K LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.? - . # $ f UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.! THK OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. J. J. MOORMAN, M. D., Hesident Physician at the White Sulphur Springs, Va. ; Author of the " Virginia Springs, and the Springs of the South and West," etc., etc. Observations at the Ohio White Sulphur, I N 185S By W. W. DAWSOJN^, M. D., Formerly Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, CINCINNATI: MOORE, WILSTACH, KEYS & CO., Printers, 25 West Fourth Street. 1859. LITH.8Y MIDOLETON, STROBRIOGE S. 80 CIN XIII3II T7Ii:iT"ii :£JIfLLlPiiXrji jSI-JOnSi! mk mink m^hix ^\mnp, SITUATED ON THE SCIOTO RIVER, EIGHTEEN MILES NORTH OF COLUMBUS, TEN MILES FROM DELAWARE, AND FIVE MILES PROM WHITE SULPHUR STATION, ON THE SPRINGFIELD, MT. VERNON AND PITTSBURGH RAILROAD. The OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS will be opened for visitors on the 1st of June, and will be closed about the 1st of October. The great want of a first-class Watering-Place in the West has induced the Proprietor to spare no exertion or expense calculated to make these Springs worthy of the most entire confidence, and he feels that, as a delightful retreat during the summer months, they have now few rivals in the country ; but, as of most importance, it is to the Medicinal qualities of these Watei^s, as given in the papers of Drs. Moor- man and Dawson, that he would particularly direct the attention of all — more especially that of invalids. jg^^-For "Railroad Relations of the Springs," and "Im- provements of 1859," see Appendix. THE OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. Near the geographical center of Ohio, in the county of Delaware, and immediately on the western bank of the Scioto river, surrounded by a country broken, hilly, and beautifully pic- turesque, arises the Ohio White Sulphur. The Scioto is here a rippling, rapid stream, hastily flowing and fretting over beds of boulder rocks, and skirted, for many miles above and below the Springs, by slopes or banks of consider- able elevation, which gently spread out into undulatory table lands, charmingly interspersed with valley and hill, and blessed with an atmos- phere free from malarious influences, at every season of the year — and as salubrious as is found in our high mountain ranges. Under the name of Hart's Springs^ this place has been known for its mineral waters for more than twenty years. The circumstance which led 6 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. to its improvement as a Spring-property, by Mr. Hart, its former proprietor, is worthy of note. He had visited the White Sulphur Springs in Virginia, for the relief of a complicated stomach and liver complaint ; returning to Ohio, cured of his disease, his attention was called to this Arte- sian Sulphur fountain, and upon examination, he found its waters so strikingly to resemble those of the Virginia spring as to induce him to purchase and improve it in view of its medicinal value. The property has recently been purchased by Mr. A. WiLsox, of Cincinnati, whose energy, good taste, and ample means, are being actively exercised in enlarging its accommodations, and still further beautifying the place, already by the beauties of nature surprisingly beautiful. The buildings, for visitors, are pleasantly situ- ated on a beautifully undulating plateau, at an elevation perhaps of one hundred and twenty feet above the level of the river, and about eight hundred feet distant from it. With those now in progress to completion, the accommodation will be ample and comfortable, for six hundred persons. The drawing of the grounds, including the various improvements on the Spring Lawn, that accompanies this article, renders a particu- lar description of them unnecessary. OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 7 The good taste and liberality of the proprietor of this property seem to be untiring in suggest- ing and carrying forward new means of comfort and amusement for his visitors, as well as for the more beneficial use of the waters. To these ends a charming wood-lawn, of a hundred acres, ad- joining the Spring-lawn, has been laid off in walks and carriage-drives ; and extensive Bathing- houses have been erected, furnishing not only warm and hot tub-baths, but also with arrange- ments for employing douche and sweat baths: these can not fail from the high mineral impreg- nation of the water, to prove eminently valuable in a great variety of cases. The construction of douche and sweating baths of sulphur water, to be employed under proper circumstances, in connection with the internal use of the water, is a matter of the utmost import- ance to the successful treatment of numerous cases that resort to mineral springs. The water for bathing, is here heated by steam^ in the tub in which it is used. This is a vast improvement over the old method of heating- mineral waters for bathing. Under the old plan of heating in a boiler, and thence conveying the water to the bathing-tub, much of its valuable saline matter was precipitated and lost. By this 8 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. improved method of applying steam to the water in the tub, the heat is never so great in raising the water to the bathing point, as to cause any im- portant precipitation of its salts — hence they are left in their natural suspension in the water, to exert their specific effect upon the bather. Not only so, by this improved method, hot steam may be let into the tub, from time to time, as the water cools, so as to keep it essentially of the same temperature during the entire process of bathing — a consideration often of no small importance. This method of heating mineral waters, in the tub in which they are used, in con- nection with douche and sweating baths, brings warm and hot bathing at this place in fair com- petition with bathing at naturally warm and hot springs, and will be productive of the same good effects that are experienced from bathing in such springs. The Ohio White Sulphur fountain is a curi- osity in hydraulics. Its waters arise in a boring made through solid rock, that underlies the bed of the river, and are thrown up by subterra- nean power, one hundred and sixty feet, to the surface of the earth, where a pipe is attached to the mouth of the boring or well, along which, by means of the same subterranean power, they are OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 9 propelled a distance of more than three hundred feet, and to an elevation of some sixty feet above the level of the river. Here they flow into a beautiful marble reservoir — the fountain from which the water is received for drinking. From the base of this reservoir, the water is conducted under ground to the Bath-rooms, and from thence to form a beautiful ^e^ d'eau in its exit to the river, into which it falls when released from its utilitarian purposes. A hydrodynamic problem here very naturally arises in the inquisitive mind. By what power is this volume of water made to rise more than two hundred feet perpendicularly, above its source in the bowels of the earth ? Writers on physics assert, that there are but two known forces that account for such phenom- ena : first, a gaseous force ; and it is alleged that when water is propelled by such a force, it always flows more or less per saltum, and not in a con- stant, regular stream : second, on the well-known force or principle, by which water finds its own level. Now, this water does not come up per saltum, in any degree, but in a continuous, bold, dashing current. When we look around in search of a probable elevation from which it might come, we find it not in the State of Ohio, 10 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPKINGS. nor in man}^ hundreds of miles in any direction, except in the great Appalachian chain of Vir- ginia or Penns^^lvania — and the nearest of these perhaps two hundred miles distant. Do these sulphur waters, as such, come from the great Alleghany supplies that are known to exist, and are so frequently found issuing from the base of that range of mountains in Virginia ; or do they receive their mineral impregnations near the place where they arise, and is there some force not yet understood, by which water may be pro- pelled to great hights above its natural source ? Interesting as this question may be, we must leave its ultimate decision to those more deeply versed in the arcana of nature than ourselves. This fountain, as valuable as a medicinal agent as it is curious in physics, was first discovered about thirty-four years ago. A gentleman by the name of Bachus, was boring at this place for salt water, and after penetrating the solid rock to the depth of one hundred and sixty feet, his auger suddenly sunk two feet, and the sulphur water gushed out. Not then appreciating the value of this discovery, he continued his boring — still through solid rock — to the further depth of three hundred and thirty feet, where he reached salt water, but not of sufiicient strength OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 11 to justify its evaporation into salt, as a business. Subsequently the lower boring was plugged, and the sulphur water alone permitted to flow up. The hole along which the water rises is seven and a half inches in circumference, up which it rushes with tremendous force, at the rate of one hundred and twenty gallons a minute, or seven thousand two hundred gallons per hour. To convey some idea of the volume of this subterranean current of sulphur water, and the rapidity with which it is forced along its channel, we are told, that an attempt was made to intro- duce a copper tube from the surface to the bot- tom of the well, and that very soon that portion of the tube that entered the current, became bent and flattened by its force. Although these springs have but for a few years attracted much of public attention, enough is satisfactorily known of them to enable us to welcome them to a prominent position among the watering-places of the country. Their geographical position — being central in the great and flourishing State in which they are situated, and essentially so as between the popu- lation of the South-west, and the watering-places of the Middle and Northern States — the ready facility by which they are approached by Ptail- 12 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. road, from every direction, and above all, the medicinal value of their waters point them out as a place of very large valetudinary and fashion- able resort by the people of America. So fortunately are they located in reference to accessibility, that visitors from JNTorth, South, East, or West, can approach within five miles of them on unbroken chains of Railroad. The elevated and healthful country in which they are situated, with the established fact of its entire freedom from malarious influences, at all seasons of the year, give to persons who are seeking a healthful climate for a summer retreat a reliable assurance of finding such at this place. The waters of this sulphur fountain have been analyzed by Professor E. S. Wayne, of Cincin- nati, who shows that their gaseous contents con- sist of Sulphureted Hydrogen, Carbonic Acid. Their solid contents of Sulphate of Lime, Carbonate of Lime, Sulphate of Magnesia, Oxide of Iron, Chloride of Calcium, Sulphate of Calcium, Chloride of Sodium, Iodine, Chloride of Magnesium, Organic Matter. Their temperature, winter and summer, is uni- formly 52° Fahrenheit. This analysis shows that the water holds in solution many of the best ingredients found in OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 13 the most celebrated waters of Europe and Amer- ica, and indicates its adaj^tation to a large circle of chronic diseases to which humanity is subject. Whilst this water strikingly resembles the Virginia White Sulphur in several respects, it is still more like the waters of Avon and Sharon, in New York, than any other with which I am familiar. The two latter waters differ some- what from each other, and so will this be found to differ from both ; nevertheless the likeness is not inapt between them in many essential par- ticulars. The author visited, and spent some time at these springs in 1857, and again in 1858, with the view of examining the waters, and ascertain- ing by scientific research, and practical observa- tion, their peculiar characteristics and medical adaptations. The field of observation, while at the springs, was too limited to mature conclusions as definite and positive, in reference to the spe- cific character of the waters, as was desirable; but in all cases in which I witnessed their use, the effects were highly satisfactory; and many intelligent persons, among them medical men of high reputation, who had used the waters, assured me of their beneficial effects. -But want of obser- vation upon my part has been fully supplied by 14 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. Dr. W. W. Dawson, of Cincinnati, a gentleman of science and learning in his profession, who spent the entire summer of 1858 at the springs. In his '■'' Ohservations at the Ohio White Sidphir Springs^''* (published entire in this pamphlet), he gives a clear and satisfactory account of the curative powers of the waters in Dyspepsia, and the various depravities of the stomach; in dis- eases of the Liver, and in various chronic affec- tions of the bowels and kidneys. Dr. Dawson rej^orts a very interesting case of Chronic Pericarditis, that was entirely cured by the water. He recommends its use in congestion of the lungs and tracheal tubes. In a case of Chlorosis, that came under his observation, it was signally successful ; and decided benefit was derived from its employment in cases of Dropsical effusions. Dr. D. informs us, he had but little opportu- nity of seeing the waters tested in Rheumatism, or in severe affections of the skin; but from my observations of the value of similar waters in those diseases, I should have great confidence in their use in such cases; especially when their internal use is connected with the warm or hot sulphur baths. I would make the same remark * See Lancet and Observer, Cincinnati, 0,, for February, 1869. OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 15 in reference to mercurial disease, commonly so called, or secondary lues, often habitues of mineral fountains: in such cases we may look to the free internal use of the water, with hot sulphur bathing, with much hope. Dr. Dawson, in his "Observations at the Springs," has given all the essential direc- tions necessary for the government of invalids in the use of the waters. And as a somewhat long experience in the administration of similar wat- ers enables me to recognize the vast importance to the invalid of attending to such directions, I shall be excused, I hope, for urging their observ- ance upon all who seek to derive the sanative effects of the Ohio White Sulphur. Especially do I commend to all invalid visitors, the very judicious "suggestions" of Dr. Dawson, as to "^/^e best manner of using the water, ^^ the " time for drinking, ^^ and ^^the guantity to be drank P CHALYBEATE SPRINGS. In addition to the Sulphur Artesian fountain of which we have been treating, there are in close proximity to it, and within the Spring Lawn, three other mineral springs deserving of notice. They are all impregnated with iron — two of them 16 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. strongly so. They are known as the Chalybeate, the Magnesian, and the Saline Chalyheate Springs. It will be seen, by comparing the analyses of the three last-named springs, that their qualita- tive character, in some respects, is essentially the same ; the principal difference between them being a larger amount of Sulphate of Magnesia, with a smaller amount of Iron in the Magnesian spring, which renders it more purgative, but less tonic than the other two. Dr. Dawson having noticed these springs in his "Observations," and given the analysis of each, I shall only briefly refer to their thera- peutic character as ferruginous waters, offer a few suggestions as to their applicability as reme- dies, with some directions designed to guide the invalid in their proper administration. I do this with the hope that my suggestions may be useful to those who may not have it in their power to avail themselves of personal medical advice, before entering upon the use of the waters. The action of chalybeate waters, as is generally known, is tonic, and where there is not an excited, or phlogozed state of the vessels, or a congested condition of the organs that contra-indicate their use, they constitute the most efficient and relia- ble remedy of the tonic class. While they act OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 17 primarily upon the stomach, all the other organs and tissues speedily participate in their effects. Their action upon the absorbents and the great capillary system is distinctly marked by the increase of their tone, and consequently an in- creased force and vigor in the performance of their functions. Hence, in cases of simple atony, or debility, unaccompanied with fever, inflam- mation, or visceral engorgement, they are found to be certainly and speedily beneficial. When the system has been exhausted by prior violent disease, that has left no point of irritation that would be readily excited by rapid repletion, or the direct stimulation of remedies, chalybeate waters are found to have a very happy effect. In the second stages of Scrofula, in Dropsical effusions, and in Chronic Intermittenfs, they are often employed with good success. In cases of paucity, or poverty of blood, con- nected as such cases generally are, with languor, cool skin, and a moist and pale tongue, with fee- bleness of pulse, chalybeate waters exert the most admirable effects. Slowness and feebleness, in functional secre- tions, as well as imperfect sympathetic action between the organs, are readily removed by this remedy ; while on the other hand, excessive func- o 18 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. tional action, if attended with inflammation or irritation, will be aggravated by its use. Conse- quently, when such waters are prescribed to relieve slow, or imperfect digestion, it should be done under the conviction that the impaired function is not dependent upon irritation of the stomach, bowels, or kidneys. The same remark applies to impaired functions of the womb, or any other part of the organism. Chalybeate waters are found beneficial in the sequelce of long-continued and exhausting dis- charges, whether of a sanguineous, mucous, or serous character ; provided there be no phlogozed condition of the system, nor seat of irritation that might be aggravated by their stimulant effects. These remarks are equally applicable, whether the discharges have been from the course of the alimentary canal, the bladder, or the womb. For Fluor Alkis, and for chronic discharges from the urethra, they are found very ser- viceable. In Amenorrhoea, and its general attendant sterility, chalybeate waters have always borne a high and deserved celebrity ; indeed, if they had no other claim to public favor, than their admit- ted efficacy in such cases, they would still occupy a high place among the most valued remedies. OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 19 In addition to the use of chalybeate waters as an independent remedy, I have from long expe- rience at the Virginia White Sulphur, where there is a chalybeate spring, found great advant- age in many cases, from the occasional use of it in connection with the regular use of the sulphur water — and the same practice can be pursued at the Ohio White Sulphur, with equal advant- age. Indeed, in many cases the use of a chaly- beate to follow the alterative effects of sulphur water, is absolutely necessary to perfect a cure. This is particularly true of Neuralgia, Gastral- gia, and of that peculiar nervous and debilitated state of the system, which results as a conse- quence of excessive, or improper indulgences. METHOD OF ADMINISTKATION, Etc. With regard to the method of administering chalybeate waters, — they are advantageously taken in doses of from four to six tumblerfuls in the course of the day. Half the quantity used in the twenty-four hours, should be taken in the morning, before breakfast ; the remainder on an empty stomach, before dinner and tea. Their good effects ought soon to be perceived, in an improved appetite, and by augmented energy and strength. 20 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. Occasionally, such waters are found to oppress the stomach, cause pain in the epigastrium, nausea, colic, with redness of the tongue, heat of the skin, and sometimes diarrhoea. If such symptoms occur, the water should be discontin- ued, temporarily or permanently, agreeably to the force of the symptoms. Persons who have an irritable stomach, and especially such as are suffering from a thickening of the coats of the stomach, can not use such waters to advantage. To be most efficacious, these waters should be used fresh at the spring, as by transportation, even for short distances, they deposit a portion of their salts, and lose that freshness which is essential to their comfortable toleration by the stomach, if not to their medicinal efficacy. OBSERVATIONS AT THE OHIO WHITE SULPHUfi SPRINGS, BY W. W. DAWSON", M. D., Cincinnati * The medical men of Ohio liave long felt the need of mineral springs near home ; of some con- venient and meritorious place to which they could send patients of a certain class ; some place combining a healthy location, agreeable scenery, suitable provisions both for comfort and recrea- tion, with mineral waters of undoubted virtue. Attention has often been called, by members of our profession to the subject, — to the propriety of investigating the mineral springs within our own State ; but as no provisions, legal or other- wise, have ever been made for analyzing them^ or testing their curative powers, they have been allowed to rest in obscurity, and physicians who have had patients that they were well satisfied * See Cincinnati Lancet and Observer, for February, 1859. 22 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. would be most benefited by the use of certain kinds of medicated waters, have been compelled to advise these patients to remain at home, and do without the remedy, rather than undergo the fatigue consequent upon a journey to some dis- tant watering-place. Conscious of this great want, the Ohio State Medical Society, during its session at Columbus in 1856, appointed a com- mittee, of which Dr. Wm. Trevitt was chairman, to "report upon the mineral waters of the State." In a report which Dr. Trevitt made to the so- ciety at its next session, the following judicious and suggestive remarks are found: "From the earliest history of civilization, whether under Christian or heathen dispensation, and long be- fore the light of chemical science had dawned upon the world, medical sj^rings were known, appreciated, and thronged by thousands of anx- ious invalids, in pursuit of health by imbibing their healing waters, and laving in their luxuri- ous baths, as well as by votaries of pleasure, who, in the enjoyment of their own smiles reflected from the placid waters, found the fountain of happiness vainly sought by ancient philosophy, or modern conventional forms of fashionable so- ciety. A long list of names of the most distin- guished ancients, graced by those of Hippocrates OHIO WHITE BULPHUR SPRINGS. 23 and Galen, bear testimony to their efficacy ; and Celsus, in his eight books on medicine, assigned to kind Nature's pharmacy a high position in the healing art. Our transatlantic brethren, more particularly those of France and Germany, have directed their attention very largely to this im- portant subject, the waters of their mineral springs having been analyzed with great care and accuracy ; and those deemed efficacious, are thronged with visitors in pursuit of health, un- der the guidance of the most eminent medical advisers ; many of these springs enjoying a world-wide reputation in the treatment of disease." Of the bequests made to us here in the West of these health-giving fountains, by the great Father of all, the report says : " There can be no reason to doubt but Nature has been as liberal in the dispensation of her pharmaceutical and me- dicinal agents, ready prepared from the mineral kingdom, in this country, and adapted to the treatment of disease in its protean forms, as she has been lavish of her favors in other depart- ments of life ; and yet, with the exception of a few of the States, the analysis of these waters has been comparatively neglected, or but care- lessly performed." 24 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. Notwithstanding this inexcusable indifference, some of our States have demonstrated the fact, that they possess within their borders, springs of marked medicinal qualities, and equal, perhaps, to those found in any part of Europe. The expe- rience of the last few years, but more especially the observations of the past season, show conclu- sively that in this respect Ohio is not deficient ; that the " Ohio White Sulphur Springs " are entitled to a high position among first-class min- eral waters. The remedial virtues of these waters have long been known by those residing in their immediate vicinity; but, through the liberality of the present proprietor, Andrew Wilson, Esq., they have, within the past year, been analyzed and brought into general notice. Having spent some three months of the sum- mer at these springs, and having had somewhat liberal opportunities for studying the effect of their waters upon various forms of disease, as quite a considerable proportion of the large num- ber who resorted to them, during that period, were health-seeking invalids, we have concluded that it would be but a just tribute to the merits of the place, and at the same time serviceable to the public, to lay the result of our observations before the profession. These observations fully OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 25 indorse the high estimate which learned men, in all ages, have placed upon these "fountains of health." In Europe, as before suggested, phy- sicians of decided ability, are located at the spas, whose duty it is to apply the waters to disease, watch their influence, analyze their virtues, and determine carefully their value as medicinal agents, — thus obtaining much reliable and valu- able information. But in this country such judiciousness has not been observed, except in comparatively few instances. As the principal of these exceptions, however, the White Sulphur Springs of Virginia may be mentioned. For more than twenty years. Dr. J. J. Moorman, a learned man in his profession, has been administering this water in disease, and carefully observing and recording its effects. These observations this gentleman has published in a volume of some three hundred pages, — a work which may be read with very great advant- age by both the professional and the non-profes- sional reader. It is an agreeable book, written in a pleasing and unpretending style; but its chief merit is, that it abounds in well digested facts, making an important contribution to our, in this respect, deficient literature. 3 26 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. NUMBEK OF SPEIXGS. Upon the estate there are five springs, four of which have decided medicinal properties ; the fifth is remarkable for the j)urity of its waters. They, from their chemical characteristics, have been named respectively, The White Sidplmr S])ring, The Chalyheate Spring, The Magnesian Spring, The Saline Chalyheaie Sjmng, and The Pure Water Spring. These springs have been analyzed, during the past summer, by Prof. E. 8. Wayne, the result of which will be seen as we progress. GEOLOGICAL POSITION, LOOATIOX, ETC'., OF THE- SPRINGS. The springs are situated upon the west bank of the Scioto, near the southern border of Delaware county. The Scioto here presents features so en- tirely different from those characterizing it in its course from Columbus to the Ohio river, that it would be hardly recognized as the same stream. For some distance above and below the springs its current is rapid, its banks being blutf and rocky; having, in making its way from the higher lands farther nortlij cut its channel through a heavy limestone, fragments of which are every where strewn along its bed. OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 27 The country surrounding the springs is situa- ted upon the southern slope of Ohio, some dist- ance from the summit leveL The springs are nearly six hundred feet above the Ohio river at Cincinnati, and about one thousand feet higher than the ocean. This ele- vation, taken in connection with the fact that the rock is every where either at or near the surface, and that the land is beautifully undulated, ren- ders the locality as free from malarious influence as a mountain region. Geological Position. — The Scioto, as we have before said, here cuts its w^ay through what is known as cliff limestone — so called from its heavy, massive structure. This formation is present at Dayton, Eaton, Springfield, Hillsboro' and Columbus. It appears above the blue lime- stone, half way between Cincinnati and the springs, and continues at the surface until it is lost beneath the shales and sandstones some dis- tance farther east and north-east. The cliff limestone, from which these waters issue, is below and hence it is geologically older than the coal series. Although solid, and non-porous in its organization generally, it here abounds in large cavities, as is shown by the existence in the vicin- ity of numerous conical depressions, known 28 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. usually as "sink holes," which receive and carry off large quantities of water. Through one of these cavities, at the depth of one hundred and sixty feet, flows the remarkable stream of sulphur water from which the principal spring is sup- plied. When, some thirty years ago, an indi- vidual, who was boring for salt, struck this vein, the water at once arose to the surface, and has ever since flowed with unabated force : the changes of seasons, or of temperature producing no effect whatever, either upon the quantity of water, or the force with which it is ejected. It is now, by its own momentum, thrown up the hill about one hundred yards, to a. beautiful mar- ble receiver. It is a curious, and at the same time an ex- tremely interesting fact, that in geological posi- tion the Ohio White Sulphur Springs correspond with some of the most celebrated mineral springs in the world. As an instance of this suggestive correspondence, we may refer to the celebrated White Sulphur Springs in Virginia. These, like the Ohio White Sulphur, issue from the great Devonian formation, the situation of which is immediately below the coal-bearing series. This interesting correspondence in position, and in the character of the strata? from which these waters OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 29 are given, was noticed by Dr. S. P. Hildreth, in 1837, when that gentleman was connected with the geological survey of this State. In that part of his report made to the legislature, which he devotes to the " Ohio Salines," in referring to those found in Delaware county, he says : " These springs appear to rise in a similar formation to those of Greenbrier valley, in Virginia : viz., a carboniferous limestone. There, several weak muriate of soda springs are found by boring ; but these deposits are more celebrated for their sulphur springs, than for those of salt water." The cliif limestone, so rich in all its resources as to give these five sparkling streams, all differ- ing essentially, here rests upon the first of the fossiliferous rocks — the superior layers of the great Silurian system, which, under the name of Blue Limestone, is found underlying all other formations, from the Gulf of Mexico to Lake Erie, being continuous and characteristic through- out the entire extent. THE WHITE SULPHUR SPRING. Of the five springs the White Sulphur may be ranked of first importance, from its adaptation to a wider range of disease. - Temperature, 52° Fahrenheit. 30 OHIO WHITE 8ULPHUK SPRIiSGS. Prof. E. S. Wayne found the following sub- stances present in the water : t Sulphureted Hydrogen, '' \ Carbonic acid. Chloride of magnesium. Oxide of iron. Chloride of sodium. Carbonate of lime. Chloride of calcium. Sulphuret of calcium. Sulphate of magnesia. Iodine. Sulphate of lime. Traces of organic matter. This, like most mineral waters, is essentially alterative in its action ; but it diifers widely in its mode of operating with the ordinar}^ drugs of that class. With the salts which it contains held in a state of high dilution, it enters the system, and, coming into contact with the sentient mouths of the absorbents, is carried to the blood- vessels, and then by means of the circulation to every tissue of the body. Upon this subject Prof. John Bell, in his work on " Mineral Springs," says : "In reference to the secondary and remote, and avowedly salutary effects of mineral waters, when we reflect on the large mucous surface of the entire digestive canal, to every portion of which they are applied, and by wdiich they are freely absorbed, thus • reaching all the tissues of the animal frame, and bearing in mind, also, the number and variety of the ingredients which enter into their composition, we are prepared to OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 31 echo the language of a French writer* on the subject, when he says : ' In general, mineral waters revive the languishing circulation, give a new direction to the vital energies, re-establish the perspiratory action of the skin, bring back to their physiological type the vitiated or suppressed secretions, provoke salutary evacuations, either by urine or stool, or by transpiration : they bring- about an intimate transmutation, a profound change in the organism ; they saturate the sick body, to make use of the energetic expression of a modern author. How many persons, aban- doned by their physicians, have found health at mineral springs ! How many individuals, ex- hausted by violent disease, have recovered, by a journey to mineral springs, their tone, ready movements and energy, to restore which attempts in other ways might have been made with less certainty of success.' " Dr. G-airdner, in dis- cussing the modus oj^erandi of mineral waters, says: "The simple circumstance of dilution will certainly facilitate the operation of matters which might otherwise pass little changed through the alimentary canal ; and from the extremely minute state of division in which the active particles are presented to the sentient * Pateissier, Sur les Eaux Minerales. 32 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. mouths of the capillary absorbents, it is more than probable that they are directly absorbed into the circiilatinQ^ mass." Regarding this water, then, as decidedly alter- ative, the range of diseases in which it is appli- cable will be apparent: such, for instance, as chronic affections of the stomach, liver, kidneys, bowels, skin, etc. Upon the functions of these important organs it exerts a marked influence — stimulating those which are inactive, and restor- ing a healthy secretion in such as have departed from a normal condition. DISEASES TEEATED BY THE WHITE SULPHUE WATEB. We trust that a fi^ank history of our experi- ence in the application of this remedy to disease may tend to direct the attention of our profession to the investigations of the mineral waters of the West. As before said, the medical men of Eu- rope, and in some localities of the eastern por- tion of our own country, have studied these agents with great care : they look upon them as important adjuvants to the resources of our art, and are using them. with decided advantage in the treatment of many of the ills to which humanity is subject. Diseases of the Stomach. — These disorders are OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 33 numerous, and many of them of a grave character, giving the physician in their treat- ment much trouble and anxiety; and often, while they do not immediately jeopardize life, yet comj)letely baffle all his efforts for a rad- ical and permanent cure. DysiMpsia. — At the head of these gastric dis- orders stands dyspepsia, with all its protean forms and varied complications. As persons laboring under this affection are always among the hahitues of watering places, several well marked cases came under our control, and were treated by this water alone, and with a success, too, which warrants high hopes of its capabilities in disorders of the stomach generally. One of the first indications of a salutary change in these cases was the removal of the constipation, so often a concomitant, if not the cause, of dyspep- sia, and which under ordinary circumstances it is so difficult to reach successfully with drugs. Following this was a gradual restoration of the healthy functions of the stomach ; the cardialgia, flatulence, acidity, uneasiness and pain after eat- ing, disappeared, one by one, and the appetite finally became normal. A very severe case of dyspepsia, complicated with serious derange- ment of the nervous system, was presented for 34 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. treatment ; it was of long standing, and had been subjected to various modes of medication without benefit. This case, as will appear, shows the absolute necessity of using the water judiciously, in reference to the time of drinking it, the qucmtity to he drank, and the length of time it should be con- tinued. The gentleman affected, for some weeks after his arrival, consumed the water in large quantities, and at irregular periods — at morning, noon, night, and at the intermediate hours. For the first week he had felt better ; his liver being- aroused, his bowels freely moved, his kidneys stimulated to increased action. But by this over indulgence he had brought on a disturbance, such as might be expected to follow the excessive use of remedies of this class. He Wcxs advised to discontinue the water for a few days, and, on resuming it, to drink but some four or five glasses before breakfast, allowing himself a half- hour's gentle exercise, such as walking, between each draught. Under this course his improve- ment was rapid, giving him every earnest of a permanent cure. But before the remedy had had time to produce its entire effect, matters of business called him imperatively home. This was a matter to be regretted, for his condition was one well calculated to try the real powers of OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 35 the water, not only upon the stomach, but in giving tone to a broken-clown nervous system. Inaction of the Stomach. — There are many cases of disorder of the stomach where, without posi- tive, or at least apparent disease, there is, if we may be allowed the expression, a mere indispo- sition to digestion, a want of power, to some extent, in the stomach to perform its func- tions. The food, after eating, does not become acid, but remains in the stomach for a time unchanged, producing a sensation of uneasiness, rather than pain : if eructation occurs, the food tastes as sweet as it did before it was swallowed. Associated with these symptoms is generally found an indiiferent appetite. In this condition, the water had a most gratifying effect ; under its influence the appetite in a few days became regu- lated, and the stomach was aroused from its passive state to one of normal activity. Acidity of the Stomach. — Among gastric lesions, not amounting to gastritis, or well marked dys- pepsia, we often find persistent acidity of the stomach. This acidity does not follow every meal, — sometimes it is felt but once during the day, and again it may not occur more than three or four times through the week. As a general thing, this condition is the forerunner of more 3t) OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. serious disturbance ; but in one case which came under my observation during the season, it had continued for some eight or ten years. The person in whom it occurred remained at the springs until it had entirely disappeared. We saw him also in December, and up to that time he had had no symptom of its return. The foregoing will be sufficient to indicate to the profession the applicability of this water to many of the more grave disorders to which the stomach is subject. Diseases of the Liver. — Decidedly marked, also, is the influence of this water in diseases of this organ ; and, indeed, as heretofore suggested, in many of the affections of the chylopoietic viscera. Prominent among them, in consequence of its size, importance of function, and its singular li- ability to disease, stands the liver. In some of the lesions of this gland sulphur water has long- been held in deservedly high estimation. The following remarks on the action of the White Sulphur Water of Virginia, by Dr. Moor- man, agrees well with our observation in the use of this : " The modus operandi of sulphur water upon this viscus is dissimilar, we conceive, from that of mercury, yet the effects of the two agents are strikingly analogous. The potent and con- OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 37 trolling influences of the water over the secre- tory functions of the liver must be regarded as a specific quality of the agent, and as constituting an important therapeutical feature in the value of the article for diseases of this organ. Its in- fluence u]3on this gland is gradually but surely to unload it when engorged, and to stimulate it to a healthy exercise of its function when torpid. The control which it may be made to exercise over the liver in correcting and restoring its ener- gies is often as astonishing as it is gratifying, es- tablishing a copious flow of healthy bile, a conse- quent activity of the bowels, imparting vigor to the whole digestive and assimilative functions, and consequently energy and strength to the body, and life and elasticity to the spirit." Subjected to treatment were cases of chronic inflammation of the liver, of inaction, of engorge- ment, and of congestion ; and although relief was not found in all instances, yet such was the per- centage of positive cures in some, and partial in others, that we feel safe in recommending this water to the profession as a remedy worthy of all confidence in many of the more severe forms of biliary disease. Diseases of the Bowels. — This remedy seemed to have some peculiar power in rectifying disor- 38 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. ders of the bowels, possessing certainly a poten- cy in this respect seldom elsewhere seen. Such a case as the following will illustrate what is meant. An old gentleman arrived at the springs in a condition calculated to draw largely upon one's sympathies. For several years he had suf- fered with dyspejDsia of very grave character. Prominent among the symptoms was an obsti- nate constipation, which had resisted all treat- ment. Under this his system flagged, the secre- tions had become vitiated ; emaciation followed, accompanied by effusions into the cellular tissue and into the serous sacs of the chest. The effu- sions soon assumed a serious aspect, and became so troublesome as to make respiration painfully laborious. To keep at all comfortable he was compelled to resort, almost dail}^, to large doses of the most drastic cathartics, to reduce the accu- mulations of water, so as to render his breathing endurable. In his own language, he had had " to live on nauseous medicines." In this apparently hopeless condition he arrived at the springs. He did not expect to be cured ; but his great desire was, to be made comparatively comfortable, and to avoid, if possible, the use of drugs. After drinking the water for a few days with caution, there were evident indications of improvement, OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 39 which soon became decided : it seemed to be ad- mirably adapted to his case, acting j)romptly and kindly upon him in every respect, and in time it imparted somewhat of tone and vigor to his system, — it corrected that obstinate constipation, that had resisted the influence of all drugs ; it stimulated the kidneys from a scanty to a free and copious discharge of healthy urine ; and ar- rested, for the time he was at the springs at least, the pleuritic and pericardiac effusions. It need hardly be here remarked, that the history of such a case as the above will do more to inspire the profession with confidence in the jwsitive me- dical virtues of this water than the most ingeni- ous speculations that could be made, or the most plausible theories that could be suggested by the most fertile brain. The remedy was no less promising, so far as our limited opportunities enabled us to observe, in hemorrhoids, cholera infantum, chronic diar- rhoea, etc. Two cases of that painful and trou- blesome disease, hemorrhoids,were treated by the remedy with advantage. Constipation, the most aggravating and the almost constant attendant upon piles, was soon relieved ; and, no sooner was relief apparent in this respect, than the disease manifested marked improvement. The water, 40 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. by equalizing the circulation, by rectifying the congested state of the capillaries, produced a salutary change in the rectum. Affections of the Kidneys. — In these the sul- phur water should be prescribed with very great caution ; for while its influence in some will be decidedly beneficial, in others, by directly stimu- lating the kidneys, it will do much injury. Of this latter class may be mentioned Albuminuria and Bright's disease. A gentleman, who had been unadvisedly using this water, had an already large amount of albumen in his urine sensibly increased. He was, after his case had been diag- nosed, induced to relinquish the use of the sul- phur water, and resort to the chalybeate spring. He remained at the springs some two or three weeks, during which time the albuminous secretion had been diminished very greatly. But in chronic inflammation of the kidnej'^s, and in defective secretion, other than that already mentioned, the sulphur water may be prescribed confidently. In one case of deficient and vitiated secretion, dependent upon disorder of the stomach, and a consequent want of proper assimilation, the pow- ers of the agent were in a few days apparent, changing both the quality and quantity of the urine. OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 41 Chronic Inflammations. — What we have said of the applicability of this water in chronic hepati- tis, nephritis, etc., may be affirmed of most chro- nic inflammations ; such, for instance, as that condition of the mucous membrane of the bowels found in diarrhoea of long standing ; that en- gorgement of the spleen in old cases of ague ; that affection of the synovial surfaces of the joints in persistent rheumatism. The modes by which these lesions are removed are to some ex- tent obscure, like similar questions arising from the action of many of our remedies ; but this much we may affirm, that it stimulates the ves- sels, supplies deficiencies in the salts of the flu- ids, absorption is promoted, and the functions of secretion and excretion are brought to a healthy standard. One severe case of chronic pericarditis, associ- ated with pain and a sense of weakness in the re- gion of the kidneys, was successfully treated dur- ing the summer. The person afflicted was nine- teen years of age, had been reared in the coun- try, and a general debility showed that his entire system was sympathizing with the difficulty about the heart ; which, being of long standing, and having proved invulnerable to all remedies, both he and his friends had well-nigh ceased to hope 42 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. for relief. He drank some four or five glasses of the water every morning, and applied it to the surface in the form of warm sulphur baths. Af- ter remaining under this treatment for two months, all traces of the affection had disappear- ed, and he left the springs changed from a weak and feeble condition to one of robust health. Diseases of the Liings. — In these the sulj^hur water should be used with some care, and not until the case is satisfactorily diagnosed; for, while it is well adapted to some, in others its ten- dency will be pernicious. In congestion of the lungs, however, and of the bronchial tubes, where there is no excitement, it may be prescribed with good effect. Chest affections, depending on perverted nutrition, like the following case, may be improved, and the disease often held in check, if not cured. In this case there were great ema- ciation, pain in the left side of long standing, oc- casional attacks of ha3moptysis, associated with a derangement of the stomach amounting to well defined dyspepsia. The improvement of the pa- tient, who had an extremely delicate physique, will be sufficiently manifest by the fact, that un- der the influence of the water some fifteen pounds were gained in about twelve weeks. ;; OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINaS. 43 Tiibercular Consimiytion. — The water in this disease, when once fully developed, does not promise well ; and the same may be said of scro- fulous diseases generally. Cutaneous Affections. — The well established re- putation of sulphur waters in these affections, and its direct tendency to and its stimulating effect upon the skin, would augur favorably of this water in surface disorders ; but no well mark- ed case continued its use long enough to tho- roughly test its remedial properties. Chlorosis. — A very serious case of this was brought to the springs, and in some eight weeks its morbid paleness, sharpness of feature, ner- vousness, palpitation and breathlessness, had given place to rotundity of form, cheerfulness of mind, vigor of body and a rosy-hued complexion. We may be enabled to explain such effects by looking to the efficacy of the agent in re-estab- lishing the broken-down functions of nutrition, as well as by the iron found in its composition ; but, as a general thing, such anaemic conditions v^ere most benefited by another spring — the Chalybeate. Rheumatism. — The sulpliur water is highly es- teemed by those who have resorted to it in earli- er years for rheumatism ; but the past summer 44 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. furnished little by which its virtues in this re- spect could be computed. But applied in the form of hot, warm, and steam sulj^hur baths, with its internal use, we have no doubt but that it will sustain the reputation which such waters have long had in rheumatic and gouty affections. Broysies. — In speaking of the effect of the wa- ter upon diseases of the bowels, we referred to a case in which, under its use, effusions within the serous cavities of the chest were arrested. Some salutary changes were effected, also, in the only case of ascites which was at the springs during our stay ; but the subject of it only re- mained a week — a length of time not sufficient in which to receive any permanent advantage. THE WATER WITHOUT ITS GASES. There were cases observed during the season that were the most benefited by the water after being deprived of its gases. Fresh from the spring, in these instances, its influence was not salutary : the tongue became slightly furred, thirst unusual manifested itself, together with a sense of fulness about the head, — showing that the agent used was of too stimulating character. But in these cases it was gratifying to find that, from drinking the water after it had been stand- OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 45 ing long enough to lose its gaseous properties, none of these unpleasant symptoms presented themselves. The non^gaseous water acted kind- ly, and in time produced effects peculiar to it when taken fresh from the fountain. To this course we were led by having before us the twenty years' observation of the venerable Dr. Moorman, who, in his work, devotes a chapter to the discussion of the "Relative Virtues of the Saline and Gaseous Contents of the White Sul- phur Water." In that chapter he shows that a judicious discrimination is essentially necessary in this respect ; that while most persons may take the water as it flows fresh from the spring, others should not drink it until after its gases have had time to escape. S03IE SUGGESTIONS AS TO BEST MANNER OF USING THE SULPHUR WATER. It would be well for all who visit the spas to remember that mineral waters, whether pleasant or unpleasant to the taste, are medicines, and as such should be treated. No rational person, who wants the eifect of a certain drug, would take it at all times, under all circumstances, or whenever he happened to be near it ; nor would he go upon the principle that the more taken the better, but he would take it accordina" to some 4t) OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. specific rule, and with both caution and fidelity. This is not more true of ordinary drugs than it is of mineral waters. Yet there were many persons who resorted to the springs for the benefit of the water, who drank it without thought or system, in large quantities — in small quantities, at any and all hours — before and after meals — on getting up in the morning, and on going to bed at night ; and among those who used it in this reckless manner, not a single person is remembered who was essentially and permanently benefited. This, like mineral waters of its class, is an ex- tremely delicate agent, and requires much cau- tiousness in its application, that the system may be kept delicately sensitive to its influence ; an excessive use of such agents blunts this suscep- tibility, and renders them inert. To illustrate what is meant, we may remark, that those persons who drank large quantities were at first gratified with its purgative effects ; but, on continuing its use at all hours of the day, they were soon disappointed even in this respect ; while those who used it in small quantities, but irregularly also, were equally disappointed be- cause it did not produce at once some extraordin- ary change or constitutional revolution. On the contrary, those who drank the water judiciously, OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 47 and thus kept tlieir systems sensitive to its im- pression, were always gratified with the result. It will be at once apparent, that in prescribing such a remedy, no definite rules can be given : we may suggest some general directions, yet mo- difications must be made to suit special cases, in reference to — The time of drinking, The quantity to he drank, — and The length of time its use should be continued. The Time of Drinking. — In the large majority of cases the water was used principally before the fast of the morning was broken. The pro- priety of resorting to the spring thus early will be readily appreciated — the stomach is empty, and having had the long rest of the night, it will be in better condition to receive and appropriate the remedy at this, than at any other time. A couple of glasses were usually directed to be taken before dinner — say at 12 m., if the person dined at two, and breakfasted at seven or eight o'clock, thus allowing sufficient time for the com- plete digestion of the morning meal. In a case of dyspepsia, the water was used at meals alone, and with the happiest result ; it seemed to agree best with the patient taken in this manner. But 48 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. as a general rule the plan of using it at meals, with invalids especially, was not advantageous. Upon this subject Dr. Moorman says : " 'Now and then advantage is derived from using the water at meals, and sometimes a tolerance is es- tablished for it in this way which can not be achieved by any other." To persons in health at the springs these precautions, of course, are not necessary ; becoming very fond of the water, they often relish it keenly while eating, and, what IS very remarkable, with some it super- sedes, for the time being at least, their taste for coffee and tea. Could it destroy permanently the desire for these two questionable beverages, with many it "would be a consummation de- voutly to be wished." The following remarks from the work of Prof. John Bell, on "Mineral Springs," forcibly illus- trate the propriety of a careful selection of the hours at which to use mineral waters : "An inva- lid may drink a moderate quantity of the water before breakfast with comfort and advantage, but not be able to do the same before dinner with equally good ' effects. He may be able to take the water both before breakfast and dinner, and yet if he drink in the evening he will per- haps have a restless night, and be worse next OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 49 morning than he had been twenty-four hours before." QUANTITY OF WATER USED DURING TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. No very definite rule could be laid down for the government of the patient in this respect : the efficient quantity depending upon the person, habits, age, sex, character of disease, etc. A gentleman, who was afflicted with congestion of the liver, accompanied by constipation and indi- gestion, was directed to use four or five glasses before breakfast, with an interval of twenty to thirty minutes between each glass. Under this quantity, in about two weeks his bowels became regular, his appetite good, and the clear hue im- parted to his skin indicated the relief which had been given to the liver. There were some who took not more than two glasses before breakfast, and the same number before dinner, with marked benefit. Again, there were others who required from six to ten glasses during the day to pro- duce the full alterative efi*ects requisite to a cure. One of the most reliable indications for moder- ating the quantity was an undue secretion of urine ; an alterative action being generally ob- tained by an amount which, while it increased 50 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. the discharge of urine, did not stimulate the kid- neys to an unhealthy activity. Dr. Moorman, from whose work we have so liberally quoted, gives the history of a case full of instruction upon this point. It was that of a gentleman who had been under treatment for a " complicated stom- ach and neuralgic affection," and "had used the water twelve days, in small doses, with happy effect." "I did not see him," says Dr. M., "for two or three days, and then casually met him. I was astonished to find him greatly changed for the worse. His appetite, before good, had almost entirely ceased ; his system was irritable and feverish ; could not sleep at night ; and in every respect was sensibly worse ; had begun to despair, and proposed leaving for home, as he was ' satis- fied the water was not agreeing with him.' I accused him of impropriety in diet, or of other imprudences ; but he satisfied me that he had followed my directions in all 'such things,' — but he had so far varied from my advice in the use of the water as to take sixteen, instead of six glasses daily, for the last few days. I advised this gentleman, as I would all others who have committed a similar ' debauch ' on cold water, to discontinue its use entirely for a time — take some opening medicines, and then return to the OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 51 use of it in rational doses. This plan was pur- sued by him, and with the happiest results." A case somewhat like the above, came under our notice during the season, reference to which is made under the head of diseases of the stomach. The subject of it was afflicted with a grave dis- order, involving both the stomach and nervous system, and for some two weeks after arriving at the springs he drank the water in large quanti- ties, and at irregular periods. At the end of this time, we found him fast growing out of conceit of the remedy. He had come to the conclusion that, instead of benefiting him, it had produced more or less excitement, and had made him restless. He was advised to lessen the quantity, and take what he did at definite hours. As long as he pursued this course he gained relief, and had an earnest of a permanent cure. The only way, however, to determine the effi- cient quantity is by intelligently noting its effects, by studying critically the case under its influence; by beginning thus cautiously, a few days enabled us to determine the matter. Again, the quantity will depend upon the efi'ect to be produced ; more being required to produce purgation than to pro- mote an alterative action ; less was necessary to act upon the kidneys than to stimulate the skin ; 52 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. and although a few small doses daily, were found efficacious in chronic diarrhoea, yet large and frequent draughts were essential in some of the disorders of long standing. LENGTH OF TIME THE WATER SHOULD BE USED. The length of time which patients, to whom this water promises well, should continue under its influence, must of necessity vary greatly. Some were cured in four weeJcs ; others were com- pelled to use it for two months before being restored to health ; others obtained the same result in six weeks — and there were those who, afflicted with mild forms of disease, obtained the full effect of the remedy in two weeks. What we ordinarily call functional diseases were often promptly relieved in a few days. SULPHUR BATHS. The utility of baths in many forms of disease is well understood ; but we think we may claim for sulphur water more than ordinary excellence in this respect — when applied in the form of warm or hot laths its influence upon the skin being well marked, and well defined. The repu- tation of such waters in diseases of the skin pro- per has long been established ; but in this OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 53 connection we desire to direct attention, more particularly, to the action of this water upon the skin, where it is suifering from a disorder of some of the principal organs of the body ; such as its dry, scabrous state, found in duodenal dyspep- sia ; or that husky, sallow complexion belonging to chronic hepatitis ; or that passive state of its capillaries in dropsy ; or that inactive condition left by the more grave forms of fever. Upon the skin, under such circumstances, the influence of the sulphur baths was singularly satisfactory, imparting tone to the entire surface, stimulating its vessels, bringing back its wonted softness, and re-establishing its natural hue. The influ- ence of such changes in this important tissue, in the treatment of diseases, need not here be in- sisted upon. THE CHALYBEATE SPRING. The water of this spring is beautifully clear and sparkling. Temperature, 56° Fahrenheit. The analysis shows it to contain iron in two forms : viz. — Sulphate of Iron, Oxide of Iron. It also contains — Carbonic acid gas. Carbonate of lime. Sulphate of magnesia, PotTassa, Chloride of calcium, Sulphate of lime. Iodine, Traces of organic matter. 54 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPMNOS. This water, like all of its class, is essentially tonic, and as such was used in cases of debility, angemia, etc., with advantage. As an adjuvant to the sulphur it is of first importance. In sev- eral patients treated principally by the latter, there was great benefit deriA^ed from the bracing, invigorating influence of the chalybeate. Some cases, after having had an alterative eifect pro- duced by the white sulphur, were placed upon the chalybeate for the completion of the cure. Thus draughting upon two different waters in the treatment of certain forms of disease is a frequent custom in Germany, where a person, after remaining under the influence of an altera- tive water until his disordered and vitiated secretions are corrected, is sent to some distant spring, which, by its tonic powers, may invigor- ate his enfeebled system. Here such change may be made when necessary without much trouble, as the two springs of opposite qualities are upon the same estate, and distant from each other but a few hundred yards. Our opportunities for studying the effects of the chalybeate wafer, when employed by itself, were limited to a few cases ; hence, most of what we shall say of it will be merely suggestive. But, limited as were our observations, thev were OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 55 yet sufficient to justify us in recommending this to the profession as a first-class spring of the kind. The iron here is in better association than is usually seen in this country ; for in most places where limestone abounds — and it is almost every where throughout the West — the carbonate of lime found in chalybeate waters is so great as to render them as remedial agents completely worthless, if not positively hurtful. As an independent remedy, by imparting its iron and its various salts to the impoverished blood, it will be found peculiarly adapted to many of the diseases seen every year at watering-places ; such as anaemic conditions, chlorosis, the early stages of scrofula, amenor- rhoea, dysmenorrhoea, some of the lesions of the kidneys, etc. The gentleman heretofore spoken of, whose urine contained a large amount of albumen, and who was also suffering with a very severe sym- pathetic affection of the lungs — so severe, indeed, that it had been looked upon as the original dis- ease — derived great benefit from this water. After resorting to this spring for two weeks, the secretion of albumen was diminished one-half. A person afflicted Avith scrofulous disease, while 56 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. resorting to this spring, increased in weight some fifteen pounds. THE MAGNESIAN SPRING. The water of this spring has a bitterish taste, resembling a dilute solution of Epsom salts. Temperature, 54° Fahrenheit. The analysis shows that with the Sulphate of Magnesia the following substances are associated : Chloride of calcium, Carbonate of lime. Oxide of iron, Iodine, small. Sulphate of lime, Potassa, small. Earthy phosphates, Traces of organic matter, Carbonic acid gas. This spring, it will be observed, resembles in its composition some of those that have long been esteemed for their remedial virtues ; but as an aperient only did we use it, and of its powers farther we can not speak. In this respect — that is, as a laxative — we employed it in some cases in connection with the White Sulphur, and in others it was associated with the Chalybeate. The evacuations produced by it were of good con- sistence, not watery like those following gener- ally the use of saline cathartics. The existence here of these three springs, the OHIO WHITE jSULPHUR SPRINUlS. 57 White Sulphur, the Chalybeate, and the Magnesian, forms a combination of much promise; they will enable the physician to adopt either an evacuat- ing, tonic, or alterative plan of treatment. He may, in cases of great debility, combine the tonic and alterative ; or in an opposite condition, where there is too much excitement, he may replace the tonic by the aperient; and again, where he is using the Chalybeate, he may require the laxa- tive influence of the Magnesian. Dr. James Johnson, in his " Pilgrimage to the Spas, in pur- suit of Health and Kecreation," thus refers to a similar association of remedies : " It is often found to be beneficial to combine tonics, alteratives, and aperients in the same formula or prescription, in order that the three indications alluded to may be simultaneously accomplished. It is undeni- able, that some of the spas contain within them- selves this combination of chalybeates, aperients and alteratives, either of which ingredients can be increased at pleasure on the spot." THE SALINE CHALYBEATE SPRING. Temperature, 65° Fahrenheit. This spring, during the past season, was not resorted to, as it had not been improved, or brought into notice. It was. however, analyzed 58 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. in JSTovember last, by Prof. Wayne, and found to contain — Sulphate of Lime, Oxide of Iron, Sulphate of Magnesia, Carbonate of Lime, Chloride of Calcium, Traces of Potash, Traces of Organic Matter. It will be seen by comparison that these springs resemble, in their composition — in the salts and gases which they contain — the far-famed Bedford Springs. At that celebrated watering- place, as here, there is a Sulphur, a Chalybeate, and a Saline Chalybeate. THE PURE-WATER SPRING. The remarkable purity of this water, although issuing from beneath a ledge of limestone, gives it claim to a passing notice here. The analysis, by Prof. Wayne, shows it to possess but a trifle, if any, more solid matter than is found in the water of the Ohio river. POSITIVE CUKATIVE VIRTUES OF MINERAL WATERS. It is said by the incredulous, and more espe- cially by those who have had no experience in their use, and those also who have neglected the literature of mineral springs (confessedly light in this country, but full and reliable in many of the States of Europe), that the recov- OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 59 eries which occur at the spas are more to be attributed to fresh air, change of scenes, genial society, etc., than to any independent remedial virtues in the waters. JSTow, although much good may and does result from such surround- ings — and they are, without doubt, in many in- stances important adjuvants — yet it is certainly demonstrable, that these waters possess curative powers over and above such circumstances ; that these powers produce effects direct and positive, and that many cases are cured by them alone, without any such extraneous aids. There are, among those who have been bene- fited by resorting to springs, many who have had, when at home, all the advantages arising from cheerful company, beautiful scenery, and fresh air. There are those also who, instead of being amused and kept cheerful, are gloomy and low-spirited, while using the water — or, at least, until they perceive that it is benefiting them ; and, again, there are those who come from rural districts, from salubrious localities, and who have been surrounded with all the comforts of a pleas- ant country residence. The same may be said of its decided effects with persons confined to their rooms, which are often small and illy ven- tilated, — of merchants, who are restless, irritable (50 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. and anxious, on account of being away from their business affairs — and of the despairing hypo- chondriac, who, " despondent, dejected, misan- thropic, and fidgety," is ever tormenting himself "with hopeless imaginings, and gloomy forebod- ings. AVhen these waters exert a salutary influ- ence upon such as the foregoing, we may, without hypothesis, conclude that they are potent agents, and that they possess, •per se, efficient power for the eradication of diseases of grave character. Of mineral waters as curative agents. Dr. S. Hanbury Smith, a gentleman who has had extensive experience, and who is therefore quali- fied to estimate them properly, in his work on " Medicinal Mineral Waters, ^N'atural and Arti- ficial," writes thus : " That there is a large series of chronic diseases, and anomalous disordered con- ditions, best cured by the use of mineral waters, and a similar series often incurable by any otlier known means, is a postulate which wdll undoubtedly be granted by every practitioner of reputation throughout the whole continent of Europe. That, moreover, in another series of cases, mineral waters efficie^itly aidcyrdinary thera])eutiG measures, and that iii a fourth the effects ])roduced by their employment afford a valuable source of diagnosis, will be as readily granted. The well established OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 61 facts, the long catalogue of observations recorded by competent observers, leave no room for dis- pute or cavil about the truth of these proposi- tions. After all, there is nothing more wonderful in the curative powers of the compound medicine called a mineral water, in those cases in which it is specially indicated, than there is in the admit- ted virtues of the time-tested compounds of the pharmacopoeia, when similarly administered. Carlsbad water is as much the best medicine in some cases, as sulphate of quinine is in others ; when all our ordinary chalybeates fail, the admin- istration of the same, or even a much smaller dose of iron, in some such combination as is afforded by Pyrmont or the Ferdinands-quelle of Marienbad, shall gladden us with its happy effects. In fact, in mineral waters Nature has presented us with an extensive range of prce^a- rata et composita, containing the same ingredients that we are daily prescribing, only compounded according to formulae of her own." Upon the same subject. Dr. Bell has said : " Nor do we find the cure of many diseases at watering-places, by drinking the waters, confined to those who have left the crowded city and its unwholesome air. The inhabitants of the country are often equally benefited by the same course of treat- 62 OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. ment, although they can not be said to enjoy the additional advantages of change of air, and of rural scenes obtained by the other class. . . . On the other hand, the dull, unlettered clown, or the exacting logician and mathematician, will often come away cured of their dyspepsia, torpid liver, rheumatism, or long-endured cutaneous dis- ease, to whom society would be more irksome than agreeable." " Animals, moreover," remarks our author, "have been evidently cured of obsti- nate maladies by this means, without our being- able to divide the credit of the cure with countiy air, change of food, and pleasant company." The interesting case of disease of the serous envelop of the heart, mention of which is made under the head of Chronic Inflammations, is pecu- liarly significant in this connection, as illustrat- ing forcibly the inherent remedial powers of the sulphur water. The young man affected had been reared in the country, in a healthy region, and the change of his rural to that of spring life was far from being agreeable ; he was dilfident, lonely, avoided society, and it was only by the constant exertion of his friends that he was kept at the springs; and even after the water had made a favorable impression ujion his illness, he insisted upon returning home — and, in fact, until OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. ' 63 the completion of his cure, he remained in the same dissatisfied and cheerless condition. Im- portant as are heartsome associations, a con- tented, and especially an agreeably occupied mind, in any plan of treatment, and much as such a mental state unquestionably facilitates in many instances the cure, yet here was a complete recovery from a severe and complicated illness, effected by the water alone, without any of these important adjuvants. MEDICATION DUEING THE USE OF THE WATEK. In many instances it was found best to antici- pate the use of the water by a simple cathartic, and there were some cases in which obstructions existed, which had to be removed before the water could have its entire efi^ects. Connected with a chronic inflammation was found a well- marked intermittent fever— this, of course, had to be treated by the usual remedy, and entirely removed, before the water could reach the ori- ginal lesion. Upon this subject. Dr. James Johnson, from whom we before quoted, says : " Thilenius, con- trary to the custom of most of the spa doctors, admits that, although the waters alone cure many disorders, yet in a great many cases appro- 64 OHIO AVHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. priate medicines arc absolutely necessary. He contends however, and I believe with justice, that many diseases give way to the combination of the waters and medicines^ which resist the latter, if unaided by the former ^ Before concluding our paper, we can not refrain from offering a few suggestions to a class of persons who, although not strictly invalids, yet need annually the influence of such waters. It may be laid down as a general rule, that all business men, of close, laborious habits, and espe- cially those whose pursuits confine them within doors, have more or less disorder of the liver, and of the digestive organs generally. Each succeeding season of labor renders the recupera- tive powers of the system more and more feeble, until at last, without something is done to prevent the effect of these annual draughts upon vitality, what was mere disorder assumes the form of positive disease. To such, waters of this kind are peculiarly adapted, and from their judicious use more real benefit may be derived, in a pro- phylactic way, than from all the drugs that could be given. Many professional men, like the laborious merchant, bv hard work, sedentary habits, by OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 65 neglecting to keep up a proper equilibrium between mental and physical labor — overworking the mind at the expense of the body — are over- taken by a similar train of ills, prominent among which stand incipient disorders of the liver, slight bronchial affections, occasional attacks of indi- gestion, frequent instances of defective action of the kidneys, and almost constant dryness of the skin : all harbingers of serious trouble, not far off in the future. Not feeling sufficiently indisposed to place himself under the care of his physician, yet conscious that he needs recreation, and some- thing to give tone to his worn system, and to re-invigorate his exhausted energies, that pro- fessional man will be fortunate who, in seeking a resort during the summer for a few weeks of rest, shall find also, at the same time, a remedial agent already prepared to his hand, admirably adapted to remove those premonitory symptoms of very grave disease. During the past season a number of facts, bearing upon the above, were observed by us. The judicious administration of these waters, but particularly the sulphur, imparted a degree of vigor and freshness in such persons, that was truly gratifying; they felt, as it were, rejuvenated, and that they had a firmer hold upon life. 6Q OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. A third class, who will be saved from perma- nent and at last fatal disease, by a timely resort to mineral springs, includes those ladies, old, young, and middle aged, who have been living inactive lives, and such as have been indulging in irregularities in eating, sleeping, and in expos- ing themselves to cold and dampness, and who have produced by such habits an installment of the earlier indications of some of the diseases peculiar to females ; such as paleness, loss of appetite, debility, leucorrhoea, disorder of the menstrual functions, etc., etc. Finally, in all the walks of life, cases occur, where there seems to be no active disease, but where the person is troubled with languor, lassi- tude, paleness, general weakness, and an indis- position to exertion, however slight, whether of work or amusement — a condition this side of hypochondriasis, but bordering upon and tending toward it. Such a situation is as unpleasant, if not as painful, as well-marked disease ; but after the use of the sulphur water for a few days, the liver was excited to an active state, the dry skin was rendered moist and soft, the kidneys were aroused to an unusual secretion, the bowels were regulated, the appetite became imperative — in fact, the whole svf^tem was revolutionized, a keen OHIO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. t)7 relish took the place of indifference, and the individual returned to his business with new zest — with an enthusiasm akin to that felt in the earlier years of manhood. To such conditions of the body, mineral waters of the alterative class are singularly suited. One so afflicted might in vain resort to ordinary med- ication, but be speedily relieved by a remedy of " God's own composition " (as medicinal springs have been termed by Paracelsus) — reaching, as it does, the system in a state of perfect solution, it is absorbed, enters the blood-vessels, and by them is carried to every part, it reaches every tissue, every fiber, thus saturating, as it were, the entire organism. Favorable as seems this comparison to mineral water, it may yet not be considered partial, extravagant, or unsupported by facts. It is but a just tribute to that Wisdom which arranged and combined the ingredients of these waters, and to that Goodness which sent their crystal streams sparkling to the surface, to be within man's reach, to freshen and to purify him, and to tempt him from the shrine of Bacchus to that of Hygeia. APPENDIX. Jm^roucnn^nt.^ for tltn gear I8I§, at ih Mxk Wilnk Sulphur f jjrtncjs. The proprietors think that their accommodations are now such as to give entire satisfaction to the health and pleasure-seeking public, and are determined that nothing shall be left undone during the season to render guests comfortable, and to make their stay both agreeable and advantageous. Invalids may rely upon every facility being furnished them for the use of the water internally, aud for its application in the most approved forms of baths. Telegrapli Office. At the Ohio White Sulphur Springs a Telegraph Office has been ef>- tablished, which will be open during the season, thus enabling visitors to communicate with all parts of the United States. Business men, more especially, will recognise the great importance of such an arrangement. Buildings. The improvements of the Springs during the present year have been extensive, consisting in a large Hotel, new Cottages, Bowling Alleys, Bath Houses, Steam Laundry, etc., etc., more than doubling former accommodations. A new Hotel, more than 200 feet in length, has been erected, furnishing parlors, suites of rooms, dining-hall, reception room, etc. This hotel, for size, elegance and adaptation to the purposes, is seldom surpassed. The dining-hall is commodious and easy of access ; the reception room convenient, and the suites of rooms well an-anged for comfort and retirement. A Laroe Room for Evening Amusements has been provided. Sur- rounding this room, on three sides, is a tasteful porch, upon which open a number of bay windows, thus giving a complete ventilation ; a con- sideration of much importance, both as it resi)ects health and pleasure. By reference to the engraving, it will be seen that the row of cottages upon a line with the Mansion House and Hotel, has been extended to twice its former hingth, while a number of two story cottages have been erected upon the southern aspect of the lawn, on the border of the grove. APPENDIX. 69 Batlis. New Bath Houses have been built, and the most admirable ar- rangements for bathing instituted. A method has been adopted by which the water is heated in the bath tub. Under the old system, the water being raised to a high heat in the boiler or tank, most of the saline matter which it contained was deposited ; but, with the present plan, heated by steam pipes in the bath *ub while the person is using it, the water is applied with all its mineral ingredients to the surface. Baths thus prepared resemble, as near as may be, those at Warm and Hot springs ; and there can be no doubt but that the plan will at once recommend itself to all, but more especially to the medical profession, who often feel the great necessity of proper and efficient bathing facilities. Steam Ziauudry, The frequent difficulties met with at watering-places in getting the large amount of washing done, has induced the proprietor to erect a building exclusively for a laundry, where, by the aid of steam and ma- chinery, the washing can be done with dispatch and without injury to the clothes. Bo-wling Alleys. The facilities for exercise and recreation have been much enlarged. In addition to the large Bowling Hall erected in 1858, another has been built near the river bank, which will afford room enough for all who may feel disposed to engage in such amusements. Grounds, LiaTvu, Grove, etc, ■ During the past year additions have been made to the grounds, and they have also been greatly improved and beautified. The grove, con- taining near one hundred acres, one of the most beautiful in Ohio, has been been laid off handsomely into walks and drives. As a woodland retreat from the summer sun, this grove will present many inducements to those in quest of out-door exercise and amusement. The lawn, heretofore large and beautiful, has had, by a recent exten- sion, added to it a number of fine walks and large shade trees, which* with its five sparkling springs, tasteful buildings and varied surface challenges the admiration of all, and may be compared favorably with that belonging to any watering-place in the country. liivery Stable. A livery stable, well supplied with horses and carriages, is attached to the Springs. In addition to a drive two miles in length, which has been graded upon the estate, the country surrounding is varied and picturesque, and intersected with good roads for riding and driving. 70 APPENDIX. By reference to the map it will be seen that the Ohio White Sulphur Springs are situated near the Ca])ital and center of the State, and within a triangle of railroads, the boundaries of which are made by the Cleve- land and Columbus R. R. from Columbus to Delaware ; by the Spring- field, Mt. Vernon & Pittsburg R. R. from Delaware to Milford Center ; and by the Columbus, Piqua & Indiana R. R. from Milford Center to Columbus. It will be seen therefore, that the Springs are closely con- nected with two of the great thoroughfares from the East to the West. The Springs have two Railroad Stations — one upon the Springfield, Mt. Vernon & Pittsburg R. R., and the other on the Columbus, Piqua & Indiana R. R. The former, Ohio White Sulphur Station, is 44 miles from Springfield, 5 miles from Delaware, and 5 miles from the Springs ; the latter, Pleasant Valley or Spmicjs Station, is 15 miles from Columbus and 10 miles from the Springs. The three Piailroads which thus surround the Springs, connect directly and indirectly with all the roads of Ohio and adjoining States, and in fact with all the great thoroughfares throughout the East and West ; thus making this watering-place easy of access to all portions of our country. When we remember the fact that most of the great Mineral Springs of the United States are far removed from railroads and inae- cessible by steam navigation, travelers in many instances having to ride from 40 to fiO miles over rough roads, — the admirable railroad relations of the Ohio White Sulphur Springs are a matter of satisfaction to the proprietor, while they must also be highly prized by all visitors. CINCIKNATI to Oliio AVliite Swlpliur Springs 135 Miles. Travelers may reach the Springs from Cincinnati, Via Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton R. R. to Springfield, thence by the Springfield, Mt. Vernon .t Pittsburg R. R. to the Ohio AVhite Sulphur Station ; or " Via Little Miami R.R. to Springfield, from Springfield, via Spring- field, Mt. Vernon'& Pittsburg R. R. to Ohio White Sulphur Station. COIiUMBUS to Oliio Wliite Siilpliur Spi-iHgs 18 Miles. There being a regular Omnibus Line established from Columbus, pass- engers can take an Omnibus or Carriage direct to the Springs; or if they prefer to go by railway they can do so, either Via the Columbus, Piqna i^t Indiana -R. R. to Pleasant Valley or >^priiigs Station ; or APPENDIX. 71 Via the Cleveland & Columbus R. R. to Delaware, thence 5 miles to the 0. "W. S. Stan, on the Springfield, Mt. Vernon & Pittsburg R.R. DAYTON to Ohio "White Sulphur Springs 65 Miles. Via Mad River R. R. to Springfield, and via Springfield, Mt. Vernon & Pittsburg R. R. to Ohio White Sulphur Station. INDIANAPOLIS to Oliio White Swlpliiir Springs ....176 Miles. Via Indiana Central, Dayton & Western and Mad River Railroads, to Springfield, from Springfield, via S., Mt. V. & P. R. R. to 0. W. S. Station; or Via Bellefontaine & Indiana R. R. to Union, thence via Columbus, Piqua & Indiana R. R. to Pleasant Valley or Springs Station. PITTSBURG to Ohio White Sulphur Springs 337 Miles. Via Pittsburg, Columbus & Cincinnati R. R. to Columbus; or Via Pittsburg, Ft. AVayne & Chicago R. R. to Crestline, from Crest- line via Cleveland & Columbus R. R. to Delaware, and from Dela- ware to the Ohio White Sulphur Station. "WHEEIiING to Ohio White Sulphur Springs 174 Miles. Via Ohio Central Railroad to Columbus. CHICAGO to Ohio White Sulphxir Springs 350 Miles. Persons from Chicago and North-West will have a choice of routes to the Springs, either by way of Springfield, Urbana, Columbus or Delaware. ZANESV"IJ:.I.E to Ohlo "White Sulphur Springs 77 Miles. Via Central Ohio R. R. to Columbus, thence by Railroad or Omnibus. LEXINGTON, KY. to Ohio AVhite Sulphur Springs, 83 8 Miles. Via Kentucky Central R. R. to Cincinnati, thence as above, C, H. & D. R. R. or L. M. R. R. liOUISVILiLE So Ohio "White Sulphur Springs 365 Miles. Via Cincinnati or Indianapolis. ST. LOUIS to Oliio "White Sulphur Springs 436 Miles. Via Cincinnati or Indianapolis. DETROIT, MICH, to Ohio White Sulphur Springs, 337 Miles. Via Toledo, Sandusky or Cleveland. BUFFALO to Ohio White Sulphur Springs,.. 39G Miles. Via Cleveland and Delaware. LAFAYETTE, lA. to Ohio White Sulphur Springs, 340 Miles. Via Indianapolis & Union, to Pleasant Valley or Springs Station ; or Via Indianapolis, Dayton & Springfield, to Ohio AVhite Sulphur Station. TOLEDO to t>hio Wliite Sulphur Springs, 163 Miles. Via Plydf and Springfield, to tlie Ohio White Sulphur Stntion. 72 APPENDIX. TERRE HAUTE, lA. to Ohio Wliite Siilpliur Springs, a49 Miles. Via Indianapolis & Union, to Pleasant Valley or Springs Station; or Via Indianapolis, Dayton & Springfield. SANDUSKY to Oliio Wliite Sulphur Springs, 170 Miles. Via Springfield to Oliio White Sulphur Station ; or Via Urbana, thence by Columbus, Piqua & Indiana R. R. STEUBENVILIiE, O. to OUio White Sulphur Springs, 168 Miles. Via Columbus or Delaware. CLEVELAND to Oliio White Sulpliur Springs, 113 Miles, Via Cleveland & Columbus R. R. to Delaware, thence to Ohio White Sulphur Station. CHILiLICOTHE to Ohio White Sulphur Springs 63 Miles. Via Columbus by Coach, or via Marietta & Cincinnati and Little Miami Railroads to Springfield. MILES. NEW YORK, to Ohio White Sulphur Springs 680 NEW ORLEANS, " " " 1565 PHILADELPHIA, " " " -586 BOSTON, " '" " 794 BALTIMORE, " " " 544 WASHINGTON CITY, " " " 566 MEMPHIS, " " " 765 CUMBERLAND, " " " 366 OHIO ij,. ^.t^ls^l "^^'^^pRlNGS ' "Jit SL^HUB SP'*^ Siimilf,! m ihf S-iitlu /tnrr//Mi/,x\i"-//i ,)/'(,i/iim/,iix ami Hvr miU< li'vm h'/iit/ Siiiiihiir Sliiliim im the .S'/iriiiil/''/'/ Mnwl liimm .'ilittxhiini li I! LIBRARY OF CONGRESS I ta