 
 
 Recompense 
 
 Remuneration 
 
 Contemplate 
 
 Meditate 
 
 Ponder 
 
 Curse 
 
 Imprecation 
 
 Anathema 
 
240 
 
 SYNONYMES, OR 
 
 Dangerous 
 
 Perilous 
 
 Hazardous 
 
 Design 
 
 Purpose 
 
 Intent 
 
 Effort 
 
 Exertion 
 
 Endeavour 
 
 Emulation 
 
 Rivalry 
 
 Competition 
 
 Dead 
 
 Lifeless 
 Inanimate 
 
 Design 
 
 Plan 
 
 Project 
 
 Elderly 
 Old 
 
 Aged 
 
 Essay 
 
 Dissertation 
 
 Treatise 
 
 Decay 
 
 Decline 
 
 Consumption 
 
 Discernment 
 
 Discrimination 
 
 Penetration 
 
 Emblem 
 Symbol 
 Type 
 
 Essay 
 Try 
 
 Attempt 
 
 Deceive 
 Delude 
 Impose upon 
 
 Disembodied 
 
 Incorporeal 
 
 Spiritual 
 
 Empty 
 Vacant 
 Void 
 
 Esteem 
 
 Value 
 
 Prize 
 
 Decency 
 Decorum 
 Propriety 
 
 Disengage 
 
 Disentangle 
 
 Extricate 
 
 Encomium 
 
 Eulogy 
 
 Panegyric 
 
 Estimate 
 Compute 
 Rate 
 
 Decided 
 
 Determined 
 
 Resolute 
 
 Distinguished 
 
 Conspicuous 
 
 Illustrious 
 
 End 
 
 Termination 
 
 Extremity 
 
 Excess 
 
 Superfluity 
 Redundancy 
 
 Decree 
 
 Edict 
 
 Proclamation 
 
 Divide 
 
 Separate 
 
 Part 
 
 End 
 
 Finish 
 
 Terminate 
 
 Excessive 
 
 Immoderate 
 
 Intemperate 
 
 Deface 
 
 Disfigure 
 
 Deform 
 
 Earthly 
 
 Worldly 
 
 Terrestrial 
 
 Endurance 
 Sufferance 
 Toleration 
 
 Exigency 
 
 Emergency 
 
 Necessity 
 
 Defect 
 
 Imperfection 
 
 Blemish 
 
 Ecstasy 
 Rapture 
 Transport 
 
 Enlarge 
 Increase 
 Extend 
 
 Extraneous 
 
 Extrinsic 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Delegate Education 
 Deputy Instruction 
 Representative Tuition 
 
 Enlighten 
 Illuminate 
 Illumine 
 
 Face 
 
 Countenance 
 
 Visage 
 
 Disown 
 
 Disavow 
 
 Disclaim 
 
 Effect 
 Result 
 Consequence 
 
 Enmity 
 
 Animosity 
 
 Hostility 
 
 Faithless 
 
 Perfidious 
 
 Treacherous 
 
 Derive 
 Deduce 
 Trace 
 
 Effectual 
 Effective 
 Efficacious 
 
 Enthusiast 
 
 Visionary 
 
 Fanatic 
 
 Fame 
 
 Renown 
 
 Reputation 
 
SYNONYMOUS TERMS. 
 
 241 
 
 Fame 
 
 Report 
 
 Rumour 
 
 Fit out 
 
 Equip 
 
 Prepare 
 
 Frolic 
 Prank 
 Gambol 
 
 Harsh 
 
 Rigorous 
 
 Severe 
 
 Fanciful 
 
 Imaginative 
 
 Ideal 
 
 Flattery 
 
 Adulation 
 
 Sycophancy 
 
 Fulness 
 
 Repletion 
 
 Satiety 
 
 Haste 
 Hurry 
 Precipitancy 
 
 Farewell 
 Good-bye 
 Adieu 
 
 Flexible 
 
 Pliable 
 
 Supple 
 
 Gentile 
 
 Heathen 
 
 Pagan 
 
 Hasten 
 
 Speed 
 
 Accelerate 
 
 Fearful 
 
 Timid 
 
 Timorous 
 
 Flock 
 Herd 
 Drove 
 
 Gift 
 
 Donation 
 
 Present 
 
 Hazard 
 
 Risk 
 
 Venture 
 
 Fearful 
 
 Formidable 
 
 Terrible 
 
 Form 
 
 Figure 
 
 Shape 
 
 Grave 
 
 Serious 
 
 Solemn 
 
 Head 
 Chief 
 Principal 
 
 Feign 
 
 Pretend 
 
 Dissemble 
 
 Forbid 
 
 Prohibit 
 
 Interdict 
 
 Grave 
 
 Sepulchre 
 
 Tomb 
 
 Healthy 
 
 Salubrious 
 
 Wholesome 
 
 Fervour 
 Ardour 
 Zeal 
 
 Force 
 
 Vigour 
 
 Energy 
 
 Greatness 
 Grandeur 
 Magnificence 
 
 Heavy 
 
 Ponderous 
 
 Weighty 
 
 Fiction 
 
 Fabrication 
 
 Falsehood 
 
 Forefathers 
 
 Ancestors 
 
 Progenitors 
 
 Guess 
 
 Conjecture 
 
 Surmise 
 
 Hide 
 Conceal 
 
 Secrete 
 
 Final 
 
 Conclusive 
 
 Decisive 
 
 Forerunner 
 
 Precursor 
 
 Harbinger 
 
 Guide 
 
 Lead 
 
 Conduct 
 
 Hint 
 
 Intimation 
 
 Suggestion 
 
 Find out 
 
 Detect 
 Discover 
 
 Foretel 
 
 Predict 
 Prognosticate 
 
 Happiness 
 
 Felicity 
 
 Bliss 
 
 Hire 
 
 Salary 
 
 "Wages 
 
 Firm 
 Solid 
 Stable 
 
 Found 
 
 Establish 
 Institute >. 
 
 Hardened 
 Obdurate 
 Unfeeling 
 
 Hopeless 
 Desperate 
 Forlorn 
 
 Fit 
 
 Apt 
 Meet 
 
 Frank 
 
 Candid 
 
 Ingenuous 
 
 Harass 
 
 Distress 
 Perplex 
 
 Huge 
 Vast 
 
 Enormous 
 L 
 
242 
 
 SYNONYMES, OE 
 
 Idea 
 
 Notion 
 
 Conception 
 
 Lean 
 
 Meagre 
 
 Thin 
 
 Necessary 
 Requisite 
 Essential 
 
 Overturn 
 
 Overthrow 
 
 Subject 
 
 Imminent 
 
 Impending 
 
 Threatening 
 
 Lean 
 
 Incliue 
 
 Bend 
 
 Negligent 
 
 Careless 
 
 Heedless 
 
 Outside 
 Surface 
 Superficies 
 
 Importance 
 
 Consequence 
 
 Moment 
 
 Learning 
 Erudition 
 Literature 
 
 New 
 
 Fresh 
 
 Recent 
 
 Outward 
 Exterior 
 External 
 
 Inconsistent 
 Incongruous 
 Incoherent 
 
 Leave 
 
 Liberty 
 
 Permission 
 
 News 
 
 Tidings 
 
 Intelligence 
 
 Pace 
 Step 
 Degree 
 
 Inborn 
 Innate 
 Inherent 
 
 Liveliness 
 
 Animation 
 
 Vivacity 
 
 Notorious 
 
 Noted 
 
 Well-known 
 
 Painting 
 
 Picture 
 
 Portrait 
 
 Ineffectual 
 
 Fruitless 
 
 Vain 
 
 Madness 
 Insanity 
 Phrenzy 
 
 Odd 
 
 Singular 
 
 Strange 
 
 Pale 
 
 Pallid 
 
 Wan 
 
 Infringement 
 
 Infraction 
 
 Violation 
 
 Martial 
 Warlike 
 Military 
 
 Offer 
 
 Propose 
 
 Tender 
 
 Part 
 Portion 
 
 Share 
 
 Interpose 
 Interfere 
 Intermeddle 
 
 Mistake 
 
 Error 
 
 Blunder 
 
 Offering 
 Oblation 
 Gift 
 
 Partake 
 
 Participate 
 
 Share 
 
 Justice 
 Equity 
 Bight 
 
 Mishap 
 
 Mischance 
 
 Casualty 
 
 Omen 
 
 Prognostic 
 
 Presage 
 
 Pellucid 
 
 Transparent 
 
 Clear 
 
 Kingly 
 
 Regal 
 
 Royal 
 
 Modest 
 Bashful 
 Diffident 
 
 Origin 
 
 Beginning 
 
 Source 
 
 Penetrate 
 
 Pierce 
 
 Perforate 
 
 Kind 
 Sort 
 Species 
 
 Mutual 
 
 Reciprocal 
 
 Alternate 
 
 Overbalance 
 
 Outweigh 
 
 Preponderate 
 
 Penetration 
 
 Acuteness 
 
 Sagacity 
 
 Last 
 
 Final 
 
 Ultimate 
 
 Name 
 
 Appellation 
 
 Title 
 
 Overbearing 
 
 Domineering 
 
 Imperious 
 
 People 
 Populace 
 
 Mob 
 
 : 
 
 
SYNONYMOUS TEKMS. 
 
 243 
 
 Perceive 
 
 Discern 
 
 Distinguish 
 
 Preliminary 
 Preparatory 
 Introductory 
 
 Rapacious 
 Ravenous 
 Voracious 
 
 Restitution 
 Reparation 
 Amends 
 
 Pity 
 
 Compassion 
 
 Sympathy 
 
 Primary 
 
 Primitive 
 
 Original 
 
 Rapine 
 
 Plunder 
 
 Pillage 
 
 Retribution 
 Recompense 
 Requital 
 
 Polite 
 
 Polished 
 
 Refined 
 
 Privacy 
 
 Retirement 
 
 Seclusion 
 
 Rashness 
 Temerity 
 Precipitancy 
 
 Revile 
 Vilify 
 Upbraid 
 
 Position 
 Posture 
 Attitude 
 
 Production 
 
 Produce 
 
 Product 
 
 Ratify 
 
 Confirm 
 
 Sanction 
 
 Riches 
 Wealth 
 Opulence 
 
 Possessor 
 
 Owner 
 
 Proprietor 
 
 Progress 
 
 Proficiency 
 
 Improvement 
 
 Recede 
 Retire 
 Retreat 
 
 Riot 
 
 Uproar 
 
 Tumult 
 
 Powerful 
 
 Potent 
 
 Mighty 
 
 Prorogue 
 Adjourn 
 Postpone 
 
 Reckon 
 
 Count 
 Compute 
 
 Robust 
 
 Stout 
 
 Strong 
 
 Praise 
 
 Commend 
 
 Eulogize 
 
 Put in order 
 
 Arrange 
 
 Dispose 
 
 Refuse 
 Reject 
 Decline 
 
 Root out 
 Eradicate 
 Extirpate 
 
 Praiseworthy 
 Commendable 
 Laudable 
 
 Prudence 
 Foresight 
 Wisdom 
 
 Relation 
 Relative 
 Kinsman 
 
 Rot 
 
 Putrefy 
 
 Corrupt 
 
 Pressing 
 
 Urgent 
 
 Importunate 
 
 Quack 
 
 Mountebank 
 
 Charlatan 
 
 Repeat 
 
 Recite 
 
 Rehearse 
 
 Round 
 
 Globular 
 
 Spherical 
 
 Presumptive 
 
 Presumptuous 
 
 Presuming 
 
 Querulous 
 
 Peevish 
 
 Fretful 
 
 Reproach 
 
 Contumely 
 
 Obloquy 
 
 Sanguinary 
 
 Bloody 
 
 Cruel 
 
 Pretence 
 
 Pretext 
 
 Excuse 
 
 Question 
 
 Query 
 
 Interrogation 
 
 Rest 
 
 Remainder 
 Residue 
 
 Scatter 
 
 Disperse 
 
 Dissipate 
 
 Predominant 
 
 Ruling 
 
 Prevailing 
 
 Race 
 
 Lineage 
 
 Pedigree 
 
 Rest 
 
 Cessation 
 
 Intermission 
 
 Secular 
 
 Temporal 
 
 Worldly 
 
 L2 
 
2U 
 
 SYXOXYJIKS, OR 
 
 Sedulous 
 Diligent 
 Assiduous 
 
 Skin 
 Rind 
 Peel 
 
 State Term 
 Realm Limit 
 Commonwealth Boundary 
 
 Separate 
 
 Sever 
 
 Disjoin 
 
 Slow 
 
 Dilatory 
 
 Tardy 
 
 Straight 
 
 Right 
 Direct 
 
 Thick 
 Dense 
 Compact 
 
 Servant 
 
 Domestic 
 
 Menial 
 
 Smell 
 Scent 
 Odour 
 
 Stranger 
 
 Foreigner 
 
 Alien 
 
 Thin 
 
 Slender 
 
 Slight 
 
 Servitude 
 
 Slavery 
 
 Bondage 
 
 Smooth 
 
 Level 
 
 Plain 
 
 Strengthen 
 
 Fortify 
 
 Invigorate 
 
 Thoughtful 
 Considerate 
 Deliberate 
 
 Shake 
 
 Agitate 
 
 Toss 
 
 Solitary 
 Lonely 
 Desolate 
 
 Surround 
 
 Encompass 
 
 Environ 
 
 Thrift 
 
 Frugality 
 
 Economy 
 
 Shift 
 
 Subterfuge 
 
 Evasion 
 
 Solitary 
 
 Sole 
 
 Single 
 
 Sustain 
 Support 
 Maintain 
 
 Timely 
 
 Seasonable 
 
 Opportune 
 
 Show 
 
 Display 
 
 Exhibit 
 
 Special 
 Specific 
 Particular 
 
 Take 
 
 Receive 
 
 Accept 
 
 Trade 
 
 Commerce 
 
 Traftic 
 
 Show 
 
 Ostentation 
 
 Parade 
 
 Speech 
 Oration 
 Harangue 
 
 Talkativeness 
 
 Loquacity 
 
 Garrulity 
 
 Transfigure 
 
 Transform 
 
 Metamorphc 
 
 Signification 
 
 Meaning 
 
 Import 
 
 Speech 
 
 Language 
 
 Tongue 
 
 Tax 
 
 Impost 
 Rate 
 
 Trembling 
 
 Tremor 
 
 Trepidation 
 
 Simile 
 
 Similitude 
 
 Comparison 
 
 Spurious 
 
 Supposititious 
 
 Counterfeit 
 
 Tease 
 
 Annoy 
 
 Yex 
 
 Trial 
 
 Experiment 
 Test 
 
 Simpleton 
 
 Natural 
 
 Idiot 
 
 Stagger 
 
 Reel 
 
 Totter 
 
 Transient 
 
 Transitory 
 
 Fleeting 
 
 Trivial 
 Trifling 
 Frivolous 
 
 Sketch 
 
 Outline 
 
 Delineation 
 
 Stain 
 Sully 
 Tarnish 
 
 Tendency 
 
 Drift 
 
 Aim 
 
 Trouble 
 Disturb 
 Molest 
 
SYNONYMOUS TERMS. 
 
 245 
 
 Tumultuous 
 Tumultuary 
 Turbulent 
 
 Utter 
 
 Articulate 
 
 Pronounce 
 
 Way 
 Road 
 Route 
 
 Wise 
 
 Prudent 
 
 Discreet 
 
 Turgid 
 Tumid 
 Bombastic 
 
 Valuable 
 Precious 
 Costly 
 
 Way 
 
 Method 
 
 Manner 
 
 Womanish 
 Effeminate 
 Feminine 
 
 Unbelief 
 
 Incredulity 
 
 Infidelity 
 
 Value 
 Worth 
 Price 
 
 Wayward 
 Fro ward 
 
 Perverse 
 
 Wonder 
 
 Admiration 
 
 Surprise 
 
 Undervalue 
 
 Disparage 
 
 Depreciate 
 
 Vicinity 
 Suburbs 
 Environs 
 
 Weaken 
 Enfeeble 
 Debilitate 
 
 Wonder 
 Miracle 
 Marvel 
 
 Understanding 
 
 Intellect 
 
 Mind 
 
 Violent 
 
 Vehement 
 
 Impetuous 
 
 Wearisome 
 
 Tiresome 
 
 Irksome 
 
 Work 
 
 Labour 
 
 Toil 
 
 Unfold 
 
 Unravel 
 
 Develop 
 
 Vote 
 
 Suffrage 
 
 Voice 
 
 Weariness 
 Lassitude 
 Fatigue 
 
 World 
 Earth 
 Globe 
 
 Unimportant 
 Insignificant 
 Inconsiderable 
 
 Wakeful 
 Watchful 
 Vigilant 
 
 Weight 
 
 Heaviness 
 
 Gravity 
 
 Worth 
 Desert 
 Merit 
 
 Unoffending 
 
 Inoffensive 
 
 Harmless 
 
 Want 
 Indigence 
 
 Necessity 
 
 Well-being 
 
 Welfare 
 
 Prosperity 
 
 Worthy 
 
 Estimable 
 
 Valuable 
 
 Unruly 
 
 Ungovernable 
 
 Refractory 
 
 Want 
 Lack 
 
 Need 
 
 Wilful 
 
 Headstrong 
 
 Testy 
 
 Worship 
 
 Adore 
 
 Venerate 
 
 Unspeakable 
 Unutterable 
 Ineffable 
 
 Warn 
 
 Caution 
 
 Admonish 
 
 Whim 
 Freak 
 Caprice 
 
 Youthful 
 Juvenile 
 Boyish 
 
 Unworthy 
 Worthless 
 Valueless 
 
 Wave 
 Billow 
 Breaker 
 
 Whole 
 Entire 
 Total 
 
 Zealous 
 Ardent 
 Warm 
 
 Uprightness 
 
 Rectitude 
 
 Integrity 
 
 Waver 
 
 Fluctuate 
 
 Vacillate 
 
 Willingly 
 
 Voluntarily 
 
 Spontaneously 
 
 Zone 
 
 Girdle 
 
 Belt 
 
246 
 
 SPECIMEN'S OF WHAT MIGHT BE CALLED 
 DUPLICATE WORDS. 
 
 The following pairs of words, whicli are strikingly 
 synonymous, illustrate the mixed character of the 
 English language. One of the words in each pair is 
 of English or Anglo-Saxon origin,. the other is from 
 the Latin. 
 
 Begin 
 Commence 
 
 Choice . 
 Option 
 
 Friendly 
 Amicable 
 
 Live 
 
 Exist 
 
 Bequeath 
 Devise 
 
 Corner 
 Angle 
 
 Fulness 
 Plenitude 
 
 Lively 
 Animated 
 
 Binding 
 Obligatory 
 
 Dark 
 Obscure 
 
 Fulness 
 Repletion 
 
 Lucky 
 Fortunate 
 
 Bitterness 
 Acrimony 
 
 Die 
 
 Expire 
 
 Happen 
 Chance 
 
 Miiky 
 Lacteal 
 
 Bloody 
 Sanguinary 
 
 Earthly 
 Terrestrial 
 
 Heavenly 
 Celestial 
 
 Motherly 
 Maternal 
 
 Bodily 
 Corporeal 
 
 Eastern 
 Oriental 
 
 Hinder 
 Prevent 
 
 Odd 
 
 Singular 
 
 Boyish 
 Puerile 
 
 Enliven 
 Animate 
 
 Inside 
 Interior 
 
 Opening 
 Aperture 
 
 Boundaries 
 Confines 
 
 Enough 
 Sufficient 
 
 Keeping 
 Custody 
 
 Overflow 
 Inundate 
 
 Breed 
 Engender 
 
 Errand 
 
 Message 
 
 Kingly 
 Regal 
 
 Outlive 
 Survive 
 
 Brotherly i 
 Fraternal 
 
 Fellowship Lean 
 Companionship Meagre 
 
 Outside 
 Exterior 
 
 Childhood 
 Infancy 
 
 Freedom 
 Liberty 
 
 Likely 
 Probable 
 
 Outward 
 External 
 
 
 i Brotherly. — Some of the words considered as of Anglo-Saxon 
 origin may be traced to Latin or Greek roots 
 
ON THE CHOICE OP PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 217 
 
 Overall 
 Surtout 
 
 Teachable 
 Docile 
 
 Unspeakable 
 Ineffable 
 
 Will 
 Volition 
 
 Overseer 
 Inspector 
 
 Thick 
 Dense 
 
 Unutterable 
 Inexpressible 
 
 Will 
 
 Testament 
 
 Owing 
 Due 
 
 Threat 
 Menace 
 
 Unwilling 
 Involuntary 
 
 Witness 
 Testify 
 
 Shepherd 
 Pastor 
 
 Thoughtful 
 Pensive 
 
 Uprightness 
 Rectitude 
 
 Woman 
 Female 
 
 Shock 
 Concussion 
 
 Timely 
 Seasonable 
 
 "Want 
 
 Necessity 
 
 Womanly 
 Effeminate 
 
 Shun 
 
 Avoid 
 
 Time-serving 
 Temporizing 
 
 Waver 
 
 Fluctuate 
 
 Wonderful 
 Marvellous 
 
 Step 
 Pace 
 
 Truth 
 
 Verity 
 
 Watery 
 Aqueous 
 
 Woody 
 Sylvan 
 
 Straight 
 Right 
 
 Sorrowful 
 Tristful 
 
 Weaken 
 Invalidate 
 
 Wordy 
 Verbose 
 
 Sweat 
 Perspire 
 
 Understand 
 Comprehend 
 
 Weapons 
 Arms 
 
 Worth 
 Value 
 
 Tasteless 
 Insipid 
 
 Understanding 
 Intellect 
 
 Weep 
 Deplore 
 
 Worthless 
 Valueless 
 
 OX THE CHOICE OF PKEPOSITTOSTS. 
 
 Certain words and phrases in English require par- 
 ticular or appropriate prepositions after them ; as — 
 
 Abstain from. 
 Allude to. 
 Comply with. 
 Confide in. 
 Partake of. 
 
 Abhorrence of 
 Accordance with. 
 According to. 
 Averse to. 1 
 Deficient in. 
 
 Astonished at. 
 Dependent on. 
 Independent of. 
 Different from. 
 Indifferent to. 
 
 i A verse.— According to etymology, this word should herefrom 
 after it, and not to ; and Milton has so written it (P. L. viii. 138 ; 
 and ix. 67) ; but the idiom of our language requires "averse to." 
 
248 
 
 Oft THE CHOICE OF PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 We have only space for a 
 writer's English Grammar, 
 more fully explained. 
 
 Abide in the land. 
 
 Abide at a place. 
 
 Abide with a person. 
 
 Abide by an opinion (that is, 
 to maintain it). 
 
 Abide by a person (that is, to 
 stand by, or support him). 
 
 Abide for (wait for).* 
 
 Accept of the offer ; 2 but now 
 usually without the preposi- 
 tion ; as " I accept the offer." 
 
 Accommodate to (to fit or adapt 
 to) ; as, we ought to accom- 
 modate ourselves to our cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 Accommodate with (to supply or 
 furnish with) ; as, to accom- 
 modate a person with apart- 
 ments. 
 
 few examples ; but in the 
 page 176, the subject is 
 
 Accompanied by his friends. 
 
 Accompanied w^/ithe following 
 conditions (in connexion with). 
 
 Accord to (to concede to). 
 
 Accord with? (to agree with). 
 
 Accused o/a crime. 
 
 Accused by any one. 
 
 Admonished by a superior (re- 
 primanded) ; admonished of 
 a fault committed (reproved 
 for) ; admonished against 
 committing a fault (warned). 
 
 Adjourned at six o'clock. 
 
 Adjourned to Friday next. 
 
 Adjourned for six weeks. 
 
 Advantage o/a good education. 
 
 Advantage of or over a person. 
 
 Agree with another. 4 
 
 Agree to a proposal. 
 
 EXAMPLES FOU EXERCISE. 
 
 Name the prepositions which should he used after the following 
 vjords. 
 
 Abound, acquiesce, adapt, adequate, affinity, angry, 
 antipathy, arrive, assent, avert, blush, border, call, 
 coalesce, compare, compatible, concur, confer, con- 
 cerned, conformable, conformity, contrast, conversant, 
 devolve, dwell, emerge, endued, exasperated, &c. 
 
 1 Abide, in a transitive sense, or without a preposition, means 
 to bear, or endure ; as, I cannot abide his impertinence. 
 
 2 " Peradventure he will accept o/me." — Gen. xxxii. 20. 
 
 s Accord. — Without a preposition, accord means to adjust, or 
 make to agree. 
 
 4 To agree about, upon, or for a thing, means to agree with 
 another person or persons regarding it. 
 
249 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK WQRDS AND PHRASES 
 EXPLAINED. 
 
 A cruce (kruce) salus, salva- 
 tion from the cross. 
 
 Ab urbe condlta, from the build- 
 ing of the city. 
 
 A fortiori, with stronger reason. 
 
 A mensa et tlioro, from bed and 
 board, a divorce. 
 
 A posteriori, from a posterior 
 reason ; an argument from 
 the effect to the cause. 
 
 A priori, from a prior reason; 
 from the cause to the effect. 
 
 Ab initio, from the beginning. 
 
 Ad absurdum, showing the ab- 
 surdity of a contrary opinion. 
 
 Ad arbit'riuui, at will. 
 
 Ad captan'dum vulgus, to catch 
 or attract the rabble. 
 
 Adden'duni, pi. Addenda, to be 
 added ; additions to a book ; 
 an appendix. 
 
 Ad eundem (e-un'-dem), to the 
 same ; to a like degree. 
 
 Ad infinitum, to infinity ; with- 
 out end. 
 
 Ad Grsecaskalendas, never — the 
 Greeks having no kalends. 
 
 Ad libitum, at pleasure. 
 
 Ad referendum, to be referred 
 to or considered again. 
 
 Ad valorem, in proportion to 
 the value. 
 
 Afflatus, Divine inspiration. 
 
 Agen'da, things to be done. 
 
 Alias, otherwise. 
 
 Alibi, elsewhere. 
 
 Alma Mater, a benign mother ; 
 a term applied to the univer- 
 sity where one was educated. 
 
 Anath'ema, Gr., an ecclesiasti- 
 cal curse. 
 
 Anglice, in English. 
 
 Anno Domini (a. d.), in the 
 year of our Lord. 
 
 Anno mundi, in the year of the 
 world. 
 
 Ante meridiem (a. m.) before 
 noon. 
 
 Anthropophagi, (Jr., man-eat- 
 ers; cannibals. 
 
 Apex, pi. Apices, the top or 
 angular point ; the top of any 
 thing. 
 
 Aqua (a'-kwa), water. * 
 
 Aqua fortis. nitric acid, literally 
 strong water. 
 
 Auua-tinta, a kind of engraving 
 imitating drawings made with 
 Indian ink or bistre. 
 
 Aut Caesar ant nullus, he will 
 be Caesar or nobody. 
 
 Aqua vitae, eau-de-vie or brandy. 
 
 Arcana imperii, state secrets. 
 
 Argumentum ad hom'inem, an 
 argument to the man. 
 
 Argumentum baculinum, the ar- 
 gument of the cudgel ; club 
 law. 
 
 Armiger, one bearing arms; a 
 gentleman. 
 
 Asafcetida, a fetid gum-resin 
 brought from the East Indies. 
 
 Audi alteram partem, hear the 
 other party. 
 
 Bona ride, in good faith. 
 
 Boreas, the north wind. 
 
 Brutum fulmen, a nannies 
 thunderbolt. 
 
 l3 
 
250 
 
 LATIN AND GEEEK WORDS 
 
 Caeteris paribus, the rest being 
 alike ; other circumstances 
 being equal. 
 
 CacWthes scribendi (a bad 
 habit), an iteh for writing. 
 
 Cac'oe^thes loquen'di, an itch 
 for speaking. 
 
 Camera obscura, an optical ma- 
 chine by which, as in a 
 darkened chamber, external 
 objects are exhibited. 
 
 Capias, a writ of execution; 
 literally, take thou. 
 
 Caput mortuum, the worthless 
 remains. 
 
 Caret, this mark (a), to denote 
 that sornethinghas been omit- 
 ted or is wanting. 
 
 Caveat, a kind of process in law 
 to stop proceedings; a caution. 
 
 Chiragra (ki-ra'-gra), Gfr., gout 
 in the hand. 
 
 Cognomen, a surname, a family 
 name. 
 
 Com'posmen tis, of sound mind. 
 
 Con'tra, against ; contrary to. 
 
 Cor'nueo'pia,the horn of plenty. 
 
 Corrigen'da, things or words to 
 be corrected. 
 
 Cui bono? to what good or 
 benefit will it tend ? 
 
 Cum privilegio, with privilege. 
 
 Curren'te calamo, with a run- 
 ning pen. 
 
 Custos rotulo'rum, keeper of the 
 rolls or records. 
 
 Data, things granted. 
 
 De facto, in fact or reality. 
 
 Deficit, a want or deficiency, 
 
 Dei gratia, by the grace of God. 
 
 De jure, in law or right. 
 
 Dele, blot out or erase. 
 
 Delta, the Greek letter A; a 
 triangular tract of land to- 
 wards the mouth of a river. 
 
 De moftuis nil nisi bonum, of 
 the dead say nothing except 
 what is good. 
 
 De novo, anew ; over again. 
 
 Deo volente (d. v.), God will- 
 ing or permitting. 
 
 Desideratum, pi. Desiderata, a 
 thing or things desired or 
 wanted. 
 
 Desunt csetera, the rest is 
 wanted. 
 
 Dexter, the right hand. 
 
 Dictum, a positive assertion. 
 
 Diluvium, a deposit of superfi- 
 cial loam, sand, &c, caused 
 by a deluge. 
 
 Distringas,a writ for distraining. 
 
 Divide et impera, divide and 
 govern. 
 
 Dramatis person ce, the charac- 
 ters in a play. 
 
 Dulia, Gr., an inferior kind of 
 worship. 
 
 Dum spiro, spero, whilst I 
 breathe, I hope. 
 
 Duo, two ; a song for two per- 
 formers. 
 
 Duodecimo (du-o-dess'-e-mo), 
 applied to a book having 
 twelve leaves to the sheet. 
 
 Durante bene placito, during 
 pleasure. 
 
 Durante vita, during life. 
 
 Ec'ce homo, behold the man. 
 
 Ec'ce signum, behold the sign. 
 
 E pluribus unum, one from 
 many — motto of the United 
 States. 
 
 Equilibrium, equality of weight. 
 
 Ergo, therefore. 
 
 Erratum, pi. Errata, a mis- 
 take or mistakes in printing. 
 
 Est modus in rebus, there is a 
 medium in every thing. 
 
 Esto perpetua,mayitlastfor ever 
 
AND PHRASES EXPLAINED. 
 
 251 
 
 Et caetera, and the rest ; abbre- 
 viated thus (&c.) 
 
 Ex cathedra, from the chair. 
 
 Excerpta, extracts from a work. 
 
 Ex concesso, from what has 
 been conceded. 
 
 Exempli gratia, (e. g.) for ex- 
 ample. 
 
 Exeunt omnes, they all go off. 
 
 Exit, he goes off; departure. 
 
 Ex nihilo nihil fit, from nothing 
 nothing can come. 
 
 Ex officio, officially. 
 
 Ex parte, on one side only. 
 
 Ex post facto, from something 
 done afterwards — as a law 
 applied to an offence which 
 was committed before the law 
 was made. 
 
 Ex tempore, without premedi- 
 tation, off-hand. 
 
 Exuviae, cast skins of animals. 
 
 Facetiae (fa-ce'-she-ey), humo- 
 rous compositions, witticisms. 
 
 Fac simile (fack-sim'-e-Iy), an 
 exact copy. 
 
 Felo de se, a murderer of one's 
 self, self-murder. 
 
 Fiat experimentum in corpore 
 vili, let the experiment be 
 made on a worthless body. 
 
 Fiat justitia ruat coelum, let 
 justice be done though the 
 heavens should fall. 
 
 Fidelis ad urnam, faithful to 
 death. 
 
 Fieri facias (fi / -e-ri-fa"-she-ass), 
 a writ to the sheriff to levy 
 debt or damages. 
 
 Finem respice, look to the end. 
 
 Flagrante bello,during hostilities 
 
 Flagrante delicto, during the 
 commission of the crime. 
 
 Fortiter in re, with firmness in 
 acting. 
 
 Genera, the plural of Genus. 
 
 Habeas corpus, a writ directing 
 a gaoler to have or product 
 the body of a prisoner before 
 the court, and to certify the 
 cause of his detainer. 
 
 Haud passibus aequis, not with 
 equal steps. 
 
 Hinc illae lachrymae, hence those 
 tears. 
 
 Hortus siccus (a dry garden), a 
 collection of specimens of 
 plants dried and preserved. 
 
 Humanum est errare, it is 
 human to err. 
 
 Ibidem, in the same place. 
 
 Idem, the same. 
 
 Id est (i. e.), that is. 
 
 Ignis fatuus, will-o'-the-wisp 
 literally, a delusive fire. 
 
 Imperium in imperio, a govern- 
 ment within a government. 
 
 Imprimatur, let it be printed. 
 
 Imprimis, in the first place. 
 
 Impromptu, without premedi- 
 tation, off-hand. 
 
 Index expurgatorius (a purify- 
 ing index), a list of prohibited 
 books. 
 
 In esse, in actual existence. 
 
 In forma pauperis, as a pauper. 
 
 In foro conscientiae, before the 
 tribunal of conscience. 
 
 Infra dignitatem, beneath one's 
 dignity. 
 
 In limine, at the outset. 
 
 In posse, in possible existence. 
 
 In propria persona, in person. 
 
 In re, in the matter or business o f 
 
 Instanter, instantly. 
 
 Instar omnium, an example 
 which may suffice for all. 
 
 Interim, in the meantime. 
 
 Interregnum, the period be- 
 tween two reigns. 
 
252 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK WORDS 
 
 In terrorem, as a warning. 
 In toto, entirely ; wholly. 
 In transitu, on the passage. 
 In vino Veritas, there is truth in 
 
 wine. 
 Invita Minerva (Minerva being 
 
 unwilling), without the aid of 
 
 genius. 
 Ipse dixit, mere assertion. 
 Ipso facto, by the fact itself. 
 Item, also ; an article in a bill 
 
 or account. 
 Jure divino, by divine right. 
 Jure humano, by human law. 
 Jus gentium, the law of nations. 
 Labor omnia vincit, labor over- 
 comes every thing. 
 Labor ipse voluptas, the labor 
 
 itself is a pleasure. 
 Lapsus lingua?, a slip of the 
 
 tongue. 
 Laudator temporis acti,apraiser 
 
 of old times. 
 Laus Deo, praise be to God. 
 Lex talionis, the law of retalia- 
 tion, like for like. 
 Libra, a balance ; a sign of the 
 
 zodiac. 
 Lignum vitae (literally, the 
 
 wood of life), Guaiacum, a 
 
 very hard wood. 
 Locum tenens, holding the place 
 
 of another; a lieutenant or 
 
 deputy 
 Lit'era scripta manet, what is 
 
 written remains. 
 Litera'tim, letter by letter; 
 
 literally. 
 Lusus naturae, a freak of nature; 
 
 an anomalous or deformed 
 
 offspring. 
 Magna Charta (karta), the great 
 
 charter. 
 Malum prohibitum, a thing evil 
 
 because forbidden, 
 
 Malum in se, an evil in itself. 
 Manda'mus, in law, a writ from 
 
 a superior court ; literally, we 
 
 command. 
 Manes, departed spirits. 
 Materia med'ica, substance used 
 
 in the preparation of medicine 
 Maximum, the greatest. 
 Maximus in minimis, great in 
 
 small things. 
 Memento mori, remember death 
 Memorabilia, things to be re- 
 membered. 
 Mens conscia recti, a mind con- 
 scious of rectitude. 
 Mens sana in corpore sano, a 
 
 sound mind in a sound 
 
 body. 
 Meum et tuum, mine and thine. 
 Minimum, the least. 
 Mittimus (we send), a warrant 
 
 for committing to prison. 
 Modus operandi, the mode or 
 
 manner of operating. 
 Multum in parvo,much iii little. 
 Necro'sis, Gr., mortification or 
 
 deadness. 
 Nee temere nee timide, neither 
 
 rashly nor timidly. 
 Neni'me contradicente (nem. 
 
 con.), none opposing. 
 Ne plus ultra, no farther, the 
 
 utmost point. 
 Ne quid nimis, too much of one 
 
 thing is good for nothing. 
 Ne sutor ultra crepldam, the 
 
 shoemaker should not go 
 
 beyond his last; persons 
 
 should attend to their own 
 
 business. 
 Ne exeat regno, let him not 
 
 leave the kingdom. 
 Nisi prius (unless before), a 
 
 writ beginning with these 
 
 words. 
 
AND PHRASES EXPLAINED. 
 
 253 
 
 Nolens voicns, willing or not. 
 Noli me tangere, touch me not. 
 Non est inventus, lie is not 
 
 found ; a return to a writ. 
 IMon constat, it does not appear. 
 Non compos mentis, out of one's 
 
 senses, not of sane mind. 
 Non obstante, notwithstanding 
 
 anything to the contrary. 
 . Nos'citur ex sociis, one is known 
 
 by his associates. 
 Nosce teipsum, know thyself. 
 Nota bene (n. b.), mark well 
 
 or attentively. 
 Nunc aut nunquam, now or 
 
 never. 
 Obiter dictum, an incidental 
 
 or casual remark. 
 Omnibus, for all. 
 Onus probandi, the burden of 
 
 proof. 
 Ore tenus, so far as the mouth. 
 Otium cum dignitate, leisure or 
 
 retirement with dignity. 
 Par nobile fratrum, a noble pair 
 
 of brothers (ironically). 
 Paraselene, Gr. , a mock moon, 
 
 that which is beside or near 
 
 the moon. 
 Pari passu, with an equal pace. 
 Parvum parva decent, little 
 
 things become little men. 
 Passim, everywhere. 
 PeccaVi, I have sinned. 
 Pendente lite, while the suit is 
 
 pending. 
 Per cent (for centum) , by the 
 
 hundred. 
 Per saltum, by a leap. 
 Per fas et nefas, through right 
 
 and wrong. 
 Per se, by itself. 
 Pinxit, painted it. 
 Posse comita'tus, the civil force 
 
 of the county. 
 
 Post meridiem (P. ai.), after 
 mid-day. 
 
 Postula'ta, things required. 
 
 Prima facie, at the first view 
 or appearance. 
 
 Primitive (pri-mish'-e-e), the 
 first fruits which were offered 
 to the gods. 
 
 Primum mobile, the first mover. 
 
 Primus inter pares, the first or 
 chief among equals. 
 
 Princip'ia, first principles. 
 
 Principiis obsta, oppose begin- 
 nings, or the first attempt. 
 
 Pro re nata, according to exi- 
 gencies or circumstances. 
 
 Pro aris et focis, for our altars 
 and firesides. 
 
 Probatum est, it has been 
 proved. 
 
 Pro bono pub'Hco, for the pub- 
 lic good. 
 
 Pro et con (contra), f9r and 
 against. 
 
 Pro forma, for form's sake. 
 
 Pro hac vice, for the occasion. 
 
 Pro tempore, for this time. 
 
 Punica fides, Punic or Cartha- 
 ginian faith, the Roman 
 name for treachery. 
 
 Quadragesima, Lent — so called 
 because it contains/ortf y days. 
 
 Quantum libet, as much as is 
 pleasing. 
 
 Quantum sulflcit, as much as is 
 sufficient. 
 
 Quantum valeat, as much as it 
 may be worth. 
 
 Quid nunc? (what now?), a 
 newsmonger. 
 
 Quid pro quo, something for 
 something ; tit for tat. 
 
 Quod erat demonstrandum or 
 Q. E. D., that which was to 
 be proved. 
 
254 
 
 LATIX PHRASES EXPLAINED. 
 
 Quondam, formerly, former. 
 
 Recipe (ress'-e-py), the first 
 word of a physician's prescrip- 
 tion, and hence the prescrip- 
 tion itself. Take thou is the 
 literal meaning. 
 
 Re inf ecta, without accomplish- 
 ing the matter. 
 
 Requiescat in pa'ce, may he 
 rest in peace. 
 
 Respice finem, look to the end, 
 
 Resurgam, I shall rise again. 
 
 Scandalum magnatum, scandal 
 against the nobility. 
 
 Scilicet (sc), to wit, namely. 
 
 Sci're facias, cause it to be 
 known, or show cause. 
 
 Secundum artem, according to 
 art or professional skill. 
 
 Semper idem, always the same. 
 
 Seria'tim, in regular order. 
 
 Sic passim, so everywhere. 
 
 Silent leges inter arma, laws 
 are silent in the midst of arms. 
 
 Sine die, without fixing a day. 
 
 Sine qua non,without which not; 
 an indispensable condition. 
 
 Statu quo, in the same state in 
 which it was. 
 
 Sua cuique voluptas, every one 
 has his own pleasure. 
 
 Suaviter in modo, sed fortiter 
 in re, gentle in manner, but 
 firca ki acting. 
 
 Sub poena, under a penalty. 
 
 Sub silentio, in silence. 
 
 Sui generis, the only cue of the 
 kind ; singular. 
 
 Summum bonum, the chief or 
 supreme gcctl. 
 
 Suum cuique, let every one have 
 his own. 
 
 Tabula rasa, a smooth tablet ; a 
 mere blank. 
 
 Taidium vita?, weariness of life. 
 
 Te Deum, a hymn of thanks- 
 giving ; so called from the 
 two first words. 
 
 Tempora mutantur, times are 
 changed. 
 
 Totidem verbis, in just so many 
 words. 
 
 Toties quoties, as often as. 
 
 Toto coslo, by the whole hea- 
 vens; as far as the poles 
 asunder. 
 
 Tria juncta in uno, three joined 
 in one. 
 
 Ultima ratio regum, the last 
 reason of kings ; that is, war. 
 
 Ultimus (ult.), the last, 
 
 Una voce, with one voice. 
 
 Utile dulci, the useful with the 
 agreeable. 
 
 Vacuum, an empty space. 
 
 Vade mecum, come with me ; a 
 companion. 
 
 Vse victis! alas for the van- 
 quished ! 
 
 Variorum, with notes of various 
 commentators. 
 
 Venienti occurrite morbo, meet 
 the disease in the beginning. 
 
 Verbatim, word for word. 
 
 Versus, in law, against. 
 
 Veto (I forbid), a prohibition. 
 
 Via, by the way of. 
 
 Vice, in the stead or room of. 
 
 Vice versa, the reverse. 
 
 Vide, see ; refer to. 
 
 Vi et armis, by main force. 
 
 Vis inertias, the force or property 
 of inanimate matter. 
 
 Viva voce, orally ; by word cf 
 mouth. 
 
 Viz. (videlicet), to wit. 
 
 Vox et prseterea nihil, voice (or 
 sound) and nothing more. 
 
 VrvAT ReginaI Long live 
 the Queen 
 
255 
 
 FRENCH AND FOREIGN PHRASES PRO- 
 NOUNCED 1 AND EXPLAINED. 
 
 Abattoir (a-bat-twar'), a general 
 or public slaughter-house. 
 
 Abbe (ab-bey), an abbot; an 
 ecclesiastic. 
 
 Accouchement(ac-coosh r mong), 
 a lying-in. 
 
 Accoucheur (ac-coo-share), a 
 man midwife. 
 
 Aid e-de-camp (aid'-deh-cong), 
 a military officer attending a 
 general. 
 
 A-la-mode (ah-la-mocle) in the 
 full fashion. 
 
 Alguazil (al'-ga-zeel), a Spanish 
 officer of justice ; a constable. 
 
 Allemande (al-le-mand r ), a kind 
 of German dance ; a figure in 
 dancing. 
 
 Alto relievo, It., high relief (in 
 sculpture). 
 
 Amateur (ahm-at-ehr), a lover 
 of any art or science, not a 
 professor ; a virtuoso. 
 
 Amende (a-mongd'), a fine by 
 way of recompense ; amends 
 made in any w T ay. 
 
 Andante, It., moderately slow. 
 
 Antique (an-teek/), ancient ; old- 
 fashioned. 
 
 Apropos (a-pro-poO, to the pur- 
 pose; by-the-bye. 
 
 Assignat (as'-sing-ya), paper 
 money issued during the Re- 
 volution. 
 
 Attache (at-ta-sha),one attached 
 to the suite of an ambassador. 
 
 AU fait (o fay), up to a thing, 
 master of the subject. 
 
 Au pis aller (o-pee-zah'-lai), at 
 the worst. 
 
 Auto de fe, Sp., an act of faith. 
 
 Avocat (av'-o-ca), a lawyer. 
 
 Badinage (bad^-e-nazh/), light 
 or playful discourse. 
 
 Bagatelle (ba-ga-tel'), a trifle. 
 
 Ballet (bal-le), an opera dance. 
 
 Banquette (bang-ket'), a small 
 bank behind a parapet, to 
 stand on when firing. 
 
 Bateau (ba-tx/), a long, light 
 boat ; a vessel. 
 
 Baton (ba-tong 7 ), a staff or club. 
 
 Beau (bo), a gaily- dressed per- 
 son ; an admirer. 
 
 Beaux esprits (boz-es-preeO, 
 men of wit. 
 
 Beau-ideal (bo-ee-day'-al), the 
 ideal excellence existing only 
 in the imagination. 
 
 Beau monde(bo-mond), the gay 
 or fashionable world. 
 
 Bella- don'na, It., the deadly- 
 nightshade: literally, fair 
 lady — so ealled, it is said, 
 because its juice is used as a 
 cosmetic by Italian ladies. 
 
 Belle (bell), a fine or fashionably 
 dressed lady. 
 
 1 It is very difficult, and in some cases impossible, to give, with 
 the sounds of our letters, the true French pronunciation. The 
 pronunciations given here, therefore, are in some oases to be con- 
 sidered as mere approximations. — See No. 20, page 117. 
 
256 
 
 FRENCH AND FOREIGN PHRASES 
 
 Belles-lettres (bell-lettr), polite 
 
 literature. 
 Bijou (bee-zhoo), a jewel or 
 
 trinket. 
 Billet doux (bil-le-doo'), a love 
 
 letter. 
 Bivouac (biv'-oo-ack), to pass 
 
 the night under arms. 
 Bizarre (be-zar), odd, fantastic. 
 Blanc manger (blo-mon r je), a 
 
 confected white jelly. 
 Bon jour (bohn-zhur), good day. 
 Bon mot (bong'-ino), a witty 
 
 saying. 
 Bonne- bouche (bun-boosh), a 
 
 delicious morsel ; a titbit. 
 Bon ton (bohn-tong), in high 
 
 fashion. 
 Bon vivant (bohn-veev'-ahn), a 
 
 high liver ; a choice spirit. 
 Boudoir (boo-dwor 7 ), a small 
 
 ornamental room. 
 Bougie (boo-zhe), a wax taper. 
 Bouillon (bool'-yong), a kind 
 
 of broth. 
 Bouquet (boo-kay), a nosegay. 
 Bourgeois(boor'-zhwaw), a bur- 
 gess or citizen; citizen-like. 
 Bravura (bra-voo'-ra), a song of 
 
 difficult execution; difficult; 
 
 brilliant. 
 Bulletin (booFe-teen), a short 
 
 official account of news. 
 Bureau (bu-ro), a chest of 
 
 drawers with a writing board ; 
 
 an office. 
 Burletta, It., a musical farce. 
 Cabaret (cab'-a-ray), a tavern. 
 Cabriolet (cab'-re-o-lay"), a cab. 
 Cachet (kah-shay), a seal ; a 
 
 private or secret state letter. 
 Caden'za, It., in music, the fall 
 
 or modulation of the voice. 
 Ca ira (sa-ee-ra), (it shall go on, 
 1 that is, the Revolution,) the 
 
 burden of a republican, or 
 
 revolutionary song. 
 Caique (ca-eek'), the skiff of a 
 
 galley. 
 Calibre (ca-lee'br), the capacity 
 
 or compass of the mind or 
 
 intellect. 
 Cantata, It., a poem set to music. 
 Caoutchouc (coo'-ehookXlndian 
 
 rubber. 
 Cap-a-pie (cap-ah-pee), from 
 
 head to foct. 
 Capriccio (ca-pree'-cho), It., a 
 
 loose, irregular species of 
 
 musical composition. 
 Cap'riole, It., a leaj.) without 
 
 advancing. 
 Capuchin (cap'-u-sheen")> a 
 
 hooded friar. 
 Carte blanche (cart-blongsh), 
 
 permission to name our own 
 
 terms. 
 Cartouche (car-toosl/), a case to 
 
 hold powder and balls. 
 Chamade (sha-mad'), the beat 
 
 of a drum denoting a desire 
 
 to parley or surrender. 
 Champetre (shan-paytrO, rural. 
 Champignon (sham-pin'-yon), a 
 
 small species of mushroom. 
 Chanson (chawng-soang),a song. 
 Chapeau (shap'-po), a hat. 
 Chaperon (shap^-er-oug), a gen- 
 tleman who attends upon or 
 
 protects a lady in a public 
 
 assembly. 
 Charge d'affaires (shar'-jay-daf- 
 
 fair), an ambassador of second 
 
 rank. 
 Charivari(shar-e-va-ree),a mock 
 
 serenade of discordant music. 
 Charlatan(shar / -la-tan),a quack. 
 Chateau (shah-to), a castle. 
 Chef d'oeuvre (shay-doovr), a 
 
 masterpiece. 
 
PRONOUNCED AND EXPLAINED. 
 
 25? 
 
 Cheveaux-de-frise (shev'-o-de- 
 freeze), a kind of spiked fence. 
 
 Chiaro-oscuro (ke-ar r -o-os-coo'- 
 ro), It., lights and shades in 
 painting. 
 
 Cicerone (tchee-tchai-ro-ny), It, 
 a guide or conductor; one 
 who oratorizes in his descrip- 
 tions. 
 
 Cicisbeo (tche-tchis-bay'-o), It., 
 a gallant tending a lady. 
 
 Ci-devant (see-de-vang), for- 
 merly, former. 
 
 Clique (cleek), a party or gang. 
 
 Cognac (cone-yack), brandy, 
 properly from the town so 
 called. 
 
 Comme il faut (com-ee-fo'), as 
 it should be ; quite the thing. 
 
 Con amore, It. , with love ; with 
 all one's heart. 
 
 Conge d'elire (con-jay-dai-leer), 
 permission to elect. 
 
 Connoisseur (con-a-sehr), a skil- 
 ful judge. 
 
 Contour (con-toor^), the outline 
 of a figure. 
 
 Corps diplomatique (core dip- 
 lo-ma-teek'), the body of am- 
 bassadors. 
 
 Corregidor (cor-red r -je-dor), Sp., 
 the chief magistrate in a 
 Spanish town. 
 
 Cotillon (co-tiF-yoang), a brisk, 
 lively dance. 
 
 Coup de grace (coo-deh-grass'), 
 the finishing blow. 
 
 Coup d'etat(coo-deh-tah),abold 
 measure on the part of the 
 state ; a master-stroke of 
 policy. 
 
 Coup de main (coo-deh-malmg), 
 a sudden or bold enterprise. 
 
 Coup d'ceil (coo-deuhl'), a glance 
 of the eye. 
 
 Couteau (koo-to ), a kind of 
 knife, a hanger. 
 
 Coftte que coute (coot-ke-coot), 
 cost what it will. 
 
 Cuisine (kwe-zeen r ), the kitchen 
 the cooking department. 
 
 Cul de sac (literally, the bot- 
 tom of a sack or bag), a street 
 closed at one end. 
 
 Da capo, It., again, or repeat 
 from the beginning. 
 
 Debouch (de-booshO, to issue or 
 march out of a narrow place 
 or defile. 
 
 Debris (de-bree), broken re- 
 mains ; ruins. 
 
 Debut (de-boo), first appearance. 
 
 Dejeuner a la fourchette (de- 
 zheu-ne-ah-lah-foor-shayt), a 
 breakfast with meats, fowls, 
 &c. ; a public breakfast. 
 
 Depot (deli-po), a store or ma- 
 gazine. 
 
 Denouement (de-noo-mong r ),the 
 winding up ; an explanation. 
 
 Dernier ressort (dairn-yair-res- 
 sor), the last shift or resource. 
 
 Dieu et mon droit (dieu-ai-mon- 
 drwau), God and my right. 
 
 Dilettante (pi. Dilettanti), one 
 who delights in promoting the 
 fine arts. . 
 
 Dolce (dol'-che), It., sweetly and 
 softly. 
 
 Doloro'so, It., in music, soft and 
 pathetic. 
 
 Domicile (dom-e-seel), an abode. 
 
 Double entendre (doo'-bl-ong- 
 tong"-dr), a phrase with a 
 double meaning. 
 
 Eclaircissement (ec - lair' - cis ■ 
 mong), a clearing up' or ex- 
 planation of an affair. 
 
 Eclat (e-clawO, splendour, a 
 burst of applause. 
 
258 
 
 FRENCH AND FOREIGN PHRASES 
 
 Eleve (ai-lave), one brought up 
 by another ; a pupil. 
 
 Embonpoint (ahn-bon-pwawn), 
 in good condition. 
 
 Encore (ahn-core), again. 
 
 Ennui (ong-weeO, wearisome- 
 ness, lassitude. 
 
 En passant (on pas'song), in 
 passing, by the way. 
 
 En route (ang-roof), on the 
 road. 
 
 Entree (ong-tray), entrance. 
 
 Entremets (ong'-tr-may), one 
 of the small dishes set be- 
 tween the principal ones at 
 dinner. 
 
 Entre nous (ong'-tr-noo), be- 
 tween ourselves. 
 
 Entrepot (ong-tr-po'), a ware- 
 house or magazine. 
 
 Equivoque (a'-ke- voke")> an 
 equivocation. 
 
 Esprit de corps (es-pree-cleh- 
 core), the spirit of the body 
 or party. 
 
 Expose (ecks~po r -zy), an expo- 
 sition or formal statement. 
 
 Famille (f a-meeF), family ; " en 
 famille," in the family way. 
 
 Fantoccinni (ian'-to-tche^-ne), 
 It., puppets. 
 . Faux-pas (fo-pah), a false step. 
 
 Femme couverte(fam-coo-vairt) 
 a protected cr married woman . 
 
 Femme sole, a single woman. 
 
 Fete (fate), a feast or festival- 
 Feu de joie (feii-de-zhwaw), a 
 discharge of firearms ; a re- 
 joicing. 
 
 Fiacre (fe-ah'kr), a hackney 
 coach. 
 
 Fille-de-chambre (f eel-de-sham - 
 br), a chamber-maid. 
 
 Finale (fee-nah'-ly), It, the 
 end ; the close. 
 
 Fleur-de-lis (flehr-deh-lee), the 
 flower of the lily. 
 
 Fracas (fra-ca), a noisy quarrel. 
 
 Friseur (fre-zur 7 ), a hairdresser. 
 
 Gaucherie (gosh-re), left-hand- 
 edness, awkwardness. 
 
 Gendarmes (jang-darm), sol- 
 diers, police. 
 
 Gout (goo), taste. 
 
 Grisette (gree-zet ; ), literally, a 
 youngwoman dresse £ in gray, 
 that is, homely stuff ; a trades- 
 man's wife or daughter ; a 
 shop-girl. 
 
 Gusto, It., the relish of any 
 thing ; liking. 
 
 IJarico (har'-e-co), a land of 
 ragout. 
 
 Honi soit qui mal y pense (ho- 
 ne - swaw-kee-mahl-e-pahns ), 
 evil to him that evil thinks. 
 
 Hors de combat (hor-deh-cohn- 
 bah), disabled. 
 
 Hotel-Dieu (o-teF-deuh), an hos- 
 pital. 
 
 Ich dien (ik-deen), I serve. 
 
 Incognito (incog.), in disguise. 
 
 In petto, in the breast or mind ; 
 in reserve. 
 
 Jene sais quoi(je-ne-say-kwaw') 
 I know not what. 
 
 Jet d'eau(zhai-doO, an ornamen- 
 tal water-spout or fountain. 
 
 Jeu de mots (zheu-de-moO, play 
 upon words. 
 
 Jeu d'esprit (zheu-des-pree), 
 play of wit ; a witticism. 
 
 Juste milieu (zhust mil-yii), the 
 exact or just middle. 
 
 Levee (lev-ay), a morning visit. 
 
 Liqueur (le-quehr), a cordial. 
 
 Mademoiselle (mad' - em - wa- 
 zel") , a young lady ; Miss. 
 
 Maitre d'hotel (maytr-do-telO, a 
 hotel keeper or manager. 
 
 
PRONOUNCED AND EXPLAINED. 
 
 259 
 
 Mal-a-pro-pos (mal-ap-ro-poO, 
 out of time ; unseasonable. 
 
 Malaria, It, Noxious vapours 
 or exhalations. 
 
 Malicho (mal-it-cho), the cor- 
 ruption of a Spanish word 
 signifying mischief. 
 
 Mauvaise honte (mo-vais-hont), 
 false modesty. 
 
 Melee (may-lay 0, a confused 
 light ; a scuffle. 
 
 Menage (men-azhO ,amenagerie. 
 
 Messieurs (mess-yers), gentle- 
 men ; the plural of Mr. 
 
 Monsieur (mo'-seu), Sir, Mr., a 
 gentleman. 
 
 Naivete' (nah-eev-tay'), ingenu- 
 ousness,jsimplicity. 
 
 Niaiserie (nee-ais-ree), silliness. 
 
 Nom-de-guerre(nong-deh-gairO, 
 an assumed name. 
 
 Nonchalance(nohn-shah-lahnce) 
 coolness, indifference. 
 
 Noyau (no-yo), a liqueur. 
 
 On dit(ohn-dee), a flying report. 
 
 Outre (oo-trayO, extraordinary, 
 eccentric. 
 
 Parole (par-<5le), word of honour. 
 
 Pas (pah), a step; precedence. 
 
 Patois (pat-waw),provincialism. 
 
 Penchant (pan-shahn), a leaning 
 or inclination towards. 
 
 Petit -maitre (pet'ty may'tr), a 
 little master ; a fop. 
 
 Protege (protegee, fern.), (pro- 
 tay- jay), one that is patronized 
 and protected. 
 
 Qui va la? (kee-vah-la), who 
 goes there ? 
 
 Qui yive? (kee-veev'), who 
 goes there ?) ; on the alert. 
 
 Ragout (rah-goo), a highly-sea- 
 soned dish. 
 
 Kencontre(rahn-contrOan unex- 
 pected meeting ; an encounter 
 
 Restaurateur (re-stor-ah-tehr'), 
 a tavern keeper. 
 
 Rouge (rooge), red paint. 
 
 Ruse de guerre (roos-deh-gair'), 
 a trick or stratagem of war. 
 
 Riant (ree'-ang), smiling. 
 
 Sang froid (sahn-frwaw), cool- 
 ness ; literally, cold blood. 
 
 Sans (sang), without. 
 
 Sans-culottes (sang-cu-lotf), the 
 tag-rag ; the rabble. 
 
 Savant (sav'-ang), a learned man 
 
 Sobriquet (so-bre-kay), a njj " 
 name. 
 
 Soi-disant(swaw-dee-zang),self- 
 styled, pretended. 
 
 Soiree (swaw'ry), an evening 
 party. 
 
 Souvenir (soov-neerO, remem- 
 brance. 
 
 Table-cl'hote (tabl-dote), an or- 
 dinary at which the master of 
 the hotel presides. 
 
 Tete-a-tete (tait-ah-tait), head 
 to head ; a private conversa- 
 tion between two persons. 
 
 Tirade (tee-radO, a long invec- 
 tive speech. 
 
 Ton (tong), the full fashion. 
 
 Torso, It., the trunk of a statue. 
 
 Tour (toor), a journey. 
 
 Tout ensemble(too-tahn-sahnbl) 
 the whole taken together. 
 
 Valet-de-chambre (val-e-deh- 
 shambr), a footman. 
 
 Yetturino (vet-too-ree'n-o), It., 
 the owner or driver of an 
 Italian travelling carriage. 
 
 Vis-a-vis (veez-ah-vee), face to 
 face ; a small carriage for two 
 persons, with seats opposite. 
 
 Vive la bagatelle (veev -la-bag- 
 a-tel'), success to trifles. 
 
 Vive le roi (veev-ler-waw), long 
 live the king. 
 
260 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 A.B. 
 
 A.C. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 A.U.C. 
 
 B.D. 
 
 B.M. 
 
 C. Cent. 
 
 Clk. 
 
 Cap. 
 
 C.P.S. 
 
 C.R. 
 
 C.S. 
 
 D.D. 
 
 D.V. 
 
 e.g. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Id. 
 
 i. e. 
 
 Incog. 
 
 J.H.S. 
 
 LL.D. 
 
 L.S. 
 
 L.S.D. 
 
 Lib. 
 
 M.D. 
 
 M.S. 
 
 KB. 
 
 Nein. con 
 
 Per Cent 
 
 S.C. 
 
 S.T.D. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Prox. 
 
 P.S. 
 
 Q.E.D. 
 
 Sc. 
 
 Uit. 
 
 V.R. 
 
 Vid. 
 
 Viz. 
 
 &c. 
 
 Artium Baccalaureus 
 Ante Christum, 
 Artium Magister, 
 Anno Mundi, 
 Ab Urbe Condita, 
 
 Bachelor of Arts. 
 Before the Christian era. 
 Master of Arts. 
 In the year of the world. 
 From the building of the city. 
 
 Baccalaureus Divinitatis, Bachelor of Divinity, 
 Baccalaureus Medicinre, Bachelor of Medicine. 
 Centum, 
 
 Clericus, 
 
 Capitulum, 
 
 Custos Privati Sigilii, 
 
 Custos Rotulorum, 
 
 Custos Sigilii, 
 
 Doctor Divinitatis, 
 
 Deo Volente, 
 
 Exempli Gratia, 
 
 Ibidem, 
 
 Idem, 
 
 Id est, 
 
 Incognito, 
 
 A hundred. 
 
 Clergyman. 
 
 Chapter. 
 
 Keeper of the Privy Seal. 
 
 Keeper of the Rolls. 
 
 Keeper of the Seal. 
 
 Doctor of Divinity. 
 
 God willing. 
 
 For example. 
 
 In the same place. 
 
 The same (author). 
 
 That is. 
 
 Unknown, concealed. 
 
 Jesus Hominum Salvator, Jesus the Saviour of men. 
 
 Doctor of Laws. 
 
 The place of the Seal. 
 
 Pounds, Shillings, Pence. 
 
 Book. 
 
 Doctor of Medicine. 
 
 Sacred to the Memory. 
 
 Note well ; take notice. 
 
 No one opposing it. 
 
 By the hundred. 
 
 A decree of the Senate. 
 
 Legum Doctor, 
 
 Locus Sigilii, 
 
 Librae, Solidi, Denarii, 
 
 Liber, 
 
 Medicine Doctor, 
 
 Memorise Sacrum, 
 
 Nota Bene, 
 
 Nemine Contradicente, 
 
 Per Centum, 
 
 Senatus Consult!, 
 
 Sacrse Theologize Doctor, Doctor of Divinity. 
 
 Post Meridiem, In the afternoon. 
 
 Proximo, Next (month or term). 
 
 Post Scriptum, Postscript (written after). 
 
 Quod erat demonstrandum, Which was to be proved. 
 
 Scilicet, To wit ; understood. 
 
 Ultimo, In the last (month). 
 
 Victoria Regina, . Queen Victoria. 
 
 Vide, See thou ; refer to. 
 
 Videlicet, To wit ; namely. 
 
 Et cat era. And the rest ; and so forth. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 2G1 
 
 
 ENGLISH. 
 
 
 A. Answ. Answer. 
 
 K.P. 
 
 Knight of St. Patrick. 
 
 Adm". 
 
 Administrators. 
 
 K.T. 
 
 Knight of the Thistle. 
 
 Abp. 
 
 Archbishop. 
 
 L.C.J. 
 
 Lord Chief Justice. 
 
 Acct. 
 
 Account. 
 
 Lieut. 
 
 Lieutenant. 
 
 Anon. 
 
 Anonymous. 
 
 M.A. 
 
 Master of Arts. 
 
 B.A. 
 
 Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 Messrs. 
 
 Gentlemen. 
 
 Bart. 
 
 Baronet. 
 
 M.P. 
 
 Member of Parliament 
 
 Bp. 
 
 Bishop. 
 
 Mr. 
 
 Master. 
 
 Brig. 
 
 Brigantine. 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 Mistress. 
 
 Capt. 
 
 Captain. 
 
 M.R.I.A 
 
 . Member of the Royal 
 
 C.B. 
 
 Companion of tlicBath 
 
 
 Irish Academy. 
 
 C.P. 
 
 Common Pleas. 
 
 MS. 
 
 Manuscript. 
 
 Ch. 
 
 Chapter. 
 
 MSS. 
 
 Manuscripts. 
 
 Co. 
 
 County or Company. 
 
 N.S. 
 
 New Style (1752). 
 
 Col. 
 
 Colonel. 
 
 No. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Com r . 
 
 Commissioner. 
 
 n.l. 
 
 North Latitude. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Creditor. 
 
 N.T. 
 
 New Testament. 
 
 D.C.L. 
 
 Doctor of Civil Law. 
 
 N. 
 
 North. 
 
 D.L. 
 
 Deputy Lieutenant. 
 
 o.s. 
 
 Old Style. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Debtor or Doctor. 
 
 Svo. 
 
 Octavo. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Ditto ; the same. 
 
 O.T. 
 
 Old Testament. 
 
 E. 
 
 East. 
 
 oz. 
 
 Ounce. 
 
 E.L. 
 
 East Longitude. 
 
 Prof. 
 
 Professor; 
 
 Exch. 
 
 Exchequer. 
 
 P.S. 
 
 Postscript. 
 
 Esq. 
 
 Esquire. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Question. 
 
 F.R.S. 
 
 Fellow of the Royal 
 
 Q.B. 
 
 Queen's Bench. 
 
 
 Society. 
 
 Q.C. 
 
 Queen's Counsel. 
 
 F.S.A. 
 
 Fellow of the Anti- 
 
 4 to. 
 
 Quarto. 
 
 
 quarian Society. 
 
 Q y . 
 
 Query. 
 
 F.T.C.D 
 
 Fellow of Trinity Col- 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Reverend. 
 
 
 lege, Dublin. 
 
 Rt. Hon 
 
 Right Honorable. 
 
 Gent. 
 
 Gentleman. 
 
 R.A. 
 
 Royal Artillery. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 General. 
 
 R.E. 
 
 Royal Engineers. 
 
 Hhd. 
 
 Hogshead. 
 
 R.M. 
 
 Royal Marines. 
 
 H.M. 
 
 Her or His Majesty. 
 
 R.M. 
 
 Resident Magistrate. 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Instant ; present month. 
 
 R.N. 
 
 Royal Navy. 
 
 J.P. 
 
 Justice of the Peace. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 Knt. 
 
 Knight. 
 
 S. 
 
 South. 
 
 K.G. 
 
 Knight of the Garter. 
 
 S.L. 
 
 South Latitude. 
 
 K.B. 
 
 Knight of the Bath. 
 
 St. 
 
 Saint. 
 
 K.C.B. 
 
 Knight Commander 
 
 U.S. 
 
 United States. 
 
 
 of the Bath. 
 
 w. 
 
 West. 
 
 K.G.C.B 
 
 . Knight Grand Cross 
 
 W.L. 
 
 West Longitude. 
 
 
 of the Bath. 
 
 X m ». 
 
 Christmas. 
 
262 DIRECTIONS FOR ADDRESSING 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR ADDRESSING PERSONS OF 
 EVERY RANK, BOTH IN WRITING AND SPEAKING. 
 
 ROYAL FAMILY. 
 
 King or Queen. — Superscription — To the King's (or Queen's) 
 Most Excellent Majesty. 
 Commencement. — Sire (or Madam). 
 Conclusion. — I remain, 
 
 With profound veneration, 
 
 Sire (or Madam), 
 Your Majesty's most faithful Subject 
 and dutiful Servant. 
 Address in speaking to. — Sire (or Madam); Your Majesty; or, 
 May it please your Majesty. 
 Princes and Princesses of the Blood Royal. 1 
 Superscription. — To His (or Her) Royal Highness, <fec. 
 Commencement. — Sir (or Madam). 
 Conclusion. — I remain, 
 
 With the greatest respect, 
 
 Sir (or Madam), 
 Your Royal Highness's most dutiful 
 and most obedient humble Servant. 
 Address in speaking to. — Sir (or Madam) ; Your Royal High- 
 ness or, May it please your Royal Highness. 
 
 NOBILITY AND GENTRY. 
 
 Dukes and Duchesses. — Superscription — To his (or Her) Grace 
 
 the Duke (or Duchess) of . 
 
 Commencement. — My Lord Duke (or Madam), 
 Conclusion. — I have the honor to be, 
 
 My Lord Duke (or Madam),* 
 Your Grace's most devoted 
 
 and obedient Servant. 
 In speaking to. — Your Grace ; or, May it please your Grace 
 or, My Lord (or Madam). 2 
 
 i Blood Royal. — That is, the sons and daughters, brothers and 
 sisters, uncles and aunts of the King (or Queen Regnant). But 
 the Princes and Princesses of the Blood, that is, the nephews, 
 nieces, and cousins of the King (or Queen Regnant) are styled 
 Highness merely. 
 
 2 Madam. — Persons of inferior condition, as tradesmen and 
 servants, should use the words, " My Lady," or " May it please 
 your Ladyship," instead of "Madam," when addressing ladies 
 of title. 
 
PERSONS OF EVERY RANK. 263 
 
 Marquesses and. Marchionesses. — Superscription — To the 
 Most Honorable, 
 
 The Marquess (or Marchioness) of . 
 
 Commencement. — My Lord Marquess (or Madam). 1 
 Conclusion. — I have the honor to be, 
 
 My Lord Marquess (or Madam), 
 Your Lordship's (or Ladyship's) most obedient 
 and most humble Servant. 
 In speaking to. — My Lord (or Madam 1 ) ; or, May it please your 
 Lordship (or Ladyship). 
 
 Earls and Countesses. — Superscription — To the Right Hono- 
 rable the Earl (or Countess) of . Com. — My Lord (or 
 
 Madam 1 ). Con. — I have the honor to be, my Lord (or Madam 1 ), 
 Your Lordship's (or Ladyship's) most obedient and very 
 humble Servant. 
 
 In speaking to. — My Lord (or Madam) ; or, l r our Lordship (or 
 Ladyship). 
 
 Viscounts and Viscountesses — Barons and Baronesses. — 
 The form of superscription and address the same as to Eares 
 and Countesses ; as, To the Right Honorable the Viscount 
 (or Viscountess, or Baron or Baroness) 
 
 Baronets and Knights. — Superscription — To Sir ,(and in 
 
 the case of a Baronet 2 ) Bart. 
 
 Wives of Baronets and Knights. — To Lady . Madam.i 
 
 Esquires. — The persons legally entitled to this title are — 1. 
 The eldest sons of Knights, and their eldest sons in perpetual 
 succession. 2. The eldest sons of the younger sons of Peers, 
 and their eldest sons in like succession. 3. Esquires by virtue 
 of their office, as Justices of the Peace. 4. Esquires of Knights 
 of the Bath, each of whom constitutes three at his installation. 
 5. All who are styled " Esquires " by the King (or Queen) in 
 their commissions and appointments. Thus Captains in the 
 Army are Esquires, because they are so styled in their Com- 
 mission, Which is signed by the King ; but Captains in the 
 Navy, though of higher military rank, are not legally entitled 
 to this title, because their commissions are signed, not by the 
 King, but by the Lords of the Admiralty. 
 
 This title is, however, now given to every man of respectability 
 and to persons who are entitled to superior consideration, &c. 
 fie, &c, should be added. 
 
 Titles by Courtesy. — The sons of Dukes, Marquesses, and the 
 
 1 Madam. — See note, page 262. 
 
 2 In the case of a Knight it is not usual to add the title, except 
 in legal or formal documents. 
 
264 DIRECTIONS FOR ADDRESSING, 4c. 
 
 eldest sons of Earls are called Lords, and their daughters 
 Ladies. When there are other peerages in the family, the 
 eldest son in such cases takes the title next in dignity. Thus 
 the eldest son of the Duke of Leinster is styled the Marquess 
 of Kildare ; and the eldest son of the Duke of Norfolk, is 
 called the Earl of Surrey. 
 
 Right Honorable. — The title of Right Honorable is given — 
 1. To the sons and daughters of Dukes and Marquesses, and to 
 the daughters and the eldest sons of Earls. 2. To all the mem- 
 bers of Her Majesty's Most Honorable Privy Council. 3. To 
 the Speaker of the House of Commons. 4. To the Lord Chan- 
 cellor, the Lord Chief Justices, and the Lord Chief Baron. 
 5. To the Lord Mayor of London, Dublin, York, and to the 
 Lord Provost of Edinburgh, during the time they are in office. 1 
 
 Honorable. — The title of Honorable is given to the younger sons 
 of Earls, and all the sons and daughters of Viscounts and 
 Barons ; also, to the Puisne Judges, and the Barons of the Ex- 
 chequer. 2 
 
 Excellency. — This title is given to all Ambassadors, Plenipo- 
 tentiaries, the Lord Lieutenant and Lord Justices of Ireland, 
 the Governor of Canada, &c. 
 
 Archbishop. — To His Grace, the Lord Archbishop of . My 
 
 Lord Archbishop. — In speaking to — Your Grace ; or, My Lord.3 
 
 Bishops. — To the Right Reverend, the Lord Bishop of ■. My 
 
 Lord Bishop. — In spealdng to — My Lord ; or, Your Lordship. 
 
 Deans. — To the Very Reverend, the Dean of . Mr. Dean ; 
 
 Reverend Sir. 
 
 Archdeacon. — To the Venerable, the Archdeacon of . Mr 
 
 Archdeacon ; or, Reverend Sir. _•- 
 
 Clergymen. — To the Reverend John (or whatever the Christia 
 name may be) ■ Reverend Sir. 
 
 Right Worshipful and Worshipful. — To the Sheriffs, Al 
 dermen, and Recorder of the City of London, the title of Right 
 Worshipful is given « and that of Worshipful to the Aldermen 
 and Recorders of other Corporations. Justices of the Peace 
 are also entitled to Worshipful ; and Your Worship. 
 
 i The Lords Commissioners of the Treasury and Admiralty are 
 usually addressed by courtesy with the title of Right Honorable. 
 
 2 Commissioners of Government Boards or Departments, and 
 even the Directors of the Bank of England, East India Company, 
 &c, are often styled "Honorable," but it is only by inferior 
 persons. 
 
 s The wives of Archbishops and Bishops, Chancellors and 
 Judges, Generals and Admirals, are addressed merely as " Mrs." 
 and " Madam," unless they possess a title in their own right, or 
 through their husband, independent of his official rank. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 
 
 Teachers are recommended by the author of this 
 little book to use the following Proverbs and 
 Precepts as additional u Dictation Exercises," 
 both in writing and spelling ; the more advanced 
 pupils to write down the sentence dictated, either 
 on paper or slates, and the less advanced to spell it 
 word for word, as if they were writing it down. 
 They should also be used as Exercises in Parsing. 
 The importance of having precepts, so full of prac- 
 tical wisdom, impressed upon the young mind, is 
 too obvious to dwell upon : — 
 
 A proverb is the ivisdom of many and the wit 
 of one. 
 
 When several wise men have drawn some conclusion 
 from experience and observation, a man of wit con- 
 denses it into a short pithy saying, which obtains cur- 
 rency as a proverb. 
 
 A use for every thing, and every thing to its 
 proper use, 
 
 A place for every thing, and every thing in its 
 proper place, 
 
 M 
 
266 PRO VERBS AND PRECEPTS. 
 
 A time for every thing, and every \ thing in its 
 proper time. 
 
 As you brew, you must bake. 
 
 He who brews unskilfully will have bad yeast ; and 
 bad yeast will make bad bread. The ill consequences 
 of one imprudent step will be felt in many an after step. 
 
 A slow fire makes sweet malt 
 
 It is observed that a fierce fire half burns the malt, 
 and destroys most of its sweetness. And in like man- 
 ner, every thing that is done with impetuous violence 
 and hurry, is^the worse done. 
 
 A straw best shows how the wind blows. 
 
 Occurrences that are trifling in themselves, and things 
 said carelessly, will often serve as a sign of what kind 
 of disposition men are in. The most ordinary and un- 
 important actions of a man's life will often show more 
 of his natural character and his habits, than more im- 
 portant actions, which are done deliberately, and some- 
 times against his natural inclinations. And again, 
 w hat is said or done by very inferior persons, who sel- 
 dom think for themselves, or act resolutely on their 
 own judgment, is the best sign of what is commonly 
 said or done in the place and time in which they live. 
 A man of resolute character, and of an original turn of 
 thought, is less likely to be led by those around him, 
 and therefore does not furnish so good a sign of what 
 are the prevailing opinions and customs. 
 
 An idle man tempts the devil. 
 
 When a man is unemployed there is a double chance 
 of his being led into some folly or vice. 
 
PROVEKBS AND PBECEPTS. 267 
 
 A wrinkled purse, a wrinkled face. 
 When one's money bag is nearly empty, and so, full 
 of wrinkles, care is apt to bring wrinkles into his face. 
 
 As the fool tkinketk, so the bell clinketk. 
 
 When a weak man is strongly biassed in favour of 
 any opinion, scheme, &c, everything seems to confirm 
 it ; the very bells seem to say the words that his head 
 is full of. 
 
 A knave is one knave, but a fool is many, 
 A weak man in a place of authority will often do 
 more mischief than a bad man. For an intelligent 
 but dishonest man will do only as much hurt as serves 
 his ovmi purpose ; but a weak man is likely to be made 
 the tool of several dishonest men. A lion only kills as 
 many as will supply him with food ; but a horse, if 
 ridden by several warlike horsemen, may prove the 
 death of more than ten lions would kill. 
 
 A lie has no legs. 
 
 'A fabricated tale cannot stand of itself, but requires 
 other lies to be coined to support it ; and these again 
 need others to support them ; and so on without end. 
 Hence it is said that " liars need good memories." 
 
 A stitch in time saves nine, 
 
 A man will never change his mind, if he lias no 
 mind to change. 
 
 A good token lost is valued most, 1 
 
 A penny saved is a penny gained. 
 
 i The French say, Bien perdu, Hen comiu. 
 
 m2 
 
V-^268 PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 
 
 A little more breaks a horse's back 3 
 
 or, 
 The last straw breaks a horse's bach 
 
 When a man is loaded with as much work, or as 
 much injury, as he can bear, a very trifling addition 
 (in itself trifling) will be just as much beyond what he 
 can bear. 
 
 A fool may easily find more faults in any thing 
 than a wise man can easily mend. 
 
 A liar is daring toioards God, and a coward to- 
 wards man. 
 
 That is, when he tells a lie, as is often the case, to 
 screen himself from blame or punishment. This is to 
 dread man more than God. 
 
 A glutton lives to eat ; a wise man eats to live. 
 
 A rolling stone gathers no moss. 
 
 This is applied to people who keep themselves poor 
 by continually changing their employment, or place of 
 residence. A stone gets covered with moss only when 
 it lies still a long time. 
 
 A straight tree may have crooked roots. 
 
 Some actions, which appear to the world very noble, 
 and instances of exalted virtue, may in reality spring 
 from base and selfish motives, which are unseen, like 
 the crooked roots of a tree that are concealed by the 
 earth. 
 
PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 269 t 
 
 A fooVs bolt is soon shot. 
 
 A bolt is an old word for an arrow, such as was shot 
 from a cross-bow. A careless person was apt to shoot 
 very quickly, without deliberate aim, and he generally 
 missed the mark. So, a thoughtless and ignorant man 
 will often hastily make up his mind on any point, and 
 deliver bis opinion on it, without taking time for con- 
 sideration and-inquiry ; and he will generally miss the 
 truth. 
 
 Be old when young, that you may be young 
 ivhen old — or, Old young, and old long. 
 
 Those who take great liberties with their constitution 
 while young, and do not husband their health and 
 strength, are likely to break down early and rapidly ; 
 while those who, in their younger days, practise some 
 of the caution of the old, are likely to live the longer, 
 and have a better chance of a vigorous and comfortable 
 old age. 
 
 Better to wear out shoes than sheets. 
 
 That is, to go about your business actively, than to 
 lie a-bed. Some say, u better wear Gut than rust out." 
 A knife, or other iron tool, will wear out by constant 
 use ; but if laid by useless, the rust will consume it. 
 
 Better is an ass that speaks well, than a prophet 
 that speaks itt. 1 
 
 Better is an ass thai carries you, than a horse 
 that throws you. 
 
 A friend who serves you faithfully, though he may be 
 in humble circumstances, is much more valuable than a 
 powerful patron, who is apt to desert or ill treat his 
 friends. 
 
 i This refers to Balaam and his ass. 
 
v/270 
 
 PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 
 
 Bachelors' wives and maidens' children are well 
 trained. 
 
 An unmarried man will sometimes boast how well 
 lie could rule a wife ; and single women will fancy they 
 could manage a family of children much better than 
 some of their neighbours do. And it is the same in 
 many other matters also. Many people are apt to draw 
 fine pictures of what they would do, if they were in 
 ' such and such a person's place ; but if the experiment 
 is tried, they find difficulties in practice which they 
 had not dreamed of. 
 
 Bend the twig, and bend the tree. 
 
 A young sapling is easily bent or straightened, and 
 the tree will remain so. Y ou should therefore learn what 
 is right while young. To wait till you grow old, is like 
 waiting to straighten a tree till it is full grown. 
 
 Before you marry, be sure of a house wherein to 
 tarry. 
 
 Between two stools we come to the ground. 
 
 This applies to those who do not take a decided 
 course one way or the other, but aim partly at one 
 object and partly at another, so as to miss both. 
 
 Covetousness bursts the bag. 
 
 He who is too intent on making an unreasonable 
 profit, will often fail of all ; even as a bag that is 
 crammed till it burst, will let out every thing. 
 
 Children and fools should- not see a work that 
 is half done. 
 
 They have not the sense to guess what the artist is 
 designing. The whole of this world that we see is a 
 work half done ; and thence fools are apt to find fault 
 with Providence. 
 
PKOVEPvES AND PRECEPTS. 271 v/ 
 
 Children and fools should not handle edge tools. 
 
 That is, they should not be trusted with power. 
 
 Cleave the log according to the grain. 
 
 Address each man whom you would persuade or in- 
 struct, according to his particular disposition and habits 
 of thought. The same method may be very effectual 
 with one man, and utterly fail with another. 
 
 Clouds afar look black or gay : 
 Closely seen, they all are gray. 
 
 It is just so with many a public man, who will be found 
 by those immediately around him, neither so detestable 
 nor so admirable as perhaps he is thought by opposite 
 parties. 1 
 
 Debt is the worst kind of poverty. 
 
 Dost thou love life ? Then ivaste not time, for 
 time is the stuff life is made of 
 
 Do not ride a free horse to death. 
 
 ^ When anyone is willing to be of service, and to exert 
 himself, like a free-going horse, it is too common an 
 injustice to impose on his good nature, hj making him 
 do and bear more than his fair share. 
 
 1 The man his party deem a hero ; 
 His foes, a Judas or a Nero ; 
 Patriot of superhuman worth, 
 Or vilest wretch that cumhers earth 
 Derives his bright and murky hues 
 From distant and from party views. 
 Seen close, nor bright nor black are they 
 Bat every one a sober gray 
 
272 PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 
 
 Empty vessels make most sound. 
 
 People who have the least knowledge, and the least 
 merit, are apt to be great talkers and boasters. 
 
 Fain would the cat fish eat, 
 Bui she is loth to wet her feet. 
 
 Those who cannot bring themselves to do or bear any 
 thing unpleasant, must often go without that they wish 
 for ; like a eat which is fond of fish, but dreads water. 
 
 Fools learn nothing from wise men; hut wise men 
 learn much from fools. 
 
 That is, they learn to avoid their errors. 
 
 For want of a nail the shoe was lost ; for want oj 
 a shoe the horse was lost; for wantpfa horse the rider 
 was lost. 
 
 A neglect of something that appears very trifling, may 
 lead to the most disastrous results. 
 
 Fortune favours fools. 
 
 It is said that fortune favours fools, because they trust 
 all to fortune. When a fool escapes any danger, or suc- 
 ceeds in any undertaking, it is said thatfortune favours 
 him ; while a wise man is considered to prosper by his 
 own prudence and foresight. For instance, if a fool who 
 does not bar his door, escapes being robbed, it is ascribed 
 to his luck ; but the prudent man, having taken precau- 
 tions, is not called fortunate. A wise man is, in fact, 
 more likely to meet with good fortune than a foolish 
 one; because he puts himself in the way of it. If he is 
 sending off a ship, he has abetter chance of obtaining a 
 favourable wind, because he chooses the place and season 
 in which such winds prevail as will be favourable to him. 
 If the fool's ship arrives in safety, it is by good luckalone; 
 while both must be in some degree indebted to fortune 
 for success. 
 
PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 273 
 
 Frost and fraud both end infold. 
 
 A frost, while it lasts, disguises the appearance of 
 things, nialdng muddy roads dry, and shaking bogs firm,- 
 &c. ; but a thaw is sure to come, and then the roads are 
 fouler than ever. And even so, falsehood and artifice of 
 every kind, generally, when detected, bring more diffi- 
 culty and disgrace than what they were originally devised 
 to avoid. 
 
 For a mischievous dog a heavy clog. 
 
 The French say, " He must be tied short.'' (A me- 
 diant chierij court lien.} A man of a character not fully to 
 be trusted, must sometimes be employed ; and in that 
 case you should have him so tied up by restrictions, and 
 so superintended, that he may do no mischief. 
 
 Good words are good, but good deeds are better. 
 
 He thai pays beforehand, has his work behind- 
 hand. 
 
 He that's convinced against his ivill, 
 Is of his own opinion still. 
 
 He that is tmdy ivise and great, 
 Lives both too early and too late. 
 
 A man who is very superior in wisdom and virtue to 
 those around him, will often appear, in some respects, to 
 have come into the world too late ; that is, we often see 
 how well he would have made use of some opportunity 
 which is now lost for ever ; and how effectually he could 
 have prevented some evils that are now past remedy. 
 For instance, he would perhaps, by timely prudence, 
 have prevented a quarrel between two persons, or two 
 nations, who can never be thoroughly reconciled now. 
 But again, such a person will also often appear, in some 
 respects, to have come into the world too early ; that is, 
 he will often be not so well understood, or so highly 
 
 m3 
 
^274 
 
 PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 
 
 valued, by those around him, as he would have been by 
 a later generation more advanced in civilization. If, in 
 the midst of a half-barbarian nation, some one man arises, 
 of such a genius as to equal an ordinary man of the edu- 
 cated classes in the most enlightened parts of Europe, he 
 is in danger of being reckoned by his countrymen a fool 
 or a madman, if he attempt to expose all their mistakes^ 
 and to remove all their prejudices, and to impart to them 
 all his own notions. Thus, in two ways, a very eminent 
 man is prevented from doing all the good he might have 
 done. He comes too late for some purposes, and too 
 early for others. 
 
 Honesty is the best policy ; but he who acts on that 
 principle is not an honest man. 
 
 He only is an honest man who does that which is right 
 because it is right, and not from motives of policy; and 
 then, he is rewarded by finding afterwards that the 
 honest course he has pursued was in reality the most 
 politic. But a cunning rogue seldom finds out, till it is 
 too late, that he is involved in difficulties raised by his 
 own craft, which an honest course would have escaped. 
 
 He that goes a borrovnng goes a sorrowing. 
 
 He buys honey dear who licks it from thorns. 
 
 Gain or pleasure may be too dearly bought, if it cost 
 much disquiet or contention. 
 
 He laughs best who laughs last 
 
 A person who takes the wisest course may often be 
 derided for a time, by persons who enjoy a temporary 
 triumph, but find in the end that they have completely 
 failed. 
 
 He sups ill who eats all at dinner. 
 
 If you spend everything as fast as you get it, while 
 young and strong, you will be likely to become destitute 
 in old age. 
 
PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 275 
 
 He that has a wish for his supper, may go 
 to bed hungry. 
 
 It is a folly to waste one's time and thoughts in framing 
 wishes. It is the best to set about doing the best you can. 
 
 He that has been stung by a serpent is 
 afraid of a rope. 
 
 A piece of rope in the twilight is likely to be mistaken 
 for a snake. Those who have suffered severely in any 
 way, are apt to have unreasonable apprehensions of 
 suffering the like again. 
 
 He that has but one eye sees the better for it. 
 
 Some say, " half a loaf is better than no bread." An 
 imperfect good is better than none. 
 
 He that buys a house ready -wrought, 
 Hath many a pin and nail for nought. 
 
 A house rarely sells for so much as it cost in building. 
 Hence, some say, a fools build houses, and wise men 
 live in them. " 
 
 He ivho gives way to anger, punishes himself for 
 the fault of another. 
 
 He who thinks only of serving himself is the 
 slave of a slave. 
 
 A selfish man is the basest of slaves, because he is 
 the slave of his own low and contemptible desires. 
 
 Hard upon hard makes a bad stone wall, 
 But soft upon soft makes none at all. 
 
 Two people who are each of an unyielding temper will 
 not act well together ; and people who are all of them of a 
 very yielding temper will be likely to resolve on nothing ; 
 just as stones without mortar make a loose wail, and 
 mortar alone no wall. 
 
276 PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS, 
 
 High winds blow on high hills. 
 
 Those in the most elevated stations have to encounter 
 great opposition, great dangers, great troubles, and every 
 thing that calls for great firmness. 
 
 Him that nothing will satisfy, let him have no 
 thing. 
 
 Half a leap is a fall into the ditch. 
 
 If you will not take pains, pains will take you. 
 
 If things were done twice, all would be wise. 
 
 We often perceive after we have taken some step, how 
 much better we could have proceeded if it were to come 
 over again. To reflect carefully on your past errors, 
 may enable you to learn wisdom from them in future. 
 
 If the little birds did not hatch young cuckoos, 
 they ivould not have to vjorry the old ones. 
 
 You may often see little birds hunting and persecuting 
 a cuckoo ; but every cuckoo has been hatched and reared 
 in a little bird's nest. And thus men very often raise 
 up some troublesome person into importance, and after- 
 wards try in vain to get rid of them ; or give encourage- 
 ment to some dangerous principle or practice, in order 
 to serve a present purpose, and then find it turned 
 against themselves. 
 
 If you canH turn the wind, you must turn the 
 mill sails. l 
 
 That is, when the circumstances in which you are 
 placed undergo a change, you must change your mea- 
 sures accordingly. 
 
 1 That is ? as a miller does. 
 
PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 277 * 
 
 If every one ivoidd mend one, all would be men- 
 ded. 
 
 Some say, " If each would sweep before his own door, 
 ice should have a clean street." Many a man talks and 
 thinks much about reforms, without thinking of the re- 
 form which is most in his power — the reform of himself. 
 
 Ill doers are ill deemers. 
 
 Most men are inclined, more or less, to judge of 
 another by themselves. But this is chiefly the case with 
 bad men ; because good men know that there are men 
 who are not good ; but bad men are apt to deem all 
 others as bad as themselves. When, therefore, a man 
 takes for granted, without any good reason, that his 
 neighbour is acting from base and selfish motives, or is 
 practising deceit, this is a strong presumption that he is 
 judging from himself. So, also, many a man who is 
 raised high by ability, or rank, or wealth, is considered 
 by others as proud, merely from their feeling that they 
 themselves would be proud if they were in his place. 
 
 It is too late to spare when all is spent. 
 
 I will not imllingly offend, 
 
 Nor be soon offended; 
 What's amiss Til strive to mend. 
 
 And bear ivhat can't be mended. 
 
 It is a folly to work at the pump, and leave the 
 leak open. 
 
 That is, to let the cause of an evil continue, and 
 labour to remedy the effects. 
 
 It is good to begin well^ but better to end well. 
 
p/278 PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS* 
 
 It is too late to loch the stable-door vjhen the 
 steed is stolen. 
 
 People are apt to put off taking precautions against 
 some danger, till the evil has actually happened. 
 
 Kindle the dry sticks, and Hie green ones will 
 catch. 
 
 If you begin by attempting to reform and to instruct 
 those who need reformation and instruction the most, 
 you will often find them unwilling to listen to you. 
 Like green sticks, they will not catch fire. But if you 
 begin with the most teachable and best disposed, when 
 you have succeeded in improving these, they will be a 
 help to you in improving the others. 
 
 Keep your shop, and your shop will keep you. 
 Little dogs start the hare, but great ones catch it. 
 
 Obscure persons will sometimes be the chief devisers, 
 originally, of some plan or institution, which more 
 powerful ones follow up, and gain all the credit and 
 advantage. 
 
 Lose an hour in the morning, and you will be 
 all the day hunting it. 
 
 If you are behindhand w T ith the first piece of business 
 you have to do, this will generally throw you behindhand 
 with the next ; and so on with all the rest. 
 
 Love without end has no end,. 
 
 This is a quibble on the word " end. " Friendship is apt 
 to come to an end, when a man is your friend, not so much 
 for your own sake, as for some end or object he has in view. 
 
 
PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 279 
 
 Little strokes fell great oaks. 
 Look before you leap. 
 Leave is light. 
 
 A person will sometimes quit his post, and go abroad, 
 or take something that does not belong to him, pleading 
 as an excuse, that he had no doubt permission would 
 have been granted. "Then, if so," you may answer, 
 * ' why did you not ash ? permission would have been no 
 burden to you." 
 
 Leave your jest when it's at the best. 
 
 Jokes are very apt to degenerate into earnest. The 
 best way is, when all parties are in high good humour, 
 and before the jest either grows tiresome, or a cause of 
 irritation, to stop short, and leave it off. 
 
 Misgive, that you may not mistake. 
 
 Marry in haste, and repent at leisure. 
 
 Many things grow in the garden that were never 
 sown there. 
 
 For weeds are apt to come up, and will spread if not 
 well looked after. It would be a great mistake to expect 
 that a child at school is sure to learn nothing but what 
 the master teaches. They often learn evil from one 
 another. 
 
 Mettle is dangerous in a blind horse, 
 
 When a man is commended for being very active, 
 enterprising, and daring, you should inquire whether he 
 has discretion enough to make these qualities service- 
 able, which, without it, will only render him the more 
 mischievous. 
 
 Man proposes, but God disposes. 
 
280 PEOVEEBS AND PEECEPTS. 
 
 No pains no gains. 
 
 One year's seeding, 
 Is nine years' weeding* 
 
 If weeds are let to stand till they have shed their 
 seeds, you will have very long and great labour in clear- 
 ing the land afterwards. And so it is with bad practices 
 when not checked early. 
 
 One man may lead a horse to the pond's brink ; 
 But tiventy men can never make him drink. 
 
 We often talk of making a horse drink ; that is, lead- 
 ing him to the water. But unless the horse is willing 
 to drink, it is all in vain. So we may teach people their 
 duty; that is, offer them instruction and advice: but if 
 they are not willing to receive it, and act upon it, we can 
 never make them good. 
 
 Of small account is a fly, 
 Till it gets into the eye. 
 
 A thing that is very trifling and insignificant in itself, 
 may in some particular cases be of vast importance. 
 Thus the omission of one or two small words in a will, 
 may make it void, and cause a large property to fall into 
 other hands. And a navigator, if, in making a calcu- 
 lation, he puts down a single figure wrong, may mistake 
 the situation of the place where he is, and may perhaps 
 lose his ship in consequence. Again, a man of very 
 contemptible abilities, incapable of doing any great 
 good, may sometimes cause great trouble and mischief 
 (like a fly in one's eye), by contriving to interfere in 
 some important business. 
 
 Out of debt, out of danger. 
 
 Office will show the man. 
 
 Apx a T0V ctvdpa cu^ei. This is a Greek proverb, and 
 a very just one. Some persons of great promise when 
 
PROVERBS AXD PRECEPTS. 281*- 
 
 raised to high office, either are puffed up with self-suffi- 
 ciency, or daunted by the "high winds that blow on high 
 hills," or in some way or other disappoint expectation. 
 And others again show talents and courage, and other 
 qualifications, when these are called forth by high office, 
 beyond what anyone gave them credit for before, and 
 beyond what they suspected to be in themselves. It is 
 unhappily very difficult to judge how a man will conduct 
 himself in a high office, till the trial has been made. 
 
 Praise a fair day at flight. — — 
 
 Solon, the Athenian sage, gave great offence to Croe- 
 sus, the rich and powerful king of Lydia, because when 
 asked to say whom he thought the happiest man, he men- 
 tioned first one, and then another, who were dead ; 
 declaring that till the end of life, there was no saying 
 what reverses a man might undergo, Croesus was after- 
 wards defeated and taken captive by Cyrus, king of 
 Persia, and the Lydian empire subdued. 
 
 Promises may get friends ', but it is performance 
 that keeps them. 
 
 Ships dread fire more than water. 
 
 The perils of the sea are great, and ships are constantly 
 exposed to them; but they are constructed for the pur- 
 pose. But being built of wood, fire is the most formida- 
 ble danger to them. And that is the greatest danger to 
 each person or thing, not which is greatest in itself, but 
 which each is least calculated to meet. 
 
 Sin is sin, though it be not seen. 
 
 There is no virtue in being merely ashamed of a thing 
 found out. A good man is ashamed of doing what is 
 wrong; not merely of others knowing it. And he will 
 remember that there is One who sees what is hidden 
 from man. 
 
282 PROVERBS AKD PRECEPTS. 
 
 The brighter the moon shines, the more the dogs 
 hoivl. 
 
 Some say, " the moon does not regard the barking -of 
 dogs." It is a curious propensity in most dogs to howl 
 at the moon, especially when shining brightest. In the 
 same manner it may be observed, that any eminent per- 
 son who is striving to enlighten the world, is sure to be 
 assailed by the furious clamour and abuse of the bigoted 
 and envious. This is a thing disgusting in itself (as the 
 howling of dogs is an unpleasant sound) : but it is a sign 
 and accompaniment of a man's success in doing service 
 to the public. And if he is a truly wise man, he will 
 take no more notice of it than the moon does of the 
 howling of the dogs. Her only answer to them is, "to 
 shine on." 
 
 Small leaks sink great ships. 
 
 Strike the iron while it is hot. 
 
 It is in vain to think of what might have been done at 
 such and such a time, when the opportunity is lost for 
 ever. 
 
 Smooth ivater runs deep. 
 
 There is many a slip between the cup and the lip. 
 
 This was originally a Grecian proverb, which is said to 
 have originated thus : — The owner of a vineyard having 
 overworked his slaves in digging and dressing it, one of 
 them expressed a hope that his master might never taste 
 the produce. The vintage came, and the wine was 
 made ; and the master having a cup full of it in his hand, 
 taunted the slave ; who replied in the words which after- 
 wards became a proverb. The master, before he had 
 tasted the wine, was told suddenly of a wild boar, which 
 had burst into the vineyard, and was rooting it up. He 
 ran out to drive away the beast, which turned on him 
 and killed him; so that he never tasted the wine. 
 
PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 283 * 
 
 There is no shame in refusing him that has no 
 shame in ashing ; or, a shameless "pray, " a shame- 
 less "nay" 
 
 It is natural to many people to feel ashamed of refus- 
 ing anyone a request ; and this is very right, when he 
 requests only something that is reasonable. But he 
 who is impudent and importunate in asking what is un- 
 reasonable, ought to be met by a stout denial. 
 
 The weaker goes to the wall. 
 
 This proverb is generally misunderstood. The mean- 
 ing of it is, that, as in a fray the party who is conscious 
 of being overmatched, generally seeks the protection of 
 a wall in the rere or some other advantage of position ; 
 so, in any dispute, it is a sign of conscious weakness to 
 endeavour to suppress the arguments of the opposite 
 party, or to resort to the aid of the law, or of brute force. 
 
 To confess that you have changed your mind, is 
 to confess yourself wiser to-day than yesterday. 
 
 The horse has not quite escaped that drags his 
 halter. 
 
 When a horse has broken loose, but carries with him 
 the halter round his neck, we may often catch him again 
 by getting hold of this. This proverb applies to anyone 
 who has escaped some kind of servitude, but still retains 
 something by which he may be brought back to it. If, 
 for instance, you have left off any vicious course of life, 
 bat still remain in the same neighbourhood, and keep up 
 your acquaintance with your former bad companions, 
 there will always be a likelihood of your being drawn 
 back into your former vices. 
 
 The best throw with the dice is, to throw them 
 away. 
 
y 284 PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 
 
 To spend, or to lend, or to give in, 
 'Tis a very good world that toe live in ; 
 But to borroiv, or beg, or get one's own, 
 'Tis the very worst ivorld that ever ivas known. 
 
 The loheel that's weak is apt to creak. 
 
 When matters go on smoothly, like a wheel that is in 
 good order, we seldom hear much of it. But when any 
 thing goes wrong, complaints are made. A few persons 
 who are suffering misfortunes, excite much more atten- 
 tion than a great number who are thriving. And it is 
 the same with nations ; from which cause it is, that 
 their histories are chiefly filled with accounts of wars 
 and tumults, earthquakes, famines, and other disasters ; 
 and that peaceful and prosperous periods afford the 
 smallest amount of materials for the historian. 
 
 Those who cannot have what they like, must 
 learn to like what they have. 
 
 The mill cannot grind with the water that is 
 past 
 
 It is in vain to think of what might have been done 
 at such and such a time, when the opportunity is lost 
 for ever. 
 
 Thy secret is thy servant till thou reveal it, 
 and then thou art its servant. 
 
 When }^ou have let out something that ought to have 
 been concealed you will often be exposed to much care 
 and anxiety. When an impertinent person presses you 
 to betray something that has been confided to you, ask 
 him, " Can you keep a secret?" and when he answers 
 " Yes," do you reply, "Well, so can I." 
 
PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 285 
 
 The tongue breaketh bone though itself hath none. 
 
 Thistle-seeds fly. 
 
 The downy seeds of the thistle are easily carried 
 about by the winds, so as to cover the land with weeds. 
 So, slanderous tales and mischievous examples are more 
 easily spread than good instruction. 
 
 The older the crab tree the more crabs it bear3. 
 
 Some people fancy that a man grows good by grow- 
 ing old, without t citing any particular pains about it. 
 The vices and follies of youth he will perhaps outgrow ; 
 but other vices, and even worse, will come in their stead. 
 For it is the character of "the natural man, " (as the 
 Apostle Pai^l expresses it,) to become worse as he grows 
 older, unless a correcting principle be engrafted. If a 
 wilding tree be grafted, when young, with a good fruit 
 tree, then the older it is, if it be kept well pruned, the 
 more good fruit it will bear. 
 
 There is no more dust in the sunbeam than in 
 the rest of the room. 
 
 When the sun shines into a dusky room, you see the 
 motes of dust that are in the sunbeam, and little or nothing 
 cf the rest. So, when crimes or accidents are recorded in 
 newspapers more than formerly, some people fancy that 
 they happen more than formerly. And in many ways 
 men are accustomed to mistake the increased knowledge 
 of something that exists, for an increase of the thing itself. 
 
 The cats one shift is worth all the fox's. 
 
 The cat ran up a tree and escaped the hounds, when 
 the fox, after all his tricks, was caught. One effectual 
 security is worth a number of doubtful expedients. 
 
 The master's eye makes the horse thrive. 
 
 The man who has an interest in seeing a thing well 
 done, sees quicker than anyone else, and keeps others 
 to their dutv. 
 
/ 
 
 286 PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 
 
 'Tis the thunder that frights, 
 
 But the lightning that smites. 
 
 All the damage that is done in what is called a thunder- 
 storm, is by the lightning ; the thunder being only the 
 noise made by the lightning ; yet many persons are more 
 terrified by the sound of the thunder than by any thing 
 else. In like manner, in many other cases also, men are 
 apt to be more alarmed by what sounds terrific, but is in 
 reality harmless (blustering speeches, for instance), than 
 by what is really dangerous. 
 
 Two things you'll not fret at if you! re a ivise man, 
 The thing you can't help, and the thing which you 
 can. 
 
 Throw not good money after bad. 
 
 Some persons, when they have spent much money or 
 pains in an unwise scheme, will spend as much more to 
 bring it to a completion ; or will go to as great expense 
 to recover a bad debt as would pay the debt twice over, 
 and fail perhaps after all. 
 
 That man's with wisdom truly blest, 
 Who of himself can judge what's best, 
 And scan with penetrating eye, 
 What's hid in dark futurity. 
 That man may also be deemed wise, 
 Who with good counsellors complies ; 
 But he who can't perceive what's right, 
 And won't be rightly taught, j 
 
 That man is in a hopeless plight, 1 
 And wholly good for nought. 1 
 
 i From the Greek of Hesiod, 
 
PKOVEKBS AND PRECEPTS. 287 
 
 Too far east is west 
 
 If a man travels very far to the eastward of any spot, 
 he willin time find himself to the west of it, and at length 
 will arrive at the very spot he set out from. Thus 
 men, in their extreme anxiety to avoid some evil, will 
 sometimes fall into that very evil. For instance, the 
 French, at the time of the E evolution, in their excessive 
 abhorrence of the tyranny of the ancient monarchy, gave 
 themselves up so completely to the leaders of the revolu- 
 tion which overthrew that monarchy, that they suffered 
 them to exercise a far greater tyranny. 
 
 The tree roots more fast, 
 That has stood a tough blast 
 
 This is literally true ; for it is always found that winds 
 which do not blow a tree down make it root the better. 
 It is also found, figuratively, that a rebellion, when put 
 down, strengthens a government; and that any violent 
 attacks made on anyone, and repelled, fix his credit the 
 firmer. 
 
 Wide will wear, hut tight will tear. 
 
 As a dress that is too tight will be apt to burst, so as 
 to afford no covering at all; so, laws and regulations 
 which too closely fetter men's actions, are apt to be 
 broken through in practice, and thus lead to complete 
 disorder ; while more moderate restrictions would have 
 been strictly enforced. 
 
 When the weather is fair, 
 Of your cloak take care. 
 
 The French say — 
 
 " Quand il fait beau, porte ton manteau ; 
 Quand il pleut, fais ce que tu veux." 
 
 That is, " When the weather is fine, take your cloak; 
 when it rains, do as you will." No one needs to be 
 
288 PUOVEBBS AND PRECEPTS. 
 
 warned to guard against a danger when it is evidently 
 just at hand; but it is sometimes too late then to take 
 precautions. A wise man takes precautions against 
 dangers that are not apparently at hand. 
 
 When your neighbours house is on fire, take care 
 oj your own. 
 
 Some persons are not only so selfish, but so stupid also, 
 as to think little or nothing of some evil their neighbours 
 are suffering, even when it is likely to spread to them- 
 selves. Thus it has often happened that several small 
 States have been subdued, one by one, by some con- 
 queror; each fancying itself safe till its turn came. 
 
 When there is a will there is a way. 
 
 People readily satisfy themselves with excuses for not 
 doing something- which they are not really intent upon. 
 
 Willows are weak, but they bind other ivood. 
 
 A person of no great ability in conducting affairs, may 
 sometimes have the power of holding together others, 
 and inducing them to act together, when they would 
 not do so without him ; and when a fagot is untied, 
 each single stick may be easily broken. 
 
 Wise and good men made the laws, but it was fools 
 and rogues that put them upon it. 
 
 If all men were wise and good, there would be no 
 need of laws to compel them to act rightly, because they 
 would do so of their own accord. 
 
 DyBLiN: Printed by Alexander Thom,87 .& 88, Abbey-street. 
 
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