4 O .<>" ^O. o > V ^^ ...,.^..^ . "'-o'»K>\^^' "^/-^o^^.^'o^^ "'^o'^Wf^*,^^ i. ' . . s ■ < ^t. ♦ A '•^^0^ ^ < 0* .° f^ <^°^ >^^ •^bv" <^ •v-*' c -^^0^ ^•^°*. ,0^- °u> .^^ a V- ^0 ^^ .- -^^^o^ V ^'^ •->■ <' .-^^y o_ s. *o<^ vO'' %■ O > - H *-..«' % A^ / ■ '-^-0^ .^"^°- .*^ o V A - -^ ^o I- . ■^^ ^J^ '^^ ■^S^^ ^^""^ "^Wv^v ./^"^ ^ .-J. ».. ^0^ ^^°^ "°o 0' ^ , . . "v \^^^ :m^^ %/ ;^te^ %,^^ :'M4: %^ - ... .„ / '^^ ^^ - yi%^.* ^^v v^ -0^ o > °<. .,•■••/,.■■..S■-•v^'^ o > =V *''-V °o r C.r. •? • \ >. > V ■^ o!^^ A < '^^. "•^^0^ "--•^. ^ ■^-^ v^' y «>■ ■':<. .0 \V' " e "-'yS^. •'■■ 0'- 1^ .\^ .0^ '•^ .<^ •n-o^ o^' ^~^"^^y ^ ' o „o ^^^ A" .'^" » ' • / ^> v ,0-' ^^ %,^ ^^v;^-; x,^ .^'V\.,... -^ ^^"> •v \,^^AX^\,< f-^ °- -.1- ' . ■ ^'' . ^> v^ .* A*-' ^o. A O X: xO-?- -i .^^ V •;- 0^ ,'••'> -> ..V ■>,. ■;'}??^, "^*-. vf*3 -^Ao^ rO <. ° " " - o 0^' f '%-^^my/ *^, •I o ..•^ q<. ■;• •iq. „^^ ■7 -/ =1. A' .'T .y ■7- ^^ ^°-^^. 4 O ■ o , o ■ *t-- "->- ■^ A-" ^•^ ^d. ■> ,v > ■sy ""^ .0^ .0^ .V ">x. ■*•*, - / PUBLISHERS' INTRODUCTION. While we have paid due care and attention to the business department of the enterprise, which now results in a History of Nashua, we have endeavored to neglect nothing which wou. i tend to make it a literary success, and of historic value. Mechanically it is all that high grade material, care and a sincere desire to issue a creditable work, can make it. We thus express our appreciation of the financial support and sympathy of the public through which the production is made possible. We extend our thanks to the gentlemen, who without compensation assumed the no light task of preparing their various portions of the work. r ^p 1 •I- «; A^ -^ i ^^ .*^?i ri V >^ K 1^ § ^5 1^ ■J J^^ ? -^ ? ,^ 4 •« "^ t y^' ^'1^ Vs. '^ -^ r g ^■«^fl 15^^ ■? '^i V 5 -^ I ^^ "ta ; ■v. ^ M 8 < S (- z rr. K Q ^ O £ o 5^ -f s z h - M. ..Ai HISTORY OF THE CITY OF NASHUA, N. H. FROM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENT OF OLD DUNSTABLE TO THE YEAR 1895 WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF EARLY SETTLERS, THEIR DESCENDANTS AND OTHER RESIDENTS miustratcO with flrJaps, JEngravinfls, anCi Iportratts I'KHPAUISn BV A SICLECTEI) CORPS OI' EDITORS UNDER THE nrSINKSS SlI'liRIN nCNDi; NCK OE H. REINHEIMER & CO. Judge EDWARD E. PARKER EDIT(1R-IN-CHIEI'" NASHUA, N. H. TELEGRAPH PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS .897 Copyright 1895, by H. Reinheimer & Co. AU rights reserved. y^6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Charter of Old Dunslable, Title Page Editorial Ciroup, " " The Indian Head House, 64 The Arms of the Priorj' of Dunstable, _ 77 A Venerable Witness, 93 The Island — A View on the Nashua River, 102 The old Iron Bridge Over the Nashua, 1 14 The First Congregational Church, 149 The First Congregational Church, Main Street, 150 Pilgrim Church, 152 The Methodist Church, 158 The Protestant Episcopal Church, 160 The Chapel, Edgevvood Cemetery, 192 View in Edgewood Cemetery, 193 View in Edgewood Cemetery, 194 View in Edgewood Cemetery, 195 School Buildings, 255 Nashua Literarj- Institute, 261 Battle Flags, 29S Residence of Dana W. King, 310 Soldiers' Monument, 317 Sacred Heart Parochial School, 425 Cotton Fibre, 438 Williams' Foundry, 439 Old HoUis Street Shoe Shop, 456 I'agk. Estabrook-Anderson Shoe Factory (Palm street view) 457 Estabrook-Anderson Shoe F'actory, 457 Estabrook-Anderson Shoe Factory (Pine street view) 458 Nashua Card and Glazed Paper Co. (some of the help) 459 Nashua Card and Glazed Paper Company Factory, 460 Peunichuck Water Works Pumping Station, 468 An Old Shop Window, 471 Nashua Manufacturing Company, 472 Nashua Falls — Nashua River, 473 An Old Advertisement, 497 Telcgra,ih Building, 5C0 Fac-Simile of Old Regimental Order, 524 Fac-Simile of Old Regimental Order, 525 The Armory, 544 Residence of Mrs. Charles Williams, 554 The Willows, 588 Public Buildings, 589 F'ire Stations, 595 City Farm and House of Correction, 599 Hudson Iron Bridge- High and Low Water, 600 Stark Squaie, 605 School Houses erected in i8y6 1897, 607 Hand Tub, 609 Steam F'ire Engine number four, 610 EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION. Ver\' nearly half a century had elapsed since the publication of Fox's "History of Dunstable," and Nashua had grown from a village of six thousand inhabitants or thereabouts, to a city of more than triple that size. No systematic effort at preserving the account of its growth or the events leading to its present condition had been made. The importance of such a work was understood and appreciated by its citizens, but the task was recognized as a formidable one, involving much labor with but little probability of adequate compensation. When, in November, 1894, an outside firm of publishers proposed to undertake the work, Nashuans were reluctant in encouraging the project, feeling that strangers could not prepare the history intelligently and would be inclined to slight those things of most interest and importance, for such portions as would yield a profit. After careful deliberation, the tone of the public sentiment having been ascertained in a meas- ure through means of the press and by interviews with citizens, it was decided to call a meeting of several of the gentlemen who had been interviewed, together with others, in order that some defi- nite and satisfactory plan might be decided upon. The meeting was called and, while there was a variety of opinions as to the method to be pur- sued in writing the history, there was the greatest unanimity in regard to the desirability and propriety of the work being done. The meeting adjourned without date and without arriving at any definite conclusion, but, notwithstanding the somewhat discouraging tone of the deliberations, the gentlemen engaged in the work were not disheartened but continued to labor assiduously, meeting, day by day, in spite of many obstacles and hindrances, the most encouraging signs of public sympathy and approval. The plan of a continuous narrative was finally dismissed as inexpedient, since it would pre- clude the possibility of issuing such a work for many years from the date of its commencement. There then seemed to be but one plan to be considered, having, as its exponent and model, the Memorial History of Boston, published in 1885, which has the indorsement and approval of some of the most distinguished scholars and citizens of Massachusetts and of the literary world. Following the general plan of that work, the city's history has been divided in topics, or sub- jects, which are of sufficient number to include everything of vital importance. Each of these subjects or topics is written by one person, who, having nothing to do with matters other than those which appertain to his own chapter, will, we apprehend, give a correspondingly more lucid, accurate and interesting account of the historical phase of which he writes. That the gentlemen whose names are associated together as editors of the work, perform their labor without compensation is a sufficient guarantee of its probable merit and value as a history, and that it will fulfill all that it promises. All of them are residents of Nashua of years of stand- ing, distinguished among their fellow citizens as men of probity, sound judgment and abundant mental capacities, and the promoters of this work can feel that they have reason to congratulate themselves and the citizens of Nashua upon having been successful in securing a staff of editors so well qualified and peculiarly fitted for the work which each has performed. A prominent feature of the book are the portraits of citizens of Nashua, both of the living and of the dead. In connection with these portraits there are also short biographical sketches. Their value and importance will be more readily seen and appreciated when one considers that they are made a component part of the work not so much for their present value, although that is of no small account, as for the inestimable value and worth to future generations. i^m^h^:^^^- THE EDITORS. CONTENTS. V CONTENTS. PART FIRST. CHAPTHK I. THE FIRST SETTLERS OF DUNSTABLE. Legend of the Xorthuien. l2 410 556 563 226 565 411 147 168 224 3'o 475 84 86 142 226 521 85 144 21 1 215 264 266 484 493 5 "9 547 87 "3 269 520 558 143 '72 517 519 55' 83 107 168 219 404 410 XII LIST OF PORTRAITS. Phelps, George Poff, Charles A. Proctor, Ira H. Proctor, Nathaniel H. Reed, John Reed, Elbridge Gerry Rounsevel, Charles S. Ranisdell, George A. Roby, Luther A. Runuells, Daniel P. Rogers, P'reeman S. Spalding, Isaac Shea, Augustus W. Shattuck, Gilinan C. Saunders, Albert H. Steele, Jaines Stevens, Charles W. Sawyer, Aaron W. Sawyer, George Y. Stevens, David Sawyer, Reuben M. Smith, Roswell T. Spalding, Edward H. Stark, George Spalding, Solomon Spalding, William E. Sargent, Fayette S. Spalding, Charles W. Paoe. 430 490 520 520 88 112 220 403 426 430 545 90 223 250 25' 267 3>4 397 399 42S 431 433 476 477 506 508 508 509 Shattuck, Joseph Spalding, Edward Sargent, Dana Spalding, John A. Sands, Thomas Tolles, Horace Clark Thayer, Andrew Eliot Tuck, Samuel Tolles, Willard C. Tolles, James H. Underhill, George W. White, James Wilson, Allen Wellman, Samuel K. Wallace, Alonzo S. Williams, Seth W. Whithed, Solon S. Warren, John Q. A. Woods, Benjamin S. Wadsworth, David Wheeler, Elbert Wason, Edward Hill Wood, Egbert O. White, Jeremiah W. Williams, Charles A. Whitney, George H. Williams, Charles Page. 518 548 552 559 564 107 142 250 429 561 i6g 109 146 173 222 229 253 311 314 31S 316 406 432 505 518 553 555 PART I HISTORY OF DUNSTABLE WHICH INCLUDES THE VALUABLE HISTORI- CAL MATTER GATHERED AND PUBLISHED BY CHARLES J. FOX, ESQ., IN 1846,— WITH SUCH ADDITIONS AS MAY BE OF INTEREST. THE SAME ORDER WILL NOT BE OBSERVED BY REASON OF THE DIFFERENT DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS ///STOK]- OF X.IS//r.l. X. If. 3 CHARLES J. FOX'S HISTORY OF OLD DUNSTABLE. REVISED BY VIRGII. C. GII.MAX. CHAPTER I. Legend of the Xoktiimen. First Voyage to the New World. Landixg of the Pilgrims. Valleys of the Merrim.\ck axd Nashua. Endicott Rock. Friendly Indians. Settlements Extended North of Ciieljisford and Groton. Early Grants. Brenton's Farm. Charlestown School Farm Grant. Dramcui' Hill. BiLLERicA School Farm Grant. Jonathan Danfortii, Surveyor. Thomas Brattlic. John Parker. Br.attle Street Church. THE general reader finds little of interest in the history of onr country from the time of its discovery hy Christo])her Columbus on the fourteenth day of October, 1492, down through the sixteenth century. But the student whose ambition is to search out beginnings, finds along the track of the past, times and places that invite his attention and inquiry; there comes from out the misty years of the long ago the legend of the Northmen: that the shores of this New World were not new to them, but had for generations yielded to them the fruits of fisheries and trade. His efforts, however, to find what the historian demands, as authentic and worthy of record, fail, and he passes it by as the vaporings of pride and boasting, and returns to the great maritime enterprise of Columbus, the most distinguished in all the annals of the world, as the dawn of American History. From this time on its progress is not left in doubt. Whate\-er preceded it was limited in ex- tent and meagre in results, and, although it may truthfully be said that our birth was humble, our childhood slender, and at times uncertain, yet the elements of greatness and strength ami of mar- velous ])ossibilities were there. vSaj'S a gifted writer, "ICxcept the red race, of doubtful origin and melancholy fate, America has no 'surviving memorial of the past'. Here are no magnificent and picturesijue ruins — no stu- pendous monuments of forgotten skill — no curious relics of lost arts, the birth and historv of which are in dispute. Here were neither high dukes or mighty earls — neither a nobility, a banditti, nor a priesthood. Vet American History would be a treasure if it could offer to the world but the name of Washington. Massachusetts would be honored, if it were only for the genius of Franklin. New Hampshire will not be forgotten while she preserves the memory of vStark." European vessels had coasted along the shores but had gained no definite knowledge of the rivers and harbors. As to the order of the important events which followed the ojiening of the cal- endar of sixteen hundred, there is slight discrepancy. Says Bancroft, I, page in : "In 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold, who had made himself somewhat familiar with the usual route by the Canaries and West Indies, conceived the idea of a direct voy- age to America and well-nigh secured to New England the honor of being the first English colony." a\ sail of seven weeks in his chosen bark brought him to the continent and into the waters of Mas- sachusetts bay, not far to the north of Xaliant. Not finding a satisfactory harbor and discovering Cape Cod, he, with four of his men, made a landing; the first soil in New F'ngland trodden by Eng- lishmen. He doubled the cape and proceeded southward and reached Buzzard's bay. Upon the islands he beheld vegetation, fruits and (lowers in luxuriant growth, which so filled him with admi- ration for his discoveries that he lost no time in making it known. How much the glowing reports had to do in influencing others to make their way to the New W^orld cannot now be determined, but it is certain that others had learned something of the fruitfulness and beauty of the Western world. The editor of Provincial Papers of New Hampshire ( Dr. Bouton) has the following in his pre- liminarv notice: "The first voyager to our shores of whom we can find any record was Martin Pring who, in the month of June, 1603, came here with a ship of fift\- tons and thirty men and boys; 4 HISTONV OF X-ISHCA, X. H. and a barque of twenty-six tons, Capt. William Brown, thirteen men and a boy. This small fleet was fitted out under the mayor, aldermen and merchants of the city of Bristol, England, to prose- cute the discovery of the northern parts of Virginia, as the whole country was then called. The flag-ship was called the Speedwell, and the barque the Discoverer. They first touched at one of the islands at the entrance of Penobscot bay; then visited the mouths of the Saco, Kennebunk and York rivers, which Pring says they 'found to pierce not far into the land.' They next pro- ceeded to the Piscataqua and explored it ten or twelve miles into the interior." Sixteen years before the landing of the Pilgrims in 1620, a French writer, De Monts, in writing from Canada, said, "The Indians tell us of a beautiful river lying far to the south which they call Merrimac." From the earliest period the valleys of the Merrimack and Nashua were the red men's paradise. Here were their favorite fishing stations, as well as their richest planting fields. Alas, how soon the}- were to be despoiled of their possessions, and the venerable and hajapy Passaconaway, whose counsel and wishes were the law for nearly fifteen hundred subjects, to see their glor^* depart. Barbarism could not forecast the future, and leaves no enduring memorials behind. The ploughshare may reveal some specimens of their handiwork, or the spade di.sclose some cruml^ling bones. They lived up to their opportunities — they worshipped the God of Nature — they died in hope of happier hunting grounds. This volume is designed to include the valuable historical matter gathered and published by Charles J. Fox, E.sq., in 1846, with such additions as ma>' be of interest, bringing it down to the present time, although the same order will not be observed by reason of the different division and classification of subjects. Starting with Chapter I, Mr. Fox says: "The landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, in December, 1620, is an epoch in the world's history. ' On this Jjleak New England shore,' in the wilderness, with the snows of winter around them and a few wretched dwellings to protect them, they established a colony whicli is destined to solve a problem of the human race. Its motto and its basis was ' Freedom to worship God.' Persecuted in the old world alike by Catholic and Episcopalian for opinion's sake, driven from their homes, they came to this 'wilderness world' with gladsome hearts, 'singing the songs of Zion,' even in this 'strange land' for that 'here the}- could worship God according to the dictates of their consciences in peace.' " The Plymouth settlers were but pioneers, and soon crowds flocked hither ready to dare, and to endure all for the priceless boon of a free conscience and free speech. "Boston, Salem, Portsmouth and Dover were settled, and everywhere w-ith each little band of brethren, the 'man of God ' went forth to cheer them in toil, in peril, and in death. As the fame of this new asylum for the oppressed began to spread abroad more widely, greater crowds of emigrants came, until the older settlements became too populous. Adventurous .spirits went forth into the wilderness upon every side to found new plantations, and at a A'ery early period, not long after the settlement of Boston, attention was turned towards the \-aneys of the Merrimack and Nashua. In August, 1652, the A-alley of the Merrimack as far as the outlet of Lake Winnipisiogee, was surveyed by Capt. Simon Willard and Capt. Edward Johnson. This survey was made by order of the General Assembly of Ma.ssachusetts to determine the northerl\- bound of the Colony and an inscription was made upon a large stone in Winnipisiogee River, at a point 'three miles iioith of the head of Merjiiuac River,' to designate the spot. The colony of Massachusetts then claimed all the land lying 'three miles ' north and east of the Merrimac from its mouth to this point atid thence due west to Yew York." In 1833 this stone was re-discovered and the late Judge George Y. Sawyer of this city, who was then practising law- in Meredith, was called to view it and interpret the inscription, since which time it has been known as Endicott Rock. In pursuance of joint resolutions of the Legislature of 1883 and 1885, His Excellency, Governor Hiram A. Tuttle, in 1891, appointed commissioners to erect a suitalile structure for the protection and preservation of this Endicott Rock. The work w-as completed after some unavoidable delays, and it was turned o\-er to the possession of the State, August i, 1892. It was an occasion of marked interest, attended by the Governor and Council and a large concourse of people. Hon. Joseph B. Walker of Concord was president of the occasion. The principal address was J//S7<)h')- or x.t.s/fc.i, N. If. - delivered by Hon. Eiastus P. Jewell oi i.acoiiia, and was the result of great historical research. He was followed by Hon. John Kimball of Concord, in behalf of his associate commissioners. Messrs. Jewell and Walker. He said, "From 1652 to 1833, a period of one hundred eighty-one years, the people of New Hampshire had no knowledge of the ICndicolt Rock. .Since its discovery in 1833 the interest in it has been increasing. A large number of louri.sts visited it annually and a strong feeling prevailed that something should be done to preserve it, which resulted in placing over it a building of appropriate design, after first raising the immense boulder from its almost hidden, sandy bed. The masonry is surmounted by a capstone suitable to receive a statue of Governor Kndicott, which it is hoped Massa- chusetts will place there at no distant day. It bears the inscription : " Ivndicott Rock The name of John Endicott, Gov. And the initials of Edward John.son and vSimon Willard, Commissioners of the Massachusetts Bay Colon}', John ,Slierman and Jonathan Ince, surveyors, were inscriljed upon this rock August I, 1652. to mark the head of the Merrimack River. A line three miles northward of this rock was then claimed Viy that colony as the northern limit of their patent. E. I. vS. W. W. P. lOHX ENDICVT GO\' I. S. I. I. The structure which covers this historic stone, long known as ICndicott Rock, was erected for its protection in 1892, by the State of New Hampshire, in accordance with Joint Resolutions of its Legislature, Approved Sept. 7, 1S83, and August 25, 1885. Joii.N Kniu.\LL. Er.\stus p. Jewell. Joseph B. W.xlkkr. Connnissioners. " This expedition was rendered necessarv because of the conflicting views relative to the Mason grant, and the doubt as to the "furthest head" of the Merrimack Ri\-er, There had been an expedi- tion by order of the Massachusetts Bay Colon\- made under the supervision of Goodman Woodward and John Stretton, with an Indian guide, in July, 163S, the result of which was their fi.xing the bound at "a great pine tree" three miles north of the confluence of the Winnipesaukee and Penii- gewasset rivers in Franklin. This was known as Ivndicott tree, but its location is now unknown, and Dr. Runnels in his history of Sanbornton, says it was of no account for a colonial bound after the year 1639 ; hence this second survey and the fixing of a more enduring monument. The valleys of the Meirimack and Nashua are of alluvial formation. That they have undergone great changes is very evident. Their general appearance, the shape of their basins, their outlets, their different levels, and the stratified character of the .soil, all show that at some remote period the greater portion of these valleys must have been covered with water in the form of lakes or large 6 HISTiUn' OF X.lSHi:i. X. //. ponds. Geologists find the same characteristics upon all onr ri\-ers, and some even refer their origin to the Deluge. But whenever and however their origin may have been, it is evident that the \'alley of the Merrimack was once a succession of lakes, one ending at Pawtncket falls, another at Amos- keag falls, through whose rocky basins the waters at length burst their way, and formed their present lower channel, lea\'ing their former beds dry. The same is equally true of the \-alley of the Nashua, one outlet being at Mine falls, and another at the high bluff near the Nashua corporation, through which the water has forced a passage and left large basins exposed for cultix'ation. In corroboration of this theory we know that logs have often been found here, buried in the earth at great depth. When the excavation for the foundation of the locks near the Merrimack was being made in 1S25, at a spot about one hundred feet from the river, and at a depth of many feet below the surface, the workmen found several logs, a quantity of charcoal, as if the remains of a fire, and a toad, which, on being exposed to the sun and air, revived and hopped away. Such discoveries are not of unfrequent occurrence, but as to the time and mode of their deposit we are left only to theory and conjecture. The valley of the Merrimack was not an object of desire to the English alone. From the earliest periods it seems to have been looked upon by the Indians as almo.st a paradise. The Winnipisiogcc, or "the very pleasant place where there is but little land," or as they sometimes called it "The smile of the Great Spirit," was deeply belo\-ed. The Merrimack with its numerous Xaainkccks, or fishing stations, and its rich planting fields for maize, which also extended along the valleys of the Souhegan and the Nashua, were still more dear. The Indians who inhabitated the more southerly jjortions of the valley were of a mild disposition and invited intercourse with the whites, .so that in 1655 settlements had extended as far north as Chelmsford and Groton, and for the next ten j-ears there was unwonted activity and prosperity and a corresponding increase of population. It is not .strange, then, that when grants came to be made in 1655, the settlers were eager for these valleys and members of the exploring party were among the first to be rewarded. In 1656 the lands upon both sides of the Merrimack, extending on the west side from Naticook, the little brook just above Thornton's ferry, in Merrimack, to a line about a mile south of Pennichuck brook, and including the greater part of Litchfield, were granted to William Brenton and called " Brenton 's Farm." The Indian name for the towns of Merrimack and Litchfield was Naticook. Belknap says the land east of the river Avas sometimes called Nacook. In 1659 and 1660 large tracts of land were granted upon the Souhegan, (anciently written Souheganack, meaning crooked), at a place called b}' the Indians, Quohquinna-pashessaiianagnog, being the meadows in Amherst, lying at the mouth of the brook which rises in Mont Vernon, flows around the plain in Amherst, and runs into the Souhegan in the south part of the town. Five hundred acres were granted to Capt. William Davis of Boston, and Capt. Isaac Johnson of Roxbury ; five hundred acres to Mrs. Anna Lane, and three hundred acres to John Wilson of Boston. One thousand acres were also granted to the town of Charlestown, Mass., for a "School F^arm," lying upon the Souhegan, in Milford, about four or five miles westerly of the first grants, " at a great hill called Dramcup hill," and five hundred acres to Mrs. Anna Cole "ad- joining thereto." Capt. Isaac Johnson, the above grantee, was killed at the great Narragansett Swamp fight, Dec. 19, 1675. Dram Cup hill was a point of more than ordinarv importance. It was not only the northwesterly bound of Dunstable, but of the "School F'arm" grant made to the town of Charlestown and also of Middlesex county, Mass., as this portion of Dunstable was supposed to be a portion of that county. In addition to this it was the northwest bound of the town of Monson, a subdi\'ision of Dunstable, and is near the noi'thvve,st corner of Milford. It is upon the south side of the highway and the rail- road leading from Milford to Wilton, about three miles from the former and one from the latter, just before crossing the bridge over the Souhegan river by Hillsboro' mills. The origin of the name is unknown but is in itself suggestive, and perhaps the reader may be allowed to infer that, on reaching it at the end of a long and tedious surveying trip through the wilderness, they rested and celebrated the event by indulging in more than the customary "ration" — possibh- drank from some stone \'essel of Indian handiwork found on the premises. ///.S/V'A'}' or NASHUA, A'. H. 7 As in the case til the Iviulicott Rlanting at Plymouth 0/ which he ivas one." P'our hundred acres were granted to Go\'. Ivndicott, "lying in the westerly part of Pelham," about six miles north of Pawtucket falls, and one mile west of Beaver brook, at a great hill called Masha-shattiick (Deer hill) "lying between two other great hills, and adjoining southerly on a great pond called Pimmo-mitti-qiionnit, (a long pond)." All these grants were made by the Massachusetts Assembly. (Records 1659-60). Since Mr. Fox wrote, very valuable and interesting historical matter bearing upon all the above mentioned grants has been made public in the hi.story of Billerica, by Rev. Henry A. Hazcn, by which it appears that the first grant of land embraced in the township of Dunstable was made by Billerica, she having petitioned the General Court for such a grant of land elsewhere, for her own benefit, which met with favor, as follows: — " In ans'' to the peticion of the inhabitants of Billirrikey, this Court doth grant the toune of Billirrikey eight thousand acres of lands, for the ends desired, in any place or places that are ffree and not capable of making a toune, provided that the said lands be laid out before the next Court of Election, and that the inhabitants of Cambridge doe accept thereof and it is ordered y' Majo'' Willard, Cap' Edw. Johnson, Mr. Edward Jackson or any two of them, w"' Thomas Danforth, or any other sur\-eyor, shall lay y= same out at the peticoners charge, making retourne to the next Court of Election." Jonathan Danforth of Billerica, the younger brother of Thomas, and a noted land sur\-eyor, was charged with the task of locating this eight thousand acres. Beyond Chelmsford he had the whole Merrimack valley to choose from, or even the Connecticut and Champlain valleys, if it had suited Billerica's profit to go so far. The survey which he made and returned through the above committee, on which the location was finally sanctioned, is, fortunately, still presented in the office of the secre- tary of state and on this authority some facts long forgotten have recently come to light. As described and approved by the court it was located as follows : " Layd out to the vse of the inhabitants of Billerikey eight thousand acres of land, lying vpon Merremacke River, on both sides thereof, taking in the trucking howse now inhabitated by J"° Cromwell the sajd land being lajd out aliout sixe thousand three hundred acres on the east side of the river, and seventeen hundred fivety acres on the west side, and is bounded by the wilderness surrounding the same, as is demonstrated by a plott thereof, taken and made by Jonathan Danforth, sun-eyor, and exhibited to this Court by Major Symon Willard and Capt. Edward Johnson, appointed by this Court, Octob. 14, 1656 to lay out the same. svmon w it.i..\rd, Edw.vkd Johnson." " The Court allowes and ajiproves of the retourne of these connnis.sioners in reference to the land herein expressed." It is very gratifying to know something more of the men who were identified with the events of the settlement of our country than the mere mention of a single act like that related above. Mr. Danforth was one of Billerica's most renowned citizens. He removed from Cambridge to that place in 1654. He was one of the first selectmen, holding the ofhce twenty-one years. He also kept the town records for about the same length of time, and his fine penmanship is as legible and handsome 8 HISTORY OF XASHVA, A'. H. to this da\- as if done in copperplate. He was also a famous mathematician and suneyor, and oper- ated all through this region, going as far north as P'ranklin, and is mentioned in many of the histories of other towns. He died in 1712, aged 85 years. The following lines from Farmer's History, taken from a poem written in the quaint style of the times by his nephew, Rev. John Uanforth of Dorchester, are sacred to his memory : — "He rode the circuit, chained great towns and farms To good behavior; and, by well-marked stations. He fixed their bounds for many generations. His arts ne'er failed him though the local stone failed When oft by mines and streanies it was assailed. All this was charming, but there's something higher Gave him the lusture which we most desire." This survey, says Mr. Hazen, p. 43, was the earliest ever made, it is safe to say, in the Merrimack valley beyond Chelmsford, and is the starting point in the history of Dunstable.* The location was in a part of the valley commonly called Naticook, but which Danforth spells Naticott. The grant began at the Pennichuck brook, which forms the north bound of Nashua, and extends on the west side of the river as far north as the Sonhegan river ; then it follows the Merrimack nearly a mile, passing two islands, the larger of which received the surveyor's name, "Jonathan," then runs eastward two or three miles, and .southward five or six, returning to its starting point. This Naticott grant remained for a year in the hands of Billerica, when John Parker received authority to dispose of it, under date " gth 6m 165S." A month later Parker had sold the land, and made his return and agreement with the town, in which he states that the sale was made to William Brenton for two hundred pounds for the entire eight thousand acres. William Brenton was a Boston merchant and leading business man ; often one of the selectmen. He removed soon after to Rhode Island, and was governor of that colony in 1666-8 and died in 1674. Another purchaser of a portion of this Billerica grant was Thomas Brattle, who, also, was a lead- ing merchant of Boston, and was reported to be one of the wealthiest men in the colony. His name appears first upon the petition for the incorporation of Dunstable. He married Elizabeth, daughter of William Tyng. Died April 5, 1683, in his sixtieth year. He had a son Thomas, who was at one time treasurer of Harvard college and was founder of the Brattle street church, whose meeting-house gave place some years ago to the large business block in New Washington street, formerly known as Brattle square. This was the first meeting-house built of brick in New England, and was erected in 1694. The round shot from a British cannon that was embedded in its walls was looked upon with interest as a memento of the hostility of the mother-country. Thomas Brattle, Jr., died May 18, 17 13. *This does not correspond with what appears elsewhere, but may have reference to other parts of his work. HISTORY OF NASHUA, X. H. 9 CHAPTER II. Hknkv KiMiiAi,i.'.s Farm, (.'.kant to Ancient anu Honokabi.k Artillkkv Company of Boston. Artillery Pond. Petition kor Consolidation ok Grants into One Plan- tation. Township ok Di-nstahlk. Karly Proprietors. Trakkickinc; with the In- dians. Indian Tribes. Passaconaway, Vener.vted Chief. Last Indian Resident. Roby's Farm. Wiiittier's Poem, "The B.vshaba's Feast." Fir.st Settlers. Rev. Thom.\s Weld, First P.\stor. His House Lot. Old Fort. Houses of Ha.ssel, Temple and Perry. AMONG other grants made about 1662 was cue of a large tract in Hudson and Pelham to Henry Kimball, and called ''Henry Kimball's Farm:'' Samuel Scarlet had a farm also, on the north side of Merrimack river, perhajis in Tyngsborough ; Lieut. Joseph Wheeler, and his father, Capt. Thomas Wheeler, had a farm upon the Merrimack, in Nashua, a little south of Salmon brook, and several others whose names are not presented. In September, 1673, a grant of one thousand acres, lying in Nashville,* was made to the "Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company" of Boston. It was bounded east by the Merrimack, south by the Nashua, west by Spectacle brook** and extended about one mile northerly of the Nashua river. This embraced the whole of the village of Nashville, and was called the "Artillery Farm." From this cir- cumstance the little pond in the north part of the village was called ".Irtillery Pond." At the time this grant was made this pond was a very attractive little sheet of water, covering an area of about twelve acres. Being fed by springs, the water continued with very little variation in depth through the season. In freshets its overflow was to the south, over what are now Merri- mack, Amherst, Fletcher and Franklin streets, to the Nashua river. There was at one time a mill upon the east side about where the Blanchard churn factory now stands, owned by the late Samuel Shepherd, in which he manufactuted window-sa.sh, doors and blinds by machinery. He claimed the invention of the machiner\- and that it was the fir.st ever used for this purpose. Near by was another building in which conveniences for puljlic baths were fitted up. Permission was obtained by the late Gen. George Stark and the late Col. Oilman Scripture to drain the pond by putting in a sewer along the line of the overflow to the river. It was only a partial success, as a ledge was encountered upon the land of Dr. L. F. Locke, to reduce which would involve a greater expense than the expected results would warrant, which was to secure the rich deposit of muck for use upon the lands near by, owned by them. Being onlj' partially drained, it became objectionable, sanitarily, and the city deemed it necessar}- to carry out the original plan, and opened a channel through the ledge at an expense of several thousand dollars. No water is now seen ; in fact, nearl}- the entire surface is now under cultivation, 'vhile upon its border is a finely graded track, five- eighths of a mile in length, which is much used for pleasure driving and bicycling. At this period, 14,000 acres, lying along the Merrimack, upon both sides, between Souhegan river and Chelmsford, had been granted to various individuals, but as yet few settlements had been made. It became necessary, therefore, for their mutual benefit, to consolidate all the grants into one plantation, and to secure to the inhabitants all the privileges and immunities of an inco'rj)orated town- ship. Accordingl}-, in September, 1673, the proprietors of the farms already- laid out, and others who were disposed to settle here, presented a petition to the General Assembly, of which the following is a copyt : — "To the Honored Governor, Deputy Governor, with the Magistrates and Deputies now assembled in the General Court at Boston, vSept. 19, 1673. *For origin of Nashville see division of Nashua. **The little brook about a mile \ve.sterly of the village, which runs through the farm o\vne'. The last resident Indian of Old Dunstable bore the name of Philip Antony. His hut was upon the farm in the .south part of the town now owned by Willard B. Cunuuings, a farm of historic interest inasmuch as the title for a hundred and fifty years was in the venerable Simon Roby and his de- scendants. It was the birthplace of our honored citizens, Luther A. and Noah W., who was my escort, and it was with all the enthusiasm of youth that he, although in his eightieth year, led the way fifty rods to the rear of Mr. Cummings' house, and pointed out the .spot where dwelt this last of his race. It was just the place for such a home. From the little hilltop he could greet the King of Day as he rose above the height of "Long Hill" and bid him "good-night" as he sank behind the gilded west that stood beyond the valley of the charming Salmon brook. vStanding upon such a spot and amid present surroundings, the words of Charles Sprague come home to us with a touch of sadness : " Here lived and loved another race of beings. Beneath the same sun that rolls over j-our heads the Indian hunter pursued the panting deer ; gazing on the same moon that smiles for you the Indian lover wooed his dusky mate. Across the ocean came a Pilgrim bark bearing the .seeds of life and death. The former were sown for you — the latter sprang up in the path of the simple native." The Mohawks, or Maquas, a fierce and savage tribe from New York, were the hereditary enemies of them all. The Indian tribes which dwelt nearest to the English settlements, and especially the Pawtuckets and Wamesits, from their weakness, and their fears of both the Mohawks and the English, craved the friendship and protection of the latter. They served as guides and .sentinels for the exposed frontiers, and were often of great .service. The Penacooks, however, were a more bold, warlike and dangerous race, who refused all attempts to Christianize them, although their dread of the English was generally sufficient to keep them from open hostilitv. In the spring of 1669, a portion of the Penacooks, fearing an attack from the Mohawks, moved down the Merrimack to the Pawtucket, and built a fort there for their protection. Their neighbor- hood was a cause of alarm to the settlers, some of whom shut themselves up in the garrisons; but in the succeeding autumn they joined in an expedition against the Mohawks, by whom they were over- powered and almost entirely destroyed.* The greater part of the Indians in this vicinity, especially the more turbulent and dangerous, to the number of six or seven hundred, united in this expedition, and nearly the whole of them perished with more than fiftj- chiefs. The remnant, dispirited and powerless united with the Wamesits, and became "praying Indians." In 1660, not long before Passaconawaj-'s death, at a great feast and dance, he made his farewell speech to his people," which is given in full in Drake's Book of Indians, III, 94, and is worthy of a space in this volume. He said : — " I am now going the way of all flesh, or am ready to die, and I am not likely to see your meet together any more. I will now leave this word of counsel with you, that yon may take heed how you quarrel with the English ; for though you ma\' do them nuicli mi.schief, yet assuredly you will all be destroyed and rooted off the earth if you do : for I was as much an enemy to the English at their first coming into these parts as anyone whatsoever and did try all ways and means possible to have them destroyed, at least to have prevented them settling down here, but I could no way affect it : therefore I advise you never to contend with the English or make war with them." ♦Book of Ihf Indians. 45. Allen's History of Chelmsford. 14 HISTORY OF XASHCA. \. If. Mr. Whittier in his poem. " The Bridal of Penacook," thus alludes to the Great .Sachem : — "For that chief had magic skill, And a Panisee's dark will Over powers good and ill. Powers which bless and powers which ban. Wizard lord of Pennacook ! Chiefs upon their war-paths shook When they met the steady look Of that wise dark man." Wanualancet, his second son. succeeded him, after the eldest son with the more restless part of the tribe had removed into Maine and was always after a friend to the whites. He resided generally at Wamesit falls, and was proprietor, with his tribe, of all the lands in this vicinity. About 1663, the eldest son of Passaconaway was thrown into jail for a debt of ^"45, due to John Tinker by one of his tribe, and which he had promised verbally would be paid. To relieve him from his imprisonment his brother Wannalancet and others who owned Wicasuck Island* sold it and paid the debt. Soon after, the General Court granted him one hundred acres of land "on a great hill about twelve miles west of Chelmsford," and probably in Pepperell, because he had " a great many children and no planting grounds." In 1665, he petitioned to the General Court that this island might be restored to him and his brethren, the original owners, and the original petition, signed by him with the others, in a fair, bold hand, is now on file at the secretary's office. His request was granted and the island purchased and restored by the colony. t About 1675 during the war with King Philip, he left W'amesit, and resided in Canada and various other places, lest he .should be drawn into the contest. During these wanderings he warned the whites of many intended attacks and averted others. When Wannalancet returned to Pawtucket, after the death of Philip, he called upon Re\'. Mr. Fiske of Chelmsford, and inquired what disasters had befallen the town during the war. Mr. Fiske replied that they had been highly favored, for which he desired " to thank Grod." " Me next," said the shrewd Sagamore, who claimed his share of the merit. Thus providentially was all this region freed from hostile Indians, and tlie way opened for the coming of our fathers in comparative safety. The valleys of the Naticook, of Salmon brook and the Nashua, (or Watananock, as it is called in the Court records), especiall}' near the mouths, were favorite resorts and abodes of the Indians. The Indian was the child of nature and gazed upon her charms with filial admiration. To him the moun- tains were " God's altars," and he looked up to their cloud-capped summits with awe, as the dwelling- place of the " Great .Spirit." The chiefs who dwelt in these valleys did not generally live in a style of crreater magnificence than their subjects, though they enjoyed greater abundance. Their confed- eracy was a great democracy, where danger, conflict, toil and privation were shared alike by all. Whittier in his " Bridal of Penacook " has given us a graphic picture of a wedding and dance given by Passaconaway on the occasion of the marriage of his daughter Weetamoo, to Winnepurkit, sachem of Saugus, Maine. He has most beautifully and happily introduced the sweet and flowing Indian names which abound along the Merrimack and its tributaries, and the whole scene is delightful as a specimen of Indian domestic life. For this reason, and as a portion of the luxuries were furnished by our own streams and hillsides, it is thought that its insertion here will not lie inappropriate: — THE BASHABA'St FEAST. With pipes of peace and bows unstrung, Glowing with paint came old and young. In wampum and furs and feathers arrayed, To the dance and feast Bashaba made. ♦Wicasuck is the small island in the Merrimack river, near Wicasee falls, in Tjmgsborough. tAssembly Records, Mass., 1665, page 106. {The name given to two or three principal chiefs. HISTORY OF NASHUA, X. //. ,5 liinl of the air and beast of the field, All which the woods and waters yield, On dishes of birch and hemlock piled, Garnished and graced that banqnet wild. .Steaks of the brown bear, fat and large. From the rocky slopes of the Kearsarge, Delicate trout from Babboosuck brook, And Salmon speared in the Contoocook. Squirrels which fed where nuts fell thick. In the gravelly bed of the Otternic, And small wild hens in reed-snares caught. From the l)anks of Sondagardee brought. And, drawn from the great stone vase, which stands In the river scooped by a spirit's hands,* In white parched pile, or thick suppawn, Stood the birchen dishes of smoking corn. Thus bird of the air and beast of the field, All which the woods and waters yield. Furnished in that olden da\-, The bridal feast of the Bashaba. .\nd merrily when that feast was done. On the fire-lit green the dance begun ; With the squaws' shrill stave, and deeper hum Of old men beating the Indian drum. Painted and plumed, with scalp locks flowing. And red arms tossing, and black eyes glowing; Now in the light and now in the shade, Around the fires the dancers played. The step was quicker, the song more shrill, And the beat of the small drums louder still, Whenever within the circle drew, The Saugus Sachem and Weetamoo. Among the first settlers of IJunstaljle we find tlie names of Kev. Mr. Thomas Weld, Joseph Wheeler, John Blanchard, Jonathan Tyng, Cornelius Waldo, Samuel Warner, Obadiah Perrv, Samuel French, Robert Parris, Thomas Cnnimings, Isaac Cnmmings, Jo.sejih Has.sell, Christopher Temijle, John Goold, .Samuel Goold, John Sollendine, Christopher Reed, Thomas Lund, Daniel Waldo, Andrew- Cook, Samuel Whiting, John Lovewell, John Acres, John Waldo, William Beale, .Samuel Beale, John Cunnnings, Robert Usher, Henry Farwell, Robert Proctor, Joseph Lovewell, John Lovewell, Jr. The earliest compact settlements were made near the mouth of Salmon brook, between its mouth and the main road, and so down the Merrimack upon the spots deserted by the Indians. The land which lay between Salmon brook and the Merrimack was called "The Neck," and for greater security the " housne-lotts " (house lots) of the first settlers were laid out adjoining each other, and " within the neck." The lots which la\- nearest Salmon brook ran from Salmon brook to the Merrimack, and were generalh" from thirty to forty rods in width upon each stream. After the first six or eight lots, the we.st line of the lots was bounded upon " Long Hill." In the rear of the school house in the IiaYbor district in Nashua, and the north and east edges of the mill pond, several cellar holes are .still visible, and within a few j'ears an ancient well was open. A]iple trees are there standing, hollow, .splintered, covered with mo.ss and almost entireh- decayed, bearing marks of verv great antiquity. The early .settlers came from the .southeastern jiart of Kngland. where cider and ♦There are rocks in the river at the falls of .\nioskeag, in the cavities of which, tradition says, the Indians for- merlv stored and concealed their corn. i6 . HISTORY OF X.ASHrj. X. H. perr}- were manufactured in great quantities, and they brought with them the same tastes and habits. Orchards are spoken of in our town records as earh- as 1675, and these shattered relics of an age that is past may possibl}' have been the original stock, or at least their immediate descendants. About fifty rods northea.st of the school house, near a small cluster of oaks, stood the " Old Fort," or garrison, in which the inhabitants dwelt in seasons of imminent danger, and to which they often retired at night. As the school house used by Mr. Fo.x as a landmark to fi-x the location of the "Old Fort" was removed many years ago, it is well to mark the spot by the pre.sent surroundings so that any one curious to know may go directlj- to it. When Bowers street, which runs from Main to Arlington street, was laid out it was found to pass over the cellar holes where the fort stood. Dearborn street and Harbor avenue run at right angles, and about thirty-three rods east of Dearborn and twenty west from the avenue is the spot, being seventy-five rods east from Main street. It was under the slope of the hill. The fill for the street covered about ten feet of the cellar hole and the remainder is filled and is a part of the lot occupied by the coal company north side of the Acton railroad. It would be very appropriate for the city to erect a stone monument to mark the spot where stood the only safe retreat of the early settlers in days of peril from a merciless foe. This tract of land was bought by Mr. Elbridge G. Reed in 1848, and he filled the cellar hole in 1850 and planted a walnut tree to mark the spot, but the tree was removed when the .street was laid out. There was a well in the fort which was open until within a few years. South of this spot, on the north bank of Salmon brook, and just in the rear of the house of Miss Allds, were the houses of Hassell, Temple and Perry, the cellar holes of which are still visible. The field adjoining was owned by Perry and is still known as the " Perry Field." All traces of these cellars disappeared many years ago. The present owner has cultivated this field for fifteen years and has had his attention called to this item of history, but there was nothing visible to indicate their location when he bought the property, and the name of the " Perry Field " is not heard. After the charter was obtained in 1673, the inhabitants increased rapidly. The proprietors made liberal grants to actual settlers, and upon the following conditions, which have been selected from their articles of agreement drawn up Oct. 15, 1673 : "Every one yt* is received (as an inhabitant,) shall have 10 acres for his person, and one acre more added thereto for every /,'20 estate, and none shall have above 30 acres in yr house lotts, nor none under 10 acres, and yt all after divisions of land shall be proportioned according to their home lotts, and so shall all yr public charges be, both as to church and town. "All ye inhabitants yt are received into this town shall make impro\-ements of ye lotts yt they take up, by building upon them, by fencing and by breaking up land, by the time prefixed by the General Court, wh. is by Oct. 1676, and they .shall live, each inhabitant upon his own lott, or else put such inhabitant upon it as the town accepts. " To the intent yt we may live in love and peace together we do agree, yt whatever fence we do make, either about cornfields, orchards or gardens, shall be sufficient four rail fence, or yt which is equivalent, whether hedge, ditch or stone wall, or of loggs, and if any person sustain damage through the deficiency of their own fences not being according to order, he shall bear his own damage. — And if any man's cattle be unruly he shall do his best endeavor to restrain them from doing himself or his neighbour (any harm)." These conditions, which evince much foresight, comb-.ned with the local advantages, were readily accepted, for May irth, 1674, a meeting was holden at "the house of Lt. Joseph Wheeler," and a written agreement made between the proprietors and settlers. In this agreement it is provided, that "the meeting-house which is to be erected shall stand between Salmon brook and the house of L,t. Wheeler, as convenient as may be for the accommodation of both." As a meeting house in those peiilous times, when men toiled and worshipped with their rifles by their side, would not be very likely to be erected beyond the settlement, we may reasonablj- suppose that the settlement at Salmon brook had already commenced, and that at that date there were a considerable number of inhabitants. *T tin-\rp nrp'Cf^rx-prl flip rtrio-inpl mipllintr in wln'rli vr. vt. ve. are Written for their, that and the. ///STOAT O/^ XAS/fCA, N. //. 17 CHAPTER III. Civil, .\fiaik.s. Town- .Mi:i;tin-g.s. Imkst Meeting-House. Rev. Tho.m.\.s W'Ki.n, First Mini.sti:k. His Setti.kment. Higiil.vnd F.\km. Other Matter.s of Interest Pert.\.ining to It. Bobbi.v F.vctory. Baldwin Apple. Public Sentiment. Great Comet. Di.atii ok IIo.v. Kdward Tvxg. Town Regul.vtions. Mine Islands. Highway i'ko.m (Ikoton. Thirty Acre Rights. Xamks oi- the Proprietors. Ta.\i:s. WV, M.W iKiw turn to the civil affairs of the town ami to a period when peace brought with it its attendant blessings — security and prosperity. The settlerno longer feared an ambuscade in ever\- thicket, nor listened in the night watches for the prowling foot- steps of a foe. England and F'rance, Charles II. and Louis XIV., were at war no longer. The " Treaty of Ximeguen,"* strange though it be, was the ]>rotection of Dunstable. The deserted cabin was again tenanted, the half cleared field was cleared and tilled, and new cabins .sent up their smokes all along our rich intervals. Town meetings were holden in Dunstalile as early as 1675. and town ofTicers were then chosen, for in 1682 we find the town voting " yt Joseph Parker have 20 shillings allowed him for his seven years' services as Constable. "t No records, however, of any meeting are jiresened of an earlier date than Xo\-ember 2S, 1677. This was a meeting of the proprietors as well as the settlers, and was holden at Wobuni, at which jdace the meetings for the choice of town officers were held for many years, and occasionally as late as 1711. The record is as follows : — t " Xov. 28, 1677. At a Town meeting held at Woljurn. "Capt. Thomas Brattle, Cajit. (lilisha) Hutchinson, Capt. (James) Parker, Mr. Jonathan Tinge, and Abraham Parker were chosen Selectmen for the Town of Dunstable for the year ensuinge, and to stand as such till new be chosen. S " It was also agreed upon and voted yt as soon as may be, a minister be settled in the town of Dunstable. The time and person to be left to the .Selectmen ; his pay to be /// iiioiirv, or if in other pay the rate being to be made as mone\' to add a third ])art more. " Likewise yt all public charges relating to the minister and other occasions is always to be levied upon allotments, and every man engages his accommodations, (j)ledges his farm,) to answer and perform the same. " It was also voted that the minister the first }ear shall have fifty pounds, (e(pial to about S,^oo.oo now, ) and the overplus of the ffarmes, and never to be abated." Then follows a vote extending the time for fjuilding the meeting-house and settling a minister, which was a condition of the grant in 1673, but which had not been complied with, for the sjiace of three years longer, for the purpose of saving the forfeited rights of the settlers. They intended, nex'ertheless, to build at once, for it was " left with Mr. Jonathan '1\\ ng. Captain Parker and Abraham Parker to agree with John .Sollendine, (who was the first house and niill-wright in town,) to secure and finish said house," which had been commenced before the desertion of the settlement in 1675. .Se\'eral persons were also "admitted as inhabitants," and it was \'oted " yX. the selectmen have power to add other inhabitants, provided that with the ])resent they exceed not the number of tit;/i/v families." Before the Rexolntion of 16S9. no person coidd \ote or be elected to any office until he had been admitted a I''reeman of the Commonwealth. This might be done b\' the General .\sseml)ly or *July 31, 1678. tThe constable was the collector of taxes also, and the compensation for all his services was abont fifty cents per year. JKor this and all other similar references, examine Dnnstablc Records of the date affixed. JiHrattlc was of lioston, Hutchinson of Woburn, James Parker of Groton, Tynj; of Dunstable, and .\braliam Par- ker of Chelmsforil. The laUer resided soon after in this town and is the ancestor of Edmund Parker, Esq., Judj^e of Probate. 1 8 HISrORY OF XASHi'A. X. H. the comity court, but only upon evidence of his being a member in good standing of some Congregational church. Before voting every person was required to take " the Freeman's Oath." Hoping that it may be of value to the present generation and such as may come after it to be reminded of the duties and responsibilities covenanted and entered into by such as became citizens and were clothed with the right of suffrage, the "Freeman's Oath," as found in History of New England, Palfrey, vol. i., p. 377, is here inserted. It may kindle afresh the fires of loyalty and patriotism that have apparently gone out upon many a hearthstone and stimulate to higher manhood. " I, A. B., being, by God's providence, an inhabitant and freeman within the jurisdiction of this commonwealth, do freely acknowledge my.self to be subject to the govennnent thereof, and therefore here .swear bv the great and dreadful name of the everliving God, that I will be true and faithful to the same, and will accordingly yield assistance and support thereunto, with my person and estate, as in equity I am bound, and will also truly endeavor to maintain and preserve all the liberties and privileges thereof, submitting myself to the wholesome laws and orders made and established by the same ; and further, that I will not plot nor practice any evil against it, nor consent to any that shall do so, but will timely discover and reveal the same to lawful authority now here established, for the speedy preventing thereof. Moreover, I do solemnly bind myself, in the sight of God, that, when I shall l)e called to give my voice touching an\- such matter of this state wherein freemen are to deal, I will give my vote and suffrage as I .shall judge in mine own conscience may best conduce and tend to the public weal of the body, without respect of persons, or favor of any man. So help me God, in the Lord Jesus Christ." This meeting house was fini.shed in 1678, and w^as probably built of logs. The precise spot where it stood is not known, but probably it was not far distant from the settlement at Salmon Ijrook. As the settlement increased a new meeting house was erected near the old burx'ing ground in the south part of Nashua. In the journal of a scout, in 1724, it is said to have stood about nine miles distant from Pennichuck pond. No other church except those which succeeded this upon the same .spot, was erected in the southern part of New Hamp.shire for more than forty years, and its minister, like another John the Baptist, was " the voice of one crying in the wilderness." Tradition fixes the location of this house a short distance north of the state line upon the roatl north of the residence of Alfred Kendall, leading from the main road westerly 1)\- the Danforth place, and thence on to the village of Dunstable, and this agrees ^■ery well with the above and other references to it, although not as definite as this. April 22, 1679, William Tyng, son of Jonathan Tyng, was born in this town. This is the first birth which is found upon the records of the town. April, 1680, Sarah, daughter of John Sollendine was born and appears under the caption " Lambs born in Dunstable." It is probable that other births occurred at a much earlier date, since it is known that there were man)' inhabitants for years previous, and in 16S0 "30 families were settled there and a learned orthodox minister ordained among them."* Before 1679, a lot of land upon Salmon brook was granted by the town, and known as " the mill lot," and a saw mill erected. Where it .stood is not known, but it is not improbable that it was on the spot where the Webb mill," near the house of J. Bowers, Esq., now stands, since it is known that a mill stood there at a very early period, and it would probably be located as near the settlement as possible. There was originally a beaver dam at that place, and it required but little labor to prepare the site for the mill. Many years ago a mill crank was dug up near the spot, which must have come from its ruins. As early as May i, 1679, and perhaps before that time. Rev. Thomas Weld was employed here as a minister. In the settlement of New England, religion was at the very foundation. The means of religious instruction e\-er kept pace with the spread of population, and "he who counted religion as twelve, and the world as thirteen, had not the spirit of a true New England man." In the very charter, therefore, it was provided by the General Court, that the grantees were to "procure and maintain an able and orthodox minister amongst them," and to build a meeting house "within three >ears." This condition could not be complied with on account of Philip's war, which compelled them to desert the settlement, yet, as we have seen, at the first town meeting which was holden after its resettlement, the Jirst vote wsLS for the choice of selectmen, and the /icxt :i provision for the ministry and a place for ♦Petition in two Province Papers — Towns — 253, in office of N. H. Secretary of State. niSTOKY or XASUCA, N. H. 19 jniblic \v(-r,sliip, Uic scluctiiiL-ii just chosen lnjiiii; appointed agents to carry the vote into effect. A " Ihirty acre right," as it was called, entitling;- the owner to about six hundred acres on the subsequent dixisions of the common lands, was granted (or a " ministerial lot," as a farther encouragement to the ministry. Upon this Mr. Weld resided, and it is probably a part of the Fletcher farm now owned by John Little. It would be quite difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain the exact bounds of the lots set off to these early settlers after the lapse of .so many years. There has been no doubt, however, but that Mr. Weld's settlement embraced the farms adjoining the abo\e mentioned, owned for a generation by the late John Harwood and sold by him to Hon. \'. C. Oilman in 1872, who added to and greatly im- proved the buildings and the farm generally. As it extended westerly from the Merrimack ri\-er to and included a portion of the highest range of land between Nashua and I' worshipped God with a prouder humility. The Establishment was the mystic " Babylon," and all its forms, rituals and ta.stes of course anti- Christian. No band or surplice added dignity to the minister, for he was but the equal, nav, the servant of all. Long hair or a wig was an abomination, and a crime against all laws human and divine. No sound of bells summoned them to worship, and no organ lifted their pravers and praises to Heaven upon the wings of music. They placed no shrub or flower over the graves of the dead, but instead the plain slab with quaint carving of death's head or cross bones, or hourglass, and solemn inscription. All ornament was a vain .show and lieauty a Delilah. They believed their wilderness homes to be " the New Jerusalem," and, taking the 15ible as their standard, labored in all things ontwardh" and inwardly to be "a peculiar people." And the\- were so. They did really believe in God and religion, and they strove to practice what they believed at any sacrifice. The world has seen few such men, and it will be well for New liugland if she forget not iha principle, the real, living Faith, which inspired and exalted the Puritans. No records exist of any meeting from November, 1677, to April, 1680, when Joseph Cummings, Jr., was chosen a selectman in the place of Captain Hutchin.son ; Joseph Parker, Jr., constable; "Captain Parker, Robert Paris, Joseph Parker and John Solleiidine a committee to assign lotts." At a subsequent meeting they also " chose the.se men to run the line between Grotou and us." In the spring of this year lands were improved upon the north side of the Nashua. In November, 1680, a great comet appeared at which, says Holmes, " the people were greatly sur- prised and terrified."! It continued to be visible until February, 1681, and was " the largest that had ever been seen." vSo great and general was the alarm excited, that a "general fast" was appointed by the governor and council, and one reason a.ssigned in the ])roclamation was, " that aivfiil, porten- tous, blazing star, usually foreboding some calamity to the beholders thereof'." This fast was oljserved with great strictness. We may smile at the ignorant and superstitious terror of even the dignitaries and wise men of the land in those days, but our smile mu.st be checked a little when we remember the alarm excited in 1833, in our own community by a similar cause. June 14, 16S1, "Jona. Blan.sher [Blanchard] and Thomas Lun [Lund] were chosen fence fewers [viewers,] and an order was passed commanding all persons ' to take care of and yook yr. hogs on peuilty of paing double damiges.' " December 28, 1681, died Hon. Edward Tyng, aged 81. Where he settled is unknown, l)ut prob- ably not far from the " Haunted House," so called, in Tyngsljorough. He was born in Dunstalile in England in 1600, settled in Boston as a merchant, 1639, was representative 1661 and 1662, assistant *He was of Lancaster, Mass. tHolmes' Annals, 451. ///svoA')- ()/■' .WIS///: I. X. //. 21 from 1668 to iTiSi, and colonel of the Suffolk regiment. It appears that he was elected major-general after Leverett, Imt it is not known that he sen-ed in that office. He removed to Dunstable in 1679. He left si.x children ■.—Jonatluui, who settled in this town (see notice :) Eduard, who was one of Sir Edmund Andros's council, 1687, and Governor of Annapolis, (see notice :) //<7;z;/<7//, who married Habijah vSavage, (son of the celebrated Major Thomas vSavage, commander-in-chief in Philip's war,) who afterward married Rev. Thomas Weld, and resided here : /uiiiicc, wife of Rev. Samuel Willard, pastor of the Old South church, Boston, and vice president of Harvard college : Rebecca, wife of Gov- ernor Dudley : and another daughter who married a vSearle. He was buried in the family tomb in Tyngsborough, and a monument with an inscription points out the spot.* In 16S2, the inhabitants seemed to have increased considerably, and the settlement to have ac- (piired a firm footing. The records assume a new form, and become more numerous and town-like. — "Captain Brattle, Captain Parker, Mr. Tinge, Sargeant John Cummings, and Robert Parris, were chose selectmen." Provision was made for the collection of taxes, by ordering that the allotments of such as neglect or refuse to pay their taxes, should " be sould at an outcry on the next public meeting day after such neglect or refus." Even at this early day there were some, to whom " religion was as twelve and the world as thirteen," or even more.t Trespasses were committed upon the common lands, and the town found it necessary to order that " every man that felleth any wood or tre in the cmnon shall pay y/iT sldllings for such offence." The cattle, also, seem to have become equally unruly, for it was found necessary to heighten their fences to a " saflfisient five raile or equi\alent." May 8, 1682, " at a selectmen's meeting, it was ordered that the hogs of Dunstable of three months ould and u]nvard, be soficiently yoked and rung at or Ijefore the twentieth of the present month, and John Ackers be appointed and Imployed to pound, youke and Ringe such hogs ; and for so doing it is ordered that the owner of every such hog shal pay to the said Swinxard twelv penc, and John Acres is appointed IIOGE Const.mslk to se this order exsicuted." So early was the necessity for this ancient and respectable oflfice recognized by our wise forefathers, and the trust committed to one who was qualified to " e.xsicute " it. August 28, 1682, " Mine Islands" were laid out to Hezekiah I'sher.l The islands at the foot of "Mine Falls" had acquired this name already, on account of mines which were supposed to exist there. The rumor was that they had been long worked by the Indians, who obtained from them their supply of lead. The banks of the Nashua, Souhegau and the Merrimack had been carefully explored, and " Mr. Baden, an ingenious miner and assayer, was sent over to New England for this purpose. Lead ore was found, but not plent}-, and so intermixed with rock and spar as to be not worth working. "§ Usher was an original proprietor, a man of wealth and enterprise, and uncle of John Usher, lieu- tenant governor of New Hampshire in 1692. He seems to have been a speculator, and to have imbibed the extravagant ideas then prevalent among that class of emigrants, respecting the great mineral wealth of New England. They had read of Mexico and Peru. They had li.stened to the Indians as they told of " the Great Carbuncle," which dazzled the eyes of the beholder, upon the summit of the White or " Crystal Hills," where no human foot had ever trodden or dared to tread, and the Great Spirit had his home. Visions of gold and silver, hing hidden in the bowels of the hills in untold (juantities, floated before their distempered fancies b\' night and b\' day. Every sparkling rock, every discolored spot of earth was to them an El Dorado, and such, without doubt, were our own .?//><• Islands in the eyes of U.sher. He made excavations there and found lead and iron, it is said, in small (|uantitics, but the enter- prise proved a profitless one and was abandoned. This was probably not long after the>- were granted to him as we find that May 15, 1686, Mason, the proprietor of New Hampshire, "farmed out to Hez. Usher, and his Heirs all tlie iiiines, minerals, and ores within the limits of New Hampshire, for the •Farmer's Genealogical Register, to wliitii I am largely inilclited in this way. tHigginson's Klection sermon, 1663. } Usher was something of a wit. The converteil Indians were coninionly called "praying Indians," Init Usher, having heard of some outrage said to have been committed by thorn, called them ••in-iijitiii liuliiiiis." In 16.S5, he was hunting for mines in Deerfield. — Mass. Records, 4685, page 485. §2 Douglass' Summary, 108. 5 N. H, Hist. Coll. 88. Lead ore, containing a minute proportion of silver, has been discovered at Mine P'alls by Dr. Jackson, in his geological survey of the State. 22 HISTORY OF NASHTA, X. H. term of one thousaiul years, reserving to himself one foiiiih of tlie royal ores, and one scrcnlcciiih of all the leaser metals."* Of such a character and extent, however, were his explorations at these islands, that they were familiarly called " ihc J/iiics" in all letters, records and journals of scouting parties for half a century afterwards. t Although this was a period of peace, and the Indians were committing no depredations, there was danger Iron'i roving and lawless parties, and a small mounted guard was deemed expedient. Daniel Waldo and John Waldo were employed for this purpose. t December 3, 1682, the town "let out to goodman Akers to cut ten lords of wood for tico shilliiigs a rord, country pay, and Sargt. Cummings is to cart the same for two shillinirs a cord, same paj-e." This was probably for the minister, Mr. Weld, who was married not long previous, and from it we may learn something of prices in those days. — Corn was worth about t'tco stullinos per bu.shel in 1683, and the relative price of labor and pro\-isions was nearly the same as at present. At the same time a committee was appointed, consisting of John Parker, Robert Paris, and John Sollendine, to "lay out a Highway from Groton Meeting House to Dunstable Meeting House." The main river road, down the Merrimack, had been laid out long previously, and bridges built over the small streams. This road passed ea.sterly of the present road, crossing Salmon brook at the bridge near Miss Allds' house : thence running northerly near the old Allds' road below Judge Parker's house, and crossing the Nashua at a ford way near its mouth, not far from the Concord railroad bridge. Judge Edmund Parker was at this time of writing agent of the Jackson Company and occupied the house built by the company for the use of the agent. Subsequentl_\' while occupied by Agent Benj. Saunders it was externally moderni/.ed and is an attracti\-e residence, now occupied b\- Mr. Charles H. Webster, a clerk of the company. The proprietorship of the township was divided into " thirty acre rights," as they were termed, or /lOHse lots of that size, with the privilege of an equal share in all subse(iuent divisions of the com- mon lands in the township. Of these there were about ei<;//ty. and the proportion of each such right was about six hundred acres. The market value of these lands at this period may be estimated from the fact, that the proprietors, being indebted to Mr. Tyng in the sum of ,^23, (about $75.00,) they gave him three " thirty acre rights," or about 1800 aci'es, in full discharge of his claim. § Of these proprietors, according to a certificate of the selectmen dated November 30, 1682, ticenty- owc persons resided out of town in Boston, Salem, Marblehead, Cambridge and Chelmsford, and /<)«;•- teen in Dun.stable, viz: "Jona. Tyng, widow Mary Tyng, John Cummings, senior, Thomas Cum- mings, John Blanchard, Abraham Parker, Joseph Wright, Samuel Warner, Jo.seph Parker, .senior, John .Sollendine, Obadiah Perry, Thomas Lund, Joseph Hassell, and John Acres." Most of the inhabitants were not proprietors. October 9, 1682, "a twenty acre right" was granted to Rev. Mr, Weld as an additional encour- agement to the ministry. At the same time a tax was imposed of " twent_v shillings in moiu'" upon every thirty acre right, " toward the building of a meeting-house, which is to be built within one year after the date hereof, according to the dimensions of the meeting-house at Groton." A committee was chosen, ahso, to collect contributions for this purpose, "of such as have ffarmes within the town," and " to agree with a purson or pursons for the doing of said work." This meeting-house, the second in town, was built probably in 1683, of a larger size and better finish, to accommodate the increasing wants of the inhabitants, and must have cost three or four hundred dollars. " Money," as specie was called at that day, was difficult to be obtained as in all new settlements, and possessed a comparati\'e value far superior to that of produce or "country pay." It is recorded that " Mr. Weld is not willing to accept of one-third advance from those that pay him in money as proposed, but accepts to have double the sum of such as pay not in money." " In 16S3, Major Bulkley, (Hon. Peter Bulkley of Concord, one of the council,) Cajitain Hutch- inson, Mr. Tinge, Jno. Blanchard, Sargeant Cummings and Robert Parris were chosen selectmen for *i Belknap 116. Royal ores were gold auil silver. These were reserved to the Crown. tSee original journals of Fairbanks, Blanchard, and others, 1700 to 1725 in "Journals of Scouts." Mass. Records. JTliej- were inliabitants of the town, and sons of Dca. Cornelius Waldo, the ancestor of nearly all the Waldos in New England. Farmer's Genealogical Register. §These rights include the greater part of the town of Tyngsborougli, and are still in possession of the family. ///S/i^A')- (>/■■ X.IS/// I. X. If. 27, the year ensuiiii;e. Jolm Solk-iidine was chosen c()nstal)lc, Chi-i>lo])her Temple and Audio Cooke war chosen veioers of fenses, Saml Warner and John Ciinuniiigs war choes Sen'aires of Hyways." The taxes iqion each "thirty acre right" for the four years together, from 1679 to 16.S;,, were ahont thirty-six sliillings. John Cnniniings seems to have been town clerk for many years previous to 17CO, although there is no record of any choice. For several years after 16S;, the town officers were nearl>- the same as in the years preceding, whose names have been recorded. Many of their posterity .still dwell here, and it was thought it might not be unintere.sting to know who in its days of weakness and peril and suffering were the " fathers of the town." We have .seen how "zealously affected" the proprietors of Dunstalile were toward building a meeting-house and settling a minister in 1677. Religious motives, however, were not the only ones which actuated them, since their pecuniary interests were benefited thereby. By an agreement dated May 21, 16S4, .setting forth their desire for the " increase and flourishing of said plantation, one diirf means 'tchcrcoj , iindrr God, is llic settling a pious and able minister thereof," they therefore bound them- selves to pay 15.V. annually on each thirty acre right for this i)urpose, till the inhabitants can pay ^'50 per annum. In the summer of 16.S5 the inhabitants were thrown into a new alarm by the su.spiciou.s move- ment of the Penacook Indians and man}- retired to the garrisons. The alarm was soon, however, discovered to be unnecessary, the Penacooks themselves, fearing an attack from the Mohawks, and taking precautions against it.* Such was the life of the early settler even in time of peace. The inhabitants generally lived in garrisons or fortified houses, and scouts were abroad constantly to detect the approach of the lurking foe. The farmer tilled his fields with his arms ready for .self defence, and as the lonely wife heard the frequent storj^ of massacre and captivity, her ear detected, with Irembling apprehension, in e\-er\- unusual sound, the footsteps of the " Indian cncm\-." *i lielknap, 115. ///sTok-y OF XASi/r.i. x. //. 25 CHAPTER IV. Nkw Mkktixc-Housk Brii/r. Ordination ok Mr. Wki.d. Church Formkd. N.vme.s of Mk:mber.s. Covex.v.nt. Otiikk Ciukchks in Nkw H.v.mi'.shikk. Ixin.vxs Siii.i. Their Laxd.s and Kkmovk krom Tin; \'icinity. Bridge Buii.t over Concord River .\r Bii.i.KKicA. Dor, Wiiii'i i.:k .\i'1'()inti;i). Important Meeting of Delegates in Boston. First Tvthingmax Chosex. Indiax Rav.vges in Eastern Part. Representatives OF THE Town. Settlers Forfeit Rights rv Remov.vl. State T.v.x Ab.\ted .vnd Grant for Sxppokt of Mini.strv Made. Mrs. Hannah Duston taken Captive at Havkkiiii.l, Mass. Kn,i.i:i) IIkr Captors and RirrrRNiCD. Monument to Her Me.m- orv. Frequent Alarms 1'ki:vent Growth of Settlement. Grist Mill at Mouth OF Stony Brook. Rkv. Mk. Weld's Compensation. Meeting-House Gl.vzed. Llst of Inhabitants. .\ii) Aski;i) to Support the Ministry. Death of Rev. Mr. Weld. Biographical Sketch. Monument to His Memory. Ul' TO this period .Mr. Weld had been preaching here hut liad never been ordained. In 1684, however, a new meeting-house was erected, and having consented to settle, he was ordained, December i6, 1685. At the same time a church was formed, consisting of seven male members, viz: Jonathan Tyng, John Cummings, senior, John Blanchard, Cornelius Waldo, Samuel Warner, Obadiah Perry and Samuel French. John Blanchard and Cornelius Waldo were chosen the first deacons. The following is the Covenant which was adopted in the neighboring churches at that period, and which undoubtedly was adopted here. It is sub.stantially the same as that which was framed for the l'"irst Church in Salem, bj' the associated churches of the colony, in 1629, and ])romulgated by the General Assembly in 1680, for the use of the colony.* "We covenant with our Lord and with one another, and we do bind ourselves in the presence of (jod, to walk together in all his ways according as he is pleased to reveal himself unto us, in his blessed word of truth, and do explicitly profess to walk as followeth, through the power and grace of our Lord Jesus Christ. "We avouch the Lord to be our God. and ourselves to be his people in the truth and simplicity of our spirits. "We give ourselves to the Lord Jesus Christ and the word of His grace for teaching, ruling and sanctifying of us in the matters of worship and conversation, resolving to cleave unto him alone for life and glory, and to reject all contrary ways, canons, and constitutions of men in his worship. "We promise to walk with our brethren with all watchfulness and tenderness, avoiding jealous- ies, suspicions, backbitings, censurings, provocations, secret risings of spirit against them; but in all cases to follow the rule of our Lord Jesus Christ to bear and forbear, to give and forgive, as He hath taught ns. " In ])ublic or in priv-ate we will willingly do nothing to the offence of the church: but will be willing to take advice for ourselves and ours as occasion ma)- be presented. " We will not in the congregation be forward either to shew our own gifts and parts in speaking, or scrupling, or there discover the weakness and failings of our brethren, but attend an orderly call thereto, knowing how much the Lord may be dishonored, and His Gospel ami the profession of it slighted, by our distempers and weakness in public. "We bind ourselves to study the advancement of the Gospel in all truth and peace, both in regard to those that are within and without ; no ways slighting our sister churches, but using their counsels as need .shall be; not laying a .stumbling block before any, no, not the Indians, whose good we desire to promote ; and so to converse that we may avoid the very appearance of evil. "We do hereby promise to carry ourselves in all lawful obedience to those that are over us in ♦Mass. .Xsscnibly Records. 1680, page 281. .•Mien's Cliohiisford, 108. 26 HISTORY OF NASHUA, X. H. Church or Comnioinvealth, knowing how well pleasing it will be to the Lord, that they should have encouragement in their jilaces, by our not grie\-ing their sjiirits through our irregularities. " We resolve to approve ourselves to the Lord in our particular callings, shunning idleness as the bane of any state, nor will we deal hardly or oppressively with any, wherein we are the Liird's stewards. " Promising also unto our best ability to teach our children the knowledge of God, and of His holy will, that they ma\- serve \\\m also ; and all this not by any strength of our own, but b\- the Lord Jesus Chri,st, whose blood we desire may sprinkle this our Covenant made in His name." At this date there were but four churches and four ministers within the present limits of New Hamp.shire.* It was during this year that Cranfield, the royal Governor of the state, issued his arbitrary decree against the Congregational Clergy, ordering their " dues to be witheld," and threat- ening them "with six months' imprisonment for not administering the sacraments according to the Church of England." — But this decree did not affect Dunstalde, which was still supposed to lie within the bounds of Massachu.setts. In i6S6 the Indians at Wamesit and Naticook sold all the lands within the limits of Dunstalile to Jonathan Tyng and others, together with all their possessions in this neighborhood, and nearl_\- all of them removed from the vicinity. t How much was paid for this purchase of Dunstable, or rather release of their claims, is unknown, but probably about ^20, as we find that this sum was assessed upon the proprietors soon after, for the purpose of "paying for lands bought of the Indians. " + In 1687 the town raised £1 \2s. T,d. towards our proportion of the expense of "building the great bridge" over the Concord river at Billerica. This was done by order of the General Assen.bly, and for many years afterwards, it was rebuilt and kept in repair from time to time, as occasion required, by the joint contributions of Dunstable, Dracut, Groton, Chelmsford and Billerica the towns most immediately benefited. May 21, 1688, "Samuel Goold is chosen dog whippek for the meeting house." What were the duties of this functionary we are not informed, except .so far as is implied in the name.S It stands alone without precedent or imitation. The choice is recorded with all gravity among other dignitaries of the town, and the office was doubtless in those days a serious and real one, and no sinecure, unless we ,suspect our grave forefathers of a practical joke. In 1688, owing to the revolution in England, by which James II. was deprived of his throne, and which was followed immediately by a revolution in New England, Sir Edmond Andros, the royal Governor, was deposed, and a popular government, founded upon the ancient charters, instituted. The different towns in the colony were invited to choose delegates to meet in convention at Bos- ton and assume the government. This convention met accordingly in May, 1689, almost every town being represented. Dunstable was among the number. In May, 1689, John Waldo was a delegate from this town ; in June, 1689, Cornelius Waldo; and in December, 1689, Robert Paris. || This was a popular assertion of "inalienable rights," and a foreboding and precedent of the revolution in 1776. In 1690 Christopher Reed was chosen Tythingman, the earliest records of the choice of such an officer in the town. During this year it is not known that any attack was made by the Indians upon this town, although they ravaged the settlements from Salmon I'alls to Amesbnry. burning a great number of houses, and killing and capturing nearly two hundred persons.** Two companies of scouts, consisting of seventy men each, under the connnand of Capt. Thomas Chandler and Lieut. Simon Davis, were ranging the wilderness constantly for the prevention of damage to the frontiers. In June, 1692, Mr. Jonathan Tyng and Major Thomas Henchman were representatives of Dunstable. it With the •Portsmouth, Dover, Exeter, and Hampton, all organized in 163S. tAllen's Chelm.sford, 151. i Belknap. {Proprietary Records of Dunstable. §That surh an officer was a necessary one we may infer from the f.ict. that in Beverly a fine of sixpence was imposed on every person whose dog came into the meeting-house during divine service. — Stone's History of Beverly. IMass. Records, 1689, page 81, 89. **i Belknap 132, 144. ttMass. Legislative Records. 1692, page 219. ///STOA')- ()/■ x.is//f:i, X. //. 27 exceptidii of llu- years 1689 and 1692. no oilier mention is made of representatives from this town for many years. At this time no one was allowed the right of suffrage who did not possess a freehold estate of the valne of forty shillings per annum, or personal property of the value of /■20. In March, 1694, a law was enacted by the (leneral Court, "that every settler who deserted a town for fear of tlie Indians, should forfeit all his rights therein." vSo general had the alarm become that this severe and unusual statute was necessary. Yet neither the .statute, nor the natural courage of the settlers, which had never failed, was sufficient to withstand the protracted and incessant peril which menaced Dunstable, and in 1696 the selectmen affirmed, that "near two-thirds of the inhabitants have removed themselves with their rateable estates out of the town." The town, harassed and poor, prayed an abatement of ^50, part of their state tax, due by those who had left town, and this recpiest was granted accordingly.* Troops were kept here for the protection of the settlers who remained, and all the garrisons were placed under the supervision of Jonathan Tyng, who had previou.slv been named in the Royal Charter as one of the Royal Council of the province. In consequence of this desertion of so large a portion of the inhabitants, the su])i)ort of the min- istry became very burdensome. In June, 1696, the General Court granted "^^30 for the support of the ministry at the Garrison in Dunstable for the year ensuing."! In June, 1697, ^20 were allowed, and in 1698, ^12 per annum for two years ensuing, and for the same purpose. In 1^197, the celebrated Mrs. Duston was captured at Haverhill, Mass., and escaped by killing lier captors, ten in number, at the mouth of the Contoocook river in Concord, N. H. This was considered as one of the most remarkable and heroic exploits on record. Robert B. Caverley, Esq., of Lowell, became deeply interested in the history of these times about twenty-five years ago, and collected much matter of interest relative to this and other events that transpired in the valley of the Merrimack, which he embodied in form of an epic poem. "Heroism." he says, "is a divine attribute. Patriotism approves and honors it. Humanit}' fervently and ambitiously inclines to cherish it. To make a record of its achievements becomes the pleasure as well as the duty of a generous people." Hannah Duston was born in Haverhill, Mass., December 23, 1657. She was the daughter of Michael and Hannah Webster Emerson; married Thomas Duston, December 3, 1677, and, up to the date of her captivity, had become the mother of twelve children, the j'oungest being but a week old at the time she was taken captive at Haverhill, March 15, 1697. Mary Neff, a widow, lived in the famih-. The Indians were especially active at this time all through this region. They had taken captive, at Worcester, a lad of fourteen summers, named Sam- uel Leonardson. In making their attack on the village of Haverhill, they divided their tribes so that on that da}' the}' took and carried away thirteen captives, burned nine dwelling houses and killed twenty-seven of its inhabitants. When Thomas Duston, the husband and father, first saw the Indians he seized his gun and gathered all the children except the baby and made their escape. In the meantime the Indians at the homestead had seized Mrs. Duston, Mar}-, and the infant, forced the child from Mary's arms and killed it again.st an apple tree, pillaged and set fire to the house, and drove the captives away into the wilderness. Slowly they made their way up the Merrimack until, at the end of fifteen days, they reached the Indian camp on the island at the mouth of the Contoocook river. This island con- tained about two acres and afforded excellent security for their cam]). Nearly exhausted by the journey and the e.\])osure, for the snows of winter had not entirel}- disa])peared, and Mrs. Du.ston had but one shoe when the camp was reached, the reader will be prepared to judge whether the act that was .so soon to be committed was justifiable. Before reaching the camp the Indians had divided, one ])art, who held Hannah Bradley captive, proceeded further on the journey north, while Mrs. Duston, Mary Neff and the boy were taken by the other party to the island. The three captives took counsel together and resolved to free themselves from their cruel captors. On that night, March 30, 1697, the camp fires blazed pleasantly, and the fatigues of the journey had made good preparation.s for sound sleep. The captives ])atientl\- awaited the midnight hour, and then cautioush' and noiselessly, obtaining *Mass. Asseiiil>ly Records, 1696. tMass. Lesi.sl;uivc Kccoicis. 46;;, 562. 609. 28 HISTORY OF XASHl'A, X. //. the tomahawks, they moved in concerted action and struck the deadlj' blow. Only one old squaw, who was covered with wounds, and an Indian boy were spared. Ten were slain. Upon the consum- mation of such a deed thej' left in haste, but had not proceeded far when the thought of Ijearing away with them the evidences of their courage and skill induced them to return and take the scalps of their silent enemies, together with a .selected gun and tomahawk. Scuttling all but one of the canoes, they floated down the Merrimack and spent the first night of their regained liberty at the house of our own John Lovewell, father of the "worthy Capt. Lovewell," which .stood on the north side of vSalmon Brook, not far from where the factory of the Nashua Boot and Shoe Compauj- now stands. For one hundred and seventy-five j-ears this heroic act was entrusted to tradition and peri.shable records, until, in 1S72, an interest in it was developed and a deed of the island was obtained of the owners, John C. Gage and Calvin Gage, by a committee consisting of the late Dr. Bouton, E. S. Nutter and Robert B. Caverly. The deed was a gift from the Messrs. Gage. Thereupon the committee issued a circular call under date of January 23, 1S73, appealing "To the benevolent sons of New Hampshire, and to whom it may concern." for the sum of six thousand dollars with which to erect a monument to the memory of Hannah Duston upon the ishmd already secured. The appeal met with the desired response and the sum was secured. Among the con- tributors in Nashua appear the names of Edward Spalding, M. I)., Josiah G. Graves, M. D., T. H. Wood, H. W. Gilman, Dr. C. G. A. Eayres, B. B. & F. P. Whittemore, Moore & Langley, and Myron Ta^dor. William Andrews of Lowell, Mass., was sculptor: Andrew Orsolini of Carrara, Italy, John Murray of Aberdeen, Scotland, and Charles H. Andrews of Lowell, Mass., arti,sts; Porter E. Blauchard of Concord, N. H., builder. The monument is of Concord granite, surmounted with a female figure, which .speaks, though from mute lips, the most thrilling and heroic story of those most trying and perilous years. Thousands look upon it as they pess upon the trains and realize anew the cost of what we now have and enjoy. The exercises of dedication were held upon the island where it stands, June 17, 1874. Robert B. Caverly of Lowell delivered the principal address. Manj' distinguished persons were present and made brief addresses ; among them were Rev. Elias Nason, Rev. Smith Baker, Rev. Geo. T. Flanders, Rev. T. W. Savage, Gen. B. F. Butler, Dr. J. C. Ayer, Hon. Geo. W. Nesmith, ex-Govs. Onslow Stearns and E. A. Straw, John H. George, Esq., Hon. Natt Head, Gen. S. G. Griffin, Samuel B. Page, E. C. Bailey, Esq., Dana B. Gove, David O. Allen and Nathan W. Frye. The inscriptions on the monument are as follows : — WE.ST SIDE. Herouni Gesta Fides Justitia. Hannah Duston Mary Neff Samuel Leouardson March 30, 1697. Midnight. EA.ST SIDE. March 15 1697 30 The Warwlioop — Tonialiawk — Fagot and Infanticides were at Haverhill. The -\shes of the Camp-fires at Night And ten of the tribe are here. HISTORY OF X.lS/fC.i, X. If. 29 SOUTH SIDE witnesses B. V. Prescott Isaac K. Gage Status. 1874 Know ye that we with many plant it ; In trust to the State we give and grant it. That tlie tide of Time may never cant it Nor mar, nor sever. That Pilgrims here may liecd the mothers. That Truth and Faith and all the Others With banners high in glorious colors Mav stand forever. Xath. liouton (S) Kliph. S. Nutter (S) Robert B. Caverly (S) NORTH .SIDK Donors. Jiilm S. liriiun (F) John Proctor (A) Jonas B. .A.iken (Fr) Almon Harris (F) Kdward K. Knowlton (C) Artemus L. Brooks (L) George W. Nesmith (Fr) Josiah G. Graves (N) Onslow Stearns (C) Benj. F. Butler (L) Morris Knowles Walter .\iken Edward Spalding Henry F. and I). A Joseph Stickney John C. Gage George A. Pillsbury James C. Ayer Calvin Gage (I.a) (Fr) (N) Brown (F j (Cj (F) (C) (I.) (F) Mrs. Jefferson Bancroft (I,) Family and Elliz. Rogers (I.,) and many many others. Altli()ti.i;li Dinistubk- suffered little dvirin.t;" the war from actual injuries, _\'et the cnntimial e.x])(isnre to the tomahawk and .scalping knife, and the frequent alarms, prevented its growth. .Such was its effect, indeed, that though as early as 1680 there were thirly families or more in the town ; in 1701 the number did not exceed twentj'-five families.* The .settlement had more than once been nearly deserted and very few improvements were made. -\ saw mill had been erected at the earliest settlement, and others followed at " Mine falls" and on Salmon brook, but no gri.st mill had beeu built, the inhabi- tants resorting to Chelmsford. In 1695 Daniel Waldo set up a grist mill at the mouth of Stony brook, several miles down the Merrimack, and was " to grind the corn and mall of the inlialiitants of Chelms- ford, except on the fourth day of each zvcek -cchich is appropriated to the use of Dunstable." He agreed to grind " according to turn as much as may be."t Oct. 4, 1697, every inhabitant was ordered " to bring- half a cord of rcood to Mr. Weld by the first of November, or forfeit /rrc shillings for each neglect." This was in addition to his salary. As silver was then worth ten shillings a:i ounce, five shillings would be ee^ual to half an ounce of silver, or fifty cents of our currency. This would make the value of wood about a dollar a cord. In 1698 the town joined with other towns in rebuilding ]5illerica bridge, and raised for that purpose and other town expenses, £6 -js. Of course it could not have been a very splendid or expensive structure. June 29, 1699, it was voted that John Sollendiue " build a snllicient cross bridge over Salmon brook, near Mr. Thos. Clark's ffarni hou.se. provided that the cost thereof do not exceed the sum ^ forty SHILLINGS." The town was to pay one-half and Mr. Clark the other. The bridge was to be -warranted " to stand a twelvemonth, and if the water carry it away he is to rebuild it at his own cost." In 1699 the ■• woodrate " was increased and assessed according to the ability of the inhabitants, who were reciuired to furnish him iiiiieteeii cords. The " minister rate " assessed upon the jiroprietors 'Petition 1701 supra. t.\lltn's Chelmsford, 30. 30 HIS7\^R)- OF X.ISHC.l. X. H. of Dunstaljle, including inhabitants, was /, 17 2S. 2d. (perhaps S50.00,) and was probablx' the amount of his salary. It is a singular and instructive fact, and one that might lead to useful reflections, that Mr. Weld was assessed, like any other inhabitant both to the wood-rate and minister's rate, — to the former one cord and to the latter eleven shillings. I had supposed that the respect paid the pastor in those days was so great as to exempt him from all such burdens, but it seems that the principle of equality was carried into rigorous practice. Nor did the "minister" receive any title except that of Mr., not even that of Rev., for this was an " inno\-ation of vanity" upon puritan sini])licit\' of a much later date. I). D. and vS. T. D., and such like, are quite of modern introduction. It should be remembered, however, that even the title Mr. was not in 1699 applied to " common people." The following is a list of all the inhabitants who were heads of families and contributed to the wood-rate in 1699. The number of inhabitants did not probably exceed one hundred and twenty-five : " Maj. Jonathan T^-ng, John Sollendine, Mr. Thomas Weld, Robert l'.sher, Robert Parris, Nath'l Cnnunings, Nathaniel Blanchard, Aliraham Cummings, Joseph Blanchard, J- worshipped from the costly edifices which now occupy their places. The windows could ha\'e been neither very large nor very numerous. In 1 701 the selectmen of the town prayed the general court for further assistance in the support of the ministry and set forth, as was customary, their condition and sufferings at considerable length. As showing the situation of the town at this period and the customs of the times, the petition is inserted entire.* "To his Maje.sty's most Honorable Council and Representati\-es in the Great and General Court now assembled in Boston by adjournment. "The petition of the Selectmen of Dunstable in behalf of the inliabitants there settled. Humbly Sheweth ; — that whereas the wise God, (who settleth the bounds of all our Habitations,) hath disposed ours, but an handful of his people, not exceeding the number of hccnty-ftvt faiiii/icx, in an outside plantation of this wilderness, which was much depopulated in the late war, and two thirJ parts of them, though living upon husl.iandry, >et being but new beginners, and their crops of grain much failing of wonted increase, are in such low circumstances, as to be necessitated to Ijuy their bread corn out of town for the support of their own families, whence it comes to pass that they are capable of doing very little or nothing towards the maintenance of a minister here settled : and our Non-resident Proprietors being far dispersed asunder, some in England, and some in several remote places of this country, and making no improvement of their interest here, most of them for divers years past have afforded nothing of assistance to us in so pious a work : there having also in some years past been some considerable allowance for our help herein out of the Public Treasury, (for which we return our thankful acknowleilgments, ) the continuance whereof was ne\'er more needful than at this time : "These things being duly considered we think it needful liereby to appl\' ourselves to your Honors. Humbly to request the grant of such an annual Pension out of the Country Treasury, for the support of the mini.stry in this place, as to yourseh'es may seem most needful, until our better circumstances maj' render the same needless. *Mass. Ecclesiastical Records, 1701. HIS TORY OF NASHUA, N. //. 31 ■ Moreover having been lately iiifonned by a representative from a iieij^liboriny; town, that Dunsta- 1)1l's proportion in the Country rate nc\vl\ Linitted was £6, coming from the multiplication of 20s. six times, but finding by the printed paper lately come to us that we, /he sma/lfsl lo-u'ii in the Province, are assessed £s), being ^'3 beyond Stow which we deem in respect of the number of inhabitants may exceed us at least one third part : We humbly hereupon desire that the original assessment may be revised, and if there be any mistake found in the proportion assigned to us, (as we judge there may 1 e.) that it may be rectified ; and we shall remain your Honors' Humble Servants, ever to pray for you. Joseph Harwell, Robert Parris, William Tyng." Dunstable, July 28, 1701. In answer to this petition the sum of £\2 was allowed from the treasury in September, 1701. June 9, 1702, died Rev. Thomas W'eld, first minister of the town, aged 50 years. A tradition has lung been current that he was killed liy the Indians in an attack njjon his garrison.* Rut this must be a mistake, for " In the year 1702," says I'enhallow, who lived at this time and wrote the history of the war, "the whole l)ody of the Indians was in a tolerable good frame and temj)er," and there is no mention of an\- attack until .Vugust, 1703.! Mr. Weld was a native of Ro.\bury, Mass., and grandson of Rev. Thomas Weld, the first minister of Roxburw who came from England in 1632, and was one of the most distinguished among the eminent men of that daw He was one of the three who made the famous first "translation of the Psalms into metre for the use of the churches of New England," which has been the occasion of no little merriment ; the translators being selected, not because they possessed an>- poetic genius wl'.atever, l)Ut because they were the most pious and godly men." Mr. Weld graduated at Harvard College in 1671, and probably studied divinitx' with his uncle, Ke\'. .Samuel Danforth, a celebrated minister, and came to Dunstable in i67,S or 1679. Nov. 9, 1681, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. John Wilson of Medfield, son ol the first mini.ster of Boston and l)oth of them ver\- eminent men. She died July 29, 1687, aged 31, and is buried in the old bur\ing ground near the southerly line of Nashua, where a large horizontal slab of granite records her death. Some years afterwards he married widow Hannah Savage, daughter of Hon. Edward Tyng, who was admitted an inhabitant in 1677. She surx'ived him man>- years and dieil at the house of their .son. Rev. Habijah Weld, in Attleborough, Mass., in 1731.+ Hut little is known respecting the character of Mr. Weld. He was much belo\-ed by his peoj)le, and is said b>- Farmer to ha\'e been a distinguished man.S Alden says that Mr. Weld "was esteemed in his day a man of great piety, an exemplary Christian and a \'ery respectable clergyman." || He is sup]>osed to be the author of the verses in Mather's Magnalia, u]ion the death ol his uncle, Re\'. vSamuel Danfoith, who died in 1674.** He is tjuried beside his wife and over his grave is a granite slab similar to that of his wife btit without any inscription. In 1876 the people of the First church, joined by a few citizens, raised a sum of mone>- sufficient to erect a suitable monument to the memory of their first j^astor, Rev. .Mr. Welti, to take the place of the granite slab. Indeed it was looked upon as a long-neglected duty, so long as to suggest a rebuke and that ga\'e great force and prompt response to the a])i)eal. The needed amount was soon in hand and the work begun. It was completed and put in place with ajipropriate ceremony. It is of granite, massive and substantial, ii" *X. H. Gazeteev, Dunstable. + r'eiiliallow's Indian War. i N. H. Hist. Coll. 20, 23. fX. II. Historical Collections, 57 — 64. Tarnier's Genealogical Register. AUlcn's Kpita])]! : Dr. .Mden was a descendant of Jlr. Weld. ^Historical Catecliisni. It Alden's Collections, in. ♦•Mather's Magnalia. ttSee chapter on cemeteries on succeeding pages. 32 HIS TOR}- OF XAS//rA, X. H. In March, 1704, the town was again compelled to seek aid from the Colonial Treasury for the support of the ministry and for defence against its enemy, and presented the following moving petition. Upon the consideration of the petition the sum of ^,'20 was granted to the town for these purposes.* " To the General Court in session, 8 March i703.t The most humble Petition of the inhabitants of the town of Dunstable in the County of Middlesex, Shewcth : " That whereas your distressed Petitioners, through the calamities of the several Indian rebellions and depredations, are much reduced in our estates, and lessened in our numbers, (notwithstanding the addition of many desirable families when there was a prospect of a settled peace,) so that we are not capable wholly to support the ministry of the Gospel, after which Ark of God's presence our souls lament, and the want of which, more than all other great hardships, and hazards, doth dis- courage us, and threaten the ruin of this desirable plantation, but the enjoyment of such a rich mercy will animate us still to stand, (as we have long done,) in the front of danger : "Inasmuch also as his Excellency, in his great wisdom and providence for the .security of this eminently frontier place, and of this part of the Province so much exposed to the invasion of the bloody salvages, hath been pleased to post a considerable force of soldiers here, the great advantage whereof hath been experienced in these parts, but they can never hear a sermon without travelling more than t'lcclvc miles from their principal post, which is to them no small discouragement : t " We are therefore humbly bold to lay before the wise and compassionate consideration of this Great and General Assembly the sorrowful circumstances of her Majesty's good subjects in said town, and do most humbly implore that such a supply may be ordered, out of the Treasury of the Province, towards the support of the ministry in Dun.stable, as to your great wisdom and candor shall appear meet, we being found, (as we are in duty bound,) to contribute to such a service for our souls to the uttermo.st of our ability, and much beyond the proportion of others in greater congregations for the ordinances of God's worship among themselves ; — And your poor Petitioners are the more encouraged thus to pray in hope, since their former applications of this kind have ever been compassionately regarded and bountifully answered by former Great and General Assemblies of this Province." " Your obedient and humble servants, vSamuel Whiting, ^ Selectmen William Tvng, - in behalf Joseph Blanchakd, \ of the Town." In 1704 a block house was erected somewhere in town by Colonel Tyng, b\- the direction and at the expense of the colony, but the place of its location is not designated. § It may be a matter of some interest and curiosity, as illustrating the manners and customs of the times, to insert the following account of the expenses of the funeral of James Blanchard, who died in 1704. He was a farmer in tolerable circumstances. "Paid for a winding sheet. Paid for a coffin. Paid for digging grave. Paid for the use of the pall, Paid for gloves, (to distribute at the funeral, ) Paid for wine, .segars, and spice, (at the funeral,! Paid for the Doctor, Paid for attendance, expenses, &c. *Mass. Ecclesiastical Records, 1704, page 191. +This was 8th. March, 1703-4, or 1704. JThis garrison was at Salmon brook, and the nearest meeting-house, (except in town,) was at Chelmsford, then twelve miles distant. §Mass. Military Records, 1704. £0- -iS.f. —od. ' ' 10 " ' ' 7 " 6 ' ' 5 " I ' ' I " I ' ' 5 " 9 ' ' 14 " 9 I ' ' 17 5 £(>' ' 19 " 5 ' II/S7'(>k')' <>/■' .V.IS7/r.l, X. If. ,3 CHAI^riil^ V. Town Uiccokds Lmpickfhct. Grant i'ok Sii'I'okt (ji- Tin-; Mi> istkv. Ri-:v. Samtki, IItnt. His Pktitiiix. Ricv. Samuki, Pakkis. Mketing House Rkpaikhd. Rkv. Amks Ciii;i:vKK. v^Ai.ARv. Rkv. Mk. Tki:at. Paksonagh. Rev. Joxa. Piekpoxt. Rev. Mk. C()Ki-ix. Rev. Mk. Pki;ntici:. His Makkiaoe. Salary. Death ok Rev. Mr. Pkivntici:. Hi.s Gr.wi;. F()R many N'tars altt-r Uil- ik-atli ul Re\-. .Mr. XW-ld the L-cclcsia.stical aflair.s' of the lown are iinohx'd in much ohscurity. No ininistL-r was settled liere duriiii;' the war, and no records remain of the proceedings of the town until 17 10. Yet during this long struggle, although the settlement was nearly deserted, the public services of the church were not neglected in their distress and care for self-preservation. In June, 1705, the General Court granted ^26 to the town for the support of the ministry for the year ensuing. t Who was the minister at this period is not known certainly, but probably it was Rev. Samuel Hunt, as in September, 1706, he was desired by the Governor and Council to coni/nuc at Dunstable by the following order: — + " Boston Sept. 4th, 1706. I am ordered by his Excellency the Governor and Council to acquaint \ (111 that your .service as minister at Dunstable is acceptable to them and desire a continuance thereof, and the\' will endea\'or to promote yr. encouragement !)>• the General Assemblv as formerly, and hope the\- will be prevailed with to make it better: I am, sir. 3'our humble serx'ant, Is.aac Ai)Dix(;to.v, vSec'y." " Mr. Samuel Hunt, Clerk." Mr. Hunt continued his ministry at Dunstalile until the spring of 1707, when he was ordered to accompany the expedition against Port Royal as chaiilain of the forces, as appears l)y the following petition, j! upon which the sum of £ii^ was allowed : " The petition of Samuel Hunt, Clerk, sheweth : " That your petitioner has served as minister at Dunstable ever since the fourth of Sept., 1706, having received a signification from this Honorable Board, under the hand of Mr. .Secretary Addiiig- ton, that the same was desired by your Excellency and Honorables ; intimating withal that your petitioner should have the same encouragement as formerly, (or better,) which your petitioner under- stood to be the same as he had at Casco Bay, which was /,"52 per annum and his Ijoard. And on the 23d of April last past, yr. petitioner w^as dismissed from that service in order to go to Port Royal, when he had served thirt>--three weeks at Dunstable aforesaid, for which your petitioner has not yet received any salary — and yr. petitioner ])rays that the same may be allowed as aforesaid. " Dec. 5, 1707." Samuel HiTx'r." As early as the first of October, 170S, Rev. vSamuel Parris commenced preaching in Dunstal)le, and the (icneral Court granted him ^20 per annum for three years or more toward his support. || He remained here until the winter of 171 1 or the spring of 1712, but how much longer is unknown. Mr. Parris was previously settled at vSalem village, (or Danvers, ) and in his society and in his family, it is said, commenced the famous " Salem Witchcraft " delusion of 169 1, which led to the death of so many innocent persons, and which filled New liiigland with alarm, sorrow and shame.** " Sept. 12, 171 1. [It was] agreed upon to repayr the meetiirg-honse, it being left to the seleclnicn to let out the work and take care for the boards and nails." After Mr. Parris left Dunstable public worship still continued and the pul])it was supi)lied *Tliis subject finds a separate place and extended treatment elsewhere in this volume, nevertheless, by reason of the coiuiection in which it stands it may be found acceptable. + Mass. Kcclesiastical Records, 1705. tMass. Ecclesiastical Records, 1707, pa^e 239. .Mr. Hunt graduated at Harvard College, 1700. §Mass. Ecclesiastical Records, 1707, Jjajfe 239. IMass. Kcclesiastical Records, 1709, 1710, 1711. **Uphanrs Lectures ou the .Salem Witchcraft. Mr. Tarris died in Sudbury, Mass. 3 34 ///STCiR)' OF XASHl'A. X. //. constantly, for in June, 1712, the General Court granted "/^lo to Dunstable lor the support of the ministry the last half year," and in June, 1713, / 10 more "for the year past." This is the la.st record of any assistance granted to the town by the colony. With the return of peace, prosperity smiled upon the settlement. New settlers thronged in, farms were extended and the inhabitants were enabled to bear their own burdens. In 1713 Rev. Ames Cheever, who graduated at Harvard in 1707, was preaching in Dunstable. No\-. 20th, 1713. it was voted, "that the resident proprietors of Dunstable pay Mr. Cheever £i^o a year." How much earlier Mr. Cheever commenced his labors is uncertain, but he continued preach- ing here until June, 1715, at which time he received a call. "At a general town meeting of the inhabitants legall\- warned at Dunstable, on June the 6th, 1715, Then \-oted and agreed that Joseph Blanchard is to pa\" to Mr. Cheever his money that is due him, and upon discoursing with him, if he seems to incline to settle with us, then to declare to him, that the town at a meeting voted that they would readilj' consent that he should come and settle with us, and have the same encouragements as to sctllcDU'iit and salaiy as was voted him at our last meeting concerning him. Also, voted that Joseph Blanchard shall deliver a letter to Mr. Short, (Rev. Matthew, who graduated at Harvard, 1707,) or some other minister, to come and preach with us for some time." In those days ministers were settled for life, and it was customary for the town to give them a ministerial farm, or a certain sum of money by way of deficit, which was called a scfl/cniciit. He received an annual salary in addition. This settlement was usually, in a town like Dunstable, from ^80 to ^ico in value, while the salary ranged from /^5o to £.100 per annum. Mr. Cheever, however, did not accept the call to settle, and soon after a Mr. Treat was preaching here. "Nov. 2d, 1715, it was voted for to desier Mr. Treat to continue with us sum time longer, and to give him as before, which was twenty shillings a Sabbath. Also, voted that Sarg't Cumings should be looking out for a minister in order for settlement." "Jan. i6th, 1717, x'oted that Henry Farwell and Sarg't Cuniniings are to endever to get a minister as soon as they can, and to .see after Mr. Weld's place (the old parsonage,) to by it if it be to be had. Also, Joseph French is to entertain the minister." French lived at the first house on the main road northerly of the state line. " ist Ma3% 1717, voted that there be a day of fast kept sum time this in.stant May. Voted that ye 15th day of this instant May, be the day appointed to be kept as a day of Fast. At the same time Decon Cumings was chosen for to discourse Mr. Stoder (Rev. Samson Stoddard of Chelmsford,) concerning the Fast." This was a fa.st ordained by Governor Sliute,* and was, probably, inconse- quence of the alarming threats and depredations which were made at this time by some of the Indian tribes against the frontier settlements.! "Sept. 26th, 1717, voted that the Rev. Jona. Parepoiut ( Peirpont of Reading, Mass., graduate Harvard, 17 14,) .should have a call in order for settlement. Also, voted that the minister should have ;^8o a year salary, and one hundred -poundi for his settlement. Voted that Major Eleazer Tyng and Ensign Farwell should acquaint Rev. Mr. Pairpont with what is voted at this meeting." This call was equally unsuccessful with the former, and "Sept. 2d, 1718, cho.se a committee to go to discourse with Mr. Coffin, (Enoch, graduate Harvard, 1714,) in order for a settlement." It is •Stated by Mr. Farmer, so noted for his accuracy, that the Rev. Mr. Prentice was settled here this \ear. This is a mistake, and the same error occurs in all other notices of Dunstable.! "Dec. i.st, 1718, voted that the Rev. Enoch Coffin should have ^80 a >"ear salary In rnonev. Also, voted to give him lan;l which cost the town /^So, an:l ten acres of meadow for his settlement ; and also two hundred acres of the common lands." Both the church and the town unanimously agreed " to give Rev. Mr. Enoch Coffin a call to be our settled minister." It would seem that Mr. Coffin accepted the call, for May i8th. 1719, "a committee was chosen with Mr. Coffin to layout his meadows," which were offered him in case of settlement and during this year, in the records of land laid out, he is st\led the present minister of said town. .Something, however, occurred to prevent his legal ordination at that time, as nearly a year after, March 7th. 1720, 'Belknap, 186. tPenhallow. i N. H. Hist. Coll., 89. Jl N. U. Hist. Coll. 150, 5. 109, Rev. Mr. .Sperry's Sketch. iiisn^Rv ()/■■ \.is//r.i, X. //. 35 :i oiiuiuiUcc was chiiscii "logo to our iiL-ighljonug- niiiiislers, and to discourse thciii all in order for the ordination o( Rev. Mr. Collin." lUit he wa.s not .settled at all, for May 20th, 1720, " a conuuity was chosen to compound niatter.s with Mr. Cofhii concerning the town's settlement nionev, and Mr. Coffin's offer to the town concerning his place." Mr. Coffin resided here for some time with his family, and Nov. 5th, 1719, a daughter, Mehitabel, was horn. He left town June, 1720, and returned to his native i)lace, Xewbury, Ma.ss. He after- wards went as chajjlain with the first band of settlers to Concord, X. H., and settled there May, 1726, where he died August 17th, 1727, aged thirty-two.* The ecclesiastical affairs of the town were for nuui\' years in\-ol\ed in .so much confusion and (liilicultN-, as almost to warrant the facetious remark of Colonel Ta>lor to Governor Burnet. The governor, who was no friend to long graces before meals, on his first journey from New York to take upon him the government of iMassachusetts and New Hampshire, enquired of Colonel Taylor when the graces would shorten. He replied, " The graces will increase in length until you come to Boston; after that they will shorten until you come to your government of New Hain])shire, when vour excellency will find no grace at all. t In June, 1720, Rev. Nathaniel Prentice began to ])reach here. August 20, 1720, the town gave Mr. Prentice a call with the offer of /,'ico settlement and /,'8o a year salary; but warned by their premature grants of land to Mr. Coffin before ordination, they prudently inserted a proviso, that he was " not to enter upon said X80 salarv till afhr he is our ordained minister." Mr. Prentice accepted the call, and was probably ordained during the fall of 1720. He probably claimed a larger salary, as Nov. 13, 1720, it was voted, "That when Mr. Prentice comes to keep house and have a family, and stands in need of a larger sup]il>-, then to ad Reasonable Aditions to his .salary, if our abilities will afford it." They also voted, Dec. Sth, 1720, "That Mr. Prentice after marriage should ha\-e a sufficioit supply of xcood, or tcti pounds of passable moncv in lao tlwrcof year/ v." He was .soon after married to Mary Tyng of Dunstable, and died here, according to Mr. Farmer, P'el). 27th, 1737.} He was buried, it is said, in the old south bur\-ing ground, beside his children, but there is no monument or inscription to mark the place of his interment. Of the character and talents of Mr. Prentice, we have little information. "It is said of him," sa>'S Mr. vSperry, "that he was a man of wit and a good sermoni/.er." That he was popular we may conjecture from the fact that the people here were contented under his preaching for so many years, and additions from time to time after his settlen\ent, were made to his salary. In 1730, and perhaps earlier, ,690 were rai.sed for him : in 1731, the noii rcsidiiit taxes added; in 1732 he received ^105 and the non resident taxes ; and in 1733 the same. The town also voted to build a new meeting-house near the old one. The value of money, in comparison with other articles, however, had then depreciated so much, in consequence of the emission of large quantities of paper money by the colony, that perhaps his compensation at this time was worth little more than his original salary. This, though it may seem to us a small sum, \_,C?>o, or $270.00], was no mean salary in these days, when the colou\- gave the Governor but /, 100 a year, and when Portsmouth, the capital, and which had been settleil a century, gave its minister a salary of only ^130. § January lyth, 1724, died Hon. Jonathan Tyng, aged Si. He was the oldest son of Hon. Ivdward Tyng, and was born Dec. 15th, 1642, He was one of the original proprietors of the town, and the earliest permanent sctflcr, having remained here alone during Philip's war, when every other person h;id deserted the settlement for fear of the hulians. That he was a man of much energy and decision "I character we ma\- judge from this fact. That he was a man of probity and of considerable distinction at an earl\- period, we ma\- infer from his appointment as guardian o\'er the Wamesit Indians in 1676, and from the numerous other important trusts confided to him from time to time by the colony. In 16.S7, he was a])])uiuted (as well as his lirother, Ivdwartl 'l\\ng') in the royal commission of James II. as one of >Sir Ivdmuiul Andros's Council. In 1*192 he was chosen representative of ♦N. II. Hist. Coll., 160. 1 1 Ik-lkiiap, 22.5 : luite. *Otliers say in 17,15. SAdams' Annals of I'orlsnuiuUi. 36 NISrORV OF NASHUA, N. H. Dunstable, and lor nian>- ^-ears as selectman, and otherwise was much engaged in the ]nil)lic bu.siness of the town. For many years during the wars of 1703, he was colonel of the upper Middlesex regi- ment, and was entrusted with the care of all the garrisons within its bounds. Colonel Tyng married Sarah, daughter of Hezekiah Usher, who died in 1714. After her death he married Judith Fox of Woburn, who died June 5tli, 1736, aged 99. His children were : \,fohii, graduate of Han-ard College, 1691, who was killed by the Indians in 1710; 2, WHUcdu, born 22d April, 1679, the first child born in the town; 3, Elcazar, graduate of Harwird College, 171 2; 4, Marv, who married Rev. Nathaniel Prentice, minister of the town; and others who died at an earh- age. *Edward Tyng was appointed Ciovcrnor of Annapolis, but sailing for it, was taken prisoner and carried into France, where he died. His children were: — i, /idicard, a brave naval commander, born 16S3 ami died at Boston Sept. Sth, 1755. 2, Jonathan, who died young. 3, Maiy. who married Rev. John Fox of Woburn. 4, Elizabeth. who married a brother of Dr. Franklin. Edward Tyng was a I^ieutenant in the great Xarraganset swamp fight, Dec. i;th, 1675, and commanded the company after Captain Davenport was killed. ///STOR] OF N.lSI/[rA, ,V. //. ^^ CHAPTER VI. ('.KowTii (II- Towx. Nivi-.n oi' Aid. Bii.l.s oi- Cki;i)IT Ls.srKi). F.\k\vkll .vnd ]'>i,.\xcii.\R]), Tkxstkk.s i-ok Town's .Shakh. Siccond Ls.snc. Ricv. Mr. Pkf.ntich Rkceive.s It. Dhpki;ci.\tiox in Xai.tic. No Rkprr,si-:.\tativic Chosf;n. Rkcord.s. Tiik Mkktino Hou.sH. Pews ICkkctjcd. FrK.sr T'at-pek. C.KAxn Jfrymen Chosen liv Town. Tvtii- iNGMAx Chosen. Bridge at P.ii.i.icrica. X'otixc, dy B.\lu)T. Ctstoms oe tiiic TiMICS. FjCRRV-l'.OAT. ]v\KTIIorAKlC. I \ X K EE IMCRS LiCEXSED. BoOM ACRO.SS THE MER- RI.MACK. JrRISl'KUDENCE. TaXES. EDUCATION. LAWS RlCEATIXG To Pf. I) II-l'ICULTY OF OnsicRvixCr Them. Town Indicted. vSmael Amoixt Raised. Fell Into Xec.i.ect. Varioes DisiTTics. New Settlements. Nottinohaji, {Hedson.) Merrimack. Litch- field. Vote to Biild New ^Meeting House. Hoi.lis. Townsexd. State Linf; Fixed. Ri:\-. Mr. Swax Settled. "New Lights." Mi';i':ting Horsi-: Blilt. TIUv scUk-iiit-nt of the town which had been so niiich and so long- retarded, — which for for/v years had scarcely advanced at all. now increased rapidly. But the inhabitants were extreme!)- l)Oor. In addition to the heavy public taxes occasioned by the long and expensive Indian wars, they had suffered much from the incursions of the enemy — from the loss of the ransoms paid for the release of their capti\-e friends, and from the obstruction of all regular emplo\-ment. In consideration of the universal scarcity of money, the General Assembh- of Massachusetts issued bills of credit in 1721 to the amount of ^'50,000 to be distributed among the several towns in proportion to the public taxes. They answered the purpose of money for the time. Nov. 7, 1721, Lieut. Henry Farwell and Joseph Blanchard were appointed tru.stees to receive and loan out "the share" of this town, in such sums that "no man .shall have more than five pounds and no man less than three jiounds," and "shall \iAy five per cent . interest for the use of the same to the town." In 1727 the General Assembly, finding this mode of making money popular, issued ^60,000 n-iore. The share belonging to this town was received and loaned to Rev. Mr. Prentice, to be applied in jiayment of his future salary as it should Ijeconie due. Thus early and easily did men disco\-er and adopt the practice of throwing their debts upon posterit}-. The consequence of these issues was a ruinotis depreciation in their value — a nominal rise in the value of ever\- species of property, speculation, and at last uni\-ersal distress. In 1750 the bills were worth but twelve per cent. The general poverty of the inhabitants maj' also be inferred from the fact that yio representative was sent to the General Assembly, although directed so to do, the town voting regularly from 1693 to 1733 " not to send." Whenever the interests of the town were in danger, however, a special agent was sent to see that the)' were protected. As an illustration of the feelings and peculiarities of those times it may be added, that, F'ebruarx- i, 1731, it was " voted notto choose any jierson as representative, deeming ourselves not obliged by Lav.'" But in order to be certain as to their riglits and duties, the next \-ear they took legal advice upon this subject and again voted " not to send, finding the town not obliged by l.a'a-y At that time the rejiresentative received no compensation for attendance, but his expenses were paid b>- the town. In 17 iS the compensation was fixed by statute at three shillings ■pQV day. At one period the General Assembly hired an inn-keeper to board all of the members at a stipu- lated price ])er day, including wine, " but not to exceed one cup of sack each." This was done not iinl\- for econoni\-, but for the greater despatch of business. I'or nianv years little occurred here which would be of general interest. The records are chiefly valuable as serving to show the contrast between the past and the ])resent, and the slow and painful steps by which towns arrive at maturity. Some memoranda of this ])eriod, therefore, may serve to amuse and jierhaps instruct the curious reader. In 1716 a committee was appointed by the town to lay out a road to Dracut, and "to state the Country road from Capt. Tyng's to Xashaway ri\-er." Its width was declared to be "four rods." "Sept. 2, 171S, voted, thai John Lovewell, .Sr., and his son John, [the hero of Pe(|uawkett,] should hav liberty to bild a dam in the higliway over Salmon brook, not to inconnnodate the 38 HISTORY OF A'ASHl'A, X. //. liigluvay." This was at the little bridge near the house of Miss Allds, wheie the mud sills are still visible and the " /lio/nraj" was the " Country road " just mentioned. "March 31, 1719. Joseph French was ti/osa! to make coffins where there be need for the year ensuing." Friendly Indians still lived here, and this singular vote may have referred to them, as we find a charge made by him not long after, " for Jacob Indian's coffin T.v." The selectmen and other persons in the employment of the town at this period charged 5.?. per dav for their services. The humble meeting-house which had served for the worship of all the inhabitants, since no division into sects existed, was a rude, one story, unsteepled edifice, and would show but poorly beside the erections of the present day. It was divided by an aisle in the center, with rows of benches on either side, one of which was appropriated for the use of the women, and the other for the use of the men. Such a sepai'ation was not unfrequent in these primitive days.* But even among our grave and simple forefathers, lu.xury and ambition crept in. March 2, 1720, it was " Voted that Lieutenant Henry Farwell and Josejili lilanchard should hav the libety to erect for themselves two Pewes on there own charge at the we.st end of the Meeting House." The example was contagious, so dangerous is a precedent. If Lieutenant Farwell and Captain Blanchard could afford "Pewes," why might not others? May 18, 1720, it was "Voted that there be four Pewes erected in our Meeting House ; one on the back side of the lowermost seats, and one seat to lie taken up; Sargeant Colburn, one pew ; vSargeaiit Perham, one pew ; Nathaniel Cummings, one pew ; Oliver Farwell, one pew." The first pauper in town appears to have been Joseph Hassell, a son probably of him who was slain by the Indians in 169 1. He was supported by the town, which appointed a person " to take care of" him in 1722 or 1723. In i723Cirand Jurymen were chosen by the town at the annual meeting bj' ballot. This was probably done as a precaution against the encroachments of the officers of the crown, and as a safeo-uard of popular rights. One trilnmal was secure from ro3-al influence, and no individual could be unjustly condemned. This mode of choice continued till after the revolution, and was a source of o-reat annoyance to the enemies of America, who complained that the towns chose the most active opponents of England for their grand jurors, so that those guilty of political offences could not be indicted. + In 1723 the choice of a tything man, Thomas Blanchard, is recorded. The town raised ^20 [about $70] to defray all town expenses, and the collector had " 3 pence in the pound [ij^ per cent.] for gathering all town rates for ye year." In 1724 the town was again called upon to assist in keeping "the great bridge in Billerica in good repare," and chose Henry Farwell "to jine with the committy appinted " for that purpose. In 1729 they united with Dracut, Chelmsford and Billerica in further repairs, and in 1731 expended £t, \os. for the same purpose. This bridge was over the Concord river on the main road to Boston, and of great importance. The method of voting for all the more important officers was " by ballot," while others of less importance were chosen " by holding up of ye hands." So early did our forefathers recognize that truh' republican principle and safeguard of popular rights, the secret ballot. In those days offices were not onl\- places of lionor and profit, but also of good cheer. Those *The followinji is a desonptiou of the early meeting houses as drawn up by Rev. I,eonar(l Bacon of New Haven : — " Immedialeh' before the pulpit, and facing the Congregation, was an elevated seat for the ruling elder, and before that, somewhat lower, was a seat for the Deacons behind the Communion Table. On the floor of the house there were neither pews nor slips, but plain seats. On each side of what we maj- call the centre aisle were nine seats of siifficient length to accommodate five or six persons. On each side of the pulpit at the end were five cross seats, and another shorter than the five, .\long each wall of the house, between the cross seats and the si- court. In the fall of 1727, Captain Joseph Blanchard, who had been the inn-keeper of the town for many years, died, and as the court was not in session in December, 1727, Henry Farwell, Jr., petitioned the general as.sembly for a license, which was granted.! In 1728 a boom was built across Merrimack river by the town. Among the early settlers of New England the principles of jurisprudence were but little known, and there were few lawyers. The jurisdiction of courts of law was limited, and as man}- of the judges had received no preparatory legal education to fit them for the bench, but were taken directly from the counting room or camp, all settled rules of law were of course unknown and disregarded. The people, therefore, in all cases of difficult}- applied at once to the general assembly, who assumed and exercised jurisdiction in imitation of the English parliament, as a court of errors and of chancery in all cases whatsoever, where their assistance was needed for the purposes of justice. A connnittee having been appointed by the town to purchase the ministerial farm of Rev. Mr. Coffin as a parsonage for Mr. Prentice, and refusing to convey it as directed, the town applied to the general court of Massachusetts by a "petition for some redress, if it maj- be obtained, touching the premises." This was not done, however, without a division, and several persons entered their dcsciit [dissent] or protest against the proceeding. The amount of taxes raised from 1726 to 1733, for the general expenses of the town, including the support of the ministry, varied from $250 to $400 per year. The subject of education was one of deep interest to the early settlers of New England. To them must be awarded the enviable distinction of their being the first to lay down the noble principle, that "every child should be taught to read and write," and the first to establish common schools to carr\- it into effect. It was ever the custom, and became the law in Puritan New England as early as 1642, that "none of the brethren should suffer so much barbarism in their families, as not to teach their children and apprentices so much learning, as may enable them perfectly to read the English lan- guage." A fine of 20 shillings was imposed for every neglect, and, if after reproof by the selectmen, they still neglected this duty the children were to be taken from them and bound out, males until 21 _ and females until 18 years of age. In 1646 it was enacted that "if an\- child above 16 years old, and of snfiicicnt understar.ding. shall *4 N. II. Hist. Coll., 93. t Mass. .*\ssciiil)ly Records. 1727. 40 H/SrOJ^)' OF .\'ASH[/.I, X. //. curse or smite his natural father or mother, lie shall be Pi"'r to death, i'Nle.s.s // can be sii/ficicnllv /cslificd thai tin- />arci//s have been vp:ry unchristiaxi.v NEGLIGENT in the Education of .such CHILDKKN." This was the Mosaic law, but with an important and characteristic qualification. " To the end that learning ma)* not be buried in the graves of our forefathers," it was ordered in 1647, " that every township, after the Lord liath increased them to the number of /i//v house-holders, .shall appoint one to teach all the children to read and 'lOritc : And when an>' town shall increase to the number of one hundred laniilies they shall set up a grammar school, the master whereof being able to instruct j'outh so far as they may bs fitted for the university." These provisions, furni.shing the best academic education to every child gratuitously, go far beyond the present school laws, and we might do well to retrace our steps. For non-compliance the towns were liable to indictment, and a fine was imposed for the benefit of the school in the next town. One reason which determined the Puritans upon a removal from Leyden was, "that the place being of great licentiousness and liberty to children, they could not educate them : nor could they give them due correction without reproof or reproach from their neighbors." Their ideas of government, family and national, were all derived from the Mosaic code, and as was said of the Connecticut settlers, they "agreed to take the laws of God for their guide until they had time to make better." But deeply as the settlers felt the importance of education, it was no easy matter in a frontier town whei"e a fierce Indian war was raging, when the inhabitants dwelt in garrisons and the settlement was every day liable to an attack, to e.stablisli common schools. The dense forest, where the quiet of the school room might be broken at any time b)' the yell of the savage, was no fitting time or place for helpless children ; still at home education was not neglected, as the state of our ancient records every- where attests. vSo much were the inhabitants scattered that no school was kept in town until 1730. In that year, it seems, the town having increased to the requisite number of ''fifty house-holders," and having neglected to provide a teacher according to law, had been indicted by the grand jury. Nov. 3, 1730, it was according!}- voted, that " it be left with the selectmen to provide and agree with a person to keep a writing school in the town directly" ; and that " the sum of Ten pounds be granted and raised for defraying the charges in the last mentioned concern and other Toien charges." How liberal this provision was we may judge from the fact that the same sum, and even more, had been annually raised for town charges alone, and that Dunstable then included the greater part of HoUis and Hudson within its limits. How many inhabitants the town then contained we are unable to ascertain. If there were fifty house-holders or families, the number was probably about tivo hundred and fifty. How slow was the increase and how disastrous mu.st have been the effect of the long Indian wars, we may conjecture when we remember that as far back as 1680, there were thirty families, or nearly one hundred and fifty inliabitants, most of whom were settled within the present limits of Nashua. After this indictment, however, had been arranged, it appears that the town relapsed into its ancient neglect and no further notice was taken of it. No record of any vote to raise money for the support of schools, or to choose any school committee, or to build any school-house, or any allusion to the subject of schools is found for many years. The town was too much distracted at this period, perhaps, by exciting religious and sectional questions, to attend to or agree upon any general plan of education. The inhabitants of Hollis and Hudson were desirous of being erected into separate townships. Then came the question of erecting " a decent meeting-house," and similar divisions ensued. The controversies about the boundary line between New Hampshire and Massachusetts, which finally di\-ided Dunstable nearly in the middle, leaving one-half of the territory within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and transferring the northern portion, with a large majority of the inhaliitanls, to New Hampshire, gave rise to an excitement still more intense and protracted. Then followed a suc- cession of sectarian disputes about the Orthodox and .VeTc /.inhts, Congregationalists and Presbyterians, all of which were discussed and decided in town meetings. These, and similar controversies, with their consequent victories and defeats, protests and reconsiderations must have occupied their time sufficiently to prevent their union upon an\' subject, where there might be conflicting interests or prejudices. After Lovewell's war, so great was the security felt b}' the settlers, that the}- plunged boldI>- into the wilderness in every direction. In July, 1729, the lands lying three miles north and south on Merrimack river, extending three miles east and four miles west of it, and bounded southerl}- by the ff/STOA'Y or A'.IS//r,l, X. //. 41 ,Soulic!;aii, [now Ihe nortlicrlx jiart of Mciriinack] were granted to Joseph Blanchard and others. Kveii as early as May, 1726, a settlement was conunenced at Concord. In Dunstal)le the outlands were taken up, and soon the wilderness was alive with population. So nnnierous had they Ijeconie that "for greater convenience ol public worship," lhe\- desired on cver\- hand to be erected into townships. In 1731 the inhabitants on the east side of the Merrimack petitioned the town to be set off, which was granted to take effect "whenever the General Court should think it advisable." Leave was obtained accordini;l\- from the asscnd)l\- of Massachusetts, and the new township was called Xo/lhii^. ham. On the establishment of the boundary line it fell within the .state of New Hampshire, obtained a new charter in 1746, and changetl its name to Nottingham- West, there being alreadv a Nottin<>-hain in the eastern section of tlie .state. In 1732 the inhabitants on the northerly side of Nashua river petitioned to be set off also with Brenton's farm, but Ihe petition was not granted by tlic town. In 1733, however, part of the town lying west of Merrimack river was incorporated b\- the general a.s.sembly into a township by the name of Rnmford, but soon after was called Merrimack. Jnl\- 3, i7,U- Litchfield w^as incorporated. In the petition for incorporation, dated May, 1734, and signed by "Aqnila I'nderwood for the Town," it is stated, as a rea.son for the grant, that they have "supported a minister for some time." While the jealousies and divisions, to which reference has been made, were existing in such strength, "the old meeting house," it seems, had grown so old and out of repair, as not to be "dectiit." Upon a \'ote taken in 1732 whether the lown "would Iniild a decent meeting house or rectify and mend the old one," it was decided not to ""rectify" but to build. After quarrelling a year and holding various meetings, it was voted to build it "about 4 rods westward of where the meetino- house now stands," upon which 19 perstnis, chiefly from that part of the town now hing in Massachu.setts entered their dissent of record against the location. In 1736 Hollis was set off from Dunstable b}" the name of ""tlie lecst parish of Diiiislab/e;" but after the cstabli-shment of the boundary line, it received a new act of incorporation from the state of New Hampshire, by the name of Hollis. Its Indian name was Nissitisset. In the mean time settlements were extending rapidly all around, and the forest was bow-ing before the onward tread of civilization. In 1734 Amherst w-as settled, and in 1736 a bridge was built across Souhegan river, then the northerly boundary of Dunstable, and a road laid out and built "from the bridge to Dun.stable meeting house." In 1732 Townsend was incorporated, taking in the southerlj- part of thetow-n, including Pepperell. Thus township after township had become parcelled out from the original bodv of "old Dun.stable," until in 1740 the broad and goodly plantation was reduced to that portion only which is now embraced within the limits of Nashua and Nashville, Tyngsborough and Dunstable. At length, after a long and violent controversy, and against the wishes of the inhabitants, the boundary line between New- Hampshire and Massachusetts was established in 1741, severing Dunstable ver}^ nearly in the middle, and leaving the present towns of Nashua and Nashville within the limits of New Hampshire. With the exception of a small section set off to Hollis, this portion retains the territory which it had in 1741, au/1 contains by computation, about 18,878 acre.s. After the death of Rev. Mr. Prentice, Rev. Josiah Swan received a call to settle over the church and town. He accepted the call, and was ordained Dec. 27, 1738. Mr. Swan is said to have been a native of Dunstable, and graduated at Harvard in 1733. In 1739 he married Jane [Mr. vS])erry says erroneously J\aehael,'\ Blanchard, daughter of Joseph Blanchard, Esq., of this town. In 1741, how- ever, on the division of the town by the new boundary, it became more difficult to support a minister. Not long afterwards the .sect then called 'Weic /.iohts." but since known as Methodists, a])])cared, and a division in his society ensued. The churches were "infected with lay exhorters, and some ministers who have left their parishes and charges and undertaken to play the bishop in another man's diocese," as the regular clergy complained, and "distracted by such persons exhorting and preaching in private houses without the consent of the stated pastor." ' We have seen that the question of building a new meeting house was discu.ssed as far back as 1732. and a \ote taken fixing its hjcation. In November, 1734, John Kendall and others remonstrated •Allen's Chi-'liiisforcl, 116. 42 N/STOin' OF NASHirA, N. H. to the general assenibh- against its location, and asked for a committee.' The records of the town from 1733 to 1746 are lost, but it is known that the vote was inoperative and the house not built until 1738, when Mr. Swan was settled. It stood near the old burying ground not far from the state line, having been built for the accommodation of the original township. Immediately after the division of the town, it became necessary to erect a new meeting house in a more central situation. But so diverse were the interests and the feelings of our then widely scattered population, that no location was satisfactory. June 20, 1746, the town voted "that \\vt place of preaching the oospcl this sunnner be at Ephraim Lund' x barn." After sundry votes, protests and reconsiderations, committees, reports and compromises, the town voted to accept the proposal of Jona. Lovevvell and others to build the meeting house on their own account, and to have the liberty of selling all the wall pews for their own benefit. The House was Intilt accordingly in the autumn of 1747, ''on a spot of rising ground about six- rods 'd'cst of the main road," which is a few rods northerly of the present South meeting-house. It was about twenty-eight feet by forty; had a small gallery, and was divided like the old one into the "men's side" and the "women's side." ^Ecclesiastical Records, 1734, page 70. ff/STOh'V (V- A'.IS//(',l. X. //. 43 CHAPTER Vll. I.\c()T)': oi' Him. No Sciiooi.iiorsic in Town. Indian Hostilities. Soi.niiCKS I:MrKHSSKi) Into .Skkvick. Fauwiu-I. and T.wi.ok Camtked and Taken To Canada. Re\'. Mr. Bird vSi"rTi,i:D. Divisions in tid-: Ciurch. Proceedings Declared Tllecal. Mr. P.ikd Li:.\ves DrNSTAiu.ic. "One Pine Hill" Controversy. Fill Acccji-nt hv Jmcic \\'okci:sti:r. Schools Ri-:srMi';D. P.ridge Over the NAsnr.v. Lottery Proposed to Raise Money. Not Granted. Funds Raised by Suuscription. De.a^th of John Lovlwicll. .Sketch of His lyiFi:. His Great Age. Rev. Mr. Adams Preached Two Years. New Meeting-House Built. APRIL 4, 1746, the town was first incorporated bj^ the State of New Hampshire, having previous!}- acted under their charter, obtained from the General Court of Massachusetts, in 1673. It retained the ancient name of Dunstable. In 1746 the great road to Tjaigsborough was started anew and recorded. There would seem to have been but few houses upon this road at that time. The following are all that are mentioned: — Capt. Joseph French's house was eight rods north of the state line; Col. Joseph Blanchard's house, 300 rods north of the state line and 29 rods south of "Cummings's brook ;" Cyrus Baldwin's near Colonel Blanchard's; John Searles' house 66 rods north of Cummings's brook; Henry Adams's 80 rods north of Searles' house; the old ditch which led to the Fort was 90 rods north of Adams's house ; Thomas Harwood's house was 90 rods north of the old ditch ; no other house mentioned between Harwood's and Nashua river, excepting Jonathan Lovewell's, which was 2.S3 rods .south of the river, or at the Harbor, south of Salmon brook. About this time the difficulties with Mr. Swan having increased, he was dismissed. He did not leave town, however, immediately, for we find his name recorded the next year as having voted again.st a successor. He settled in full with the town March 2, 1747. He did not remain here long, but returned to Lancaster, Ma.ss., his former place of residence. Here he was engaged in the tuition of a school, which had been his occupation previous to his entrance upon the ministry, and became a " famous teacher." He remained at Lancaster until about 1760, when he removed to Walpole, where he died.* Of his character little is known and a single anecdote has reached us. From this, however, from his dealings with the town in regard to his salary, and from the amount of his taxes, for he owned a farm, we may infer that he amassed some property, and was a prudent, stirring, thrifty, but not over spiritual man. One Sabbath morning it is said, during the latter part of his ministry, while old Mr. Lovewell was alive, he forget the day and ordered his hired men to their work. They objected, telling him it was Sunday. He would not believe it, but finally, says he, "if it is Sunday we shall soon see old father Lovewell coming up the hill ;" and sure enough, punctual as the clock to the hour, the old man, then more than a hundred years of age, but who never missed a Sunday, was seen making his way to church and Mr. Swan was convinced of his mistake. At this time there was neither school nor schoolhouse in town. Sept. 29, 1746, it was voted that " Jona. Lovewell be desired to hire a school ma.ster until the next March for this town, upon the co.st and charge of the town." Two dwelling houses, one in the northern and one in the southern portions of the town, were designated, in which the school should be kept, "if they could be obtained." But one teacher was employed and he was to keep school halt of the time at each place. The number of inhabitants was probably about four hundred. During this year the Indians committed much havoc in the frontier towns around and above us. Many settlements above us were nearly or cjuite deserted. "The defenceless state they were in obliged them all, namely, Peterborough, Salem, Canada, [Lyndeborough,] New Boston and Hills- borough, [so called,] entirely to draw off, as well as the forts on the Connecticut river. t In the *\Villar(l',s History of Lancaster, citiiit; 2 Mass. Ilisl. ColL. 55. *rroviiicc Records, 1747. 5 N. H. Hist. ColL, 253. 44 mSTOR)' (IF X.iSHrA, jV. H. winter of 1745 and 1746 scouts were furnished by this state and Massachusetts for the protection of those towns. In May, 1747, the inhabitants of Souhegan West, [Amherst,] and Monson, [a town formerly lying- between Amherst and Hollis, afterwards divided and annexed to those towns,] petitioned Governor Wentworth for a guard, being "in imminent danger." The petition was granted and his " Excellency was desired to give orders for ftviWiAAWg or impressing fifteen good and efficient men, to scout and guard, under proper officers, said vSouhegan West and Monson, till the twentieth day of October next, if need be, and that said men be shifted once a month." It was about this time, probably, that Jonathan Farwell and Taylor were taken captive by the Indians, while hunting in the south part of this town. They were carried to Canada and .sold to the French, where they remained in captivity three years; l;)ut finally succeeded in obtaining their release and returned to their friends. A daughter of Farwell, Mrs. Rachael Harris, a granddaughter also of Noah Johnson, one of Lovewell's men, is .still living [1840] in this town. After the dismi,ssion of Mr. Swan in May, 1747, Rev. Samuel Bird preached here. August 31, 1747, he received a call to settle and was soon after ordained. By the terms of his contract he was to have "one hundred choices of coined silver, Troy weight, sterling alloy, or the full value thereof in bills of public credit," or about one hundred dollars, yearly, for his salary, provided, " tliai lie preaeli a lecture once in three months at least in this toien," and "visit and catechise the people." At this choice there was much dissatisfaction, and the town was nearly equally divided. Mr. Bird was a " New Light," and his ordination was a triumph. His friends, however, at the head of whom was Jonathan Lovewell, stood by him, and by them the new meeting-house, before mentioned, was erected. His opponents, at the head of whom was Colonel Blanchard, complained of the inju.stice of being compelled to pay Mr. Bird, and all who were dissatisfied were freely excu.sed. But the quarrel was sectarian and could not be appeased. A division in the church ensued, and a new church was organized, which worshipped in the old meeting-house, in conjunction with members from Tyngsborough and Dunstable. Lovewell and Blanchard were both distinguished men and had been much in public life. The question soon assumed a party shape and laid the foundation of political differences, which after the lapse of a century are not entirely forgotten or obliterated. It was soon discovered by Blanchard that neither b}- the new charter of the town, nor by any existing law of the state was there any provision for calling the first meeting of the town, after its recent incorporation bj- New Hampshire. Massachusetts having no legal jurisdiction over the town, any organization under its old charter was illegal and void. He, therefore, petitioned the legislature of New Hampshire that an investigation might be had into the authorit>- and proceedings of the town meeting, which gave Mr. Bird a call, and that all its transactions should be set aside as contrary to law. An investigation was held accordingly. Much evidence was introduced, and long and learned arguments made on both sides. The petitioners contended that they paid tvo-thiids of the taxes, and Mr. Bird's friends rejoined that they had a majority of the voters. Finally, it was decided that the meeting was illegal — all its proceedings were set aside, and a .special act was passed providing for the call of a new meeting, and the leading organization of the town.ship under its new charter. This was in 174.S.* After this decision, and the triumph of Blanchard, Mr. Bird left town, and .settled in New Haven, Conn., but afterwards became chaplain in the army, in the French war of 1755. At what period he left Dunstable is uncertain. Mr. Farmer says it was in i75i,t Init it was probably earlier. His name is not mentioned in the town records after 174S, nor was any money raised for the support of preaching liy the town. In Janurry, 1751, Jonathan Lovewell was at length cho.sen a connnittee to hire preaching, and in March, 1751, it was voted that the preaching should then again 1)C held at the new meeting howse, formerly occupied by Mr. Bird. How .strong was the feeling about the settlement of Mr. Bird, and how l)itter the ho.stilit}' between his friends and his opponents, we may judge from sundry remarks contained in a petition of the inhabitants of Fine Hill to be set off to Hollis. The petition was dated June, 1763. "Soon after ♦Original papers in the ofiice of .Secretary of .State, at Concord. Province Papers, Dunstable, ti N. H. Hist. Coll., 150. ///SrORV OF XAS//f'A, N. 11. 45 Dunslabk- was incorporated," says Uie petition, "theyi;()t into parties about the settlement of Mr. liird. Kach courted Pine Hill's assistance, promising to vote them off to Hollis as .soon as the matter was settled. And s(j Pine Hill was fed with sugar plums for a number of years, till at length Dunstable cast off the mask and now appears in their true colours." After alluding to the objections raised by Dunstable, they add: — "Their apprehension must arise from some other quarter. They wi.sh to keep us as a whip for one party or the other to drive out every mhtisler that conies there, for they arc ahvaj's divided 7cith respect to these things.'"* It is not difficult to see, that, when the sentiment of dismemberment of the old township opened the door, dissatisfaction improved the opportunity to walk in beside it. Reasons were easily fountl. The distance to the meeting-house seemed greater than e\-er before; the burdens of maintaining the ministry grew with each year; other portions of the town were far better acconnnodated ; the orthodoxy of the minister was not beyond question. What now appeared grievances in the light in which lhe\- saw them, heretofore were but the murmurings of pride or selfishness devoutly suppressed by the " love of thy neighbor as thyself." The unaniniit\- that formerly characterized their action in spiritual matters was absent in the .settlement of Rev. Mr. Bird. The Pine Hill controversv is fully set forth in the follnwing: — "DISINTEGRATION." "The legislative dismemberment and mutilations of the body politic of the town of Dunstalile l)egan in 1722, when its northeast extremity was cut off to fill up a corner of the town of Tondonderry. The next, in 1731, when a small slice of about eighty acres was taken from near its southwest corner to piece out a side of Tow-nsend. In the year 1732 all the remainder of the old town, on the east side of the Merrimack, extending from the north end of I^itchfield to Chelmsford, was incorporated into a new town called Nottingham. In the year 1734, the north part of the then new town of Nottingham and a part of the present town at the Merrimack, south of the Souhegan, at the junction of that river with the Merrimack, were incorporated into the present town of Litchfield. "In 1739 that part of Dunstable Ij'ing west of the present east line of Ilollis and the Nashua river was incorporated as a parish, known by the name of the West Parish of Dunstable. "The incorporation of West Dunstable was the last legislative act of the (General Court of Massachusetts affecting that part of the old town now in New Hampshire. " The boundaries of the towns into which the pari.sh of West Dunstable was divided do not ai)pear to have been satisfactory to any part of its early settlers. The boundary line between Hollis and the new town of Dunstable, as established along Flint's brook and pond, and Muddy brook, soon became the occasion of a long, persi.stent and bitter controversy. The story of this controversy may be best told by extracts from the original documents relating to it still to lie found in the office of the Secretary of State at Concord. Before, and at the time of tlie.se acts of incorporation into towns, there was a settlement of very worthy people, consisting of about fifteen families, near the east side of West Dun- stable, and east of the new town line, known as 'One Pine Hill.' This settlement had coustituted au important part of the religious society of West I3unstable. The settlers there had aided in the settle- ment and support of Mr. Emerson, in tlie building of the new meeting house, in fixing the site of it and their Inirial ground, and in the la\ing out and making the public roads. In this settlement, among other worthy citizens, were William Cummings and Thomas Patch, two of the deacons in the church of West Dunstable ; also the brothers, David and Samuel Plobart, the first di.stinguished for his gallantry as a colonel of a New Hampshire regiment at the battle of Bennington, and the latter as the first register of deeds of the county of Hillsborough, and a niendjer of the New IIami>.shire Committee of Safety in the war of the Revolution. Much to their vexation and disappointment, and also to the chagrin of the people in Hollis, these settlers on One Pine Hill found themselves on the wrong side of the town line and cut off from their former civil, social and church relations with the settlers of West I)unstal)le. The only meeting hou.se in Dunstable, originally built for the accommodation of .settlers south of the new jiroN'ince line, as well as of those north of it, was from seven to eight miles distant from the settlers on One Pine Hill, while that in Hollis was less than half that di.stance. What was a matter t2 miles and the nearest 5^2 miles from the Meeting-House, so that we Can't and Don't go to Meet- ing there * * * for they have set their Meeting-Hou.se to accommodate them Selves, and seem not in the lea.st to regard us only to get our Money. Our difficulties are so exceeding great that make us Dispair of ha\-ing any comfortable reviving Gospel Privileges unless we can obtain the aid of your Excellency and Honnors. " 'Wherefore, your Petitioners pray that your Excellency and Honnors would so far Compas- sionate our Circumstances as to Relieve us by setting us with our Land to Holies to which we once belonged and helped settel our mini.ster and now go to attend the Publick Worship of God. * * The furthest of us from Holies is not more than 3)2 or 4 miles, and the bigest part about 2'2 or 3 miles to which we can go with some degree of comfort. We therefore pray * that you would be pleased to annex us to Holies with about 2500 acres of Land which wee have described in a Plan, which will greatly relieve us, * * and help us to a Comforta1)Ie Injoyment of Gospel Privileges. * * And as in dut^• bound, &c. Signed. John Willoughbw Elnathan Blood, John Phelps, John Mooar, Benjamin Parker, Nicholas Youngman, Ger.shom Hobart, Jonathan Hobart, Amos Phillips, Samuel Holiart, David Holiart, Nehemiah Woods, William Cumings, Joseph Farley, Anna Patch, Samuel Cumings, Samuel Goodhue, Enoch Noyes, ) Selectmen of Holies ///S7'- spirit was fostered as a duty, and New England freedom, which placed in the hand of every child 'A. gun as well as a spclliiig-book, made necessarily of every child not less a marksman than a scholar. September 26, 1757, the town voted, "that some measures be taken to settle the Gospel in this town; " and four persons were selected to preach one month each, on probation. Nov. 7 they gave a call to Rev. Elias Smith, (a graduate of Harvard in 1753), but dilficulty ensued, and Dec. 16 the call was retracted.* It was a custom for those dissati.siied to enter their protest, and as a curiosity and a specimen, the following is inserted : " We, the subscribers, being freeholders in Dunstable, do for ourselves protest against the choice of Mr. Elias Smith for our minister, which they have essa^xd to choose for these reasons : first, because we are not of the persuasion lie preaches and indeavors to maintain : we are Presbyterians, and do adhere to the Westminister Confession of faith ; and do declare it to be the confession of our faith ; and that we are members of the Presbyterian Church in Londonderry — some 18 years — some 15 years, and have partaken of Baptism, and of the Lord's supper as frequently as we could, they being the sealing ordinances, and that we cannot in conscience join in calling or paying Mr. Smith. Therefore we plead the libertj- of conscience that we may hear and pay where we can have the benefit. John Alld, Jeremiah Colburn." There was also a protest of David Hobart and others against his settlement, because, as they say, " Mr. Smith's preaching is contrary to our persuasion, and as we judge favors the Armenian scheme, which we judge tends to pervert the truths of the Gospel, and darken the counsels of God." April 7, 1758, died Colonel Joseph Blanchard, aged 53. He was born Feb. 11, 1704, and his grandfather. Deacon John Blanchard, was one of the first settlers of the town. His father. Captain Joseph Blanchard, was town clerk, selectman and proprietor's clerk for many years, a very active and useful citizen, and died in 1727. On the death of his father, although young, Joseph Blanchard was chosen proprietor's clerk, which oihce he held, with a slight inter\-al, during his life, and was constantly engaged in town business until his death. In early life he became distinguished as a surveyor of land, and was almost constantly employed in that capacity. In conjunction with Rev. Dr. Langdon of Portsmouth, he projected a map of New Hampshire, which was published after his death, in 1761, and inscribed to "Hon. Charles Townsend, his Majesty's Secretary of War." At this period no accurate maps of the State exi.sted, and to prepare one from the then scanty materials must have been a work of great magnitude. Surveys were to be made, and information collected from every quarter. Most of the labor, of course, fell on Colonel Blanchard. The greater part of our territory was then a wilderness, for our whole population scarcely exceeded 50,000, and the means of intercommunication were limited and difficult. But settlements were springing up rapidly, and the lands were becoming every day more and more valuable, and accurate information ♦Perhaps the founder of the sect of Cliristiniis. ins 7v >A' ) ■ i >/■■ X. IS/// : i , x. //. 51 of the localities was inqiortaut. I'luier these circumstances the map was considered of great value, and as a token of their estimate of it, Mr. Townsend procured from the University of Glasgow, for Mr. Langdon, (Colonel P.lanchard ha\ing deceased), the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity.* Tpon the dissolution of the connection between New Hampshire and Ma.ssachu.setts in 1741, and the accession of Benning Wentworth as governor, Mr. Blanchard received the appointment of coun-iellor of .state by mandamus from the Crown. This was an office of great dignity and authority, and, ne.Kt to that of governor, was the most honorable and responsible in the colonies in the gift of the king. This office he held for a nundier of years, and probably until his death. In 1749, on the death of Chief Justice Jaffrey, he was ai)pointed a judge of the superior court of judicature of the State, which office he held during life. When the old French war broke out in 1755, an expedition was ])lauued against Crown Point. New Hampshire raised a regiment of 500 men, and Mr. Blanchard was appointed colonel. Of this regiment, the famous /wr«;'<7-.s-, under the command of Rogers and vStark, formed a part. The regiment was stationed at Fort Ivdward, and returned home in the autumn of the same year. Colonel Blanchard married Rebecca Hubbard, [Hobart?] b\- whom he had twelve children. He died in this town and is buried in the Old South Burying Ground; his tombstone bears the following inscription: — " The Hon. Joseph Blanchard, Ksqr., deceased April the 7th, 175S, aged 53." Nov. 27, 175S, the town voted to give Rev. Jo.siah Cotton a call, and offered 178 milled dollars salary. Jan. 29, 1759, they added ^,"5 sterling, making his salary about $2co. The call was accepted, — the day of ordination appointed, and the churches invited to attend to assist in the services. But a quarrel ensued as usual, — the opposition prevailed, and Mr. Cotton was not ordained. Protests were entered at every meeting by the minority, as each party in turn prevailed. In 1759, in consequence of the divisions and the bitterness of feeling which e.Kisted, an ecclesiastical council was called to settle the difficulties. For many years there had been two churches and two meeting-houses, but no minister. After much trouble and effort, a compromise was made and an union effected. Mr. Bird's meeting-house was purchased by Jona. Lovewell, removed, and converted into a dwelling house, which is now [1S43] occupied by Jesse Bowers, Esq., and the two societies again became one. As the town at its public meetings settled and paid the minister, so it determined his creed, and we find accordingly, the following to us curious record. In 1761 a town meeting was called expressl}- " to see what doctrines the town would support ;" and it was voted, " that the Doctrines contained in the New England Confession of P'aith are the standing doctrines to be defended by this Town." July 19, 1762, an invitation was given to Mr. Jonathan Livermore to settle here. He was to receive ^100 for a settlement, and /^4o .sterling per annum salary, " if he will fulfil the duties of a Gospel minister agreeably to the Congregational persuasion, according to Cambridge Platform, and New England Confession of Faith." This proiu' so was adopted by a party vote, and was a renewal of the old sectarian difficulties of past years. Mr. Livermore would not accept and afterward settled in Wilton. During the next two years various preachers were heard, but not to general satisfaction. .Mtlxuigh nominally united there was still a variance at heart, and no attempt was made to settle a minister until August, 1764. A call was then given to Mr. Thomas Fessenden, (a graduate of Harvard college in 1750), and an offer of /,ioo settlement, and /,5o sterling salary. Against this call '///rr separate protests were entered by persons styling themselves " /brsptrtirioiisX or Presbyterians, because this mode of settlement was " contrary to the fundamental doctrines of Christianity," and "of our persuasion." Mr. F'essenden accei)ted the call, but such was the spirit of discord that he was never ordained. He left town very soon after for he commenced a suit at law against the town for the recovery of his salar>- before Ma\', 1765, and recovered judgment. P'or nearly twenty years the town had been without a settled minister. .Sept. 12, 1766, they gave a call to Mr. Joseph Kidder, (a graduate of Yale college in 1764), and offered him /,'i32 ds. Sd. [about $450] for a settlement, and a salary of ,^53 6s. Sfl'. lawful money, [or about S180]. Mr. Kidder accepted the imitation, and, more lortunate than his ])redecessors, succeeded in Iieing ordained March *i Ik-lknap. 312. 52 n/STOKY OF x.is/n\i, X. H. i8, 1767. After many years old difficulties revi^•ed and new ones arose. Parties were again formed, and in 1796, by a reference of all dispntes to a committee mutually chosen, the civil connection between Mr. Kidder and the town ceased. He was the last minister over the town. He continued his relation to the church, however, as before, and preached to his society- until his death, Sept. 6, 1818. Nov. 3, 1813, Rev. Ebenezer P. Sperry was ordained as his colleague but was dismissed in April, 1819.* A picture of Dunstable as it was before the Revolution, and of the manners and customs, opinions and feelings, doings and sayings of the inhabitants, would be highh' interesting. To sketch such a picture would require the hand of a master, as well as materials, which can now hardly be obtained. A few facts and anecdotes must serve instead. Slavery was then considered neither illegal or immoral. .Several slaves were owned in this town ; one by Paul Clogstone. vShe was married to a free black named Castor Dickinson, and had several children born here, but before the Revolution he purchased the freedom of his wife and children. Slavery in New Hampshire was abolished by the Revolution. In those days it was customar}- to drink at all meetings, whether of joy or of sorrow. The idea which was long after in vogue — " to keep the spirits up, by pouring spirits down" — seems to have been then universally prevalent. Even at funerals it was observed, and in the eyes of man}- it was quite as important as the prayer. The mourners and frie'.uls formed themselves in a line, and an attendant, with a jug and glass, passed around and dealt out to each his or her portion of tlie .spirit ; and the due ob.servance of this ceremony was verj- rarely omitted. It is said that sometimes "one more thirsty than the rest," after having received one "portion," would slyly fall back from the line, under .some pretext or other, and re-appear in a lower place, in season to receive a second portion A' *Mr. Sperry is now [1843] or was recently Chaplain of the House of Correction, at South Boston. tThis is stated on the authority of Mrs. Kidder, wife of Rev. Mr. Kidder, an e\-e witness. JIISTURY Ol- XASllUA, N. 11. 53 CHAPTER IX. Sackii-ici;s Madk i'ok Indkpkxdkxce. Coxvkxtiox kor Statk Coxstitutiox. Kki'ke- SKXTATIVKS. CoXVKXTIOX To AdOI'T CoXSTITUTIOX OK UxiTED SXATKS. DiKFKKEXT Opixioxs. \'ote ok the Town Acaixst it. Notice ok Hon. Jonathan Blanchard,— OK Ji'DGE Joxatiian I,( )\i:\vi:i,i,. WE CAN form 1nit a lamt iik-a ol llie sacrifices which were made for iiulependeiice. Beside perilling life in battle and submitting to privations of every description, so large a proportion of the able-bodied population were in the army that the fields were often left nntilled. Yet they gave both time and treasure to their country, without measure and without a nuirmur. "Our efforts are great," Mr. Adams said in 1780, " and we give this campaign more than half our property to defend the other. He who stays at home can not earn enough to pay him who takes the field."* The amount annually expended by the town during the war was se\-eral thousand dollars; — a heavy burden upon a po])ulation numbering in 1775 only 705. Yet this small number had diminished in 1783 to 578, showing a decrease of 127, or 18 per cent.; a fact which proves better than pages of description the amount of the exertions which were put forth and the sacrifices which were made, and the consequent paralysis of the energies and pi-osjjerit},- of the connnunity. In 17S1 another convention was holden at Concord for the purpose of forming a state constitution, and Jonathan Lovewell, Es(j., was chosen a delegate. But the same jealousy continued to exi.st as heretofore and the new constitution, which was our present one with slight modifications, was rejected by the town " unanimously." In December, 1782, Jonathan Blanchard, lisq., was chosen representa- li\e, antl it was again voted " not to receive the Rill of Rights and Plan of Government " as adopted, and the town chose Capt. Benjamin French, Joseph Whiting, Jonathan I^ovewell, Esq., and Col. Noah lyOvewell, a committee to state the reasons of rejection. March, 17S4, Capt. Benjamin French was chosen representative. March 6, 1786, Col. Noah Eovewell was chosen representative, and the town voted that "the selectmen with Jona. Blanchard, Esqr., Jonathan Eovewell, lis([r., Mr. Joseph Whiting and Deacon William Hunt be a committee lo ifivc instrttdious to f/ic Ripirsiii/atrM's." In 1787 the same proceedings were renewed. January 10, 1788, Deacon William Hunt was chosen a delegate to the convention, which met at IC.xeter in F'ebruary of the same year, to consider of and ado])t the constitutiini of the United States, which had recently been formed and sent out for the approval of the people. Throughout the country as well as in the convention which formed it, there was a great diversity of opinion respecting it and nuich opposition. It contained no bill of rights as it now does; as its opposers thought no limitation of powers. The states had long been sovereign and independent democracies and hesitated to gi\'e U]) any of their rights. The confederation had been inefficient from the want of central authority. Thus while .some belie\-ed that the constitution vested too nuich power in the General Government, which would eventually swallow up the several states, others feared that it possessed too little power to protect itself from the encroachments of the states ; and would soon share the fate of the old confederacy. There was danger on both sides : on the one side anarchy — on the other usurpation . It was an untried experiment and every little connnunity was divided. It was discussed in town meeting and the town voted " not to accept said Constitution," and chose a committee of nine to gi\'e their delegates instruction to o]ipo.se its adoption by the convention. This committee reported a list of objections, which were adopted by the town and forwarded to the convention. The Constitution, however, was adopted. It was a medium and a compromi.se, between the doubts of conflicting parties and the fears of l)oth have hapi)il\' proved vain. July 16, 1788, died Hon. Jonathan Blanchard, aged 50 years. He was the son of Col. Jo.sejih Blanchard, and was born .September 18, 1738. He had not the advantage of a collegiate education, but was earl\- initiated b\- his father into the active business of life. After the death of his father, *Mrs. .\dauis'.s Letters, 152. 54 rnsT(yj)' of x.isi/r.i, x. ii. which occurred in his 20th year, he was called upon to fill his place as proprietors' clerk and surveyor and was soon deeply engaged in the management of town affairs and other public business. When the events which preceded the revolution occurred, the people of New Hampshire were amono- the first to resist the usurpations of the Crown. When in 1685 Cranfield forbade the ministers to preach unless they would administer the communion to all who requested it in the Episcopal form, they refused obedience, denounced him from the pulpit and went to prison rather than yield. When the governor at a later day, levied a tax upon the lands of the people for his private advantage, the women resisted the collection and drove his officers from their houses with water, scalding hot. The ''broad R," cut by some "prowling official," upon their choicest trees, thus devoting them to the Royal Navy without redress or compensation was a continued eye-sore. Early in 1775 the legislature of New Hampshire, first of all the states and evidently anticipating independence, sent a request to the Continental Congress, which met at Philadelphia, May 10, 1775, to advise them as to the organization of an independent government. Agreeably to their recommen- dation, given with much hesitation,* a convention met at Exeter and adopted a constitution, bearing date January 5, 1776. It was the earliest adopted by any colony, and was violenth' opposed by the more timid as a virtual declaration of independence. t It provided, as has before been mentioned, for a house of delegates and a council of twelve to be elected annually by the people and which were similar to our senate and house of representatives. No provision was made for a go\'ernor and the whole executive as well as legislative authority was placed in these two bodies. Of this council, Jonathan Blanchard was chosen a member in 1776, and continued such for three years. No better testimony to his worth could be given than the bestowal of such an office at such a period. In October, 1776, General Blanchard was sent by the legislature to recruit our regiments, which had been wasted by sickness, suffering and defeat at Ticonderoga. In 1777 he was appointed attorne}' general of the state, in conjunction with Col. Nathaniel Peabody and is said " to have discharged his duties in a manner satisfactory to the Government and advantageous to the people."! Januar}' 6, 1778, he was appointed a member of the " Committee of Safety " for the state, an office of unlimited responsibility and power and which he held for a long period. § He was a delegate from this state in conjunction with Colonel Peabod}-, to the convention which met at New Haven, January, 1778, " to regulate prices," enforce the recommendations of Congress and relieve the distress of the people ; and he prepared a report to our legislature accordingly. || In 17S4, soon after the adoption of our state constitution. General Blanchard was appointed Jxdge of Probate for the County of Hillsborough, an office which he held nearly or quite up to the time of his death. In 1787, during the confederation of the states, he was elected a delegate from the state to the Continental Congress. They were chosen annually, and whether he was again elected and died in office is uncertain.** Soon after the death of his father he was appointed agent by the Masonian proprietors to manage and dispose of all the unsettled lands within the state of New Hampshire. The territory of this state had been granted originally to Robert Mason, but after many years, finding that it yielded very little income and caused him much trouble he disposed of the land as far as it remained in his possession to a company of individuals who were called the Masonian proprietors. As their agent. General Blanchard conveyed most of the lands within the state, and this circum.stance caused that many of the original proprietors of a ver\' large number of towns resided here, and from this town were drawn many of their finst settlers. General Blanchard died in this town and is buried in the Old South l.)urying ground. He married Rebecca Farwell, who died August 20, iSii, and left fve children, one only of whom is now living. [1843]. In 1790, the population of the town was 632. *Mrs. Adams's Letters, 85. 2 Gordon's History, 150. ti Belknap. t3 Farmer's and Moore's Ilisl. Coll., 5. §2 N. H. Hist. Coll., 39. II3 Farmer's and Moore's Hist. Coll., 5. ■ "I Belknap, 416. ///.v /v )A' ) ■ ()/•" .WIS///: I. x. //. -- In i7yj (liud Joiuillian I,c,\e\\x-ll. Ivsq., aged 79. He was a l)n)llier of Ca])laiii Lovewell, "The Indian I'ii^hter, " and of Col. Zaccheiis IvOvewell, and was born in this town, May 14, 171-,. Karly in life he tnok an active part in town affairs, and became one of the proprietors of "conunon lands" in the township of Dunstable. For many years he was proprietors' clerk, and a magistrate under the crown. About the year 1746, under the preaching of Rev. Mr. Kirk, he became a convert to the doctrine of the " New Lights, " as the followers of Whitefield were then called, and soon after became a preacher. This probably, however, was of short duration, as he never left town, and in 1755, he was commis.sary of the New Hampshire regiment, .sent out against Crown Point, under the command of Col. Joseph Rlanchard. A gun taken from the French during that camjiaign, and brought home by him, is still in possession of the family. In the earliest stages of the Revolution, Mr. Lovewell was an ardent and efficient friend of liberty. In April, 1774, he was chosen agent of the town to petition the general court for leave to send a representative, a privilege which they had not hitherto enjoyed. In September, 1776, he was chosen a delegate to represent the town in the convention holden at Exeter, for the purpose of sending a delegate to the first continental congress, to be holden soon after at Philadelphia. These were the first steps towards independence. January 9, 1775, Mr. Lovewell was chosen a member of the " Committee of Inspection" for the town, to see that none of the inhabitants purchased or used British goods. February, 1776, he was chosen a member of the " Coiiunitlcc of Safety "" for that town, a situation of no little trust, and continued a member of almost every such revolutionary committee during the war. These com- mittees were of the highest utility in diffusing information, and in exciting and concentiating the efforts of the patriotic, and demanded men of great energy and decision. June 20, 1777, he was chosen a member of the '" Committee of Safely" for the state, and served in that capacity until January 5, 1779, about which period the necessity for the exercise of their functions in a great measure ceased. April, 177.'";, he was chosen a member of the committee to ''assist'' the delegates from this town in the convention for framing a constitution for the state. In 1781, he was chosen a member of the conmiittee which formed our present State Constitution. After its adoption he was appointed a Judge of the court of common pleas for this County, which office he held for several years. He li\ed and died unmarried. 56 insroKV OF xashi'a, x. //. CHAPTER X. First Stage Coach. Boating on the Merrimack. Population in iSoo. Canal Boat Launched. Oration. Name of Nashua. Description of the Village. Po.st Office. Middlesex Canal. Gradual Increase. Dunstable Plains. Changes in Main Street. New Meeting-House Built. Rev. Mr. Sperry Ordained. Dams Across Nashua River. Census. Manufactures Contemplated. First Views. Nashua Manufacturing Company. Their Works. Boating Canal. Indian Head Company. Meeting-House on Olive Street I{rected. Hlstory of the Two Congregational Societies. New Bridge. Taylor's Falls Bridge. Unitarian Church. State of Nashua Manufacturing Company. Jackson Company. News- papers. Fir.st Baptist Church. Methodist Churches. Growth of the Village. Railroads. Bank. Steamboat. Univer.salist Church. Population. Second Baptlst Church. Name of the Town Changed. Freewill Baptist Church. First Christian Society. Protestant Episcopal Church. Machine Shop. Manu- facturing and Mi.'chanics' Association. Iron Foundry. Factory at Salmon Brook. Vote to Erect a Town House. Town of Nashville Organized. Contrast of the Past and Present. F ■^ OR a number of years little occurred in the history of the town which would he of general interest. It was slowlv recovering from the effects of the war and its exhausting sacrifices. About 1795 the first stage coach was put upon this road and was an occasion of great public interest. It was a two horse covered vehicle, owned and driven b}- Mr. Joseph Wheat, and ran from Andierst to lioston and back again once a week. It stopped at Billerica over night, making the trip both ways in about four days. They had not then learned the advantages of changing horses, and the same team performed all the journey. People came from a distance of several miles to look at "///(• sfcigi', " and gazed upon it with the same feeling of wonder that they now do upon a locomotive engine. [1843]. About this time the locks and canal around Pawtucket falls were Ijuilt, and boa/iiii;; ujion the Merrimack began. At this time there were no dwellings where our village now stands, and but one or two at the Harbor. In 1800 the population of Dunstable had increased to S62. In the sjjring of 1803 a canal doa / \va.s Iniilt in the village by Robert Fletcher, Esq. It was a singular structure, having .sides five or six feet in height all around it, and doors, and was looked upon as a "wonder." It was the first canal boat ever built in this vicinity for the regular transportation of goods, and the fact was considered of as much importance to the infant \-inage as the opening of a railroad at the present day. It was launched on the Fourth of July, which was celebrated by a public meeting, and an oration b}- Daniel Abbot, Esq.* There was a great gathering of the people, and great rejoicing. Already was it a place of some trade, and the more sanguine .saw, in imagination, its trade and population doubled or even trebled. The landing was on the Merrimack near the mouth of the Nashua, and a store was there erected. The boat was christened "the Nashua," with much parade, and the village which had until then been called ''Indian /had." received the name of Nashua Village. t That ma>- lie considered the birlh-day of .Xasliiia, and forms an imjiortant epoch in its history. Let us endeavor to picture to ourselves Nashua \-illage as it appeared July 4th, 1803. A large, one story dwelling house stood on the site of the Indian Head Coffee House, and was kept as a tavern by Timothy Taylor, Esq. A large, one story store, owned and conducted b\' Robert Fletcher, *This oration was printed. tThis hame is found iu Winthrop's Journal, both in its present usual orthography and in other forms, as applied to an early settlement on the Nashua river, now Lancaster, Massachusetts. HISTORY OF NASHUA, X. //. 57 who resided in Amherst, stood wliere Keiidrick & Tuttle's store now (1S46) stands. Abbot and Fox's offiee was a dwelliiiij house occupied by "uncle" John Lund, his brother and sisters. A dwelling house, three stories in front and two in rear, had just been erected by Mr. Fletcher, but was then unfinished. It stood on the north-east corner of Main and p-ranklin streets, opposite the Baptist meeting-house, and here upon a temporary platform the oration was delivered. The Amherst and Concord roads with Main street, and a road down the northern bank of the Nashua to the boating house and ferries were all the highways then existing. At the Harbor the dwelling house of Gen. Noah Lovewell, now occupied by Hon. Jesse Bowers, with two other small houses on the south side of Salmon brook, were the only buildings. As the greater part of the inhabitants lived west and south of this, the meeting house was built on the little triangle in front of Silas Gibson's house. Here was the largest village in town, a tavern, ,store, shops and dwellings, and here resided the physician and lawyer, (Mr. Abbot.) But in September, 1803, the " Old Tontine, " the long, low building at the head of Main street, in Nashville, was built, and soon after occupied by Mr. Abbot, (who removed here Dec. i, 1803;) Dr. Ellas Maynard, physician ; Dea. James Patterson, bookbinder, and a Mr. Clements, saddler. There was no dam across the Nashua, and its waters flowed far down its natural channel over its rocky bed. The " pi/gn'nis" who then settled here must have seen some light from the future breaking through the surrounding darkness, for there was not a building between Salmon brook and Nashua river, and a broad, unfenced, desolate, white-pine forest spread in every direction beyond. In 1803 a postoffice was first established in town, and General Noah Lo\-e\vcll ai)i)ointed ])ostmaster. Previously letters for this town were received from the postoffice at Tyngsborough.* In 1804 a further impulse was given to the growth and business of the village by the com])letion and opening of the Middlesex canal. This opened a direct channel of communication with Boston, and rendered the place, as the head of navigation, one of considerable trade. Hitherto the principal markets of this region had been Haverhill and Newburyport. From this period the growth of the settlement was gradual but constant. The wliok- jjlain, upon which the village .stands, was covered with its nati\'e growth of pines, and was considered generally of but very little value. " Dunstable Plains " were often the subject of much merriment, and seemed to some the embodiment of the idea of poverty of soil. It is said that some wicked wag in our legislature once undertook to disparage our soil, declaring that "it would not support one chipping squirrel to the acre;" but this, as well as the story that a grasshopper was once seen perched upon the top of a dry nuillen stalk, with tears rolling down his cheeks looking in vain to discover one .stalk of green grass," is a grieveous slander, and a device of the enemy. The soil of our plains was, indeed, naturally saudy and barren and of little value for culli\ation when other and more desirable locations for tillage were scattered all around. From this circum- stance we ma)- believe the .statement to be quite credible that the rise of Main street from the bridge over Nashua river, to the present (1843) place of Messrs. Kendrick & Tuttle's store in Nashville, was " the -u'oisl hill between Amherst and Boston." We must remember, however, that a great change has taken place in its appearance and situation. The present bridge is raised some twenty or twenty-five feet above the old one, the water under the present bridge being not the natural stream, but a pond In 1648, "Others of the same town (Watertown) began also a plantation at Nashaway, some 15 miles N. \V. from SudViury. In 1644, " Many of \Vaterto\vn and other towns joined in the plantation of Nashaway, " S:c. — Winlhrop's Journal vol. ii., pages 152, 161. In a note in the passage last quoted, the editor, Hon. James Savage, .says : — "From our Col. Rec. ii., 57, I find ' the petition of Mr. Nathaniel Norcross, Robert Chide, Stephen Day, John Fisher and others for a plantation at Nashawake is granted, provided that there shall be no more land allotted to the town, or particular men, (notwithstanding their purchase of land of the Indians,) than the General Court shall allow.' " In the following entries by Winthrop, in 1648, the name appears to have been spelt as usual at present: " This year a new way was found out to Connecticut, by Nashua, which avoided much of the hilly way." "The magistrates being informed at a court of assistants that four or five Indians who lived upon the spoil of their neighbours, had murdered some Indians of Nipnett, who were subject to this government, and robbt-d their wigwam, sent twenty men to Nashua, to enquire the truth of the matter." Journal, vol. ii., page 325. In t'r*^ Appendix to the same volume, page 394, the editor gives the former name of Lancaster as Nashoway. *See history of the postofTice in .\ppeudix. 58 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. occasioned by the dam below at Indian Head, and many feet in depth. While the bridge has been raised many feet and the road filled in accordingly, the slope of the hill on either side of the river has been cut down and graded, so that the ascent now, in either direction, is comparatively slight. In 1812, the old meeting house, which stood in the little square in front of the Gibson tavern, and which had been standing there more than sixt}^ years, had become too old and dilapidated to answer the purposes of its erection. A new and more costly house was built accordingly, nearly half a mile northerly of the old one. This is the one now called "the Old South," and was dedicated November 4, 1S12, upon which occasion the sermon was preached b}' Rev. Humphrey Moore of Milford.* November 3, 1S13, Rev. Ebenezer P. Sperry was ordained as the colleague of Rev. Mr. Kidder. He remained in Dunstable until April, 1S19, when he was dismissed, and has been Chaplain of the House of Correction, at South Boston. During his ministr}-, September 6, 1S18, Rev. Mr. Kidder died, aged 77, on which occasion a discourse was delivered by Rev. H. Moore. t About 18 1 7 a dam was thrown across Na.shua river a few rods above Main street ; a grist mill erected at one end of it by Dea. James Patterson, and a saw mill at the other by Willard Marshall. Some time after, another dam was built near the spot where the present dam of the Jackson Compan}* stands and a mill erected. At this time the village had increased so much that it contained about a dozen or twenty houses, and being a central thoroughfare had become a place of considerable business. The population of the town was 1,142. In 1820 when the census was taken there were returned from Dunstable; — one meeting-house, nine school districts and school houses, six taverns, five stores, three saw mills, three grist mills, one clothing mill, one carding machine, two bark mills, three tanneries. Soon after 1820 public attention began to be turned towards manufactures. Many years previously Judge Tyng of Tyngsborough, in a conversation with George Sullivan, predicted that the valley of the Merrimack would be a great manufacturing region, and he pointed out the locations at Lowell, at Nashua and at Amoskeag.+ It was considered a visionary idea, but what was then prophecy is now lii.story. The erection of mills at Lowell awakened the minds of enterprising men and capitali.sts to the manufacturing advan- tages of other places. The leading citizens of the town seem to have been peculiarly far-sighted, public spirited and energetic, aiul the manufacturing capacities of Nashua river did not escape their notice. The idea which first suggested itself was that of Iniilding mills at Mine falls ; the water power was great and a saw mill had been erected there at a very early period, probably before 1700. It was not, however, for some time that the idea occurred to them of erecting the mills upon their present location and liuilding up a \-illage here by bringing the water from Mine falls by means of a canal. It was a great undertaking and of doubtful result, Imt a surve>- was made and its practicability ascertained. The few indi\-iduals who had conceived the idea, formed an association and in 1S22 and 1S23 purchased the greater portion of the land in and around the village and up to the falls. In June, 1823, a charter was granted to Daniel Abbot, Moses Tyler, Joseph Greeley and others, by the name of the " Nashua Manufacturing Companj^" with a right to increase their capital to one niillion dollars. The capital stock was at first fixed by them at $300,000: and was divided into three hundred shares of $1,000 each. Of these Daniel Webster took sixty shares; Daniel Abbot thirty .shares ; J., E. & A. Greeley thirty shares ; Augustus Peabody seventy-five shares ; Benj. F. French thirty shares ; P'oster & Kendrick thirty shares ; John Kendrick fifteen shares ; Moses Tyler thirty shares. In 1S24 a considerable portion of the stock was disposed of to capitalists and the works were commenced. The dam at Mine falls was built and the excavation of the canal began under the superintendence of Col. James F. Baldwin. This canal, which supplies the water for the factories of the Nashua Manufacturing Company, is about three miles in length, sixty feet wide and six feet deep, *This sermon was printed. tTliis discourse was also published, and appended to it is a short sketch of the Ecclesiastical Iiistory of the town, drawn up by Rev. Mr. .Sperry. fMy authority for this statement is his grand-daughter, Mrs. Brinley. HISTORY (U' X.lS//r-,l. X. If. 5g ;uiil alTcirds a head and fall of alHUil lliiit\-Uiix-e fu'ct. Ira Gay, ICsci-, was also engaged as machinist, and Ciil. William Boardman as whcelw righl and engineer, and llie first factory was commenced. DLcemher 25, 1S24, the machine sliop was completed and went into operation. The works advanced. Mill Xo. I of the Nashua Corporation was erected and went into partial operation in December, 1S25. and into full operation in 1826. In December, 1824, a charter was obtained by the Nashua Manufacturing Company for the jnirpose of building " a canal with the necessary dams and locks" to connect the Nashua with the Merrimack. They were built in 1825, and opened for the transportation of goods in the spring of 1826. The lower dam acro.ss the Nashua was built at this time. The locks were of solid .stone, twenty-four feet high ; each lift being ten feet wide and eighty-two feet long. They were built under the superin- tendence of Colonel Baldwin and cost S2o,ooo. The canal dam co.st a further sum of ?io,ooo. This canal was of very great advantage to the rising village, which was now becoming the centre of business for the neighboring towns by affording such increased facilities for the transportation of goods and produce, and its beneficial effects were soon sensibly felt in the increase of trade and enterprise. In May, 1825, a portion of the lower water privilege, now occupied by the Jackson company, was .sold by the Nashua Manufacturing company to Charles C. Haven and others, who were incorporated by the name of the "Indian Head company," for the purpose of erecting woolen factories. Their works were commenced immediateh- aiul went into operation in 1826 under the agency of Mr. Haven. In the fall of 1824 and spring of 1S25 fifty new tenements or more had been erected and all was bu.stle and prosperity. In 1825 a new bridge was built over the Nashua river in Main .street in consequence of the raising of the water by the dam at Indian Head. Lots of land were selling at the rate of " about $1,000 per acre," according to the report of the directors for that year. In 1826 a charter was granted to several indi\'iduaLs by the name of the " Projirietors of Taylor's Falls bridge," for the purpose of building a bridge across the Merrimack. At this time the people crossed by a ferry, there being no bridge across the river between Lowell and Amoskeag. This bridge was com])leled and opened for puljlic travel the same year. It is thirt\-4hree rods in length and its total cost was about $12,000. It was no small undertaking in the then feeble state of the village and was deemed by many persons a hazardous in\-estment, but the prosperity of the place required it and success has rewarded the effort. In 1827 Mill No. 2 of the Nashua corporation was built and went into partial operation, and into full operation in 1828. Mill No. 3 was built in 1836. Mill No. i is one hundred and fifty-five feet long, forty-five feet wide and five stories high. It contains 6,784 si)indles and two hundred and twenty looms, manufacturing No. 14 .shirtings and drills. Mill No. 2 is one hundred and fiftj'-five feet long, forty-five feet wide and six stories high. It contains 12,170 .spindles and three hundred and fifteen looms, which manufacture No. 24 printing cloths and jeans. Mill No. 3 is one hundred and sixty feet long, fifty feet wide, and five stories high. It contains 6,400 spindles, and two hundred and five looms, and manufactures No. 14 sheetings. Mill No. 4 was built in 1844, and was put into operation in December of the same year. It is one hundred and ninety-eight feet long, fifty feet wide, and five stories high, and contains 6,720 spindles, and two hundred looms, manufacturing No. 12 sheetings. The whole number of spindles in the four mills is 32,074, looms nine handred and forty. Number of female operatives eight hundred and thirty-five. Number of males two hundred and twentj'-five. These mills manufacture 11,500,000 yards of cloth per annum ; and use 8,000 bales of cotton, weighing 3,250,000 pounds, 150,000 pounds starch, 8,000 gallons sperm oil, $1250 worth leather, seven hundred cords of hard and pine wood, annually. There are forty-eight tenements lor overseers and boarding houses, and two brick houses for the agent and clerk. Thomas \V. Gillis, Ksq., is the agent; J. A. Baldwin, clerk. The capital is $800,000; the number of shares 1600, at $500 each. The sa\ings bank deposits in 1845 were $44,000, l)y three luindred and sixty-four depositors, three-fourths of whom are fenuiles. No interest is allowed on any sum exceeding $500, and the ]irivileges of the bank are limited to individuals in the employ of the comixmy. The rate of interest is five per cent. On the first of June of every >ear interest is credited on all amounts and added to the j)rincipal, and interest cominited on the total sum from that date, — thus giving to those who permit their savings to remain in the hands of the company for any length of time, the 6o HISTORY OF NASHUA, X. H. advantage of compouiul interest. The following table, arranged Oct. 13, 1845, shows the number of females employed in the Nashua Manufacturing company's mills and the proportion thereof who attend meeting are members of the Sabbath school, and are professors of religion: Number who Attend Members ber ^irls uttend Siibbath of Employed. 214 Meeting. School. Churches. No. I Mill, 194 116 67 No. 2 Mill, 216 206 131 82 No. 3 Mill, 192 167 88 52 No. 4 Mill, 170 151 73 43 Cloth Room, 8 8 3 6 Total, 800 726 411 250 About 1S2.S the Indian Head company became embarrassed, and soon after the works stopped. The whole property was then disposed of to a new company, which was incorporated in 1830, by the name of the Jackson company. They took out the old machinery, and converted the establishment into a cotton manufactory. The capital stock of this company is $480,000. They have two mills, one hundred and fifty and one hundred and fifty-five feet in length, by forty-eight feet in width, and four stories high. These contain 11,588 spindles and three hundred and seventy-eight looms, and employ ninety males and three hundred and fifty females. The amount paid males per annum is $30,000, to females $60,000. They use 5,000 bales of cotton a year, averaging four hundred pounds each, from which they maiuifacture five and a half million yards of cloth of the following kinds: forty-six and thirty-seven inch sheetings, and thirty inch shirtings, all of Xo. 14 yarn. The value of wood per annum is $2,500; oil $3,700; starch $2,500; leather $1,000. The amount of deposits in the savings bank is $18,000, on which five percent, compound interest is allowed. The depositing is confined to operatives, and no interest is allowed on an>- sum over $500. The number of depositors is one hundred and fifty. The agent of the company is Edmund Parker, E.sq.: George F. Beck, clerk [1846]. From 1830 to 1837 the growth of the village was rapid and constant. The i)opulation of the village had nearly trebled in number. Trade and travel had increased proportionally. In the spring of 1835 the project was conceived of extending the Lowell railroad to Nashua. June 23, 1835, a charter for this purpo.se was granted by the legislature of New Hamp.shire; and by that of Massachusetts April 16, 1836. In 1836 the preparatory surveys were made and the location filed. Uriah A. Boydeu, Es([., was engaged as engineer. In May, 1837, the work upon the road was commenced, and Oct. 8, 1838, the Nashua & Lowell railroad was first opened for the transportation of passengers as far as the great elms near Judge Edmund Parker's house, where a temporary depot was erected. December 23, 1838, the bridge over the Nashua, and the depot near Main street, were completed, and the cars for the first time came up to the present terminus. The length of the road is about fourteen and a half miles, exclusive of double tracks, and its total cost about $380,000, or about $25,000 per mile, including fixtures and apparatus. June 27, 1835, the Concord railroad company was incorporated. This railroad was connnenced in the spring of 1841, under the direction of William S. Whitwell, Esq., as engineer, and finished to Concord, September i, 1842. Its length is thirty-four miles, 3048 feet. The net profits have been ten per cent, per annum from its commencement. The amount of capital is $800,000. The officers of the road are [1S46] : Addison Gilmore of Boston, president. Isaac Spalding of Nashua, treasurer. Ciiari.es H. Peaslee of Concord, clerk. June 19, 1835, the Nashua bank was incorporated, with a capital of $100,000, and went into operation soon after. In 1835 the steamboat Herald was also built, and placed upon the Merrimack in tlie summer of 1836. It was intended to ply between Nashua and Lowell, but the shortness of the distance, the inconvenience of the landing places, and the necessity for the shifting of pa,ssengers and baggage, rendered the enterprise a failure. HISTORY OF X.lS/fC.l. X. ff. 6i 111 April, i.S;/i, thf poimlalioii had im-rtascd to 5,065, of which luunher 2,105 were maks and 2,960 feinalfS. January i, i.S;,;, the township hiid aside its ancient name ol Duu.stable, which it had worn from its infancy, througli i;(H)d and evil fortune a liundred and sixty years, under which it had witnessed two revolutions and formed a jwrtioii of a colony, a province and a sovereign state, — under which it luul passed through many wars and grown up from obscurity and poverty: and adopted in order to distinguish it from its neighbor "t'other Duu.stable," its present name, that of the river from which its pros])erity is chief!}- deri\-ed — Nashua. In 1S40, the First Chri.stian society was organized under the pastoral care of Rev. Mr. Robinson. The\ had no meeting-house. In 1.S45 a large machine shop built of brick, and slated, was erected by the Nashua company on the site of the old one. The main building is one hundred and fifty feet long, with an addition of one hundred and fifty-eight feet, used for a blacksmith shop, furnace, etc. The main building is occupied by shuttle and bobbin makers, locksmiths, gunsmiths, manufacturers of axes, hoes, ploughs, and by artisans in other branches. The whole number of workmen employed in the building is two hundred and eighteen. A portion of this building is occupied by the extensive establishment of Messrs. J. & v.. Baldwin for the mamifaclure of shuttles and bobbins, which gives emplovment to a number of workmen. The manufacturing Inisiness of the Nashua Lock companx' is also done here. This establishment, of which L. \V. Noyes and David P.aldwin are the proprietors, is employed in the mamifacture of mortise locks and latches for dwelling-house doors, and rose wood and brass knobs for the handles of the same. They usually ha\-e in their employment about forty men, and manufactured during the last year $35,000 worth of goods. These manufactures embrace 56,617 locks and latches and 35,000 pairs of rose wood knobs. Another portion of this shop is occupied by Mr. John H. Gage for building turning engines, machines for planing iron, engines for cutting gears, scroll chucks and all other tools requisite to fill a large machine shop for building cotton and other machinery, and for doing railroad work. Mr. Gage now employs sixty-four workmen and does business to the amount of about $40,000 per annum. "The Nashua Manufacturing and Mechanics' Association" was chartered January 2, 1829, with liberty to have a capital to the extent of $30,000. This company was organized under the charter August, 1845. The present capital is $10,000, with two hundred shares at $50 each. The contem- plation is to erect a brick building one hundred feet long, two stories high, with two wings, each one hundred and fifty feet long and forty feet wide, one story, with an attic. The work in this shop is to be conducted by means of a steam engine of fifty horse power and is intended to embrace all kinds of mechanical work similar to the Nashua company's shop. One wing of the building is now com]ileted, and is occupied by Mr. Kdwin Chase for the manufacture of doors, window^ blinds and sashes. The officers of this association are : TiioiMAS CiiASK, president. Tiio:w.\s Ch.\.sk, L,. W. Novics, H.\kTI,ETT HoVT, LSR.VEI, IlrNT, Jk., J(iHN H. Gr.voi^;, directors. JoHX A. R.\LDWIN, treasurer. Fraxcis Winch, clerk. In the suiiiiiier of 1.S45 the Iron Foundr\- of ,S. >.\: C. Williams was erected. They manufacture, from pig iron, 4000 ]Kninds of castings per daw and consume in the same time 1300 pounds Lehigh coal and six feet of wood. Their arrangements are such that they can melt nine or ten tons of iron at a melting, or eighteen tons in twelve hours. They now emjiloy thirty men, and have room for twenty more. The amount of their business is not far from $40,000 a year. In 1845 Mr. Alanson Crane commenced a cotton manufacturing establishment on vSalmon brook at the Harbor. His mill is thirty by forty feet on the ground, two stories hi.gh, with an attic. When in lull o])eraticiii this mill will contain five hundred s])iiidles, for making cotton yarn of various nninbers and f|ualities. The yarn, when manufactured, is worked up into braids and cords of various de,scrii)tions : also twine for weavers' harnesses, knitting cotton, etc. The number of operatives 62 HISTORY OF XASHUA, N. H. employed is twenty, (our males and sixteen females. Atiout $30,000 \vf)rth of goods are mannfactured annnally. A dyeliouse is cf)nnected with this establishment for dxeing braids, cords, )arn, etc. From a survey recently made it is estimated that tliere is sufficient water running in Salmon brook to ojierate 1500 spindles, and Mr. Crane contenqdates erecting another mill with about 1000 spindles and looms for the manufacture of cotton shirtings, sheetings and drillings. [1S46.] At the annual meeting of the town of Nashua, March, 1S42, it was voted to erect a town house. In 1842 the town of Nashua was divided, and a part of the territory, chiefly l\'ing north of the Nasliua ri\-er, received the name of Nashville. The following act of incorporation, passed Ijy the legislature, June 23, 1842, defines the limits of the new town : " ]?e it enacted by the senate and hou.se of representatives in general court con\-ened, — That all thai part of the town of Nashua, in the count\- of Hillsborough, hing westerly and northerh- of a line commencing upon the Nashua river at the east side of Holli.s, and running thence down said river to the bridge erected over said river by the Nashua and Lowell railroad companv ; thence from the southwest corner of said bridge eastwardly b>- said railroad to the Old h'erry road so called, thence bv said last mentioned road to the Merrimack river, be and the same is severed from the town of Nashua, and made a body politic and corporate, by the name of Nashville." The town was organized July 11, 1842. What a contrast our \-illages now (1846) present to tlieir condition but twenty-six years ago! Then there was one small religious society, without a minister; now there are ten, most of them in a nourishing condition, and enjoying the services of settled clergymen. Then there was one meeting- house ; now there are seven others, built at an expense of more than $45,000. It is a singular fact that for more than 100 years not a settled minister died in town. Then the receipts of the postoffice were about $250 \'earl\' and now they exceed $2,500. Then a single stage coach passed three times a week through the village. Now there are six daily lines, five tri-weekly lines, and two weeklies, besides extras and the railroad. Then two stores supplied the town and neighborhood. Now there are near a hundred, several of which are wholesale stores, with an aggregate trad*^ of more than half a million dollars. Then a canal boat dragging its "slow length along," and occupying days in its passage, laid our goods at the mouth of the Nashua ; now by the magical power of steam they are brought to our doors almost in as many hours. The little village of less than fifty souls has increased one hundred and fifty fold. By the wondrous alchemy of skill and enterprise, out of the waters of the Nashua and the sands of this pine barren, from some half dozen dwellings, have been raised up within these tw'ent3'-six years these thronged and beautiful villages of near seven thousand people. We ha^•c now traced this History through a period of nearly- two centuries. From its wilderness slate, by toil and privations, b.v bloodshed and sufferings, by enterprise and capital combined, has this place been brought to its present condition. Its prosperity must now^ depend upon its trade and manufactures, and for the increase of them every effort should be made. Its central position and its facilities of transportation are advantages which can not be too highh- appreciated. The multiplication of shops and stores, and the amount of their trade, are evidences of what has been accomplished by enterprise, and offer strong encouragements for the future. Other nianufaclures besides cotton are creeping in, thus far with great success and should be encouraged. The manufactures of shuttles and bobbins, locks, guns, ploughs, edge tools, machinery, iron, brass, and tin ware, carriages, saddlery, sashes, blinds, doors, hats, caps, boots and shoes, reeds, cigars, lurnilure, time-pieces, boxes, .stoves, and of patent leather, and book-binding, employ a large amount of cajiital and furnish employment to a large number of per.sons. When we consider the ease and cheajiness of communication with lioston, and the comjiarative lowness of the jiriec of land, of materials, and of board among ns, it is manifest that all kinds of manufactures may be greatly extended and multiplied, and to much advantage. If all will but labor permanently for this end, thus, and thus only, will the means of support be afforded to additional thousands, a market for all the neighborhood furnished, and the foundation be laid, broad and deep, and imnii)\-al)le, for the jiermanent iirosperit>' of Nashua and Nasln-ille. //'/s'/yiA')- (y- x.isfn\i, x. ir. 63 CHAPT1£K XI. Iniian IIi:ai) Coi'i'-ici'; Hoi'sk. Wiii;i;i.\\ kicht .Snoi- oi- Jicssic Ckoshy. Kkn'drick and 'rrrri.ic's Stoki:. Tin. " Toxtini:." Im.i;tciii:k Stkki:t. Watanaxock House. Thaykk'.s CoiKT. Storic ox Cokxek of Fraxklix vStrkkt, Now Whiting Building. First Hai'Tist Ciukch BriLnixo. Ckntrai, Buildixg. .Siiattuck's Block. Grrklky 1)111, Dixc. Ci'XTKAL Hoi'si-:. "Boat Laxdinc." TmoTiiY Gay'.s Grocery Store. First Bkick Stoki- axd Dwiu.i.ixg Horsic in Towx. First Coxgreg.\tion.\l Church Buii.DixG. " Ti';x-F()oti-;ks." Piiii.i.ii's' Block. E.xyeks' Block. J.\coii Hall CoTTAGic. .\akox F. Sawyek Ilorsic. Atwood's Biii.dixg. Murg.atroyd .\.xd Barkek's Block. I'.xciiaxc,]-: lirn.Dixc. I'ishek's Block. Be.\som Block. Factory v'^TKEET. Hunt Biildixg. Washixgtox House. Noyrs Block. John G. Bluxt's Stoki;. Ckai'T's Pottekv. Rjcsidicxces oi' Forty Vi;ars Ac;o. IX a [)re\'ious cluqilcr Mr. I'*ox iu\-itcs Iiis readers to a retros])ecl covering a period of forty years — from 1803 to 1S43. The reader of to-da>' has lieen led alont; the highway of growth and change covering a period of more than fifty j'ears, and the half centur\- thns passed is vastly more than all the centuries that preceded it so far as relates to the hislor\- of Nashua. Taking our stand at the same jioint suggested in Mr. Fox's chapter, at the close (if iSys, many and important changes will be found on every hand. The first building mentioned by him was the Indian Head coffee house, a picture of which appears on another page, taken at a time when it may be said of it that it was in its highest state of prcsperity. The building he referred to as the Indian Head coffee house appears in this picture as the L, and with its imposing front and long easterly extension, was .sold and torn down in 1892 to give place to the elegant granite edifice of the First church, now covering the site. Thus closes the history of the widely known "tavern" kept by the genial and popular host, Moses Tyler. The lot next north of the Indian Head coffee house where the dwelling house of Charles W. I'.dwards now stands was occupied by the wheelwright .shop of Jesse Crosby, one of Nashua's highly respected and well-to-do citizens. At one time he gave the most of his attention to the manufacture of ploughs. In those days there were no manufactories covering acres of ground and putting thousands of this very useful implement upon the market every month, so that the man who wrought with his own hands at his own bench and supplied these useful implements was looked upon by the farmer as a benefactor to the farming community. There has been no striking changes in the next building referred to — the store of Kendrick & Tnttle, corner of Main and Amherst streets — it having been greatly improved and sold to John Keed about this time. It was a convenient location and within could always be found a stock of well selected goods and sold at reasonable prices, liy two honorable and worthy proprietors, vStephen Kendrick, who lixed in the house that stood where the fine brick residence of Dr. Samuel G. Dearborn now stands, and .Major George Tuttle, brother of the late Nelson Tuttle, who lived in the house now owned by Henrv .M. Bullard, 13 Concord street. The store is now occupied by Charles A. Nodding. Fpon the lot south stood, high uj) on the bank, a little back from the main .street, the low, long wooden structure that was known as the " T(jntine." It was a building of no little importance "in its day." Hon. vSolomon Sjialding boarded there, "with Mr. Jameson," until his present home on Orange street was completed. Hon. Daniel .Abbot is said to have occupied a part of it at the time of removing his office from the Harbor, and Mr. John Reed lived there for a lime, but the last years of its existence it ser\-ed as the house of the only Irish families in town, Patrick and John Donahue. Thev were brothers. Patrick came to town first and found constant employment with the weallh\- citizens of the town as gardener, in the season, and man of general utility at all times. His ohlest son read law and entered upon its practice in New York city, but on the death of the parents lost all connection frith his native town. f-^^. ■7. \ ^ u Q o z o /f/SrOK)- OF .XAS/KJA, X. H. 65 Klctclier street was noted as the lumie of " Unele John I.uiul," Franklin Foster, Samuel Merrill and others. Mr. Foster erected the building on the corner of Main street, which he sold to the late Major Uunlap, who remodeled, added to, and fitted it for the headquarters of the garden and flower seed business of Dunlap & Sons. The next building south, now called the Watananock house, was owned by Rev. A. H. Thaj-er, and was occupied by Levi W. Hodge, saddler and harness maker, and D. W. Burns, wheelwright, ou the first floor. The second story was used by Ephraim Stetson, parlor organ maker. Mr. Stetson came to Nashua from Mont \'ernon. In the progress of his business he took J. D. Nutter as a partner and the firm of vStetson & Nutter entered the field of church organ manufacturers. The}- placed one in the Baptist church and one in the Olive street (now Pilgrim) church in this city, but lacked skill and capital to compete with the larger and well known older firms. The partnership was terminated by the death of Mr. Stetson and the business closed. Mr. Nutter removed to Montreal and engaged in banking and other financial enterprises, and died there some years since. Thayer's court was dedicated to residences and has so remained all these years. Here was located the home of Rev. Mr. Thayer, a highly esteemed Unitarian clergyman, liy which it came to be known as "Thayer's Court." The wooden building on the southeast, corner of Main, gave place to the brick dwelling erected and occupied b}' Ziba Gay. Mr. Gay was a machinist and carried on business in North Chelmsford, and the firm of Gay & Silver achieved a wide and honorable reputation. Mr. Gay died many years ago. The next building south was a "ten-footer" owned by Mr. Thayer, and was for many years occupied by J. P. Upton as a bakery. In course of time Mr. Upton, like so many business men, j-ielded to the temptation to a change and sold out and went into the livery stable business in the old stable that stood on the lot now occupied by Marsh & Howard's hack stable, but he was not successful. He was a noted surveyor of wood and the seller and buyer had no question on what "this load contains," if surveyed by "Jo. Upton." The next building was also owned by Mr. Thayer and had Herinon Dane for a tenant for main- years, and many were the auction sales held there. From thence to Franklin street Dr. J. G. Graves held undisputed title, but tenants were not very permanent. Luther Taggard occupied one store as a merchant tailor, after the dis.solution of the firm of Taggard & (Charles H.) Nutt. Daggett & Cross occupied the basement store on F'ranklin street for twenty-seven years, till the block was removed to give place to the present elegant Whiting building which covers the sites of the three last named properties. On the second floor the principal office was occupied by J. Hubbard Graves, brother to Dr. J. G. Graves, and usually designated as the ")'oung doctor," who was fast becoming a dangerous rival to the "old doctor." On the opposite corner of Franklin street stood the First Baptist church building, a wooden structure with stores on Main street and vestry rooms on Franklin .street, the auditorium being upon the second floor. One of the stores was occupied by Col. H. F. Courser, dry goods and woolens. John B. Chapman was a very popular salesman in his employ. This building was destroyed by fire in 1848. Upon the bank of the river at the north end of the bridge stood the "Central building," which was a building of not a little distinction. Rev. Andrew E. Thayer occupied one store for the sale of books and a circulating library. Mrs. Robert Moore, one of the most popular milliners in town, occupied one store. Upon the second floor could be found the home of the New Hampshire Telegraph with the editor and the well known printer, Samuel H. Noyes, and " Billy Crooker " in shirt sleeves at the case. An editor in those days was a combination, — editor, reporter, letter press and job printer. In the upper story was "Concert hall " Mr. L}'man Heath taught singing school for nearl}- a score of successive winters there. Between this building and the meeting-house, where the Wilton railway is now located, was the entrance to Front street. The grade was very sharp to the north shore of the river affording a good "coa.st" which the boys were not slow to improve. Shattuck's block stood on the north side of the street on the lot where the Dearborn block on Franklin street now stands with the difference that it is reversed. Shattuck's block stood on the south side of the lot fronting on F'ront street with the open space in the rear on Franklin street. The Central building was a victim to the same flames that destroyed the meeting-house and necessitated the removal of The Telegraph. It took up quarters on the second floor in the building that stood where the open space next the .station now is. After a 66 HIS TOR )- or XASHL'A, X. H. time gas for lighting was introduced. Mr. Beerd was a wit and enjoyed a joke. He said in his paper that his job press stood where the shadow of the fly wheel fell on the floor; "and," said he, "you would be surprised to see that that .shadow had worn into the floor." Of course the curious came in to see the badly worn floor. They were graciously received, but said he, "what did I say?" "You said the shadow of the fly wheel had worn into the floor." "Oh, no, I said you would be surprised to see that it had worn into the floor, and so should I ! " Said one of the old citizens as he dropped in one day, " Our winters do not seem to be as long or as .severe as they used to be in old times, — how do you account for it, Beard?" "Possibly in this wa^•, I cannot account for it in any other. You know they have been extending a great nian\- railroads to the South — may not the great weight of iron have the effect to tip us up to the sun more than formerly ? " " Well." said he, " I had not thought of that, but I guess j'ou are right." Returning to the top of the hill, we find the same building still standing on the corner of Main and Lowell streets. Although several times tried by fire it remains an ancient landmark, awaiting the final order to give place to the new "Hunt Memorial Library Building." It was, in the early history of the town, the store of the brothers Joseph, Alfred and Ezekiel Greelej-. They were succeeded by George W. Perham in the Lowell street front, and Reed & Spalding in the basement on Main street, who in turn were succeeded by Reed & Lovejoy. The occupants since have been more numerous than permanent. The west store in the brick building (Greeley) was occupied by Hugh Jameson. His residence was situated on the lot now occupied by the elegant dwelling owned and occupied by Frank D. Laton, — the house erected by the late Colonel Thomas P. Pierce, Orange square. Mr. Jameson was a very polite and courteous man, and enjoyed his reputation. Like most of the traders in those daj'S he kept liquors, and sold large quantities of the much u,sed New England rum. The temperance question began to be agitated and the tramp of the "cold water arm>' " could be heard approaching, and it became necessary to be a little more guarded in the sale of these goods, which Mr. Jameson could not easily bring him.self to observe. On one occasion a boy came in with a coffee pot which he held out, saying, " Father sent me for a pint of rum." "A pint of rum in this coffee pot ? You go right home and tell your father that he cannot have any of Jameson's good rum in a coffee pot. Tell him to send a jug." The east store was occupied by John L. Pollard for the sale of ready-made clothing and gentlemen's furnishing goods. Mr. Pollard was the son of the noted hotel keeper on the Lowell road, near the State line. He was not brought up in business training and did not succeed. It was in the upper room of this building, known as Greeley's hall, that the first church worshipped while the church building was being erected south of the bridge. The building that stood on the corner of Clinton street was removed and stands next to the grain store of Henry Stearns. Before it gave place to the Laton block, the store was occupied by Robert Moore, watchmaker, town clerk of Nashville, etc. Beneath was the meat shop of Sumner Morgan, who later removed to the basement of the Town hall. There still stands on Clinton street the house, once the home of one of Nashua's honored citizens — Benjamin Burke, whose son, William A. Burke was for many years the popular and successful superintendent of the Lowell machine shop. Where the Laton house now stands the Central house was located, the L extending westerly and covering a part of the Laton block lot. It was a noted hostelry, scarcely second to the Indian Head Coffee house. When built it stood in the square fronting Main street, occupying a portion of the present "oval." Captain Phinehas Adams was the popular landlord at this time, he ga\'e it up for a few years, but returned to it and kept it until his death in May, 1842. Stephen Whittemore afterward became proprietor, and the house under him maintained much of its popularity. Several buildings stood in what is now Railroad square. Thomas G. Banks occupied one and sold paper hangings and made paper boxes. Thomas Tolman occupied another, and Philip O. Ames another for a liarber .shop, but they were all cleared off in 1S44 to 1846. The passenger station was a low, wooden building where Williams Hall and the Marshall grocery company are now located. We.st were the grocery stores of A. and N. McKean and Chase «& Shattuck, with Charles S. Perkins as principal salesman at the latter. In the corner building were P. B. Putney, confectioner, who afterward went to Manchester, Major Ignatius Bagley, meat and provisions, L. O. Fairljanks, barber. Offices above were occupied ///.s/v'A')' (>/•■ .y.is//r.i. x. II. 67 by Charles O. Athtrton, attonify at law, and 1'.. 1!. Whillc-UHji-L-, who had just entered upon the practice of law. South ol this building was a passageway or street running east from Main street to the "boat lauding," just as Front street on the opposite side of Main street ran west. Between this street and the river was the large wholesale and retail grocery store of Timothy Gay. Mr. Gay had a very large countrx- trade coming many miles down through Amherst, Francestown, Hillsboro' and thence on through to Windsor and other points in Vermont. Pork, butter, cheese, grain and other farm products were brought in on teams and exchanged for such supplies as the farmers required. The long procession of " Pod teams" on their way to town in the winter time was a sight never witnessed after the advent of the railroad. The upper story of the building was occupied as a furniture store. vSamuel W. Abbott was the proprietor. The building was destroyed at the conflagration of the Baptist meeting-house and the Central building. Not long after this Mr. Abbott removed to Montreal and was in business there until his death. The same building stands at the south end of the bridge to-day as then. It was owned by Enoch Webster and Mrs. Webster occupied one .store for millinery business. John Flagg kept groceries in the .store where C. W. Edwards now is. Mr. Klagg was succeeded by Hazeltine and L,ord. Mr. Webster came to his death by drowning in the river east of the house. The property was purchased by James A. Devereaux and at his decease, and, later, the decease of his widow, it passed by will to the Church of the Good Shepherd, the present owner. The next building south was the first brick store and dwelling in town. It was remodeled and improved by the addition of a French roof and extension on Pearson's avenue by V. C. Gilman. For many years the store was occupied by Thomas Benden, the first tailor in town. He came from Andierst. Subsequently E. vS. Goodnow, who came from Waltham, Mass., kept dry goods there, but the " Eastern land speculation" seized him and brought financial distress from which he never recovered. He removed to Massachusetts and at one time kept a hotel (Washington house) at 258 Washington street, Boston. Eater the postoffice under Aaron P. Hughes was removed to it and remained until taken to the present quarters in Phillips' building. Between the avenue and Park street stood the First Congregational church, which was destroyed by fire in 1869 and rebuilt in 1870 and occupied by' them until the completion of the new church, since which it has lieen sold to the Free Baptist societ}- and is now occupied by them. The north store was occupied by Coggin & Fisher, dealers in furniture and crockery, while E. C. Alexander sold dry goods in the south store until J. A. Wheat bought him out and continued for a few years until he removed to Long block opposite the Town hall. The .space between the church and Park street was covered by two "ten-footers." The first was at one time the law office of Benjamin Mark Farley of Hollis and his .son-in-law, Charles B. Fletcher. The other was one of the old school "03'.ster saloons." It was kept many years by Oliver H. Phillips and later by William Marshall, now in Boston, and still later by E. B. Burke, until these buildings gave place to a two story wooden building which was burned with the church building, after which the present " Phillips' block " was erected in 1870. Uj)on the corner of Main and Park streets stood Eayers' block, a two-stor^- wooden building in front, while in the rear it was but one story on account of the rise of the land. The northerlj' store was occupied by^ Miss Ridgway, later Mrs. Rodneys Dane, the .south half by her brother, Charles T., dealer in watches, jewelry, etc. Next was the hat store and manufactory of E. B. Hines. The late Hiram Campbell was at one time employed there. The third store hung out the sign of the " Good Samaritan," the first drug .store, and was owned by our present venerable citizen, Elias S. Russell. The south store was the book .store of Job Buffum. J. M. Fletcher was his clerk and sold books and wrote excellent poetry. This block was torn down and Nutt's Iilock was Iniilt on the lot in i860. George E. Wilder was contractor and builder. Next .south stood the picturesque cottage of Jacob Hall where Dr. McQuesten's block now stands. The cottage was on the ungraded elevation of those days, reached by steps from Main street. Here lived the genial family consi.sting of Mr. and Mrs. Hall, sons John and Luke, and daughter Eliza, a young lad)- of uncommon personal beauty, all of whom have passed away but the sons. Neighboring on the south and next the Town hall was the mansion of Attorney Aaron P\ Sawyer. These two residences were in marked contrast. The latter with its broad piazza and stately columns 68 HISTORY OF NASHirj, N. H. suggested just such a home as it was. Mr. Sawyer came froui Mout Vernon to Nashua and was one of a group of eminent lawj-ers located here. Like Daniel Abbot he wore a rufHed shirt front and was a genial and entertaining talker. He was of medium stature with nervous and energetic step. His hair was as white as the driven snow. Presiding over the hou.sehold affairs was a wife of rare tact and ability. Always as pleasant as a morning in spring and untiring in her efforts to care for her family of children, consisting of Samuel L., who went to Missouri, Charlotte L., Aaron W., Flint H. and Catherine. All have joined the great majority but Charlotte, who married Hon. Aaron P. Hughes. Catherine married Mr. Taft of Worcester and so lost her identity with Nashua society in which she was a favorite. Aaron W. was honored with a seat upon the judges' bench and is well known by the present generation from whom he passed some years since. He will receive the extended notices elsewhere to which he is entitled. Returning to the bridge the first building on the west side of Main street was Atwood's building, owned by John Atwood. Jesse Wetherbee kept a boot and shoe store and manufactured to order. The postoffice was located next, on being removed from the Hunt building, corner of Factory street, then came the restaurant of George E. Burke. To-day Murgatroyd's and Barker's blocks occupy the site. Exchange building remains, although fire has assailed it on several occasions, the last time about ten years ago, which made it necessary to put on a new roof, which, with the added story, makes it a good looking block and desirable. In it was located the Nashua bank; W. H. Hauley, a portrait painter, had his studio there, also Don P. Wilson's dental rooms. Next south was a narrow wooden building. Colonel Banks removed from Railroad square to it, and continued nearly up to the time when the building was torn down. Edward A. Gallison painted and finished furniture for Coggin & Fisher in the second story. Standing next south was the stove and tinware store of Reuben Goodrich. The front was one story onh% with workshop in the rear. Upon the corner of Water street was the dwelling house of Mr. Goodrich, having a store in the front on Main street. W. R. Wilcox had a stock of books and stationery there, which he sold out to Copp Brothers before the war, prior to the clearing off of the entire lot to Exchange building, to give place to the Goodrich block of to-day. The dwelling was removed and now stands upon Walnut street, corner of Pleasant. Upon the opposite corner of Water street was the same building as to-daj-. William T. Martin had a clothing store in the corner, and Thomas Tolman had a mattress manufactory in the upper rooms. Where Fisher's brick block now stands were three "ten-footers," Hartshorn & Ames had a stove shop in one, Albert Lull, merchant tailor, another, and E. P. Hill, dry goods, being the one next the open lot on the rear of which stood the dwelling house of the owner of all to Water street, Mr. Aaron Fisher. He sold the dwelling to Jo.sephus Baldwin and removed further south on Main street, near the Worcester railroad. From the Fisher homestead property Long block stretched southerly to an open lot now covered by Beasom block. In the north end was the office and dwelling of Dr. Josiah Kittredge, next, office and dwelling of Dr. J. F. Whittle. Changes were made after Dr. Kittredge left and Drs. Tracy & Ayer had a drug store there, afterwards it was occupied by R. T. Smith for a bookstore. South was the store of B. D. Bingham, watchmaker, and J. A. Wheat, dry goods. Gustine Marshall kept a large stock of millinery in the next with N. W. Goddard, jeweler, for a neighbor, while Henry Parkinson, grocer, closed the list of occupants of the stores. Upon the corner of Main and Factor}' streets stood the large wooden building where Isaac Spalding conducted a large store of the usual general merchandise class. With good business sagacity he saw that Nashua was soon to overshadow the popular shire town of Amherst and he removed here. Charles H. Nutt who also came from Amherst succeeded him, who in turn sold out to Munroe & Taylor. There are a few citizens remaining who can recall the looks of this leading store. There was quite a large open lot north of the store on which were the customary mangers on posts to accommodate the farmers who drove in and usuall}- stopped long enough to ' ' bait ' ' their horses. Behind these mangers leaning against the low L to the store in the rear of the lot was a line of grindstones, great and .small. But a property so centrally located was not to remain unimproved. W. D. Beasom bought the property and it soon took on the form and proportions of the leading block of the town. The corner store was occupied bj' Beasom & Reed as a dry goods and carpet warehouse. The second floor was divided into offices which never lacked tenants. Upon the third floor was a hall and ante rooms which were in demand. Beacon Light Division, Sons of Temperance, occupied a ///.S' /V 'A' ) " OF NASHtJA, X. II. 69 jKirtion of it. The block was jri-eatl>- dainai^fd by fire in 1S70, but jmt to a severer test in 1SS6 and put beyond repair, but there was conii)eusation in the present elegant and substantial brick structure as the outcome of apparent misfortune. Factor}' street must not be passed withnut mention for upon it was done a large amount of business, indeed, there were more stores and trade than on Main street. Merrill & Kimball, Reed & .Shuler, Mark A. Adams, William vS. Anderson all had dry goods. Jonathan Hosmer, dry goods, clocks, and variety store. John Osborne, confectioner, and the only one of the list still living, is "doing business at the old stand." Passing to the opposite corner still stands the Hunt building. Joseph Wyniau made clocks and repaired watches on the first floor after the postoffice was removed to Atwood's building. Later White & Hill occupied it for a drug store. Mr. White took a lease of the building and raised it a story, and made two stores in front as appears to-day. The office of the Nashua Gazette had its editorial rooms on the second floor and composing and press rooms on the third floor until removed to Tuttle's building. This brings us to another distinguished hotel, the "Washington house," kept for some years l)y Thomas Chase, who sold out to John Gray. Like the Indian Head Coffee house it was built of wood, with piazza in front, with massive columns two stories in height, supporting the piazza roof. The main building was forty b\- thirty, with two stories, and high chambers in the roof. The L was two stories. The building was on the north end of the lot fronting on Main street, with a large open space on the south extending to the Universalist church building, being the lot now occupied by Noyes block. In the rear of the open yard stood the necessary stables to complete "accommodations for man and beast." In connection with it was the livery stable of Capt. S. F. Wright, and later of Charles H.Parker. The captain could always turn out a first-class team. " Tecumseh " and mate were an elegant pair of greys. Good sleighing brought out the competition in teams. Col. I. J. Fox on the north side turned out the " Blue Bird " and " four," but when the captain appeared with the "Gen. Taylor" and "six," with Charlie Parker on the box (or dasher) he "took the cake." Captain Wright shipped this beautiful sleigh to his brother in Chicago and its equal has not been owned in Nashua since. The sleighing parties of to-day cut no figure in comparison to those days. The "Lady," a magnificent sleigh, accommodating thirty to fort}-, owned by John Hadley of Lowell, usually came here two or three times a week. Hadley was an admirer of a docked tail, well set up, for livery teams and it was the new dress for every horse that became an inmate of his noted livery. "Bob Short" was the trusted jehu for the "Lady" turnout and no "charioteer" felt clothed with greater honor or responsibility than he on such occasions. Pearl street was the southern limit of trade. The only store upon it, east or west, was that of John Blunt on the corner of Chestnut. Mr. Blunt was a former resident of Amherst, but w-as moved by the same impulse that brought other business men from that once lively and prosperous town to Nashua in 1836. In due course of business his son, John G., became a partner and the firm of John Blunt & Son continued as one of the leading grocers and other lines of goods, giving special attention to the article of tea, of which the senior had come to be a recognized connoisseur. On retiring from business Mr. Blunt, Sr., returned to Amherst and died there. The firm name continued, Kdward O. Blunt, oldest son of John G., having taken an interest in the business with his father, and thus the .style of the house remains the same, although Mr. John G. Blunt died in 1883, honored and respected as an honest, upright man and valued citizen. On Main street south of Pearl were the residents of some of the early and most substantial citizens — John M. and Israel Hunt, Peter Clark, Thomas Chase, Bernard Whittemore, Paul Morrill, and at the Harbor, Hon. Jesse Bowers, whose house stood near Salmon brook, where the factory of the American Shearer company now stands, but it may still be seen east of the factory on the margin of the pond. Air. Bowers did quite a little at farming in those days and his cattle barn stood on the corner of Main and Lake streets, where the beautiful residence of Mrs. Benj. Saunders now stands, the yard having its sunny outlook to the south of it. On the east side of the .street was the pottery of Martin Crafts where the watch factory stood, and the watch factory had the Wa.shington house for its street front, having been removed to the lot when Xoves block was built. yo HISTORY OF NASHUA, X. H. Furthtr north was the substantial homestead of Neheniiah Hunt, occupied later by the late Judge Thomas Pearson, and now by his son G. Byron Pearson. Dr. Micah Eklredge lived in the house that stood where the house of Charles Holman now stands, and John Atwood and X. W. Goddard in the houses south. Noah Wyeth had a bakery between the Eldredge house and where the Episcopal church building now .stands. John D. Kimball lived where Mr. Runnells' house now stands. Mr. Kimball was a manufacturer of sash, doors and blinds, and had an extensive business in dressed lumber. He built a steam mill at the head of Franklin street, known as " Kimball's steam mill. " It shared the usual fate of such structures and was wiped out by flame and never rebuilt. Franklin street was regarded as the most select, and in some respects the most desiraljle in the town for residences. Dr. J. G. Graves, Rev. I). D. Pratt. Rev. Austin Richards, Rev. Jonathan McGee, afterwards Rev. M. Hale vSmith, Col. William Boardman, Francis Winch, Joel Carter, E. S. Russell, Charles T. Gill, John N. Barr, Walter McKean and other prominent business men lived there. ///.S'/Wv')' Ol- XASIICA, X. //. APPENDIX I. GENEALOGY OF THE EAKLY SETTLERS OF OLD DUNSTABLE. THKRE is a natural desire in every ninii lo know something of his ancestry, and to the descendants of the early settlers of Dunstable it must be interesting to trace back their families to their origin. The nuiterials for this purpose exist, to a great extent, in the ancient records of marriages, births and deaths among the town papers, a large part of which were collected, compared and arranged by John Farmer, Esq. His deserved reputation as an anti(|uarian is a guarantee of its accuracy. The list is not generally brought down to a period later than i 750 ; to have extended it would have required too much time and s]iace. ACKK.s, JOHN.— lie w:is of Boston in 1656; settled in Dunst:ililc before ifxSo; und h;id children, Miiry, born M:iy 2(1, ifxSj, and Joanii;i, born Jan. 10, 16S4. ADAMS, THOMAS.— Horn 1075: died Feb. iS, i7|'i. ni^ed 71. \\\<- wife, Judy, born 16S0: died April 15, 1754, ajjed 74. Had ibildttn, l*hinch:is, born 172^ : tiled Dec. 4, 1747, aj^ed 2,1. BLAN'CHARD, DEA. JOHN.— One of the founders of the clr.nxli in 16S5: freeman 1649; son of Thom.is Hlanchard, who came to New Kngland in the ship Jonathan in 16^9. Settled in Charlestown and died there May 21, 1654. He left children, Joseph and Thrnniis. BLAXCHAUD, CAPT. JOSEPH.— Son of preceding; married Abiah Hassell, daughter of Joseph Hassell, Sen,, May 25, 1696. She died Dee. S, 1746, aged 70. He died in 17J7. His children were, 1. Jiliza- hcth, born April 15, 1697: murried Jnna. Cuinmings; 2, Esther, born July ^4, 1699; 3. Hannah, horn Oct. 2S. 1701 ; 4, Joseph, born Feb. 1 1. 1704; 5. Uachel, l>orn March 2,5, 1705: died in infancy; 6. Susanna, born March ^9, 1707; 7. Jane, born March 19. 1709: married Kev. Josiah Swan; S. Kaclicl. born March is, 171--: 9. Kleazer. born Dec. 1, 1715: died Ajiril 29, 1717. nLAXCIIAKI). COL. JOSEPH.— Son iif Ihe precedin-; born Fel^. 11, 1704; ni.inieil Kebccca Hubbard; died .April 7, 175S: she dieil April '7' '774- nis children were, i. Sarah, born 1726: died Nov. 30, 1726; 2. Joseph, born April 2S, 1729; 3 and 4. Elea/.er and Susanna, born Nov. 15, 1730; Eleazer died March 19, 1753, aged 22; 5. Rebecca, born July 20, 1732; 6. Sarah, born Oct. 7, 1734; died in infancy; 7. Cath- erine, born Nov. 11, 1736; S. Jonathan, born Sept. iS, 173S: died July 18, 17S8; 9. Sarah, born Aug. 2, 1740; 10. James, born Sept. 20, 1742: in army; 11. Augustus, born July 29, 1746: died at Milford, 1S09; 12. Caleb, born Aug. 15. 1749; 13. Hannah, born Oct. 21, 1751 : married Dr. Ebenczer Starr, of D., ApVil 21, 1776: died March 22, 1794. aged 42, lU.AXCHAKD. HON. JONATHAN. — Son of the preceding; born Sept iS, 173S; married Rebecca FarAvell of this town, who died Aug. 20, iSii, aged 72. He died July 10, 17SS, aged 50. His children were, I. Rebecca, born May 4, 176'^): married Dr. Augustus Starr: died Oct. 19, iSio, aged 45; 2. Grace, who married Frederick French, Esq.; 3. Sophia: married Oliver Farwell, and still living (1S46); 4. Charles, born March 14, 1776: died at Batavia, N. Y., March 16, iSii; 5. Abigail; married Dr. Joseph F. Eastman of HolHs, and still living C1S46). Eli/,a married Thomas French, Esq.: died 1S43. HLANCHARD, THOMAS.— Son of Dea. John; born about 1670: nnii- ried Tabitha ,-.who died Nov. 29, 1696; married Ruth Adams o^ Chelmsford, Oct. 4, i(x>S: died March 9, 1727. His children were, i. Abigail, born May 5, 1694; 2. John, Iiorn May 20, 1696; 3. TIu)mas, Iiorn Aug. 12, 1699: taken captive by the Indians in Septendier. 1724; 4. William, borti 1701; 5. Ruth, born April 1, 1703. BEAXCH.NRD, THOMAS, Jk., and Elizabeth, his\vife.— Son ..f the preceding. Had a son Thomas, 3d, born Oct. 20. 1724, HI.ANCHARD, JOHN.— Son of Thomas, Sen., born Mav 20, i^x/S: wife's name, Mar\-. Had a son William. HLANCHARD, NATHANIEL, and Lydia. his wife.— Killetl by the Indians July 3, 1706. Had a son^ Nathaniel, 2d. Ihhii Sept. 12, 170^. HLANCHARD, WILLIAM. — Son of Thomas, Imrn 1701: married Deliverance, daughter of Samuel Searles. Had childnn. Olive, born Nov. 4, 1733; Nathaniel, born Dec. 25, 1735. HE.-VLE, WILLIAM.- Had children, Williinn. born M;n7o; graduated Harvard College, 1691 ;killed by Indians in August, 1710; William, born April 22, 1679; Jonathan, born Sept. 29, i6S^); Eleazer, born April 30, 1690; graduated Harvard Col lege, 1712; Bersheha, (a son) born Februarys, 1694; Mary. TYN<;, ELEAZER. — Son of Jonathan; horn April 3, 1690: graduated Harvard College 1712. His children were, Jonathan, born September, 10, 1717; Sarah, bo.n April 22, 1720, who married John Winslow ; Benjamin, born January 26, 1722; John Alford, [Judge Tyng,] born August 29, 1729; James, born March 6, 1731. USHER, ROBERT.— Son or relative of He/.ekiah Usher; from Charles town, Mass. His children were, John, born May 31, 1696; Robert, horn June, 1700; killed in Pigwacket fight. USHER, JOHN. — Son of the preceding, horn May 31, 1696; his children were, John, born May 2, 172S; Robert, born April 9, 1730; RacheL Habijah, born August S, 1734. WALDO, JOHN.— From Chelmsford: son of Dca. Cornelius Waldo; removed to D. His children were, John, born about 16S2; Catherine; Rebecca. WALDt), DANIEL.— Sou of Dea. Cornelius. He had two daughters, liorn 16S4, anil ifxS7. WARNER, SAMUEL.— Married Mary Swallow, May 4, 16S4. His children were, Eleazer, horn Jan. 27, 16S6; Priscilhi. WELD, REV. THOMAS.— First minister of Dunstable; son of Thomas Weld of Roxbury, Mass.; married Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. John Wilson of Medfield, Nov. 9, i(>Si, who died July 29, if»S7 ; his second wife was widow Hannah Savage, daughter of Hon. Edward Tyng. He died in 1702; she died at the residence of her son, Rev. Habijah S. Weld, in Attleboro', Mass., in 1731. His children were, Elizabeth, born Oct. 13, 16S2; Thomas, born F"eb. 7, 16S4; ^y his first wife: and .Samuel, born March 4, 1701 ; and Habijah Savage, born in September, 1702, by his second wife; ordained at Attleboro', Mass., 1727, and died there in 17S2, aged So,* WHITING, SAMUEL.— Probably a son of Rev. Samuel Whiting of Billerica: born January 19, 16^2; di^d March 14, 1715, aged 51, His children were, Samuel, born Oct. 22, 1687; who was in the Pig\vacket fight; Elizabeth; Catherine; Leonard, born August, 12, 1693; Joseph, born Dec. 14, 1695; Mary; Dorcas; John, born March 11, 1706. ^VHITJNG, JOSEPH.— Born about 1735; grandson of preceding; mar. ried Abigail, Chamberlain, June II, 1761 ; she died April 19, 1779. His children were, i. Joseph, born Nov. 13, 1761; died Aug. 21, 177S; 2. Samuel, born June 30, 1763 ; died at Amherst in March, 1S05, aged 42; 3. Susanna, born March 20, 1765; 4. Leonard, born Jan, 16, 1767; 5. Oliver, born Jan. 29, 1769; 6. William, born Sept. 2S, 1770; died in Merrimack; 7. Elizabeth, born July 16, 1772 ; S. Thomas, born Oct. 2C, T774; died at Amherst; 9. Abigail, born Aug. iS, 1776; 10. Jonathan, born Feb. 14, 177S; died at Amherst. *Of Mr. Weld it is said, that he "was distinguished for his usefulness in the ministry and highly respected as a man, both at home and abroad. He united to an uncommon degree the affections of his people for a period of fiftv-five years, during which h.e was their pastor." — White's Early History of N. E., 271. 74 HISTORY OF NASnr.l. X. If. APPENDIX II. HISTORY OF THE POSTOFFICE IN NASHUA.* THE POSTOFFICE in this town was established sometime between April ist, and July ist, 1803, and Gen. Noah Lovewell appointed postmaster. The office was opened in the tavern of Cummings Pollard, who was appointed assistant postmaster, and had the charge of the office until iSii. Up to that time it was located in the tavern lately owned and occupied by by Silas Gibson. In 1811 the office was removed to the "Harbour," so called, and placed under the charge of Israel Hunt, who was appointed assistant postmaster, and in whose dwelling house it was stationed. After its removal to the latter place, it being located near the residence of General Lovewell, he continued to superintend the duties of the office personally until his death, which took place in May, 1820. ITpon his death, John M. Hunt, Esq., was appointed and commissioned in June, 1820. He established the office in the office of I. and J. M. Hunt, (at the Harbor), where it remained until 1S26, when it was removed to Nashua Village, soon after the erection of the cotton mills. Since its establishment in 1S03, the receipts of the office have increased to an astonishing and almo.st incredible degree. The receipt for the first quarterly balance of postage, for the quarter ending June 30, 1S03, is still on file in the office, and acknowledgedges the sum of twenty cents ! ! For the quarter ending Sep- temper 30, 1805, the receipts of the office had increased to the sum of two dollars, eighty-seven cents, vielding a commission as compensation for discharging the various duties of the office of eight\-six cents per quarter, or three dollars, forty-four cents per annum. But a glance at the finances of the office at periods of ten years will best show its rapid advancement : In 1810 the net receipts to the general postoffice were 1820 " " " " " " " " 1830 ' " 1840 •■ " " I. 'I 1' I. 11 1845 First six months of 1S45 under the old postage law, Last six months under the new law, J31.86 ; gross I45.00 55-95: " 80.00 356.64 : " 510.00 1715-53: •■ 2450.00 1902.30 : " 2679.20 997.18: " 1406.61 905.12; " 1272.41 Difference I 92.06 $ 134.20 The present facilities for travelling, when compared with those of by-gone days, have placed the expedition of the mails on a par with their advancement in amount of business and increase of revenue. In former times. Wheat's old mail .stage occupied two days in travelling from Amhenst to Boston, and "put up" regularly for the night in Billerica. Now by the aid of .steam power and railroad accommodation, we can receive a mail from Boston in less than two hours! Forty years ago there was not a single letter or newspaper brought into this town b)' mail conveyance. For the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1840, the amount of postage collected on letters was five hundred and twenty-three dollars, and on newspapers and pamphlets one hundred and thirteen dollars, eighty cents. *This sketch was prepared for the Nashua Directory by John IM. Hunt, P^sq., in 1S46. H/STOKV OF NASHUA, N. //. 75 APPENDIX III. STATISTICS OF THF DISTRICT SCHOOLS. THE TOWN was first divided into school districts, five in uuinber, and .school houses erected in 1775. Previously (?«c teacher had been employed by the town to "keep school" in different places alternately. The sum rai.sed never exceeded and rarely equalled o)ic hundred dollars. There are now (1S40) eleven districts, and the whole amount of money raised and expended during the fiscal year 1S40, for schools and school houses, was $4,000.95; of which $263.93 only were expended for the latter. Tlie amount required by law to be raised by tin- town was only $2,627.10. From the following table we learn that there were eleven districts, seventeen schools, and lwent>- six teachers. The amount of mone\" expended for the support of teachers and for fuel was $3,411. The whole nundier of scholars in all the districts was 1452. Of these 1268 (viz: six hundred and thirteen males and six hundred and fifty-five females) attended school in summer; and 1188 (viz: six hundred and ninety-six males and four hundred and ninety-two females attended school in winter. The average attendance in summer was only seven hundred and twenty-two, however, and in winter (inl>- seven hundred and eighty-eight; showing that almost one-halt ol all the children in town were constantly absent from school. ,ST.\TISTICS OF THE .SCHOOLS IN XASHU.V FOR 1S40. (Previous to Itie division oj' the Town.) ^ H Z ?; r g g 5 > > p re c =j ~ ^" 5 E, ere n a" 1 d a s- Nl'MBEK or Tk.\CIIEKS. 11 n p i? 3 re > 3 a ;>: 3 -1 •6 3 ■ ~ 7^ .°3 fT 8 t/i "< 5' ■5 I Sum. I female teacher. Jio.33 16 27 13 14 18 40 I131.00 Win. I male. 26.00 12 40 27 13 35 Sum. 1 female. 11.00 16 4.S 28 17 25 45 131.00 2 Win. I male. 25.00 9 36 25 II 28 3 Sum. 4 females; f 17, f 14, $14 and I13, 21 292 141 151 'f5 358 758.16 Win. I m. and 3 f.; f 29, I17, ;f 14 and I14. 19 288 164 124 183 4 Sum. Win. I female, I male. 11.60 23.00 14 8 24 26 12 21 12 5 16 20 29 131.00 5 Sum. I female. 1 1.32 9 20 10 10 18 22 88.77 Win. r male. 20.00 10 20 13 7 [4 6 Sum. I female. 10.00 16 22 13 9 18 36 131. CO Win. I male, 21.68 14 33 23 10 26 7 Sum. Win. I female, I male. 12.00 24.00 14 13 40 47 17 26 23 21 23 32 47 131.70 8 Sum. Win. t female, I female. 12.00 12 00 29 31 14 17 13 30 88.77 Sum. 3- I male. #42; 6 females, jfi^ each. 23 441 227 2T4 275 556 1177.47 9 Win. 3- I male, I42 ; 6 females, f 13 each. 12 415 250 ■65 274 10 Sum. Win. 2. 2. 2 females; wages, I14 and I13, I male, I26; i female, #14, 26 12 169 114 66 53 103 6i go 80 135 316-69 Sum. 2. 2 females; wages, #14 each. 20 1.57 72 8.5 91 154 326.14 1 1 Win. 2. I male, f27; i female, J14, 13 138 80 58 83 1 1 17- 22 Te.\chkrs. Summer. Winter. 1268 1 188 613 696 655 492 772 788 1452 J34II.OO Of the scholars in all the schools, i,oqo attended to reading, nine hundred and forty-nine to .spelling, eight hundred and thirty-one to arithmetic, two hundred and seventy-three to geography, one hundred and fifty-two to grammar, fifty-four to history, seventeen to moral philo.sophy, sixteen to natural philosophy, eight to chemistry, and se\en to algebra. 76 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. STATISTICS OF THE SCHOOLS IN NASHUA FOR 1^45. Tabic of Teachers, Scholars, Attenciaiuc, etc. hJ ?w 3; z Z '^ 1) > 2 c D :? 3 o ^ 5- ^ y r. c ^ — ^ n 1 ?? 1 n -iq PI No. OF Teachers. • a. 1 > n X ISt I female, $10A2 14 19 9 10 15 ^101.34 I 2d I male, 26.00 9 31 20 II 25 2 ISt I female, 10.00 12 35 25 90.19 2d I male. 2 1. 00 10 35 20 15 25 ISt I I female, 12.00 16 47 19 28 24 2 I female, 12.00 16 6t 30 31 38 302 -3' 3 2d I I male, 26.00 14 50 26 24 35 2 I female. 13.00 12 57 35 22 39 ' I I male and 2 females. 68.00 26 188 90 98 80 ISt 2 2 females. 26.00 26 136 58 78 60 3 2 females, 26.00 26 157 75 82 81 4 4 I female. 14.00 26 74 28 46 40 1416.97 I I male and 2 females. 68.00 II 126 61 65 93 2d 2 2 females. 26.00 II 98 46 52 71 3 2 females. 26.00 II 97 59 38 68 4 I female, 14.00 II 46 19 29 33 5 ISt 1 I female. 10.00 10 20 9 II 10 25.00 ^/ 2d I female. 10.00 12 18 10 8 14 98.34 I male. 22.67 8 29 19 10 23 1 ISt I female. 11.00 17 29 15 14 22 107-34 7 \ 2d I male. 23.00 12 36 18 18 30 STATISTICS OF THE SCHOOLS IN N.ASHVILLE FOR 1 845. Table of Teachers, Scholars, Attendance, etc. H w ^ Z z S 'n > C g If n ^ 'i^ s 3 s 3 p. r: 3 3 o- D- in ^ ''^• re n n 1^ -< n No. OF Teacher.s. > •X X 3 p 1 ft n 3- ^ 5 re 0_ D. c d- X P" '"i, &. ■3 .- Q r,.. I I female, J14.CO 20 44 20 24 26 I . .... 2d 2 I I female, I male. 14.00 30.00 20 16 54 65 24 27 30 36 37 52 160 1386.38 2 I female, 14.00 16 56 30 26 40 ' I I male. 35-00 25 90 42 48 50 ISt 2 I female, 16.00 25 65 30 35 42 3 I female. 16.00 25 70 36 34 55 2 ■ 4 1 I female, I male and female. 16.00 49.00 25 17 85 86 39 45 46 41 52 59 442 1032.95 2d 2 I female, 16.00 17 59 27 32 45 3 I female. 16.00 17 60 33 27 47 4 I female, 16.00 17 77 35 42 56 ISt 1 2d I female. 10.80 II 22 16 6 i6 3 I male. 21.00 10 18 16 2 12 20 91-75 S ISt I female. 12.00 15 16 7 9 12 4 2d I female, 13-25 12 22 10 12 17 19 139-39 There are two academies in Na.shua. "The Nashua Literary Institution," David Crosb\-, A. M., and Mrs. Louisa S. H. Crosby, principals, and the Nashua Academy, Zuinglius Grover, A. M., and Miss Caroline Wood, principals. These academies were both incorporated in 1840. "Abbot's High School," in Nashville, is under the charge of Charles Abbot. Beside the usual liranches taught in high schools, daily instruction is given in vocal and instrumental music. There are also numerous private schools in the village, for small scholars. H/STOK)- OF XASI/rA, X. H. 11 APPENDIX IV. THE NAMH— ITS ORIGIN. I X September, 1673, the proprietors of the farms already laid out and others who were disposed to settle in this viciiiit}-, presented a petition to the general assembly, asking that all the grants be consolidated into one plantation, that they might enjoy the privileges and immunities of an incorporated township. In the following year the boundaries having been extended, the town was called Dunstable, in compliment to Mrs. Mary Tyng, who came from Dunstable, England, and who with her husband, Hon. Edward Tyng, then one of the magistrates of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, shorth- afterwards removed to the new township. Inquiring into the origin of the name as first applied to the English town, lying thirty miles northwest of London in Bedfordshire, we find (ac- cording to Sanborn's History of Dunstable, Eng.) that while the ancient Priorj- is now entirely destroyed, there is to be seen in the garden wall of the old farmhouse, occupying its site, a curiously carved stone, bearing the original "Arnies of the Priory of Dunstable," which are here reproduced. In the records which were kept at the Priory are found the following : ARMS OK THE PKIORV OF DUNSTABLE.' "VERSE.S CONCERNINGE THE NAME AND ARMES OF DUNSTAPLE, 1558. "By Houghton Regis, there, where Watliiige .Streete Is cross'd by Icknell way, once grew a wood With bushes thick orespred ; a covert meete To harbor such as lay in waite for blood, There lurkte of ruffians bolde an hideous route Wliose captaine was one Dunne, of courage stoute. "No travailer almost coulde passe that way But either he was wounded, rob'd, or kil'd Bj' that leude crewe, which there in .secreete law; With murthers, theftes, and rapes, their hands were fil'd. What l)Ooties ere they tooke, ech had his share ; Thus yeere by yeere they liv'd without all care. "At last king Ilenrie, first king of that name, Towards the northern partes in progresse rode ; And hearinge of those greate abuses, came Came unto the thicket where the tlieues abode ; Who on the comniinge of the kinge did flie Each to his house, or to his freinde did hie. "Wherefore the kinge, such niischiefes to prevent, The wood cut down; the w-ay all open laj-de That all trew' men, which that way rode or w'ente, Of sodaine sallyes might be lesse affrayde ; And might descrie their danger ere it came, And so bv wise foresighte escape the same. 78 HISTORY OF XASHUA, N. H. "This done, he rear'd a pouU both houge and longe In that roade-highway, where so nianie passe ; And in the poul let drive a staple stronge, Whereto the kinge's owne ringe appendant was ; And caus'd it to be publisht that this thinge Was done to see what thiefe durst steale the ringe. "Yet for all that, the ring was stol'n away. Which, when it came to learned Beauclerke's eare, By skylful arte to finde, he did assay Who was the theife, and first, within what shyre His dwellinge was, which this bould act had done, And found it to be Bedffordshire, anon. "Next in what hundred off that shyre might dwell This vent'rous wighte, kinge Henrie caste to find ; .\nd upon Mansfield Hundred, straight it fell. Which being founde, he after bent his minde To learn the parish, and by like skyll tride That he in Houghton Regis did abide. "Lastlie. the parish knowne. he further soughte To find the verie house where he remaynde ; And by the precepts of his arte he toughte. That by one Widow Du:i he was retayned ; The widowe's hoase was .searched, so wil'd the kinge, .A.nd with her sonne was founde, staple and ringe. "Thus Eeauclerke by his arte, found out the thiefe, .A. luetic tall younge man of courage goode. Which of the other ruffians was the Chiefe ; That closlie lurked in that waylesse wood. Then Dunne, this captain thiefe, the widowe's sonne, Was hanged for the factes which he had done. "And where the thicket stoode, the kinge did Ijuild i\. market towne for saulfetie of all those Which travail'd that way, that it might them yielde .A. sure refuge from all thievishe foes ; .\nd there King Henrie, of his great bountie. Founded a church, a schole, and priorie. "And for that Dunne, before the wood was downe, Had there his haunte, and thence did steal away The staple and the ring, thereof the towne Is called Dunstaple untill this day ; Also in amies, that corporation. The staple and the ringe give thereupon." Other authorities claim that the word is of Anglo-Saxon origin, the first s}'llable, "Dun," is .\nglo-Saxon for "hill," as seen in Dundee, Dunwhich, Dune, etc. ; that formerly certain goods could not be exported withottt first being brought to one of the "Royal Staples" or markets and there charged with a duty ; that the second part, "Staple," grew out of the fact that Henry, the First, when re-erecting the town, desiring to give it commercial importance, establi.shed a "Staple" or "Market" there, and named the town "Dunstaple — meaning the Market on the Hill." As a result of the readjustment of our state lines in 1746, Old Dunstable was divided and there came into existence two Dunstables, one in Massachusetts — the other in New Hampshire — divided only by the state line. During, and after the Indian wars, the settlement at vSalmon brook became known as "The Harbor," through being a harbor — or place of safety — while in the Indian attack in 1724 occurred the circumstances through which the settlement at the mouth of the Nashua received the name of Indian Head. PART II HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H 8o HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. THE LAST OF THE NASHAWAYS.* R. B. PRESCOTT. Towurd the chise of ;i late summer's day about the year 1842 or 1S43, ^ band of Indians with their ponies, dogs and carts suddenly appeared in the main street of the then village of Nashua, coming from the southward. They halted a few moments on the bridge and gazed earnestly about, being especially interested in the green meadows opposite the Nashua company's mills. They passed the night in what is now called Railroad square, where Hon. Daniel Abbot addressed to them a few words of inquirv and welcfuuc. The writer, then a small child, distinctly remembers being lifted upon the shoulders of his father to witness the novel spectacle. The gathering shadows, k-ngtheniiig to the east. Proclaimed the sun well down the western sky. Wearily along the hot and dusty street, Heralded by all the noisy village boys. Moved a strange procession. At its head. Feathered and tinselled as became his rank, Rode the venerable chief. A motley crew Of painted braves and beaded squaws In number several score in silence followed. Ponies, rough and unkempt, rude wagons drew With dusky children filled, and household goods; While 'tween the wheels with drooping heads And lolling tongues, walked the gaunt Indian dogs. Stolid and silent along the street they passed, Nor heeded aught of all the curious eyes Which wonderingly from every door and window The unwonted sight surveyed. Upon the bridge Which spans the placid waters of the Nashua .'Vt length arrived, the cavalcade made pause. While through the ranks a sudden impulse ran. With outstretched hand the chief their glances drew To where, above, the stream makes sudden curve And laps the edge of broad, green meadow lands ; Where now, from underneath the wheel's dark pit The foaming torrent plunges madly forth. With earnest words and feelings deeply moved His hearers' minds he seeming much impressed. It was as when some long forgotten scene, Suddenly reappearing, floods the heart With cherished memories, and, like spring-time torrents, Bears all else impetuously away. A moment thus they gazed, then moving on To where the street first verges to the right, Beneath two giant Balm-of-Gilead trees Whose spreading branches overarched the way, A final halt was made. The village folk. Curious, yet timid, a gradual circle formed. Which, as it grew, to narrower limits pressed. Till some, more bold than others, dared to feel With cautious touch the strangers' quaint attire. And now the circle parts and entering in Approached the chief a portly man and wise ; Whose face, dress, speech, and general air, proclaimed A man of power and weight within the town.t With proffered hand and kindly tone he asked, "Who and whence are ye, and with what intent Come ye here thus to camp within our town?" The swarthy chief a moment him surveyed. Then glancing o'er the throng thus made reply. *Prizc poem; written in response to an offer, on the part of the managers of this history, of fifty dollars in gold for the best original poem written for the work; the author to be either a native or resident of Nashua. There were several competitors, and, by unanimous consent of the committee of aw.ard, the above obtained the jirize. • ^ tHon. Daniel Abbot. ///SVOA'}- OF XASUUA, X. 11. 8i " Oh, pale-face, many, many years are flown Since these fair lands our fathers called their own ; Ere yet these whirrinj^ wheels the silence broke, Or shriek of iron horse the echoes woke, Freely they roved where e'er their fancy drew. Guiding their course by Nature's instincts true. Their broad domain on every hand was seen, l-'roni Nashua's source to Penacook's meadows green ; From where the Merrimack meets the Atlantic tide Westward to far Wachusett's rugged sides. Six tribes here dwelt in peace, or banded, fought Their common foe, the wily, fierce Mohawk, And each and all were subject to the .swa}- Of that proud sachem, Passaconaway. We the descendants are — a feeble band. Of those same Nashaways that possessed this land. From distant shores we hitherward are come To view once more our father's ancient home ; To note again the streams they loved so well. To mark the ground where in fierce strife they fell. These have we seen, and to our children told The wrongs ye did their sires in days of old. Yet in our hearts we bear no thought of hate, But only see the o'erruling hand of fate. Poor and unskilled, the red man must give i)lace. And own the white man the superior race." He ceased. The throng in silence moved away ; The village youth no more resumed their play ; And when again returned the morning light, The Indian liaud had vanished from the sight. 82 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. BIOGRAPHICAL JESSE ESTEY. Jesse Estey was born in Middletown, Mass., in 1780, died in Nashua, Sept. 12, 1846. Mr. Estey was educated in the public schools of his native place and early in life JESSE ESTEY. moved to Mont Vernon. In 181 1 he settled in Nashua and bought what was then known as the Pollard house, changing the name to Kstey house, and continuing it as a hotel till 1S27, when he gave up the occupation of land- lord and removed to the north side of the river, taking up his residence in the house now standing at the corner of Concord and Laton streets. From that time until 1846 he was engaged in the grain business. In 1830 Mr. Este)- built the house now 217 Main .street and resided there until his death. In his da^' Mr. Estey was one of the prominent men of Nashua and closely identified with those who were enthusiastic in effort to develop its resources and advance its prosperity. He was a director in the Nashua State bank and one of the original stock- holders in the Washington house and Worcester & Nashua railroad, both of which enterprises had his endorsement. In a word he was a stirring citizen who had the confidence of the business community and the esteem of all with whom he came in contact. Mr. Estey was united in marriage June 19. 1808, with Anna Peabody, daughter of Deacon Benjamin Peabod)- of Middletown. Deacon Peabody was a captain in the Con- tinental army during the war of the Revolution and after peace was declared was commi.ssioned colonel of a militia regiment. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Estey's marriage were Hannah F., Augustus, Willis Hall, Julia A., Maria, who married Col. Harvej' F. Courser, (see sketch of his career elsewhere in this work), Caroline and George P. The last named removed in earl)- life to Toledo, O., and, when the Civil War broke out, was emploj-ed on the edi- torial staff of the Toledo Blade. The day Fort Sumter was fired on he was visiting his relatives in Nashua. He immediately telegraphed his frienrls in Ohio to muster a company of volunteers and include his name on the roll. His suggestion was acted upon and he went to the front in the F'ourteenth regiment, Ohio volunteers, in which command he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. Before the war was closed he was Ijrevetted, for gallantry, brigadier-general. General Estey was united in marriage June 3, 1868, with Emma Lindsey, daughter of IvOuis Lindsey of Winchester, Va., at Washington, 1). C. Mrs. Estey died Oct. 9, 1870. General Estey died in New York city Feb. 6, 1881, and his body was buried in the family lot in tile Nashua cemetery. JESSE BOWERS. Hon. Jesse Bowers was born at Chelnisfi>rd, Mass., Nov. 12, 1785, died at Nashua, June 22, 1854. He was the youngest of seven sons of William and Hannah (Kidder) Bowers, whose ancestors were among the first settlers of Chelmsford and Billerica, Mass. Mr. Bowers obtained such schooling as possible in the public schools of his native place and then attended an academy at Concord, Mass. He came to Nashua in i8(X>, and after his marriage resided in what was known at the time as the Gen. Noah Lovewell house, which is still standing, having been moved a few feet east of its original foundation to make room for the manufactory of the American Shearer company. Of the industrious and busy men in Nashua in the days of small beginnings he was one of the liest known and most influential. He was one of the builders and owners of the Taylor's falls toll-bridge, a director in the Nashua State bank and Nashua & Lowell railroad, an incorporator in the Nashua Literary institu- tion, and its first president; and also engaged in managing his farm and settling estates in the capacity of administrator. Mr. Bowers represented the town in the legislature from 1816 to 1824, was a member of the senate from 1826 to 1828, and deputy sheriff of the county from 1840 to the time of his death. He was also a moving factor in town affairs and was identified with many local enterprises that resulted beneficially to his fellow-citizens. He was prominent in the Unitarian church, and a :nan in whom the public placed implicit confidence. Mr. Bowers was twice married. His first wife was Betsey Lovewell, daughter of Gen. Noah and Mary (Farwell) Lovewell: second, Laura Fletcher of Lowell. Six children were born of bis first marriage of whom only one is living: Mrs. Bedel, widow of Gen. John Bedel of Bath. The children of his second marriage were : Laura Maria, born at Nashua, March 12, 1S39, married George O. Whiting of Wilton, May 1, 1865, and now residing in Lexington, Mass. : Clara Adelia, born at Nashua, July 22, 1841, married Frank A. McKean of Nashua, June 11, 1863. inSTORY OI-' XASHIJA, X. If. 83 WILLIAM BOAKUMAN. Col. William I5oar(lnian was born al Ilaverliill, Mass. rSsfi. Hf was : Dl'C. 15, 17S7, (lied at Nashua. Oct. son of Thomas ami .\iin (Noves) Boanlmaii, and "J JESSE liOWEKS. ik'SCL-ndant of William Boardman who was born in Cam- bridge, England, in 1614, came to America in 1638 and settled at Saugus, Mass., where he died March 25, 1685. The descent was William, 1614, William, 1657, William, about 1700, Thomas, 1744, William, 1787. William, 1614, had a family of eight children and their descendants have become prominent in public life and honored resi- ilents of many states in the Union. Colonel Boardman was educated in the public and private schools of his day and thoroughly qualified him- self as a civil engineer. He remained in his native place and followed his profession until in 1823, w'hen he came to Nashua and entered the service of the Nashua Manufac- turing company, and to him belongs the credit of locating the company's canal, mill buildings and tenement blocks. He was a Whig in politics and a strong party man, and represented Nashville in the legislature in 1843. In religious belief he was a Unitarian. He was one of the original promoters of the Indian Head state bank. Colonel Boardman was a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. !■'. and A. M., and served it as worshipful master in 1830. Colonel Boardman was united in marriage Oct. 3, 1810, with Anna Welister, daughter of David and Mary (Conant) Webster of Haverhill, Mass. The children born of this marriage were: William, who died in New York in 1891 ; Charles and Henry, both residing in New York; Mary W., married Josiah G. Graves, M. D., of Nashua, died 1893; Frances, married Charles W. Hol- brook of Athol, Mass.; Jane N., married William I). Beasom of Nashua. AMBROSK PHARSON. Major Ambrose Pearson, son of Caleb and Elizabeth ( I'"arnier ) I'earson, ( for ancestors see sketch of his father), was born at Londonderry, July 19, 1819; died at Wilton, July 23, 7876. He was educated in the common schools of his native place and the New Hampton institution. In 1825 he became a resident of Nashua, and from that time until 1848 was identified with many of the enterprises that developed its resourses and gave it prominence as a manufacturing center. His profession was that of a civil engineer, and, in the construction of many of the railroads in the New England and Western states, he had charge of stone masonry, of which he became an expert whose su- perior skill and judgment were inc onstant demand in great undertakings. After leaving Nashua he resided at CJuincy, Mass., St. Albans, Vt., Marietta, O., Antioch, 111., Lowell, Mass., Putnam, Conn., Vinelaud, N. J., and Wil- ton, all the changes being made necessary by reason of his profession. In early life he was interested in military matters and held various commissions, including that of major. In 1856 and 1857 he was mayor of Antioch, 111., and in other places where he resided he was prominent in civil affairs and in society. Major Pearson was a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M., Nashua. He was a man of the most genial and companionable temperment, widely known and highly regarded by friends and ac- ciuaiiitances. At the time of his death, which was sudden, he was engaged in surveying a route for a railroad between Greenfield and Keene. His body was. buried in the Nashua cemeter}-. Major Pearson was united in marriage June 13, 1848, with Mary R. W^hite of Quincy, Mass., who died Aug. 2, 1853. His second marriage, which occured March 8, 1855, was with Hannah A. Edgerley, daughter of Samuel J. and Elizabeth (Bickford) Edgerley of Barnstead. Five child- ren were born to him : by his first marriage, Mary M., at St. Albans, Vt., Aug. ig, 1849, married J. A. McCrillis, f)ct. tioch Fred Feb AMIUSOSK I'KAR.SON. 1S73 ; by his second marriage, Carrie W., at An- 111., vSept., 1856, married J. W. Smith, Nov. 20, 1S76 ; S., at Lowell, July 3, i86r, married Mabel Ward, 5, 1886; Walter A., al Putnam, Conn., July 3, 1869. 84 HISTORY OF NASHCrA, N. H. JOHN CLIFTON LUND. John C. Lund was Ijorn in Nashua, Jan. 28, 1821 ; died at Nashua, Jan. 14, 1896. He was a son o( Clifton and Rebec- ca (Carleton) Lund of Old Dunstable. His inunigrant ancestoi on the paternal side was Thomas Lund, born in 1660, and among the first settlers in Dunstable, whose genealogy is traced to William DuLund whose name ap- pears, 1313. on a list of over 400 persons who were par- doned by the King of England for participating in the rebellion. The American descent is Thomas, i66o. William, i686,AVil- liani, 1717. John, 1749, Clifton, 1784, and John C 1821. They were all wor- thy men and with their brothers in each generation were among the bravestof the brave Indian fightersand soldiers in the ear- ly history of Dun- stable ; they were citizens of infln- enceand character. Thomas Lund, the oldest son of the original settler, was killed Sept. 5, 1724, with some others while fight- ing Indians near Nashua; William Lund was taken captive in the same fight and carried to Canada where he was afterwards ransomed. Major John Lund, grand- father of the sub- ject of this sketch, was at the battle of Bunker Hill, while other de- scendants have sustained the hon- or of the flag in all the wars of the country and adorned the professional and industrial occupations of men. On the maternal side he is a descendant of Timothy and Rebecca (Field) Carleton, both of whom were from families of worthy people. Mr. Lund was educated in the district schools of Dun- stable and at Crosby's Nashua Literary institution. When he was twenty years of age he went out into the world to seek his fortune. He settled at Cabotville, now Chicopee, Mass., and during the next six years was employed in the Dwight cotton mill. In 1848 he went to Victory, (a set- tlement in Saratoga, N. Y.,) in charge of cotton mill JOHN C. LLUN'D. machinery-, made in Chicopee. He set up the machinery, and operated the mill five years. In 1853 he went to Bellevue, Ohio, and took a contract to build seven miles of the Cleveland, Norwalk & Toledo railroad. He com- pleted his contract in 1855 and then went to Milwaukee, Wis., and engaged in the sale of a patent atmospheric belt for flour mills. In 1857 he returned to Chicopee and for the next two years was employed as overseer of two cotton mills. The year 1859 found him at Augusta, Ga., in charge of the Augusta cotton factory of which his brother- in-law, Francis Coggin, was the agent. The Civil War broke out in 1861, and, it being an uncomfortable place for a Union man, he immedi- ately returned to Nashua. In 1862 and 1863 he was employed in the armory at Spring- field, and after that for a short time in the Flor- ence Sewing ma- chine manufactory at Florence, Mass., and the Weed sew- ing machine shop at Nashua. His last venture was the White money- drawer patent. He purchased the half interest of A. (). Miles, later bought White out. He manufactured and sold drawers four or five years, made some money and sold out. Since then he has man- aged his farm on the Lowell road and engaged ex- tensively in the real estate busi- ness. No citizen was better liked among social Nashuans than Mr. Lund. He carried sunshine with him wherever he went and was democratic iu all his ways and dealings. When at Chicopee he was made an Odd Fellow in St. John's lodge, but on his return to that place from the West he found that the charter had been given up and so he never applied for re-instatement in the order. He was a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M., Meridian Sun Royal Arch chapter, Israel Hunt council of Masters and St. George Commmandery, K. T. He w'as also a Scottish Rite Mason of the 32d degree. Mr. Lund was a Unitarian'and a single man. J/ IS Ton y OF NASHUA, N. H. 85 BENJAMIN PETTENGILL MOORE. Benjatniii P. Moore was born in Old Dnnstahle, now Nashua, March 10, 1806, died at Nashua, Jan. 20, iS8g. He was son of Tlionias and Polly (Petten,<;il! ) Moore, anald- ing of Merrimack. (For ancestors see sketch of Solo- mon >Spalding of Nashua). Mrs. Moore died Oct. 25, 1891. Mr. and Mrs. Moore cele- brated the fiftieth anniversary of their marriage in iS.So, the event be- ing more notice- aide from the fact that all their chil- dren and grand- children and two who attended their wedding w'ere present. Six chil- dren were born of their marriage : Charles P., born .\ng. 14, 1832, died March 23, 1834; Kllen A., born July 28, 1835 ; Martha A., born Nov. 10, 1S37, marrieil Levi \V. tSoodrich of Lunenburg, Mass.; John Francis, born Nov. 30, 1838, died March 4, 1845; Mary Ella Spald- ing, liorn l'"eb. 28, 1848; Luciuda Reed, liorn in Chariest o w n , Mass., January "9. iS.s lied September 12, 1S53. THOMAS J. LATON. Thoma.s J. Laton was born in Nashua in 1815, died in Nashua, in the same house in which he was born, in 1879. He was a son of Capt. Thomas Laton, a sketch of whose career appears in this work, and Kezia (McKean) Laton, who was born in Merrimack and was a descendant of the McKeans who came from "ye north of Ireland", being Scotch-Irish, and settled in Londonderry in 1719. 86 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Mr. Laton was educated in the public schools of Nashua. He was one of the largest owners of real estate on the north side of the river and during a long, active and honorable career followed the business of purchasing and slaughtering cattle for the markets of Nashua and vicin- ity. His business was large and of a fluctuating character, and the confidence reposed in him by the farmers of Hills- borough county — and no man was ever more worthy of the confidence of the people — was such that times without number they delivered their stock to him with- out bargaining in the matterof price, knowingthatwhen dressed the return in cash would be to the last penny the market would afford him to pay. He gave credit to struggling men of small capital, ami by so doing, and adding words of encou ragement. helped many a worthy man into a paying business. It is true that now and then a few men proved un- worthy of his con- fidence and sub- jected him to loss, but for all that he continued stead- fast in his sympa- thy for his fellow- men to the end of his life. He was a man of democratic simplicity in do- mestic. life ; of the most attractive so- cial characteris- tics ; of generous impulses and un- faltering friend- ship. Mr. Laton served the town of Nashville on its board of select- men, but he had no taste for public life and therefore declined further honors from party associates. In early life he held a commission as captain of a militia company, and later in life was a trustee in the Cit}' Savings bank. He was a member of Granite lodge, I. O. O. F., and attended the Unitarian church. Mr. Laton was united in marriage in 1842 with Abigail \V. Edson, daughter of Asa R. and Theodotia (Cutler) Ed.son of Rockingham, Vt. Three sons were born of his marriage: .\lbert T., 1843, married Gcorgie Ebert of Lowell; Frank D., 1845, married I<;flie ]\L Wood of Wash- ington; Charles E., 1847. rnoMA.s LEONARD WHITH NOYHS. Col. I^eonard W. Noyes was born at Canaan Jan. 14, 1779; died at Nashua, March 18, 1867. He was the fourth son in a familj' of nine children of Mood}- and Anna ( Pike) Noyes. His paternal ancestor in this country was Ed- ward Noyes, a graduate of Oxford college, Eng., who came to America in 1630, settled at Newbury, Mass., and became one of the principal men of this section, being prominent in educational circles and in public affairs. On the maternal side he was a descend- ant of the Pikes, a hardy race of men who have bee n conspicuous i n this state for man^- generations, who have represented the people in both branches of con- gress, followed the fortunes of the flag in war, preached the gos- pel, adorned the professions, and graced the com- mon walks of life. Col. Noyes at- tended the com- mon .schools of his native place and was given an aca- demic education. When seventeen years of age he went to Boston and enteredtheemplo}- of William Green- leaf, and soon after took charge of Mr. Greeuleaf's busi- ness on Long wharf. In 1823 he came to Nashua, then Dunstal)le, where he remained until his death. His business was principally that of a manufacturer. Among the enter- prises in which he engaged was the manufacture of mortise locks. He estab- lished the first manufactoi-y in this countrv on Water street, Nashua, and b}' good judgment and sagacity devel- oped it till it became incorporated as the Nashua Lock company, which, under his management, gave steady em- ployment to more than one hundred men. He was the first exhibitor of this class of wares at the Mechanics' ex- hibition in Boston, and, according to the newspapers of that day, was given credit as the founder of this branch of American industry. Col. No\'es was also one of the promoters of the first sewing machine enterprise in this LATOiN. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. //. country, the machine having been invented by Elias Ilowe, then a Nashua mechanic; and it is also to his credit that he invested money in the Nashua Watch company and did all in his power to keep that business — which was re- moved to Walthani to the buildinj; up of that place into a prosperous city — intact here. More than this Col. Noyes' farsightedness made him a believer in Nashua's future to the degree that he built Noyes block, which, at that time, was considered by more conservative citizens a hazardous enterprise. Colonel Noyes was an old line Whi;..;", and a a warm political friend of Daniel Webster, whom he often eiitcrtaiiu-d at his home in Nashua. During his early life in Nashua he took an active part in the councils of his par- ty, held public of- fice and represent- ed Nashua in the legislature in 1840 and again in 1843, when he vigorous- ly but unsuccess- fully opposed the division of the town. He was chairman of the committee that built the town house, known to- day as the City Hall, and in 1S50 was a member from Nashua of the con- stitutional con- vention, serving as chairman of the committee on the bill of rights. Colo- nel Noyes, how- ever, had become so disgusted with the action of the democratic major- ity in dividing Nashua for parti- san purposes that he eschewed pol i t i - cal preferment and never afterwards, with the exception of the constitutional convention, could he be persuaded to accept public office, it being a matter of record that he was chosen to represent his ward in the first city government but never qualified, and also that he declined to be a canorough county than Mr. Spalding, and such was the confidence in his impartiality and so strong was his per- sonality that in the most heated political contests he was many times chosen moderator by unanimous consent. He was several years a representative in the legislature, and, under the cit}^ charter, was a member of the board Of aldermen. He was a niemlier of the state constitutional convention in 1850 and of the governor's council in 1866-67 ami 1867-6S. Mr. Spalding was elected one of the trustees of the State Asvlum for the Insane in 1865, and was chosen I.SAAC .SP.\LDING. president of the board in 1869. He was one of the earliest advocates of the Concord railroad and its first treasurer, and, from its incorporation in 1835 to 1866, served either as treasurer, director or president. He was for more than twenty-five years president of the Nashua bank, a state institution, which closed its business in 1869, having never made a bad debt or lost a dollar. In the War of the Rebellion he was a financial agent of the gov- ernment and assisted in providing the means of our country's success. Jlr. Spalding at the time of his death, in May, 1876, was one of the richest men in NewHamp- shire, having ac- quired his ]irop- erty by imhistry a n d e c o n o ni \ , united willi a wise forecast ami uutir- ing energy. He left no surviving children. In May, iSjS, lie married Lvicy, daughter of Nathan Kendall of Amherst, who was born Decendier 13, 1796. Two sons were born to them — Fxlward Francis in 1 83 1 and Isaac Henry i n I 840. Ikith of them died in e h i 1 <1 h o o d . After Mr. Spald- ing's death his wife continued to live in the family residence on Main street until her death December 8, 1893, aged 97 years — having survived her husband sev- enteen years. During the sixty- five years of Mrs. Spalding's resi- dence in Nashua, she had an ever increasing interest in its affairs, con- stantl}' inquiring regarding Nashua and the residents. Her liberality had been manifested many times, notably towards the church of her choice, to which she gave largely. She gave the site for the edifice for the First Congregational society, and made it possible for the society to erect a new church. In many wa3-s Mrs. Spalding found opportunities of exercising the spirit of true charity, with which she was richly endowed, and which, while it prompted her to give generously to such objects as seemed to her to be worth}- and deserving, was also tempered with the sterling (piality of common sense, which enaliled her to give with discrimination. /iis'nn^v or .v.is//r:-i. A\ //. 91 WILLIAM DUTTON BEASOM. William I). Heasom was born at I^yndeboro, A])!'!! 19, 1810; died at Nashua, March 20, 1870. He was a son of John and Rebecca (Dutton) Beasoin, and on the paternal siile a decendent of Philip Beasom, a Ilusuenot, who was driven from France early in the eighteenth century, by religous ])ersecution. He fled to the Isle of Guernesy, and a little later emigrated to America and settled at .Marblehead, Mass. He married Sarah liarbiere in 1751. They were the great grand-par- ents of the subject of this sketch. On the maternal side lie was a descend- ant of Rebecca lUilloM, daughter William Dutton of I.vndeboro'. Mr. lU'asom was edu- cated in the pub- lic schools, and beyond that was a well informed man, and t h or- ough in business knowledge by pri- vate study, intui- tion and close ap- plication to what- ever he was e n - gaged. He began his career as a peddler, and in 1831 was located permane nt ly in Nashua. A little later he opened a general merchan- dise store on Chest- nut street. Good management gave prosperity and he moved to Factory street. Then he formed a co-part- nership with H\- bridge (V . Reed under the firm name of Beasom 6t Reed and moved into the store at the corner of Main and Factory streets. The firm was well known for many years. I' extends into Lock street near the residence of the late Seneca Greeley and will be noticed by the pedestrian e.specialh- in wet weather. The break in this moraine mentioned above, extending from Tolles street on the east to Heacon hill on the west, is accounted for by the fact that just before the final disappearance of the last remnant of the continental ice cap a tongue of ice had gone down Concord street and across Railroad square, acro.ss the Nashua river, and southward along Main street, jjushing before it its terminal moraine as far as the northeast corner of the South common, and on the west side of it as far as High .street, and on the east side as far as the Pilgrim church, and retreating left there sections of the otherwi.se continuous moraine at the places indicated, where they constituted the considerable hills which were there found by the first settlers, but which have since been dug down and carried away. Going northeast about seventy rods from the angle of the gravel ridge before described to an excavation through it at Lock street, we find it is there formed of stratified yellow sands sloping away toward the west from the Merrimack river at an angle of about forty degrees. The location, color antl character of this sand show that it came down the Merrimack on the ice when that stream filled the whole interval of the river, being about a mile wide at this point and at lea.st one hundred and twenty- five feet deep, and that it was washed off in the water that ran off its side into an open space that lay between the glacial Merrimack and the tongue of ice before mentioned which had then come to a .stand still and no longer at this point coalesced with the ice river, but, through the influence of sun and rain, had retreated from it a few feet. There might have been some water .standing in this open crack along side of the ice stream but there was some outlet for the water when it rose to this height : which fact is shown by the absence of clay. Most of the wash which carried in the sand came from the glacial Merrimack, but not all ; for if we observe closely we shall see that a nearly horizontal sweep across the top of these strata, with a little incline toward the river, has been made as if by the sudden irruption of water and gravel from the surface of the local glacier on the land side. How do we know it came from the west or northwe.st ? Because it is a gravel made up in ])art of the dark colored slate found between Winter hill and Merrimack. How do we know it was a sudden irruiJtion? Because it swept clear across the ridge and left a deposit of gravel three or four feet in thickness. On the bottom of that layer and resting on the top edge of the strata of yellow sand which is cut off at an angle, is a flooring of black slate pebbles three or four inches in diameter. The rest, though finer, is of the same material. At the time of this irruption of gravel from the west, the ice extending across the Merrimack interval must have stood as high as the top of these jellow strata, or the layers of yellow sand would have been cut down still lower by this torrent from the hill over the local glacier ice tongue. This sand bank not only tells its own story but also that of innumerable similar deposits all over New England. The finest debris from the broken rock floor is carried farther by the current of the stream whether it be of water or of ice. The slower the current of that stream moves the more likely the smallest and finest particles are to be deposited. The very finest of the rock paste, unless deposited where there is no current, goes on to the ocean. If deposited in perfectly still water it forms If /STONY or NASHir.A, A'. //. loi a clay bed. Fine, heav}- sand falling off the ice stream in still water is put down in level strata. Coarser sand, gravel and pebbles, as they glide off the ice stream's edge, back up against the ice and lorm strata at angles varying from twenty to twenty- five degrees and from one to three feet in Ihickness. As the moving ice stream diminishes in depth, and even after it has ceased to move, while it still retains its general shape and features, even though its surface has sunk below the sand and gravel ridges in its outer edges, both the ice stream itself and the.se lateral ridges are subject to incursions of torrents of water bearing immense quantities of gravel, pebbles and l)Owlders from the bordering hills and from the overhanging tongues and sheets of the glacial ice upon their tops. 'I'housands of banks of fine stratified sand all over the country are thus held down by layers of coarse gravel and small bowlders which have prevented the wind seizing them and transporting the ])nlverized particles in moving dunes across the countrj-. This layer of dark slate, gravel and stones thrust nearly horizontally across the upturned strata of yellow Merrimack sand here at the Lock street section of this gravel ridge solves another mystery. It discloses the method of the formation of the valley terraces of New England and those of Scotland, iiiul of the fjords of Norway and of every other country that has once been glaciated. Aga.ssiz e.\plained the "parallel roads of Glen Roy" — a series of terraces around the sides of a Scottish valley — as being cau.sed by a glacier building a series of transverse moraines one after another, each following one lower than its predeces.sor : and these moraines serving as dams, held back the waters at different times at the different heights of the existing terraces. So late as his journey to Brazil, he alludes with some satisfaction to that early discover}'. But he fails to show how a valle\- lake thus held in check can receive and retain the material comprising the terrace and hold it at the level of the water's edge or that any such process is anywhere going on at the present time. An earlj- and frequent explanation of these river or valley terraces is that the river internal was first filled up level across from side to side with the drift, which for that purpose is usually described as lying in level strata, and then afterwards the existing interval was cut out by the water courses, which were considerably intensified in order to perform that work. This is the explanation of the text book writers, of Geike, the Scottish geologist, of Mr. Warren Upham, and of many others. Another explanation which met with considerable favor a generation ago was that these terraces stood at the water level and that a succession of them marked the successive steps in the gradual upheaval of the continent. In trying to verify this theory Professor Hitchcock was perplexed by the fact that there was no connection between one set of valley terraces and another either as to their elevation above the .sea or in the height of each successive upheaval. Both these theories .still find many adherents. It is easy — in theory — to hoist and submerge again the continents. It is easier to talk about the drift in a valley teiTace than to examine it carefully. It is not difficult to be pleased with the thought of having made a great discovery in nature and yet to neglect to verify the details. A lake or pond silts up first at the upper end ; no transverse moraine or other dam can be contrived to make the still water build up a terrace all around the edge of a pond at the water level, or place the gravel and bowlders of the terraces in such position. Besides, as the writer has discovered from numerous observ-ations, the valley terraces are not level ; they all descend with the valley often more rapidly than the brook or river at its bottom. Thus a river near the mountains here in New England was found by the writer to have a fall of eleven feet in two miles, while a well defined terrace one hundred and sixty-five feet above it fell forty feet in the same distance. The reason wlij- the slanting strata of yellow sand was not cut down any lower by that furious irruption of water, bearing dark gravel and stones from the west at this section of the gravel ridge on Lock .street, can only be explained by the fact that there was something substantial and solid on the east of that ridge and close along side of it that could not be overturned or washed away. There is nothing of that nature there now. We know that what was there then and is gone now was the great ice stream of the Merrimack. The ridge of sand along its side could be cut off lower than the top surface of that ice against which it rested. When the water came with sufficient force the sand could stand no higher than the top of the ice, but if the torrent came from the hills or local side glacier the top of the sand ridge was thrown over and ui)on the ice stream, and if the torrent came down or across the ice stream the top of the sand or gravel ridge would be struck oft', as a miller strikes off the full measure of grain, and the surplus thrown ujion the other side of the sand ridge toward the hill side, and thus the intervening space between the ritlge and the bordering hill filled in up to the I02 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. height of the top of the ice stream. The top of the ice stream in either event was the gauge of the height of the terrace. The ice which held the terrace in place and regulated its height has disajipeared. The bed-rock upon which it scraped and ground along has been silted over and covered up but the terraces remain. The dam was longitudinal and not transverse, the ice itself and not its moraine. North of Lock street the ridge becomes a terrace and extends northerly past the O'Donnell school house, the Laton homestead and along the western side of the Merrimack interval, and the .space between the top of the ridge and the hill to the west is filled in as before indicated. Fairmount Heights, which overlook the city on the northwest, constitute an elevated plateau standing about two hundred feet above the .sea level and about fifty feet above Main street. This plateau is twentv-five hundred feet long from east to west and from seven hundred to twelve hundred feet broad upon the top. It lies parallel to the interval of the Nashua which flows at its southerly ba.se .seventy-five feet below. This plateau is nearly level, with, however a slight incline 'THE IST-AND"— A VIEW ON THE NWSIIUA RIVER OF TO PAV. toward the east or dt>wn the \-alley of the Nashua. It can be reached in no direction excejU b>- making a considerable ascent. It is all within a mile of the City hall. It constitutes a very large and perfect glacial terrace, made up of sand, gravel, pebbles and small bowlders of gneiss, mica schist and the dark slate found in the region lying to the north and northwest. The clay and fine sand has been entirely washed out and carried away so that no water will remain on the surface and to obtain any b}- means of wells they need to be sunk at least seventy-five feet. At the time this terrace was formed the Nashua inteni-al from Mine falls to the Merrimack was full of ice. This drift which now constitutes the Fairmount terrace probably was once the terminal moraine of a great northwestern ice stream, a remnant of the continental ice cap, and this moraine banked up close against the Nashua ice stream, while some of its material no doubt is made up of the lateral moraine of that stream. Before it was stricken off comparative level down to the surface of the ice stream, (then from a hundred to a hundred and fifty feet deep), that moraine stood in irregular conical ridges. ///SrOA'}' OF A'ASnCA, X. //. 103 some of tlieiii perhaps fifty feet higher than the present plateau, and it took an immense force of water to sweep off and level down the to]is of these ridges. When that was done, the tongues of ice from IIr- north were also l)anked up against the moraine on that side and there they remained until thej^ melted, leaving the precipitous sides and deep depression still to be found toward the Wilton railroad.* When the general ice cap was on its course toward the south and southeast, after passing over the site of the present citw it struck tlie mass of \ery hard cr>stanine rock composed of mica schist with streaks of feldspar, lying between the Merrimack and .Salmon brook, the remains of which now constitute Pratt's hill and Long hill, and extending from the Harbor south beyond the state line. This rocky prominence was so hard it could not be entirely eroded, but was much rasped off and ground down. When the ice cap on this hill finall\- disap])eared it left the thin paste beneath it, in some ])laces not more than two or three feet deep covering the hill. There are also many bowlders, some of them of jiorplivritic gneiss which have come at least thirty or forty miles from beyond the Contoo- cook. The ice disappeared ,so gradually that neither the water from its melting disturbed the ground moraine nor did that moraine itself, though not held back by the roots of grass or trees or any vegetation, slide down the polished and slipjjery sides of the bed rock except in a few places. When the ice cap had rested from its laliors on this hill, the ice stream of the Merrimack still kept on its course and has left its lateral moraine stranded in gravel ridges along its right bank, and these ridges mav be traced at an altitude of more than one hundred feet above present low water in the Merrimack across the land of J. L. H. Marshall, near which they now furnish material for the cement pipe works of Hon. Seth 1). Chandler on the Lowell road. Traces of this ridge are found running south from that point (ui the west side of the highway and further along on the east between it anil the railroad for se\'eral miles. On the other side of the Merrimack one may begin on the west side of Otternie pond in Hudson and follow a corresponding ridge parallel with the present Merrimack and about half a mile east of it for three or four miles .southward. The ridge, irregular in height, is only eight or ten feet wide on top. It stands from fifteen to forty feet above the adjacent land. Its sides are steep and nearly devoid of soil. It is composed of coarse gravel, pebbles and small bowlders, smooth and well rounded. It is unstratified. Oppo.site where the ice stream of the Nashua united with that of the Merrimack, deflecting the latter to the eastward, the ridge rises the highest and appears in a succession of parallel bow shaped hills with their concave sides toward the river. They are the lateral moraines of the ancient Merrimack and stand from a hundred and ten to a hundred and forty feet above the rocky floor of that glacial stream. Beyond it to the eastward the lateral glacier and subsequently the larger pond that occupied the site of Otternie and Hudson Centre found an outlet toward the east until the waters Ijroke through this ridge where Otternie brook now runs, draining the pond to its present dimensions and empt\ing its waters into the Merrimack. The westerly side of the ridge is banked up with drifts of fine sand lilown up from the shores of the Merrimack by the prevailing northwest winds. Toward the southern extremity of the ridge, on the farm of Mr. Fuller, the dune has been retarded in its easterly movement by the action of man, who now seeks to hold it back from the destruction of the fertile territory between. This lateral moraine is a kame and differs from an osar in being laid down in the air. Opposite this kame the main current of the ice must have been deflected near to the eastern shore, rising above it for that reason, and allowing the rubbish borne along on its surface to slide down upon the eastern side, thus building up the gravel ridge. Within its walls are found bowlders of the coar.se pink granite found in the vicinity of Manchester and which one sees in the curb stones and flags of that city. None of this granite is found in the moraines or gravel ridges west of the Merrimack. But they in turn hold many bowlders of Milford granite, which is not found in the Hudson kame. This is in accordance with the well known law that the material con.stituting the lateral moraine of an ice .streatu is never transferred liy the ice to the opposite side of the current. The lakes and ponds which covered so large an extent of the surface of New England during the disai)])earance of the ice cap were held in place by barriers of the ice itself in the first instance, and snbse terraces in j;lacial regions was arrivcil at liy the writer in 1S85 from his personal investij,'ation of many terraces in Xew England and northern New York, and so far as he is aware is original with him. His conclusions were first given to the public in a paper read by him before the Nashua Fortnightly club, I'ebinary 5, 1888, an, 1763, served three years in the Revolutionary War, and after the independ- ence of the country was won settled at Stoddard ; he was a pensioner. Of his large family, many have become di.stinguished in professions and mercantile life. Mr. Reed was educated in the coninion schools of his native place and at the academy in Bellows Falls, Vt. He remainej the mer- chant t a i 1 or i n g Inisincss o n his own account. His vent u r e w .a s a success. The busi- ness, however, had its limitations and, beino; ambi- tious for a larger field of endeavor, he sold out in 1846, aud purchased the stock and good will of the succes- sor in the Ijusiness established by his first employer in Nashua. He con- tiuueil the busi- ness at the old stand at the corner of Main and I'actory streets till 1S60, in which year he purchased the property at the corner of Main and Park streets, built a new block, which has since been greatly improved, and pursued the hanlware depart- ment of his former l)usiness until 1889, when, by reason of failing health, he sold out and retired to private life. Mr. Nutt was an old school and progressive merchant whose word was as good as his note. He did business on thorougli liusiuess principles, and was a man whose jiidgnient was much sought after by the mercantile com- munity. He was a good citizen and an ardent lover of his LII.XRI.I'IS 11. \t! 1 't. country ami her institutions. In 1846, 1847 and 1848, he served the town as clerk, but his retiring disposition and dread of notoriety aud public life was such that he could not be ])revailey John Huston's and Richardson's and Butterfield's and to Nashua River Bridge." At the town meeting held March 30, 1748, the dissatisfaction existing relative to the location of the new meeting house and the settling of the new minister. Rev. Samuel Bird, culminated in an open quarrel and, a part of the voters seceding, organized and elected a full set of officers. Here then were two separate and antagonistic set of town officials, each claiming to be the true governing power. The general a.ssembly was appealed to and after long and repeated hearings, they declared that particular meeting null and void, and directed when and how a legal meeting for the election of town officers should be called and appointed a moderator to preside at the said meeting (see N. H. Prov. Papers, Vol. 5, article Dunstable). The said meeting was holden, the ofScers were elected and the town affairs moved along in their accustomed channel, but not without considerable friction in matters ecclesiastical, although no attempt was ever again made to apply a similar remedy for existing troubles. Fox in his history of Dunstable, (page 153) says, "It was soon discovered by Blanchard that neither by the new charter of the town nor by any existing law of the State, was there any provision for calling the first meeting of the town after its recent incorporation by New Hamp.shire." This was not so. The charter itself provided for calling the first meeting in these words, " We do by these presents nominate and appoint Coll. Joseph Blanchard to call the first meeting of the said Inhabitants to be held within the said town at any time within Thirty days from the date hereof, giving Legal notice of the time, place and designe of Holding such meeting." The date of this instrument, it will be noticed, was April i, 1746, and not as given by Fox, April 4. Due notice of the above mentioned first meeting was gi\en by said Blanchard and it uhxs held at the house of "Jonathan Lovewell, Inholder," on the fourteenth day of the same month, and town officers, including Thomas Dund and John Huston, sur\-eyors of highwa\'S, were duly and legally elected and the new town fairly and legally erected. At this same meeting, March 30, 174S, which we have sliown was declared illegal by the general assembly, the following vote was passed : — " Whereas Capt. John vShepard Built a Piridge over Nashuay River in l)unstal)le and ha\-ing requested of this town that they would gi\"e their Consent that the Same may be made a Tole Bridge and the Town having Considered the Great Cost in Building and Maintaining said Bridge do There- fore Agree that his request be (Granted npor. his Petitioning the Gen'll Court that the same may don it is provided that this \-ote d(i not bender those persons or their passing over said Bridge or expose them to pay tole who have purchased of said Shepard a pass and Repass over said Bridge .so long as said Bridge vStand, also provided said Shepard keep said Bridge in Good repair so long as he takes Tole and that the Town be at no Cost by reason thereof." Whether or not the recjnest was granted by the general court, I am unable to say, but I find in the town record, at the meeting held vSept. 3, 1750, the following: — HISTORY ("IF NASHUA, N. H. 121 " X'oted that I'ifty pouiuls old ten' he paid Capt. Jolin Shep])ard in three months from this chite ill lull lor all his Rii^ht and ])roperty in the Hridge 'riiiibcrs and Appur'ces over Nashna River he linilt ill Dunstahle Reser\iii>; to hiiiiself the Irons for hanging the Gate on vSd. Bridge of which he has Signed a qnit Claim. Also Voted to Repair the ,^1 Bridge and that the snm of two Hnndred ponnds be Raised fifty part Thereof for payment of Capt. Sheppard aforesd. the Other Hundred & Fifty to be Layd Out in Repairs. .\ii 1 that Messrs. Jonathan Lovewell, John Butterfield & Hphraim .\danis be a com'tee to vSee that the .Service aforesd. be done." It would seem that this bridge, for a time, must ha\'e been a " Tole Bridge." 'iMu' lullowing appears on the record of the meeting held Ma\- 14, 1753 : — " The ,^rd Article in the Warrant was taken under Consideration and the Hon. Jose])h Blanchard Esq. offering the Town the liberty of the land to the old fordway provided the 'I\jwn forth with make a ("jood fence near the Ri\-er bank so that his field may not l\'e e.xposed 1)y reason of the passing a Vote was proposed to se if the Town will build a fence as proposed. Passed in the Negative." "A \'()te pro]iosed on the 5th Article as ft}lloweth. That in as much as the 15ridge over Nashaway Ri\ci' ill this Town is of Great Kxjience in Building and keeping in Repair latl\- at a large Kxpence Built and car'ed a way with a freshet. vSo much Travelling for the Publick it is of (ireat Needcessety for rebuikling the Heavy Charges l\'ing on this Town for their other necessary affairs has left them of Inabillity According to the corse of comon Taxes to perform the same with out further Aide & W'here as there is large Quantity of land unimproved belonging to Residents and nonresidents which are not rateable that rise in value by reason of the Impro\einents and Taxes that are paid amongst us. " There fore \'oted that this Town Petition to the Genl. Assembly of this Province shewing ouer dificulty & Pray that the sum of one Hundred & fifty pounds new tenor be laieyed upon the lands in this Town in P^qual proportion pr. Acre -in such maner as shall be free of any charge for Collecting to be appropriated for the Building a Bridge over the Nashu\vay River and no other use what so ever & That the Hon. Joseph Blanchard Ivsq. and Mr. Jonathan Lovewell l)e desired to Petition the Genl. Assembly for their Grant Agreable to the foregoing vote. Pased in the Affairmative." " Voted that a Bridge be built over Xashuway River the Ensuing sumer at the Charge of this Town & that the Hon. Joseph Blanchard Esq. Mr. Noah Johnson and Mr. Jonathan Lovewell be a Comte Authorized & Impowered in behalf of this Town to Agree & contract with any person or persons at their discretion to Effect the Same and that such their contract or Agreement be Obligatory & binding upon this Town for payment." June 4, 1753. A road was laid out from Thomas Adams' house to the country road, also one from Gideon Honey's house to the countr\' road. Neither of these, from the loose way in which the la>' out was made was recorded, can at this late da J' be located. November 11, 1754, the road which is marked as the I^uud road on our town map was laid out. It commenced at what is now called the East Dunstable road and was practically an extension of what appears on our map as the Robinson road : it extended in a northwesterly direction across .Salmon brook and across the then calletl Hassel, now known as Hale's brook, to Mine island. About tliis time a saw mill was built at Mine island falls and this read led from what was then called tlie " Centre," at the junction of the Robinson and the "Great Boston Roads," directly to it. The new church also, being located at the Centre, at the "crotch of the roads," it will be seen that this was a very imjiortant and much used road. Also on this same da>- a road was laid out from Pennichuck l)rook at T\ ler's fordway to the country road. It was custonmry to call any main road, " the country road : " probably this road is the one known as the Reed's pond, or middle Merrimack road, the countrv road being the Manchester road. Bridging the Nashua ri\-er at Main street, expensi\-e as it bad alread\' been to the town, was destined to ])ro\-e still more a source of trouble and expense. W'e have seen that there was one of some sort as early as 1746, we liave also seen that Capt. John Shepard had built one in I74- think fit and that the said Com"^'= Draw what shall be Subscribed to Sd. Bridge and that they render an acct. of the Costs to the Town when Done and that Mrsrs Joseph Senter Thomas Lund and Joseph Whiting be said Com"''. \'oted in the affirmative." The meeting held Dec. 27, 1764, "adjourned untill Next Tuesday come fortnight" when the Com'" reported the cost of the bridge to have been .;^5i3-i6-7." March 4, 1765. " Voted to Sell the old Bridge at vendue Excepting the plank and it struck off to Mr. Jos. Senter for ,;{, 13-5-0 old tenor." " Voted that Mr. Jos. Senter be a Com"''' to take care of the New Bridge and finish the planking and underpinning the Arch." It would seem by the above that this was a stone-arch bridge, and soon after carried away, for May 27, 1765, we find the following : " Whereas this Town Lately Built a Bridge over Nashua River at a great charge and the same being carried away last Spring with a flood and the Town not being able to pay so much to Build another as was then layed out on that, and many people in other Towns proposing to give Something towards Building the Same again, therefore Voted that fifty Dollars be raised by this Town to Help Build a New Bridge over said River where the last was and that Messrs. Joseph Whiting Thomas Lund Samuel Roby Joseph Senter and Noah Lovewell be a Com'" to take Care and Build Said Bridge as soon as their is a Sufficient Sum Subscribed So as to finish Said Bridge with the fifty Dollars and that the Said fifty Dollars be assessed on the Inhabitants of this Town So Soon as the Bridge is finished fit for passing and paid to Said Com'"." The only report of the doings of the committee is suggested at the meeting held Dec. 12 of the same year when it was " Voted that the acct of the Com'" appointed to Build a Bridge over Nashua River this present year over and above what the Town has already Raised and what has Been Subscribed towards Building Said Bridge amounting to Eighteen pounds thirteen shillings and Sixpence LawfuU money be allowed and paid to Said Com'"." At the same meeting it was " Voted that Mr. Jos. vSenter be paid four Shillings Lawfull money for taking care of Nashua River Bridge Last Spring." In 1771 labor on this bridge was paid for at the rate of two shillings per day. In looking over the old records, one sees at every turn of the page a strong, ever-present feeling antagonistic to the ecclesiastical condition which prevailed in the old country, and from which these early settlers had fled to an untrodden wilderness. The stern and unbending faith which they had adopted, as being the farthest from that, was their constant and over-ruling guide in all their daily walks. They carried their faith into their works even to the extent of a seeming disregard of, or rather a tearing out from the hearts of the living, all tender memories of their dead, as shown in their neglect of their last resting places. I am led to this belief by the following extract from the record of March 20, 1764 : " Voted that Jonathan Lund take Care of the Beurying Place and keep the Brush well mown for two years and that he have Liberty to feed it with Sheep that time." ///SrOA'}' OF X.lS//fA. N. 11. 123 Was there not among them all one poor, rebellious soul, who could lovinsi;l\- linger, with the poet, in that other silent home of the dead, where, 1. » . » . scatter'd oft, the earliest of the year, By hands unseen are show'rs of violets found. The red1)rcast loves to build and warble there. And little footsteps lij^htly print the ground." At the meeting" held on Mondax-. the last da\' of March, 1760, it was " \'oted that every person work at Highways in proportion to their last Tax" This is the first attempt of "working out Taxes on the Roads" in the history of the town, a practice which still holds good in all country towns. Tlie first record of the discontinuance of a highway was March 22, 1762, when it was "Voted that the highway from Nashway River by Buck Meadow to Salmon Brook until it comes to the East Side of Said meadow be droped and not Repared by the Surveyors, and that the Selectmen take proper Care that Said Rode be droped." A duty that the selectmen performed .so well that no trace of the old road can now be found. Dec. 13, 1739, that part of Dunstable lying west of the Nashua ri\'er was set off by the Massa- chusetts general court, for religious purposes only, under the name of Dunstable West Parish ; in all secular matters the\- retained their old position in the town and took an active part in all its affairs. Their first settled minister was the Rev. Daniel Emerson, who was ordained April 20, 1743. Mean- while the new province line had been determined but they still retained their position as an independent parish. Early in the year of 1746, yielding to incessant importuning for a division of the town, the governor and council appointed a commission of five members, to join three appointed b}- Dunstable, to settle matters. The commissioners met at once, but the weather being cold and inclement, evidentl>- it was more comfortable to investigate matters by the warm fireside of the inn, than by tramping about the country, for a division of the township into four towns was made without viewing the territory. Merrimack and Monson were taken from the northern, and Hollis from the western part. Monson was chartered April i, Merrimack April 2. Dunstable as newly defined, and Hollis April 3, 1746. In the case of Hollis the Dunstable commissioners succeeded in limiting the easterly line to the French and Muddy brooks, which left a large number of the people in the vicinity of "One Pine Hill," whose affiliations were all with Hollis, still in Dunstable. This created instant discontent and caused a continual fight lasting for seventeen years and until the governor and council settled it by annexing the territor\- to Hollis Dec. 13, 1763. "A second border trouble, (I quote from Worcester's Hollis), in respect to the boundary between Hollis and Dunstable, began soon after the contest of One Pine hill." This controversy grew out of a question in respect to the support of an expensive bridge across the Nashua river, in the south-east part of Hollis, near the place in the Hollis records at first called " Lawrence Mills," afterwards "Jaquith's " and in our times known as " Runnells' Mills." A bridge at this place was very necessary to the people of Hollis, being on their main road to market : but much less needed by Dunstable. So indispensable was this bridge to Hollis, that in 1740 provision was made for building it out of the " non-resident tax of 2d. per acre," granted by the parish charter for the support of the mini.stry. Hut that tax being lost, with the parish charter, I do not find sufficient evidence that any bridge was built at that place till many years after the charter of Hollis and Dunstable as towns. These charters, as has been seen, made the Nashua river from the Province line to Flint's brook the boundary of the two towns: the south line of Dunstable beginning at Merrimack river and running on the Province line " to " the Nashua, and the south line of Hollis, beginning " at " the Nashua, and running westwardly on the Province line six miles and iiinetA'-six rods. A New Hampshire court in these times would have probably held that this charter descriptive of this boundary would ha\e divided the river equall\' between the two towns, leaving the town line in the middle or thread of the stream, instead of on its banks, and each town under equal obligation to build the bridge. But we shall see by and tiy that the town meetings in Hollis and Dun.stable did not take this view of the law. In the early Hollis records there are many references to this bridge and to the troubles in respect to it. The first of these is found in the record of the March meeting in 1751, when the town \()ted to 124 HIS TORY OF X.4SHU.4, N. H. Imild a liridi^e " across Nashua river near Dea. Cuniinings." From this vote it is evident that the bridge had not been then built, and that Dunstable was expected to help build it. At the annual meeting in 1756, Hollis "chose Capt. Peter Powers, Samuel Cummings and Benjamin A1)1ii)tt a Committee to see if Dunstalile will joyn with Holies to bould a bridge over Nashua river in some convenient Place where the Road is laid out from Holies to Dunstal)le." It seems that Daustable did not accept this invitation of the Hollis co;n:nittee, for it is found that a special town meeting in Hollis, in 1760, chose a "committee to Petition the Creneral Court for a Lottery to Hould a Bridge over Nashua river if they think fit." lint the " Generall " Court did not "think fit" to grant a Lottery, as it appears that at the annual meeting in 1761, the town without calling on Dun- stable for help " \'oted to have a Bridge built over Nashua ri\-er near Lawrence's Mills," and chose a committee to obtain subscriptions for it. The next year, 1762, the town " \'oted to raise money to be Redukted out of the co.st of the Bridge that was subscribed out of town." From this vote it is evident that as early as 1762 a britlge had been built across the Nashua ri\-er mainl>-, if not wholly, by Hollis. In May, 1765, at a special town meeting, the town " \'oted to Rebuild or Repair the Bridge over Nashua river, and that the /,Soo voted at the March Meetiiig for Making and Mending the Roads be laid "ut in building and Rejiairing the Bridge." From the abo\-e \'Ote I infer that the bridge built in 1762 was either washed away wholly in the spring of I7C>5, or so much injured as to need costly repairs. Though, in the language of the law, " often requested," the town of Dunstable, as it seems, had gi\'en no aid in supporting this bridge, and the question of the legal lialiilitN' of that town to aid in it was allowed to sleep till the annual meeting in Hollis in March, 1772. At that meeting, in pursuance of an article in the warrant, the town "Voted to appoint a committee to ask for and recover of Dunstable a share of the Cost of Building and Repairing the Bridge across Nashua River near Jaquith's Mills with power to prosecute if necessary." This request of the people of Hollis, upon being submitted by the committee to a town meeting in Dunstable, in the month of June following, was curth' rejected, and it was " Voted that Dunstable would not do anything towards building a bridge over Nashua river." But it fortunately so happened that not far from this time, the Mills before known as " Lawrence " Mills," had become the property of Ebenezer Jaquith. This Mr. Jaquith and Ensign Merrill lived in the bend of Nashua river on the Dunstable side, their two farms containing about five hundred acres, and comprising all the land in this bend. These men were nearer to the meeting house in Hollis than to that in Dunstable, and like the saintly and sensible settlers on One Pine hill, wished to be annexed to Hollis and were willing to pay something for the privilege. With these new facts in view, and the long and costly contest for the conquest of One Pine hill not >et forgotten, a special town meeting was called in Hollis in December, 1772, at which it was " \'oted that whereas, there is a dispute w-ith respect to the Bridge over Nashua river between Holies and Dun.stable, and whereas Messrs. Merrill and Jaqueth live more convenient to Holies than Dunstable, and are willing to pay something hand- some towards the Building of said Bridge, and also considering the expense of Suits at Law in the Premises — now in order to the amicable settlement of the matter, and for the Preservation and Cultivation of Harmony between said Towns — Voted to accept said Families with their Lands, Provided Dunstable shall lay them off to us and assist in an amicable manner to get them incorporated with us. Also Voted that Samuel Hobart, Dea. Noyes and William Nevins be a Committee to treat with Dunstable on Bridge affairs." The Hollis committee soon communicated these amicable terms of peace to the selectmen of Dunstable, who upon their receipt summoned a town meeting of their constituents, by whom these neighborly overtures were disdainfully rejected and the meeting '' \'oted that the people of Dunstable would not pay anything towards the lUiilding of the Bridge, nor would the\' consent to annex any more Land to Holies." In the meanwhile the legal advisers of Hollis, " learned in the law," upon the examination of the charters of the two towns, had expressed the opinion that Nashua river, where it flowed between Hollis and I)unstal)le, was not in any part of either town, and that neither town was under an}' obligation to build a bridge across it. This ojnnion in respect to the law with the proposed remedy is set forth in the following preamble and resolution, adopted at a town meeting of Hollis, Jan. 20, 1773, called to consider the report of their peace amliassadors to Dunstable. " Whereas it appears by the charters of Dunstable and Hollis that Nashua Ri\er is not in either town — That it is highly necessary that a Bridge be erected over said River, but that neither town is n/s-nyn- of x.is/irA, x. //. 125 obliKt'd by Law to make or inaiiitain the same — and Dunstable manifesting an unwillingness to do anything res]Kcting the Buikling of a Bridge — thei-efore, voted that William Kevins be agent of the Town to Petition the Governor and Council and General Assembly that Dunstable and Holies may be connected so that a Bridge ma\- be Iniill over said River." Again at the annual town meeting of Ilollis, in 1773, Col. John Hale, William Nevinsand Jvnsign Stephen Ames were chosen to represent the matter in respect to the bridge, to the governor and council. 'I'his proposal to a])iieal to the general court, or governor and council, ver>- soon had the effect to render the ]ieople of Dunstable more placable, and more read.v to accept the treaty of peace offered by HoIIis the Near before. The choice of e\-ils now jiresenled was another trial of their border troubles l)efore the general court or the acce])tance of the proposed compromise, and it is manifest from the doings of a town meeting in Hollis on the ensuing i8th of March, that Dunstable had voted to submit to the least of the two evils. At this meeting Hollis voted " To extend llie easterly line of Hollis so far as to include Messrs. Merrill and Jacpiith with their Improvements, provided it shall be done without expense to the Town, and that Dea. Boynton, Reuben Dow and vSamuel Cnmings 1)e conunitlee to agree with Dunstable in respect to ISoundaries." At a town meeting the following 12th of April this connnittee made a rejiort as follows: — "We have met the Dunstable Connnittee and have mutually agreed that the liasterly line of Ilollis shall be extended Eastwardly to the following bounds : To begin at a ,Stake and Stones fifteen Rods below Buck Meadow Falls, at the River, which is Mr. Jaquitli's n<.)rllierl\- corner : Thence running southerly in a straight line to a Pine tree on the River Bank which is Mr. Jacpiith's southwesterly corner. April .S, 1773." This report was accepted 1)\- the town, and afterwards, in the month of May, 1773, at the joint retpiest of Hollis and Dunstable, the general court passed an act establishing the boundary line between the two towns as so agreed upon, where it has remained undisturbed from that day to this. These terms of settlement, though at finst not willingly accepted b\' Dunsta!)le, were exceedingly favorable to that town, and ought to have been ample satisfaction for the loss of One Pine hill. It is true that Dunstable came out of the controversy short of 500 acres of territory, but in return for this loss, that town was relieved from the burden of aiding in maintaining this bridge in all future time : a charge that has alread\- cost Hollis much more than the value of all the land so annexed. Returning to highways : — Roads were laid out as follows : — Dec. 5, 1755, from John Lovewell's to the meeting-house. May 25, 1755, from John Willoughby's to the country road. May 25, 1755, from Jonathan Hobart's to the country road. Nov. 14, 1757, from Nathaniel Lawrence's to the country road. Nov. 14, 1757, from David Gilson's to Lund's bridge. Of the above I can only locate the last, which started at the Runnell's bridge road, about 150 rods ncH'therly from the bridge and was laid out ea.sterly across the town to the Lund bridge at vSalmon brook, making a direct route from One Pine hill to the " Centre." This road was doubtless laid out as a " peace offering" to that district, and would seem to ha\e been a \er\- much needed, as it i)roved to be a very much used, road. May 31, i7,vS, from Pienj. P'rench's to Joseph Danforth's. Ma\- 31, 1758, from Peter Honey's to a town road. Mar. 15, 1760, from Widow Honey's to Sanuiel vSearles'. Apr. 2, 1760, from Danl. Pike's to join a road to the Province line. A])r. 7, 1760, from about 20 rods north of Wm. Cox, easterly to the Merrimack river. This last was probably to the ferry at what is now the vSouth Nashua railway station. Dec. 26, 1760, from David Gilson's to Blood's near the Province line. Nov. 2, 1763, from Daniel Adams' to Joseph Swallow's. Jan. 2, 1764, from a little west of Cornelius Danley's to Pelletiah Whittemore's. Jan. 2, 1764, from Robert P'letcher's stone wall to road over Salmon brook. Dec. 3, 1764, from new bridge over Nashua river, north and south. 126 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. This last led from the bridge northerh-, up the hill, tij Abbot square, and southerly from the bridge, until it met the old road (Main street.) The location of the new bridge having been changed, it became necessary to alter the approaches to it. Oct. 14, 1766, from Merrimack river to town road, crossing Salmon brook. This road probably commenced at Hamlett's ferry at the lower end of Crown street, thence up Crown street to Arlington street, and around the hill by Brackett's shoe shop, thence b}- Hollis street and Allds street over the old bridge at Salmon brook and around the " steep banks " to Main street at the junction of Allds and Main streets as now located. Dec. 22, 1768, altered road from the country road to Jos. Danforth's and Buck meadow, between Benj. French's and Jona. Blanchard's. March 4, 1771. " Voted that the Road from David Adamses to Longleys Brook by David Gilsons be altered from where it was formerly Laid out and that it be established Where the Selectmen latel)' laid it out." " \'oted also that the Road from D. Longleys Brook by the lower end of Elez. Fisks meadow that leads to the Widow Bloods House be Discontinued from being a Town Road." March 2, 1772. " Voted that the Road that leads from the Road, that leads to John Fletchers to where Nathaniel Lawrence Lived be Discontinued." The above completes the record of highwa\s and bridges up to the time of the commencement of the colonies to assert their independence of the mother-countr\-. I give the following as displaying the spirit and courage of the men of those da^-s as shown in their public meetings, and especially in one notified in the way this was, it being the last one called " In his Majesty's Name" and held March 6, 1775, at which the town officers were all elected as usual with these additions : a "Committee of In.spection Relative to the Results of the Continental Congress " was appointed. The duty of this committee being to see that none of the people bought or used goods imported from England. A committee was appointed to " Joyn the County Com- mittee " to " Petition the General Assembly of this Province that This Town may be Released from Paying any more Province Tax until they have Prevelidge of Sending a Representation to Represent them in Genl. A.ssembly and to Do any thing in the affairs according to the Information they shall Receive from the Town." At this meeting various sums, from is-3d to ^"1-12-5, amounting to ^6-8-11 for work "Dun at Nashua river Bridge in the year 1774" were ordered paid to twenty different people. In the face of these troublous times, the town having the year before voted to raise ^18-6 for ammunition and paid the expenses of delegates to the "Grand Continental Congress," the people did not forget the education of their children, for at an adjourned meeting held April 3, 1775, /,"8o was voted to build a school-house in each of the five districts, and a committee of three in each district to see that the houses were built. At the next town meeting held March 4, 1776, which was called without reference to any authority, a committee of seven was chosen to attend the "County Congress" and also a " Committee of Safety." The duty of this latter committee was to concentrate patriotic effort and weed out Tories from the town, if any could be found. Of the latter none were found in the old township. The State authorities having ordered, the previous year, a census of the people, the committee appointed to perform that duty presented their bill at this meeting which was ordered paid. It being the first on record, made with a view to ascertain the military resources of the .state, I give it in full as taken. (\'ide Prov. Papers, vol. 7, p. 736.) " Persuant to the request of the Provincial Congress in New Harnp', we have taken the number of all Inhabitants of the Towne of Dunstable with those gone with the army as Exhibited in the following Schedule : " Males under 16 years years of age, ........ 215 Males from 16 years of age to 50, not in the army, ...... 88 All males above 50 years of age, ......... 30 Persons gone in the army, .......... 40 All Females, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152s Negroes and Slaves for life, .......... 7 ///.v/v 'A' ) ' ('/■' x.is//r.i. x. If. 127 "We have also taken an account of all the Powder in ]ierticular men's hands which is 41 lbs. "Also we find in the Town Stock, .......... 36 " " Also we find 46 fire arms fit for use «S: 42 wanting oj compleat one for e\-ery person capable of using them." " Dunstable Oct. 2, 1775. Joseph Eavk.s ^ Noah Lovewell /-Selectmen." David Ai.i.d ) " To the Hont''<= Corn'" of vSafety for the Province of Xew Hamp." June 7, 1779, a " Particular highway was laid out from the west side of the country Rode between Jonathan Blanchards and Cyrus Baldwins running westerly about 132 Rods to Spit Brook Road." The depreciation of the currenc\- was such that March 13, 17.S0, labor on the highways was rated at "$20.00 per da>- the best of the \-ear and $16.00 per day after the last of Sept." "^11,000 currency now passing," was voted to be raised by a tax levy this year, " to be layed out in procuring Beef that the Town is called upon for to send into the arm}-." Also /,9,4oo was voted to be raised to ilischarge obligations to soldiers, in money or grain. The financial condition of affairs may perhaps be better comprehended by reading the prices jmid b\- the town in March following to Samuel Roby. " For 3 bushels Rye, .......... /^54-o-o 7 " Turnips & 4'.' bush. Potatoes, ..... 69-0-0 200 feet Plank for Nashua River Bridge, ..... 36-0-0 2 davs labor on " " " . . . . . . 18-0-0 Amounting to ^177-0-0 June 28, 1782. "A Particular Curb or Bridle Rode" was laid out from " Thomas Blanchard Junr's house extending northerly, northeasterly, easterly, northerl\-, northwesterly, and westerly to the country road, for the benefit of Mrs. Gordon's heirs, in the room of a road that was laid out between the land of said Blancliard and Land of Lieut. Joseph Danforth, which is hereby discontinued." March i, 171^4. "Voted to allow Thomas Killicut three vShillings for the use of the Canue at Nashua River Bridge." " Voted to allow those men that workt at giting the Timber out of Nashua River in March, 17S3, ^0-3-6 Per Day." " Voted to Pay for the Rum that was Drank when the Timber Was took out of Nashua River." The bridge was rebuilt this year and Nov. 30, 1786, it was voted to pay sundry persons for plank and labor upon it. Three shillings per day was allowed for labor, and one-half that ])rice for a yoke of oxen. The first mention of a doctor that I find in the records was April 7, 17S8, when Dr. Nathan Cutler was chosen constable, who warned the meeting held May 7, 17.S8, when the following vote was ])assed. " Voted that Dr. John Queens Taxes in Lu' David Allds list for 1784 be suspended till further orders." January 16, 1782, the town paid /92-4-0 for repairing the Na.shua river bridge and "voted to raise thirteen pounds more to Compleat the Rebuilding Nashua river Bridge last fall." The fir.st record of any dissatisfaction as to the condition of the highways ajipears in the following, of date Jan. 2, 1794 : " Voted to allow Maj. John Lund's account, it being for what he paid by reason of a Complaint again.st the Town on account of their highways, amounting to ^4-15-4-" The bridge over the Nashua river was still troublesome, for we find that April 10, 1794, the town voted to rebuild it, at the place where it formerh- stood and in such a manner as the committee of seven appointed to build it should decide, the only stipulation being that men should not be allowed to work out their taxes upon it, but that the committee should employ such men as they thought proper and at as good a lay as they could and it was further voted to raise eighty pounds for its erection. 128 mSTORV OF NASHiU, N. H. "April 21, 1796. Voted to accept of the Road laid out by the Selectmen the last year from Mollis Line to Hills Ferry with this alteration, that said Road join the Country Road al)0Ut one rod north of John Snow's barn." Hill's ferry crossed the Merrimack river about one mile below the Pennichuck brook. The easterly part of the above road, long known as the Hill's Ferry road, from the Amherst road to the Merrimack river, has been but little used for years and a part of it practically abandoned. From the Hollis line to the Amherst road, it is now known as the Pine hill road. "August 28, 1797. \'oted to Accept of the road laid out by the Selectmen from the Road leading from said Dun.stable Meeting house to Nathan Fi.sk to the Road laid from said meeting house to Thomas Pearson's." This road is now known as the Searles road and .started at the Harris road near the house of Phinehas Whitney (now John P. Dane) and extended .southeasterly, passing between the house and barn of James vSearles (now Otis Searles') across vSalmon l>ni(ik. and joining the middle Dunstaljle road near the house of Zadock Searles, now owned by Wni. H. Wright. Sept. II, 1797, the town accepted a road, from the Hollis line to the Amherst road. This is a continuation of Broad street, known as the north Hollis road. Aug. 27, 1798, the road from vSalmon lirook to the Nashua river was .straightened, leaving it practically as it now is. January 14, 1799, a road was laid out commencing on land owned by Silas Marshall at the Hollis line near where now is the Hollis .station on the Worcester & Nashua railway, thence running southeasterly and easterly to the main Dunstable road near the present residence of Charles F. Tolles. It is marked upon our town ma]i as the (iroton road. On the same day another road was laid out from FoUansbee's mills to the Amherst road, which made a continuation of the Blood's crossing road to the Pennichuck brook. This road was first called the h'ollansbee road, later the Holt road; it now appears on our map as the Thornton road, from the fact that it leads directly, on beyond, to Thornton's ferry. Aug. 25, 1806, I find that this road was slightly altered, the bridge across Pennichuck bnjok being called Conant's bridge, and the mill, Conant's mill. Oct. 19, 1799, a road was laid out commencing four rods west of Theodore French's house and running in a north-westerly direction one hundred and fifty-six rods, to the road leading from Amherst to Boston. There is no trace to-day of such a described road. Also on the same da>' a road from the above road to the road leading from David Allds' to the (h'eat road, about two rods west of the bridge over vSalmon brook, about .sixty-eight rods long. March 2, iSoi, two roads were laid out, referring to minutes on file, which can not now be found; one from Kelley's ferry to Medad Combs' land, and the other from Thomas Lund's to Nathaniel Lund's and Joseph Lund's new house. March 21, 1801. Voted to discontinue the road In mi the land Dr. Woods lately .sold to (xeneral Lovewell to Coburn's ferry. The fourth article in the warrant for the meeting of August 26, 1801, read " To see if the Town will allow Mr. Benj. Smith to cut or fell a Large oak tree which stands near the Meeting House." The town voted to sell it at vendue and it was struck off to Theodore French for thirteen shillings ($2.17). This is the first recorded instance of the interest of the people in the matter of shade trees. Succeeding years have .served to intensify that interest to such a degree that within the memory of the present generation any interference with them has been met by physical resistance bordering on riot. March 15, 1802. "Voted to raise five hundred dollars to repair the Highways and to give the men ten cents per hour from the first day of June to the first day of September, and if a Man is leagall>- warned and works less than half a da\- at a lime he shal be allowed nothing for what he doth . ' ' Aug. 30, 1S02. " \'oted to discontinue the old road through Nath' Lunds land." It would seem that towns, instead of the state, appointed Fast day, for by the record of the meeting held March 7, 1803, it was "Voted to appoint a Day of Fasting and Prayer in this Town." " \'oted the Day of Fasting be on next week a Thursday, which is the Seventeenth da.v of this present month." Mr. Baldwin and Mr. Whit- tle." ///svtun' (>/-.v.is//r.i, .v. //. 129 April iS, iSo,^. " \'()te(I to accept "f the rciad laid out 1)\- the Towns Committee beginning at Salmon brook three rods ea.st of Israel Hunt Mills, thence running South ten degrees East to a stake and stones .seven feet west of the Southwest corner of Mr. Isaac Marshs House, thence South seven degrees East seventy-six n,ds to a I'ine stump a Ixmnil of the road as it is now had, the road to be west of the line and to be three rods wide." The above mentioned mill was a grist-mill and occupied the site of the present \'ale mills' weaving mill : the Marsh house is now the Morrill house, on the other side of the road at the south end of the bridge. If this la>--out had been looked uj) seventeen or eighteen years ago, it would have saved the citv a long and expensive suit at law with the \'ale mills when the bridge over the vSalmon brook, with its approaches, was widened, and it would have materiall\- altereil the final result by throwing it further to the east than it now is. Ma\- 14, 1804, several slight alterations were made in the C.ilson road and a committee of five was ap])ointed as "agents to meet the Courts Com'*^'^ and invite them to visit the great Road and make straightening where they think necessary." The result, if anw does not appear in the records. Aug. 27, 1804. " \'oted to Rebuild Nashua river Bridge the j)resent >-ear." " \'oted to ha\-e the new l)ridge sixteen feet wide in the clear." " \'oted to raise Eight hundred dollars to rebuild sd. bridge." " Voted and chose Mr. John Whittle, | A Com'« to rebuild Nashua Maj' John Lund, j River Bridge agreeable to Capt. Thomas Roby, ^the moddle Exhibitted by Mr. John Lund, Jr. and Theodore French, "the town then \'oted their Comf^*^ should build said Bridge as narrow as thirteen feet if the\- thought it proper." January 7, 1805. " \'oted to raise two hundred and eighty-six dollars to pa>' for building Nashua River Bridge." Oct. 7, 1805. "\"oted to accept a road, beginning at the road about four rods west of Tim° Taylor Esqr. house, thence north forty-eight degrees and eighteen minutes west, three hundred and twenty-eight rods to the old road near Cooks meadow." March, ^i, 1806. " \'oted to build Nashua River Bridge where it formerly stood, then Voted to let out the building of Said Bridge by the job to the lowest bidder, then Voted to Build Nashua Ri\-er Bridge according to Mr. Reuben Durant jilau. Said Nashua River Bridge was vandued and struck off to Mr. Reubin Durant at Five hundred and fifty dollars." A committee of inspection was appointed and it was voted to raise six hundred dollars for the purpose of building it. It would seem by this that the action taken by the town Aug. 27, 1804, had not resulted in building the bridge, nor did that taken at this meeting, for we find in the record of the meeting held on the fourth da}- of the following August, the following : — "Voted to Rebuild Nashua River Bridge whare it formerly stood, then \'oted that the [bridge] be built on the plan exhibited by Messrs. Baldwin and Whittle two years since with the Difference of having white oak posts about Two feet Longer than the former instead of pine." It was voted not to have it more than sixteen feet in the clear. A committee of five was chosen to build it, they "then Voted that the Committee Rebuild Nashua River Bridge with as much expedition as Propriety and Prudence will Dictate at the expense of the Town." Thus spurred on to expedite matters, and doubtless governed by "Propriety and Prudence," it is small wonder that they succeeded — the bridge was built, and that is all we know about it, as no further mention is made of it for years upon the records, with the single exception of the appointing of a committee, on the 25th of the same month, to settle whatever claim Mr. Durant might have, but we are left in ignorance as to that, for no report appears in the record. March 31, 1S06. "Voted to accept a road laid out beginning at the southerlx- side of Amhenst Road at the jilain between Esqr. Taylors and George Whitefield running South-easterlx- al)out nine- tenths of a mile to the north side of the Nashua River at the old ferry ])lace." No such road can now be traced. On the same da\- a road was accepted from James Bell's to Thomas Lund, Jr.'s. I30 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. . This road was about one and one-third miles long. I can not locate it, it being dependent upon the gift of the land, possibly it was not laid out. Aug. 26, 1805. " Voted to accept a road from the old road near Henry and Joel Adams running north and fifty-one rods long." March 10, 1S07. The Blood's crossing road from the Amherst road opposite Conant's mill road was laid out, including what is now known as its north fork, to the HoUis line near Daniel Blood's house, the latter is in Mollis and now known as the Farley place. This house is so near the Hollis line that the shed attached lies partly in Nashua. April 21, 1807. The Hills ferry road was altered to its present location. On the same day it was voted to accept the road through Mr. Asa Moor's land and Mr. Cummings Pollard's land, to be opened in two years, and the old road to be then discontinued and revert to Mr. Moor. January 15, 1810. " \'oted to accept the road laid out from Mr. John Whittles towards Hamblets Ferry." This is now East Hollis .street. John Whittle's, since known as the Tyler house; the road commenced fourteen rods north of it on Main street and extended to Allds road. A road was laid out in 181 1 (no day or month given) from Zachariah Alexander's to Joel Lund's, living near lunerson's mills (at Mine falls) from thence to the road about eight rods easterly of William Bntterfield's house. After the Nashua Manufacturing company acquired the title to Mine falls and the lands adjoining, this road, like all others in that vicinity, was discontinued. April 17, 1S12. " \'oted to discontinue a road from Nashua Bridge to Benaiah Hlodgets providing it was laid out b>' the vSelectmen." When the Jackson company l)uilt their block on Amor>- street, they demoli.shed a \nr\ ancient one-story house which .stood near the corner of Union street, and, I am inclined to think, that was the Blodgett house. I am fortified in this belief from the fact that the bend in the river opposite, was known as Blodgett's edd\-, and is so mentioned in old tleeds. The new meeting-house being assured, it was voted April 17, 1812, "to raise one hundred and twent>- dollars to purcha.se a Meeting House Bell, provided there should be a sum raised by private .subscription sufhcient, in addition to that, to purchase said bell," and at a meeting held on the fifth of the following October, twenty-two dollars and fifty cents additional was voted for its purchase, at which meeting it was voted to have it rung at twelve o'clock noon and nine o'clock P. M., and the selectmen were authorized to hire a person to ring it. It is needless to add that this was the first and only bell in town, or that the " Curfew " thus inaugurated continued to be rung for years. April 26, 1813. "Laid out a road from Zacehas Hale's house north-ea.sterly to the Hollis Road bv James Jewell's, one hundred and fifty-one Rods long." Sept. 18, [815, the court's committee having laid out a road from the meeting-house to the guide post at the crossing of the Robinson road, the meeting voted to let it out by dividing it into three job.s — " one part to be bridging the big gully, one part from the gully to the Great Road, and the last from the big gully to the Guide Post." Three parties took it for the sum total of $191.25. March 30, 1816. "Laid out a road from Zacehas Hales vSoutherly to the Hollis line. On the same day laid out a road from Daniel Bloods (now the Farley place) north-westerly to the Hollis line at the bridge over Muddy brook." Nov. 4. 1816, a road was laid out "beginning at the tireat Road at the south side of Gen. Lovewells barnyard and running westerly to the Hollis road." This road is now Lake street, the Dunstable road at the westerly end not yet having been laid out. During the three years following, the roads leading from the Amherst road to the Hollis line were straightened somewhat, ( for further particulars the curious are referred to vol. ,^ of the Dunstable town records, now in the city clerk's office at the City hall, in perfect presen-ation. ) The following appears on the record of the meeting held March 14, 1820 : — " Voted that the vSurveyors of Highways vShall not be allowed anything for Rum out of their lists." " \'oted to lay out the Money as it had heretofore been except finding spirits." " \'oted that paupers who reside or who hereafter nmy reside in Town who are now chargeable or who hereafter may become chargeable the current year, be put up at auction in one lot, the person taking the paupers, to keep their clothing in as good repair as he finds it, and so return them; the lIlSrORY OF .v. IS// /-.I. X. //. 13, children to receive a common chance of .Schooling, the Doctoring to be paid liy the Town, the jjaupers to be nursed by the person bidding them off, if any paupers happen to die they shall be decentl> I'.uried at the expense of the Person bidding them off," etc., etc. They were bid off by Dr. Peter Howe for $5X9.00 who also bid off the Doctoring for $10.00 per year. Heretofore the paupers were bid off singly to tlie lowest Ijidder. If there is an>-thing correlative to be deduced from a reading of the above action of the town, at least let us ho])e that they were honestly consistent and refrained from taking their regular nip behind the door. Of one thing we may be glad, the\- did not allude to that unfortunate class as the 2i-o>i/iy poor, a (liscriminaliim that in these latter days savors strongly of hypocrisy when poverty is rated as a crime. It would seem that the town had been indicted on account of a defective highway, for, Sept. 3, 1S21, it was " X'oted to raise two liundrcd dollars to l)e laid out in highway work on the road now l\ing under Indictment." This is the first instance on record of an\- /rgal action relative to a defective highway. June 15, 1.S22. " \'oted to discontinue a road passing through Cummings Pollard and James I'akhvin's land and leading from the road which leads from the great road at C. Pollard's to Josiah Danforth's, Escjr., to Spit brook & Ichabod Richardson's." " \'oted to discontinue that part of the road leading from Ivdw'' Turrell's cornhouse to lyOvevvell's pond." "X'oted to purchase a hearse and build a house for the same." It was customary for the town to own a hearse and as the inhabitants had largely increased in luunbers, it became necessary- to purchase one. All went well with it, no complaint had ever been made by those for whose use it had been obtained until five years later we find in the warrant for the meeting of June 15, 1829, the following: — "Art. 3. To see if tlie town will correct any abuse or outrage committed by the .Selectmen in relation to the very extraordinary assumption of Power exercised by them in withholding from the Inhabitants of said town the hearse and its appendages for the purpose of Burying their dead." And this counterblast. "Art. 4. To see if the town will do an\thing in relation to the breaking open of the hearse house by David Wallace in April last." Although the record does not show it, we may well imagine that a ])art of that meeting was a stormy one. It ended, however, in passing over both articles "pro\-ided David Wallace shall purchase a lock as good as the one he broke and put it on to the hearse house." March 11, 1.S23. " Voted and chose a Committee of twelve to co-operate with the .Selectmen in the Inspection of Licensed Houses." The members of this committee must ha\-e fountl their duties tlelightfully arduous, but no doubt the landlords devoutly prayed that their visits might be few and far between, especially if they went the grand rounds in full force. The Nashua Manufacttiring compan\- was chartered June 18, 1823, having secured the previous year, through interested parties, lands and water privileges which covered all that was necessary for the company to own to ensure success in their undertaking. I have before me a copy of the original survey of the river and adjoining lands, including Mine falls and all the lands to Main street, extending as far south as Lake street and the Hollis road. This survey was made by John Lund, a noted surveyor, proljably in 1822, as the plan bears the date of Feb. 4, 1823. The first recorded deed was dated July 28, 1823, of Mine island and adjacent land given by Daniel Abbot, the able law\er of the town, which was followed two days later by a deed conveying the Marshall farm, the French farm, and more land at Mine falls, and also a deed of the Emerson (arm, one hundred acres on the river and all the mills in the vicinity of the falls. November 6, following, a deed is recorded of Patterson mills and the land adjoining, including what is now Franklin street. Later, other lands and flowage rights were obtained covering all below to the Merrimack ri\er and all above extending into Hollis. All this included what for a considerable time comprised the residential part of the town. The company laid out streets and divided up its lands into lots and, in fact, made the town. I mention this not only as unrecorded hi.story but as the reason whj- there has been no record of the laying out of so many of our streets and highways, no titles having been acquired by the general public except bj' adverse possession, and they stand .simply 132 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. as "rights of way" guaranteed by the original owners to the alauttors; the purchase of the entirety- on any street would give the owner the right to close up that street in spite of the authorities representing the general public. Fire wardens were first elected March 8, 1825, when Col. Prentice Cushing, Col. William Boardman and Col. Joseph Greeley were chosen. The Nashua river bridge which had served the public need for nineteen years, with occasionally a small outlay in repairs, again appears prominently in view. The Nashua Manufacturing company intending to build a dam below, it became necessary to rebuild this bridge, raising it above the pond thus created. A committee of six was appointed March 28, 1825, who submitted a very able report, evidently from the pen of Judge Abbot, at the meeting held June 6, following, stating that in their opinion, "a new bridge will be indisputably necessary in the course of the next year, or the year following, and that in order to lie prepared for its erection, it will be expedient to build two stone Piers, at proper distances and of suitable dimensions to receive a Bridge, when it shall be necessary to erect one, to be twenty-five feet wide in the clear," and as an inducement the committee stated that the said Nashua company offered to give all the necessary stone for building the bridge and they offered the following motion: " That a Committee be chosen, or the Selectmen authorized to build sd. Piers agreeably to the foregoing Report" which, after amending by substituting one Pier instead of two, was adopted, and the selectmen authorized to go on with the building, giving them directions relative to achertising for bids, raising funds, etc., "Voting to accept the offer of stone and directed the selectmen to take an obligation from said company to perform their part before going on with the work." This was not satisfactory and a special meeting was called to consider matters. It was held Aug. 18, 1825, when the selectmen presented the following report : — " In persuance of the Votes passed at the last town meeting June 6, the Selectmen posted up Notifications in sundry public places in town for proposals to be bro't in for building a Stone Pier under Na.shua River Bridge, agreeably to the Plan and description for erecting it, — The Proposals presented considerably exceeded the calculations which had been previously made of the expense of effecting the object. In addition to this objection, very serious difficulties were suggested by the best informed people upon such subjects, and by persons whose opinions had great weight with the selectmen, as to the utility of the proposed Pier, if it should be built. From the best information \'our Selectmen have been able to obtain, they believe that omitting the proposed Centre Pier altogether, and enlarging 6t extending the Aliutments, according to a plan tS: description to be presented to the Meeting, will ensure us a more permanent & duralile Bridge, than b\' persuing the former proposed course. " The difficulties attending the former proposal and calculation in regard to the Bridge, together with the situation and feelings of the town, were communicated in writing to the Directors of the Na.shua Maunfac. Co. The subject has been fully considered and duly appreciated by them, and they have come forward with a proposition, which by the Selectmen, and many others who have examined it, is considered both liberal and honorable as regards that Company, and highly beneficial to the Interest of the town and of the Public. ' ' The Plan of the proposed Bridge, together with a particular statement of the Aliutments & Walls, and some calculations in regard to the expense will be laid before the Meeting. The general outline of the Proposal is this: — that the town shall build two strong & sufficient abutments, to extend Fifteen feet each into the River beyond the present ones, suitable to receive a Bridge Twenty-six feet wide, to be raised from six to seven feet higher than the present Bridge, and also suitable Walls running from them, to extend as far as the lines of the Road, which is three rods wide, to meet similar Walls which are to be built by the Company and by the Messrs. Pearsons, which are to extend up and down the River to a distance of at least Fifty feet beyond the Town's Walls. The Abutments & Walls to the line of the Road being completed, the Company propose to erect a Bridge, upon the Plan to be presented, twenty-six feet wide, to find all the material of good and approv qualities, to have the work done in handsome style, and in a workmanlike manner, to complete the whole satisfactory to the town, place it securely upon the Abutments and present it to the town for their own and public use. HISTORY OF X,IS7/r.l. .V. //. i.-?3 " TliL' Cimipain" also offer to gi\'f the iifce.ssary stone from their lower ledge, and the sand & gravel lor tilling up the Roads, upon liotli sides of the Bridge, to be taken out in a reasonable & proper manner, from convenient ])laccs therefor, to be taken in a manner satisfactory to the Company's Agents. And it is understood that provided the town accept the proposals of the Companj', the expence of the Abutments and Walls is to be assessed and paid the next year. " It will readil\' occur to the town, that the stone work required of them V)y the foregoing proposals, if once done & T,r// done, as it should be, is not done for the ])resent Near, or age merelj-, but that probably we, nor our children, ma>' be called on to rebuld it. " In every light in which your Selectmen have been able to view the subject, it presents itself to them, as one eminently beneficial to the Town, and the\' trust that after due examination and under- standing of it, it will be recei\-ed in that spirit ol Amit>' and good feeling, in which it appears to be offered. "August i8, 1S25. Dan' Abbot, 1 vSelectmen Cummings Pollard, of Will'" F. Hoynton, ) Dunstable." August 23, 1825, the Amherst road at Pennichvick bridge, near Whitney's tavern in Merrimack, was altered by building the bridge ten rods and five feet further up stream and changing the road to correspond. The center of the bridge being on the dividing line. July 3, 1826, Moses Tyler, Joseph Winn, Joseph Greeley and their associates were incorporated under the name of the proprietors of Taylor falls bridge for the purpose of building a bridge across the Merrimack river between Nashua and Hudson, or as it was then called, Nottingham West, giving them the right to collect tolls as hereinafter specified. The contract was made with Samuel Chittenden, a carpenter of Chelsea, Mass.. and Franklin Sawyer, a mason of Cambridge, Mass., for the sum of eleven thousand and one hundred dollars. The contract, together with a covenant of warrant)- and bond, with sureties to the amount of twenty thousand dollars, were signed Nov. 22, 1826, and the bridge was opened for travel in the following year. The stone piers and abutments are the same now .standing under the present iron structure. The bridge was of wood, in three spans, and covered. As a curiosity I give the rates of toll. "For every foot passenger. Two Cents; for every horse and rider or led horse. Six Cents ; for every Chaise or other carriage of pleasure drawn by one horse. Seventeen Cents ; and for each additional horse. Six Cents ; for every Cart or other carriage of burthen drawn by one horse or yoke of oxen. Ten Cents ; for each additional horse. Three Cents; for each additional yoke of oxen. Five Cents; for each Gig wagon. Ten Cents; for each pleasure sleigh drawn by one horse. Eight Cents ; and for each additional horse, four Cents ; for each Sled or sleigh of burthen drawn by one horse or one yoke of oxen. Six Cents; and for each additional horse or yoke of oxen. Three Cents ; for each carriage of pleasure having four wheels and drawn by two horses. Twenty-five Cents ; for horses and mules in droves. Three Cents each ; for neat cattle in droves. Two Cents each ; for sheep or swine, one-fourth of a cent each ; and one jierson and no more, with any loaded team or drove of horses, cattle, sheep or swine shall be allowed to pass said bridge free of toll : and at all times when the toll gatherer does not attend his duty, the toll gate shall be left open." The justices of the Superior Count>- Court had the power to regulate, alter or amend the rates - inadequate both in regard to strength and travel capacity. The running of the electric cars over It has almost ruined it for general ]niblic use but it has demonstrated one fact, that in the erection of public works, the future niu.st be considered entirely, leaving the present out altogether. 134 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. The early settlers considered the rivers highly important not only as waterways or roads, but valuable for their fisheries and they were exceedingly averse to parting with any rights in them. This is shown in the defining of the lines and bounds of Hudson (Nottingham West) when set off from Dunstal)le, being bounded to the Merrimack, thus reserving to Dunstable the full control of the river. With this condition of ownership it was urged, when the payment for the first bridge came under consideration, that Nashua should pay a very large part of, if not the entire cost. This would never do and so the county commissioners were appealed to, who decided that the divisional line should be the centre of the river, an opinion affirmed by the Supreme Court, and the cost was settled on that basis. Following the construction of the Middlesex canal from Boston to Chelmsford, which was incorporated June 22, 1793, and opened for business in 1804, a series of dams, locks, and short canals were built to overcome the natural rapids and falls of the river and render the Merrimack navigable as far as Concord. Dunstalde took immediate advantage of this new opening, and we learn from Fox's historv that an elaborately constructed canal boat built by Robert Fletcher, E.sq., was launched on the Fourth of July, 1803, attended 1:)\- a great gathering of the people, who with much parade and general rejoicing christened it the "Nashua" and the village that had until then been called " Indian Head " recei\-ed the name of Nashua Village. It was celebrated liy a i)ul)Iic meeting and an oration bv Daniel Abbot, Esq. The landing was on the Merrimack near the mouth of the Nashua river. Concord, I'iscataipiog, Litchfield and Nashua each had its line of boats, making in the aggre- gate quite a fleet, and this waterway for nearly forty }-ears formed the principal channel for heavy transportation between Boston and Concord until its usefulness was destroyed by the railways. The Nashua Manufacturing company at once took advantage of this waterway and, securing a charter from the legislature in December, 1824, to connect the Nashua with the Merrimack by means of a canal with the necessary dams and locks, erected the lower dam across the Nashua with its head gates, built the lucks at the Merrimack river and connected the two by a suitable canal ; they also put in a substantial stone wall with the necessary backing just below the Main street liridge for a wharf or landing, built a freight shed upon it and started a regular line of boats for its own freighting. The building of this dam developed additional water power which was transferred with consid- erable land, Feb. 15, 1826, to Charles C. Haven and associates, who secured a charter and erected two mills for the manufacture of woolen goods under the name of the " Proprietors of the Indian Head Factories." This company bought additional land upon the east side of the Nashua river and built the first bridge on the site of the present Canal street bridge, which was long known as the Haven bridge. Nov. 1, 1828, the Nashua Manufacturing company transferred to the proprietors of the Indian Head factories all of its ownings in their vicinity including the dam, saw-mill, head gates, canal, and all lands between the boating canal and Nashua river. These mills were not successful ; a new company was formed who purchased the entire plant without reservation and were incorporated at the June .session of the legislature in 1830, as the "Jackson Company." The building and operation of the Nashua & Lowell railwaj' ruined this boating canal and the Jackson company obtained permission of the legislature in 1S52 to surrender its charter whenever they should deem it for their advantage to do so. In the absence of a general flowage law governing water-power plants in the state, which rendered it imprudent to annul the charter at once, it required several years to do so with safety. It was finall}- accomplished, the bridge on Canal street under which it passed was removed, the stone in the locks were taken out, and the bed of the canal left, like the scar of a wound, to be healed over by nature's own process, so that to-day no trace of it is to be seen. A part of the stone from the locks was used in building the abutments of the suspension foot-bridge in the rear of the mills of the Jackson company. In accordance with an act passed by the legislature at the June session, 1823, three police officers were appointed June 4, 1827. They were Thomas Chase, George W. Wilson and Willard Marshall. This was the finst appointment of a police force in the town. April 16, 1827, F^ast Hollis street was laid out from the contemplated new bridge at Taylor falls westerly to the Joshua Pierce house, which stood opposite the foot of what is now Arlington street. ///.V7Y)A')' Ol- XASIirA, N. If. 135 Aut,nist II, 182S, Canal strt-cl from Main street south of the Oval to the land of the Jackson company near the foot of Chandler street was laid out, also that part of it north of the Oval from the Greele>- building', joining the former at the foot of Orange street. December 5, 1828, West Mollis street from Chestnut street westerly as far as the junction of the Dunstable and Hollis roads was laid out. I judge that this Dunstable road was laid out by order of the court, I find no record in the proceedings of the town relatix'e to it. January 2, 1829, Bridge street from Taylor falls bridge westerly to land of Charles C. Haven was laid out and Feb. 10, 1829, the selectmen accei)ted the report of the court, laying out the remaining parts of Canal and Bridge streets; this took in the Haven bridge. The town voted, Nov. S, 1828, that it was expedient to purchase a town farm and on the 24th of the same month appointed a committee of five to examine farms, with power to .select one and run the town in debt for it. March 10, following, they reported unanimously in favor of the Benjamin Cutler farm, which they purchased for $2,659.14, giving in payment the notes of the town. The plan of this farm, drawn on sheepskin, is now in the office of the city engineer. The cost of running it for the following year was reported by the selectmen as $551.55 net. June 22, 1825, Temple street was laid out from East Hollis street to the "Great Pllm " tree and from thence to the Rev. Mr. Nott's meeting house (Pilgrim church) and Main street. Also Amory street from the "Great Elm" tree to Bridge street. I'nder the administration of Mayor Williams Hall in 1893, this latter street was widened and jiaved, a much needed and most appreciated improvement. January 25, 1830, Eowell street was laid out from Abbot square to the Unitarian church, mention being nmde of the postoffice and the Greele\- building. June 5, 1830, West Hollis street, from Main to Chestnut street, was laid out through land of the Nashua Manufacturing company and Joseph Greeley. The Main street bridge across the Nashua river which we have seen was built in 1825 by the town and the Nashua Manufacturing company, jointly, after ten years' service was declared in 1835 to have outlived its usefulness, and it was voted August 5 of that year to build a new one, raising it two feet higher and increasing its width with each sidewalk at least ten feet. A committee of seven was appointed to superintend- the building. The present stone pier in the middle of the river was put in and the supporting trusses placed under the flooring instead of overhead as they were in the old bridge. It was finished during the next year and cost $7,413.78. With occasional repairing it remained unaltered until the administration of Mayor Otterson in 1870 when it was decided to still further widen and thoroughly repair it. This was done under the super\-ision of Mr. Samuel Pollard Wilson, an expert mill-wright and builder. Three trusses, similar to those already there, were added on the west side and two on the east side increasing the width correspondinglj^ ; the sidewalks were projected over the water, supported by braces and retained their old width, each ten feet ; the roadway was newly planked and concreted and no expense or effort was spared in the endeavor to unite durabilits' with thoroughness of construction. The cost was $14,840.87. In iS,s6 the street railway placed their tracks across this bridge and, during the past summer ( 1895) in re-locating them for the electric cars, it was found that through negligence, surface water had penetrated under the concrete and much of the underlying plank was badly decayed. Advantage was taken of the resultant uncovering of the roadway to widen it two feet and four inches on the westerly side and project the sidewalk the same distance farther out. It was noted that the trusses, fi\e of which were placed twenty-five years since, and the remainder sixty years ago, were as sound and strong as when they were put in, which woidd seem to show that wood properly put together and protected from the weather is durable. Nov. 7, 1836, the town voted that the selectmen petition the legislature to change the name of the town from Dunstable to Nashua. With such expedition did they act that on the eighth (la\- of the following month, their petition was granted, to take effect from and after the last day of that month. The rising sun of January i, 1837, dawned upon the new town of Nashua, and the old town of Dunstable passed into history as a memory. 136 HISTORY OF NASHUA, X. II. The Nashua .&: Lowell railway commenced running passenger trains in October, 1838. The road ended at the "Great Elm " at the head of Amory street, the bridge over the Nashua river and the station on Railroad square being built a year later. On the twentieth of this month East Pearl .street was accepted by the town, having been laid out by the Nashua Manufacturing company in 1832. It was fifty feet wide from Main street to Olive street (now Spring .street), and from thence to Factory street, (now Temple .street) forty feet wide. Feb. 23, 1839, a conunittee reported the Haven bridge across the Nashua river at "Indian Head " to be in a ruinous condition, and during that year it was rebuilt at a cost of $4,459.98. The .stone bridge over Salmon brook at the "Harbor" was probably built in 1838, as I find in the selectmen's annual report of March 12, 1839, various amounts as having been paid for rebuilding the " Harbor" bridge; one amounting to $283.03, probably for the stone work. And now comes the great internal war of the town. Hitherto the people of the ancient borough had found their only foes outside their borders and had given and taken hard blows, but in the end had come out victorious though often sorely wounded. Their only town fights had been merely church scrimmages which had been settled by building another meeting-house or two and letting their neighbors go to whichever they might choose, and invariably ended in the combatants being better friends than ever; but this present one stirred the hot rebellious blood, inherited from their sires, which, after lying dormant through the intervening generation, now showed itself with added intensity. The building of the town house was the casus belli , and it ended in the disruption of the town. The first movement having this end in view was at the meeting held Nov. 2, 183S, when a committee, who had been appointed on the twenty-ninth of the previous month, reported favorably on an offer of Thomas Chase to place the Old South meeting-house on his lot at the corner of West Pearl and Main streets for the sum of $820. At the ver}- outset the Nashua Manufacturing company had built the Olive Street church, ( now the "Pilgrim") and since that time four other churches had been erected, so that the Old South was practically deserted, being used only for town meetings. No result following the Chase offer, at the next meeting, held March 12, 1839, another committee of five was appointed to consider the matter and also to see about building a nnc town house. Nothing definite resulted until the meeting of March 8, 1842, when it was voted to erect a town house of brick or stone, appropriating $10,000 to buy the lot and build it. On the motion to appoint a committee to purchase a lot between the Nashua river and Pearl street, the trouble commenced and the line was sharply drawn, but finalh' it passed, 5S2 voting in the affirmative and 396 voting to locate it on the north side of the river. The north side voters at once withdrew and, true to their inherited traits, immediately drew up a petition to the legislature to be set off from Nashua, which was granted on the twent\--third of the following June and the new town of Nashville was born. The dividing line connnenced at Buck Meadow falls, thence down the center of the Nashua river to the railroad bridge above the Jack,son Company's mills, thence by the Lowell & Nashua railroad to Crown street, thence down Crown street to the Merrimack river. It may be well to add that at a meeting held on the nineteenth of August following, the committee were told to go ahead with the town house if it could be completed for $iS,ooo, and in the following year it was finished, but it cost $22,915.17 and we do not learn that anybody complained; — it still stands, a solid monument bearing witness to the skill and hone.sty of its builders. It has been asserted, and as often denied, that there was a bridge over the Nashua & Lowell railroad at the Temple street crossing, in the earlier days. At the Nashua town meeting held March 15, 1S43, a committee of three, Ezra Drown, Wm. D. Beasom and W'm. W. Parker, was appointed to remove the said bridge, which would seem to settle that question. The fire department of Nashua was re-organized April 5, in accordance with an act passed Dec. 20, 1844, and Thomas G. Banks was appointed chief engineer with eight assistants. Sept. 23, 1845, the Conant road, in Nashua, was laid out. In 1849 the hill on High street was lowered eight feet and connecting streets adjusted to the new grade. /f/sTOR)' OF x.is//t:-i, X. ji. 137 The legislature having passed, June 27, 1^53, an enabling act, subject to its adoption by a majority of the legal voters in both towns, permitting Nashville and Nashua to unite under a city charter, was submitted to the voters of Nashua Sept. 17, 1H53, and was adopted, 468 in the afTirmative, and 334 '» the negative. Ha\ing al)ru])tly left our young offshoot, Nashville, let us cross the Rubicon and com])lete our history from her records. May 9, 1843, the North Hollis road, from the .\niherst road, (Broad .street) was laid out anew a distance of nearly one and one-fourth miles, sixty feet wide. In December, 1845, the town bought the land in what is now Railroad square, then occujiied by the Central house, for a town house location, which, by the way, was never built, but the hotel was moved in the following spring to the site of the present Laton house. Aug. 18, 1847, Main street was widened on the we.st side from Nelson Tullle's store to Amherst street. Dec. 15, 1847, Clinton .street was laid out forty feet wide and extending five luindred and eighty- seven feet to the Nashua river bridge. June 28, 1848, Pine Hill road was altered somewhat and for a distance of about three hundred and twenty-two rods was laid out fifty feet wide; it extended to the house of Nathan Buttrick, (now Thomas Holmes'). The small brook near the Wilton railroad is called " Cold Rain brook." Feb. 22, 1850, a contract was signed leasing from the Nashua X: Lowell railway, Franklin hall for the town hall. In the spring of 1852 the bridge over the Nashua at the Indian Head was carried awa\' b\- what has since been referred to as the "Big Freshet," and later in the >ear it was replaced l)y an iron bridge at a cost of $5,143.1 1. In i860 this bridge was strengthened at an expense of $717.60, and in 1883 it was replaced by the present structure costing $8,534.53, ^t the same time Canal street was widened by a purchase of land on the north side of the Jackson Compain, the price paid being S2,ooo. On the same day that Nashua voted to unite with Nashville under a city charter, Sept. 17, 1853, Nashville by a vote of two hundred and forty-nine yeas against one hundred and fifteen nays, also assented and in the several wards, Oct. 8, 1853, the compact was finalh' consummated by the election of all city officers. Having traced, in " Highways and Bridges," the history of the old townsliip from the ad\-ent of the earliest recorded pioneer, through all the various stages of its progress toward its honorable position as a community endowed with the highest civic honors in the power of the state to grant, I leave what was commenced as an unwilling task, but continued with constantly increasing interest, regretting that time and space had not permitted me to do justice to vay subject. The briefness of the allusions to passing events and lack of all mention of many important matters, in the records, together with the absence of corroborative or explanatory papers, which, if ever in existence, have long since disappeared, have made it impossible to realize complete measure of exactness or cohesion in the story. I have occasionally lingered by the wayside to gather facts not pertinent to the subject of my text, thinking that jsossibly they might be overlooked by others in their research. Of one thing I am sure, whatever I have jiresented in this chapter as facts, are substantiated by the records. With a passing allusion to .staging and taverns, this " Epistle to Posterity " will be closed. The .stage coach was for many years an enlivening and distinctive feature of Nashua and added interest and excitement to the daily life of the people. The stage driver was a prominent man and occu])ied a place both unique and of great responsibility. He was the embryo express embodied /ar cxcdlcncc. Packages confided to his care were prompth- delivered; relying on his unfailing honesty he was often entrusted with large sums of money for the settlement of accounts between separated parties, often including bank exchanges ; he was the active, energetic, living means of communication between the hamlet and the town, or the town and the city ; with a lively dash and a sharp pull-up at the door of the tavern, while the horses were being changed, the eager crowd caught from his willing lips the news or gossip from the outer world above or below. In a twinkling, with a merry blast of the bugle he was off, leaving behind him a pleasurable sensation only appreciable to those who have experienced it. Nashua was then as ntnv on the main through lines of travel, and secured her full 138 HISTORY OF NASHTA, X. H. share of the general prosperit}' which followed the extension of the old, and the opening np of new, stage routes. The first stage of which we ha\-e any account was a two-horse covered affair, owned and driven by Joseph Wheat, in 1796, from Amherst to Boston once a week and returning, without a change of horses, stopping over night at Billerica. This route was afterward extended to Concord connecting there with other routes beyond, and later penetrated via Andierst, into \'ermont, keeping relays of horses along the routes. The Francestowii Stage company had a large stable on the site of the present Tremont house stable, opening out into High .street. The advent of the Lowell & Nashua railway saw the staging interest on the highest wave of its prosperity, more than thirty per day leaving or passing through the town. I am informed b\' an e>e witness, that it was not unusual to see ten four-horse stages, full, outside and in, starting away one after the other from the Indian Head Coffee hou.se for Concord, and this was only one line, and a competing line at that, and from one only of the stage taverns of the town. The freighting teams, large wagons drawn by four, six, or eight horses, passing through the town, constantlv increasing in number until the railroads were built, united with the staging in giving life and activity throughout the length of the town; added to these, the smaller teams, owned and driven bv farmers who made a trip or two >-earl\- to market, either here or beyond, carrying their own produce and returning with supplies for themselves, or the country store-keepers, and it may well be inuxgined that business was brisk. All this created a demand for taverns, which were numerous and busv, fully up to the needed requirements. As earl\- as 1769 five taverns are noted, kept by the following named persons: Benj. French, Thomas Harwood, William Hunt, Jona. Lovewell, Esq., and Widow Mar>- Butterfield. I am unable to locate their houses with the exception of Lovewell's, which stood on the site of the present Godfrey farm house, and the Hunt tavern, which stood on the site of the present V.\\\\ house, on the opposite side of the road from and a short distance below the residence of the late John C. Lund. I think French kept the old French tavern close by the state line, probably a grandson of the first Dea. Samuel French. In 1792 the general court passed an act authorizing the selectmen of towns to "grant licenses to keep tavern to suitable persons having accommodations, who might make application," giving them the right to retail rum, brandy, gin, wine and other spirituous liquors. The selectmen licensed the following named persons, Capt. Benj. French and Deacon William Hunt, located as before noted, Lt. Sam'l Pollard, who kept just south of the residence of the late John C. Lund, the house being long since decayed and removed, and Mr. Wm. Whittle, whom I fail to locate. I find the above licenses, continuously, as follows, Captain French in 1799, Deacon Hunt in 1797, Mr. Whittle in 1794 and Lieutenant Pollard in 1808. In this latter year, we find in addition to Lieutenant Pollard, the following named tavern keepers : Willard Marshall, William Roby, William F. Boynton, David Combs, James B. Starr, Samuel Preston, Isaac Marsh, Cummings Pollard, James T. Lund, and Timothy Tajdor. Others had been in the business between these years, 1 792-1808, but at the latter date were either dead or had retired. Of the above mentioned, Marsh built what is now the Morrill homestead at the Harbor and opened it to the public in 1805. Later it was kept by Thomas Monroe, the father of the late Mrs. John M. Hunt, and the late Franklin Monroe of pleasant memory. Timothy Presby succeeded him. I find in the directory of 1845 Smith Morrill, inn-keeper and butcher at the Harbor, probably here. It passed finally into the possession of the late David L. Morrill who closed it to the public. William Roby owned what is now the O'Neil farm on the Lowell road and was licensed in 1802, ending with the year, 1808. William F. Boynton was licensed as early as 1803 and as late as iSii, and probably kept the old Lovewell tavern. He did a very large business as a country- trader in a building which stood just north of the tavern. Later Jesse Estey kept this tavern as did Silas Gibson and others whom I am unable to name. From its location at the "Centre " where, in the early days all the business of the town was transacted and having the postoffice under its roof, this was the most prominent tavern of all, but it did not long survive the advent of manufactures at the village. The Cummings Pollard tavern was in its day one of the favorite stopping places on the road. In later years a floor was laid resting on the wide spreading branches of the large elm still standing rrrsTORV of x.isnr.t. x. //. 139 near tliL- house; it was reacliL-d 1)\- a llii;lit of stairs and guarded by a railing. It was quite a resort (or driving jiarties from Lowell as well as Nashua; although it is not remembered that any serious accident ever happened from its elevated situation, still the descent from it must have been at times rather hazardous, considering the nature of the refreshment served to the exalted guest. An organized com])an\- with horses went into training here one winter, and in the spring with a complete circus outfit started out on the road in search of shekels and glory. It is now owned and occupied by Alfred P. Kendall, ha\ing long been closed as a jniblic house. A few years later the large house (since burned) on the opposite side of the road, but further north, was opened as a tavern. At one time Ned Maynard, the noted horseman, kept it and ojieued up a race-track in the rear. The large square house at the top of the hill beyond the old grave-yard was long known as the Little stand, John Little having kept it for years. He was succeeded by Charles Willard and he by others until about eighteen \ears since, when it was sold to the Rev. I). I). Dodge for a residence. It is now owned b}' Charles M. Gage. \'er\- little stage traffic fell to any of these taverns after the village of Nashua was started, but the teaming remained to a great extent with them until the coming of the railway to Nashua. I can not place the remaining tavern keepers of 1808 mentioned before, with the exception of Timothy Taylor, the pioneer of the north side. I find him licensed in 1801. He probably built the tavern since called the Indian Head Coffee house, which was at first of one story only. It was leased April 7, 1813, to Phinehas Whiting, Jr., who greatly enlarged it and added another story, but he failed and the lease was acquired by Willard Manshall ; who kept the house during the following fourteen years I can not say. It was included in the two hundred acres bought b\- the Na-sliua Manufacturing company of Benjamin P". French, Sept. i, 1824, subject to this lease. April 4, 1828, the Nashua compan}- sold it to Moses Tyler, who by report was a most admirable landlord. For the next fifty 3'ears its reputation was sustained and popularitj- increased by such jovial, hearty, attentive landlords as O. Bristol, P. O. Richmond, Mark Gillis, Oilman Scripture and others, which made this house noted all over New Phigland for hospitality and good cheer. Nor must we overlook the Central house. December 31, 183 1, the Nashua Manufacturing company sold to Cushing Baker a lot with all the buildings thereon, "being the Nashua Hotel establishment." This hotel stood in Railroad square, facing Main street. The lot, reserving the buildings which were moved to the site of the present Laton house, was sold to the town of Nashville Dec. iS, 1S45, by Peter Clark. Other adjoining lands were bought by the town, the whole being intended for a town house location. I infer from the above that the Nashua company built this hotel. It was known later as the Central house. The American hou,se stood on the east side of Main street where now are the Beasom and Ham- mond residences, and the imposing Washington house stood on the present site of the Noyes block, but was later moved to the corner of Bowers and Main streets, within whose walls watches were first made by machinery, which was destined to revolutionize the watch making of the world. All four of these hotels were noted for the excellence of their table and the attentiveness of their landlords to the comfort of their guests, making, as Dr. Johnson quaintly said, "a tavern chair the throne of human felicity." They were emphatically stage taverns and lively ones too, with the bustle and stir of the constantly coming and going stages, but all is now changed, the railroads, with more facility, greater rapidity, and comparativeh' little noi.se, confusion or effort now bring a multitude uiuioticed in the place of the few who then seemed so many. Of a truth the times are changed. I\Iy task is done, tho' tlit story be not half told. CL^ytyly^^oOL^r^ . 140 HISTOID)' OF NASHi'A, N. M. ARCHIBALD HARRIS DUNLAP. Hon. Archibald II. Dunlap was born at North Brancli, Antrim, Sept. 2, 181 7; died at Nashua, April 5, 189.1. He was a son of John and Jennie (Nesmith) Dunlap, and of the fourth generation in descent from Archibald, who came from the Scotch settlement in Ireland about the year 1740 and settled in Chester. The line of descent is Archibald, John, John and Archibald H. Archibald mar- ried Martha Neal of Chester. She was of Scotch ancestry', and her father, Joseph Neal, was among the Presby- terians who peti- tioned the legisla- ture, in 1736, to be freed from paying a second tax to support a Congre- gational minister. The third child of Archibald was Maj. John Dunlap of Revolutionary memory. He was born in Chester iu 1746, married Martha Gilmore, settled in Bedford, owned and carried on a large farm. As a military man he was well known in his day and his hospitality and liberality were shown by enter- taining on one occasion his entire regiment. His son John early left Bedford and settled in -An- trim, where he was in the cabinet making business for many years, and was probably the first to intro- duce the manu- facture of knitted underclothing in this state, and also made looms for that purpose. This was about th deemed a great curiosity. The subject of this sketch inherited the zeal, power of endurance and enterprise of the Scotch race. At the age of thirteen years, with but a limited education, he started out to seek his fortune. With his elder brother, Robert, he left his home at an early hour in the moruing with a bundle in one hand and a staff in the other to walk to Nashua, a distance of thirty-five miles. Thej- reached the town late in the afternoon and the next day, Saturday, spent their time in looking over the village and making .MlCIIIIl.M.n ll.\RRI.S DUNI..VI vear 181 2 and was aceo]3le were divided into contenshire Ranking company — in all of these he was one of the origin.'il promot- ers. l''roin his youth Mr. Dunlap was a leaderamong men. Tall, finely proportioned, easy in carriage, fear- less in the advoc- acy of his princi- ]iles, a man of original ideas, capable of making an argumentative and c o n V i n ci ng address, he was a power in church and state, and in justice to his mem- ory it sliould be said that he never wielded this ])Ower for gain or selfish motives. Toljuild up Nashua, her industries and her churches, and to advance the stand- ard of good living in the home and mercanlile affairs was his aim. He wasa constant con- tributor to everything that helped society. He was a deacon for many years in the churches heretofore men- tioned. He was chairman of the building committee for the erection of the present Pilgrim church edifice in 1881, and worked diligently until it was completed and dedicated. Deacon Dunlap was united in marriage Aug. 12, 1841, with Lucy Jane, daughter of Josiah Fogg of Exeter and granddaughter of Major Josiah Fogg. Five children were born of the marriage: James H., Georgianna, John P., (died in 1852, aged four years), .\bby Jane. Charles H.. (died in 1894, aged 41). REV. JAMES S. B!:ACK. Rev. James S. Hlack, writer of the ecclesiastical chapter of this work, was born in Scotland in 1845. He attended schools at C.lasgow and Kdinburgh and was graduated from institutions of learning in this country. He was settled over the Olive Street Congregational society in Nashua from 1870 to 1874, was pastor of Erskine church in Montreal from 1874 to 1884, at Colorado Springs, Col., from 1884 to iSgo, at Minneapolis, Minn., from tSgo to 1894, and at present is the minister at St. -Andrew's church, Halifax, N. S. He has traveled in Europe, in Pales- tine and Egypt, and is author of several popular works of a reli- gious character. Mr. Black is an earnest and elo- quent extempora- neous preacher whose services have been very profitable to the congregations and people where he has been settled. During the four years of his min- istry overthe Olive Street church, which was his first pastorate, he en- deared himself to its mendjers. He was not only a verj' earnest and zeal- ous preacher, but, also, a warm and disinterested friend. Broad in his religious views, he had, neverthe- less, the courage of his convictions and never hesitat- ed to denounce whatever, in his judgment, tended to subvert or com- bat the great truths of Christianity. In addition to his work as a pastor his services were in frequent demand as a platform orator, his reputation as an eloquent and instructive speaker on popular themes being well known and appreciated in this vicinity as well as throughout New^ England. He took great interest in public affairs, and was a zealous and patriotic citizen. He has been twice married, first, 1872, with Helen M. Kimball of Nashua, who died while he was settled in Colorado, and, second, with Mary Cameron, a native of Pittsburgh and of Scotch descent. No children. KliN'. J.VMK.S .s, lil.ACK. 14- HISTORV OF X.lS//[-A. X. H. ANDREW ELIOT THAYER. Rev. Andrew E. Thayer was born Nov. 4. 1783, in Hampton, died in Na.shua, Jan. 31, 1846. He was a son of Rev. Ebenezer (twenty-six years a minister at Hampton), ANi)i!i;\v i;i.i()i riiAVKH. and Martha (Cotton) Thayer, and grandson of Rev. John Cotton of Newton, Ma.ss., and descendant in the fifth j^eneration from Rev. John Cotton, who came from Eng- land in 1633 and was settled over the First church in Boston. Mr. Thayer fitted fur college in Exeter and entered Harvard university, graduating in 1803. After stud3'ing divinity and being ordained for the ministry, January, 1806, his health failed and he was obliged to go south. Return- ing north he came to Nashua about 1820, and from that time until Jan. 1, 1S24, he supplied the pulpit of the Old South church. He also taught school and afterwards had a bookstore and circulating library in a building standing where the entrance to Thayer's court now is. He assisted in establishing The Nashua Constellation. In June, 1827, he became one of its publishers, being also its editor until Feb. 24, 1832, the name in the meantime having been changed to Nashua Gazette. Mr. Tha\'er then .sold the paper to General Hunt, who changed its politics from Whig to Democrat. While Mr. Thayer was editor the Gazette was published in a room back of the bookstore, and the Telegraph was starteil in the same place, the latter remaining there until it was removed to the next building, where the Watananock house now stands. It was in this building until the fire of Novend^er, 1838, when the two buildings, in which were the book- store and Telegraph, were burned to the ground. The bookstore was then placed in the building lately occupied bv Mr. Dane, standing on the site of the Whiting block, and the Telegraph in the room above. It was owing to Mr. Thayer's exertions that Mr. Beard came here and founded the Nashua Weekly Telegraph, the editor of the same saying at the time of Mr. Thaj-er's death: "A debt of gratitude, as well as a pecuniary debt, has been due him, and although we have been compelled to be a poor paymaster in regard to the latter, we have never disowned the former." Mr. Thayer filled a conspicuous place among his fellow-citizens and occupied many responsible positions. His enterprise did much to build up the place, and he was ever ready to assist in good works. Rev. Mr. Thaj'er was united in marriage to Lucy Flagg, daughter of John and Lucy (Curtis) Flagg. Mrs. Thayer was highly esteemed and beloved b}- all who knew her. During the Civil war she was active in everything to relieve the wants of the soldiers, and, in fact, her whole life was devoted to the things that make home and a community wiser and better. She died at her home in Thaj-er's court. June 24. 1S74. They had several children, only two of whom are now living, Lucy V . and Katharine M. Thayer. REV. HENRI A. LESSARD. Rev. Henri .\. Lessard was l>orn in .St. Johns, on the banks of the Richelieu river, in the province of Quebec, .April 14, 1850. He is a son of Rene Edward and Marie Marguerite Lessard, and a descendant on the paternal side of Stephen De Francis Lessard, who settled at St. .\nne d'Beaupre, P. Q., in 1623. On the maternal side he is a descendant of Galjriel Lambert, who settled in Quebec in 1687. They followed agricultural pursuits and were a sturdy, industrious and respected people. Rev. Father Lessard was educated in the puljlic schools of his native place and began classical study there in 1863. In 1865, the college at that place having closed its iloors, and its founder. Rev. Charles Larocque, having l)een promoted to the bishopric of St. Hyacinthe, he entered St. Therese college, Terrebourne county, P. Q., where he pursued his .studies. Four years later his parents removed to Montreal, and he resided there with them aliout eighteen months. In 1871 he became a resi- dent of Manchester. After five years spent in mercantile pursuits he returned to St. Therese college with avowed i;i;\'. IlKMtl A. I.I>SAK1). intention of becoming a priest. He pursued his studies with diligence and on June 7, 1879, his hopes were real- ized by his ordination at Montreal. A few days later Rt. HISTOR)' ()/-A\IS//f/,^, A'. //. 143 Rev. James A. Healey, bishop of the diocese of I'ortlaml, a])i)ointe(l him assistant to leather Chevalier, pastor of St. .Aujjustine's church. Manchester, where he remained a year, when he was sent as assistant :nissionarj- with Father Sweron to attend the mission of Madawaska, Aroostook county. Me. lu January, 1881, after a month spent at the cathedral of Portland, he began service under Rev. Father Hesey. then pastor of the church at Lewis- ton. Me. In September of the same year he was appointed to .\11 Saints church at Lancaster, and his twelve missions were confirmed by Rt. Rev. Bishop 1 1 e a 1 e y . Four years of constant and arduous labor in that parish be- ^an to undermine liis health, and consequently he asked for a change. This was granted, and, in 1885, the IVench Canadian J) o p n 1 a t i o n of Nashua havinj; outnumbered the capacity of the church of St. Louis d ' t'l o n z a g u e on Hollis street, he w as chosen to share Rev. Father Milette's labors and was assigned to a nucleus of a ]Kirish on the north side of the city; his zealous labor in llie past ten years lias been abun- dantly blessed , and the parish of St. Francis Xavier, of which he is the honored pastor, has (July, 1896;, lai- his wife, Caroline Bartlett Eaton. After candidating more or less for about five months, the church extended a call to Rev. H. H. Rhees of California to become their pastor, which elicited a favorable repl\', and he commenced his labors on July 1, 1870, and on the fourteenth of the same month he was publicly recognized as the pastor of the church. 156 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Mr. Rhees' pastorate covered a period of only two and a half years, but they were fruitful in large additions to the rhurch. He gave the hand of fellowship to one hundred and nineteen persons, eighty-one by baptism, twenty- nine by letter, eight by experience, and one by restoration. He closed his labors with this people Dec. 31, 1872. Since 1878 he has been a mis.sionary in Japan. In church meeting held March 27, 1873, the church voted to extend a call to Rev. G. W. Nicholson of Essex, Conn., to become their pastor. He accepted the invitation and entered upon the duties of his new position on the first of May following. There were several seasons of awakening and conversion during Mr. Nicholson's earnest and efficient ministry. He showed his faith by his works. He had charge of the church about eight years. In that time there were added to the church two hundred and fifty-two persons, one hundred and thirt}--six by baptism, seventy-eight by letter, twenty by experience, and eighteen by restoration. He was succeeded by Rev. J. A. Johnston, of Ludlow, \'t., who entered upon his labors in connection with this church in June, 1S81. As the fruit of his labors of love and works of faith during the term of his pastorate of over seven years, he received b}' baptism one hundred and twenty- nine, by letter, sixty-seven, by experience, nine, by restoration, one; in all two hundred and six. He resigned Sept. 2, 18S8, and in May of the following year he was succeeded by Rev. O. J. White, of New Jersey. In the five years of his pastorate he received into the church, by baptism, one hundred and seventy-three, by letter, seventy-eight, b>- experience, nine, bj' restoration, two; in all two hundred and sixty-two. His pastorate ended August 31, 1894, and he was succeeded on December second by the present pastor. Rev. C. L. WHiite, during whose pastorate thus far thirty-nine have been received into the church. CROWN HILL BAPTIST CHURCH. In November of 1883 Rev. J. A. Johnston, pastor, and several of the members of the F^irst Bap- tist church of Nashua hired McQuesten's hall in Belvidere, and began holding religious meetings on Sundaj' afternoons. On Jan. 6, 1884, the "Belvidere Mission Sunday school " was organized in the same hall, and was continued there for seven years; Charles D. Whiting, superintendent, succeeded by William H. Lovell. May, 1890, Captain E. M. Shaw gave a bond for a deed of a tract of land on Allds street, on which to erect a chapel. W. H. Eaton, D. D., John O. Marshall, W. H. Lovell, C. W. Hopkins and Charles D. Whiting, all members of the First Bapti.st church, acted as trustees, and organized, under the name of the "Crown Hill Baptist Mission." In addition to the above donation of land Mr. Shaw agreed to give $500 towards building a chapel. This chapel was completed and furnished at an expense of about $3300. Dec. 31, 1890, the Baptist chapel on Crown Hill was dedicated. The house is 40 feet wide b)- 52 feet deep, with a tower 12 feet square containing a belfry in which is hung a bell given by the Ladies' Sewing circle of the First Baptist church. The seating capacity accommodates 300 people. On the evening of Jan. 12, 1891, the trustees of the mission appointed C. S. Seasholes of Newton Theological institution to take charge of the work of the mission. April 23, 1891, his resignation was accepted, and on the eleventh of May following, F. R. ]{nslin of Newton acted as missionary, remaining fifteen months. The trustees were now convinced that for the mission to grow into a church, a constant worker on the ground must be secured. Under this conviction an invitation was extended to Rev. Thompson A. Howard, who accepted the call, to become their pastor, and entered upon his work in November, 1892. With his earnest, judicious work it was soon apparent that the time had come when a church should be formed. This organization was effected Sept. 20, 1893, under the name of the "Crown Hill Baptist Church." Fifty-eight names were enrolled as constituent members, the present number is one hundred and eight. Mr. Howard has proved Ijy his work that he is an able leader, enjoying the distinction of being the first pastor. He is held in high esteem by his people. ///sroA'y (^F x.is//r.i. x. //. 157 THE UNITARIAN CHURCH. In the autumn of 1826 a comparatively small number of persons in sympathy with more liberal views of the Christian religion than prevailed among the denominations, united themselves into a society known as the " First Unitarian Congregational Society of Dunstable." For the first year it hired Ihc churcli built by the Nashua Manufacturing company, familiarly known as the Olive Street church, but they soon obtained a religious home of their own, built in a pretty grove of oaks on the north side of the river facing what is now Canal street. This house was finished in the spring of 1827, and, on the twenty-seventli of June of that \ear, was dedicated, and to the present day has been occupied by that society. Its first pastor was Rev. Nathaniel Gage, whose ministrations extended over a period of seven >ears. He was succeeded b\- Rev. Henry I^nunons, who, being in delicate health, was compelled, after a ministry of two jears, to ask a dismission. The year following, 1838, Rev. Samuel Osgood became its pastor, and under his ministrations the church throve and pro.spered exceedingly. Hut, at the end of four years, Mr. Osgood resigned his jiastorate to accept a call to Providence, R. I. During the next two years the society was without a settled pastor, but toward the close of 1843, Re\-. .\. C. L. Arnold was settled but remained only one year. He was succeeded by Rev. S. C. Bul- finch, a man of saintly character, who remained its pastor for seven years, and finally withdrew, to the great sorrow of all. Rev. Martin \V. Willis came next, but on the breaking out of the Civil War he went 1(1 the front as chaplain of the Fourth Regiment. In 1.S62 Rev. Samuel S. Stuart, a young man fresh from his theological studies, was settled and renu\ined until 1S65. Rev. Minot G. Gage, a son of the first minister, followed, and occupied the pulpit to the satisfac- tion of all, until 1869, when failing health necessitated his withdrawal from the ministry altogether. Rev. Clarence Fowler was the next pastor, but he resigned after a pastorate of only two years, to be succeeded, the following year, 1873, by Rev. Thomas L,. Gorman, a former clergyman of the Univer- salist faith. x\fter a sennce of five years, Mr. Gorman gave place of Rev. Henry C. Parker, who re- mained until 1888, nearly ten years. He resigned to accept a call to a larger field, and was succeeded by Rev. Cary F. Abbott, who remained a little less than three years. He was succeeded by Rev. luioch Powell, who was settled early in 1892 and is the present pastor. THE METHODIST CHURCH. Methodism came to this country in 1760, was brought to New Kngland some thirty-eight years later, liut did not appear in this community in organized form until 1831. Sometime in the fall or early winter of 1831 Rev. Samuel Norris, a Methodist preacher, came to Dunstable, and twice on the same daj' preached the gospel of Methodism. In Augu.st, 1832, the N. H. Conference met at Lyndon, Vernunit, Bishop Roberts presiding. A request from this little band for preacher was granted, and Dunstable became a regular appointment as a part of Amoskeag circuit. James G. Smith was put in charge of this circuit, with William E. Locke as his colleague. Besides Dunstable, the preaching places were Amoskeag and Amherst. They found at this station a society with al)Out forty members. The meetings were held in a school house on the Indian Head corporation. The first church was built in 1833, and dedicated Nov. 12, at the junction of Orange and Lowell streets. After some reverses, the church rallied under the pastorate of Rev. William D. Cass, in 1835. In 1838 the Rev. Jared Perkins was pastor and the membershi]) was two hundred and fifty. He was one of the most popular men of his time both in church and .state. He was elected to congress and performed honorable service. He died in 1854, when pastor of the Chestnut Street church. In 1843 Lorenzo D. Barrows became pastor. At this time the town of Nashua had been divided, and that portion north of the river became the town of Nashville, and so remained for about ten years, and when re-united became the city of Nashua. In April of this year certain members of the church living on the south side of the river organized a Second Methodist society, .securing the church on 158 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Chestnut street, formerly occupied by the Baptists, and started under very flattering auspices, but it greath^ weakened the First church, and made it a year of trial. Mr. Barrows returned the second 3-ear, but soon failed in health, and in the middle of the year was compelled to leave and seek a differ- ent climate. J. Ci. vSmith, the finst pastor, filled out the Conference year, and about the time of Con- ference, May, 1845, another secession took place, in which Ezra Drowne, one of the leading members and original ones, and B. L. Jones, donor of the church lot, were leading spirits. Disaffection was the cause and the slavery question was also involved in it. A Wesleyan Methodist society was formed and services were held in the old Free Will Baptist church, opposite the freight depot and close to the Lowell Street church. This Wes- leyan church existed only two years. James Pike was appointed to Nashville in 1845. He was a man of great administrative ability which he showed not only in guiding the church with wisdom in its time of trouble, luit also as a member of congress, as colonel of the Sixteenth Regiment, N. H. Volunteers, during the war and for many years as a presid- ing elder. In the next pastorate, that of Rev. Henry Drew, the society on Che.stnut street disbanded and the members returned to their old home, but in 1.S50 a society was again started on Chestnut street, which did good service to the community until, in i.SSi, it united with the Main Street church. The church on Lowell street became too small for the growing society and under the able ministrations of Ebenezer A. vSmith, the first pastor, who, under the new rule, was able to serve the church three ^-ears, steps were taken to secure a new and more commodious house of worship, now known as as the Main Street Methodist church. The corner stone was laid with impressive ceremonies, in which the Masonic order participated, June 13, 1867, and the church was dedicated July 22, 1868, under the pastorate of Rev. George Bowler. For a short time before entering the new build- ing, worship had been conducted in the Cit}' Hall. This first year in the history of the society under its new name, and in the new house, was one of remarkable prosperity. The pastor, who, as a pulpit orator, had few peers, was exceed- ingly popular, and the large church was crowd- ed at each service. But the year closed in gloom. March 26, 1869, Mr. Bowler was called from earth to heaven. For some days he had been confined to his house by illness, but he was not thought to be seriously sick until the day before he died. His death was a stunning blow to the society. On Easter Sunday, in the house where multi- tudes had hung upon his eloquent words, and from whose pulpit shortly before, his last sermon was preached from the words, "There is joy in heaven over one sinner that repenteth," his funeral was attended by an immense concourse of people. The next pastor was Angelo Canoll, who came from the New England conference and remained I'llK MKIIIUDIST t IIIKCII. frisroRV OF Nashua, n. h. 159 two years. He preached to large congregations, and his labors were blessed in the conversion of souls. In April, 1871, \'arnuni A. Cooper was transferred from the Providence conference andstationed at the Main vStreet church, Nashua. He remained three years. Though he did excellent work in other directions, whose fruit remains, he will be chiefly remembered for his successful attempt to extinguish the church debt. He is now the superintendent of the "Home for Little Wanderers" in the city of Boston. In 1874, Rev. Charles Shelling, from the California conference was appointed pastor, remaining two years. The next pastor was Rev. Charles E. Hall, who served three years. His successor, Rev. J. R. Day, after two years' ministry, went to Grace church in Bo.ston. He was followed bv Rev. Dr. H. P. Raymond, during who.se term of office. Chestnut Street church, after a continuance existence of thirty-one years, was reunited with the original family in the Main Street church. Dr. Raymond having been called to the presidency of Lawrence university at Appleton, Wis., his unexpired term was filled by Rev. P. M. Frost, from Vermont. Rev. James Henry Haines was minister from 1885 to 1888 and Dr. J, Z. Armstrong from 188S to 1891. His pastorate was followed by that of Rev. C. W. Rowley, whose acceptability to the congregation was manifested by his being invited to remain during the longer term of oflice now allowed in the Methodist church. Rev. C. W. Rowley was called to the Methodist church in Manchester this jnesent year, 1896, and was succeeded here by Rev. J. M. Durrell who is the present pastor. The present membership of the church is over seven hundred. We gi\'e the appointments to the Methodist Episcopal churches in Nashua, since their formation. APPOINTMENTS, 1832-1896. James G. Smith, 1832-1833. A. P. Brigham, 1834. W. D. Cass, 1835. W. H. Hatch, 1 836- 1 83 7. Jared Perkins, 1838-1839. S. Kelley, 1840. J. W. Mowry, 1841-1842. E. D. Barrows, 1843-1844. C. C. Burr, 1844. James Pike, 1845- 1846. Jacob Boyce, 1845-1846. Thomas Rood, 1S47. (Nashua). Henry Drew, 1847-1848. (Nashville). George Bowler, 1868. Angelo CanoU, 1869-1870. V. A. Cooper, 1871-1873. Charles Shelling, 1874-1875. C. E. Hall, 1876-1878. J. R. Day, 1879-1880. Jared Sparks, 1854. George S. Dearborn, 1855-1856. H. H. Hartwell, 1857-1858. Sullivan Holman, 1859-1860. LinvilleJ. Hall, 1861-1862. W. H. Jones, 1863-1864. Robert S. Stubbs, 1865-1866. I.OWEI.I. STREET. D. M. Rogers, 1849. Elijah Mason, 1850-1851. (Nashville). John McLaughlin, 1851-1852. (Nashua). Lewis Howard, 1853-1854. (Nashua). Franklin Thurber, 1854. (Nashville). Elihu vScott, 1855. Dudley P. Leavitt, 1856-1857. Henry Hill, 1858- Charles R. Harding, 1859-1860. Lewis Howard, 1861. Charles Young, 1862-1863. G. W. H. Clark, 1864-1865. E. A. Smith, 1865-1867. M.\IN STREET. B. P. Raymond, 1881-1883. P. M. Frost, 1884. J. H. Haines, 1885-1887. J. Z. Armstrong, 1888-1890. C. W. Rowley, 1891-1895. J. M. Durrell, 1896. CHESTNUT STREET. F:iijah R. Wilkins, r867-i869. Daniel C. Babcock, 1870. Truman Carter, 1871-1872. Hiram C. Kelsey, 1873-1874. L. P. Cnshman, 1875-1877. O. H. Jasper, 1878-1880. i6o HISTORY OF NASHUA. N. H. FREE BAPTIST CHURCH. In the present year the Free Baptists of the city have begun to hold services in the building recently occupied by the First Congregational church on Main street, and a pastor, Rev. Charles S. Perkins, has been installed. This church is but at its beginning and has not had time to make any history for itself. The First Free Will Baptist church was organized November, 1S38, and was under the pastoral care of Elder Silas Curtis, to vSeptember, 1839. He was succeeded by Elder Thomas M. Preble, who was dismissed in September, 1841. In December of the same year. Elder Benjamin Phelon was chosen pastor. He was dismissed in December, 1842. In 1843 the church numbered forty members; the Sunday school fifty-six members, and the library contained one hundred and fifty volumes. They erected a church in 1844 opposite the freight depot and near the Lowell Street church, at a cost of $600. THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Fifty years ago, in the spring of 1845, a few Churchmen petitioned Bishop Carlton Chase, the first bishop of New Hampshire, to send a clergyman to Nashua. This resulted in the inunediate appointment of the Rev. Milton Ward. For a period of twelve years services were held at intervals rilK l>R()Tl;sTAN r KIMSCHI'AI, CIlUKCll. in private houses and in the Town hall. Of all the clergy who officiated during those early years the only one now living is the much loved and venerated principal of St. Paul's School, Concord, the Rev. H. A. Coit, D. D. In April, 1857, the Rev. J. G. Hubbard, rector of Grace church, Manchester, called a meeting in Nashua, to consider the organization of a parish. This resulted in the formation of the parish of St. Euke's church, with the following officers: — Wardens, Chas. Cunningham and David A. Warner; vestrymen, T. H. Gibby, I. C. Bradbury, Hugh McKean, J. A. Devereaux ; clerk, J. P. S. inSTOKV Ol- XASllUA, X. 11. l6i Otters(iii ; treasurer, T. H. (libhy. '1'Ir- Rev. Edward V . Wright of New Jersey was chosen first rector. Ma>- 27, 1857, Bishop Chase writes : "In the work undertaken in Xasliua we have been much blessed and encouraged. The Lord be praised for thus selecting another cit\' of refuge for offending men. Our friends there have acted with noble liberality, the like of which I scarcelv remember." An e.Kcellent hall was engaged by the vestrv, until, by God's blessing, the parish might be able to erect a church. May 27, 1857, the parish was received into union with the ConNcntion. and, on ()ctol)er ri of the same year, was visited 1)\- Bishop Chase, who confirmed thirteen ])ersons. During the ele\-en years that followed, St. Luke's church was erected at the junction of Pearl an- and two unworthy ones in succession having obtained the position, and the (piarrelsome sjiirit of certain mendiers of the congregation, led to vSt. Luke's church going out in darkness. In October, 1868, Bishop Chase closed the church, and refused to send another clergyman. l''or two and a half years no services of the church were held in Nashua. In the meantime Bishop Chase dietl. On the twent>'-first of September, 1870, the noble minded, zealous, and earnest William Woodruff Niles, the present bishop of the Diocese, was consecrated as his successor. Nashua had, too, become an important commercial centre. Ihider much discouragement, with strong faith, the new bishop set about reorganizing the church. He first declared the old parish of St. Luke's extinct. He then organized a new mission, under the name of the Church of the Good Shepherd. A hall was engaged, on the corner of Main and Factory streets, where Beasom block now stands. The Rev. Jas. B. Goodrich, a former pupil of the bishop, in whom he had perfect confidence, was put in charge. The bi.shop provided the entire salary of $1,500, raising it outside of the pari.sh. Mr. Croodrich completed a rectorship of four years, during which time he won all hearts by his genial, sunny disposition and Chri.stian zeal, at the close of which time ill health compelled him to resign. The outlook for the parish was, howe\-er, still dark. The faithful had to climb two flights of stairs to attend service. Numbers were few and the prospect of obtaining a church seemed still distant. In July, 1875, the Rev. Jacob LeRo>' was appointed to the mission. For ten }-ears he labored with heroic zeal and faithfulness. In 1878 Mrs. Lucia A. Rand, of Middletown, Conn., in memory of a beloved and sainted daughter, Iniilt the present stone structure, the Church of the Good Shepherd . The bishop and Mr. LeRoy secured $6,500 with which to pay for the land : and, on Nov. 21, 1878, the beautiful little church was consecrated and forever set apart for the worship of Almighty God. On Sept. 26, 1883, the Church of the Good Shepherd, having been organized as a parish, was admitted into union with the Convention of the Diocese. July 15, 18S5, the Rev. William Hall Moreland succeeded Mr. LeRoy as rector. In 1888 the parish for the first time became self-supporting and has continued so ever since. This great advance was largely due to the loving zeal of Mr. Moreland, aided by the generous liberality of one layman. Dec. 27, 1890, a comfortable parish house, with rector's room, parlor and kitchen, built by the efforts of the parishioners, was opened. July 3, 1893, the Rev. William Hall Moreland, after eight years of faithful anti successful sen-ice, resigned the rectorship, and on July 6, 1893, the Rev. Charles Bancroft, was elected and entered upon his duties. Dr. Bancroft resigned his charge in April, 1895, and in due time the Rev. James Goodwin of Hartford, Conn., was called to succeed him. THE CHURCH OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION. Forty years ago, in 1S55, so far as the native American population was concerned. Nashua was a larger city than it is to-daj-, for the foreign population at that time was about four hundred, and the i62 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. total population was ii,ooo. This Roman Catholic population was then composed, almost without exception, of Irishmen, who had been attracted to the locality by the building of the Wilton railroad, together with their wives and children. In November of 1855, the Rev. John O'Donnell came to take spiritual oversight of this small company, and worship was commenced in Franklin hall. Meanwhile, a great influx of Irish people was taking place, and the building of what was then the finest ecclesiastical edifice in the city was pushed with such energy that it was consecrated in 1857. At the time of the consecration two thousand communicants were added to the roll of the church. There was more or less prejudice on the part of the New England community against the creed and the nationality of the young priest, but Father O'Donnell, by the geniality of his character, his ready wit, and his frank manliness, won his way into the esteem and confidence of his fellow-citizens. He served for many years on the school board and his monument is not only the church that he built, but also the school-house which has been named in his honor. The church was only a few years old when the Irish immigrants began to diminish, and the influx of the French Canadian population began. In 1855 the population of Nashua was 11,000 and of that number four hundred were foreigners. In 1S73 the population was 12,000, and of this number 5,000 were of foreign birth or of foreign parentage. It is not the province of this chapter of the liistor}' to enter into any discussion of the causes of the shrinkage of about 4,000 in the native American population. Of the 5,000 Catholics of 1873, 2,000 were Irish and 3,000 Canadian French. It very soon became apparent that another church was needed, and that the new church .should be for the French speaking people. When St. Aloysius was built the Church of the Immaculate Conception, or Father O'Donnell's church as it was more familiarly known, became again what it had been at first, the church of the Irish population, who belonged to the Roman communion. There was, and there is at the present date, a sufficiently large English speaking population of this faith to make this church enjoy continued prosperity. In Father Buckle, the present incumbent, Father O'Donnell has an able successor. It is no disparagement to the other clergymen of this faith, who have been or are now in office in our city, to say that Father O'Donnell, by the geniality of his manner, his public .spirit and energy, his kind-heartedness, and above all by his interest in, and his loyalty to our public school system, has won a unique place of honor and esteem in this city. ST. ALOYSIUS CHURCH. In the year 1871 the number of Canadians, attracted here from the French Province of Quebec, had so increased that, counting themselves and measuring their strength and worldly means, the)-, after a series of meetings, resolved to organize a new congregation. The first of the meetings was held in March, 1871, and after consulting with the \'ery Rev. Fr. J. O'Donnell, V. G., then pa.stor of the church of the Immaculate Conception, a petition was presented to the Rt. Rev. Bishop Bacon of Portland, whose jurisdiction then included this state. The delegates returned with the confidence that their prayer would be heard. The lamented Very Rev. Fr. O'Donnell accepted the presidency of the temporary organization and, until success was achieved, he acted as its advisor. The eighteenth of June Bishop Bacon, having obtained the services of Rev. Fr. Girard, who had resigned his Chair of Rhetoric in the College of St. Hyacinthe, P. Q., sent him as pastor in this new field of labor and the separation of the St. Aloysius congregation from that of the old Immaculate Conception, was definitely announced June 25. The old Episcopal church, then standing at the junction of Temple and Pearl streets, was rented and used till November, 1872. Father Girard's feeble liealth, together with his desire to return to his professorship, caused his resignation. He was succeeded by the present able and popular priest. Father Milette, who had at once to undertake the great work of building St. Aloysius. His success reflects equal credit upon himself and upon his congregation. In April, 1872, the lot on Hollis street, previously purchased by Father Girard, was partially paid for and the old buildings were partially demolished. ///SrOA')- OJ- NASHUA, N. H. 163 The corner stone was laid by Bishop Bacon in presence of the French and Irish societies and an immense concourse of people. In November of the same year the old Episcopal church was aban- doned and the basement of the new church, then partially finished, was occupied till the dedication of the church proper, on Trinity Sunday, June 8, 1873. A census taken in 1872 gave 2200 souls. The cemetery on Mollis street was purchased in December, 1880, and over 1700 are now resting there, and over 800 in Hudson cemetery. In June, 1883, the debts contracted previously were about paid and the convent on Chestnut street was built by Smith & Lakeman, H. A. Holt doing the carpenter's work, and 500 children entered it in November. The teachers are the Sisters of the Holy Cross. In October, 1875, the Goodwin place on Chestnut street was purchased, the house enlarged and fitted up as a parsonage, and the old house occupied as such on Hollis street was demolished. June 12, 18S5, a bell of 2500 pounds was put in position and the first "Angelus" was rung the next day. The parish kept increasing with the demands for labor, and the census for 1883 gave 604 families and 3368 souls. The parish outgrew the ability of one man to care for it, and, since his return from Europe, F'ather Milette has always had one or more assistants. On June 21, 1885, the Bishop of Manchester divided St. Aloysius parish and the new church of St. Francis Xavier was formed. After the division St. Aloysius has 4S7 families or 2705 individuals. The boys' school was built in 1SS9, and in the same year this parish was declared a permanent rectorship, and Father Milette was appointed as its first permanent rector. The last census, that of 1893, gave this church 994 families and 5621 souls. In September, 1894, the last cent of the debt was paid. ST. FRANCIS XAVIER CUURCH. St. Francis Xavier parish came into existence in 1885 as the result of a division of Rev. J. B. H. V. Milette's parish. The north side of the Nashua river was portioned off as its territorial limits. Scanty were its chances of success ; the population was willing and generous, but poor and small. Mass was had for the first six months in McQuesten's hall. Nothing could this pari.sh claim as its own, no land, no church, no parsonage. But generous hearts provided a site for the new church. This congregation will ever gratefully remember the names of Agent Cadwell and Treasurer Amory of the Jackson corporation for the munificent donation of land. The fifth of November of the same year saw the congregation gathered under the lowly roof of the present basement, which was-blessed by Rt. Rev. Bishop Bradley in January, 1886. The scattered elements were gradually brought together and soon after developed into a fair sized congregation. The purchase of L. P. Duncklee's property enabled the parish to have its schools and parochial residence. The St. Stanislaus convent was soon built, and the nuns of the Holy Cross began their fruitful teaching. The parsonage has this last year assumed larger proportions and enhances the plot on which it rests. A cemetery lot was also purchased of Mr. Cornelius Sullivan on the old Hollis road, which in time will become the pride of the city. Sunday, July 18, 1896, this parish laid the corner stone of a new church edifice near the old edi- fice on Chandler street. The old edifice to be used in the future for other purposes. The ceremonies attending the laying of the stone were very elaborate and impressive, and were conducted by the Rt. Rev. Dennis Bradley, D. D., bishop of the house of Manchester, assisted by sixteen attending priests. .Vt two o'clock in the afternoon the bi.shop was received at the Nashua railroad junction by all the French and Irish Catholic associations in the city, and the procession moved immediately to Chandler street in the following order : — 1 64 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Platoon of fourteen policemen under Deputy Marshal Wheeler. Chief Marshal of the Daj-, D. N. Cardier and mounted aids, A. R. S. Sj'lvester, Dr. H. Laviriere, T. O. vSavelle, O. O. Dichaut, W. E. Keeley and John Field. Montcalm band, seventeen pieces, A. Lajoie, leader. F. Gaffney and aids, G. Burque, F. Cate and A. Burque, mounted. Lafayette Guards, twenty-four, Leon Girouard, captain. Six representatives from Sacred Heart commissary department, Nathan Sul- livan, P. McLaughlin, J. Clifford, B. Kilpatrick, JL Delaney and D. Clark. Sacred Heart Cadets, Capt. T. F. Tierney. Granite State Drum corps, eight pieces. ,St. Jean Baptists union, under A. C. Blain ; aids, N. P. Bouley, E. H. Geu- dron, T. Aprile, A. Cardin. Second Regiment band, twenty-four pieces, M. J. Devine, leader. Ancient Order Hibernians, two divisions, under P.J. Murphy, first division; Patrick Lonergan, second division. League of Sacred heart, under Paul Belevance ; aid, Joseph Durelle. Circle Montcalm. Carriage containing Bishop Bradley and others. The procession marched from the station to Temple, Amory, Bridge, Canal to Chandler street. There were about 900 people in the procession. When the procession reached Chandler street the companies executed the order "open rank." The mounted aids then all formed together and with the Second Regiment band in the lead escorted the bishop, priests and the other occupants of carriages between the uncovered ranks. The priests all repaired to Father Lessard's house, where they donned the garb of their calling. At 3.15 the bishop and his suite of priests were escorted by the cadets from the parish house to the platform erected at the southwest corner of the church. The Rossini choir of Lowell, composed of twenty-five members under the leadership of P. H. David, Jr., opened the exercises by singing an anthem. The anthem was followed by an address given by the Rev. PV. Slyoia Corbeil of St. Therese col- lege, P. Q., and Rev. Fr. Francis Burke of Pepperell, Mass. Immediately following the addresses occurred the ceremonj- of laying the stone ; the service, in Latin, being read b}' the bi.shop. The stone was marked on three sides. On the front read, " St. Francis Xavier, 1896, Rt. Rev. D. M. Bradley, bi.shop; Rev. Henri A. Lessard, rector." On the north side, " Chickering & O'Con- nell, architects," and on the south side, "Guernsey & Dubuc, contractors." A box contaiuiug the United States coins of this j-ear's coinage, records of the pari.sh, and the local newspapers of the day were placed under the .stone. The church is to be of marble, and will be the first chttrch edifice of that material in the state. Its erection marks a period of great prosperity for the French residents of Nashua, and it will stand as a lasting monument to the zeal and persever- ence of Rev. Fr. Henri A. Lessard, to whose efforts its existence will be due. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. The Young Men's Christian association has been actively engaged in its specific work as an arm to the church. In 1867 it was first formed in this cit}-. At that time, however, the associations throughout North America had not developed their work as they have in the last decade. The work carried on was for the most part evangelical only, and gospel meetings were held each evening in the week. Both sexes were actively employed in carrying on its work, but the direct idea of working for young men by young men was at that time crude. We find E. O. Blunt, B. A. Pearson, George E. Wheat, A. J. Tuck and C. R. McQuesten were among the foremost workers in the old association. Man}- others were also connected more or less actively with the organization. In the year 1887 several yotmg men had become interested in association work when in other States, and H. E. Kendall and D. V. P. Pratt interested themselves sufficiently to re-organize, and a meeting was called to find out what could be accomplished Aug. 31, 1887. The following parties met in the Union block to organize temporarily, \'\z: — Herbert E. Kendall, D. W P. Pratt, C. A. Goldthwait, Mark Flather, Fred E. Peckham, Jerrie Wheeler, C. D. Whiting, Alonzo Gould and Chas. M. Foote. Mark Flather was chosen temporary chairman and H. E. Kendall, secretary-. On I/IS7'OK)' OF X.lS/n'A, X. If. 165 Sept. 9, 1.SS7, Horace \V. Giliuaii was chosen president, Albert Shedd, secretary, and (ieorge E. Wheat, treasurer. Robert H. True was first general secretary. The association became nicely established upon modern association principles under Mr. True, lint owing to a throat trouble he was obliged to resign after about one year and a third of most excellent ser\'ice. His successor was Robert \V. Matthews of Boston, who came in January, 1S89. This was Mr. Matthew's first field of a.sociation labor as secretary, but he proved to be the right man in the right place and won hosts of friends for the ssociation and himself during his four years of acti\-e service for the young men of the city. The association became an incorporated body under the state legislature of iSgi.the following being the boerd of directors at that time: \'irgil C. (iilman, George E. Wheat, A. R. Shepherdson, Cabin W. Greenwood, (iilman C. vShattuck, Lester K. Thurber, Charles A. Goldthwait, Alfred W. Heald, Elijah M. Shaw, C. O. Collins, Andrew J. Tuck, Harry R. Wheeler, Eyman D. Cook, Charles R. Pease, Mark Flather, F. E. Peckham, Charles W. Morrill, James M. McFadden, Andrew Kelley and E . W. Pearson. Lester V. Thurber w^as chosen president in 1889, and was succeeded by Gilman C. Shattuck in October, 1S90, who has served the association as a most worthy ofhcial since election. In Ma\', 1SS9, a Ladies' auxiliary was organized, witli Mrs. L. A. Hall as its first ])rcsident. Hall made a valuable organizer and president for two years, and was succeeded by Mrs. J. H. Reed in May, 1S91. Mrs. Reed proved a hard and successful worker, and was succeeded by Mrs. A. K. Woodbur\- in 1892, who served as president of the auxiliary for three years, with marked success. Mrs. C. W. (rreenwood was chosen president in May, 1895. Mr. Matthews resigned in February, 1893, and F. H. Merrill, at that time Mr. Matthews' assistant, remained till the calling of the present secretary, D. N. Bartlett. In 1893 Miss Marv P. Nutt made the association her residuary legatee, and at the time of Miss Xutt's decease, which occurred in April of 1893, it was thought by the executors of Miss Nutt's will that tlie amount eventually falling to the association would reach nearly $50,000. Owing to financial disturbances the association still awaits the settlement of the estate to learn the amount of its gift, but the association has surely won its way into the hearts of the citizens to the extent of their bestowing large favors upon it annualh' for support, and it is safe to say that within a few years the Association will have a delightful home of its own. Since its re-organization in 1887, it has occupied rooms at No. 69 Main street. The present membership is over five hundred, including sustaining, active, associate, Junior members and members of the Ladies' auxiliary. A well equipped gvmnasium is occupied by them, and the spiritual, mental and physical portions of the association work are carried on in our city in the best possil^le manner, the limited circumstances being taken into consideration. SALVATION ARMY. A few years ago there was an attempt made b>- Commander Moore to have a Salvation Army in America under his own leadership. It did not prosper, but during its life time meetings were held under its auspices in Nashua. It was not until January, 1892, that the vSalvation Army, under the leadership of Conunander Ballington Booth began its work here. Quite a number of converts have been added to its ranks, but man\- of them have removed to other places. The present membership of the army is sixteen. Its discipline is strict. Total abstinence is demanded and enforced. It is virtually an anti- tobacco society, and indulgence in worldly amusements is strictly forbidden. Since the coming of the Salvation Army to Nashua, the headipiarters have been the hall at 12 Elm street and 72 West Pearl street. Modern spiritualism in Nashua made its appearance about 1852. A few people gave credence to the accounts of marvelous manifestations by the Fox sisters and others in New York state and elsewhere, having a supposed spirit origin, and circles were formed for investigation. These continued for three or four years, when an organization was formed for the presentation and discussion of the i66 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. question. Meetings were held in 1856-7 in the Free Will Baptist church on Railroad square, now Stearns' grain store, after that denomination had vacated it. These meetings were discontinued in 1858 from a lack of financial support. During their continuance no settled speaker was engaged, but a number of men and women of considerable note appeared upon its platform in advocacy of the doctrine of spirit presence and intercourse, and the genuineness of some of the manifestations. The be.st known of these, perhaps, was William Lloyd Garrison, who occupied the platform one Sunday in advocacy of this faith. Some of the meetings were quite well attended, and no special opposition or manifestation of bigotry was shown in regard to them. After this no consecutive meetings were held for a number of years. Along in the seventies the small hall on the second floor of Telegraph block was used for similar meetings. The organization then took the name of The First Christian Spiritualist society of Nashua. A little later Historical hall, on the third floor of the same block, was used, and meetings were held for three or four )-ears there, when another discontinuance took place. Later still, meetings were held in Beasom hall for a year or two, but were given up in 1880. Since then meetings have been held, but not regularly for over six months at a time. The historical fact seems to be that since the advent of modern spiritualism, private interest has been shown, and seances more or less public or private have been held at family residences or generally in small halls for investigation and the satisfaction which the manifestations have brought to many minds. The opinion has gained prevalence that the subject is more a science than an ecclesiastical matter, and hardly a proper one to be confined within denominational limits. There are no special signs that a new departure from the present situation is likely to be made, but from the writer's knowledge of the undercurrent, it is quite possible that a more concentrated effort may be made at any time for the presentation of spiritualism to the public, and for investigation upon the lines of psychic and spiritualistic phenomena. Nashua is not over-burdened with churches, and all of them, Protestant and Catholic, are well attended. In this chapter no reference has been made to Sunday-schools, Young People's Societies of Christian Endeavor, Epworth League and other guilds and societies for the promotion of the Christian life, and for the accomplishing of good works, because the editor of this chapter is of the opinion that if these subjects are to find a place in the historj' of the city they ought to have a place and a chapter to themselves. The average number of clergymen resident in this cit}' and in active service is fourteen, and the aggregate value of the church property is about seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. HIS TORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 167 CHARLES PINCKNEY GAGE. Col. Charles P. Gage, son of John and Dorcas (Merrill) Gage, was born at Orford, Get. 20, 1813, died at Pepperell, Mass., .-Vug. 23, 1893. He was a descendant, on the pater- nal side, of Benjamin Gage, a pioneer settler of Pelhani. On the maternal side he was a descendant of Jesse Merrill, whose ancestors came to .\nierica in the seven- teenth century- and settled at Salem. The Gage family, as shown by complete genealogy, sprnng from the English nobility, many of whom were titled, had a coat of arms and be- came conspicuous- ly distinguished in the affairs of the country. Colonel Gage was educated in the common schools and at his native place and at an academic school in Nashua, his parents removing here when he was ten years of age. The first employ- ment in which he engaged was that of bobbin boy, ( in company with N. P. Banks), in the mills of the Nashua Manufac- turing company. Later he was a clerk in a store, and, in 1833, went to Boston, where he was employed eight years in the dr}' goods trade. In 1 84 1 he re- turned to Nashua and opened a dry goods store in com- pany with a Mr. Chase, which he sold out a year later. He worked for a time for J. A. Wheat in the same line of trade, after which he was in the express business and, in company with William T. Parker, merchant tailor- ing. Colonel Gage then entered the card and glazed paper business and became one of the pioneers of that industry in Nashua. He was associated at different times with his brother John, with Charles T. Gill, O. D. Murray, under the firm name of Gage & Murray, and with Hiram T. Morrill under the name of Eagle Card company. The last named company sold out to the Nashua Card and Glazed Paper company in 1872, and after that he was not in active business. CHAKI.KS riNCKNEV GAGE. Colonel Gage was many times honored by his fellow citizens during his fifty years residence in Nashua. He served on the board of selectmen in township days, and represented Ward Four in the common council in 1854. He al.so represented his w-ard two terms in the legislature and served the state three years as railroad commissioner, (being elected on a general ticket with the governor, the practice under the state constitution of 1850), and was aide-de-camp on the staff of Governor Gilmore with the rank of colonel. Colonel Gage w as a director several years in the Pennichuck State bank and a trustee in the Nashua Savings bank. He was al.so a director in a coal company and in- terested and an officer in several other business or- ganizations that served his genera- tion and gave Nashua the impe- tus that made it the second city in the state. He was a loyal and true man ; a man of proverbial cour- tesy, of kind and generous impulses and the warmest friendship. Col- onel Gage was a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. p'. and .\. M.,anddur- ingthe greatWash- ingtonian temper- ance movement a power for good among his fellow- citizens and clerk of the local organ- ization. In fact, his was an honor- able and useful career. CoIonelGage was united in marriage June 29, 1843, w-ith Matilda .A.. Baker, daughter of Tim- othy M. and Elizabeth (Wright) Baker of Boston. Colo- nel and Mrs. Gage celebrated their golden wedding by a family gathering June 29, 1893, less than two months before his death. Four children were born of their marriage: Adelaide Elizabeth, April 5, 1844, married Frank M. Crane of Lowell, Mass.. May 16, 1886; Charles Minot, Jan. 20, 1847, married Kate H. Cutter of Hollis, Sept. 18, 1868; Alice Maria, June 20, 1849, married Edwin E. Hills of Hudson, Nov. 5, 1874; Helen Ma- tilda, March 5, 1851, married Marshall Merriam of Merrimack, Dec. 15, 1881. i68 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. GEORGE W. PERHAM. George W. Perhani, son of Jonathan and Mary (Parker) Perham, was born at Chelmsford, Mass., Sept. 23, 1808, died at Nashua, Feb. 18, 1891. He was a descendant of GEOKCji \v. i>i:kii.vm. John Perham, who came to .\merica from England in 1620; married Lydia Shipley in 1630 and settled at Chelmsford, where he became prominent in public affairs. The descendants of the family have liecome widely- scattered , and many of them have risen to places of influence, have honored the professions and advanced mercantile and industrial interests. Mr. Perham attended the common schools in his native place and was graduated at the academy in W'estford, Mass. Following his graduation he went to New York City, where, from 1827 to 1833, he was in business as a commission merchant. He followed the same line of business at Oswego, N. V., from 1833 to 1838. Mr. Perham had now been alxsent from New Pjigland more than ten years, but he had not become weaned from its orderly and healthful life. He felt that his happiness depended upon it, and so here turned to familiar scenes, and engaged in the West India goods trade in Nashua. He was a successful merchant, and realized his fondest hopes in the enjoyment of peace of mind and domestic happiness. During the last twenty 3-ears of his life he was not in active business, although he was financially interested in the firm of Bristol & Company, and later in Verder & Company. Mr. Perham was a man of the most agreeable social qualities. No man was ever more loyal to his country than he. No man had greater affection for the man that fought its battles, and whenever the Grand Army post marched past his residence, it found tubs of lemonade and other refreshments at his gate, and when- ever it held a fair or sought aid for its comrades, he did not wait to be solicited for a contribution. ISIr. Perham was charitable in many directions, and that, too, without ostentatious displaj', and he was an unusually cautious man in the matter of wounding the feelings of friends and neighbors. He never sought or held public office, nor was he a secret order man. He was a member of Lhe Governor's Horse Guards, and of the Unitarian church. Mr. Perham was twice married; first, October, 1841, with Hannah Ke\'es, of Keene, daughter of Zebediah and Sybil (Dunn) Keyes, who died in 1849; second, Nov. 21, 1854, with Sarah J. Waterman, daughter of Nathaniel G. and Nancie (Brayton) Waterman, of Williamstown, Mass. Mrs. Perham is a descendant of Resolved Waterman, who married Mercy Williams, daughter of Roger Wil- liams, of Providence, R. I., in 1660. One son was born of marriage, (ieorge Francis, born at Nashua, Sept. 7, 1857. HENRY MARTIN KELLOGG. Henry M. Kellogg was born at Jamaica, \'t., June 8, 1826, died at Nashua, April 9, 1891. He was educated in the public schools of his native place, and at the age of eighteen years came to Nashua. In 1846 he entered the employ of the Nashua ^Manufacturing company, where he remained until his dealh. ^Nlr. Kellogg's cheerfulness and plain dealing with all with whom he came in contact, together with his conscientious attention to ever)- detail of the work for which he was in anj- way responsible, won the confidence of the company's managers and he was speedily promoted to the position of overseer of the spinning department of the mill. The confidence thus reposed in him l)y agents and treasurer continued un- shaken through his entire career, as evidenced through iii;.\i;y .mai:ti.\ kellocg. the fact that in all the changes in heads of departments in nearly forty years— and there were many — he remained at his post. Mr. Kellogg's manhood was of the kind that regards the rights of the humblest operative with the same fairness and courtesy that it bestows upon those ///SVOA')- OF XASHUA, X. H. 169 high in authority, and he was accordingly honored and respected by his fellow-toilers and by the coniniunity. Ik- represented Ward Five in the board of aldermen in 1S73 and 1874, and rendered faithful service on the com- mittee that had charge of erecting the High school build- ing and wns idcntifieil with other important umlertakings. Ill 1.S75 and 187(5 lu- represented the sanu- ward in the kjiislature. where he performed his duty in a conservative and conscientious manner. He was a member of Clranite lodge, 1. (). (). F., and Xashoonon encampment of the same order. He was also a member of Nashua lodge, K. of I'., and S. S. Davis division, uniformed rank, of that order; he attended the Pilgrim church. Mr. Kellogg was united in marriage March 15, 1846, with Flizabetli V. Creeley, a daughter of Gilbert and Lucy ('Treeley of Manchester. Three children were born of their mar- riage; Charles H., born Aug. 31, 18,^3, died .\ug. 15, 1882; I'Yed C, born Sept. 8, 1853, died May 5, 1861 ; Frank C, born Se])t. 8, 1855, married .V. Leonora Lovejoy, .'\mherst. GEORGE W. UNDEKHll.L. Oeorge W. Underbill was born at Chester, July ig, 1815, died at Nashua, Oct. 13, 1882. He was a son of Jesse J. and lUi/abeth (Graham) I'nderhill, substantial and lion- i.i.dni.ii w. rM)i:Kiiii,i,. ored residents of the place. The T'nderhill ancestors on the paternal side were of Puritan descent and upon the maternal Scotch-Irish. They were among the first known settlers of Chester, where there are deeds on record (see History of Chester) in the name of Sampson Underbill as early as .\pril, 1717. Sampson and his wife Elizabeth (.\mbrose) were married at Salisbury-, Jan. 15, 1717, by Rev. Caleb Cushing, a minister of the gospel at that place. Thev owned a farm of fifty acres on which they "lived and ke])t a tavern." The subject of this sketch was a direct descendant of this worthy couple, the genealogy being distinctly traced in the history mentioned. Mr. Ihiderhill obtained a common school education in his native town, after which he was a student at Hopkinton academy. He learned the trade of an edge-tool maker in his father's shop at Chester and then entered the employ of an elder brother in Boston. He remained in Boston till 1839, when he came to Nashua and the next year started in business with his brother Rufus at the Harbor, near the \'ale mills, making tools for the brother in Boston. .Ml tools were made by hand in those days and an idea of the slow process is gathered from the fact that he carried the result of two day's labor to the railroad station in a wheelbarrow. Notwithstanding these disad- vantages the Underbills prospered. They removed their business to Water street and were doing a good business when their shop was burned and they lost all they possessed. Josephus Baldwin, afterwards the first mayor of Nashua, came to the rescue, however, and thev were shortly on their feet again. In 1852 Mr. Underbill, John H. Gage, William D. Beasoni and others formed the X'nderhill Edge Tool com- pany and Mr. Underbill became superintendent, which position he held until he retired from business in 1875. He was also a director in the company from its formation till his death in 1882. The success of the company was gratifying to all the stockholders and resulted in the purchase of the rights and privileges of the Ingalls & Dickerman's dam at the mouth of Salmon brook, where a larger factory- w-as established. The companv did a large and flourishing business for years, the demand for its superior brands of tools coming from all parts of the world. The works and business finally changed hands and in the end was sold to the .\merican .^xe company and removed to East Douglass, Mass. Since then the plant has been utilized as a box factory. The development of this industry — which was removed from Nashua under the severest protests of the news- papers and many citizens of influence — is shown bj- the statement made to Benjamin Chase, author of the Historj- of Chester, by Mr. Underbill in 1865. Says Mr. Chase: "Mr. Underbill informs me that when he first started at Nashua in the old Ingalls' shop with a blower, nine nar- row or five broad axes was a day's work. The Underbill company employ about sixty men and produce three hundred chopping a.xes and other kinds of tools daily." It should be added that a few years later Mr. L"nderhill incorporated the business of the .\moskeag Axe company of Manchester with his company, and for several years thereafter employed an average of one hundred hands. Mr. Underbill's interest, and the interest of those who were dependent upon him for employment, were such that he had no time for public life and consequently he never sought public office. He was, however, a member of the first common council of the city in 1853 and served again in 1854. In 1872 he represented Ward Seven in the board of aldermen, and it was his wise forethought that saved to the city for a nominal sum the splendid tract of land upon which the Arlington Street school-house is built, while he was at the same time instrumental in laying the foundation of Nashua's High school building. Mr. Underbill was an energetic man in other fields of endeavor. Sometime in the '40s he purchased a tract of land that has since become known as Crown Hill. Here he did considerable farming, and, in 1851, built the brick house in which his family now reside. This fine HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. residence stood a lonely sentinel of the hill until 1872 or 1873, when Mr. Underbill mapped the surrounding ter- ritory and put it into house lots. The result is the surprising growth of the city in that direction, many of the finest residences in town being on "the hill." A word is due to the character and characteristics of Mr. Underhill. He was a modest and unassuming citizen of sterling worth and unquestioned probity. In his char- acteristics the blood of the Scotch-Irish prevailed, in that he was broadminded and careful to give every man with whom he had any- thing to do an hon- est representation of the matter un- der consideration. The Puritan blood which flowed in his veins also assert- ed itself, for he was a man of fixed principles which he never hesi- tated to express or defend. In fact he many times sac- rificed his pecun- iary-interests when he believed he was right, rather than yield to what he thought was wrong. Thus in George \V . Underhill Nashua had a man who did praise- worthy service in furthering her in- dustrial interests, whose influence was always in the right direct ion , and who deserves to be r e m e m - bered as one of the fathers of a city that has a bright future before it. Mr. Underhill was united in mar- riage Sept. 18, 1841, with Mary M. Gale, adescendant of the Chases who came to this country in 1640. Of their six children, all died in infancy except Dr. George A. who married Helen M. Bell, daughter of Charles P. Bell of Nashua. Mrs. Underhill, as did her husband, attends the First Congre- gational church, and was among the liberal contributors to the fund for building the beautiful edifice on Lowell street. GEORGE WARREN GREENE. George W. Greene was born at Nashua, Dec. 20, 1838, died at Nashua Feb. 25, 1881. He was a son of Francis and Nancy (Steele) Greene, both of whom were descend- ants of early settlers of the Souhegan valley and con- nected with a race of hardy and industrious people who did the best their means afforded to educate their children, and lived useful lives. Mr. Greene obtained a common school education in his native town, to which he added a business and gen- eral knowledge by unaided effort. He was a self-made man. .Shortly after attaining his ma- jority he came to Nashua and en- tered the store of Caleb J. Emery as a clerk. He be- came proprietor of a grocery busi- ness located on Pearl street, and from that time till his death was one of the most suc- cessful business men in Nashua. He was a director in the Indian Head National bank and closely associated with other institu- tions, besides be- ing interested in several enterprises that have been developed since his day to the ad- vantage of the city. A few months before his death he was elected treas- urer of the Pen- n i c h u c k \Va t e r works, in which position, with that of superintendent, which place he had held forsonietime, he labored very earnestly and un- dermined his health. He was a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M., Meridian Sun Roj-al Arch chapter, and St. George commandry, K. T. Mr. Greene was united in marriage June 14, 1865, with Abby D. Stevens, daughter of Francis E. and Hannah (Colby) Stevens of Benning- ton. There were no children by their marriage. HISTOKV OF NASHUA, N. II. 171 HIRAM M. GOODRICH. Col. Hiram M. Goodrich, son of Reuben and I,ucy (Mygatt) Goodrich, was born in Nashua, Aug. 23, 1828, died in Nashua, Sept. 19, 1895. He was a descendant on the paternal side of Captain Goodrich, an early settler and prominent citizen of Weathersfield, Conn., and on the maternal side of Roger and Honor (Bid well) Mygatt of Berlin, Conn. Colonel Goodrich was educated in the public schools of Nashua and at Crosby's Literary institution. When fifteen years of age he became a clerk in the stove and tinware business of his father, where he remained employed eight years, or until the Underbill Edge Tool company was formed, of which he became treas- urer. Three years afterwards he en- gaged in the stove and tinware busi- ness in Boston and later on was inter- ested in the metal trade in that city. In i860, on the death of his father, he resumed his residence in Nashua, but con- tinued his rela- tions with a firm in Boston seven years. P'rom the time of his return until his death he prosecuted the successful business which was established by his father in 1822, in which he had formerly been employed. Colonel Good- rich was engaged from time to time in enterprises outside of his regular business. He was a director in the Pennichuck State bank and for many years a director and president of the I'nderhill Edge Tool company. He was also auditor of the Nashua & Lowell Railroad company and prominent in affairs of other corporations and enterprises that bene- fited the people of the generation in which he was active. In 1869, Colonel Goodrich built Goodrich block on Main street and in 1893 he remodeled, improved an- the City cf Nashua, 1876." " Here lieth the body of Elizabeth, wife of Mr. Thomas Weld, aged about 31 years, who died on July the 29th in the year 1687." "Rev. Natha'l Prentice. Born Dec. , 1698. Settled as the second minister in Dunstable 1720. Died Feb. 25, 1737. Aet. 39." That portion of the above inscription which refers to the Rev. Mr. Weld's being massacred by the Indians is legendary, and, probably mythical, as there was no Indian war waging in 1702, nor for several years before or after that date. It .should be corrected. Mrs. Elizabeth Weld was a daughter of Hon. Edward Tyng. Her mother's native place was Dunstable, England, and our Dunstable received its name in compliment to her. It may be stated in this connection that Hon. Edward Tyng's death, which occurred Dec. 28, i68i, was the first recorded death in Dunstable; and that the first recorded birth was that of his grandson, William, son of Jonathan Tyng, born April 22, 1679. The original slatestone slab which stood at Mrs. Weld's grave, and from which the above inscription is taken, is, at this date, lying flat at the base of the monument on the south side. In the central part of the grounds stands a small rude slab of slatestone bearing the following inscription : " Memento Mori. Here lies the bod}- of Mr. Thomas Lund who departed this life Sept. 5, 1724, in the 42nd year of his age. This man with seven more that lies in this grave was slew all in a day b}- the Indiens." The eight bodies interred in this grave were of those who were ambushed and slain by the Indians near Naticook brook. The number of settlers engaged in the affair is uncertain. Judge Penhallow gives it as fifteen; Fox, whose account is, perhaps, as careful and particular as anj-, puts the number as ten; as do also Nason and McClintock respectively. The names of seven of the party are given by the Boston News Letter as follows: Lieut. Ebenezer French, Thomas Lund, Oliver Farwell and Ebenezer Cummings, of Dunstable, Daniel Baldwin and John Burbank, of Woburn, and Mr. Johnson, of Plainfield. It is certain that Josiah Farwell was also one of the party, and the only one, perhaps, who escaped death. The names of the seven who were buried in this grave with Thomas Lund are unknon'n; but, if the records of other memorial stones near bv and in a line with that of the eight, are true, it is HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. //. ,77 certain tliat of tlic seven naniuil in the Boston News Letter, two, at least, were buried in other and separate <;raves. Ujion that one of these other stones nearest to the grave of the eight is the following inscription: "Here lies the body of Oliver l'"arwell, who died Sept. 5, 1724, aged 33." To the right, and next adjacent to Oliver Farwell's, stands a .stone upon which is inscribed : "Here lies the body of Kbenezer Cumniings who died .Sept. 5, 1724. Aet. 29." It will be noticed that both Farwell and Cunnnings are mentioned in the News Letter's list. Next to Cnniuiings' grave, and on its right, is another nieniorial stone with this inscription: " Benjamin Carter, who departed this life Sept. 5th 1724. Aged 23." Carter's name does not appear in the above list, but is mentioned as a member of this party by Nason. Of Josiah Fanvell, who has been mentioned as the only one who escaped death in the massacre, it is recorded that he was a member of Lovewell's expedition in the following year, 1725, and that he " died of exhaustion after the fight at Pigwacket Pond." Thus it would appear that, with the eight mentioned as buried in one grave, and the four whose names are last above mentioned, — and whose membership in the ambushed party would seem to be well established, — the party consisted of, at least, twelve men, a result which gives color of truth to Judge Pennhallow's statement that there were really two conflicts with the Indians on vSept. 5. 1724, occurring between Naticook brook and the Nashua river, and that the whole number of whites engaged was fifteen. " Here lies interred the Remains of Col. Zaccheus Lovewell, who departed this life April 12, 1772, in the 72 j-ear of his age." Colonel Lovewell was a brother of Capt. John Lovewell who was slain b\- the Indians at the famous fi,ght at Pigwacket Pond, May 8, 1725. He was a colonel of a regiment in the P'rench War of 1759, succeeding Colonel Blanchard in command, and was present at the taking of Ticonderoga and Crown Point.* He is the only member of the original Lovewell family buried in this cemetery, so far as monumental records show. "In Memor\- of Col. Plbenezer Bancroft who died Sept. 22, 1S27. Aet. 90. He was an officer in the French war, and in the American Revolution and was in the battle of Bunker Hill." The Bancrofts lived in what is now T\-ngsborough. Col. Ebenezer Bancroft enlisted at the age of sixteen in the company comnianded by Capt. John Goffe, Col. Joseph Blanchard's regiment in the PVench War. He was an ensign and .served through the war. In 1769 and 1771 he was one of the selectmen. vSoon after the fight at Lexington he entered the Continental army as a captain in Col. Ebenezer Bridge's regiment and was present in the battle of Bunker Hill, where he was wounded. He was made a lieutenant-colonel in 1780. In 1777 he was chosen representative to the general court. At his death he was buried with military lienors. He was a son of Lieut. Timothy Bancroft. " In Memory of Mrs. Susannah, wife of Col. F^benezer Bancroft, who died Oct. 4, 1823. Aet. 80." " In Memory of Maj. John Lund, who died March 11, 1822. Aet. 74. One who took an active part in the liberty of his country and defended well in the battle of Bunker Hill." He was a sergeant in Capt. William Walker's company, which formed a part of Col. Reed's regiment at the battle of Bunker Hill. In July, 1776, he was first lieutenant of a company raised by Capt. William Barron for an expedition to Canada. He was a Dunstable man. " Hannah, wife of Maj. John Lund, died Ma>' 4. 1847. Aet. 96." " Sacred to the memory of Ensign Benjamin Smith, who died Aug. 16, i aged 3 years & 8 da\-s." "Here lies the Body of Mrs. Jean Lund, wife of Capt. Jonathan Lund, whodeparted this life Sept. ye 14 .\nno D. 1764, in the 51st year of her age." i82 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. " Here lyes the Body of Mary Lund, Daughter of Capt. Jonathan Lund and Mrs. Jean his wife ; who departed this life Nov. ye 17th, 1758, aged 9 years, 2 mos, & 3 days." "Here lyes the Body of Mehitable Lund, daughter of Capt. Jonathan Lund & Mrs. Jean his wife, who departed this life Nov. 28, 1758. aged 3 years, 5 mos. and 9 days." " Remember Death. In Memory of Mr. Oliver Lund, who departed this life March i8th, 1776, aged 24 years." "Here lies the bodv of Mr. Thomas Lund, who departed this life Sept. 5, 1724, in the 42d year of his age. This man with seven more that lies in this grave was slew all in a day by the Indiens." He was a son of Thomas Lund, one of the earliest settlers in Nashua, from whom the ntimerotis branches of the family, residing in Nashua and vicinity, are descended. " In Memor}- of Lieut. Levi Lund, who died Dec. 24, 1814, aged 59 3'ears." "In Memory of Mrs. Sarah Lund, wife of Lieut. Levi Lund, who died May 28, 1785, aged 23 years." "Levi Lund, died Oct. i5, 1853. Aet. 70." "In Memory of Mrs. Mary Lund, wife of Mr. Levi Lund, who died June 2, 1837, aged 41." "Sarah, daughter of Mr. Levi and Mrs. Mary Lund, died May 17, 1832. Aet. 14 years." "Benjamin, son of Levi and Mary Lund, died Aug. 15, 1824, aged 15 mos., also (in same grave) died Jan., 1823, Aet. 14 days." "Brother. Friland P. Lund, born March 20, 1816, died Jan. ii, 1890." "Mrs. Mary Ann, wife of Friland P. Lund, died May 23, 1858. Aet. 37 years, 8 mos." "Our Father. Clifton Lund, died April 26, 1857. Aet. 73 years. "Our Mother. Rebecca C. Lund, died Nov. 6, 1869. Aet. 77 years." "Charles A. Lund, died Jan. 14, 1865. Aet. 3 years." "John Little, died June 7, 1854. Aet. 53 years." "Betsey D. his wife, died Dec. 17, 1840, aged 34 years." "John Noyes, son of John and Mrs. Betsey D. Little, died Nov. 16, 1S37, aged 2 j'ears." "Nathaniel Prentice, son of ye Rev'd Mr. Nathaniel & Mrs. Mary Prentice, deceased .'Vug. 17, 1724, aged 8 weeks & 6 days." "Rebecca L., wife of Timothy Presby, died Sept. 10, 1841, Aet. 38." "In Memory of Mrs. Clarisa, wife of Timothy Presby, who died Jul}' 13, 1820. Aet. 32." "Edmund D. Page, died June 3, 1879. Aet. 67." " His wife Rebecca died June 8, 1859." "Cummings Pollard. Died Aug. 19, 1848. Aet. 81." "Hannah, wife of Cummings Pollard, died Sept. 23, 1870, aged 88 yrs. 9 mos. & 13 days." " In Memory of Samuel, son of Mr. Cummings and Mrs. Hannah Pollard, who died June 2, 1832, aged 16." "In Memory of Mr. Samuel Pollard, who died Jan. 13, 1816. Aet. 32." "Peggy, wife of Samuel Pollard. Died Jan. 25, 1830, aged 55 years." " In Memory of two daughters of Mrs. Peggy and Mr. Samuel Pollard. S. died April 27, 1800, aged 11 days. Mary died Sept. 28, 1805, aged 2 years." " In Memory of Mary J. Pollard, who died March 20, 181 1, aged 3 years." " Lucien Pollard, died May 15, 1851, aged 21." "Jas. F., son of James F. and Lucinda Pollard, died Dec. 3, 1837, aged 4 years." "An infant son of Jas. F. Pollard, aged 4 days." "Lucinda, wife of Jas. F. Pollard, died Aug. 7, 1870, Aet. 63 years." "James Pollard, died March 19, 1848, Aet. 47." "Mr. Thomas Pearson, died Feb. 9-1817, Aet. 66." Great grandfather of G. Byron Pearsons. " Mrs. Amy Pearsons, second wife of Mr. Thomas Pearson, died Sept. 9, 1798. .^et. 48." " Mrs. Phebe, third wife of Mr. Thomas Pearson, died Jul}- 29th, 1826, Aet. 68." "Hannah M. Roby, wife of Edward F. Richardson, born Feb. 12, 1818, died May 30th, 1891." This inscription is upon a stibstantial and beautiful granite monument, upon another side of which is the following : — " Hannah, wife of William Rob}', a Lieut, in the American Revolution. Died June 11, 1838, aged 95." "James S. Roby, died Feb. 8, 1866. Aet. 57 years, 8 months." " Emeline P., wife of James S. Roby, died Sept. 24, 1859, aged 31 years i mo. 11 days." " William Roby, died Aug. 27, 1850, aged 80 years, 9 mos." " Dolly, wife of William Roby, died March 12, 1846. Aet. 68 years, 5 mos." " Elbridge G., son of William and Dolly Roby, died Aug. 3, 1835. \ei. 24 yrs." " William Roby, born May 13, 1802, died July 6, 1862. Aet. 60 yrs." " Amelia, wife of William Roby, born May 3, 1812, died May 17, 1864. Aet. 52 years." " In Memory of Mr. Samuel Roby, who departed this life Nov. 3, 1799, aged 51 years 7 mos. & i day." " In Memory of Mrs. Elizabeth Roliy, wife of Mr. Samuel Roby, who died 19 Oct. 1812, aged 61 yrs. & 10 mos." Samttel Roby was a delegate to the county congress in 1776, and same year, was one of the com- mittee of in<5pection and also a member of the committee of safety. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 183 "Andrew J. Swan, died July 28, 1865. Aet. 18 years." "Erected to the Memory of Rbenezer vStarr, I'hy.sician. wlio died Septenilier 7, MDCCXCVIII." " Erected in Memory of Mrs. Hannah Starr, wife of l-;bene/.er Starr, who died March 22, MDCCXCIV. Aet. 42." " In Memory of Mrs. Rebecca Starr, wife of Doctor Starr, who died Oct. 19, 1810, in the 45 )-ear of her age." " In Memory of Mrs. Agnes Smiley, wife of Mr. I'rancis Smiley, who died Dec. ye 23d, 1786, in the ggth year of her age." " In iiiLtnory of Mrs. Elizabeth vSmiley, wife of Mr. David Smiley, who departed this life July 20, i8cx3, in the 53 year of her age." " In Memory of David Smiley, son of Mr. David Smiley, who died Dec. 1798, aged 6 years." " In memory of Miss Zilpah Stevens, daughter of Mr. Bill \V. and Mrs. Pliebe Stevens, who was brought up and died at Zeliedee Wrights. Aged 20 years." " Here lies the Body of Mrs. Jane Smith, the daughter of Mr. Benjamin and Mrs. Johaunah Smith, who died March 3rd, 1781, aged 10 years & 4 mos." " In Memory of Deac. Benjamin Smith, who died March 29, 1821 in the 83th year of his age." " In Memory of Mrs. Johannah Smith, wife of Benjamin .Smith, who died .■\ug. 21, 1814, in the 71st vear of her age." " Ballard Smith. Died Nov. 13, 1863. Aet. 89 yrs. 7 mos. Prudence, wife of Ballard vSmith. Died Sept. 30, 1851. Aet. 69." " Mr. Benjamin Searles, son to Mr. Samuel Searlesand Mrs. Mary Searles, who departed this life Jan. ve 27th. 1756." [Age illegible!. " Here Lyes the Body of Mary Searles, wife of Samuel Searles, who departed this life the 24th of Oct., 1754, aged 43 years." "Henry Turrell. Died .\ug. 10, 1851. Aet. 67 yrs. & 8 months." "Lois Turrell. Died Aug. 23, 1861. Aet. 87 j'ears, 6 mos." "Leonard, son of Mr. Henry and Mrs. Lois Turrell ; died March 19, 1826. Aged 10 vears & g mouths." " Mr. Benjamin Taylor, son of Doct. Ebenezer Taylor; who died Nov. 17, 1787 in the 55th vear of his age." " Mrs. Martha Taylor, wife of Mr. Benja' Taylor, who died June 16, 1817, in the 79 vear of his age." " Memento Mori. In Memory of Miss Rebekah Worcester, daughter of M. I). Eldad Worcester and Mrs. Rebekah his wife, who died .\pril ye 8, 1790, aged 14 years & 25 days." "Helen E., daughter of Ephraim W. & Lydia W. Woodward, died Dec. i6th, 1850, aged 6 inonths and 25 davs." " In Memory of Mr. Alvah Wilkius, who died Ma}- 6th, 1826, aged 30." "In Memory of Zebedee Wright, who died Jan. i, 1823, aged 78.". " In Memory of Mrs. Thankfull Wright, wife of Mr. Zebedee "Wright, who died .Sept. 26, 1813, in the 6ist year of her life." "Zebedee Wright; died Jan. 23, 1853, aged 74." " Hannah, wife of Zebedee Wright, died Jan. 25, 1867. Aet. 90 yrs. 10 months." " In Memory of Mr. John Wright, who died March 19, 1816, in the 93 year of his age." Probably a Revolutionary soldier, as the name appears in Fox's list. He was one of nine men chosen as a committee of inspection in 1776. " In Memory of Mrs. Mary Wright, wife of John Wright, who departed this life Oct. loth, 1798, in the 58 vear of her age." The Wrights were among the early settlers of Dunstable. "In Memory of 3 children, sons and daughters of Captain Daniel and Mrs. Elizabeth Warner. John Ebenezer Elizabeth Sept. 7. Sept. 8th. Sept. 3. Aged 10 years. -\ged 18 years. Aged 13 years." Samuel Warner was the ancestor of the Dunstable Warners. He married Mary vSwallow, ]\Iay 4, 1864. For an account of Rev. Thomas Weld, and Elizabeth, wife of Rev. Thomas Weld, see preceding pages. THE SOUTHWEST OR GILSON CEMETERY. This cemeter)- lies upon a somewhat unfrequented cross-road, or highway, known as the Gilson road, in the southwest part of the township, leading from the W^est Dunstable road, so called, near the residence of the late Stillman Swallow, Esq., to the main highway from the city to Runnell's bridge. It is situated abotit one-half mile from the Swallow residence, on the right side of the road, and is easily reached from the city by a drive of four miles and a half through some of the most productive and fertile lands within its territorial limits. The cemetery is oblong in shape and contains about one-half an acre. It is enclosed on all sides with a stibstantial fence of stone wall, and surrounded on three sides by a young growth of white pines i84 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. and birches : and, iiuleed, until within a few years, the same growth had encroached upon the sacred enclosure itself to that extent that the traveler would easily pass without the slightest suspicion of its existence, so far as being able to distinguish it, by any external evidence, from the surrounding forest growth. It has been cleared up, however, and is now comparatively free of bushes and trees. I have been unable to ascertain when and by whom this cemetery was first instituted and used. Its distance from the settled part of the city, however, and, indeed, from any village, and the marks of age exhibited in some of the graves, as well as its location in a part of the township even now somewhat sparsely settled and concerning which history, either written or traditional has little to say, would warrant the belief that it was originally used as a family burying ground. Whatever may have been its early origin, it is now under the control of the city authorities. A casual examination shows some nineteen or twent\' graves which are unmarked by monuments of identification ; of these eleven are to be counted in the northwest corner of the enclosure, some of which are marked by small granite stones, taken, evidently, from the surrounding soil : many of these stones are moss-grown, and both graves and stones bear evidence to the destroying hand of time. vSome of the graves are nearly obliterated, and in a few years longer, unless attended to, will be as if the\' had never been ; this is evidently the oldest part of the cemetery ; and as such, the most inter- esting, vet, so far as its record speak.s, the very names of those who sleep within these silent graves have, with their individualities, passed forever from the memor}- and knowledge of men. The)- are even beyond the realm of reasonable conjecture. There is no evidence of graves of Revolutionary or other soldiers in this cemetery. The oldest headstone at this date, so far as appearances and date show, is that of a child ; at this time it is lying flat upon the ground among the debris of other old headstones. It is of slatestone, moss-grown and weather-worn, and bears upon its upper front surface the familiar angel of death's head, found upon most of the gravestones of a century ago, and is the only stone in the cemetery thus marked. Upon it is the following inscription : "In memory of Leonard Fisk, son of Mr. Nathan and Martha Fisk, who died Aug, 3, 1798, aged 3 years and 7 months." Onlv one other headstone bears an earlier date than the one above mentioned, and that is situated in the southwest part of the cemetery. Upon it is inscribed as follows: " Hannah, wife of Benjamin Robbins, died Jan. 29 — 1796 — aet. 20." This headstone although bearing the earliest date of any, is of modern construction. The entire number of graves so far as one can estimate from definite and indefinite marks and signs, is not far from sixty, of which number thirty-seven have headstones, of which five are marble and the remainder slatestone. The following is an alphabetical list of the names of those whose graves are marked by monuments, taken from the monuments themselves, with date of death and age: — '■ Richard Adams — died Fel). 23 — 1812. Aged 56." " Sarali, wife of Richard Adams, died P'eb. 28, 1813, aged 63." "Nathan Fisk, died March 14, 1837, aged 74." " Martha Fisk, wife of Nathan Fisk, died July 31, 1817, aged 53." " Lucy Fisk, wife of Nathan FMsk, died Nov. 25, 1S43, aged 78." " Ralph Fisk, died Feb. 26, 1835, aged 33." " Nancy A. Fisk, died Aug. g, 1839, aged 9 years, 8 mos." " Leonard Fisk, died Aug. 3, 1798, aged 3 years, 7 mos." "John Gilson, died March 17, 1837, Aet. 71 years." "Betsey Gilson, wife of John Gilson, died March 30, 1840, aged 79." "John P. Gilson, died June 16, 1869, aged 75 years, 4 mos. i day." " Rebecca Gilson, wife of John P. Gilson, died May 30, 1840, aged 46." " Andrew Jackson, son of J. P. Gilson, died Feb. 15, 1828, aged i day." "John P. son of J. P. and Rebecca Gilson, died March 5, i833,_,\et 5 days." " Ruth Gilson, died June 4. i860, aged 87 years." "Jacob B. Gilson, died July 26, 1841, aged 68 years." " Jerusha Gilson, wife of J. B. Gilson, died May 22, 1821, aged 49." " Walter Gilson, son of J. B. and Lucy Gilson, died Aug. 28, 1811, aged 5 years 8 mos." " Mary Ann Holmes, daughter of Andy and Jane Holmes, died .\pril 16, 1847, aged 18 years." " Hannah Jewett, died .\pril 16, 1861, aged 67." " Rebeckah Philemeda Jewett, daughter of Daniel and Hannah Jewett, died June 10, 1840." "Lois Emeline Jewett, daughter of Daniel and Hannah Jewett, died Nov. 18, 1840, aged 17." HISTORY OF NASHUA, X. //. 185 " Rufus Lawrence, died Dec. 16, 1846, aet. 29." " Henry R., son of Rufus and Mary Lawrence, dit-d April 18, 1846, aet. 4 mos." " Asa Newton, died Jan. 16, 1800, aged 82 \'ears." " Lavinia Newton, wife of .\sa Newton, died July 6, 1838, aged 27." "Miss Sally Newton, died Oct. 12, 1835, aged 28." "Mary Newton, died March 18, 1855, aged 77." " Hannah F. Rohbins, wife of Jothan Robbins, I i.\ii: 1 ]:\\\ . This act was accepted by the city autlnn-ities March 24, 1893. Under its provisions the following nanicd citizens were appointed and became the first board of trustees: Joseph W. Howard, Harry S. Xiirwell. William H. D. Cochrane, Ira F. Harris, William T. vSpear, Henry H. Davis, John D. Cluuulk-r, Charles W. White, Elmer W. Eaton and Charles E. Cuinmings. The first meeting of the board for organization occurred April 3, 1893, and the following officers were then elected: President, Charles W. Hoitt : secretary, William H. D. Cochrane; treasurer, William E. Spalding ; superintendent, Franklin Temple. Up to this date there has been no change in the men representing the board or its officers. Under this board of trustees many and marked changes and improvements have been made, and others are being made and in contem])Iation. No radical changes, however, have been made in the original plan of the grounds, but rather it has been preserved by the extension of its avenues into the new portion, so that the old and the new unite to form a symetrical and homogeneous whole. •Report of trustees of Edgewood cemetery for 1893. 194 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. On Arbor day of each year since the organization of the board, by its invitation, the lot owners and friends have met to plant trees and shrubs ; a most commendable practice, which it is hoped may be continued in future years. Grade lines have been established in order to secure uniformity of curbing, and the water mains, which were small and inadequate, replaced by new and larger ones, so that the suppl)' of water is now abundant. t:«. VIEW IX EDGEWOOD CEMETERY. A chapel, sufhciently commodious, and adapted to its purpose, was erected upon the grounds in 1886, and is still standing and in good condition. The cemetery contains one thousand two hundred and seventy lots and about nine hundred graves. Many who were, in their times, representative men and women of the city are interred here. Here, too, soldiers of every war in which the countr\- has been engaged, from the Revolution to and including the Civil War, are sleeping their last sleep. Below is a list of names of all the soldiers buried here, so far as known, with such short biographical sketches as I have been able to collect of all, except the soldiers of the Civil War. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 195 Barker Danforth. Private, 2d"N. H. regiment. Lot 47, section H, Woodbine way. He was from Derry, N. H., served at Portsmouth. One of his daughters, Mrs. George H. Warren, is now a resident of Nashua. Artemus Lovejoy. Private, 2d X. H. regiment. I^ot 8, section P*, Linden way. PIbenezer Russell. Private, 2d X. H. infantry. Lot 40, section E, Sunflower way. He was born in Lyndeborough, X. H., t'eb. 17, 1794, and lived there till he was seventy years of age. He then moved to Merrimack, X. H., where he died. His father, Jedediah Russell, was a Revolutionary soldier, whf) mo\ed into Lyndeborough about 1790, from Reading, Mass. Ebenezer enlisted in the War of 1S12-14, from Ivyndeborough when quite a voung man. He was stationed at Portsmouth and served three months. The name of his company and regiment are unknown. Two of his sisters, Mrs. Nancy U. Farmer and Mrs. Amanda M. Low are now li\-ing in the city. Mi:XIC.\X WAR. Leonard Morrill was a cor])oral in comjjany H, yth U. S. infantry. He was a native of Xashua. At the time of his enlistment Captain Hatchelder of .Manchester was in command of the company, but subsequently resigned and was succeeded in the comnuuid l)y \n:w IN i;i)iii:\\()i>D ci;mi-:ti:h'i-. George Bowers of Xashua. Morrill served through the war and participated in many of the most important battles. John White of this city, who is still living, was in the same companv. REVOLUTIONARY W.\R. Benjamin Abbott. His grave is in lot 51, section B, Linden way. He was in the Sth Massachusetts regiment, and was engaged in the battles of Bunker Hill, vSaratoga and Bemis Heights. He was also present at the execution of Major Andre, being, as he often said, one of the guard detailed to watch over him the night before the end. w.\R OK 1812-1S14. Capt. Allen Cross, sergeant, lot 12, section C, Jasmine way. Captain Cross was born in Hudson, N. H. He was a son of Levi Cross. He served his term of enlistment at Portsmouth, and, after his discharge from the army, was captain of a militia company. Levi S. Cross of this city is his son. Samuel B. Patterson, .sergeant, 2d X. H. regiment, lot 25, section A, Clematis way. He was born in Goffstown, X. H., May 25, 1791. Li the war he was stationed at Portsmouth. .Vfter his term of service had expired, he moved from Goffstown to Merrimack. X. H. From Merri- nuick he removed to Nashua, where he resided until his death, which occurred May 25, 1833. His family was of the old Scotch-Irish settlers of Londonderry, N. H. 196 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. He married Polly Griffing of Manchester. Two of his sisters, Miss Cassan Dana Patterson, Marv E. Patterson, are livina; in this citv at this date. and WAR OF 1861- John H. Kilduff, Henry T. Pease, David P. Ricker, Edward A. Brighani, David I. Eastman, Samuel Harvey, Silas Hobart, Weston Lovejoy, Charles A. Otis, Ezekiel T. Tinker. Dexter G. Reed, Joseph Ackerman, Eugene J. Button, Haskell W. Banfill, Albert G. Chamberlin, Fred B. Stetson, Clinton J. Farley, John H. Jackman. George A. Wood, Edwin Stetson, George S. Eayrs, Elmer A. Haskins, Edgar C. Johnson, Samuel Keyser, Amos S. Morse, Clinton E. Stetson, George H. Andrews, Charles L. Brigham, Barclay C. Buswell, Jerome Thompson, Aldrich B. Cook, Joseph A. Brown, John H. Arbuckle, Edward P. Banks, Ai Colburn, Henry C. Davis, Peter A. Ladieu, Charles A. Livingston, Joseph Lavoy, Jacob McClure, George E. Moore, James M. Newton, Ja.son B. Reynolds, Frank Wheeler, Amos Smith, Lot. Sec. Wa-,. Private, Co. F, ist N. H. Infantry. I B Laurel. " " E, i.st ■' ' ' 27 L Laburnum Sergt., " E, ist ■' ■52 B Linden. Priv., '■ M, ist " Cavalry. 56 B Linden. " •• _ M, ist •• " -> A Laurel. " ■• B, ist " " 17 N Maple. ( ( •■ F, ist ■■ Artillery. 18 D Dahlia. " '■ F, ist " " 6 E Linden. " " F, ist " " 49 E Locust. " " K, ist " " 8 J Camelia. Major, ist " " 6 L Pine. Capt., •■ F, 3d •■ Infantry. 12 A Central. Lieut., ■■ F, 3d •• " 41 C Sunflower. Priv., ■• A, 3d •• 18 C Marigold. •■ F, 3d " 26 B Foxglove. Corp., " F, 3d '■ 49 C Locust. Priv., •■ K, 4th •• 43 N Maple. •• B, 4th ■• ' ' 19 M Japonica. Rec't., 4th ■• ' ' 17 B Columbine Priv., '■ A, 6th •• 49 C Locust. Capt., ■■ B, 8th •• " 4 F Catalpa. Lieut., '• A, 8th " " 6 A Central. Priv., •• A, 8th " ( 1 19 B Dahlia. " ■' A, 8th " " 1 1 E Larkspur. ( { ■• A, 8th " 1 ( 5 U Birch. Corp., ■■ E, 8th ■' 49 c Locust. Mus., •• E, 9th ■' 5 R Pine. Corp., " F. 9th " 56 B Linden. Sergt., ■■ C, 9th " 1 1 D Bluebell. " " F, 9th •• " 25 M Central. Capt., " E, loth " " 2 C Linden. Sergt., '■ H, loth " 32 M Heliotrope Priv., •■ L 13th ■' 1 1 C Larkspur. •• K, 15th •• 10 L Central. " K, 15th " " 3 L Pine. Capt., •• A, 1 8th Ct. " 31 A Border. Priv., " A, 7th Wis. 20 I Central. " 5th U. S. ( Cavalry. 13 B Columbine Sergt., ■■ K, 96th N. Y Infantry. 18 K Syringa. Lt. Col. 2dU. S. S . S. I Ci Linden. Priv., " C, 17th Mass Infantr>-. 35 I Central. Sergt., " E, 30th " " 36 B Foxglove. Priv., " K, 2d R. I. ' ' 28 K Magnolia. United States Navy. 24 E Larkspur. " 4 G Catalpa. WOODLAWN CEMETERY. This cemetery is located on the south side of West HoUis street. Its area at the present time comprises about twenty-five acres, consisting of the original lot and additions which have been made from time to time since its purchase. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 197 Ma}' 22, 1S4S, W'illiam Morse conveyed to the town of Xaslina, for a consideration of five hundred and ten dollars, a lot of land with a frontage of one hnndred and nine rods and six links on the south side of Mollis street. This tract now constitutes the main part of the cemetery : the original deed excepts one acre, owned by Cole, within the boundaries. Nov. 2, iS4,S, John Cole conveyed to the town of Nashua the acre of land excepted in the al)Ove deed. Consideration, S500. Since the last mentioned conveyance the following additions ha\'c been made : — Nov. 14, 187 1, Charles B. Fletcher conveyed to the city of Nashua a lot on the south side of the cemetery, fifty-three rods in length by thirty-seven rods in width. Consideration, $r,200. Oct. 27, 1873, Charles \V. Bowen to the cit}- of Nashua, a certain parcel of land situated on the northerly side of Kinsley street, containing 64,960 square feet. Consideration, $671.08. May 15, i8go, R. M. Bowen to the city, " certain pieces or parcels of land, viz : lots Nos. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 and 86, according to plan of grounds in deed recorded in vol. 405, page 25, Hillsborough Registry, situated on the north side of Kinsley street, and lot 91 situated south of the Hollis street cemetery." Consideration, $3,750. May 19, 1S90, Mary E. Atwood to the city, land on the north side of Kinsley street, being lot 88, on the plan. Consideration, $250. May 21, 1890, William J. Dickey to the city, a lot of land, with buildings, on Kinsley street, being lot 89 on the same plan. Consideration, $1,460. June 13, 1890, Lizzie T. Haines to the city, " a certain tract of laud on the north side of Kinsley street, being lot No. 79," on said plan. Consideration, $375. June 25, 1890, Joel C. Aunis to the city, lot on Kinsley street, being lot 90 on said plan. Consideration, (^250. This cemetery is in the shape of a parallelogram square. Its south side, for nearly its entire length, is bounded on Kinsle)' street. It is laid out with broad avenues, extending through it from north to south, at somewhat irregular inter\-als, and one avenue running east and west through the central part, llpon this main and central avenue is situate a beautiful chapel. In the northeast corner, near and opposite its easterly entrance on Hollis .street, is located the citj* tomb, a substantial structure of granite. Some of the finest monumental work in the city is to be found here : and it is to these beautiful sculptures and the neat and well preser\-ed appearance of the grounds, that its beauty and appropri- ateness as a burial place is made apparent to the observer, nature ha\ing done l)ut little for it originally. Tradition says that the first burial here was that of a stranger, and that a headstone, furnished bv the subscriptions of charitable citizens, was erected at the grave. This stone formerly stood where the chapel now is : it was moved to another location near by when the chapel was erected. It is stil standing and bears upon its face the following inscription and epitaph : — "Darwin S. Smedley. Died March iS, 1849. Aet. 16 years." "Stranger this marble slab we rear; To tell thy friends thy rest is here ; To them, to us, to passers by Tliv warning comes, ' thou too must die ; ' Therefore seek that rest above Where Jesus reigns, whose smiles are love." According to another account, Mrs. Stephen Emerson was the first person buried in this cemetery. Her grave is in the south side of the grounds, and, by the inscription on the stone, she was buried in December, '48. At the present time there are 12,000 graves, including those whose remains were transferred from the Spring Street cemetery when it was discontinued in 1872. Since its establishment it has been under the direct control of the town and city authorities until the present year, and has been known as the Hollis Street cemetery; but by an act of the legislature, passed March 26, 1895, entitled "An act creating a board of trustees for Woodlawn cemetery in Nashua," Albert Shedd, Charles H. Burke, George Phelps, Charles S. Collins, Ered C. Anderson, Frank C. Kellogg, Daniel F. Runnells, Henry V. Whitney and Charles W. Stevens were appointed 198 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. and constituted a board of trustees, " who are to have the sole care, superintendence and management of the property, expenditures, business, prudential affairs and sale of lots located between Hollis and Kinsley streets in the city of Nashua." This act was approved by the governor, March 13, 1895. Under its provisions these grounds were to be "hereafter called and known as Woodlawn cemetery." On the ninth of April, 1895, this act and its provisions were accepted by a formal vote of the board of ma^-or and aldermen. On the sixteenth of April, 1895, the board of trustees, as named in the act, met for organization, and the following members were elected as officers of the association : — President — Albert Shedd, Office, 43 Spring street. Secretary — Henky P. Whitney, Office, 170 Main street. Treasurer — William E. Spalding, City Treasurer, First National Bank. vSuperintendent — George F. Sawyer, Residence, 2 Quincy street. STANDING COMMITTEES. Executive Committee — Chas. H. Burke, Daniel F. Runnells, Frank C. Kellogg. Finance Committee — George Phelps, Henry P. Whitney. Committee on Grounds — Fred C. Anderson, George F. Hammond, Charles S. Collins, Charles W. Stevens, Joseph W. Howard. President of Board of Trustees a member of all Standing Committees. The following list includes the names of soldiers of the Revolutionary, Ci\'il and other wars of the republic, whose remains are interred in this cemetery. It was furni.shed by the courtesy of Arthur C. Gordon, a Civil War veteran, and is believed to be substantially correct : — WAR OF THE RE\'OLUTION. " David Bailey, a soldier of the Revolutionary War." Lot 30, range 26. His regiment and company are unknown, but it is known that he was in the fight at Concord Bridge. David M. Fiske. " Musician of 1776. Died Oct 13, 1838, aged 78 years." Lot 17, range 9. Robbins. Lot 14, range 10. WAR OF 18 1 2-14. Robert Nesmith. " Soldier of 1812, died April 9, 1842, aged 78 years." Lot 17, range 9. Thomas Ball. Lot 3, range 4. He was born at Alstead, March 4, 1792. Served at Portsmouth. His son, Harvey Ball, is now a resident in the city. Joseph Nichols. Lot 38, range 13. He was a Londonderry man of Scotch-Irish stock. Enlisted when he was fourteen years old: was in the battle of Plattsburg. After the close of the war he lived in Henniker and Amherst, coming to Nashua from the latter place about 1841, where he resided until his death in 1865, aged 65. He had eleven children, seven daughters and four .sons. Four of his sons were in the War of the Rebellion. Two of them, Gro\'enor and William are residents of the city. MEXICAN W.VK. Col. Thomas P. Pierce. [See biography]. Lot 30, range 29. Cn'IL WAR. Fred Allen, Daniel Adams, Maj. Joseph F. Andrews, ist N. H. Ca\-alry. C. H. Avery, Bartlett, Co. H, 7 Regt., N. H. Volunteers. Augustus Butler, " B, 4 J. E. Boutelle, 2 Lot 64, Range 5 " 28, 14 " 28, " 29 " ID, 2 " 78, 28 " 28, " 7 HISTORY OF NASHUA, X. II. 199 J. L. Brooks, Co. G, 16 R ;gt. , N. II. \'()lunteers. Lot 48, Rangt t Capt. William Barrett, " A, 8 I. 12. 17 John Balch, " C, 4 ( t ( t " 42, 19 H. S. Daniel W. Butterfield, I, 13 ( i < ( " 7. 21 Arthur Bingham. " B, 3 " " " 16, 32 George Boyson, " I, 13 1 , , ( " 2, 33 Allen S. Brown, " B, 10 t , ( ( " 67, 0. F. L. Alfred H. Benian, " B, 4 ( ( ( ( " 35. 0. F. L. 0. F. Blinn, " 68, Range 20 Town vS. Barrett, " B, 10 ' ' ( ( ( ( " 30, 29 Lieut. W. H. Barnes, " E, 8 " 17. 15 S. L. Beverly, U S. Navy. " 29, 12 Frank W. Burnham, " c, 32 Regt. , Mass. \'olunteers. " 83, 21 W. K. Banfill. U. S. Navy. " II, 21 Ira Caldwell. " B, I R« 'gt. , N. H. Cavalry. ■■ 32, 9 C. Chamberlain, 10 \'olunteers. " 9. 13 Sergt. Joel Colburn, " A, 8 " " 34. 14 Thomas \V. Cro.sby, " c. 4 " ( ( i , " 20, 18 N. E. Cobb, " F, 3 > i ( ( ( ( " 42, 14 Geo. B. Chapman, " H, 71 Ind. " 45. 18 Levi Case, " F, I ' ' N. H. Heavy Artillery. " 37. 0. F. L. James Cochrane, U vS. Navy, ., 49. Range 9 J. N. Cochrane, ( ( " " 49. 9 Capt. N. J. Coop, ( ( ( ( " 14. 12 Robert G. Clemons, ( ( ' ' " 17. 12 Edward Coney, Co. ID Regt. , N. H. \'olunteers. " 8, 13 Lieut. Ezra Davis, " B, 7 " " " " 19. 3 W. H. Densmore. " A, 8 ' ' " " " 16, 7 John Day, " F, 3 ( ( ( ( , . " 31, 9 A. W. Doying, " B, I ( I I ( ( ( ■' 40, 13 Geo. W. Davis, " D, 28 ' ' Mass. " 9. 15 Paymaster S. S. Davis, " 31- 2 G. L. Donahue, '■ L II " Maine " 4. 33 Lieut. Ed. Emerson, 6 i 1 N. H. ,S3' 7 Nathan Eaton, " E, 8 " " 10, 6 J. W. Eaton, " B, 9 ( ( " " 10, 6 R. G. M. French, '• A, 3 ( ( Mass. Heavy Artillery " 26, () F. L. J. E. Farmer, " F, 3 " N. H. Volunteers. " 45. Range 7 C. H. Fisher, " c. 4 " ,, " 35. 14 Frank C. Flanders, " M, 17 " Mass. Heavy Artillery . " ID, 13 J. A. Flanders, " F. I < ( N. H. Volunteers. " 34. 16 Capt. Dan'l M. Fisk, " E, 8 " , , ( ( " 36. 8 L- W. Farnsworth, I, 5 " " " " 35. 29 E. D. Franklin, " E, 8 " ( ( f i " 50, 27 Albert Fletcher, 3 " . , ( ( " 51- 7 Henry Fox, Regu lar army. " 38. 6 A. F. Gould, 8 Regt , N. H. Volunteers. '■ 54, 27 George Grey, ( Jo. F, I Heavy Artillery ■ " 42, 28 Irving Grey, " B, ID ^'olunteers. " 40. 28 C. M. Griffin, " A, 8 ■' 39, 4 J. F. Gerry, " c, 24 Maine " 15, 0. F . L. J. Greeley, " D, 17 Mass. " 48, Rang 2 21 David Grilson, " G, 2 U. vS. s. s. " 30. 6 C. H. Gardner, " c. 16 Mass. Volunteers. " 41. •• 15 200 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. William Hardy, Co. G, 13 Regt. N. H. Volunteers. Lot 52, Range 9 L. W. Hall, " B, 10 " " ' 48, " 12 L. vS. Hall, " K, I " " Heavy Artillery. ' ' 26, " 14 Albert Hall, I, 13 " ■• \'olunteers. ' 26, " 14 Jackson Holt, 3 " Mass. Battery. • 16, " 24 Jefferson Holt, " F, 28 Regt. , Mass. Volunteers. ' 16, ( ( 24 Geo. H. Harris, " E, 4 " N. H. w ' 105, 0. F. L. Nestor Haines, 8 " " ' 34. Range 5 Isaac Hard}-, " E, 15 i ( ( ( t ' 42, •• 9 Sergt. Geo. A. Hayden, ■' F, I " Heavy Artillery. ' • 76. •■ 25 Clinton C. Hill, " A, ID Volunteers. ' 10, '■ 29 A. D. Holt, " K, 5 '• 1 ( > ■ 34. 1 ( 31 J. D. Hanscome, ) 14 Maine " ' ' 46, " 21 M. T. Jones, Maine Battery. ' 68, " 19 John Jackson, U. S. Navy. ' 41, " 22 Archibald H. Jones, 4 Regt. , N. H. \'olunteers. ' 26, " 18 J. B. Kimball, Co. F, 3 " ' 6, 2 S. Maj. G. N. Kenney, 4 ( ( " ' 33. " 19 G. W. Knapp, Co. F, s ' ' ' ' t i , ' 14. " 19 Samuel Luca.s, 2 N. Y. ' 52, " 17 Capt. Chas. Lawrence, 7 '• N. H. " ' 25, " 16 Joseph Norcro.ss, Co. F, 8 ■' ,. ' 49. ■■ II John B. Nichols, " B, 4 •■ " " ' 38, •• 13 Sergt. Thomas Nottage, " F, 3 ( ( " ■ • 16, " 16 J. McDonald, " D, 5S Mass. " ' 58, " 4 W. Mason, " F, 25 '• ' 62, " 4 George McKean, " B, 4 N. H. 1 1 , ' 34, ■' 6 Sergt. Chas. McGaffy, •■ I, 13 •• ( ( L ' 41. 9 G. S. Morrill, U. S. Navy. ' 9. ■' 12 B. Morrill,' Co. E, 8 Regt. N. H. \'olunteers. ' ' II. ■• 12 F. Messer, • B, 2 '• " .. ' 21, ■■ 13 Geo. H. Minard, " B, 10 •• < ( " ' 35. " 27 Francis Morse, " H, 9 " " " ' ' 26, 0. F. L. Henry Miller, I, I " Conn. Heavy Artillery. ■ 64, '• J. G. McDonald, " G, 17 Maine Volunteers. • 66, Range 19 Lieut. \V. H. Moulton, '■ L I N. H. Ca\'alry. ' ' 20, " 33 Tristam F. Page, " L 16 " " \'olunteers. ' ' 37. " 32 David Parks, " A, 8 " ' 17. " I J. P. Perry, " A, 8 " 1 ( ( ( ( ' 53. " 10 J. B Perry, " 9 " 1 ( i 1 > ' 39. ( ( 14 S. H. Pillsbury, " 8 ■' " " ' 10, " 7 E. A. Piper, " B, 28 " Mass. " ' 18, '■ 18 Aaron Pond, •• E, 15 N. H. M ' 47. 18 Lieut. Jesse Pushee, " F, 3 " ;, ' 30. 0. F. L. E. P. Phelps, 9 '■ " " • 26, Range 12 Granville A. Parker. " B, 25 " Mass. k ( , ' 49. 15 O. H. Reed, •• B, 8 " N. H. " ' 37. " I Robt. 0. Reed, " F, I " Heav}' Ai'tillery. ' ' 22, •' 25 Charles Ross, " F, .> '• \'olunteers. ' 21, " 5 Milton Richardson, •• G, 4 •• ' 21, " 28 Joseph Russell, 18 " " " ' 61, " 28 D. J. Rideont, 8 ■' " .. ' 24, " 15 C. H. Ripley, " E, I " " " ' 7. 1^5 13 R. K. Richardson, ' 36, ( ( 15 If /STORY OF NASHUA, .V. //. 201 Lieut. -Major A. i-^haw. Co. L 13 Regt., N. H.Volunte ers Lot 23, R an ^e 6 G. E. Swallow, " F, 3 " " 29, 8 Charles .Smith, " F, 3 " " 30, II E. J. vSmith, " G, 10 " 26, 22 Jeroine E. Smith, •' K, 27 " Mass. " 53- 19 Thomas G. Smith, •' K, 5 " 22, 29 Joseph Sawyer, ■ ' I " N. H. Heavy Artillery 2, 25 Winslow A. Shattuck, ■■ E, 8 " " Volunteers. " 13, 9 Corp. W. 0. Stearns, •• c. 3 " Mass. Heavy Artillerj .'■ 60, 24 H. J. Sanborn, • E, 10 " N. H. Volunteers. '■ 33, 27 A. J . Ste\ens, •' B, 26 ■' Mass. " 28, 13 William Tiillock, •• F, 17 '■ " 48, 8 \V. A. Tracy, 6 •• N. H. " 29, 18 Oscar \V. Townes, " I, 13 " " 5, 0. F. L. Mus. N. H. Thompson, I " " Heavy Artiller}, • " 35, Range 33 Capt. J. Q. A. Warren, ■' E, 8 " " \'olunteers. ■■ 29, 13 E. B. Wil.son, iS ■' N. Y. " 44, 22 Mus. J. R. Wyman, 9 " N. H. " 30, 28 C. 0. Whitteniore, ■• E, 4 " 6, 31 F. J. Woochvard, ■' F, 9 ■■ " 23, 33 Chas. S. Wing, '■ E, II " 32, 0. F. L. A.J. Willard, ■' I, 13 " 23, Rang e 2 Sergt. M. G. Wil.son, " A, 8 " 59, " 2 Willard Walker. U. S. Navy. " 83, ( ( 28 W. A. Whitmarsh, 6 Regt., N. H. \'olunteers. " 14, " 29 Capt. Luther M. Wright " L 13 " 31, ( ( II 0. Adams, Reg iment and company unknown. Lot 36, Range 12 William Cox, ■' 28, " 28 J. B. Case, " " 64, " 18 Phillip Engell, " 25, " 23 George Foss, " 14, 1 1 4 J. W. Fletcher, " " 39, 0. F. L. J. E. Griffin, '• " 8, Range 25 H. W. Grover, " 22, " 24 F. Greenwood, " 28, 0. F L. J. Hudson, " " 32, Ra nge 22 B. D. Humphrey, Co. G, I \'t Cavalry. " 52, 15 J. B. Hobart, Reg iment and company unknown. " 24, 3 J. M. Hodgsdon, ' ' ( ( ( ( " 71, 27 A. H. Jefts, " 1 ( , ( " 68, 19 Chas. Johnson, " " " 61, 20 W. H. Knowlton,- " ., " 20, 33 Corp. G. W. Nye, Co. C. 14 R egt., N. H. \'olunteers. " 50, 23 Orlando Proctor, Reg iment and company unknown. " 77- 28 Moses Pomroy, " " II, 30 .\lfred Rudd, " " 28, 30 C. H. Warren, i i " 29, 13 Edward White, ( ( " 32, 19 W. B. Whiting, t ( " II, II Sergt. Daniel Gibson, Co. A, 5 Regt., N. H. Volunteers. " 20, 0. F. L. 202 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. THE ROBY CEMETERY. The following minutes, taken from the records of the old town of Dunstable in New Hampshire refer, for the most part, to this cemeter}-. "At a legal meeting of the Inhabitants of the Town of Dunstable, held at Willard Marshalls in said Town on Wednesday 21* of April 1813 Vpted to fence the BurN'ing Ground which lie Common with a good wall and to be built according to the direction of the Committee. Chose Phinehas Whitney, Thomas Roby and Samuel Pollard a Committee to Superintend the building of said Walls which are to be completed May i, 1814." "Chose the Selectmen a Committee to ascertain whether there shall be one or two Burying Grounds north of Nashua River in this Town and make a report at the next meeting." The election of the selectmen as a committee, as indicated in the last paragraph of the above record, appears to have been the first action taken on part of the town, so far as the records show, in relation to burying places in the north side of the Nashua river, and its phraseology suggests the question as to whether there were anj- north of the river at that date ; perhaps the report of the "com- mittee," which was made at the town meeting held April 26, of the same year, settles the question : at any rate it establishes the date of the laying out of this cemetery. It is as follows : — " The subscribers. Selectmen of the Town of Dunstable have laid out a Burying Yard (Burying Ground) in said Town in Capt. Thomas Robys District, so called, near the School House in said District beginning at a Pine Tree by the great Road or a Stake and Stones on the East side of said Road, thence North 54I2 East, 10 rods to Stake & Stones, thence North 35,'2 West, 9 Rods to Stake & Stones, thence South 54 ]''z West, 8 Rods to Stake & Stoues, thence by the said Road to the bound first mentioned." No action was taken on this report, apparently, at this meeting ; but, at a subsequent town meeting, holden Sept. 22, of the same year, it was — " Voted to accept the Burial Ground which was laid out by the Selectmen near the School House in Capt. Thomas Roby's District." From the last vote it will be noticed that, wliatever (juestion there may be as to the existence of a cemetery on the north side of the river previous to this earl}- date, there can be none as to the existence of, at least, one schoolhouse. There has been no change in the size of this cemetery since it was laid out. It is an enclosure of about one-half of an acre of land, located on the north side of the Amherst road, about one-half mile west of the Edgewood cemetery. It is under the control of the city. It is bounded on three sides bv a stone wall, with a neat picket fence upon its road frontage. At the present time it contains, by actual count, one hundred and twenty-five graves. Of these ninety are marked by monuments or headstones. Most of the marked graves are of comparatively modern date, and none of them show indications of great antiquity. The grounds are in an excellent state of preser\-ation. The following inscriptions are taken from the tombstones, and include all in this cemetery : — "Thomas Bowers. Died May 10, 1857. Aet. 58 years." " Erected to the Memory of Mr. Isaac Bowers, who died August 6, 1820, aged 60 years." " Mrs. Mary, wife of Isaac Bowers ; died Dec. 27, 1834. .\et. 69." " In Memory of Charles ,S. Bowers, son of Mr. Thomas Bowers and Mrs. Betsey, his wife, who died April 30, 1820." " In Memory of Mrs. Betsey-, wife of Arch's Batchelder, who died Feb. 22, 1829. Aet. 77." "John Cotton. Died Dec. 3, I847. .\et. 54." "Sarah, wife of John Cotton. Died Oct. 13, 1885. .\ged 91 years, 7 mos." " Anna F. died April 5th, 1877, aged 13 years." " George W. died March 30, 1877, aged 15 yrs." " Children of B. F. & L. A. Cotton." "James B. Cameron. 1795 — 1852." — soldier. "Dorcas J. Cameron. 1805 — 1869." " Frances G. Cameron. 1831 — 1S60." "Ella F. Cameron, :852— 1862." "Baby." " Luc\- H. Clough, 1850 — 1854." " Eben Jewel. 1807 — 1879." ///SVOA-)- (>/■' NASHTA. X. II. 203 " Robert Fletcher. Died April 2, 1887. ,Aet. 58 yrs, 2 inos. & 2 days." ■' .\sa Fletcher. Died Nov. 17, 1880. .-^ged 59 y's, lo nios. & 24 l)y. I )ierofession he became a student at the Royal college of surgery in London, where he had seven years of stiuly and was graduated in January, 1842. Doctor Moore felt that he was fully equipped for a broader field. He con- sidered several propositions from hospitals and profess- NOKMAN |li|l\ \l \l l.liOD .Mt)01!l;, M. I). ional contemporaries who desired him as a partner, but none met his e.xpectations. Finally he concluded to seek his fortune in .America, and a j'ear later we find him in practice in the Marine hospital at Chelsea, Mass. He remained at the hospital four years, when his friend. Doctor Smith, the head surgeon, died. Doctor Moore then became disturbed in mind because of preferment that others obtained, but which was denied him because of the fact that then he was not a citizen of the country, .ukI, influeiiceil by an ac(|Uaintance, he resigned his posi- tion and located in Derry as a family physician and sur- geon . He re- mained in Derry five years, during which time he be- c a m e w' i d e 1 y known. The de- mand for his ser- vice was so great and the location so circumscribed that he was actual- ly compelled to seek a railroad center. He de- cided to settle in Nashua and came here in 1852. Doc- tor Moore prac- ticed in Nashua from the year last mentioned to the day of his death, at one time in partnership with deorge Gray. M. I). It is not too much to say of liini, and we now (|Uote from the writingof a foimer biographer, that in his generation "he stood at the head of the medi- cal profession in New Hampshire. I'or more than a quarter of a cen- tury he was called in the most diffi- cult and delicate cases of surgery and he was eminently successful in restoring to health innumerable patients whose cases were considered incurable. He had a remarkable power of diagnosis, and his admitted skill made him a valuable expert witness before the courts, and although his modesty made him shrink from notoriety, he was often called in important state cases both at home and in remote commonwealths." Doctor Moore became a citizen of the United States and showed his patriotism by accept- ing an emergency call from the government, in 1862, and serving four months as surgeon in a hospital at Newburn, HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. N. C. That Doctor Moore was all that is said of him is in evidence in a series of resolutions passed by the physi- cians at the time of his death, in which they said : " That in the death of Doctor Moore we are deeply sensible of our loss of a wise counselor in times of perplexity- and doubt, when the lives of those intrusted to our care depended upon an accurate knowledge of the uature of the case and the most judicious and skillful application of the means." But it was not alone as a learned physician and surgeon that Doctor Moore is remembered b\' the people of Nashua. He was a man of perfect physique, winning in his manners, attractive in his social qu a 1 i t i es and a most excel- lent friend and companion. The Scotch blood pre- dominated in him. It made him gen- erous to a fault, kind to the poor, thoughtful for those who associ- ated with him, and enabled him to bear the burdens that were his with- out a murmur, and to award good for evil. In a word he was a rare man mentall}' and pro- fessionally. He possessed a sunny temperament and had a courtly bear- ing that was so unpretentious that even a timid child was at ease in his presence and soon became his acquaintance and friend. Doctor Moore was an E p i s c o - paliau and a mem- ber of the Church of the Good Shepherd. He was also a member of the Massachusetts and New Hampshire Medical societies. He was twice married ; first in Dublin and second at Man- chester, in i860, when he wedded Caroline Sears. His children were by his first wife, William, born in Dublin, Ireland, 1S42, educated at the University of Vermont at Burlington and at the University of Pennsylvania, gradu- ating at the latter with the degree of M. D., a soldier in the Seventh regiment, New Hampshire volunteers, who was promoted to sergeant-major, served two and a half years and died from malaria contracted in the service. GEORGK (1 Nov. 25, 1868; Matilda, born at the Marine hospital in Chelsea, Mass., 1844, educated at the seminary at New- London, academy at Mont Vernon and a private school in Boston, nuirried John J. Whitelsy and has a daughter. GEORGE GR.4Y, M. D. George Gray, M. D., was born in Hancock, April 29, 1829; died in Nashua, Dec. 14, 1876. Dr. Gray w-as a son of John and Hersina ( Knight ) Gray. His paternal ances- tors came from England in the seventeenth c e n - tury and tlieir descendants were among the pio- neers of the Sou- he g a n vail ey. His grandfather w-as a prominent resident of Ben- nington, and a man of sturdy lialiits and wide influence in the public affairs of his generation. <,)n the maternal side he was a grandson of Dea- con Aaron Knight of Hancock and re- lated to the Adams family, whose gen- ealogy is clearly traced til rough fifteen genera- tions. His father and motlier were well know-n in Nashua as hind- lord and landlady of the Washington house, a popular hostler y that stood on the site of Noyes block. Doctor Gray ob- tained his first schooling in tlie puldic schools of Nashua, at Cros- k.\v,'m. d. by's Literary in- stitute and Han- cock academy. Following his graduation at the last named institution he entered the office of liis uncle, Adams Kniglit, M. D., at Springfield, Vt., where he applied himself assiduousl}- to the study of medicine and surgery. After a thorough preparatory course of reading he entered the medical college at Woodstock, Vt., w-here he was graduated with the degree of M. D. His profi- ciency in his profession was such that the faculty named him as a professor and demonstrator of anatomy, a posi- tion which he filled with marked ability till the death of his father in 1851, when it became necessary- for him to HJSTONV OF X.IS/rf'.l. X. //. 213 return to Nashua and settle his hotel business and other affairs. This administratorship occupied his attention till 185.^, when he formed a partnership with Dr. Norman J. Moore and began practice, lie continued with Doctor Moore until the opening of the Civil War, when the partnership was dis.solved and he opened an ofTice for himself and continued in practice till his death. Doctor tiray was a man of striking ])hysique and attractive personality. He was democratic, a man of the people, a citizen who had a cordial greeting and a kind word for every- liody. Besides this he was one of the most skillful physicians and surgeons in t h c city and exceed- ingly conscien- tious in his atten- tion to patients. His success, both in regular prac- tice and as spe- cialist, was recog- nized by his medi- cal associates and caused his diagno- sis and advice to be sought in criti- cal cases; his services, were, also, in demand among experts in important cases before the su- preme court. Dr. Gray's death re- sulted from dip- theria, a disease contracted while attending a pa- tient at a t i m e when suffering from a severe cold. That he was sin- cerely mourned by kindred and friends, is attested by a series of reso- lutions passed at a special meeting of the physicians and surgeons o f Nashua. His rec- ord as a faithful physician and geuerous friend survives him. Doctor Gray was an episcopalian, a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M., and of Granite lodge, I. O. O. F. He was also a member of the Vermont and New' Hampshire Medical societies and of several other bodies connected with his profession. He was twice married. His first W'ife was Margaret Stearns of Woodstock, Vt., who died i,.. 1865; second, (April, 1872), Julia Tilden, daughter of- Rev. Lucius L. and Julia A. (Ackley) Tilden of Nashua, who is still living. There were no children by either marriage. KDWIN COLIUK.N, .M. D. EDWIN A. COLBURN, M. D. F.dwin A. Colburn, M. D., was born at Nashua, Dec. 13, 1829; died at Nashua, March 5, 1892. He was a son of Dr. Elijah and Sarah (Belknap) Colburn. (For ancestors see sketch of Elijah Colburn, M. D., in this work). Doctor Colburn was educated in the public schools of Nashua and graduated at the Nashua Literary institution of which Prof. David Crosby was principal. He then attended school at Derry academv, and. after a thorough study of medicine in the office of his father, took a two years' course at the Medical col- lege atWoodstock, \'l. .\fter con- cluding his studies at the last place he entered the -New York Medi- cal college at New York Cit}', where he was graduated with the degree of M. D., in 1854. Following h i s graduation he commenced prac- tice with his father and so continued until 1861. His father retired about that time by reason of age, but he continued to practice until shortly before his death. Doctor Colburn inclined to a quiet and well ordered domestic life, freedom from the cares of office and the anxieties and perplexities of political strife. In a word he was exceedingly mod- est, and, although he held the office of- city physician in 1861, he would never consent to be a candidate. He was passionately fond of the perfect horse, and during his time owned and drove some of the best blooded animals in southern New Hampshire. F'ol- lowing the sale of the family estate, the site of Odd Fel- lows' building, he built one of the handsomest residences on Concord street. He purposed to settle down to a quiet home life and had been in his new home but a few weeks, when, unfortunately, he was found under the feet of an unbroken colt with his skull fractured. He lived but a few hours after the discovery. Doctor Col- burn was an attendant of the I'nitarian church, and an 214 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. honest, upright man and a citizen respected by all. Doctor Colburn was united in marriage June 26, 1861, with Anna S. Dodge of Antrim. Mrs. Colburn is a daughter of Alvah Dodge, born in Antrim, 181 1, and Lvdia (Elliot) Dodge, born at Mason, 1817. There were no children b)- their marriage. 18, /■0' JAMES BONAPARTE GREELEY, M. D. James B. Greeley, M. D., was born in Nashua, July 1830. He is a son of Col. Joseph and 1 ^ Hannah (Thorn- ] toiOGreeley. I The Greeleys were among the early Scotch-Irish set- ! tiers of Notting- ham West, now Hudson. They were men of stur- dy habits and thrift. C a p t . Samuel Greeley, the great grand- father of the sub- ject of this sketch, and Joseph Gree- ley , grandfather of the same, w'ere at the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill. In the last named battle Joseph was wounded. He was lame ever after and required the aid of a cane when walking. On the maternal side he is a grandson of James Thornton and his wife Mary, daughter of Rob- ert Parker of Litchfield, and great grandson of Judge Matthew Thornton, M. D., signer of the Dec- laration of In- dependence, all of whom resided at Thornton's Ferry. Doctor Greeley attended the public schools and was graduated from Crosby's Literary insti- tution. He studied two years at Pinkerton academy in Derry and the same length of time at Phillips' academy at Andover, Mass. Following a preparatory study of medicine he entered the medical school at Harvard. From Harvard he went to the medical department at Dartmouth college, and from Dartmouth to the University of Ver- mont at Burlington, then at Woodstock, where he was graduated with the degree of M. D., in 1856. He spent a year in study and practice in the Marine hospital at /^ ^ lAMES I!. GREEI.E^', .M. D. Chelsea, Mass., and another year in the hospitals of London, Paris and Edinburgh before commencing practice in Nashua. His success was of a most gratifying char- acter, and ,the future looked bright, when, in i86i, the flag was fired on at Fort Sumter and the blood of the Greeleys and Thorntons that flowed in his veins was so aroused with patriotic zeal that he could not content himself in the quiet walks of life. He entered the service of his countrv as assistant surgeon of the New Hampshire battalion. First New England cavalry, and went to the front. In the spring of 1862 he was promoted to surgeon of the 1st Rhode Island cavalry, ( the name of the regiment being changed to that), and fol- lowed its fortunes in bivouac and in battle till the second engage- ment at Bull Run, when, while he was bravely per- forming his duty by attending to wounded soldiers on the field, he received three gunshot wounds ; one in the right hip, making a flesh wound onl}' ; one in the left arm, shattering the bone ; one en- tering the right temple w h i c h lodged at the base of the skull and remained there seventeen years, until discovered and removed in 1879 b_v George P. Greeley, M. D., whose honorable record is given in this book. I'pon receiving an honoroble dis- charge from the army Doctor Greeley returned to Nashua and resumed practice. The hardships of the campaign in which he served, together with wounds and suffering, had wrecked his iron constitution and so, as the years passed he with- drew little by little from active practice and finally retired and spent some time in travel, visiting the Azore islands and other places of interest and health-restoring climate. Since then he has been an invalid by reason of the loyal service he rendered his countrj-, and has resided the greater part of his time at his country home at Thornton's Ferry. In his time Doctor Greeley was one of the best HISTORY OF NASirrA, N. H. 215 efiuippe. HUGENE F. MCQUESTEN, M. D. Kugene V . McQuesten, M. D., was born in Litchfield, Oct. II, 1843. He is a son of Isaac Mcyuesten, who was born Oct. 18, 1811, and Margaret A. CChase; McQuesten, who was born July 19, 1819, both of whom are living at the old homestead. Doctor Mcyuesten, on his father's side, isadescendant of William McQuesten, who emigrated from the north of Ireland. (Coleraine) in 1735, and settled in Litchfield. The McQuestcns are direct descendants of the McUisthons of .\rgyleshire, Scot- l.iiiil, many of whom removed to Ireland near the close of the i6th century. A gen- ealogy of the fam- i 1 y shows that among the <1 e- scendants of the McQuestens there have been many men who have stood high in the professions and in the councils of the nation. Dr. Mc- Ouesten attended the public schools in his native place and in Nashua, and in i860 became a student at Blan- chard academy in Pembroke. In I S63 he entered the sophomore class in the scien- t i fi c department at Dartmouth col- lege, but withdrew shortly after and entered, in 1864. Jefferson Medical college at Phila- delphia, where he took a three years course in two years and was gra/■ .WIS///: I. .v. //. 2 19 New Hampshire. lie is in fact an enthusiast in sclinnl matters, and skives considerable of his time and attention to the study of the different methods of instruction in countries where the free-school system obtains; he is ([uick to perceive aud appreciate any improvement upon our own, and zealous in urging its adoption. The zeal which he shows in looking after the welfare of the pupils is exhibited not less intensely in his efforts to aid ill providing substantial and well appointed school- houses. .-\t the present time he is one of the sub- committee of the school board em- ployed in building a new s c h o o 1 - house on I'a 1 111 street. He is a mcnilier of R i s i n g S u n lodge, A. 1". and A. M., Meridian Royal Arch chap- ter, St. (ieorge commandery, K. T., and a Scottish Rite Mason of the 32d degree. Doc- tor Hammond at- tends the Pilgrim Congregational church. Doctor Ham- mond was united in marriage Oct. 16, 1883, with Mary h. Tracy, daugh- ter of William A. Tracy, M. I)., whose lineage is given in a sketch of her father in another depart- ment of this work. Four children have been born of their marriage: Tracy Bartlett, Harold A d a m s , Karl Raymond, and Marjorie, of whom only the two latter are liv- ing, the first two having died in infancy. .\. w ii.i' iiiiij nil 11 , M. I). A. WILFRED PHTIT, M. U. .\. Wilfred Petit was born in .St. Damase, county St. Hyacinthe, P. Q., Sept. 11, 1853. His ancestors were Phillipe Hubert Petit, born at St. Denis, P. y., in 1816, and Cordelia Richer, born at the same place in 1826. He was educated in Seminary Ste. Marie de Mounoir, P. O.. where he was graduated with degrees in 1873. He then took up the study of medicine and surgery at Victoria university in Montreal, P. Q., from which institution he received his diploma and degree of M. D., in 1877. Doctor IVlit located in his native town in 1877 aud practiced his profession till 1880, when he removed to Buckingham, P. O., where he remained a year. He then, Dec. 8, 1881, came to Nashua, and here his practice has been as large and successful as any of his contemporaries as one of our leading physicians. He is recognized, as oneof the lead- ing physicians, not only by the members of the pro- fession in Nashua and vicinity but also by his fellow citizens,; one who is exceedingly well versed in the science of his pro- fession and who attends to his duties assiduous- ly and conscien- tiously; these traits of character have deservedly gained for him the esteem of all c 1 :i s se s . Doctor Pe t i t ' s urbanity and gentlemanly bearing, as well as his knowledge of men and the world . have served to make him a welcome addition to society. He has always taken a lively interest in public affairs and has been a lib- eral contributor and indefatigable worker in the cause he has es- poused. He was vice president of the notei ui;u AL]-1,.\. M. 1). ALONZO STHWART WALLACE, .V\. D. .\lonzo S. Wallace, M. D., son of David and Margaret Wallace, was born at Bristol, Me., Feb. 17, 1847. H's grandfather, David Wallace, was one of the hardy pio- neers of New Hampshire and undoubtedly of Irish origin, while his great grandmother, Nancy Palmer, was of I';nglish descent. Dr. Wallace obtained his education by his own unaided effort and therefore it may be said that he is a self-made man. He obtained such education as was possible in the district schools of his native town, giving close atten- tion to his .studies and making an earnest effort to accomplish de- sired results. It was constantly in his mind, how- ever, t li a t he needed larger op- portunities, and so he attended the town high school . I'rom the high school he entered Lincoln academy at New Castle, Me. He walked to the academy, a ilistance of ten miles, every Mon- day morning, tak- ing food for the week with him, and returned Fri- ilay nights. The best he could do was to attend two terms a year. To accomplish this ami also assist his parents at the same time he first followed the sea during the sum- mers, as a sailor, until by dint of courage and ca- pacity he rose to the position of first mate of a barque. As his book knowl- edge increased he filled other positions of honor and trust, and finally teaching between terms, he at last graduated with class honors. It will thus be seen that if there was ever a young man who had high aspirations and who burned the midnighl oil that man was Doctor Wallace. Although at his graduation he was able to pass the ex amiuation re()uired to enter Howdoin college, he entered the JIaine Conference seminary at Bucksport and fitted himself to teach higher grades of studies. During this H /STORY OF NASHUA, N. H. time he was superintendent of schools in his native town and active in many directions which might influence the course he had marked out for himself. From 1869 to 1872 he was engaged in teaching in Maine and Massachusetts, among his positions being that of principal of the high school at Rockport. He also taught at two different times in the Reformatory school for the City of Boston, Mass., the second time going there as principal ; this was an exceedingl}' diflicult position to fill on account of the character of the pupils, who necessarily attend there. He, from the first, was master of the situation, and at once gained tlu- love and c o n fi - dence of the boys under his charge and the esteem and respect of the city o ffi c i a 1 s . While in charge of this important school he made the acquaintance of Dr. D . H . D u r g i n . T h c acquaintance rip- ened into friend- ship, friendship begot advice, and advice led him to .seek knowledge of medicine and sur- gery. He began the study of anat- omy and physiolo- gy while yet a teacher, and after extensive and thorough prepara- tion entered the medical depart- ment at Bowdoin college. Later he was a student at Portland and fi- nally he entered the medical d e - partment at Dart- mouth coll egc , Hano\'er, where he was graduated and received his degree in 1874. His preparatory course for practice was takeu under the instruction of Professors P'rost and Crosby of Dartmouth, Bracket of Bowdoin, Green of Portland, and Long Island, N. Y. It is safe to affirm that few men ever entered the profession better equipped. Doctor Wallace's first practice was at the Massachusetts State Lunatic hospital. He remained in the institution about six months and resigned to accept the position of assistant physician of the port of Boston. He was soon after promoted to the position of port physician to fill the place of his friend, Doctor Fisher, who is now AL(_)NZo .s. w.vi.i.Ac 1;, .\l. 1) superintendent of the Presbyterian hospital, N. Y. Doctor Wallace resigned the last position mentioned in 1879, ^nd it is a matter of record, and should be a source of pride to his family and friends, that upon his retirement he received an unsolicited testimonial in the form of a letter from the chairman of its board of health. Doctor Durgiu of Boston, (who still holds the position), reciting that he had done two-thirds of the work in an institution where the patients numbered two thousand annually, and that "to his faithfulness to duty and power of endurance," he had never seen a limit; also, that he regretted his determination to enter private prac- tice. To this was added another testimonial, wish- ing him "God- speed and honor's success in his new field." by the offi- cers of pul)lic in- stitutions at Deer Island. Doctor Wallace located, 1879, in Brookline, where he had a large and success- ful practice and remained until 1 888. From Brook- line he went to Rochester, where he remained but a short time. F'i- nally in October, 1889, he came to N ash u a , p n r - chased the .\Ibert McKean home- stead on Orange street and later liought a farm on the Mollis road, for a summer re- sort for his family. Here he remains among the most successful and liusy professional men in the state. Dr. Wallace is a Congregational ist, a Canton Odd I'ellow, a Ivuight of Pythias, a member of the ITnited C)rder of the Ciold Cross and Pilgrim Fathers, a member of the Massachusetts Medical society, and New ILampshire Medical society, and also a member aud vice jiresident of the Nashua Medical association. He served in 1895 on the first executive committee of the F^mergency hospital and was re-elected in 1894. He is a trustee of the Nutt estate hospital. Doctor Wallace was united in mar- riage Nov. 2, 1876, with Mary F. Maynard, the only daughter of Charles and Harriet Maynard of Lowell, and a graduate of Lasell seminary at Auburndale, Mass. The ///SWA'}' OF NASHUA, N. //. 223 childieii iif Ihcir marriage art- Arthur l.owill, lidrii in Lowell, Mass., Oct. 12, 1877; Kdilh Maynard, born at Kast Boston, March 24, 1S79; Ivlna June, born at Hrookline, June 8, 1S80; Ina, liorn at Nashua, !'"el). 21, 1890. AUGUSTUS WASHINGTON SHEA, M. h. Augustus \V. .Sliea, M. D.. was l}nrM in Xashua, .A.ug. 9, 186,5. His remotest ancestors were natives of Irelanil^ where his father, Daniel Shea, who came to .America in 1854, was born. Ilis uiother, Cath- erine (Mrl)onal(l) .Shea, w li o w a s also a native of the l)eautiful isle of the sea, eauie to this country in 1854. He was edu- cated in the pub- lic schools win- iiint; the highest lionors, one of the four N'oyes' med- als, in the class of 1883. He then studied medicine and surgery in the office of Doctor Charles B. Ham- mond, ami. being a young man of independent char- acter, paid his own way to the degrees of his profession Ijy teaching dur- ing the w inter evenings, from 1883 to 1887, in the O ' D o n n e 1 1 school. Dr. .Shea entered the medi- cal department of the University of Vermont, at Bur- lington in 1884, w here he w a s awarded the first prize for excel- lence and was graduated with the degree of M. D. in 18S7. Doctor .Shea then located in his native city, and at once took rank among the first men in his profession, his ad- vice and assistance in critical cases being in constant demand in both medicine and surgery. He served as city ])hysician and member of the board of health in 1888 and r.SSi/, anil has been active in promoting the affairs of the ICmergency hospital, being a member of the staff at the present lime. He is presidentof the board of United Stales examining surgeons for this district and of the Nashua Medical association, also a member of the New Hampshire Medical association. Doctor .Shea is a niendicr of the .M'CIISTITS \V. SHEA. .M. I). Church of the Immaculate Conception, Court Xashua. (). !•'.. and division Xo. i, A. (). II. He is unniarrieil. FRANK tfVHRETT KITTRHL)(}E, .M. h. Frank H. Kiltredge. sou of Charles .\. and Maria K. (Chase) Kiltredge, was born at Concord, May 8, 1862. His immigrant ancestor was Captain John Kiltredge, (who was master of a ship that ])lie(l between luigland and for- eign ports), fled from Great Britain to .\merica in i6(k), and settled at Billerica, Mass.. wliere, having medical recipes, and being of a sur- gical turn of mind, h e b e c a ni e a prominent physi- cian and surgeon. He spelled his n a m e Ketredge. The descent is John, 1644, John, 1666, John, 1685, John, 1709, Solo. nion, 1736. Solo- mon, 1755, Josiah, 1787, Charles, 1829, l''rank E., 1862. There have been physicians and surgeons in every generation of tiie family since that time, and some of them noted ones. I )n the maternal side he also traces his lineage direct from English par- entage. He was ed ucated in the public schools of Nashua, and graduated at the high school in tlie class of 1882. Doctor Kiltredge then became a stu- ilent of the Uni- versity of Penn- sylvania at Phila- delphia, where he was graduateil with the degree of M. D. in 18,85. To Doctor Kiltredge's credit it should be said that he was a diligent student and sought secular employment during his vacations in the summer months and thus earned money to pay his college expenses. Following his graduation he took a cruise to the Azores as surgeon of the barque "Sarah." Upon his return he settled in practice in Centre Harbor, where he had gratifying success and remained until 18,89, when he returned to Nashua, and the next year, 1890, associated himself with .\lonzo S. Wallace. M. D.. under the linn name of Wallace ^c Kittredge, which prrtnerslup 524 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. continued until April I, 1895, since which time he has been in practice for himself. Doctor Kittredge is a con- scientious and capable phj-sician and surgeon, who ob- tained the confidence of the community at the begintiiiig of his career and has held it with increasing patronage. He is a public spirited citizen, always ready to take an active part in all good works, and responds readiU" and cheerfully to all demands made upon his time and talents for the public good. He was treasurer of the Nashua Hos- pital association during the first year of its organization ; is a member of the Nashua Medical association and its treasurer, and a member of the New Hampshire Medical society and on its execu- tive committee for 1894 and 1895; he has held the office of county physician since 18S9, is a member of the Indepen- dent Order of Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Pil- grim Fathers, and Knights and La- dies of Honor. Doctor Kitt- redge was united in marriage Dec. 21, 1887, with M. Lizzie Combs, daughter of James G. Combs and granddaughter of David Combs, one of the first settlers of Dunstable, now Nashua. Mrs. Kittredge was graduated at the Nashua high school in the class of 1884, and from that time until her marriage was a successful teacher in the public schools in this city. Fii.vxK K. RiT'i i;i;iii.i:, \i. d. ISAIAH G. ANTHOINE, M. D. Isaiah G. Anthoine, M. D., was born at Windham, Me., March 25, 1846. He can trace his lineage with absolute certainty, from the middle of the last century, when Nicholas Anthoine came to this country and settled at Marlilehead, Mass., (see Histor}' of Antrim.) Nicholas came from the Isle of Jersey in the British channel, which has long been a possession of England, though once a part of France and retains its French manners and customs to this daj-. Nicholas married Rachael Hawkes and their children were John, Rachael and Nicholas, Jr. The last named with many others, were among the pio- neers of New Marblehead, Me., now known as Windham. He married Ann Pettingill of Windham, Me. He was a man of note in that section of the country, and though he had but six weeks of schooling in all his life, was a fine scholar, a teacher of Latin, navigation and surveying and particularly proficient in astronomy. He had a telescope and library of astronomical works and used to calculate eclipses. He also studied medicine sufficiently to be of great use to the settlers who were then remote from physicians. A line of scholarship is traceable in every family from Nich- olas, Jr., to the present genera- tion. Of his chil- dren, John mar- ried Mary Oilman and the subject of this sketch w a s their son. Doctor Anthoine was but twelve years of a g e w hen his father died and hence it happened that, in accom- plishing a resolve he had made thus early in life to iil)tain an educa- tion, he was com- pelled to work his way unaided to graduation in his chosen profession. Doctor .Anthoine obtained his pri- mary education in the public schools of his native place, he became a school teacher at the age of seventeen, and worked his way to a complete educa- tion in his profession by teaching winter terms of public schools, and in summer working in the hay field or at whatever he could find to do. Meantime he entered Stevens Plains seminary atWestbrook, Me., now Deering, graduating from that school in 1868, in the college pre- liaratory course, class of 1872. He entered Dartmouth college in the autumn of the same year, but was obliged to go out teaching during his freshman 3'ear to obtain means for meeting college expenses, yet by hard study he kept up with his class to the junior year. Doctor .\nthoine now concluded to take up the study of medicine HISTORY OP NASHUA, N. If. 225 and surjjery, and for that purpose enlercil the Portland Scliool for Medical Instruction at Portland. Me., where he remained two years, his preceptors beins; I'rof. William Warren Green and Dr. S. H. Weeks of that city, after which he entered Howdoin Medical college, from which institution he graduated in 1S74. Doctor Anthoine located at Antrim, where he had a large and successful practice of eighteen \-ears. lie came from .Antrim to Nashua in 1892. The departure was greatly regretted 1>\- the people of .\ntrini whom he had served. lie is a physician in whom his contem- poraries in the ])rofession repose the fvilkst confi- dence, who is often called in consultation in diflicult cases ami who in this, his new lielil, has met with success that cannot be other- wise than gratify- ing to himself and friends. .\s might lie naturally ex- pected (if a man whose ancestors were of scholarly habits. Doctor .\nthi)iiu' has been active all his life in the cause of education. Dur- ing his residence in .-V u t r i ni h e served the people five years assuper- i n t e n d e n t of schools, resigning only when his practice became so large that he could not give the in- terests of the town the attention they required. Since coming to Nashua he has renewed his interest in the jieople's cause, and they have recognized the fact by electing him, in 1894, a member of the board of education for a term of six years, commencing Jan. i, 1895. Doctor Anthoine is a past grand in Odd Fellowship and a Master Mason. He has served the District Medical societ)- at Concord as its president and has been a delegate of the State Medical society to Dartmouth Medical college. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church and one of its trustees. Doctor .\nthoine was married in .Antrim. Jan. 2, 1877, his bride being Kate I. Preston of .\ntrim. They have one son, Harry M., Ijorn Oct. 2, 1S79, and one daughter, Mary E., born Aug. 11, 18S5. ISAI All I.. AN I IliilXli. .\l. u. I.IITHHK F. l.OCKh:, M. D. Luther Eranklin I^ocke was born at I.angdon, X. H., Nov. 3, 1820, died at Nashua, Feb. 14, 1892. He was a lineal descendant of Deacon William I.ocke of London, Ivngland, who emigrated with other Pilgrim families to this country in 1635, and settled at Woburn, Mass. He was the oldest son of Luther and Hannah ( Willard ) Locke. His father, a well known trader between Boston and Lang- don, was a m.in of sterling (pialities of head and heart. On the maternal side he was a de- scendant of the Willards who were a sturdy and in- dustrious people and whose pos- terity has become p r o m i n e n t in many sections of the countrv. Doctor Locke, wlicn a boy, at- tended the .schools of his native town. Being reared in a severely rugged country the diffi- culties he had to surmount to ob- tain a higher education were numerous and try- ing. .\fter taking a preparatory course at Ashby academy and at Philips academy, .\ndover, Mass., he went to Mid- dlebury college and was graduated in 1 84 5. From there he went to Harvard and stud- ied medicine, sur- gery and dentistry :ind was graduated in 1849. He paid his way chiefly liy teaching for wliich he had a marked ability. In 1846 he opened Nashville in Central building, an advanced school in which stood where Tuttle's block now is. In 1850 Doctor Locke opened an ofhce in the old Good- rich block and practiced his profession w'ith success. As the years went b)- his practice increased to such an extent that he was compelled to give up one branch or the other. He gave up that of medicine. Later he opened au office in Fisher's block where he practiced dentistry until his death, (more than forty years.) Few Nashuans were better known or more highly re- garded as a citizen. He dealt extensivelv in real estate, 226 rirSTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. mingled with the people on a democratic plane, and did of the Boston Dental college in June, 1895, \«. now practicing his part to push Nashua into the front rauk of New Eng- in this city; Harriet F., a student in architecture at the land cities. In the dark daj'S of the rebellion he ren- Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Eva M., astudent at Michigan university ; Bessie E., died 'Nov. 22, 1885. KATHHRINH H. HOYT, M. D. Katherine E. Hoyt, M. I)., was born at Bradford, Vt., March 27, 1864. vShe is a daughter of IMward and Anne M. (Merrill) Frichard, and a descendant on the paternal side of Lieut. Jeremiah Prichard of New Ipswich. Lieu- tenant Prichard served in the Revolutionary War and was severely wounded. His son, Col. George W. Prichard, became a prominent resident of Bradford, and it was at that place that the father of tlie subject of this sketch was born Nov. 29, 1S24, and where he died Nov. 28, 1870. He was a merchant, and held many positions of public trust. f)n the maternal side she is a descendant of Caleb Merrill, a prominent lawyer of Pittsfield, where her mother was liorn June 17, 1829; her second marriage being with Jere- niiali W. While of Nashua, in 1881. KatlR rine I'ricliard was graduated at llradford academy, Vt., in 1SS2, in a class of five young men who were pre- paring for Dartmouth college. The following year was spent in pursuing a classical course at Abbott academy, Andover, Mass. In October, 1884, having manifested a desire for the study of medicine, under the encourage- ment of 4ier step-father, Mr. White, she matriculated as a student at the Wonum's Medical college of the New York work at the Wonum's reformatory a* Sherborn. Mass. In 1.1 J 11 1'.i; I', i.ot Ki:, M. D. dered both the state and national government valuable service. He served on the board of examining surgeons of state troops, and, niiuli In bis credit, volunteered as a government surgeon and inidericl important service in the early days of the war, during which time he made the fir.st authentic report of the battle of Bull Run. In addi- tion to this service he compiled, edited, aud published "Nashua's Roll of Honor," a pamphlet that contains a nearly complete list with notes of service, of the soldiers aud sailors who fought under the flag in the Civil War. Doctor Locke was a man of active temperament and withal was persevering, and thus it happened that he studied and solved many hard problems and invented many labor- saving machines and novelties that are now in use. He also invented, copyrighted and published a system of book-keeping for landlords, called the "Australian sys- tem." His last invention was a ventilated shoe, which he had just patented. Doctor Locke was a coninnmicanl of the Pilgrim Ccni- gregational church, a menilier of Ibe .\merican Scientific society aud several medical aud dental societies. Doctor I^ocke was twice nuirried. His first wife, to whom he was married in 1850, was Sarah V. Williams of Groton, Mass., who died in 1861. He'afterwards married, March 29, 1865, Carrie D. Barrett of Langdon, daughter of Aaron and Susan (Graves) Barrett, who is still living at the Locke homesteail on .\ndierst street. The doctor's children were all by his second wife; Sarah Grace, born in Nashua, died May 11, iSSg; Anna W., a graduate of Wellesley college, is now studying medicine at the I'ni- versitv of Michi,gan, Ann Ai-bor ; C. Gertrude, a graduate ^ K.\riIl;KIXE E. IIOVT, w. u. InfirnKiry, and pursued a three years course, graduating in 18S7. The year following was occupied in hospital January, 18,89, she opened an office for general practice in ///STOh')- (■'/■" A'.IS//f:i. .V. //. this city. and. although the first residfiil vviiuiaii physi- cian, she met with such encouragement anil support as to Kail her, on her return from a prolonged trip to California, in 1892, to continue practice, devoting her time entirely to gynecological work and obstetrics. She is a member of the Mew Hampshire Medical society, ami the Xew ICng- land hospital Medical society of Hostou. (}hoiu;h bowhrs, d. d. s. George liowers. I). I). S.. was born in IlaucocU, ()rti>l)er 10. iS_^i ; died , at Nashua. December 29, 1893. He was a ilesceiiil.ini of John Howers, who w-as born at Leominster. (,i-,()|;ge boweks, d. ». .->. Mass., Seiiteuiber 12, 1757, and married Ivlizabeth Uoulille of that place December 11, 1783. His parents were Mark and .Seliiia ( Foster) Bowers, (the latter a native of Stod- dard i, who were married February 16. 1830, .ind niailc their home at Hancock. Doctor Bowers was educated in llie common and higii scliools of his native place and Appleton academy, (now McColluin institutej, in Mont Vernon, and was regularly graduated at the Philadelphia Dental college in 1S65, receiving a diploma and the title of D. D. S. During his youth he was a successful teacher in grammar schools in New Hani])shire and Massachusetts. He began the prac- tice of dentistry at Nashua in 1856, and later located in Hancock where he remained three years. He then re- moved to Springfield, Vt.. where he became a ])nimineiit citizen and had a successful practice fifteen years. It was while at this place that he attended college and received liis degree. In 1877 he returned to Nashua where he was in active and successful practice until his death. Doctor Bowers was ever active and influential in public life; but. while he was a man of strong convictions and decided o])inions in all political matters, his professional duties prevented his being an aspirant for political honors. He became a member of the Masonic lodge at Springfield, Vt., and served it for a time as chaplain. Later he took a decided interest in the fnitcd Order of the (".olden Cross, being a member of Xa.shua com- maudcry. which he served as grand commander. He was a consistent mend>er of Pilgrim church, Nashua, and anu>ng the foremost in all good works. He was also a member of the Connecticut N'alley and New Hampshire Dental societies. Doctor Howers was an upright and useful citizen who performed many kindly acts for his fellownien in a sim- l>le and quiet way. He was well read ; a thinker who was true to his own convictions and determined in the per- formance of dtity to the public and to his family, all of which was attested by resolutions passed at the time of his death by the bodies of which he was a member. Doctor Bowers was united in marriage December 28, 1S58, with Urania Iv. Hrackeltof Ilolyoke, Mass.. a teacher in the public schools of that place. Mrs. Bowers" immi- grant ancestor, John Brackett, came from Scotland and was a soldier in the Revolutionary War. Her parents were Charles Brackett, born Septembers, 1786, died April 27, 1846, and Lucy Brackett, born Nov. i, 1793, died Sept. 25, 1875. Four children were born to Doctor and Mrs. Howers: .\delbertV., born March 28, i860, died Juiie 18, 1865; Lucy \., born l"eb. 12, 1862, died June 2 ; Horace A,. born December 15, 1863, died December H. 1889; George A., born March 31, i,S6fi, m;in'ird l-'iinnic L. Saw\'cr, Octo- ber 4, 1893. HUl^ACH A. BOWHRS, IJ. IJ. S. Horace .■\. Howers. D. D. S., son of George and Trauia 1'). (Brackett) Bovvers, w-as born at Springfield, Vt.. Dec. 15, 1863, died at Nashua, Dec. 8, 1SS9. ( F"or ancestors see liiography of his father.) Doctor Bowers was educated in the common schools of his native place and was graduated in the classical de- n()\\i;i!s. i>. I), partment of the Nashua High school in 1881. He studied dentistry in the office of his father and was graduated at 228 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. the Uiiiversity of Pennsylvania in 18S4. receiving a di- ploma and the degree of D. D. S. Following his gradua- tion he returned to Nashua and from that time until his (ilSOKCE A. DOWKltS, 1). U. s. death was associated in his profession with his father and practicing intermittently at Pepperell. Mass. He was an admitted expert in his profession. Doctor Bowers was a promising young man and a favor- ite with all who formed his acquaintance. He was an attendant of Pilgrim church, the Bukle\- club at Holyoke, Mass., the Nashua City Guards' association, and the Con- necticut Valley and New Hampshire Dental .societies. That Doctor Bowers was highly esteemed, and that, in his early death he was sincerely mourned, is attested by the following extract from the pulilished eulogj' of a friend: "Professionally he was highly regarded. In his college work he led his class and in practice he reached the highest mark of perfection and did all in his power to keep the standard of dentistry high. Socially he was one of the most genial of young men, without an enemy in the world. He was prominent in societ}' and in the affairs of ever}'day life and was deeply mourned by a wide circle of friends and acquaintances." Doctor Bowers was a single num. GEORGE A. BOWERS, D. D. S. (ieorge A. Bowers, D. 1). S.. was born at Springfield, Vt., March 31, 1866. He is a son of George and Urania E. (Brackett) Bowers. (For ancestors see sketch of his father.) Doctor Bowers was educated in the schools of his native place and at Nashua, where he took a classical course in the high school and was graduated in the class of 1884. He began his dental education by spending a year in his father's office, and in October, 1885, entered the dental department of the University of Pennsylvania from which he was graduated in 1888 with the degree of D. D. S., meantime practicing from time to time iu Pepperell, Mass. Following his graduation he opened an office at Clare- mont, where he practiced three years, and after perfecting himself in his profession, in 1891, returned to Nashua and associated himself with his father, whose successor he is in the large practice and favors bestowed upon him. Doctor Bowers is w^idelj- known in his profession as an expert, evidence of which is shown in the fact that he has received calls to clinic in Vermont and Canada. Many of his original improvements have contributed not a little to make dentistry one of the finest of fine arts. Doctor Bowers is an active citizen. He is a member of the order of the Knights of Pythias, the Nashua City Guards club, Nashua Golf club, was president of the New Hampshire Dental society in 1894, and is an honored member of the Dental society of Vermont. He was united in marriage October 4, 1893, with Fannie Ij. Sawyer, daughter of Aaron W. and Fanny (Winch) Sawyer. ( For ancestors, see sketch of the career of her father.) GEORGE VAN NESS DEARBORN, M. D. (ieorge V. Dearborn, M. D., was born in Nashua, Aug. 15, i85g. He is a son of Cornelius V. and Louisa F. (Eaton) Dearborn. (For ancestors see sketch of his father.) Doctor Dearborn was educated in the public schools of Nashua, and graduated at the Nashua high school. He entered Dartmouth college in 1886, and graduated in the class of 1890. He studied medicine and surgery at the College of Phj'sicians and Surgeons in New- York and at the medical department of Columbia univer- sity, Washington, D. C, where he was graduated with the degree of M. D., in 1893. He attends the First congrega- tional church, and is a member of the Theta Delta I'hi GEOllGE V. X. DEAHHORN, M. D. fraternity. Doctor Dearborn was united in marriage June 18, 1893, with Blanche Velina Brown, daughter of Leonard R. and Luria (Palmer) Brown of Bloomington, 111. FRED JULIAN CROWELL, D. D. S. I'red J. Crowell, D. D. S., was l)orn in West Windham, July 15, 1859. He is a son of Joseph P. and Susan (Coljurn ) Crowell. On the paternal side he is a descendant of HISTORY OF XASHUA, A'. H. !29 Samuel Crowell, who came to America about the mi(hlle of the eighteenth century and made a short tarry at Salem, Mass. He settled in Haverhill, Mass., and duritii; the FRKD J. CRO\Vi;i,l„ D. D. S. Revolutionary War served in the continental armj', rising to the rank of lieutenant. David Crowell, son of Samuel, settled in Londonderry in 1793. Jesse Crowell, son of David, settled in Windham in 1806, and Joseph P., son of Jesse, was the father of Fred J. On the maternal side he is a descendant of the Coburns, who came to this country in 1640, and of Capt. Peter Coburu of Dracut, Mass., who was in the battle of Bunker Hill and other engagements of the Revolutionary War. His son, Capt. Peter H. Coburn, a Dracut schoolmaster, was also in the patriot army. James F. Coburn, son of Capt. Peter H., born in Dracut, was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. Doctor Crowell attended the public schools of his native place, and, being ambitious to obtain a better education than they afforded, he saved from his earnings and con- tinued his studies as he had opportunity. He attended Crosby's Literary institution in Nashua and Carney's busi- ness college in Lawrence, after which he apprenticed him- self at Billerica, Mass., and learned the machinist's trade. In 1879 he came to Nashua, and from that time to 1884 he was employed at Flather's, and Warner & Whitney's ma- chine shops. He then studied dentistry- for a year with Dr. C. R. Faxon, at the end of which time he entered the I'niversity of Maryland at Baltimore, where he graduated with the degree of I). D. S., March 16, 1887. Returning to Nashua he again entered the office of Doctor Faxon, where he served as an assistant until i8go, when he located in Noyes block in business for himself. He has met with gratifying success and stands high in the profession. He is a member of Ancient York lodge, A. F. and A. M. nichuck lodge, I. (). O. F'., Evening Star, K. o( P Olive Branch, D. of R. June 26, 1895, Doctor Crowell was united in marriage with Klizabeth Jeanette Graham, a daughter of William and .\manda (Richardson) Oraham of Norton, Mass. No children. Pen- , and SETH WESTON WILLIAMS, A. B., M. U. Seth W. Williams, A. B., M. D., was born in Nashua, .\pril 15, 1849, died Sept. 20, 1879. He was a son of Hon. Charles and Eliza A. (Weston) Williams, f For genealogy see sketch of his father.; At the age of fifteen he went from the Nashua High .school to Phillips' academy at Andover, Mass., graduat- ing there in 1868; received his A. B. at Yale, 1873; M. D. at Bellevue, 1876; graduated in the German classics. Uni- versity of Heidelberg, 1876. He studied under Yirchou in Berlin in 1876 and 1877, and returning to Heidelberg, took a special course in microscopy, in the laboratory of Professor .-Vrnold and spent some time at the general hos- pital in Vienna, 1877. He was awarded the I'lint prize in physiology, 1876, and was author of the Sayre prize essay on "The etiology and pathology of Potts disease," in 1879. At the close of his senior service, while on his vacation, he died suddenly. At the time of his decease he had been assigned to the third medical division at Bellevue hospi- tal and was to have entered upon his duties as house physician Oct. i, 1879. Doctor Williams' course of study from 1868 to 1879, ne- cessitating absence from home, made him little known in his native city, yet from time to time testimonials reached his parents and friends that more than fulfilled the prom- ises of his youth. From Andover, his preparatory school: " Seth's fine mental and moral culture, his lovely charac- ter and splendid attainments lead us to expect great things of him." From class record at Yale : "To the preparation of his life work Mr. Williams brought a capac- it\- and zeal which gave ample promise of success. Purity of thought and action were the silent forces that drew about him a large number of friends." From Prof. Louis k. Sayre, Bellevue hospital. New York: " I was grieved beyond the power of language to express, to learn of the death of }-our brilliant son. I had formed a most pro- found professional regard for him and looked forward M.lH \\ . \\ ll.I,l.\.\l.-^, A. 1;.. M. u. with great jileasure to his distinguished promotion. Life and health was all he required to reach the highest dis- tinction in his profession." 230 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. \ MEDICAL HISTORY OF NASHUA - i \ From its Earliest Times until the Present Date. ; BY CHAKIJiS B. HAMMOND. ' I WHIvN it becomes necessary to make a record of our fellowmeu, it were well to consider 1 the times, geographical position, and purpose for which they struggled for existence. \ Oiir welfare and advancement depends largely upon the times in which we live, < and are changed often to conform to the years which are added to it. We are obliged 1 of necessity to .so fashion and shape our lives, to a greater or less degree, as to meet the require- j' ments of the natural elements against which we are forced to contend in the mere matter of living. The climate has much to do with our general makeup. The hardiness, integrity and sturdy nature of our New England ancestry can in no way l)e better accounted for than from the fact that the severe and rigorous climate has so moulded and shaped the growing twigs as that they are best able to bear, to the uttermost limit, their burden of life. The purpose for which we live and the aim of our desires likewise share in the general work of making us what we eventually become. There is, perhaps, no profession which is so thoroughh- affected by these three considerations as that of the medical and its allied branches. The medical history of Nashua does not, by any means, cover the ground to the extent of reach- ing throughout the general historical record which has been made of our township in other matters. We can with difficulty account for any time prior to the Revolutionary War, and bttt nieagerly from that up to the year iSoo. The whole country was in a crude state of civilization, and the trouble with the Indians and the little unpleasantness with England, which immediately followed, had en- gendered in each heart a spirit of alertness and patriotic pride that greath- fostered their courage and developed their self-reliance. The lives of the physician of those days must have been similar to that of their fellowmeu ; and the separation or distinction due to their calling in no wise marked. They prescribed when their services were needed, but at other times tilled the soil like their neighbors. The inhabitants being scattered and few in number rendered it imperative that each professional man should be possessed of several trades or modes of earning his livelihood, and, for this reason, we find that the physician was often the school teacher, the singing master, justice, nay, even pastor of the little flock which had pitched its camp at that place. And this fact remains somewhat true, even to the present writ- ing, in our smaller and more remote towns. We, ourselves, can remenil)er with great distinctness that the old fashioned choir at church on a goodly Sunday morning was quite embarrassed as to how to proceed, in-as-much as its leader and bass accompaniment was obliged to attend to an imperative sick call. The leavening power of our cities could not extend (|uickly or far into the wilderness from lack of our modern means of convey- ance, and from the want of printed matter, could not inform or instruct the residents of these parts, even when they had the opportunity of frequent communication. Thus the people were forced to be self-reliant, hence their sturdiness and energv. So also with the physician ; he could not have within his reach the recent medical lectures of a large number of professors ; no skilled druggist at his command to prepare his compounds, and render the bitter sweet ; no warm sleigh, covered with costly furs in which to make his calls. Far different. The country doctor was obliged to be his own pharmacist and di.spenser of pills and herbs, and the small amount of literature which it was his good fortune to obtain, was more after the form of a treatise than a live and recent lecture or essay. He carried his few simples in bags made for the purpose and thrown over the saddle, and, astride his good horse, made his professional calls, often, in the winter, through enormous drifts of snow, and almost trackless and lonely forest roads so dense and dark as that only the good lieast himself could with great difficulty pick the way. Then, too, there was no friendly brother doctor near, upon whom he could call in cases of emergency, but he was obliged to be a tower of strength unto himself, and right nobly, so far as we may learn, has he met the full requirements demanded. JI/SJOK)' OI'N.ISI/U.l, X. 11. 2^\ His purpose in life seems iie\-er to lia\-e changed, or to have tliffered one whit from that of physicians of to-day. He labored with greater disad\-antages and more hardshi])s for the same end, signalling, with bla/ing ensign, the fact of his willingness to do good unto all and at all times. His indomitable ])luck and untiring energy to alla\- disease can well be a lesson to the recent graduate, and serve to renew his faltering, failing strength for the battle of the future. The medicines of these pioneer phj-sicians were few, and for the most part, simple. The more important drugs consisted of opium, iron, and the various barks and roots, both foreign and domestic in their growth, but the value of each, owing to their smallness in numl)er, was all the more thoroughI>- understood and a]ipreciated. The herl)s and remedies from the vegetalde world far exceeded those from the mineral kingdom. Their doses were ipiite sufficient, as many now living can affirm from exj^erience, and their reasons for the exhibition of this or that drug, if not able to be made plain to the modern ph\sician, were in most cases, quite as successful in acconi])lishing the desired results. Blood-letting was considered in those da_\-s to be of the utmost value and imiKnlance, if not an al)Sii]utc necessity-, and there was scarcely a disease which did not demand it. The \arious parts of the body were reckoned to be of the greatest importance in regard to the alistraction of blood from it. Those troubles which affected the heart, head and chest, together with the various forms of neuralgia and rheumatism, were cases in which bleeding was supposed to be most efficacious. We must remember that, in those times, the effort to li\-e and grow up was so great that onlj- the strongest and most healthy children were ecpial to the attaining of manhood's age. Then, too, the natural health of the people was such that there were fewer feeble children born into the world. Their out-door life and simple nourishment, together with the enforced labor and well ventilated abodes, prevented many of our most common diseases from occurring. Thus the idnsiciau was perhaps able to do with less drugs and fewer I'emedies and, possibly, less learning without necessarily increasing the death rate. Indeed, we find that they did not all have the honor of graduating from schools of medicine, but, with minds naturallx- gifted with great observation, penetration and almost perfect retentive power, the\' managed each year to become more skilled and efficient in their chosen work. Their book-learning, in the majority of cases, was limited, more especiall>- to materia medica, therapeutics, and clinical medicine, and added to these, they were expected to know something of surgery. They were tlie dentists of the place and jierformed that part of their duties by extracting all offending members, and, perhai)S, if \-er\- skillful, replacing, after the loss of all, 1)\- false ones, those which to-da\- would have been considered unjusth' sacrificed. Then, too, the country doctor was the only veterinary surgeon, and did not deem it at all beneath his dignity to render aid to his brother's ox, cow, or horse, if, perchance, his services were so needed. As we all know the times were vers- hard, and ready nione\' scarce; the inhabitants poor, unlettered and likewise few in number. The t)ld New England climate was cold, rigorous and severe in the winter .season, and equally as hot and uncomfortable during the summer months, so that, were it not for the natural inl)orn love and devotion to his work, there would have been fewer followers of the medical profession than were found. When we consider the enforced long rides, and the exposure to all kinds of weather and at all times during the twenty-four hours, and the smallness of the remuneration received, it is a wonder that we could have found aiu' physicians in Nashua prior to the year 1820. Indeed, they as often did receive their recompense in the shape of table produce or cattle fodder as in any other form of payment. The)- appreciated their neighbor's wants, j-es, and even anticipated them to the most self- sacrificing degree, and their rough, even uncouth exterior most often hid the warmest kind of an inner self. It is said that they were obliged to procure their medicines. from distant Boston town, a journey of more than forty miles, as the roads then run. The doctor would start at day-break, even before the rising of the sun, mounted on his faithful steed, and travel slowly through the little hamlets along the various streams, stopping here and there at those grand old warm-hearted hostelries, for which the country was then famous, and picking up now and then the general news and various gossips to be retailed when he should again reach home. 232 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Arriviii"- in town he would la\- in a six months' supply, carefully and discreetly selected, not only as to kind and quality, but also as to quantity, so as to be within the limits of his slender purse, and, having satisfied himself in these respects, retire to the chop house, there to discuss the living questions of the day. It is also related that the doctor was likewise called upon during these trips to make purchases for friends and patients, and became, as it were, an express messenger for his neighbors. This was before the regular run made by the stage coaches which afterwards very effectually transacted all such business up to the time of the coming of the canals and railroads. The physician then was much nearer the hearts and homes of his little flock than now, being, from necessity, as often called upon to administer to their moral and mental ails as to those of a purely physical nature. The want and need of mutual trust and confidence has in no age been better exemplified than during those troubled years in which our forefathers were obliged to guard not only themselves but their fellow-townsmen and their homes as well. Thus, by intimate and close relationship, the physician became even as the patriarch of his tribe, and, in most ca.ses, well desen-ed the honor. These little trips to Boston were not altogether dista.steful to the doctor himself. He had now an opportunity to visit his brother practitioners and observe their methods, also to call at the few ho.spitals which then existed, and gather to himself the various innovations in which such places always abound. In this way he materially broadened his pathway in life's work and added to his scanty medical knowledge not a few new ideas, both of a medical and, more especially, of a surgical nature. Refreshed within and without, and having fulfilled all the trusts which were imparted to him, he again retraced his weary way homeward, where, for some weeks, he was the hero of the place and was expected, and willing, if not anxious, to repeat all the gossip and news he had so carefully treasured for this very purpose. And there was a sense of solid, supreme comfort even to these pioneer phvsicians, not unmingled with virtuous pride, to be considered the first man in the village. By the foregoing description we have tried to faithfully portray the pioneer physician of Nashua, covering all that time of which no authentic record can be had as to this or that especial one, even up to the 3'ear iSoo. Since then we ha\e the medical history fairly well recorded, in memory at least, if not in manuscript. Let us remember, then, that it was from men like these our good common-sensed physicians of to-day have had their origin, and it is due to their honesty and integrity, in great part at least, that we have become what we are. The first authentic record of any special practitioner we find to be of a certain Dr. Nathan Cutler, of whom it is said that he was the only physician in town during the Revolutionary War and for many years previous. Little more can be learned concerning this good man except that he was after the type of all who resided in Nashua at that time, and that he devoted himself faithfully and successfully to his practice. He died in Nashua and was interred in the old burying ground at the south part of the town. After the war, when the people became more settled and numerous, there came a Dr. Ebenezer Starr, who moved into the place from Dedliam. Doctor Starr married Hannah, daughter of Jos. Blanchard. He resided and practiced his profession in Nashua until his death in 1798, aged 52 years. After the father came the son. Dr. Augustus Starr, who nmrried the daughter of Jonathan Blanchard. Dr. Augustus Starr practiced in and about Nashua for several years, but we have not been able to trace his subsequent career, or whether or no he died or was interred in this place. There is some discrepancy in the various historical statements found concerning the next physician who settled in the town. History tells us that a certain Doctor Maynard resided and practiced here in the year 1803, but we also know that three years previous to that. Dr. Peter Howe and Dr. Micah Kklredge also came to town. Whether Doctor Maynard preceeded the other two or not is not certain, but it is presumable that he did. All that can be learned about him is that during the years 1803 and 1804 he occupied, as office and home, the old "Tontine" building and that soon afterward he moved to Bo.ston where he resided till death. Dr. Peter Howe lived here considerably longer, coming in the year 1800 or 1S03 and staying until 1837 or 1838. Dr. Edward Spalding, who is, at the present writing, living and enjoying the HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 233 DCS .■St of health and vigor of stiinl\- manhood, recalls distinctl>- that, on his coming to this place to reside ])ermanently in the j'ear 1S37, Dr. Peter Howe was then a resident in the full practice of medicine and surgery, but that he soon after removed to another part of the country. Doctors Maynard and Howe were of the old type physicians, disspensing their medicines either in saddle bags from horseback or else using the good old two-wheel gig, which became for a while almost synonymous with the name physician. This same two-wheel gig, which, unfortunately, had the knack of tipping suddenly backward should one get into it before the shafts were firmly fastened to the lugs, was a sort of a connecting link between the horse's back and the more commodious four-wheel carriage of to-day. The nature of the roads and highways perhaps necessitated a vehicle of this sort to be used, so convenient was it to make a short turn in a narrow road and so comparatively easy in gliding over the rough condition of the same, to say nothing of the new and almost untravelled roads and fields. At any rate, they were very generally used by the physicians, some covered and some open, but all rather narrow and supplied with a generous leather boot for shelter from the rain. F"rom 1800 until the year 1830 there were three very prominent men and citizens settled in Nashua in the practice of the medical profession ; and they were the only ones during that period, so far as can he learned, that resided here for any considerable time. These were Dr. Micah Eldredge coming to the town in 1799 or 1800; Dr. Ebenezer Dearborn in the year 1816 and immediately commenced practicing although he did not receive his diploma as M. D. until 1S21 ; and Dr. Elijah Col- burn in the year 1826, coming here from Hudson, where he had previously practiced two or three years. Of all three it may be justly said " they builded their houses on a rock and the storms and tempests of the succeeding years of their lives were never able to shake the foundation thereof." All three were well learned and thoroughh- understood their profession in the practice of physic, yet they differed radically one from another both in general characteristics and mental peculiarities, as well as in physical make-up. Dr. Micah Eldredge was of large frame and bone, rough and very .sturdy in build, heavy, generous limbs and features, very dark in complexion but possessing the most kindly eyes and mouth, as well as the gentlest of dispositions and a most magnanimous heart. A man having a large prac- tice, he .studied each case clinically far more carefully than it could have been possible for him to ha\-e done by books or other reading. He lived in and for his patients, always ready to respond to a sick call of whatever nature it might chance to be and never shirking a duty either from fear or fatigue. He always did his best and was always ready to try. His good nature was proverbial, and he often compared himself to the dusk}- skinned race on account of his exceedingly dark complexion. The following incident is related of him by one of his former patients. This gentleman, when a small lad, became ill with a fever, so very prevalent in those times and the father called in Doctor ICldredge to attend the case. The good doctor, with all the brusqueness of the old times, forbade the use of water except in a very limited degree. It was thought and firmly believed that water, especially cold water, when drunk in large quantities, was quite injurious to one having a fever, they considering that it merely fed the disease and prolonged the case, with an increa.sed amount of heat. Therefore those who were thus afflicted were allowed to suffer the agonies of thirst until each became a veritable Tantalus. Thus the young boy was allowed to suffer da}^ by day, until, in an unguarded moment, the mother or nurse stepping out of the room, he jumped from his .stifling, feverish couch, sjirang to the well pump and for once drank his fill, consuming, according to his memory, nearh- a quart of cold well water. The parents, having discovered this state of affairs, decided that it was best not to inform the doctor of what had occurred, fearing, no doubt, his censure for their suppcsed care- lessness. Early the next morning, on his arrival, the doctor stepped up quickly to the sick bed, felt the moistened skin, saw the clearing tongue, and observed the brightened appearance and restful condition of his little patient, exclaimed gladly that he was better, and, rubbing his hands gleefully together, in a most cheering voice and manner said, " I knew that last medicine would go to the right spot and see clearly that it has helped the little chick. " And, no doubt, the doctor's opinion, from that time on for a considerable period, was that what that particular medicine could not do to allav fever was not worth mentioning. Doctor Eldredge's influence among the younger practitioners was very marked and they never had a more faithful champion for their up-hill work in getting their first start. He could hardly be 234 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. called a studious man but rather one of great observation and closest scrutiny. After a hard laborious life in the following of his profession for thirty-six years, he retired by reason of his age and infirmities to a much needed rest, and lived until the year 1849, when he passed away grieved for by all with whom he ever came in contact ; a thoroughly good common-sensed doctor and man. Dr. Ebenezer Dearborn differed from Doctor Eldredge very materially in the matter of studious- ness. He was a student in the strictest sense of the word and possessed all the tastes and inclinations of one. He was a man invaluable as a consulting physician and one whose opinion could hardl>- be questioned regarding its correctness in any given case. Doctor Dearborn was a great reader and sought the solitude of his study at every opportunity, there to think out and over his cases, striving to be ready for each emergency and to anticipate all complications. He was a small man in build but great in thoughtfulness and kindest in charity. He was very methodical in the matter of dress and disposition and was more than ordinarily particular in personal politeness and carriage. Althuogh he was of rather a retiring disposition and a man of few words, yet he did not keep himself in the background but sought to give his talents to his fellow men, sen-ing the city as alderman and in various other public ways until his death which occurred in 1883. Doctor Dearborn was generous yet saving and left at his death quite a little real estate and other property to his famih-. Dr. Elijah Colburn differed much from either of the two preceding physicians. Not so great a student as Doctor Dearborn, nor yet perhaps so ready to learn from his cases as was Doctor Eldredge, yet he possessed a splendid foundation upon which to build in the matter of education, and spared himself not at all in assiduousness and persistency of application to his practice. He was a determined worker and had all the confidence in himself which is peculiar to one thoroughly understanding his subject. He gathered to himself a large number of patients and friends whose implicit trust and confidence he won and kept. Pecuniarily he received, perhaps, much more assistance from his patients than did either of the two preceding physicians, and the early struggles he was obliged to undergo in order to obtain his education taught him the value of saving all that was possible from his income. Like as to his patients .so also with regards to other property- of which he chanced to become possessed, it seemed to have the happy faculty of clinging closely to him, and, like his large and varied practice to grow and spread with each succeeding year, until, in his autumn of life, he had amassed quite a fortune. Like Doctor Dearborn, he was rather short of stature but more rolnist and full in bod\'. I^ossessed of perfect health, he was enabled to bear up under the fatiguing work of his life to a remarkable degree, and never seemed to grow weary with his increasing labors. During the latter years of his long life he was assisted much in his practice by his son Edward, who followed in his father's footsteps. Doctor Colburn died in Nashua, Jan. 13, 1881, aged 85 years. To the >onng well-trained physician of the present day, this older class of men may seem to have had .strange notions and crude ideas as to the management of cases coming under their care ; but, while we would not decry our present knowledge, nor seek to belittle the same, we would state as an incontestable fact, that the mortality resulting from the efforts of these pioneer physicians has never been proven to be greater than that of those of the present day. They, at least, understood pretty clearly the means at their command, and although the indespensible clinical thermometer was unknown, and the value of the stethoscope and aspirator undiscovered, yet these grand old men were never at loss to diagncsticate very closely the amount of fever present or calculate mo.st carefully as to the conditions of the chest and other large cavities of the body. The modern physician would fare badly indeed .should you deprive him of all the little assistants and aids which science has provided for his use. To the efforts and hard labors of these three men the medical history of Nashua even up to the year 1830 is due ; and Nashua has been well blessed in the possession of three such goodly citizens. Considering the hardships of the times in which their early battles were fought and the brilliant results of the closing years of their lives, our best wish is that their memories may always find a warm resting place in the hearts of our people. About the year 1830 or 1832 there came to Nashua a physician by the name of Chas. P. Cofhn, who practiced here for some few years. The most that can be learned concerning him is that he boarded at Mr. Thayer's house and was well liked and fairly successful in his work. He did not remain long however, and moved to some other state about the year 1837. /ffSTORV or NASHUA, N. //. 235 Following Doctor Coffin came Dr. J. G. Graves, the senior, in the year 1834. Not a few of the present practicing physicians in our city will remember his jovial self-satisfied appearance and heartv hand-shake. A pre-eminently self-made man and one, who, having to struggle with many adversities during his earlier career, showed keen appreciation of all obstacles and great skill in conquering Ihem. Xot only in the line of his profession, but also in business ventures of various kinds did he prove to he very successful and succeeded in putting by quite a competence against the time of his retiring from active work. Doctor Graves, as with all physicians of those days, had a very large general practice including both of a medical and surgical nature, yet it may justly be said that it was through him that gynecology first received its impulse in our city. Heretofore there had been little or no special work carried on. The hands employed in our mills and other workshops, which began to be operated here about this time, was largely composed of young ladies causing, therefore, a relatively larger ])roportion of the inhabitants of this class than otherwise would have been. The practitioner, therefore, was naturally more often called upon to treat the diseases peculiar to their sex. Doctor (rraves having a particular liking for these cases and a peculiar aptitude for them, they naturally fell into his hands, and in such numbers that he became a veritable expert in handling them. General surgery also held a fascination for him, and, as the workshops increased in number, opportunities were of greater frequency to gain knowledge in this special line. Doctor Graves retired from active practice in 1877, after more than forty years of hard work, to which he put his whole energy and indomitable force. He died in the year 1889. Aside from the regular autumnal attacks of the various fevers, which became often epidemic, and the increased number of pneumonia cases during the spring time, there had been up to this time, 1S36, no very troublesome diseases to harass or otherwise disturb the peaceful life of our little connnunity. This state of affairs was rudely changed in the year 1837, ^'i*^! Na.shua, for the first time e.-vperienced a panic of that much dreaded disea.se, the small pox. The first ca.se sprung up in the family of Mr. William Ayers. His house then stood on the site of that now occupied by Mrs. Aaron W. Sawyer next to the City Hall. It seems that a woman from a party of tramps toiling along the dusty roadway stopped at Mrs. Ayers' door to ask for bread and milk for her sick babe, which she carried in her arms. Mrs. Ayers, as was the universal cu.stom in those da)'s, gave the woman immediatel>- wliat she asked and even more, and her own little son, running to the open doorway, received his death call. \'accination in those days was not so generally ])erformed, although the protection from it was well known and believed in by most of the educated persons. These tramps undoubtedly being afflicted with the disease, the child in the woman's arms being at that time covered with filthy pustules, left the germs behind and thus, as is sometimes the case, while offering alms in the name of the Lord, and trying to succor and give aid to a hungry and perhaps starving child, her own little one is snatched with cruel force from her breast and made to die from that most loathsome of all diseases, shunned and feared by all, an outcast and a veritable leper to our senses. The existence of this case, which created a most violent panic, was not discovered by the attending physician and was allowed to progress to an unfavorable degree before being righth' diagnosticated. It was onh" on the decision of Dr. Edward .Spalding and father, who were called in to see the case, that it was proven to be small pox, and it was the existence of this case that decided Doctor Spalding to reside here permanently. The story of the panic and the reasons of Doctor S])aldiiig's coming here is best told in his own words. "After graduating, in 1837, I rode around the country with my father to see practice under him, and it so happened that during that fall there was cjuite an epidemic of small pox. I took a great deal of interest in it and used to come here with my father to see the patients. There was that fall a case of small pox in the family of Mr. William Ayers of Nashua. The physicians who attended were deceived aliout it. .Some declared it to lie chicken pox and others small pox. My father was sent for and I came down with him. We decided it to be small po.x. When it was known that it was small pox and there had been one death there was a great panic. "There was a great deal of fault found among the physicians, and the city sent and asked me to come here. My father advised me to come and I did so. We organized a hospital, now known as a pest house. There were two halls, and they put up a partition between them and used one of them 236 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. for men and one for women. They removed all, who had been exposed, to the pest house, where they were immediately vaccinated. Several had varioloid. The pest house was in the building which is now where Mr. .Stark's and Mr. Bailey's office is. I remained here from that time continually. " It also happened that after that set of patients had been moved away and it was supposed that everybody was thoroughly vaccinated there was one old lady who defied the officers and would not be vaccinated, and assured them she would not die till her time had come. That old lady was taken sick and the physicians who attended her either did not know what ailed her, or else they concealed it for it was a very bad case. We moved the family all over to the pest house. The old lady died (her time had come). She was the only one who died except the child, who died before it was found out what the trouble was." There were quite a few persons afflicted with the small pox at that time, but only two deaths, as has been said. Many cases were of the varioloid type, due, no doubt, to the wholesale vaccination which was forcibly insisted upon by the local health officers. Doctor Spalding did very efflcient work in caring for the existing cases and also in the employment of all prophylactic measures which, by his advice, the authorities deemed necessary. At the present writing Doctor Spalding has reached the good age of 82 years, a statement which, however, is not to be construed that he is this old, except in the minor consideration of years.* One rarely if ever, meets a man, and much less a physician, who has undertaken and completed the amount of physical and mental labor that has fallen to his lot, and still retain the freshness and vigor of upright manhood as is expressed in his every appearance. Doctor Spalding first settled in Nashua as a permanent practitioner in the year 1837, a* ^ partner of Dr. Micah Eldredge, and from the day of his commencement, even up to his eightieth birthday, he has a])plied himself very closely to the varied duties devolving upon him and never allowed himself any considerable rest or release from their cares. He was forced, b)- reason of business in the banks and other large corporations, to retire practically from the practice of medicine at an early date, yet never has he lost that peculiar zest and love for the profession that characterizes all true physicians. He always was a careful and close reader of recent medical literature and there is scarcely anj- new theory or method of any importance of which he is in ignorance. The schools, city offices, banks, mills, and large estates, and, last but not least, the churches, all are able and willing to attest to the large benevolence and beneficence of his kind lieart, and no one in all the wide domain of our now flourishing and prosperous city can be found to think an unkind thought concerning him. At the age of eighty years he retired from most of the public positions held in trust to a much needed and imperative rest; but never, so long as his physical and mental qualities remain intact will the citizens of Nashua permit him to retreat from public view altogether, nor seek the less to obtain his advice and counsel on all measures which pertain to their welfare and advancement. In the year 1838 there came to Nashua Dr. Josiah Kittredge, a graduate from the Harvard Medical school and one having five years of previous practice in the city of Boston. Doctor Kittredge had received a rather exceptional education and profited much by it. He served the city in various ways, being city physician for the },-ears 1854 and 1855. Doctor Kittredge was a thoroughly good Christian man and nothing so pleased him as to be continually doing good in our schools and churches. There can be little learned concerning his especial work in the practice of medicine save that he collected about himself, during nearly twenty >-ears' stay in Nashua, a large number of friends and patients and was universally successful in his work. He moved to Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in 1836, there to become the resident physician of the school, and died at the home of his son in Connecticut in the year 1872. In the decade of years immediately following 1840 there was quite an accession to the ranks of the medical fraternity, — Dr. E. B. Hammond coming in the year 1840; Dr. J. F. Whittle in 1844; Dr. O. A. Woodbury in 1848; and Drs. B. Colby, S. A. Toothaker, H. W. Buxton, W. E. Rider and J. H. Graves. Concerning the five latter we know very little of any historical worth, save that Dr. J. H. Graves, a young brother of Dr. J. G. Graves, was marked out to be a very promising physician, being peculiarly adapted to winning friends and the trust of the community. His valuable life was ♦Since writing the above Dr. Edward >Spalding died suddenly of apoplexv at his fishing lodge in Maine, June 22, 1895- /r/sm/n- or Nashua, n. h. 237 cut short by an early death and many are to be found even now, living, who prophesied a verj- brilliant career for him had he not been thus earh- removed from his field of labor. Dr. E. B. Hammond, a .student of Dr. J. (i. Graves, was a graduate of Harvard Medical school in 1840, and commenced practicing the same year in our city. He was a man of force and determination and possessed of great will power and self reliance. I,ike Doctor Graves, his preceptor, the hard struggles of his earlier life produced the invariable effect of making his future character one of great depth and strength. During his student life his attention had early been turned to the eye, and at the ver\- outset of his career, he gave it especial studw and for those limes made quite a success as a local oculist. He removed, even during the first few \ears of his practice, several cataracts by the needle method, and the after success of these cases won him not a little distinction among the laity. He treated with more than ordinary ability cases of disease and injur\- to the e}-e and orl)it, especially those of ulceration of the cornea. .Iniong children his success was very marked, due, no doubt, to his ardent love for everything voung and tender. His physical make up was very robust and his early farm training which he received at his home in the New Hampshire hills stood him in good stead in the hard, uphill and laborious work of his calling. He was of large frame and .strongly built, rugged and toughened to all kinds of weather, and always ready to re.spond to any and all sick calls. At one time for quite a period of years he held the largest obstetrical practice of any physician in Nashua, and was eminently successful in this special branch of the work. He was possessed of a large general practice which he held up to the year 1885, when he retired to private life in order to give his attention to the real estate which he had acquired. During his professional life he found time to serve the public in numerous ways fostering with fervent care our schools and churches, and in the state and city councils was ever ready to respond to all public measures which he thought conducive to the best interest of the city. During the late Civil War he received the appointment as examining surgeon for exemption from draft, and after the war, for years, he was the only surgeon for the examination for pensions is this part of New Hampshire. Doctor Hammond died from an attack of double pneumonia in the year 1887, mourned by a large family and a larger circle of friends and patients. Dr. J. F. Whittle, as has been said, came to Nashua in the year 1844, and continued to reside and practice his profession here until within a few years of his death which occurred in the year 1888. He was the first of the school of Hahnemann to come to our town. The public, heretofore, were obliged to be contented with the regular or so called old-school physicians, and in those days the feeling was deeper and more pronounced against the homoeopathic practitioner than at any time since, inasmuch as the good that that class of physicians has done to the medical world, as a leavening power, had not as yet been demonstrated. Doctor Whittle was an enthusiastic worker and devotee to his calling, and being possessed of strong and vigorous powers, he was enabled to withstand the hard work which of necessity was an extra element against him in winning patients to his belief. vSomewhat gruff in voice and manner and very set in his opinions, >et withal of a kind and compassionate heart. As remembered during the latter years of his life he had somewhat the appearance of a patriarch of old, wearing a long flowing beard and hair longer than is usual, and both snow white. With eyes ([uite dark and brows to match, he possessed quite a con\-incing look and that, no doubt, did much to aid him in the magnetic power he seemed to possess over his patients To the advanced .student in honueopathy of the present time his ideas were no doubt, crude and even harsh, but it must be remembered that he was one against man\-, and may, if somewhat fanatical in his work, be more readily forgiven from the very fact of his absolute belief. Following Doctor Whittle, in the year 1846, came Dr. N. P. Carter who for years kept the well known drug store at the end of Factory street. Doctor Carter, although not a regular graduate from a medical school, obtained a good education both in common school branches as well as tho.se of medicine and surgery from the different preceptors with whom he was associated. He practiced in Nashua until his death in 1868. He was a so-called botanic physician and had quite a considerable l)ractice which, however, was more of a medical than of a surgical nature. Doctor Carter was a very (piiet man, of few words and of a most kindly disposition and possessed a very charitable heart, by virtue of which he was well beloved by many friends and patients. 23« HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Dr. O. A. Woodbury, practicing in the same belief as Doctor Whittle, came to Nashua in the year 1848. He died in Nashua while in active practice, in the year 1875. Doctor Woodbury was a thorough and strictly conscientious Christian both in his public and private life and work. He was not a robust man, neither was he weakly in his physical appearance; and he managed to draw unto himself a very large number of patients and believers in his kind of practice, to each of whom he endeared himself by his noble self-sacrifice, assiduity and devotion, not only to their physical welfare, but also to their mental wants. He labored hard in church matters and the various societies of which he was a member. He will long be missed by many yet living, who, though perhaps not patients, loved him as an honest God-fearing man. During the decade immediately following 1850, there were nine physicians who came and practiced in Na.shua, .seven of whom made this place their home until the end of their lives. One of these is still living and two have removed to other parts. Their names are as follows, mentioned in the order of their arrival : Dr. J. C. Garland, arrived in 1850, Drs. Samuel Ingalls and N. J. Moore in 1852; Dr. Geo. Gray in 1853; Drs. Edwin Colburn and I^. P. Sawyer in 1854; Drs. F. B. Ayer and W. A. Tracy in 1856 and Dr. Ezra L. Griffin in 1S58. Doctors Ingalls and Griffin removed .soon after to other parts but were well known and liked while they resided in Nashua. Dr. J. C. Garland is still living at present writing. Coming to Nashua in 1850 he has continued to reside here, for the most part, continually from that time. Doctor Garland is a faithful physician and an honest Christian, and, during his long life of practice and other labors, has fought most conscientiously all life's battles and won not a little distinction. Doctor Garland served as surgeon during the late Civil War and since then, at two different periods, has been appointed a member of the examining board of surgeons for pensions. He ser\-ed the city in a number of ways, being at one time its city physician. In all public measures his opinion has been much sought for and desired. He practiced in a quiet way and proved him-self a very profound thinker and sage counsellor. He retired some few years ago to a much needed rest, but even now, though in his eighty-first year of life, we can testify as to the perfect astuteness of his mind and clearness of perception. Dr. N. J. M. Moore lived and practiced in Nashua from 1852 until his death in 1882, a part of which time, however, was spent in the service of the United States Volunteer army as surgeon. He was a large man, phj-sicalh- and mentallj', of quick, generous impulse, and with steady indomitable pluck and perseverance, well skilled in the hospitals of both Ireland and England, and was ably fitted to fill any position in life's work from that of a professorship even to the duties of a simple country practitioner and patient's friend. He had great trust and implicit confidence in his own abilities. Nor were they misplaced. There was never an operation however hazardous, from which he shrunk. He leaned to the surgical side of his work b)' preference and his war experience gave additional vigor and impulse to this inclination. He more than once successfully performed ovariotomy and hysterectomy and was studious to a most remarkable degree in all things pertaining to advanced science. Dr. George Gray connnenced the practice of medicine in Nashua in 1S53 as partner of Doctor Moore, which partnership was dissolved soon after i860. He was very successful and held at one time probably the largest practice of any physician in town. He was a man of most gracious, pleasing appearance and address, and his ready, courteous demeanor impressed his patients and greatly added to his well deserved popularity. His cordial kindness and interest as an alleviator of all ills peculiar to the gentler sex was pre-eminent, and in personal politeness he was propriety itself. His early death cut short a very eventful career as a skillful ad\iser and surgeon. He died from diphtheria in 1876, which disease was contracted from a patient he was attending. Dr. Edwin Colburn followed in his father's footsteps and was identified with the interests of Nashua all his life. Doctor Colburn was killed most cruelly by the very animal he mo.st heartily loved, having his skull fractured by the kick of a favorite horse in 1892. Doctor Colburn had practiced over thirty >'ears and was universally successful. He was a man of few words but firm convictions and a good judge of all things in which he took interest. He was very kind hearted vet saving and left a large e.state. He had, but a few weeks previous to his death, occupied a beautiful house on his estate on Concord street, and was preparing to enjoy a life of ease and comfort. Dr. Levi P. Sawyer, brother of the well known grocer, Reuben M. Sawver, commenced the practice of medicine in Nashua in the year 1854. He was universally liked from the very start, and J/yS7VA'V OF NASHUA, jV. H. 239 had no trouble whatever in winning i)atients. His sterling qualities as a strictly honest and upright man showed themselves clearly throughout his subsequent successful, though rather short career. He was one of the kindest and most sympathetic of men, and the poor had good reason to mourn his loss. He died in the year 1.S68. Dr. F. B. Aver commenced business in Nashua in 1S56 as a druggist in company with Dr. \V. A. Tracy, botli also practicing their jirofession whenever ojiportunity offered. He did not remain long, however, in the practice of medicine, and soon entered the firm of Eaton & Ayer as bolibin makers, where he was very successful, and laid up (piite a large fortune for his family. He died in 1882. Dr. \V. A. Tracy also came to town in 1S56 and died in 1864, a .short eight years of professional life, yet enough to show his great patriotism to his country, the more self-sacrificing from the fact that he had a wife and young children to leave. He was one of the most painstaking and careful men in the profession. Strictly honest and over-scrupulous in his dealings with all men, and a close and zealous liractitioner, there was not during his life one cloud or spot to lay a finger upon showing a disreputable or dishone.st act. He was charity itself, and expected from others what he was ever anxious to accord to them, a fair Christian treatment. He enlisted in the ser\'ice of the United States early in the history of the late war as surgeon, and after having suffered from sickness and disea.se, returned home, at the close, to enter a competitive medical and surgical examination for the position of surgeon in the regular army. These examinations were very severe and most critical, occupying a week or more both in theoretical and practical work, they being obliged to demonstrate their work on sulijects provided for the purpose. In spite of the fact that there were a large number seeking the place, Dr. Tracy was chosen first of the four successful candidates. He never lived to enjoy his hard earned victory and honors, but died shortly after having received his conunission, of quick consumption. There was also a physician, who, although coming here in the >ear 1S57, did not remain, till a few years later, to practice medicine; his name was James B. Greeley. With the exception of a short residence in Massachusetts, and the time spent in the Civil War as surgeon, he has ever continued to reside here up to the time of his retirement from public life to his ancestral town of Merrimack. He had a long busy professional career, entering the army a surgeon andin spite of a serious wound in the head, where for seventeen long years he carried a rebel bullet, he managed to do quite a large professional business. His large property claimed much of his attention and he retired somewhat from active work even before the results of the wound in his head demanded complete rest. At present he is living quietly at his homestead at Thornton's Ferry, Merrimack. Dr. Thomas H. Gibbj-, a graduate from Har\-ard Medical school, also came to Nashua somewhere about 185 1 or 1852, but immediately entered the drug business and rarely practiced his calling. He carried on the apothecary trade in the old drug store under the Baptist church, and many remember him, not only as a skillful druggist but as a well read physician. He died in Nashua in the year 1893, aged sixtj'-six years. From 1S60 until 1870 there came to Nashua Dr. Geo. W. Currier, Dr. Andrew J. Gilson, Dr. E. F. McQuesten, Dr. Geo. F. Wilber and Dr. Geo. H. Noyes. Dr. Geo. W. Currier settled in Nashua in 1864, and during the following year served as a volunteer surgeon under the call of the governor of the State of New Hampshire. His experience in army life, although not long, was intense aud eventful while it lasted, in being at the time when men were hurried forth in enormous numbers to be slaughtered aud killed for liberty's sake. His kindl\' nature made him an excellent nurse as well as surgeon, and many poor wounded fellows have reason to be grateful for having fallen into his hands. After the war he entered into the drug business in connection with his profession, and at present is continuing in this same line. His interest in the management of his large property has compelled him to somewhat limit his work in the practice of medicine, but during the past thirty j^ears he has .served the city as city physician, and in numerous other capacities, and has always shown keen judgment and upright dealing in every work. Dr. Andrew J. Gilson came to Nashua as a practitioner in 1866, but soon removed to Massachusetts, where he remained for some time and then moved to some other part of the United States. His sta\- was rather brief and little can be learned concerning him. 240 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Dr. E. F. McQuesten settled in Nashua in the year 1867, having practiced for a year in Massachusetts prior to that time. Doctor McQuesten is still in active practice in our town, standing unquestionabh- the first among its many practitioners. His quiet, ready warmth in all his friendships, his quick, intuitive sympathy with all his patients; and the happy faculty of knowing just what to do at all times, have won for him great distinction and renown. He controls the largest practice with the greatest ease. As a surgeon he is pre-eminent, having become quite prominent for the abdominal section and the various gynecoligical ca.ses coming under his care. As a citizen his work is acknowledged to be most valuable, having served in various oiSces, being at one time city physician. Dr. Geo. F. Wilber finst settled in Nashua in 1867. He had before this accepted the position of volunteer surgeon under the call of the governor of New Hampshire, and did good service during the remainder of the War of the Rebellion. He then commenced civil practice, and has continued to Iniikl up a good reputation and fortune ever since. His practice throughout the surrounding towns is very considerable, and many a country hou.sehold claim him for their family physician. He has served the city as the city physician, and is one of the foremost citizens regarding the interest of the town. Doctor Wilber is still in active practice and, although suffering from malaria contracted in the vSouth, has probably still manj' years of busy life before him. Dr. Geo. H. Noyes did not settle in this city until 1869, although he had been in practice at other places for quite a period. He ser\-ed throughout the entire war, an honor not held by many surgeons, and his experience there was of such a nature as to entitle him to be placed in the front ranks of surgeons in any part of the country. He did not enter largely into professional work at Nashua, owing to the fact of his being obliged to manage a large estate belonging to his parents; but during his life with us he took great interest in following out all new ideas and innovations peculiar to the practice of medicine and surgery. He died in this city in the 3-ear 1881. During the ten years from 1870 to 1880 there came to practice in our city the following physicians: Dr. Geo. P. Greeley, Dr. P. E. Dansereau, Dr. Eugene Wason, Dr. J. G. Graves, Dr. S. G. Dearborn, Dr. C. S. Collins, Dr. Henry G. Dearborn, Dr. R. J. Hallaren, and Dr. W. S. Collins. Dr. George P. Greeley first came to Nashua as a physician in 1872 or 1873, and has called this his home ever after until his death, which occurred in his winter home in Florida in the j'ear 1892. Doctor Greeley was a surgeon in General Halleck's division in the late war, and has a long war record which redounds to his credit. He was a cool, calculating man, alwaj's looking calmlj' on all sides of a ca.se in hand, and, after having formed his opinion, was firm as a rock in it. As a surgeon he had few if any equals in this city. His winter home took him from Nashua for so many months of the year that it broke into his practice, and he at last retired permanentl}- from it a few years before his death. In all his convictions he was a self-made, self-reliant man, and was, in spite of a seemingly cold exterior, ever a warm hearted, devoted, sympathetic friend and physician. He was most loyal to his friends, and his loss to them thus seemed doubly severe. Dr. P. E. Dansereau enjoys the distinction of being Nashua's first French physician, who made this place his home, coming here in the year 1872, and at the present time 'is in full enjoyment of sound health and a large practice. He is, besides being very deservedly popular among his own people, well known and honored by the citizens of this place. He never lacked for patients since starting in business, and although never prominent in politics, his opinion is often sought regarding the interest of his own people, and his large, honest heart is always ready to assist them in any way possible. He has been very successful and at the present time is possessed of a fine property, which, as a home-loving man, he enjoys with comfort and pride. Dr. Eugene Wason first began business in Nashua as a druggist, having bought out Dr. N. P. Carter's drug store on Factory .street. However, in 1872 he graduated from the Han-ard Medical school and commenced practicing in this city. He soon removed to Londonderry, and later to Massachusetts and then to Milford, where he is at present located. Dr. J. G. Graves, a nephew of Dr. F. G. Graves, the .senior, came here a second time as a practitioner in 1873, and has remained here until present writing. He practiced in Nashua for three or four years immediately following 1857. He has been quite successful and holds a large number of patients. He is at present assisted by his .son. Dr. Irving F. Graves. Dr. J. G. Graves is a quiet unassuming man, but one of great force of character, and. although not a politician, is thoroughly interested in all the city affairs. He has probably many years of active work still before him. n/STORV OF NASHUA, jV. H. 241 Dr. S. G. Dearborn came to Nashua in the year 1873. He had previously practiced in Milford and also served as surgeon in the late War of the Rebellion. Since coming to our city he has become ])rominent as a gynecologist. His renown as such is not limited to Nashua, but is known throughout New Hampshire and the adjoining states. His practice among us has been great, but still greater among those outside the city. His success is well attested by the large property which he has accumulated by his efforts. Owing to infirmities of age, he has been obliged to limit his practice pretty much to office calls. He is ably assisted by his son. Dr. F. A. Dearborn. Dr. C. S. Collins, practicing in the belief of Hahnemann, came to our place in uSjs, and for ten or twelve years attended faithfully to a large paying practice, which, by his untiring efforts, he had built up for himself. His stay in the medical jirofession was limited to so few years by the fact that his large interest in the Londonderry Lithia water company demanded his whole attention. His life while in the practice of physic was full of that energy and indomitable pluck and vim which has since so markedly characterized his commercial career. He early entered politics and served faithfully both city and state. He has the honor of having at one time been both city physician and member of the board of health. His subsequent life is more fully elaborated among the business men in another part of this history. Dr. Henry G. Dearborn came to Nashua in the year 1S75, and died here in the year 1S86. During the eleven years of his stay with us he won a ho.st of friends. His full, round, smooth-shaven face, and jolly quizzical expression was always welcome to every household. He was essentially' a familj- doctor; one to whom father, mother and children were etjually dear, and to them likewise endeared. His compassionate heart and ready assistance were universally known and gratefully accepted by a large number of patients and friends who were members of the mystic circle. He was very successful as a practitioner and his early death cut short a very busy life. He had just purchased his passage to Europe, and was making ready to enjoy a little ease and comfort, when cruel death snatched all from him. His brother, Samuel G. Dearborn, and his nephew, Frank A. Dearborn, both physicians, retained the greater part of his practice. Dr. R. J. Hallaren came to Nashua about the year 1875, and was the first Irish physician to live here until his death, which occurred in 18 . He had a sharp, ready mind, keen, caustic wit, with an incomparable native repartee which won him man}- friends and patients. He was universally successful and at his death had laid up quite a little competence. Dr. \V. S. Collins arrived in town about the year 1878 or 1879, and remained until his death in 1S91. He came to assist his son, Dr. C. S. Collins who preceded him by a few years, and whose practice in the homoeopathic line had .so grown at this time as to demand another practioner of that school. The two, father and son, practically controlled that class of patients for some years, not only in the city, but in and about the surrounding towns. Dr. W. S. Collins was a very careful and conservative man and many were reckoned among his patients who always before were most antagonistic to the homceopathic faith. It may be said that in and about this time there was a decided drift to that belief, more so than at any other period. Both father and son united to cement the bond of friendship between the two schools of medicine and the good effects of their labors in this line have never been lost, but will always .shine as a marked contrast to the feeling among a like class in other places. vSince the 3-ear 1880 there were nine physicians located in Nashua whose stay was of too brief a character for an}- extended report other than the .statement that they each won many friends and were all well liked. The biographies of some of them can furnish a further account of their lives. Their names were as follows: Dr. John Nottage, Dr. C. C. lUlis, Dr. M. H. Tierney, Dr. A. M. Spalding, Dr. W. H. Dinsmore, Dr. N. E. Guillet, Dr. \V. I. Hlanchard, Doctor Conroy, Dr. G. H. Greeley. Dr. A. M. Spalding is a nephew of Dr. Ivdward Spalding, and is at present located in New York City with his brother. Dr. Geo. Spalding. He is ph)'sician to several ])uhlic in.stitutions and has more than average success. Dr. John Nottage died earl\- in his practice and the others are scattered throughout the countrj-. Also since 1880, and who are now enjoying the full benefits of their ])ractice, have settled the following named physicians: Drs. C. B. Hammond and J. N. Woodward in 1880: Dr. A. W. Petit in i8,Si; Dr. (>eo. A. Underhill in 1883; Dr. C. S. Rounsevel in 18S4; Drs. Bradford Allen and R. B. I're.scott in 1S85; Dr. A. W. Shea in 1887; Dr. Ella Blaylock in 1888; Drs. Katerine E. Prichard, F. 242 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. E. Kittredge, J. A. Lagace, M. T. Lajoie. and A. vS. Wallace in 1889; Dr. H. H. Jewell in 1890; Drs. I. F. Graves, B. G. Moran, and F. A. Dearborn in 1891; Dr. I. G. Anthoine in 1892; Drs. J. T. Greeley, R. V. Vaillancour, and Eniile Simard in 1893; Drs. Guertin and Matte in 1S94; and Drs. Valcour and Nntter in 1895. The biographies of nearly all of these have abundantly elaborated their lives and it would be but dull repetition to try to give a full account of them at this place. Dr. R. B. Prescott, who served in the late war, now limits his practice to the eye and ear and has become quite well known in the adioining towns. Dr. C. B. Hammond is the son of the late Dr. E. B. Hammond and has always made Nashua his home, keeping his father's office as his own. Dr. J. N. Woodward came to town a stranger, but is now one of its be.st known citizens. Dr. A. W. Petit is a Frenchman and enjoys the honor of controlling the largest French practice of any local physician. Dr. C. S. Rounsevel is a quiet vet extra busy man, practicing in the homoeopathic faith. Dr. Geo. A. Underhill was born and reared here and is quite prominent as an educator. Dr. Bradford Allen also camea stranger to town but now has a large, pri\'ate practice. Dr. A. W. Shea, one of the brightest of all the physicians here, a Nashua born citizen, controls the bulk of the Irish practice in our city and also has an extra amount of work among the best class of people in the American families. Dr. Ella Blaylock and Dr. Katherine E. Pritchard are the only two lady physicians of whom Nashua can boast, either in the past or present, and their success is a guarantee that their stay here is one of profit to themselves as well as to their patients. Drs. F. E. Kittredge, J. A. Lagace and M. T. Lajoie are all j-oung physicians, well liked and quite successful. To rightly appreciate Dr. A. S. Wallace we must have knowledge of his life in other places; of his unconquerable thirst for learning in his earlier days and of his hardships in obtaining it ; of his energy and pu.sh in finishing his medical education and of his ability and skill in the management of the difficult positions he has been called upon to occupy. His history in Nashua is short in time but abundantly fruitful and prolific of good results. He has a firm, convincing character and is stanch and true in all his friendships and beliefs. His practice is one of the largest, and the good labor he has already performed is much appreciated by his friends and patients. Dr. H. H. Jewell is a homoeopathic practitioner and with Doctor Rounsevel controls that class of patients in this city. Drs. I. F. Graves, B. Qt. Moran and F. A. Dearborn are all young in the work but have already made their mark. Dr. I. G. Anthoine is another practioner who has seen a large amount of labor in the field of medicine before coming to Nashua. His skill has evidently preceded him, for in the short three years of his stay with us he can boast of an extra large number of patients. He is more than successful, and by the interest which he has kindly taken in our public institutions he shows a keen appreciation for the good and welfare of all. In the years to come he will form an important part in the city's history. The remainder of those coming to Nashua are young both in years and in the field of labor chosen for their life's work. They are all earnest and conscientious workers, striving each year to add new laurels to their crowns. We boast, in no idle manner, of a collection of good, honest men, second to no other city in the country ; a set of heart}-, earnest workers, who scorn to harbor petty jealousies and hard feelings one against another: who are not at all envious, but on the contrary find great rejoicing in the success of each. And thus, as it has been in the past, may it ever be in the future, for no better wish could we have for our medical fraternity than that it shall never be less closely united in the bonds of true friendship as is exemplified by the practitioners of Nashua at the present time. The gradual influx of physicians from time to time has been pretty nearly in proportion to the increase of inhabitants during the same periods. From iSoo to 1820 there was no very great increase of people, the number of inhabitants in 1800 being 862 and in 1820 only 1142. In 1830 the number jumped to 2417 and again in 1840 to 5960. The cause of this sudden increase no doubt can be attributed mainly to the starting up of the various mills. The demand for physicians was materially increased, and hence we find that while during the period covered by 1800 to 1830 there was but three or four doctors in the place, immediately after 1830 and up to 1S40 the numljer was nearly doubled. Since 1S40 the number of inhabitants increased slowly up to 1850, as did the physicians. Another marked increase in the number of physicians occurred during the decade of 1850 to i860, and it is observed that during that time some five or six thousand more people made Nashua their home. This J 11 STORY OF NASHUA, N. If. 243 increase has lieen more gradual since then even u]) to the present writing. It is worth remembering also, in connection with these statements, that the arrival of the French residents of our town brought with it the demand for physicians of their own nationality and, as has been already stated, Dr. P. H. l)ansereau was the first to make Nashua his ]K-rmanent abiding place. The number of French people were so few prior to the year 1851s as to make no material showing in the enumeration of inhabitants; but in the period covered by 1S58 to 1S72 there arrived here nearly 1200 French people. Many of these made Nashua their ])ermanent home. The demand lor this class of laborers has increased steadil\- \ear by year, the whole number of French now within our town limits being nearly one-third the whole number of inhabitants; and that, too, estimating the city's popidation to be at the present time, 25,000. The number of French ])h\sicians has increased in about the same ratio, there being now nine to thirty odd doctors located here. Among the Irish i)eople the change has been less marked, and while there are now four thousand Irish inhabitants the city has only two Irish lih\ sicians. The various innovations and improvements made in regard to our sanitary condition have been slow but sure and permanent. Years ago, early in the twenties and even up to the fifties, when there were jiracticallx" no sewers and the peojile drank from the old fashioned wells, there were, at each autumn time and even throughout the summer aliundant cases of typhoid fever, dysentery, and other kindred diseases. On the adoption of the system of sewerage and the supply of pure water the whole trouble pretty much ceased. I remember that one of the older physicians said, that during his early practice, in the autumn months he would have anywhere from twenty to thirty cases of typhoid fever to treat: but that since the city had put in the sewers and given us Pennichuck water he rarely had more than eight or ten. This goes to pro\e the efficacy of good drains and pure water in eliminating disease. The well water was all right until the increase of people, settling .so -close together, had polluted the soil, then it became a veritable poison to the system. We have at the present time a very complete sewerage system, the refuse of all .sewers being eventually carried away by the Merrimack river. Of our water supply we can proudly claim one of the best in all the New England cities. Nearly all the city is so elevated from the level of the Merrimack as to make it an easy matter to effect good drainage of it, and, unless the supply of the Nashua is cut off beyond the city, we should be free from anv great danger of epidemic from this source. The supply of the Pennichuck for drinking purposes is sufficient for a considerably long period granting our steady increase; and no anxiety will be felt on account of scanty water supply for many years. Dr. Josiah Kittredge was Nashua's first city physician, holding this office in 1855. The city reports from 1854 to 1865 are so meagre in detail as to give no very clear idea as to the amount of work the city physicians were called upon to perform. And even since that time there have been quite a number of years in which no regular report has been passed in by the city physician. The work, however, has gradually increased so that, as is seen by the city ph^'-sician's report of the year 1894, there were 2,686 cases for which his services were demanded. Dr. C. B. Hammond holds the office of city plu'sician at the present time. In regard to the board of health we find that the first board was formed in 1857, and consisted of Thos. G. Banks, John Atwood and Thos. Pearson, Jr., neither of the three being physicians nor was there, until lately, a board of health made up entirely of physicians. The present board of health consists of Dr. C. B. Hammond, chairman; Dr. M. T. Lajoie, clerk; and Dr. Jas. T. Greeley. A few of the physicians of Nashua recognized the need of some organization among the medical profession for mutual benefit, protection and good fellowship. The subject of a society was agitated, and, pursuant to a call from Drs. Geo. A. Tuderhill and W. I. Blanchard. sixteen of them met at the olfice of the latter, Monday evening, January 19, 1891, to consider the advisability of forming a local medical society. After some discussion it was voted to organize and call the society the Na.shua Medical association. An election of the following phj'sicians as officers for the ensuing j-ear took place: president, E. F. McQuesten; first vice-president, W. I. Blanchard; .second vice-pre.sident, I. F. Graves; secretary, K. 1-;. Prichard ; treasurer, F. V,. Kittredge: executive committee, C. B. Hammond, B. Allen and A. \V. Petit. A committee was appointed to draw up resolutions and by-laws. It was voted that the societv should meet one evening in each month for literary purposes, a paper to be read by some member, to be followed by di.scussion. 244 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. At the second meeting the by-laws were adopted, and upon the resignation of Doctor Prichard as secretarj', Doctor Shea was elected to fill that office. Doctor Graves resigned as second vice-president and also w-ithdrew his name from the society. It was voted that all physicians and dentists holding a diploma from a recognized medical or dental college should be eligible to membership. An initiation fee of five dollars was charged and a monthly tax. The following physicians and dentists were elected to membership : Ella Blaylock, Alonzo S. Wallace, A. W. Petit, Geo. A. Underbill, C. B. Hammond, Frank E. Kittredge, A. W. Shea, H. H. Jewell, W. H. Dinsmore, \V. I. Blanchard, S. G. Dearborn, Bradford Allen, C. S. Roun.sevel, I. F. Graves, Geo. W. Currier, M. H. Tierney, G. H. Greeley, Katherine E. Prichard, Eugene F. McQuesten, Geo. F. Wilber, P. E. Dansereau, B. G. Moran, James T. Greeley, N. E. Guillet, C. A. Neal, M. T. Eajoie, Chas. E. Faxon, T. A. McCarthy, Dr. Hazzard of Hollis. For a time the regular monthly meetings were held in the office of Dr. W. I. Blanchard. Later, room II, Masonic Temple, was secured and comfortably furnished for the use of the association. This was held for about a year when the society deemed it unnecessary to rent a room for their exclusive use, gave it up, and the meetings since that time up to the present date have been held in the office of Drs. Wallace and Kittredge. Soon after its organization the society formulated a price li.st for professional services which was signed by nearly every physician in the city. This was to be, and, I believe, has been adhered to excepting in cases where charity demanded otherwise. Dr. Bradford Allen served as president for 1892. During this year the subject of a hospital was discussed, and a committee appointed to take the necessary steps for the organization of the Nashua Hospital association, thus creating a movement which, though allowed to slumber for some time, about a year later resulted in giving to the city a much needed institution. For some reason unknown to the writer, during the latter part of 1892, the interest among the physicians seemed to grow lax and no meetings were held in 1893. In January, 1894, a renewed enthusiasm was aroused, the association called together and a large number responded. Dr. A. W. Shea was elected president, and the meetings once more assumed their former tone of energy. In January of this present j^ear, 1S95, Dr. A. S. Wallace was elected president. With the exception of the time noted in 1892 and 1893, the meetings of this association have been regularly held and usually well attended. Papers of much interest and practical value have been read by its members. Well known physicians from other cities have delivered lectures to the society. Not only has the association been a benefit from a literarj' standpoint, but its influence has been conducive to a general good fellowship among the physicians of the city, bringing them together in social and professional intercourse and creating a feeling of harmony such as the profession in very few small cities enjo}^ It was not until 1S93 that a general interest was awakened in Nashua for hospital accommo- dations : prior to that time the sick, poor and the injured had been cared for in unsuitable apartments at the almshou.se, the City Hall and police court buildings. The increasing number of accidents yearly, from the manufacturing and railway corporations, led the physicians of the city to make an appeal to the city government and to charitably disposed persons for the means to treat urgent and necessitous cases in accordance with approved modern .scientific methods. This appeal was satis- factorily responded to by the city councils in appropriating two thousand dollars ; and by the churches, various other societies and the benevolent individuals in donating money and house furnishings. In 1889 several meetings were held to encourage hospital relief. The first meeting was held February 11, and there were present E. M. Shaw, W. D. Cadwell, F. W. Estabrook, Dr. Chas. B. Hammond, Dr. W. I. Blanchard, Rev. Geo. W. Cirover, Chas. H. Burke and Geo. B. French. Capt. E. M. Shaw was chairman and Dr. Chas. B. Hammond, secretary of the meeting. The meeting adjourned to the thirteenth of February, when by-laws and articles of association were presented and adopted. On March i the association met and elected Captain Shaw its president and Geo. B. French, secretary for the ensuing year. Mr. W. D. Cadwell was elected treasurer. On the third day of April a meeting of the association was held for the election of members and the appointing of HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 245 coinniittees. Nothing further was done until May 19, 1892, when articles of agreement were drawn up constituting a voluntary corporation to be known as the Nashua lunergency Hospital association, and the first meeting of the association was held May 23. This meeting was held in Masonic Temple and was largely attended. Dr. Bradford Allen was chairman and Iv. H. Wason, clerk. Articles of agreement constituting the Nashua Emergency Hospital association were drawn up and signed by forty leading citizens, and this number was augmented at subsequent meetings. These articles were duly recorded by the city clerk under the seal of the city, and by the secretary of state, under the seal of the state, in accordance with the provisions of the public statutes. The first annual meeting of the association was held June 27, 1892. Wm. D. Cadwell was elected president: K. H. Wason, secretary; Charles H. Burke, treasurer, and a governing board of fifteen. The second annual meeting was held at the City Hall building June 20, 1893. Williams Hall was elected president; E. H. Wason, secretary, and Dr. F. E. Kittredge, treasurer. A board of fifteen trustees, for 1893-4. was elected as follows: — For one year— Edw^ard Spalding, M. D., Lester F. Thurber, Bradford Allen, M. D., W. I. Blanchard, M. D., E. H. Wa.son. For two years — C. B. Hammond, M. D., James H. Tolles, Thomas W. Keeley, Frank L. Kimball, Frank Barr. For three years — Wm. D. Cadwell, \\. F. .McQuesten, M. D., Chas. S. Bussell, A. W. Petit, M. D., A. S. Wallace, M. D. The following members from the board of trustees were elected as the executive committee : — E. F. McQuesten, M. D., chairman, W. I. Blanchard, M. D., secretary, A. S. Wallace, M. D., A. W. Petit, M. D., J. H. Tolles. And the finance committee was made up as follows: Frank L. Kimball, C. S. Bussell and L- F. Thurber. The second annual meeting was productive of early results, and on July 31, upon recommendation of the executive committee, the association leased for a term of three years a building on vSpring street owned by Dr. C. S. Collins. Measures were at once taken to put the building in proper condition for the reception of patients, and the dedicatory exercises were held October 9, 1893. The hospital staff for the first j-ear included the following physicians: — E. F. McQuesten, F. E. Kittredge. C. B. Hammond, M. H. Tierney, H. H. Jewell, G. F. Wilber, A. W. Petit, R. B. Prescott, A. S. Wallace, J. N. Woodward, Bradford Allen, W. I. Blanchard, C. S. Rounsevel, A. W. vShea, I. G. Anthoine. The first patient was received into the hospital October 17, and the whok- number ef emergency cases admitted during the first year was one hundred and one. The third annual meeting of the hospital association was held June 19, 1894, and elected as president, Henry B. Atherton, clerk, l\. H. Wason, treasurer. Dr. Bradford Allen. Le.ster F". Thurber, Dr. Bradford Allen, E. H. Wason, and Dr. J. X. Woodward were elected trustees for the term of three years. The executive committee for 1894-5 '^^'^^ made up of the following jihysicians: Drs. J. N. Woodward, A. vS. Wallace, C. B. Hammond, A. W. Petit and A. W. Shea. The Emergency hospital has from the start fulfilled its object in the treatment of emergency ca.ses and no institution in the city is more appreciated. In order to meet the requirements of this community a much larger building than the one now in use should be erected, that would accommodate both medical and surgical cases. A city of twenty thousand inhabitants needs a general hospital, first class in all its appointments, one that will furnish patients with the best care and insure to the public isolation of all communicable diseases. • ' I am indebted to Dr. F. li. Kittredge and Dr. E. F. McQuesten for the matter relative to the above subjects. 246 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. DAVID CROSBY. Prof. David Crosby was born at Hebron in 180S, died at Nashua, Feb. 26, 1881. His father was a well-to-do farm- er who believed that a common school education would answer all the needs of his children. When, therefore, the subject of this sketch had graduated at the academy in his native place, and expressed a desire to pursue his studies elsewhere, he was informed by his stern parent that he could not hope for pecuniary aid from him. To most young men similarly situated the lukew-armness of a parent and the with -hoi ding of means necessary to accomplishing so laudable an under- taking would have proven an insup- erable obstacle to success. Not so with David Cros- by. Opposition and discourage- ment but nerved him to accomplish his resolve. He therefore started out with a fixed purpose to make the most of every opportunity that promised to lead to the end his am- bition sought. In fact, he labored diligently at what- ever his hands found to do; col- lected money for a denominational fund ; canvassed as a book agent; taught district and private schools, and in these and other employment earned the money necessary to pay his expenses while pursuing his stud- ies at Kimball Union academy. After graduatingat the last named institution he was compelled to face a hard struggle to sustain himself. He taught school at Newport and other places, practiced self- denial and economy, and finally, in 1833, was graduated with high honors in the class with Edward Spalding of Nashua, Asa Fowler of Concord, Samuel Sawyer, after- wards judge of the supreme court of Missouri and member of congress, John Lord, and others who became distin- guished in the professions. Professor Crosby intended to settle at Newport, but, on receiving an invitation from a college friend to take D.W'ID CK().SIiV. charge of a school in Nashua, changed his plans, and, in 1834, came here and engaged in teaching a private school,* and at the same time, restoring discipline among young people w-ho had become notoriously unruly. He remained here about six months and then accepted a place in the faculty of the New Hampton institution. He had, how- ever, become greatly attached to Nashua and her people. Moreover he had a feeling that southern New Hampshire offered a legitimate field of labor, and therefore he returned here and, in 1836, became principal of a high school. In 1840 Professor Crosby founded, and caused to be in- corporated, the Nashua Literary institution, a sem- inary of learning, located o n P ;'. r k street, which flourished nearly forty years and of which he was the honored head and principal until, by reason of failing health and the infirmities of age, he was, in 1880, compelled to dis- continue it. H e could not, how- ever, content him- self in idleness aft- er more than fifty vears of active life, and so, although unable to see, he instructed classes at his home on Church street, making fro m memory the most minute and care- ful e X p I a nations with clear and log- ical analysis and summing up. He followed this work till five or six weeks before h i s death, or till too feeble to longer continue. It may thus be said that he died in harness, inthe work of a pro- fession he had honored. Professor Crosby started out in life as a Congregationalist, but, in 1835, his views became changed with regard to baptism, and he thereupon united with the Baptist church, in which he was a consistent and influential member to *A pupil of the school hassiud of him: " I have;i distinct impression of Professor Crosby as he stood on the platform and addressed us; erect, resolute in aspect, the pose of his head, shape of his mouth, flash of his eye and ritig of his voice all indicated firmness of purpose and promptness in action." HISTORY OF NASHdA N. H. 247 the close of his life. In all matters pertaining to public morals he was a Puritan of Puritans. lie being a student of books, he had little or no sympathy with the emotional masses of the people. What men and women were think- ing and doing, what new craze they were chasing, was but a small part of his knowledge. Whenever he dis- covered any departure from the rigid rules of the forefathers he inveighed against the offenders, and, with the courage of conviction, expressed his views in the pulilic print and in public assemblies. His attitude, however, seldom provoked controversy. The people recognized his honesty, and, although having their own wa}-, (dancing in halls of learning, traveling on Sunday, railroad trains, etc.,) respected him accordingly. It was because of these unalterable principles, because he lived above the " madding crowd," and could not, and would not, bend to public opinion, that he was not advanced as a lawmaker or selected b)' his fellow citizens as a niunicii)al officer. The only record of public service that can be found indicates that he represented Ward Pour in the board of aldermen in 1862 and 1863. Professor Crosby early espoused the anti-slavery cause, and in this, as in all the concerns of life, he acted upon a sense of conviction, as he knew no such word as expedient, and was not moved by impulse. It was his nice sense of fair and impartial justice that moved him, and by his mode of reasoning b}' the higher law that caused him to be pronounced and outspoken. P'aint-heartedness in a great cause, the cause of God and humanity, was not one of his characteristics. He spoke his mind freely, with dm respect to the convictions of others, and yet with earnest emphasis that left no shade of doubt concerning his attitude to the main question. It is remembered of him that all his impulses were for the freedom of the slave; that at the very door of the house where he lived and died he had assured the flying bondman of his sympathy, fed him, and from his purse assisted him on his weary journey to the safe refuge of the English flag. This he freely did, and when questioned he answered with Spartan severity, " David Crosby takes the responsibility! If there is any broken law that should be vindicated, take my property ; and if that does not satisfy the demand, take my body !" Surely the plumed knights of the middle ages, the stor}- of whose sacrifices in the cause of the Christian religion are the brightest pages of history, were not braver in the performance of duty than was this plain and unassuming man of peace and letters. Thus it was that a true man's life work was done, was well done. Thus it was that his life was rounded out and made complete, so that when his last hour came there were no regrets, no accusing conscience, no halting at the door of the unknown, no worrying about destiny, but a calm and peaceful end, resigned, satisfied. Professor Crosby was united in marriage July 19, 1836, with Louisa S. Huuton of Unity, who shared his labors and his principles, and who was seven years principal of the female department of his institution. There were no children by their marriage. Mrs. Crosby survived her husband lint a few years. She died respected and esteemed by a wide circle of friends and ac(|uaintances. JOHN HARRISON GOODALE. Hon. John H. Goodale was born at Deering, Oct. 2, 1816. died at Nashua, Nov. 11, 1890. He was a son of Jonathan and Sarah Goodale, whose ancestors were worthy people and among the pioneers of that rugged part of Hills- borough county. Mr. (ioodale attended the common schools of his native place and fitted for college at the Newbury seminary. In 1836 he entered the Wesleyan university at Middletown, Conn., where he was graduated in the class of 1840. P'oUowing his graduation he entered upon the career of schoolniasler. He taught at Ncwbtirv, Vt.. in 1841, at m <^ *' >i».' |OH.\ II. GOOD.M.Ii. Columlius, Oa., from 1842 to 1846, and in the seminary at Northfield from 1846 to 1848. Mr. Goodale was a gifted writer on all the topics within the range of newspapers and magazines, and during the years he devoted to teaching was a frequent and welcome contributor to current publications. His composition attracted public attention and friends therefore induced him to accept an ailvantageous position as editor of the Manchester Democrat. In 1857 he obtained control of the Manchester Daily .Vmerican, and in his new field of endeavor was outspoken and progressive. He refused to be hedged in by party lines. Moreover the great humanity of the man asserted itself, and, obeying what he considered the verdict of conscience, he espoused the doctrines of the anti-slavery wing of the Republican party and wielded a power in the state second to no man in his time. In fact he developed and controlled the anti-slavery sentiment to the degree that he made a United States senator and unmade him when he failed to keep his pledges. Mr. Goodale was superintendent of schools for Hillsborough county from 1836 to 1859. He disposed of his interest in the newspaper in 1S61. From 1861 to 1864 he travelled extensively in southwest and on the Pacific coast, made a large collection 248 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. of minerals and settled for a time at Crescent City, where he resumed his profession of teacher and remained until 1867. From 1867 to 1869 he traveled extensiveU- in British Columbia and Alaska, and was present in the territory at the transfer of Alaska to the United States as correspondent of the San Francisco Press, meantime adding to his knowledge of geology and gathering information that he afterwards made serviceable. Mr. Goodale then returned to Xew Hampshire and took up his residence in Nashua. During the three succeeding years he traveled in the state collecting specimens of minerals, renewing old acquaintances and regaining lost prestige in the field of politics. He succeeded in these purposes, as he did in every undertaking of his long and useful career, and when the votes were counted in Ihe spring of 1871, it was discovered to the surprise of both the old parties that his friends had the balance of power in the legislature. When that body met a compromise was effected and Mr. Goodale became secretary of state, a position that he filled with ability and skill, and to the general satisfaction of both political parties. Mr. Goorehensive lan- guage. In fact he is an earnest de- bater and speaker when aroused, and usually carries his point. In late years he has served his ward several times as moderator. Mr. Saunders was a cli.-irter member and first master of .\ncicnt York lodge, A. E. and A. M. Jlr. Saunders has been twice married: first with Abby \V. Hatch of China, Me., who died in Nashua; and .second, with Caroline E. Parks of Stowe, Mass. Eleven children have been born to him, of whom .seven are living: William Edwin, .\lfrcd Whitin, Ik-njamin Perry, Charles Henry, .\rthur Lamb, Oertrude May, and Caroline E. I'. Saunders. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. JOHN N. BARR. John N. Barr was born at Bedford. Sept. 22, 1S19. He is a son of John and Sophia (Richardson) Barr. His immigrant ancestor was born 1704, at Ballymony, county Ireland, and married Ann McPherson. He came to .Vmerica in 1740 and settled at Londonderry. Later the family settled at Goff.stown. The descent is James, born 1704; Samuel, born 1754. married Margaret Boies, and .settled at Henniker. whence he removed to Bedford ; Thomas, 1784, married Abigail Palmer; John, father of the sub- ject of this sketch, born 1789, married first, Nancy Dun- lap, second, So- phia Richardson, third, Clarissa Eaton. He was one of the most prominent and in- fluential citizens of Bedford, serving the town several years as select- man, treasurer, and in other offices. He was also a worthy member of the P r e s b )• t e r i a n church at that place. Mr. Barr was educated in the schools of his native place a n d was graduated at its high school. At the age of twenty years he came to Nashua and entered the employ of Merrill & Kimball, dry goods dealers, where he was employed five years as a clerk. He then formed a co-partnership, in the same business, with Mark W. Merrill, one of his former employers, under the firm name of Merrill & Barr. Ten years later the partnership was dissolved and he went into the hardware business with his brother, the firm being J. N. & M. Barr. He remained in this business four years, after which he formed a new partnership with his former partner under the firm name of Merrill & Barr, and engaged in the flour and grain business. This partnership was continued until Mr. Merrill retired from trade and then a new partnership was entered into with E. F. Knight, under the firm of J. N. Barr & Company, and the business continued until the present time. During all the years of Mr. Barr's residence in Nashua, he has been an active man in the Olive street church and its successor, the Pilgrim church, doing evervthing in his power to promote the welfare of his fellow-men, giving liberally of his means for its support and for the advancement of its missions and holding for many years the office of deacon. Mr. Barr represented Ward One in the board of aldermen in i86i and 1862, and has held other positions of honor and trust, having served as administrator of several large estates. Few men are better known i n Nashua and its im- mediate vicinity than Mr. Barr and none are more highly regarded and respected. Mr. Barr has been twice m a r - ried, first, June 18, 1844, with Mary Annis French, daughter of Eben- ezer and R h o d a { Coburn ) French of Bedford, who died June 15, 1883 : second , with Sarah E. Dodge, daugh- ter of Ira and Sarah (Fitch) Dodge of fi r o t o n , Mass. Four children were born by h i s first marriage; Henrietta, born Feb. II, 1847, died July 30, 1848; John Henri, born Aug. 10, 1848, married Jennie Frazier, o f Weare, who died March 28, 1875; second, Abby Isa- belle Batchelder of Milford; Frank, born Dec. 2, 1851, married Alice Cooper of Nashua , EttaM., born July 19, 1853, married Edwin F. Knight of Nashua. J(lll.\ N. li.VUK. SOLON S. WHITHED. Solon S. Whithed was born at Northfield, Mass., Nov. 22. 1837. He is a son of Darius and Mercy (Johnson) Whithed. His immigrant ancestor, GadWhithed, came to this country from England in the eighteenth century and settled at Phillipston, Mass., where Darius, the father of the subject of this sketch was born, March 12, i8og: died in Lowell, Mass., Dec. 7, 1877. On the maternal side he is a descendant of I^uther and Grata Johnson of Lancaster, Mass., where his mother was born Jan. 6, 1815; died at HISTORY OJ- \.IS//UA, A'. //. 253 Lowell, Mass., Feb. 5, 1S54. Mr. Whittled attended tlie schools at Great Falls, N. II., to which place his parents removed when he was a child, and, becoming & 11. f.\.s.s|.:tt. HISTORY Oh NASHUA, N. //. 255 EDUCATIONAL BY ja:\ii-;s h. iwssktt. IT IS almost impossible to obtain any exact data of the earl\- schools of Nasluia. The records, in most cases, are entirel\- wantini;, and where they exist they are extremely vague and indefinite. The first accurate account is hardly to the credit of the town. In 1730 Dunstable, under indictment of the su]:)erior court, was comi)elled to open school. The following is the law under which the indictment was made ; " Tliat each town in the province having the number of fiftv householders, shall be constantl_\- jirov-ided of a schoolmaster to teach children to read and write, and when any town has one hundrecl families or householders, there shall also be a grammar school set \\\i and kept. And some discreet person of good con\-ersation, well instructed in the tongues, shall be procured to be master thereof. Every such schoolmaster to be suitably encour- aged and paid by the inhabitants; and the selectmen of towns are hereby empowered to agree ■^ (acitooL Buildings) with such schoolmaster for salary and to raise money by way of rate upon the inhabitants to pay the same. If any such town shall neglect the due ob.servance of the law for the space of six months it shall pa}' a penalty of twenty pounds." In 1721 this law was so amended that instead of the town being subject to the fine of twenty pounds, the selectmen were held responsible should the town be without a school for one month. In the year 1730 the town, then consisting of more than fifty householders, was indicted under the above. The town then voted that "it be left with the selectmen to provide and agree with a person to keep a writing school in the town directly, and that the sum of ten pounds be granted and raised for defraying the charges in the last mentioned concern and other town charges." History is silent as to just what part of this ten pounds went to swell the jKK-ketbook of the schoolmaster. 256 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. For many years following no record can be found of any vote to raise money for school pur- poses. In 1746 two schools were kept, one at the house of John Searles, near Salmon brook, and the other at the Gordon house near Reed's pond. As there were no school houses at that time, it was necessary that the school be kept in private dwellings. The branches taught were reading, writing, arithmetic and .spelling. The materials used in school work were most primitive. Paper was unknown and when slates were needed, as they frequently were, strips of birch bark were used, with a leaden bullet hammered out for a pencil. Thev had no arithmetics, the master "setting the sums" on each slate for the pupil. The New Testament was used almost exclusively as a reading- book and spelling book as well. In 1749 we find the first mention of the school committee, and that the town was divided into districts. There were five of these, two on the north side of the river and three on the south. It may be of interest to know that the first committee consisted of John vSnow, Ephraim Butterfield and Ephraim Adams. One hundred and forty pounds were raised to support the schools under these committees. The next mention we have of any school in the town is in 1761, when one hundred pounds were rai.sed for "schooling and houses." From this date on, there was rai.sed every year more or less money for the support of schools; some years only twenty pounds and in others two hundred pounds. In 1772 the town refused to appropriate money for school houses, l.)Ut, in 1775, a motion was carried and eighty pounds was raised for that purpose. The first schoolhouse was erected near the old burying ground on the Lowell road in the south part of the town, but upon the opposite side of the brook from the spot where the present schoolhouse stands. A schoolhouse of this time was usuall>- a small unpainted building. Along three sides of the schoolroom were placed slabs upon which the older pupils wrote and worked their sums. These slabs were fastened upon one side to the walls of the building, the other being supported by legs driven securely into auger holes in the floor. For seats, hewn planks were used into which stakes were driven for legs. Inside of this outer circle were slab seats for the younger children. This arrangement made it necessary for the children to sit facing the walls with their backs towards the teacher. In the center of the room was placed the "master's" desk, and from his throne he watched with "eagle eye" the work of the youths under his charge. One may easily appreciate the feelings of the mischievous boys who, with their backs toward the teacher, were never certain when he was not looking at them. This feeling of insecurity must have been heightened by the knowledge that there lay on the master's desk a hickory switch long enough to reach every boy in the room, and that too without moving from his chair. On the third side of the school room was a huge fire place, with large flat stones used for andirons. Inasmuch as the chimney was never very high, and green wood was usually burned, the fir,st part of the morning exercises was conducted in a cloud of smoke. The building of the fire was allotted to the older boys who took turns in attending to this duty as well as to the splitting of the wood. The older girls kept the room swept and cleaned. The windows were small and placed high so that the attention of the children should not be distracted by outside affairs. To schools of this description our ancestors trudged, fortunate if they lived near the school. Many, however, were compelled to walk several miles, and that too after having helped their fathers with the chores or their mothers with the household duties. Certainly the lives of the children were filled with hard work. This was an advantage to the schools of that time in one great particular. The children looked upon their school duties not as hard work, as do the children of to-day, but as a relief from the drudgery which they had at home. For this reason the amount of "schooling" which the children obtained in their single term of sixteen weeks was remarkable. It is found by the records that the pay of the school mistress at that time was about one dollar a week. In 1796 the town voted to raise two hundred pounds for the purpose of building .school- houses and, as a preventive against any disputes which might arise as to the location of these buildings, a special committee was chosen to fix the location of the schoolhou.ses should the district disagree upon the same. That the people of Dunstable early appreciated the importance of HISTORY or NASHUA, N. H. 257 singing in the schools is evidenced by the fact that in iSio the town voted to raise fifty dollars for the purpose of hiring a teacher of singing. In the early part of the century, there seems to have been no schoolhouse north of the Nashua river. The .schools were held in private houses. In 1S16 a schoolhouse was built at the junction of the Concord and Manchester roads, where General .Stark's residence now^ stands. In 1S33 the schoolhouse was found inadequate and was moved back upon the north side of Rural street w'here it was enlarged and served for school purposes many years. It is now u.sed as a dwelling house. The recorded history of our schools begins to be complete about the year 1840. Then the school officials published a more or less elaborate report of the schools under their charge. At that time there were eleven districts. No. i being situated near the old burying ground on the Lowell road. In the report for 1839 the following complaint was made of a lack of funds: "The sum of money which the town is by law compelled to appropriate for the support of schools has heretofore been extremely limited, the whole amount of money being so inadequate that it has accomplished little more than to commence the schools and get them into successful operation." A meeting was held in January, 1840, at which a resolution was passed appointing a committee to dex'ise means for placing a bell on the schoolhouse in district No. 3, "in order to prevent all mistakes regarding the time of commencing school." Whether or not the bell was purchased we have not been able to ascertain, but doubtless the steps of the laggard were hastened by its tones. It is rather interesting to note that the committee, in the report for 1S41, recommended the purchase of thermometers, in order that the temperature might be duly recorded. It must have been some- what of a debatable question in those days where the thermometers should be placed. For if the rei)ort of the committtee in regard to the structure of the buildings at that time is to be believed, the temperature would be anything but uniform in different parts of the schoolrooms and the teacher must have used considerable ingenuity in locating the exact point in the room where the temperature would be considered normal. There is one recommendation which one of the committee made at this time which should be recorded, as commendable now as well as then, "that reading and reciting in concert be abolished and that more individual work be done by the teacher among the jnipils." The greatest fault that seems to have existed in the Nashua schools at this time was the lack of interest taken in them by the parents, and the consequent irregularity of attendance by the pupils. In every report this is found to be the case and the fact was much lamented by the commit- tees. Many methods to correct this evil were devised; the schoolhouse doors were closed at the beginning of the session, excuses were abolished, and many other schemes were tried, but all .seemed to have failed. The true rea.son for this lack of interest is very evident to one connected with school affairs at the present day. In one of the reports comment is made upon the inadvisability of the habit which many of the children had of aiding pupils reciting. All teachers at this time were elected by the prudential committee of the town, but were subject to an examination by the superintending committee of the schools. It happened in many cases that the prudential committee, for prudential or economical reasons, brought forward candi- dates whom the superintending committee found wanting in all the requirements necessary in a teacher. When this happened the prudential committee was obliged to find a more acceptable candidate. The lack of suitable schoolhouses was felt in the past, as well as in the present. The following is quoted from the report of 1842: "The prosperity of school depends, in a greater degree than we are apt to realize, upon the condition of the schoolhouse. No one enjoys public worship to the full extent when the meeting-house is cold, filthy, or improperly ventilated, and the same principle is equally applicable to schoolhouses. Even our horses and cattle are housed or sheltered according to the season and their natural wants, but the comfort of our children is often most unwisely and inhumanely neglected." The following sentence in lieu of the above is easily understood: "Considering the state of their -schoolhouse and the means of the district, it would have suffered no loss could the wind which >9 258 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. unroofed the building last year have paid the visit at an hour when the house was empty and made its work of dilapidation more complete." In speaking of the condition of the schoolhouse then known as district No. 3, on the site of the present Mount Pleasant, the committee made the following comment ; " And should the citizens erect an elegant town house (Nashville) for the men to occupy oue day in the year, it should be left without windows until a new schoolhouse is built, in order to equalize the comfort of the rising and the risen generations." In Nashville the districts, during the year 1843, were renumbered. The schoolhouse at feelvidere was called No. i. Mount Pleasant No. 2, the house on Amherst road No. 3, and the one on Hollis road No. 4. In 1.S45 there was a primary school built in the eastern part of district No. 2, on North Central street. The scholars passed from this school to the higher grades in Mount Pleasant. At this time there was held a summer school for writing, lasting two or three weeks. It would appear from comments made upon this school by the committee, that during these four weeks the scholars received their only drill in writing, and they, thinking this inadequate, recommended that a regular writing period be taken each day in school. In 1846 the committee advised the use of slates by the smaller children, to whom, evidently, their use had previously been forbidden, "Serving if for no other purpose," as they said, "to enable them to bear the difficult task of sitting still." The light which this throws upon the method of teaching children at this time needs no comment. The holding of teachers' institutes was spoken of with great interest by the school managers, and all teachers were advised to attend. The committee also recommended in 1S47 the establishing of a high school. In 1848-9 regular lessons in writing were given in all the schools, and this was found to be more efficient than to have two or three weeks devoted entirely to writing. \'ocal music was also generally introduced. During the year 1849 a high school was incorporated in district No. 2, now known as Mount Pleasant, under the Somersworth act, namely: To empower school districts to establish and maintain high schools. The organization took place on the twelfth of May, 1849. A new, costly and convenient schoolhouse had been built, having accommodations for eighty pupils in the upper or high school, seventy-two in the intermediate and eighty in the primary. Mr. Samuel Alvord was engaged as principal. Following the action of the citizens on the north side of the river, in 1851 a high school was organized on the south side, the West Pearl street school, and a Mr. Stone was elected to take charge of the same. He was succeeded in the winter term by Mr. W. B. Chute, a very efficient teacher. There seems to have been at this time a decided increase in the interest felt in the public schools. They had more visitors and there was a general awakening in the cause of education. Two years later, in 1S53, the high school was removed from Pearl street to the new high school- house on Main street. This new high school building was looked upon with great pride b)- the townspeople. In March, 1S54, the essential work of grading the schools systematically and adopting through them all a thorough and progressive course of study was accomplished. And by this their work was rendered far more complete and effectual than e\-er before. The differences between the primary, intermediate and high schools was clearly drawn. The high school started with, the following subjects, adopted as the course of study: Arithmetic, English grammar, algebra, natural philosophy and the Latin language. With our present rich curriculum, these subjects seem meagre indeed. In 1856 it was recommended by the committee that no child under five years old be allowed to attend school. Before this, children four years old, and even three, were frequently sent to school by their parents. The requirements for admittance to the high school are interesting, as they show what the connnittee expected of the lower schools. Colburn's arithmetic must have been completed, the common school arithmetic through fractions, Bullion's grammar as far as prosody, parsing begun, Colton's and Fitch's geography complete, history of the United States, reading and spelling. Upon the reuniting of Nashua and Nashville, the schools went on as before. There was a high school maintained at Mt. Pleasant and one also at the Main .street. In connection with the former, it is but just to mention the name of Hiram D. Wood, who taught the high school on the north side of the river for so man>- years faithfully and well. In 1867 the school year of district No. 3 had to be .shortened to 30 weeks for a lack of sufficient funds. The next year it was recommended that all the districts in the city unite to form one high school. ///STOA'V OF NASHUA, X. II. 259 111 [S69 this was hrmiolu i„io cfftct. Tlic f(iIIo\viiig sentence is ([noted from the school report of this time : " Hereafter tlie high school will be composed of the first class of scholars selected from the entire city." The same year saw the entire school system of the city put in exact form. Printed rules and regulations were also adopted. These were written in the most commendable way and stood practical!)- unchanged up to 1S93, when, under press of circumstances, they were carefully revised. .\t this time the superintending school committee, feeling that they were unable to do justice to the supervision of the schools, voted to elect a superintendent. The board of education consisted of eight iiieinbers, one from each ward. They were i)i-esided over by the mayor of the city. Mr. Eben H. Davis was elected as the first su])erintendent. iMr. Davis is now superintendent of schools at Chelsea, Mass., and is the author of the celebrated Davis readers. His work in organizing our school system at this time cannot be overestimated. Mrs. Ann S. Noyes gave during the year §1000, the interest of which was to be expended in the ]nirchase of four silver medals. An epidemic of that dreaded disease, small jxix, cau.sed the schools to be closed for a considerable period during the >'ear 1870. Chas. H. Merrill, whom many well remember as an excellent instructor in music, began his work in connection with the public schools in the year 1S72. This teacher placed the music of our schools upon a very high plane, which has been ably sustained through the present time. In 1873 work was begun on the present high school building. Two evening schools were also started, one at West Pearl street and the other at Belvidere. Two years later the present high school was occupied, and on June i, Mr. T. W. Hussey, who had been principal of the high .school for over seven years, resigned and, at the beginning of the fall term, Edward .A. Kingsley was elected in his place. Upon the occupation of the present high school the Main street building was remodelled into eight rooms suitable for the lower classes and the pupils who had formerl>- attended the Old Brick on West Pearl street were transferred to this place. During the winter vacation the primary school on North Central street was burned and has never been rebuilt. (ireat credit is due Superintendent ,S. Arthur Bent for introducing into our schools logical and modern methods of teaching primary children. To him is largely due the excellence which character- izes our lower grades. It is also but just to speak here of the Hon. John H. Goodale, of his long and interested support of the Nashua schools, botli as a member of the school committee and as superintendent. In 188 1, the school house on Chandler street was completed. This was named the O'Donnell school after Rev. Father O'Donnell, a most respected member of the school board. I'nder his benign influence many matters which might have caused difficulty were made smooth. In 1877 Erastus B. Powers was elected principal of the high school. There has been no name more prominently connected with the high school of our city than has that of E. B. Powers. His influence is felt even at the present day. lixcellent recommendations were made by Supt. P'rederick Kelsey that more extended use of supplementary reading be introduced into the schools and that a city training school for teachers be established. During October, 18S4, the schools were closed on account of an epiikiiiio of scarlet fever. In 1884, E. J. Goodwin, now ])rincipal of the high school at Newton, Ma.ss., was elected principal of our high school. Mr. Goodwin was a man of marked ability and a most excellent instructor. Under .Superintendent Williams, a i)laii was iiitnxluced by which the parents were kept in close touch with the work of their children. Cards were made out by the teachers on which was plainly indicated the work of the pupil. That sy.stem, with certain modifications, is at present in use. By it, the final examinations held at the end of the year, when children were mo.sl unfit to be examined, were aliolished. In the years 1885 and '86 si)ecial instructors in drawing and phvsical culture wereelected. Their work at this time was particularly useful to the .schools. Military training in the high school was adoi>ted in 1887. I'nder the able instruction of G>en. Elbert Wheeler ami Col. Jason E. Tolles, this organization has maintained a most commendable position. 26o HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Lemuel S. Hastings, in the summer of 1889, was elected principal over the high school in the place of J. H. Willoughb)^ resigned. During 1891, Hon. Fred Gowing, now state superintendent of public instruction, was elected superintendent in place of Mr. O. S. Williams, who resigned for a more lucrative position in Dedham, Mass., in this year, also, E. W Pearson accepted the position of mu.sical director. The year 1890 is to be particularly noted by the adoption, for thefirst time, of a regular systematic course of study. This has done an immense good by unifying the work of the schools in different parts of the city. In 1891 the board of education adopted the method by which the pupils were promoted from grade to grade, not by the perfunctory examinations, but by a direct estimate of the pupil's ability by the teacher. When, in the spring of 1893, Superintendent Gowing assumed the broader duties of the State vSuperintendency, James H. Fassett was elected to fill his position. In 1894 two important departures were made, namely, the introduction of the kindergarten and the establishment of a training school for teachers, in the new building on Amherst street. IMPORTANT PRIVATE SCHOOLS. There is no name connected with the educational history of Nashua which arouses among the people so many keen recollections of school days as does that of Prof. David Crosby. Profes.sor Crosby was born at Hebron, New Hanip.shire, in the year 1808. His parents were too poor to give him the education for which he was ambitious, and Crosby was therefore compelled to work his way through Kimball Union academy and afterward through Dartmouth college. He graduated at the latter institution with high honor in the class of 1833. For .several years after graduation he was engaged in teaching at different places throughout the state and always with marked success. In 1840 Professor Crosby founded the Nashua Literary institution. This school under his careful management, in which he was ably seconded by his wife, was kept in a flourishing condition over forty years Professor Crosby was a man of stern and forbidding exterior but was in reality warmhearted and sympathetic. His manners stern and hard toward the delinquent older boys, was always kind toward the children. His favorite subject was mathematics and he had, it is said, such a clear and concise way of stating a problem that it was impossible for the pupil not to understand. The school became a noted one and many pupils came from a distance to attend. Some of our brightest minds have obtained their start in education from this excellent instructor. Professor Crosby died February 26, 1881, but his strong rugged personality still lives in the memory of his pupils. During the year 18S3, Father Milette started a Parochial school in the basement of St. Aloysius church. It opened with five hundred pupils and eight sisters were employed to take charge of them. In June of the same year the new building was started. The following November it was ready for occupancy. This school continued under the charge of the sisters until 1889, when the boys' .school was erected and the Brothers were brought in to take charge. From this time on the boys have been separate from the girls. At present there are about seven hundred children in attendance, three hundred and fifty boys and three hundred and sixty girls. To take charge of these there are employed nine si.sters and eight brothers, one of whom, Brother Theofridus, acts as a supervising principal. The school in all its parts has the impress of the personality of its founder. Father Milette. In the fall of 1884, Rev. Father Houlihan, pastor of the church of Immaculate Conception, bought the old "Indian Head House." This was turned into a parochial school by making extensive repairs and alterations. In September, 1885, the school was formerly opened and placed in charge of the Sisters of Mercy. It continued in a very prosperous condition for six years, at the end of which time. Rev. Father E. E. Buckle, believing it to be for the best interest of the school to be nearer the center of population, sold the Indian Head House site and purchased a large lot of land on the west side of Spring .street. Upon this was erected a modern brick building which was dedicated HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 261 as the vSchool of the Sacred Heart. The course of study followed is made to conform as closely as possible to that of the public schools. Under the supervision of Sister Ku])heniia, the present principal, the school work is well and ably carried on. In the parish o( Father Lessard during the year 1886, was started a parochial .school. It began in the basement of the church of St. Francis Xavier, but during the .spring of '87 the present school- hou.se was erected. The school opened with an attendance of one hundred and fifty. There are now attending two hundred and seventy-five children. The corps of teachers has been increased from three to six and is now conducted under the principal, Sister Lucia. It has been the endeavor of the author, in this brief Kducational Hi.story of Nashua, to obtain facts and data from original sources so far as possible. This is particularly true in relation to the history of the public schools. All or nearl>- all the facts have been taken directly from the school reports issued by the boards of education. 3 O^u^i^cyiL/ rf. 'jydu^^t^^c.^C^CZ NAS11U.\ LrnCKAUV INSirrUTK. 262 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. JOHN GRAY FOSTER. Gen. John G. Foster. V. S. A., was born iu "White- field, May 27, 1823. died in Nashua, Sept. 2, 1874. He was a son of Perle}- and Mary (Gray) Foster, who became residents of Nashua in 1833. They were descendants of a long line of Scotch-English ancestors who bore conspicu- ous parts in the field and forum of the mother country. No records could be found, however, by which to compile their genealogy. JOHN G. FOSTER. John Gray Foster was a Nashua boy, who. during his youth, showed a decided inclination to the profession of arms. He was captain of several military companies and between him and George Bowers. Thomas G . Banks and George H. Whitney there was for many years a friendly rivalry. Following school days in Nashua he became a student at Hancock academy, and subsequently- fitted for West Point at Crosby's Nashua Literarj- institute. His appointment, in 1842, to the military school was obtained through the influence of Charles G. Atherton, then member of Congress from this district, and as the events of his life show, he proved himself worthy of the confi- dence of that eminent man. Lieutenant Foster graduated at the institution in i846, ranking number four in a class with McClellan, Reno, Sturgis, Stoneman and Oakes, names now famous as commanders in the Union army, and with Jackson and Wilcox who were numbered with the best tacticians in the Confederate army. At his graduation Foster was at once appointed brevet second lieutenant of engineers. He was assigned as as- sistant engineer in the bureau at Washington in 1846, and during 1847-48 was attached to a company of sappers, miners and pontoniers in Mexico, where he was engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz from March 9 to 29, 1847 ; at the battles of Cerro Gordo, April 17 to 18 ; at Contreras in August ; at Churubusco and Molino del Rey. In the storming party of the latter place, which took place Sept. 8, 1847, he was severely wounded in the hip. He was then granted a sick leave of several months, which he spent with his friends in Nashua. Upon his return to the service he was successively breveted first lieutenant and captain for gallant and meritorious conduct in the memor- able engagements already mentioned. Following the war with Mexico Captain Foster was en- gaged for a number of years upon the fortifications of the coast, and was also at the coast survey office in Washing- ton. From 1855 to 1857 he was assistant to the professor of engineering at West Point, and in 1858 he was engaged in building I'ort Sumter. July i, i860, after fourteen years' continuous service, he was commissioned as full captain of engineers. In 1861 he was chief engineer of the fortifications of Charleston harbor, being engaged in strengthening the works in anticipation of an attack upon them, and was also in command when the garrison of Fort Moultrie was transported to Fort Sumter. He was engaged in the historic defence of the last named fort during its bombardment, (being second in commanil 1, and was present when it surrendered and was evacuated. .\pri] 12 to 14. 1S61. He was breveted major for his gallantry. ITpon his return to the North he built several fortifica- tions, and. Oct. 23, 1861, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and, with the Burnside expedition, he par- ticipated in the capture of Roanoke, Feb. 8, 1862. He was at the capture of Newburn, N. C, and at the Ijom- bardment of F'ort Macon, and from July i, 1862, to July 13. 1863, was in command of the department of North Carolina. It was here that several New Hampshire regi- ments came under his command. He participated in all the encounters of that campaign, and, July 18, 1862, was appointed major-general of United States volunteers. He was subsequentl}- appointed to command the department of Ohio, where he served from Dec. 12, 1863. to July 9. 1864. when he was obliged to ask relief in consequence of some injuries received by the fall of his horse. In 1863, he was nmde a major in the corps of engineers. I'. S. A.. for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the Rebellion. After the close of the war General Foster was stationed for some time in the department of Florida, and. in 1869, while on temporary duty in the department of engineers at Washington, he was detached, b}- reason of feeble health, for special service in Boston harbor, where he in- stituted and completed several needed improvements necessary to navigation. During this period he spent a portion of his time with his venerable mother at his old home in Nashua. General Foster was a man of commanding figure and the very beau ideal of a soldier. In his deportment he was a quiet, unpretentious man whose gallant career in- spired the respect of those with whom he came in contact and whom to see vipon the street or about the city on foot or in his carriage was to admire. There was no displaj' iu private life, no fustian about General Foster, and in camp or in battle he always displa3-ed tact, wisdom, mili- tary skill, a w-atchful care of his subordinates that won their approbation and made him a leader deserving the HISTORY OF NASin-A, X. //. 263 confidence reposed in him by his j;oveiiinienl and by his countrymen. In fact he became during the war one of those central figures whose career was watclied with pe- culiar interest and pride by the people of Nashua. General Foster, in honor of whom the Grand Army post in the city was named, was buried with military honors. The funeral took place at the Church of the Im- maculate Conception, business was su.spended, public and private Ijuildiugs draped in mourning and a fitting eulogy pronounced by Rev. Robert J. Fulton, S. J., of Boston. .Vmong the mourners were many distinguished people from near and remote places. Col. Thomas P. Pierce, a prominent citizen of Nashua and a comrade of the gener- al's in the Mexican war, marshaled the civic cortege, and Generals Thoni, Burnside, Tyler, Stevens, Stackpole, Gor- don, .Stephen and Whitticr guarded the hearse, while John G. Foster post, G. A. R., Col. George Bowers, com- mander, another Nashua comrade of the general's in the Mexican war, and a detachment of United .States regulars escorted the procession to the grave, in the Nashua ceme- tery, where Very Rev. John O'Donnell, V. G., read the Catholic burial service. General Foster was twice married ; at Baltimore, Md., Jan. 21, 1851, by the Most Rev. Archbishop Eccleston, with Mary L. Moule, daughter of Col. Samuel Moule. Mrs. Foster died at New York, June 6, 1871 ; in Wash- ington, Jan. 9, 1872, at vSt. Matthew's church, with Nannie Davis, daughter of George M. Davis. One daughter was born to him by his first wife, Annie M., born at Balti- more, Md., Nov. 3, 1851, married Lieut. Henry Seaton, U. S. A., at the cathedral in Boston, April 26, 1870. Mrs. Seaton has two sons. GEORGE BOWERS. Col. George Bowers, son of Jesse and lietsey (Love- well) Bowers, was born in Old Dunstable, .\pril 22, 181 7, died in Nashua, Feb. 14, 1884. (For genealogy see sketch of his father). Colonel Bowers was educated in the pulilic schools and at Cro.sby's Literary institute. Inheriting a passion for military service he identified himself even as a boy, with the local companies and later commanded the famous Light Infantry companv-. When w-ar was declared between the United .States and Mexico, he was com- missioned, March II, 1847, by President Polk, first lieu- tenant in the Ninth I'nited States infantry. From the time the command left Newport, R. I., — his captain being on detatched service — to the close of the campaign, he commanded his company and endured all the fatigues and hardships incidental to a country infested by guerillas, and a climate of an enervating character. In the san- guinarv battles of Contreras and Churubu.sco, he fought with great gallantry and distinguished himself for un- flinching bravery and the science of arms to the degree that his services were recognized by General .Scott and rewarded with a brevet captaincy, .\gain in the awful slaughter at El Molino del Ray, when out of 2,400 en- gaged 800 fell in forty minutes, Captain Bowers won honor and recognition from his superiors by his courage anassage of the forts. In May following he was ordered to Cralveston, Texas, where he served as chief of his depart- ment, on the staffs of General Granger and II. G. Wright, when he was honorably discharged in November, 1865, having been promoted by the president to be chief com- missarv of subsistence, thirteenth army corps, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In March, 1867, he was ap- pointed consul to Panama, and in 1868 he returned to Iowa where he engaged in manufacturing and remained until 1879, when he returned to Nashua. Colonel Noyes since returning to Nashua, has not prac- ticed his profession. He has given his time to the care of his property, to the advancement of city improvements, to the service of his com- rades and other mat- ters incepted for the general welfare of the people. He was mus- tered in John G. Foster Post, G. A. R., in 1889. In 1 89 1 he served the state department as inspector, in 1892 he was elected senior vice department comman- der, and at the twenty- sixth annual encamp- ment in 1893, he was chosen department coniman- of the Merrimack during the whole season to ward off any threatened attack. A garrison was also maintained at the expense of the colony. But in September, 1677, a party of French .Mohawks from Quebec suddenly came to Naamkeak, (near Pawtucket falls), with whom was .said to be the brother of Wannalancet, and carried him with all his trilie to Canada. They did no damage to the English, however, although they had suffered so many provocations, and now enjoyed such an opportunity for revenge, " being restrained as is supposed by Wannalancet." After this for a time the settler enjoyed the blessings of peace. He no longer feared an ambuscade in every thicket, nor listened in the night watches for the prowling footsteps or the warwhoop of a dusky foe. Charles II., the Merry Monarch of England, and Eouis XIV. of France were at war no longer. The " Treaty of Nimguen". 519. SJuly ji, 1678. !1 [ N. H. Hist. Coll., 223. 274 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. these towns and other places adjacent to discover the enemies' niotions, and to take, surprise, or destroy them as they shall have opportunity." July 5, 1689, another company of fifty men was sent to Dunstable and I^ancaster as a reinforcement and twenty men to Major Henchman at Pawtucket, as a guard for the settlers. vSeveral matters seemed to render an attack upon Dunstable imminent, but the timely warning to Major Henchman, the mounted scouts, the garrisons and the precautions of the settlers baffled all the wiles of the savages and the danger passed away. "On Nov. 29, 1690, a truce was agreed upon until the first of May, which was strictly observed, and the inhabitants passed the winter without attack and in security." But in the summer of 1691 the dogs of war were again let loose. Small scouting parties attacked many of the settlements. Dike beasts of prey they came without warning and retired without detection. Hostile Indians suddenly appeared in the town and attacked the house of Joseph Hassell senior, on the evening of Sept. 2, 1691. Hassell, his wife, Anna Hassell. their son, Benjamin Hassell' and Mary Marks, daughter of Patrick Marks, were slain and scalped. Thev were all buried upon a little knoll where Hassell's house stood, and a rough stone or boulder marks the spot.* This stone or boulder bears the following inscription :t Site of Indian Massacre of Hassell Family. Sept. 2, 1691. " On the morning of September 28 the Indians made another attempt, and killed Obadiah Perry and Christopher Temple. There is a rock in the channel of Nashua river now covered bv the flowage of the water, about thirty rods above the upper mill of the Na.shua corporation, which was called • Temple's Rock,' and was reputed to be near the spot of his murder. It is said that they were also buried upon the spot just described. Perry was one of the founders of the church and a .son-m-law of Hassell. All of these are original settlers, active, useful and influential men, and all of them town ofiicers, chosen but a few weeks previous. ''The actors in those scenes have passed away and even tradition has been forgotten The onlv bv t^e Re' J"w t ^^\7^""^f "-^ °f the massacre, is the following scrap, noted down probably by the Rev. Mr. Weld, not long after it occurred :— ^ y " Anno Domini 1691. Joseph Hassell, senior, ) were slain bv our Indian Anna Hassell, his wife, \ enemies on Sept. 2nd in Benj.' H.assell, their son, ) the evening. the eve'lh'J ^'"""^ '''' '"^''" "' ''"''"''" ""-"""'' "^^ ^'^^" ^^' ^^^ ^"^^^ ^^^ ^ S^P^- -^d, m th. t"*^T'''-'^J'T'''"'! Christopher Temple dyed by the hand of our Indian enemies September the twenty eighth day m the morning." v^cpLcmuer " ^t Ais time there were several garrisons in Dun.stable, and a number of soldiers stationed there men Mr 7' " '"'"" ' " "'""^ °' ^'"^ '^^^^^^^^"^ "^^'^^ ^ ^ ^°^1--. ' Dunstable town, seven a Hol^en-s b"'^T"""' "" """ ' ""'^""'^ ^o^'-rA's, three men; Edward Colburn's, (p^bab v at Holden s brook) four men ; and at Sargeant Varnum's four men.' These continued n the pa • and service of the country until Nov. 17, 1692, and perhaps still longer % ^ ' The war lasted till 1698, when a treaty of peace was concluded between France and En^^land ^-xi iQi.s time and for fifty years after its settlement, Dunstable was a * Hassell's house stood on the north bank of Hassell's brook for Wal^v k 1 more than sixty rods from where it empties into Salmon brool "' '* " "°" — ^^^^ called) not t The writer has been unable to learn with certaintv wV,e„ „ 1 ,. boulder, but vouches for its having been thrrelTeptelj^ "' "'°'" *'^ '°^"'P*'°" ^™^ Pl-ed upon the } Mass. Military Records, 1692. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 275 frontier town, and during the greater jiortion of this time, the country was involved in an Indian war. With nothing but a dense wilderness between the savages and the inliabitants, they were constantly exposed to surprise and massacre. •■ Dunstable must have been peculiarly fortunate to have escaped scatheless, while Dover, Ports- mouth, Ivxfter, Durham, Haverliill, Andover, liillerica, Lancaster and Groton, upon both sides of us, and even in the interior were ravaged almost yearly. This is not at all probable, and though most of the private and local history of that day is forgotton, we find vague hints in ancient chronicles and records, and vaguer traditions, nameless and dateless, which indicate that the story of Dunstable, if full)' told, would be a thrilling romance." It seems to be proper to insert here some legendary or traditional hi.story of Joe Kuglish, a Irieudly Indian, who resided in Dunstable. He was a grandson of Masconnomet, sagamore of Agawam, (Ipswich, Mass.), and as such was noted and influential. Belknap says, "He was much distinguished for his attachment to the white inhabitants. In a previous war (to that of 1703) he had been taken prisoner in the vicinity of Dunstable and carried to Canada, from whence, by his shrewd- ness and sagacitN', he effected his escape and returned to his friends at Dunstable." Joe English was quite a hero in these regions in those days, and a hill in New Boston, very abrupt on one side, and a pond in Amherst are still called by his name. A tradition is current that Joe was once pursued by an Indian on this hill, and finding it impossible to escape otherwise, he allowed his pursuer to approach him very closely and then ran directly toward the precipice, threw himself suddenly down upon a large ledge with which he was familiar, while his pursuer, unable to arrest his course and unconscious of danger, was dashed to pieces at the bottom. Many other anecdotes are related of Joe but our space will not permit their repetition. One of the traditions leads us to believe that a party of English was attacked by the Indians on Pennichuck brook in the north part of Dunstable and all were killed except four persons, one of whom was Joe English, whom they took prisoner and sent to Canada whence he escaped and returned to duty as a soldier at Dunstable. Whether or not the numerous stories told of this faithful Indian friend of the whites are authentic, they can not be vouched for. We know that he was captured and escaped from captivity, but how or when no record discloses. " It appears from a grant made bj- the general court of Massachusetts, June 14, 1698, to 'Joseph English an Indian escaped from French captivity' that he had just returned, and the sum of £6 was allowed him as a recompense for his services."* On July 27, 1706, Joe English was slain by the Indians while acting with another soldier as escort or guard to Captain Butterfield and his wife on a visit from Dunstable to friends in Chelmsford. The attack was made a little south of the state line, at or near Holden's brook. "Many stories were related of his courage, fidelity and hairbreadth escapes. His death was lamented as a public loss. The general assembly made a grant to his widow and two children ' because he died in the service of his country.'! His memory, though humble, was long cherished as one who fell by the hands of his own brethren on account of his friendship for the whites." It was also during this war, in 1697, that Mrs. Du.stin was captured at Haverhill, and escaped by killing her captors while they were asleep at the mouth of the Contoocook river in Concord, N. H.J This was considered one of the most remarkable and heroic exploits on record. In her lonely wander- ings down the Merrimack homeward the first house she reached was that of John Eovewell, father of "worthy- Captain Lovewell," which stood on the north side of Salmon tirook a few rods north of the Allds street bridge. Although Dunstable suffered little during the war from actual injuries, yet con.stant exposure to the tomahawk and scalping knife and the fre(|uent alarms preventeil its growth. In i6,So there were thirty families in the town, while in 1701 the number did not exceed twenty-five. The settlement had more than once been nearly deserted and very few improvements were made. "E;arl\- in the summer of 1706, Colonel Scluuler of Albany gave notice to Governor Dudley of New Hampshire, that a party of Mohawks, two hundred and seventy in number, were marching to attack Piscataqua. 'Their first descent was at Dunstable, July 3, 1706, where they fell on a house • Mass. Military Record, 169S, Journals, 590. t Joe English's signature was a bow with the arrow drawn to its head. History of Rowley, 373, 381. t A handsome monument with suitable inscription was erected in the year 1874, near the mouth of the Contoocook river to commemorate this exploit. 2y6 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. that hadtwentv troopers posted in it, who by their negligence and folly, keeping no watch, suffered them to enter, which tended to the destruction of one-half their number. '* This was, it is said, at 'the Weld garrison.' " "A more particular account of this attack has been preserved which is as follows. These troopers, who were mounted scouts, ' had been ranging the woods in the vicinity and came towards night to this garrison. Apprehending no danger, they turned their horses loose upon the interval, piled their arms and harness in the house, and began a carousal to exhilarate their spirits after the fatigues of the day. A party of Indians had lately arrived in the vicinity, and on that day had designed to attack both Weld's and fJalusha's garrisons. One of their number had been stationed to watch each of these garrisons, to see that no assistance approached and no alarm was given. A short time previous to the approach of the cavalry the Indian stationed at Weld's had retired to his party, and reported that all was safe. "At sunset a Mr. Cununings and his wife went out to milk tlieir cows, and left the gate open. The Indians who had advanced undiscovered, started up, shot Mrs. Cummings dead upon the spot, and wounded her husband. They then rushed through the open gate into the house with all the horrible yells of conquering savages, but started with amazement on finding the room filled with soldiers merrilv feasting. Both parties w^ere completely amazed, and neither acted with much propriety. The soldiers, so suddenly interrupted in their jovial entertainment, found themselves called to fight when entirely destitute of arms, and incapable of obtaining them. " The greater part were panic struck and unable to fight or fly. Fortunately all were not in this sad condition. Some six or seven courageous souls, with chairs, clubs, or whatever they could seize upon, furiously attacked the advancing foe. The Indians, who were as much surprised as the soldiers, had but little more courage than they, and immediately took to their heels for safety ; thus quitting the house defeated by one quarter their number of unarmed men. The trumpeter, who was in the upper part of the house when the attack commenced, seized his trumpet and began sounding an alarm, when he was shot dead by an Indian upon the stairway. He was the only one of the party killed. " Cummings who was wounded had his arm broken, but was so fortunate as to reach the woods while the Indians were engaged in the house. That night he lay in a swamp in the northerl}^ part of Tyngsborough, about a quarter of a mile west of the great road, and a few rods south of the state line. The next day he arrived at the garrison near Tyngsborough village. 't " There were several of these garrisons in town to which the inhabitants fled in tinres of danger like the present, and where they usually spent their nights. ' The\' were environed by a strong wall of stone or of hewn timber built up to the eaves of the houses, through which was a gate fastened by bars and bolts of iron. They were lined either with brick or plank. Some of them had port holes for the discharge of musketry.' They were generally built of logs, and had the upper story projecting three or four feet beyond the lower story walls, for the purpose of greater security. t "This last account of the attack contradicts that of Penhallow in some particulars, but as Penhal- low, who wrote the history of the Indian wars of that period, was an officer, and a cotemporary, his statement that half the number of troopers were destroyed is most probably correct. The circum- stances of the surprise corroborate it. In a cotemporary journal of Rev. John Pike of Dover, the attack is thus mentioned: 'July 3, 1706, Captain Pearson of Rowley marching with his troops to Dunstable, and being posted with part of his troops at one Blanchard's house, while they were at supper in the chamber, the enemy had slyly turned Blanchard's sheep into his corn, which he and his wife going out to restore, were both slain. The doors and gates being open, the enemy entered the house, killed Pearson's trumpeter with three other troopers, and wounded five more. At last they were driven out of the house with the loss of one Indian. Pearson was much blamed for not setting his sentinels out.'S ♦ Penhallow. i N. H. Hist. Coll., 48, 49. ti N. H., Hist. Coll. 133. J Allen's Chelmsford, 148. Si Pike's Journal. 3 N. 11. Hist. Coll. 56. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 277 "There is discrepancy and confusion in these accounts, probably arising from the fact that two attacks are blended together. Penhallow is probably correct in his statement that the conflict with the troopers, and the death of Mrs. Cummings occurred at Cunimings' house. HIanchard's garrison was at some distance fro-.: this scene, and he with most of his family, and others not mentioned by Penhallow or Pike, were killed at the same time, as appears by the following extracts from the ancient records of the town. From these it would .seem that the garrisons were attacked ' at night.' ■• Nathaniel Hlanchard dyed on July the 3rd at night 1706. Lydia Blanchard, wife of Nathaniel Blanchard, and .Susanna Blanchard, daughter Nath'l Blanchard, dyed on July 3 at night in the year 1706. " Mrs. Hannah Blanchard dyed on July the 3rd at night in the year 1706. "Goody Cunimings, the wife of John Cummings died on July the third at night, 1706. " Rachel Galusha died on July the 3rd, 1706. "After that, on the same day," says Penhallow, "a small party attacked Daniel Galusha's house, who held them in play for some time till the old man's courage failed, when on surrendering himself he informed them of the state of the garrison ; how that one man was killed and only two men and a boy left, which caused them to rally anew and with greater courage than before. Upon which one man and the boy got on the outside, leaving only Jacob (Galusha) to fight the battle, who for some time defended himself with much bravery, but overpowered with force and finding none to assist him, was obliged to quit and make the best escape he could. But before he got far the enemy laid hold of him once again, and yet by much struggling he rescued himself. Upon this dav they burned the house, and next day fell on Amesbury."* "Galusha's garri.son was about two miles west of Weld's garrison on Salmon brook, at a place formerly called Glasgow, where Henry Turrell now lives. t Pike mentions the attack, but in a manner to show that our accounts are very imperfect. ' Near about the same time, or soon after, they assaulted another house belonging to Jacob Galusha, a Dutchman. The house was burned, some persons were killed and some escaped. The whole number said to have been slain in Dunstable at this time was nine persons. " + "In a note to ' Penhallow's Indian Wars,' by John Farmer, the following more particular account of this attack is given : 'The savages disappointed in this part of their plan, (the attack on Weld's garrison) immediately proceeded to Galusha's, two miles di.stant took po.s.session of and burned it. One woman only escaped. Had the company at Weld's armed and immediately pursued they might probablj- have prevented this disaster : btit they spent so mticli time in arming and getting their horses, that the enemy had an opportunity to perpetrate the mischief, and escape nninjured." " The woman above mentioned, when the Indians attacked the house, sought refuge in the cellar and concealed herself under a dry cask. After hastily plundering the house, and murdering, as they suppo.sed, all who were within it, the Indians set it on fire, and immediately retired. The woman, in this critical situation attempted to escape by the window but found it too small. She however succeeded in loosening the stones till she had opened a hole sufficient to admit of her passage, and with the house in flames over her head, she forced herself out and crawled into the bushes, not daring to rise for fear she should be discovered. In the bushes she lay concealed until the next day, when she reached one of the neighboring garrisons. "is " In the records of the general court of Massachusetts, mention is made se\eral times of these conflicts. The sum of ^4 was granted to 'Robert Rogers of Rowley,' who was 'one of Captain Peirson's company when attacked bj- the Indians at Dunstable, and was wounded by a spear run into his breast. 'II The sum of ^lo was also allowed to Captain Peirson, ' for the scalp of an Indian enemy slain the last summer b}- him and his company at Dunstable, to be by him distributed and paid to such of his troops, and the inhabitants of said town, that were at the garrison when and where the Indian was slain.' " * I X. H. Hi.st. Coll. 49. t Henry Turrell at the age of ninety years now (September, 1895,) lives on tlie same farm where his father, the Henry Turrell mentioned here, lived and died. — [Kd.] * Pike's Journal. 3 N. H. Hist. Coll. 56. His name was Daniel. § I N. H. Hist. Coll. 133 : note, i Uelknap, 173 : note. I Mass. Military Records. May 26, 1707. 278 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. INDIAN WARS FROM 17O3 TO 1713- " In the summer of 1702, it was proposed by the general court to build a trading house for the Indians and a fortified garrison 'at Wataanuck,'* as the settlement at Salmon brook was then called, but owing to the lateness of the season the intention was not accomplished. " Oct. 24, 1702, Governor Dudley informed the house of representatives that he was going to Dunstable on Monday to meet several of the Penacook Indians there, ' who were come to speak with him.' He was absent until October 29, but the results of his interview whatever they might be, did not allay the fears of the general court. Believing from the movements of the Indians that prepara- tions for the defence of the frontiers should be made, they passed the following order :t " ' Nov. 10, 1702. The winter being too far advanced for the erecting of a trading house for the supply of the Indians at Penacook, and for fortifying the garrison at Wataanuck in the count}- of Middlesex — Resolved, that a convenient house next adjoining thereto, such as his excellency shall direct, be fitted up and fortified for that purpose with hewn timber and a suitable garrison posted there for the defence thereof ; the fortification not to exceed forty feet square." "This was probably the old fort, or 'Queen's Garrison,'! as it was called, which stood about sixtv rods easterly of Main street in Nashua, and about as far northerly of Salmon brook, near a cluster of oaks on the premises now owned by Elbridge G. Reed. Some traces of the fort were to be seen until within a few years. Here a small garrison was posted, as appears by the following return to the governor and council, dated Dec. 25, 1702, which contains the list of the soldiers then at the garrison. S "William Tyng, lieutenant; John Bowers, sergeant; Joseph Butterfield, drummer; John Spalding, John Cummings, Joseph Hassell, Ebenezer Spalding, Daniel Galusha, Paul Fletcher, Samuel French, Thomas Lund. " Jox.vthan Tvng, Lt. -Colonel." "In 1703 war was renewed between France and England. It lasted until 1713, and was called ' Queen Anne's War.' The Indians, as usual, took part with the French, and in August, 1703, a general attack was made upon all the frontier settlements. Terror and devastation reigned every- where. Within a few weeks more than two hundred whites were either killed or captured. The general assembly being sensibly affected by these massacres, offered a bounty of /'40 for every Indian scalp. ' Captain Tyng was the first who embraced the tender. He went in the depth of winter, (1703-4,) to their headquarters, at (Pequawket,) and got five for which he received two hundred pounds. 1| " He afterwards became a major, and it is said 'was a true lover of his country, and very often distinguished himself as a gentleman of good valor and conduct. 'II The Indians did not forget the slaughter of their friends, or their national law of blood for blood, although its execution might be long delayed. In 17 10 he was waylaid b}- them between Concord and Groton, and so severely wounded that he soon after died.** "It was probably soon after the commencement of this war that the garrison of Robert Parris was surprised, and himself and family massacred. He lived in the southerly part of Nashua, on the Main road, on the farm which adjoined that of Rev. Mr. Weld on the north. tt He was a large landed proprietor, and had been selectman and representative of the town. 'The Indians in one of their predatory excursions attacked his house, and killed him, his wife, and oldest daughter. Two small girls, who composed the rest of his family, ran down cellar, and crawled under an empty hogshead. The savages plundered the house, struck with their tomahawks upon the hogshead, but neglected to examine it, and departed leaving the house unburned, probably fearing that the flames would alarm *This name, or rather Watananuck, was the one given by the Indians to the falls in the Merrimack near Taylor's falls l)ridge ; to the little pond in Hudson about a mile easterly of these falls ; to Salmon brook and Sandy pond ; and to the whole plain in which Nashua Village in Nashua now stands. It is the same word as Outanic. t Military Records, 1702, page 336. X Queen Anne. § Mass. Military Records, 1702. 11 Penhallow. i N. H. Hist. Coll. 27. This was Capt. John Tyng, eldest son of Col. Jonathan Tyug of this town. tPeuhallow. i N. H. Hist. Coll. 60. **Allen's Chelmsford, 35. tt Proprietary Records of Dunstable. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 279 the neighbors. The orphan girls were sent to Charlestowu, Mass. , and there brought up. One of them married a Richardson, and the other a Goffe, father of the celebrated Colonel Goffe, whose posterity are numerous in this vicinit\-.* "In January, 1706, 'the trading house at Wataanuck in Dunstable, being now u.seless, they (the house of representatives,) were not willing to continue to support a garrison there. To which his excellency returned answer, that he made no further use thereof than as a convenient post for lodging some of the persons being under pay and at hand for the relief of Groton and the near parts upon an attack, and for scouting, and not as a fortress or garrison.' From this circumstance, at this time probably little danger was anticipated. "In April, 1706, the sum of /,"io was granted by the general assembly to Samuel Butterfield who had been 'taken captive by the Indians, cruelly treated, and stripped of all, having killed one of them, and knocked down two others, after they seized him. ' No hint is given of the time or place of capture. "After the date when Joe English was slain (July 27, 1706), we find no further mention of dam- age done by the Indians in Dunstable for several years, although many bloody attacks were made upon other neighboring and frontier towns. There were incursions, indeed, and alarms, for in March, 17 10, it was 'voted and agreed upon by the inhabitants that the selectmen should take care in order to obtain some help and assistance from the country, by a petition to the general court.' This was done only incases of great emergency. A company of 'snow men' were kept scouting, and ordered here for the protection of the settlement, under Colonel Tyng, and garrisons established at several places at which the settlers dwelt. The history of the frontiers until the close of Queen Anne's war in 1713, is but a series of attacks, burnings, captivities and massacres. 'From 1675 to 1 7 14 it is estimated that Massachusetts and New Hampshire lost 6000 young men and male children, including those killed and those who were made captives without ever being recovered.' " In November, 171 1, the inhabitants still lived principally in garrison houses, where soldiers under the pay of the colony were stationed constantly for their defence. From a return of the number, location, and situation of these garrisons made to the general court at that time, it appears that there were seven garrisons, containing thirteen families and eight^'-six persons, in this town. This perhaps did not include the whole number of families in town. If it did, the number had dimini.shed more than one-half since 16S0, so disastrous had been the effects of the long and bloody wars. " The following is a list of the garrisons, number of families, number of male inhabitants in each garrison, number of soldiers stationed in each garrison, and the whole number of inhabitants in each garrison. 'The Queen's garrison' was probably Wataanuck at Salmon brook. t Names or (iarrisons. h p-a % 2, 1 — I 2 3 4 % 7 Col. (Jonathan) Tyng's, Mr. Henry Farvvell's, Mr. (John) Cunimintrs' Col. (Sam'l) Whiting's, . Mr. (Thomas) Lund's, Queen's Garrison, Mr. (John ) Sollendine's. Total I 3 2 3 I 2 I I 3 2 ° I 6 2 2 I 4 4 8 28 21 8 21 13 ^ It) S6 " It was probably some time during this war that Richard Hasscll, a son of Joseph Hassell killed in 1691, was taken captive by Indians on Long hill in the .south part of the town and carried to Canada. * Parris is not improbably the same name as Pierce, since Jan. 8, 1702, we find recorded under marriage of Jane Pierce, alir Parris. — Town Records. t Mass. Mili ary Records, 1711. 28o HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. •■ Thus feeble and suffering had been the condition of the settlement for many years. Fear and desolation reigned everywhere. Compelled to dwell in garrisons, and to labor at the constant peril of life, how could the settlers thrive? Dunstable was scarcely more advanced in 1714 than it was in 1680. so disastrous had been the effects of the long and bloody wars. Many of the most useful inhabitants had been slain or taken captive, heads of families especially. Some had removed to places more secure from Indian depredation, and deserted all. Few, very few emigrated to what might well be termed ' the dark and bloody ground,' and it was no time for marriage feasts when the bridal procession might at every step become a funeral one, and the merry laugh be drowned by the rifle and the war whoop. "The war on the part of the Indians," says Bancroft, " was one of ambushes and surprises. They never met the English in open field ; but always, even if eight fold in number, fled timorously before infantry. But they were secret as beasts of prey, skillful marksmen, and in part provided with fire- arms, fleet of foot, conversant with all the paths of the forest, patient of fatigue, and mad with a passion for rapine, \-engeance and destruction : retreating into swamps for their fastnesses, or hiding in the greenwood tliickets, where the leaves muffled the eyes of the pursuer. " By the rapiditv of their descent they seemed omnipresent among the scattered villages, which they ravaged like a passing storm, and for years they kept all New h^ngland in a state of alarm and excitement. The exploring party was way-laid and cut off, and the mangled carcasses and disjointed limlisof the dead were hung upon the trees toterrif>- pursuers. The laborer in the field, the reapers as they went forth to the harvest, men as they went to mill, the shepherd's boy among the sheep, were shot down by skulking foes whose approach was in\-isible. " Who can tell the heavy hours of woman? The mother if left alone in the house feared the tomahawk for herself and children. On the sudden attack the husband would fly with one child, the wife with another, and perhaps one only escape. The village cavalcade making its way to meeting on Sunday, in files on horseback, the farmer holding his bridle in one hand and a child in the other, his wife seated on a pillion behind him, it may be with a child in her lap as was the fashion in those days, could not proceed safely, but at the moment when least expected bullets would come whizzing by them, discharged with fatal aim from an ambuscade b>- the wayside. The forest that protected the ambush of the Indians secured their retreat. They hung upon the skirts of the English villages ' like light- ning on the edge of the cloud.' "* "' Did they surprise a garrison ? Ouicklw' writes Mary Rowlandson of Lancaster, ' it was the dolefullest day that ever mine eyes saw. Now the dreadful hour is come. Some in our house were fighting for their lives : others wallowing in blood : the house on fire over our heads, and the bloody heathen ready to knock us on the head if we stirred out. I took my children to go forth, but the Indians shot so thick that the bullets rattled against the house as if they had thrown a handful of stones. We had six stout dogs but not one of them would stir.' " ' The bullets flying thick, one went through my side, and through my poor child in m\- arms.' The brutalities of an Indian massacre followed. 'There remained nothing to me,' she continues being in captivity, ' but one poor wounded babe. Down I must sit in the snow with my sick child, the picture of death, in m}- lap. Not the least crumb of refreshing came within either of our mouths from Wednesday night till Saturday night, excepting only a little cold water. One Indian, and then a second, and then a third would come and tell me : Your master will quickly knock your child on the head. This was the comfort I had from them ; miserable comforters were they all."t " Such was the life of the early settlers of Dunstalile, and could our plans unfold the bloody scenes and heart touching events which have here taken place, their stor\' would be as .strange and thrilling as that of Mary Rowlandson. These scenes have indeed passed away, and their actors are well nigh forgotten, but we ought never to forget that our soil has bsen sprinkled with their blood, and that to them we owe most of the blessings which we enjoy." * 2 Bancroft's United .States, 102. t Mary Rowlandson's Narrative, 12 — 15. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 281 INDIAN ATTACK OF 1724. The story of Indian massacre in the year 1724, as narrated by Mr. Fox, is so clear, concise and authentic that the editor of this chapter will quote it bodily, eliminating therefrom such passages only as are not deemed essential for this historj-. " After the close of Queen Anne's War, by the ratification of the treaty of peace between France and England, at I'trecht, a treaty was made with the Indians at Portsmouth, N. H., in July, 1713, and quiet reigned throughout the frontiers for many years. The emigrants pushed their settlements farther and farther into the wilderness, and the smoke curling up from many a cabin along the green hillsides, and in the rich valleys, gave signs of advancing civilization. The distant Indians, however, were still hostile and treacherous, although, being deserted by France, they were compelled to make peace. "In 1717 they began to be more and more in.solent, killing the cattle and threatening the lives of the settlers, and occasioned so much alarm that a fast was ordered. These outrages were imputed to the instigations of the French missionaries, the Jesuits, who were jealous of the growth of the English plantations. In August, 17 17, however, a congress was held with them at Arrowsick on the Kennebec river, and the treaty of 17 13 was renewed.* This apparent friendship lasted but a .short time, owing, as was said, to the advice of Father Rasle and the Jesuits, for in 1720 they began to threaten again, and in June, 1722, attacked the settlement at Merry Meeting bay, on the southern shore of L,ake Winnipisiogee, and ' carried off nine families. 't "During all the previous Indian wars, Dunstable was the frontier town, and therefore exposed to greater dangers than its more interior neighbors. Now other settlements had commenced beyond us, although yet in their infancy, and incapable of affording much protection. As early as 1710 settlements were made in Hudson. Londonderry (then called Nutfield) was settled in 1719, and Litchfield (then called Brenton's Farm, or by its ancient Indian name, Naticook) in 1720. Chester was also settled in 1720, and Merrimack and Pelham in 1722. During the years 1722-3-4, frequent ravages were committed and much alarm excited. As we look around on our beautiful villages and thicklj' peopled towns, we can scarceh' realize that a little more than a century ago the yell of the Indian was heard even here, and the shriek of the murdered settler went up to heaven with the flames of his desolated home. " In the summer of 1723 the Indians attacked Dover and Lamprey river, and, fearing an attack upon the settlements in this vicinity, a garrison of thirty men was posted in Dun.stable. It was still considered a frontier town, and was the rendezvous of all the scouting parties which traversed the valleys of the Merrimack and the Nashua. The scouts were drafted from the different regiments, and were con.stantly out upon excursions against the Indians. In November, 1723, Capt. Daniel Peeker arrived at Dunstable with such a company from Haverhill, and having received recruits here, marched to Pennichook brook, Souhegan, Anconoonook hills, Piscataquog, Amoskeag, Annahooksit, Contookook, Cohasset, (Goffe's Falls) and Beaver brook, but 'discovered no enemy.' A small party was sent out by him 'under the command of Jonathan Robbins of Dunstable,' and were gone several days but without success. J " At the same time a company under the connnand of Lieut. Jabez Fairbanks of Groton was also scouting up and down the Nashua. In this company were six men from Dunstable, viz : Joseph Blanchard, Thomas Lund, Isaac Farwell, Ebenezer Cummiugs, John Usher, and Jonathan Combs. Upon a petition from the selectmen of the town, stating its exposed situation, and the necessity that they should be allowed to stay at home to guard it, they were all discharged, upon the condition, however, that thej- should perform duty at Dunstable. S " In the winter and .spring of 1724, Lieutenant Fairbanks and his comijany were scouting al)out ' Nashuway river,' ' Nisiti.sit hills,' 'The Mines,' or Mine falls, ' Penichuck pond,' 'Naticook,' ' Soulieganock,' ' Nesenkeag,' ' Dunstaljle meeting house,' and other places in this vicinity. In *Penhallow. i N. H. Hist. Coll., 89. i Helknap, 189. t Belknap, 201. t Mass. Recorils, Journals of Scouts, pai?e 47. Robbins was a volunteer, and a lieutenant under Captain I.ovowell iu 1725. §Mass. Military Records, 1723, pages 1 11-145. 282 HISTORY OF NASHUA, X. H. Mav, 1724, men were at work planting both north and west of Nashua ri\-er, and a part of this company were posted here as a garrison.* " In Auo-ust, 1724, the English sent a body of troops to attack the Indian town at Xorridgewock, Me. The town was surprised, and a large number of Indians slain, together with Father Ra.sle, the Jesuit, their priest, who was considered by the English as the instigator of all these outrages. By this attack the eastern Indians were much alarmed and weakened. But about this time a party of French Mohawks, to the number of seventy, made an incursion into this neighborhood. ' September 4, they fell on Dunstable and took two in the evening. Next morning Lieutenant French with fourteen men went in pursuit of them, l)Ut being waylaid, both he and one-half of his men were destroyed. After this as many more of a fresh company engaged them, but the enemy being much superior in number, overpowered them, with the loss of one man killed and four wounded. 't A more particular account of this mournful event has been preserved and collected from various sources with much care and labor. It must prove interesting, at least to the descendants of the actors in these scenes, many of whom still reside among us, and may serve to make us all realize more fully the nature, extent and worth of the sufferings of these into who.se labors we have entered." "The two captives mentioned above were Nathan Cross and Thomas Blanchard. They had been engaged in the manufacture of turpentine on the north side of the Nashua, near the spot where the upper part of the city now stands, and were seized while at work and carried off by the Indians. As there were at that time no houses or settlements on that side of Nashua river at that place, these men had been in habit of returning every night to lodge in a saw mill on the south side of the river. This mill was probably John Lovewell's which .stood on Salmon brook at the bridge, by the house of Miss Allds, the mud sills of which are now visible. The night following their capture they came not as usual, and an alarm was given, as it was feared they had fallen into the hands of the Indians. "A party consisting of ten of the principal inhabitants of the place, beside their leader, started in pursuit of them under the direction of Eieut. Ebenezer French. In this company was Josiah Farwell, who was next year lieutenant at Pequawkett under Eovewell. When this party arrived at the spot where these men had been laboring, the\' found the hoops of the barrels cut and the turpen- tine spread upon the ground. From certain marks made upon the trees with wax mixed with grease, they understood that the men were taken and carried off alive. " In the course of the examination, Farwell perceived that the turpentine had not ceased spreading and called the attention of his comrades to this circumstance. They concluded that the Indians had been gone but a short time and must Ise near and decided on instant pursuit. Farwell advised them to take a circuitous route to avoid an ambush ; but unfortunateh' he and French a short time before had a misunderstanding and were then at variance. French imputed this advice to cowardice and cried out, ' I am going to take the direct path ; if any of you are not afraid let him follow me.' French led the way and the whole of the party followed, Farwell following in the rear. " Their route was up the Merrimack towards which they bent their course to look for their horses upon the intervals. At the brookt near Satwych's (now Thornton's) Ferr}- they were waylaid. The Indians fired upon them and killed the larger part instantly. A few fled, but were overtaken and destroyed. French was killed about a mile from the place of action under an oak tree lately standing in a field belongiilg to John Lund of Merrimack. Farwell in the rear, seeing those before him fall, sprung behind a tree, discharged his piece and ran. Two Indians pursued him. The chase was vigorously maintained for some time, without either gaining much advantage, till Farwell passing- through a thicket, the Indians lost sight of him, and probably fearing he might have loaded again, they desisted from farther pursuit. He was the onl>- one of the company that escaped. "A company from the neighborhood immediately mustered and proceeded to the fatal spot to find the bodies of their friends and townsmen. Eight of them were found and conveyed to the burying place. 'Coffins were prepared for them and they were decently interred in one capacious grave.' The * Mass. Records, Jourual of Scouts, page 51. t Penhallow. 1 N. H. Hist. Coll., 109. t Naticook l)rook, the stream which crosses the road just above Thornton's. The scene of the andjush must have been near the present highway. ///STORY OF N.lS//(/A, N. H. 2^^ names of these persons given in tlie Boston News Letter were Lieut. Ebenezer French, Thcn.as Lun.l Oliver Farwell and Kbene/er Cnnimings who belonged to Dunstable, and all of whom excei)ling the last, left widows and children, Daniel Baldwin and John Burbank of Woburn and Mr. Johnson of I'lainfield. •• Cross and lihuK-hanl, lla- fir.st named, were carried to Canada; alter remaining there some time they succeeded, by their own exertions, in effecting their redemption, and returned home.'* The gun owned and use.l by Cross was carefully preserved by his descendants, and is now in the possession of the Xashua Historical society. '■The place of their interment was the ancient l)urial ground near tlie stale line, in whicli there is a monument still standing, with the following inscrijition, copied verbatim et literatim. " Memento Mori. Here lies the body of Mr. Tlioiiuus I, unci who departed this life Sept. 5th 1724 in the 42ud year of his age. This man with seven more that lies in this grave was slew all in a day by The Indians." "Three other grave stones stand close beside the aljove, very ancient, moss covered and almost illegible. One was erected to ' Lt. Oliver Farwell, aged 33 years; ' one to ' Mr. Ivbene/.er Cummings, aged 29 years,' and one to ' Mr. Benjamin Carter, aged 23 years.' "It is related by Penhallow, that after the first attack 'a fre.sh company engaged them" but were overpowered 'with the loss of one killed and four wounded.' The Indians, elated with their success, moved forward to Nashua river, and this second fight is said to have taken place at the ancient fordway, where the highway crossed the Nashua, and very near its mouth. It was i)robably at this time that the circumstance occurred which has given to that portion of the village its name. Tradition reports that the Indians were on the north side of the river and the hjiglish on the south, and that after the fight had lasted a long time across the stream without decisive result, l)oth parties drew off, and that after the Indians had departed, upon a large tree which stood by the river .side, near the Concord railroad bridge, the figure of an Indian's head was found carved bv them, as if in defiance. Such was the origin of 'Indian Heatl.' "There is another version of the account, indeed, which relates, that a fight once took place there between the whites and the Indians; that the latter were defeated, and all of them supposed to be slain; but that one escaped, and carved upon a tree the Indian head as a taunt and a threat of vengeance. "Sometime during this year, William Lund, 'being in the service of his country, was taken prisoner by the Indian enemy and carried into captivity, where he suffered great hardshijis and was obliged to pa}- a great price for his ransom.' The time, place and circumstances of his capture and return are not known, and this brief record is all that remains. "t Lovewell's war and Lovewell's fight have always been surrounded with a halo of romance. An expedition in the fall of 1724 was incepted and led b}- Capt. John Lovewell of Dunstable against the Pequawketts, a fierce tribe of Indians that had their headquarters in the region between Lake Winni- pisiogee in New Hampshire and a pond near Fryeburg, Me., since known as Lovewell's pond. Inasmuch as the bold Captain Lovewell and several of his men were from Dunstable, it is deemed pardonable to insert herein something more than a mere reference to that war and to the bloody and fatal fight at Pigwacket, in which the brave leader was shot dead, "pierced through by an Indian ball " and the whole company defeated. As narrated by Mr. Fox, the story is as follows : — \ "In consequence of this attack, and of the devastation everywhere committed by the Indians, John Lovewell, Josiah Farwell and Jonathan Robbins petitioned the general as.sembly of Massachu- setts for leave to raise a company and to scout against the Indians. The original petition, signed by them is still on file in the office of the secretary of state in Boston, and is as follows.- — *l!elknap, 207: note. Maiuiscript correetions thereof Iiy John I'armer, in the possession of the late Isaac Spalding. t Mass. Military Records, 1734. t Fox's History, page no, et seq. 284 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. "The humble memorial of John Lovell, Josiah Farwell, Jonathan Robbins, all of Dunstable, sheweth : " That your petitioners, with near forty or fifty others, are inclinable to range and to keep out in the woods for several months together, in order to kill and destroy their enemy Indians, provided thev can meet with incouragement suitable. And your petitioners are imployed and desired by many others, humbly to propose and submit to your honors' consideration, that if such soldiers may be allowed five shillings per day, in case they kill any enemy Indian and possess their scalp, they will imploy themselves in Indian hunting one whole year, and if within that time they do not kill any, they are content to be allowed nothing for their wages, time and trouble. John Lovewell, Josiah Farwell, •■ Dunstable, Nov., 1724." Jonathan Robbins." " Lovewell* was a man of great courage and fond of engaging in adventurous enterprises. He was particularly successful in hunting wild animals, and in time of war was engaged in exploring the wilderness to find the lurking places of the Indians who ravaged the settlements in New England. His father, it is said, had been an ensign in the army of Cromwell and a soldier under the famous Captain Church in the great Narraganset Swamp fight and his sons inherited his military taste and ardor. This petition was granted, changing the conditions into a bounty of /'loo per scalp. The company was raised and a commission of captain given to Lovewell. They became greatly distin- guished, first by their success and afterwards by their misfortunes. " Lovewell was then in the prime of life and burning with zeal to distinguish himself. With his company of picked men he started upon an excursion into the Indian country. The headquarters of the Pequawketts, a fierce and dangerous tribe, were in the region between Lake Winnipisiogee and the pond in Fryeburg, Me., since known as 'Lovewell's pond.' It was called Pequawkett, is filled with lakes, ponds and .streams affording excellent fi.shing and hunting, and embraces the present towns of Conway, Wakefield, Ossipee, Fryeburg, etc. Dec. 10, 1724, while northward of Lake Winnipi- siogee, the party came ' on a wigwam wherein were two Indians, one of which they killed and the other took, for which they received the promi.sed bounty of one hundred pounds a scalp, and two shillings and si.x pence a da)- besides.'! " Other similar expeditions had been attempted, but without much success. Some had fallen into ambuscades, and some after long and dangerous journeys through the pathless wilderness had returned without meeting an enemy. But the success of Captain Lovewell roused their spirits and he determined upon another excursion. This company was soon augmented to eighty-eight, t He marched again, Feliruary, 1725, and- visiting the place where they had killed the Indian found his body- as they had left it two months before. Their provisions falling short, thirty of them were dismissed by lot and returned home. " The remaining fifty-eight continued their march till the)- discovered a track, which they followed until they saw a smoke just before sunset, by which thej- judged that the enenu' were encamped for the night. This was Feb. 20, 1725. ' They kept themselves concealed till after mid- night, when they silently advanced and discovered ten Indians asleep around a fire by the side of a frozen pond. Lovewell was determined to make sure work, and placing his men convenienth', ordered a part of them to fire, five at once, as quick after each other as possible, and another part to reserve their fire. He gave the signal by firing his own gun, which killed two of them. His men firing according to order killed five more on the spot. The other three starting up from their sleep, two of them were immediately shot dead by the reserve. The other though wounded attempted to escape by crossing the pond, but was seized by a dog and held fa.st till they killed him. " Thus in a few minutes the whole company was destroyed and some attempt against the frontiers of New Hampshire prevented ; for these Indians were making from Canada well furnished with new guns and plenty of ammunition. They had also a number of spare blankets, moccasins and snow- .shoes, for the accommodation of the prisoners which they expected to take, and were within two days march of the frontiers. * This famous Indian fighter was from near Salmon brook in Xashua. t Penhallow. i N. H. Hist. ColL, 100. i Belknap, 208. t So says Report of Committees on the subject in Mass. Records— Towns. 172S. irrsroRY of Nashua, n. h. 285 " The pond where this exploit was performed is at the head of a branch of Salmon Falls river, in the township of Wakefield, and has ever since borne the name of Lovewell's pond. The action is spoken of by elderly people at this distance of time," says Belknap in 1790, from whom the above is chiefly taken, "with an air of exultation, and considering the extreme difficulty of finding and attacking Indians in the woods, and the judicious manner in which they were so completely surprised, it was a capital exploit." "The brave company, witli the ten .scalps stretcheut being superior in numbers they endeavored to surround the party, who, perceiving their intention, retreated hoping to reach a shelter behind a point of rocks which ran into the pond, and a few large pine trees standing on a sandy beach. In this forlorn place they took their station. On their right was the mouth of a brook at that time unfordable; on their left was the rocky point. Their front was partly covered with a deep bog, and partly uncovered, and the pond was in the rear. The enemy galled them in front and in flank, and had thenr so completely in their power, that had they made a prudent use of their advantage, the whole company must either have been killed or obliged to surrender at discretion, being destitute of a mouthful of sustenance, and escape being impractical)le. " Under the conduct of Lieutenant Wyman, they kept up their fire, and showed a resolute countenance all the remainder of the day, during which their chaplain, Jonathan Frye, Ensign Robbins, and one more were mortally wounded. The Indians invited them to surrender by holding up ropes to them, and endeavored to intimidate them by their hideous yells, but they determined to die rather than to yield. By their well directed fire the number of the savages was thinned, and their cries became fainter, till just before night they quitted their advantageous ground, carrying off their killed and wounded, and leaving the dead bodies of Lovewell and his men unscalped. The shattered remnant of this brave company collected themselves together, and found three of their number unable to move from the spot; eleven wounded, but able to march: and nine only who had received no hurt. All the rest, eleven in number, were slain. " It was melancholy to leave their dying companions behind, but there was no possibility of removing them. One of them. Ensign Robbins, t desired them to lay his gun by him charged, that if the Indians should return before his death, he might be able to kill one more. After the rising of the moon they quitted the fatal spot, and directed their march towards the fort, where the surgeon and guard had been left. To their great surprise they found it deserted. In the beginniiig of the action one man (whose name has not been thought worthy to be transmitted,) quitted the field, and fled to the fort. Here, in the style of Job's nressengers, he informed them of Lovewell's death, and the defeat of the whole company, upon which they made the best of their way home, leaving a quantity of l)read and pork, which was a seasonable relief to the retreating survivors. " The fate of the survivors was scarcely less pitiable than that of the dead. ' Lieutenant Farwell, (of Dunstable) and the chaplain, who had the journal of the march in his pocket, perished in the * 1 N. H. Ilisl. Coll., 1 14. I Rdlibiiis livcil on I.oii.i; hill, in the .south pnrt o( Nashua. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 28- woods for want of dressing Ihcir womuls, Mr. I'rye languished three days and died.' ' He was a very worthy and promi.sing young man,' says Penhallow, 'and graduated at Harvard college in 1733.' 'Mr. Farwell held out until the eleventh day, during which time he had nothing to eat but water and a few roots which he chewed.' Josiali Jones 'after long fatigue and hardships got .safe into Saco." Solomon Keyes ' being wounded in three places, lost so much blood as disabled him to stand any longer; but by a strange Providence, as he was creeping away, he saw a canoe in the pond which he rolled himself into, and by a favorable wind, without any a.ssistance of his own, was driven so many miles on, that he got safe into the fort. JUeazer Davis was the last that got in, who, after wandering about many days, and being nearly famished, came at last to Berwick, and' thence to Portsmouth. The others, after enduring the most severe hardshijis, and meeting many providential escapes, came in one after another. They were received not only with joy, but were recom])ensed for their valor and sufferings, and a generous provision was made for the widows and children of the slain. "Mr. Wyman, who distinguished himself in such a signal manner, was, at his return, presented with a captain's connnission. lidward Lingfield was also made an en.sign, and the general assembly gave the sum of fifteen hundred pounds to the widows and orphans."* "'In I vSamuel, xxxi. chap., 11, 12, 13 ver.ses,' says Peidiallow. ' it is recorded in the immortal honor of the men of Jabesh-gilead, that when some of their renowned heroes fell by the hands of the Philistines, they prepared a decent burial for their bodies.' Now .so soon as the report came of Captain Lox-ewell's defeat, about fifty men from New Haiupshire, well etjuipped, marched into Pequawkett for the like end, but were not so happy as to find them.t But in the spring another company from Dun.stable, under the comnrand of Col. (Eleazer) Tyng, went to the scene of the action, and having found the bodies of twelve, buried them, and car\-e(l their names upon the trees where the battle was fought. At a little distance they found the Indian graves which he opened, in one of which he found the celebrated warrior, Paugus, 'a vile and bloody wretch,' as Penhallow mildly adds. "The news of Lovewell's defeat and death reached Dunstable before the twentieth day of May. All was consternation and grief. What reports were brought by the sur\-ivors we know not, but immediate attack upon the town was feared by the inhabitants. The alarm extended through the settlements, and even reached Boston. The governor ordered Col. Eleazer Tyng into the wilderness to protect the frontiers against the anticipated invasion of the victorious foe. The state of excitement and alarm which pervaded the town may be conjectured from the following petition addressed to the governor and council of Massachusetts.! " The petition of the selectmen of Dunstable, Humbly sheweth ; "That whereas your honors hath found it necessarj- to order Colonel Tyng and his men into the woods, on the said occasion of Captain Lovewell's defeat, we are extremely exposed and weak, bj' reason of so many of our fighting men being cut off last summer, and so many killed now in the province's service. We would beg leav-e to represent to your honors our case as very sad and distressing, having so man\- soldiers drawn out, and our inhabitants reduced to so small a number by the war. Several families have removed, and more arc under such discouragement, not daring to carry on their planting or any other business, that they fully design it. We hope your honors will take our deplorable circumstances into your compassionate consideration, and order such measures to be taken for our defence and support, until our men return, as you in your wisdom shall think fit. And your petitioners, as in duty bound, will ever pray. S.VMUKi, P'rkxch, I John Ci\mmings, Joseph Snow, Selectmen. John Ci'mmings, Jr., Joseph French, ^ Nath'i. Cimimings, John- Lovewki.i., Jon.vth.vn Cummings. Jon.N French, Jon.vth.vn Combs. '■ l)unstal.)le. May 20, 1725." * IVnhallow. 1 X. II. Hist. Coll., I iS. tl'iKler Capt. Josepli Blanchanl, of this town, in Jnly, 1725. Mass. Military Records, 1725. t Military Records, 1725, pa<;c 2.vs- 288 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. "John Lovewell, the aged father of Captain Lovewell also petitioned the general assembly at the same time, for 'some assistance from the country to defend his garrison, or that he must leave it to the enemy.'* " The petitions were granted. A guard of twenty-five soldiers was posted in town. Companies of scouts under Capt. Seth Wyman, Capt. Joseph Blanchard and Captain Willard, were scouring the valleys of the Merrimack and the Nashua, during the whole summer and autumn, but no enemy appeared. With Joseph, a Mohawk, as a guide, and Nessa Gawney for an interpreter, they ranged as far as Penacook, ' Winipisocket,' aJid ' Cocheco path,' but excepting killing a moose and a bear between Dunstable and Penacook, they found nothing. t "This incursion into the headquarters of the Pequawketts, and the destruction of Norridgewock, alarmed the Indians so much that they resided no more at either place until after the peace. Nor after this did they commit any serious depredations. Their power was broken. ' Our encountering them at such a distance was so terrible and surprising,' says Penhallow, 'that they never formed any body after.' These conflicts were the themes of eulogy throughout the New England settlements. The names of their actors were upon all men's tongues 'familiar as household words.' The story of 'worthy Captain Lovewell' was the subject of many a ballad, and was sung by every fireside. The mother taught it to her child to excite in him a hatred of the ' Indian enemy,' and to set before him an example of valor and patriotism, which he was to imitate when he should become a man. " Public gratitude kept pace with private enthusiasm. In addition to the gifts above cited, other donations were made, and the township of Pembroke, first called ' Lovewell's Town,' was granted by the general assembly of Massachusetts, ' in May, 1727, to Captain Lovewell and his brave associates in consideration of their services against the Indians. The whole number of grantees was sixty, forty-six of whom accompanied Lovewell in his last march to Pequawkett, and the remainder were among the sixty-two who attended him in his first enterprise.'! "Of this company-, as has been said, seven or more belonged to Dunstable, including nearly all the officers. Of these every man was killed or wounded. Captain Lovewell, Ensign Harwood and Robert Usher were killed on the spot. Lieutenant Robbins was left on the field mortalh- wounded. Lieutenant Farwell died on the march home. Samuel Whitney was wounded, and probably died not long after, as no mention of him is found in the records of the town after May, 1725. Noah Johnson was so severely ' wounded in the fight as to be disabled ' for many years, but was the last survivor of the company. In 1727 a pension of ^,10 per annum for seven years was granted him b}- the colony of Massachusetts, and after its expiration in 1734, the sum was increased to £1^ per annum, and contin- ued for many years. § He died at Pembroke, Aug. 13, 1798, in his hundredth year. The grand- children of some of these still survive in this town and vicinity. " Several of the ballads which were written to commemorate this event, one of the most impor- tant in our early history, have been preserved. If they do not possess high poetic merit, they answer well the purpose for which they were designed. ' Let me make the ballads of a people,' said the great Chatham, 'and I care not who makes the laws.' There was deep wisdom in the remark, and such ballads, rude though they were, nurtured the free, bold, self-sacrificing spirit, which wrested Canada from the French in 1755, and finally achieved our independence. One of the oldest of these ballads, composed, as is said, the year of the fight, 'the most beloved .song in all New England,' is here inserted. || * Mass. Military Records, 1725: original petition, page 263. tMass. Military Records, 1725: page 263. $ Farmer's N. H. Gazetteer. Pembroke.— There seems, however, to be an error in this— the report of the com- mittee upon the subject of the grant says, that the whole number was eighty-eight, of whom sixty-two were in the second expedition, and twenty-six in the last as well as in the second expedition. § Johnson, it is said, occupied the farm on the south side of the Nashua at its mouth, extending probably as far as the house of Judge Parker. Lovewell is said to have occupied the farm near Luther Taylor's house. 11 Drake's Book of the Indians, 132. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 289 SONG OF LOVEWELl.S'S FIGHT. t)f worlhy Caplaiu Lovcwcll 1 purpose now to sing, llow valiantly he served his country and his king ; He and his valiant soldiers did range the woods full wide, And hardships the}' endured to quell the Indians' pride. 'Twas nigh unto I'igwaeket, on the eighth day of May, Thev spied a rebel Indian soon after break of day ; He on a bank was walking, upon a neck of land, Which leads into a pond as we're made to understand. Our men resolved to have him and traveled two miles round, Tntil they met the Indian who boldly stood his ground ; Then speaks up Captain Lovewell, "Take you good heed," says he, " This rogue is to decoy us I very plainly see. "The Indians lie in ambush in some place nigh at hand, " In order to surround us upon this neck of land ; "Therefore we'll march in order, and each man leave his pack, "That we may briskly fight them when they shall us attack." They come unto the Indian who did them thus defy; As soon as they come nigh him two guns he did let fly. Which wounded Captain Lovewell and likewise one man more,* But when this rogue was running they laid him in his gore. Then having scalped the Indian they went back to the spot Where they had laid their packs down, Imt there they found them not ; For the Indians having spied them when they them down did lay, Did seize them for their plunder and carry them away. These rebels lay in ambush this very place near by, So that an English soldier did one of them espy ; And cried out, "here's an Indian;" with that they started out As fiercely as old lions, and hiileously did shout. With that our valiant English all gave a loud huzza. To show the rebel Indians they feared them not a straw ; So now the fight began as fiercely as could be ; The Indians ran up to them but soon were forced to flee. Then spake up Captain Lovewell when first the fight began, — " Fight on ni)- valiant heroes ! j-ou see they fall like rain ;" For as we are informed, the Indians were so thick, A man could scarcely fire a gun and not some of them hit. Then did the rebels try their best our soldiers to surround. But they could not accomplish it because there was a pond, To which our men retreated and covered all the rear ; The rogues were forced to flee them although they skulked for fear. Two logs that were behind them so close together lay, Without being discovered they could not get away ; Therefore our valiant English they traveled in a row, -\nd at a handsome distance as they were wont to go. 'Twas ten o'clock in the morning when first the fight begun, And fiercely did continue till the setting of the sun, Excepting that the Indians some hours before 'twas night. Drew off into the bushes, and ceased a while to fight. But soon again returned in fierce and furious mood, Shouting as in the morning, but yet not half so loud ; For as we are informed, so thick and fast they fell, Scarce twenty of their number at night did get home well. And that our valiant English till midnight there did stay. To see whether the rebels wouUl have another fray ; But they no more returning they made off toward their home, .\nd brought away their wounded as far as they could come. Of all our valiant English there were but thirty-four. And of the rebel Indians there were about fourscore ; And sixteen of our English did safely home return ; The rest were killed and wounded for which we all must mourn. Our worthy Captain Lovewell among them there did die ;t They killed Lieutenant Robbius, and wounded good young Frye,} Who was our English chaplain; he many Indians slew, .\nd some of them he scalped when bullets round him flew. Young Fullani, too. I'll mention, because he fought so well. Endeavoring to save a man, a sacrifice he fell ; And yet our valiant Englishmen in fight were ne'er dis- mayed, But still they kept their motion, and Wyman Captain made. Who shot the olii chief Paugus which did the foe defeat ; Then set his men in order and brought off the retreat ; .\nd braving many dangers and hardships by the way, They safe arrived at Dunstable the thirtieth day of yi-Ay . ♦Liciittnant Farwell of Nu.shua. t The powder horn worn by Lovewell in tliis H^ht is prcse family, and the cellar of the house where he lived is distance from Salmon brook in Nashua. \ Robbins was from Dunstable. Frye was a son of Kev. Mr. Frye of i in the Andover, as before mentioned. Their notions were all Jewish, and in till visible a little slaying the "Heathen Indians" they thoujfht themselves obeying the voice of God. :90 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. "The statcmfiit in llie last verse that Paugus was killed by Wynian is not correct. He was slain by John Chamberlain, who afterwards settled in Merrimack. After the heat of the conflict was over, weary and faint, Paugus and Chamberlain both went down to the pond to quench their thirst, and to wash out their guns which had become foul l)y continued firing. There they met and at once recognized each other, for Paugus was known personally to many of the company. Seeing the u.seless condition of each other's guns, they tacitly agreed to a truce while they were cleaning them, " During this jirocess some words were exchanged and Paugus said to Chamberlain, ' It is you or I.' Cautiously but with haste they proceeded in their work, for it was a case of life or death. Paugus had nearl\- finished loading, and was priming his piece when Chamberlain struck the breech of his gun violently upon the ground, thus causing it to prime itself, and shot Paugus through the heart, the bullet of Paugus at the same time grazing the head of Chamberlain.* Thus ended ' Lovewell's War.' Deep and universal was the gratituile at the restoration of peace. Well might the people rejoice. For fifty years had the war been raging with little cessation, and with a series of surprises, devastations and massacres which .seemed to threaten annihilation. ' The scene of this desperate and bloody action is often visited with interest to this day, and the names of those who survived are yet repeated with emotions of grateful exultation.'! And a century after upon that spot strangers came together, from a broad and populous region won from the savages in that conflict, to pay their tribute of gratitude, with festive celebration, song and eulogy to the waning memory of ' Lovewell's Fight.' + "After this fight no other attack was made by the Indians upon this town, although many years subsequently, during the French wars, the inhabitants were alarmed at the ravages committed in the neighborhood at Bedford, Pembroke, Dunbarton, Concord and upon Connecticut river. Garrisons were built and armed scouts kept out constantly, but the frontiers were now beyond us. Sometimes, indeed, individual Indians appeared mysteriously, seeking the life of some offending settler who had slain a relative, to appease his restless spirit by the sacrifice of 'blood for blood.' Such tales they tell of Chamberlain, the slayer of Paugus, of Ford, and others noted in fight, and how, mysteriously disappearing, the layer in wait became the victim. "Perilous conflicts, providential escapes and strange adventures were thickly woven in the romance of our early history, but the remembrance of most of them has passed away utterly, and of others but dim and doubtful traditionary shadows remain. These traditions, handed down from the survivors long since departed, too direct and circumstantial to be entirely fictitious, and fixing neither time, nor place, nor actors of the scene, meet the enquirer at every step in his investigations and excite longings and questions which cannot be gratified. If there were indeed 'tongues in trees, books in the running brooks,' and ' sermons in stones,' what thrilling tales might not some of our old denizens of field and forest unfold. " Many anecdotes which have been handed down, if not entirely authentic are at least character- istic of the times in which they are said to have occurred, and probably po.ssess some foundations. The following are specimens ; — "A part>- of Indians, it is said, once came suddenly upon Ford, ' the Indian fighter,' so that he had no chance to escape. He was splitting logs for rails, and had just driven in his wedge and partly opened a log. Pretending to be very anxious to complete the work, he requested them to put their hands in the cleft, and pull it open, while he drove in the wedge. Suspecting nothing they did so, but watching his opportunity he dexterousl>- knocked the wedge out instead of in. The log closed tight upon their fingers, and held them fast, and the whole party became his prisoners." "At a later period an Indian appeared in Dunstable enquiring for 'Joe Snow,' who at some former time had slain his kinsman. The duty of revenge had long been transmitted, and the desire nourished ; and the descendants of the aggrieved and restless warrior had now come thus far through the wilderness, even from Canada, guided liy tradition alone, to avenge and pacify his spirit. This errand, however, was \-ain, for 'Joe Snow' had long ago departed." ♦Rev. Mr. Syinme's ii.Trrativc of the fight. .Mien's Cheliiisfonl, 37. t North American Review. Jits centennial anniversary was celebrated on the spot of the fight, in h'ryeburg, Me., May 19, 1S25. when an adilres.s was delivered by Charles S. Davis of I'ortland. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 291 "At some period during Lovewell's war. William Cummiugs of this town was wounded bj' the Indians, but how, when, or where, no record tells, l-'or his wounds he received the sum of £\o from the colonial treasury."* "An Indian once called upon Chamberlain at his saw-mill, intending to waylaj' him on his re- turn homeward at nightfall, through the fore.st. It was a time of peace, but Chamberlain suspected the character of his pretended friend, and the motive of his visit. While engaged in his work, he in- vited the Indian to examine the wheelpit, and seizing the o])porUinilv, knocked him on the head with a handspike without compunction." "Among those indefinite traditions, which have been assigned to a jjcriod subsequent to Lovewell's war, is the following: A party once went from this town to the eastward upon a hunting expedition in early winter. While absent they were attacked by a party of predatory Indians, and nearly all of them were killed. A few escaped and returned home bringing the sad tidings of the death of their companions and neighbors. "One man, however, who was left in the held for dead, survived. His name was Whitney, and he Ii\-e(l in what is now the southerly part of Nashua, near lyong hill. He was too weak to think of returning home alone through the trackless and unpeopled forest, so he Ijuilt him a hut of logs, and bark, and branches of trees, and there passed the winter, subsisting chiefly on roots and cranberries. In the spring another party went out to find and bury the dead, and came to this hut which they sup- posed to be that of an Indian. As thej- approached they saw something stir within it. One of the party fired, — a groan followed, but the victim, to their great astonishment and grief, proved to be the unfortunate Whitney. He was just preparing to return home, having survived his wounds and all the perils and harships of a winter in the wilderness, only to perish by the hands of his own friends and townsmen." Alter Lovewell's war, the territory in this section had for a number of years a period of tran- ([uility. The >ell of the savage was not heard, and the "settlers felt so great security that they plunged into the wilderness in everj- direction." The outlands in Dunstable were taken up and .soon " the wilderness was aliv-e with population." As early as 1726 a settlement was made in Concord, and between the j-ears 1730 and 1740, Not- tingham, (on the east side of the Merrimack), Rumford or Merrimack, (on the west side of the Merrimack), Litchfield and Hollis were set off and incorporated, followed very soon by Souhegan West, (Amherst). Dunstable was no longer a frontier town, which may account for its inununity from frequent attacks b)- the Indians. In the year 1745 the Indians committed much havoc in the frontier settlements around and above us. It was probably in the 5'ear 1747 that Jonathan Harwell and Taylor were capttired by the Indians, while htmting in the south part of Nashua. They were in captivity three years, having been carried to Canada and sold to the French, but were then released and returned to their friends. (Mr. Fox has recorded in his history that a daughter of Farwell, Mrs. Rachel Harris, a granddaughter of Noah Johnson, one of Lovewell's men, was still living in Nashua in the year 1840). In the year 1748 another treaty of peace — that of Aix-la-Chappelle — was entered into between George II. of England and Louis XV. of France, those two countries mutually restoring their conquests. England yielded up Cape Briton (Louisburg), whose capture had shc-d such tjlory on the colonial arms, and received in return Madras. From that time (1748) onward, the inhabitants of Dunstable suffered so little at home from the redmen that it is deemed proper to close here an\- further mention of Indian warfare, and repeat with Mr. Fox " exposed for so many years to the dangers of a border warfare, every citizen was a soldier. The story of Indian atrocities, and French in.stigation had been handed down from father to son, and not a few had shared personally in the conflicts. To hold a connnission was then a high honor, and an object worthy of any man's ambition, for it was only bestowed upon those who had given proofs of courage and capacity. Every officer might be called at any moment into actual ser^•ice. The military spirit was fostered as a duty, and New England freedom, which placed in the hand of every child a gun as well as a spelling-book, made nece.ssarily of every child not less a marksman than a scholar. "t ♦Mass. Military Records, 1734. t Fox's History. Page 159. 292 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Added to the natural hostilit}' of the redman, the almost continual wars between France and Kngland was a chief cause of the frequent attacks upon the early settlers by the savage. One or the other of those great rival nations always sought and secured some of the Indian tribes as allies. Let us now leave this record or narrative of Indian depredations, incursions and massacres, with the statement, believed to be true, that it is more than three-quarters of a century* since the last Indian living in New Hampshire died in a remote cabin in upper Coos. The peace declared between France and England in 1748 was broken in 1755 by the "seven years' war," commonly known in this section as the "Old French War." Early in this war (1755) an expedition under Gen. Sir William Johnson was planned against Crown Point. A regiment of five hundred men was raised in New Hampshire for this purpose, and the command of it was given to Col. Joseph Blanchard of this town. One of the companies of this regiment was the famous Rangers, of which Robert Rogers was captain, and John vStark (afterwards general ) was lieutenant. " Parties of them were frequently under the very walls of the French garrisons, and at one time killed and scalped a soldier near the gate of the fort at Crown Point. Late in the autumn the forces were disbanded, and the regiment returned home. One of the companies composing the regiment went from Dunstable and the vicinity, and was conunanded b}- Capt. Peter Powers of Hollis. Among the officers of the regiment we find the names of Jonathan Lovewell of this town connnissar}-. Rev. Daniel Emerson of Hollis chaplain, and John Hale of Hollis surgeon."! The home of many of the famous troop known as Rogers' Rangers was in Dunstable. Fox justly says of them : — "There is scarcely in the annals of America a company of troops more famous than ' Rogers' Rangers.' Their life was one scene of constant exposure, and their storj- reminds one of the days of romance. The forest was their home, and they excelled even the Indian in cunning and hardihood. Everywhere the}- wandered in search of adventures, fearless and cautious, until their very name became a terror to the enemy. Ever in the post of danger when the army was advancing, they scouted the woods to detect the hidden ambush, and when retreating they skirmished in the rear to keep the foe at bay. If any act of desperate daring was to be done, the Rangers were ' the forlorn hope.' At midnight they traversed the camp of the enemy, or carried off a sentinel from his post, as if in mockery. Their blow fell like lightning, and before the echo had died away or the alarm subsided another blow was struck at some far distant point. They seemed to be omnipresent, and the enemy deemed that they were in league with evil spirits. The plain, unvarnished tale of their daily hardships and perilous wanderings, their strange adventures, and 'hair breadth 'scapes ' would be as wild and thrilling as a German legend. "Of this company, and of others similar in character, a large number belonged to this town. The records are lost and their names are principally forgotton. Besides the two colonels, Blanchard and Lovewell, and the commissar}', Jonathan Lovewell, it is known that the sons of Noah Johnson, the last survivor of Lovewell's fight, were in the war, both of whom were killed. One of them, Noah, was an officer, and was killed at the storming of Quebec, fighting under Wolfe. Nehemiah Lovewell was a lieutenant in 1756, and a captain in 175S and 1760. Jonathan Farwell, William Harris, Thomas Killicut, Thomas Blanchard, Jonathan Blanchard, Eleazer Farwell, Benjamin Hassell, James Mann, Ebenezer Fosdick, Bunker Farwell, John Lanison, Simeon Blood, Thomas Lancey, Ephraim Butterfield, John Carkin, James French, Henry Farwell, Nathaniel Blood, Joseph Combs, John Gilson, James Harwood, John Huston, Joshua Wright, William Walker, John Harwood and William Lancey, were also out during the war, as was also Lieut. David Alld, and the gun which he then carried is .still in the possession of his daughters. "In the expedition of 1760 Colonel Goffe commanded the regiment which mustered at Litchfield. His destination was Crown Point and Canada. A select company of Rangers was formed from the regiment, and the command given to Capt. Nehemiah Lovewell of this town. As a specimen of the military dress and discipline of the time, the following order is inserted. It is copied from Adjutant Hobart's record, and is dated Litchfield, May 25, 1760; — 'Colonel Goffe requires the officers to be *.\. D. 1896. t5 N. H. Hist. Coll., 217, 218. I Belknap, 319. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 293 answerable that the men's shirts are changed twice every week at least; that such as have hair that will admit of it must have it constantly tyed ; they must be obliged to comb their heads, and wash their hands every morning, and as it is obsen-ed that numbers of the men accustom tliemsclves to wear woollen nightcaps in the day time, he allows them hats; they are ordered for the future not to be seen in the day time with anything besides their hats on their heads, as the above mentioned custom of wearing nightcaps must be detrimental to their health and cleanliness; the men's hats to be all cocked, or cut uniformly, as Colonel Goffe pleases to direct.' "* In the year 1759 another regiment of one thousand men was furnished by New Hampshire. Col. Joseph Blanchard having died in 1758, the command of the regiment was given to Col. Zaccheus Love- well of this town, a brother of Capt. John Lovewell. One or more companies of this regiment were from this neighborhood, and served with the main army under Lord Amherst and did good service at the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. The next year (1760) still another regiment of eight hundred men was raised, chiefly from this vicinity, and commanded by Col. John Goffe of Bedford. They were present at the capture of St. John's, Chamblee, Montreal and Quebec, which wrested all Canada from the French and put an end to the w-ar. From the close of this war there is but little to mention about the military affairs of our people until the agressions of the mother country, having become unbearable, were openly resisted and cul- minated in the War of the Revolution. DUNSTABLE IN THE REVOLUTION.ARY WAR. The limits to which the compiler of this chapter is restricted will not permit, nor indeed does the editor believe it to be either necessary or advisable to narrate herein, in an extended way, the causes which led up to the open resistance of the North American Colonies to the aggressions of the " mother country," which culminated in the War of the Revolution. But the editor of this compilation of the military history of Dunstable (Nashua) — crude, imperfect and unsatisfactorv as it necessarily must be — believes that a brief statement should be made of the condition of the parties most deeply interested and the attitude that Great Britain had assumed toward her dependent colonies. The penal acts passed bj- the parliament of Great Britain in 1774 dissolved the moral connection between the two countries and begun the Civil War. The estrangement of the colonies from the mother country had been growing and increasing for years. At first no one desired or even dreamed of absolute separation. As a rule no more loyal hearts beat than those in the breasts of the colonists. None dreaded more than the}- a possibility that the tension of the chords of affection which bound them to the mother country sbouUl be strained to the breaking point. But the continued aggressions upon the rights of the people ; the declarations of the omnipotence of parliament; the openl}- avowed imperious doctrine of the necessity of submission; the unalterable determination to enforce taxation without representation, became at length unbearable, and three millions of people, the genuine descendants of a valiant and pious ancestry, determined to throw off the yoke and rallied to the banner of freedom with the cry "resistance to tyrants is obedience to God." The king of England (George III.) ruled as well as reigned. His heart knew no relenting: liis will never wavered. Though America were to be drenched in blood and its towns reduced to ashes; though its people were to be driven to struggle for total independence; though he himself should find it necessary to bid high for hosts of mercenaries from the Scheldt to Moscow, and, in quest of savage allies, go tapping at every wigwam from Lake Huron to the Gulf of Mexico, he was resolved to coerce the thirteen colonies into submission. Experience has proved that England regards as just and honorable whatever is advantageous to herself or disastrous to a rival. The colony of Massachusetts Bay was considered by England as the most recalcitrant of all the North Americans, and the town of Boston was the headquarters of the dissatisfied ; therefore Massachusetts and Boston must be punished. An act was passed by the mother country closing the port of Boston, transferring the board of customs to Marblehead, and the seat of government to •Regimental Records, in secretary's office, Concord. 294 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. .Salem. This act reached Boston on May lo, 1774, the day of the accession of Louis XVI. to the throne of France. As soon as the port act was recei\-ed, tlie Boston committee of correspondence invited the uei"-hboring towns to a conference "on the critical state of public affairs." May 12 Metcalf Bowler, the speaker of the assembly of Rhode Island, came before them with the cheering news that, in answer to a recent circular letter from the body over which he presided, all the thirteen governments were pledged to union. Committees from the towns of Dorchester, Roxbury, Brookline, Newton, Cambridge, Charlestown, Lynn and Lexington joined them in Faneuil hall, the cradle of American liberty. They felt themselves to be citizens not of "little democracies" of their towns, but of the whole world of mankind. Light broke upon them from their own truth and courage. Placing Samuel Adams at their head, and guided by a report prepared by Warren of Boston, Gardner of Cambridge and others, they agreed unanimously on the injustice and cruelty of the act by which parliament, contrary as well to natural right as to the laws of all civilized states, had, without a hearing, set apart, accused, tried and condemned the town of Boston. But, to make a general union of the colonies possible, self-restraint must regulate courage. These liberty-loving men knew that a declaration of independence would have alienated their sister colonies, and they had not yet discovered that independence was the desire of their own hearts. On the twenty-eighth of May, 1774, the assembly of New Hampshire, though still desiring to promote harmony with the parent land, began its organization for that purpose. New Jersey, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and New York quickly followed, and in three weeks, less time than was taken by the unanimous British parliament for the enactment of the port bill, the continent, as one great commonwealth, made the cause of Boston its own. The "Sons of Liberty" of New York advocated the policy of an immediate suspension of commerce with Great Britain; but they also proposed — and they were the first to propose — "a general congress." These recommendations they forwarded through Connecticut to Boston, with entreaties to that town to stand firm; and in full confidence of approval, they applied not to New England only, but to Philadelphia and through Philadelphia to ever}' colony at the south. Such was the inception of the continental congress of 1774. In Rhode Island, at Providence, on the seventeenth of Maj', in the same year, after full discussion, the freemen voted to promote " a congress of the representatives of all the North American colonies." The rescue of freedom, even at the cost of a Civil War, a domestic convention of the people for their own internal regulation, and an annual congress of all the colonies for the perpetual assertion of common rights, were the polic>' of Virginia. These principles were finally adopted by all the colonies. And so the fire of freedom burned steadily and strong until the fatal day at I^exington, when the first blood shed by the patriots cemented the union of the colonists in their determination to resist oppression or die in the attempt. In the disparity of numbers Lexington common was a field of murder not of battle, but, as was said by Clark of Lexington on its first anniversary, "From the nineteenth of April, 1775, will be dated the liberty of the American world." The patriot blood shed at Lexington aroused all the colonies to action. With one impulse they sprang to arms; with one spirit thej' pledged themselves to each other; with one heart the continent cried " Liberty or death! " On the day after Lexington, the Massachu,setts committee of safety gave by letter the story of the preceeding day to New Hampshire and entreated assistance ; but before the summons was received, the ferries of the Merrimack were crowded \t\ men from New Hampshire. By one o'clock of the twentieth upwards of sixty men of Nottingham assembled at the meeting-house with arms and equipments under Cilley and Dearborn; before two they were joined by bands from Deerfield and Epsom; they set out together and by sunrise of the twenty-first paraded on Cambridge common. The veteran John Stark, skilled in the ways of the Indian, the English, and his countrymen, able to take his rest on a bear skin with a a roll of snow for a pillow, eccentric, 1)ut true, famed for coolness, courage and integrity, had no rival in the confidence of his neighbors and was chosen colonel of their regiment by their unanimous vote. He rode in haste to the scene of action, where his command became a model for its discipline. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. //. 295 By the twenty-third there were already about two tliousand men from New Hampshire in camp around Boston. Hundreds of volunteers from Connecticut, with Israel Putnam as their leader, and hundreds more from the colony of Rhode Island seized their firelocks and followed. The New England volunteers were men of substantial worth, of whom almost everyone represented a household. The members of the several companies were well-known to each other; kiKiwn to the old men who remained at home, and to all the matrons and maidens. They were sure to be remembered weekly in the exercises of the congregations ; and nnjrning and evening in the usual family devotions they were commended with fervent piety to the protection of Heaven. The camp of liberty was a gathering in arms of schoolmates, neighbors and friends; and the British army in Boston was beleaguered round from Roxbury to Chelsea by an unorganized mass of men, each with his own musket and his little store of cartridges. But the British officers, possibly from fear of the American marksman, dare not order a sally. History was being rapidly made, and the compiler having perhaps devoted overmuch space thus far, to the beginning of the Revolutionary War, feels that he must move on more rapidly, and reach the battle of Bunker Hill, that terrible fii;ht in which soldiers from New Ham])shire and from our Dunstable formed so conspicuous a part. In the meantime a great deed had been achieved on the tenth of May, 1775, by eight)'-three men under the command of the "Green Mountain Boy," Kthan Allen, who captured the fort at Ticonderoga. .\ few hours after the surrender of Ticonderoga, the second continental congress — that body which, the next year, gave to the country and the world the immortal Declaration of Independence — met at Philadelphia. Let us now narrate as briefly as possible the part that our New Hampshire Dunstable took in the Revolution. In this narration the text of the story as told by Mr. Fox will be chiefly used. A few changes will be made and there will be added thereto and interpolated therein, such words and jmssages as the researches of the compiler seem to find necessary or to warrant. It is impossible to ascertain with correctness how many soldiers from this town served in the arni\- during the long and bloody struggle of the colonists with the mother countr\- during the years of the War of the Revolution, 1775 to 17S3. Not one now survives. The names of the few that are given hereinafter were collected by great exertion and labor " from the records of the town and musty papers on file ; from legislative journals ; from company or regimental returns in the ofHce of the .secretary of state; from vouchers and loose memoranda accidentally preserved, and from personal in(juiry of descendants." " During the long succession of encroachments which preceded and caused the Revolution, the inhabitants of this town were not indifferent. They had watched the storm as it gathered and knew its consequences must be momentous. After the establishment of the boundary line in 1 74 1, which severed us from Massachu.setts, no right to send a representative was conceded for manj^ years. At that period this right was a favor granted by his majesty through his ' beloved and trust- worthy Benning Wentworth, governor of his majesty's province of New Hampshire,' and bestowed only upon the loyal and obedient. In 1744, however, when a collision with England began to be very generally expected, the general assembly of New Hampshire claimed for itself the exercise of this right, and allowed certain representatives from towns not heretofore represented a seat and a voice in its councils. Immediately a petition was presented from this town, asking the privilege of representation, which was granted.* "September, 1774, Jonathan Lovewell was sent as a delegate to the convention, which met at ICxeter soon after, for the purpose of choosing delegates to the first continental congress. At the same town meeting the town voted to raise a sum of money ' to purchase a supply of ammunition,' and also voted to pay their proportion of the ' expen.ses of the delegate to the grand continental congress,' which met at Philadelphia the same month, and which published a declaration of rights and formed an ' association not to import or use British goods.' From this time every movement for liberty met with a hearty response. "January 9, 1775, Joseph Ayers and Noah Lovewell were chosen to represent the town in the convention which met at Exeter, April 25, 1775, for the purpose of ajipointing delegates to act for * 2 Province Papers. Town.s. 253. In secretary's olTice. 296 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. this state in the grand continental congress, to be held at Philadelphia, May 10, 1775. At this meeting, with a spirit characteristic of the times and evidently anticipating a Declaration of Inde- pendence, they chose 'Samuel Roby, Jonathan Lovewell, Joseph Eayers, Benjamin Smith, John Wright, Benjamin French, James Blanchard and John Searle, a committee of inspection to see that the result of the late continental congress be carried into practice, and that all persons in this town conform themselves thereto.' "Another meeting of this convention was holden at Exeter, May 17, 1775, at which the same delegates attended, and which after several adjournments formed a constitution for the government of the state. The constitution, which is dated Jan. 5, 1776, was the earliest one formed in the United States.*! It was adopted at the suggestion of the continental congress of May, 1775, but it was a bold .step, for it was a denial of the right of England to rule over us, and a virtual Declaration of Independence. It provided for a house of representatives and a council of twelve men to be chosen by the house, and to form a separate body like our senate. There was to be no governor, but the powers of the executive were vested in the council and house jointly. If the dispute with Eng- land continued longer than one year, the members of the council were to be chosen by the people. Of this council, Jonathan Blanchard of this town, was a member in 1776. " From the first the people of New Hampshire, who, as the royalists complained, ' had never set any good example of obedience,' were desirous and prepared for a collision ; and no sooner did the news of the fight at Eexington on the nineteenth of April, 1775, reach the state, than the whole population rushed to arms. In these movements the citizens of Dunstable were among the most zealous ; and the military spirit derived from their fathers, and the military experience of many in the French wars, was roused at once into activitj- by the noise of the conflict. Instantl}' they hurried to Concord to avenge the blood of their fellow citizens. Who and how many were these ' minute-men ' we do not know ; but the town paid over $110 for their expenses. Within less than a week a company of sixty-six men was organized at Cambridge, under Capt. William Walker of this town, forty of whom, including the officers, were also from Dunstable. The following is the company roll : — 1| * James Brown, ist lieutenant, * Daniel Warner, sergeant, ♦John Lund, sergeant, t William A. Hawkins, sergeant, t Francis Putnam, sergeant, * Medatl Conib.s, corporal, * AVjijah Reeil, corporal, *John Lovewell, corporal, * Phineas Whitney, corporal, * William Harri.s, drummer, * Paul Woods, fifer, * Simeon Butterfield, * Peter Honey, * Paul Clogstone, *Joel Stewart, * Philip Roby, * Jonathan Harris, •William Harris, Jr., •Archibald Gibson, * Benjamin Whitney, ♦Jonathan Danforth, * David .\dams. ' William Walker, captain. Jason Russell, * Benjamin Bagley, Moses Chandler, * Eliphalet Bagley, t Stephen Chase, t Joshua Severance, } Xehemiah Winn, {Joseph Greeley, •David Adams, Jr., * Nehemiah Lovewell, * Henry Lovewell, •William Roby, 2d lieutenant. * Eleazer Blanchard, * Richard Adams, * Ebenezer Fosdick, ♦William Butterfield, •James Gibson, David March, •John Snow, Moses Chamberlain, t Nathan Abbott, tXimothv Darling. t Daniel Brown, t Theodore Stevens, t Henry Lovejoy, t Eliphalet Blanchard, Jr., t Henry Stevens, + Jonathan Gray, t Isaac Brown, tAsa Cram, tHart Balch, t Stephen Blanchard, •Abel Danforth, • Simeon Hills, •James Harwood, • Ichabod Lovewell, •Jacob Blodgett, Silas Chamberlain, Mansfield Tapley, •Oliver Woods, • Nehemiah Wright, t Israel Howe, ♦Jonathan Emerson, " The whole male population of the town at this time between the ages of sixteen and fifty was only one hundred and twenty-eight; so that nearly one-half the able-bodied inhabitants must have been in the army at the first call of liberty, a month before the battle of Bunker Hill. From no other town in New Hampshire was there so large a number in the army, as appears by the returns ; §4N. H. Hist. Coll. II In the oflice of the secretary of state. ♦ From Dunstable, f From Wilton. { From Hudson. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 297 and we record a fact, so honorable to their patriotism and courage, with a feeling of no little pride. ■' The convention which met at Ivxeler, AjMil 25, 1775, a few days after the f^ght at Lexington, organized two regiments for the assistance of llieir brethren in Massachusetts. But the men were not to be recruited : they were already in the field. Within two week.s, more than two thousand men from New Hami)shire had joined the arm>- around Boston, or more than one seventh of the whole lu)]nilation of the state, l)etween the ages of sixteen and fifty. P'roni these the two regiments were formed and placed under the command of Colonel Stark and Colonel Reed of which this company formed a jiart. • It may be a matter of curiosity worthy of record to give the ab.stract of returns of population, nund)erof soldiers in the army in May, 1775, nund)er of males between the ages of sixteen and fifty not in the army, and ratio of soldiers to the male population. This had been required at an early period by the convention, in evident anticipation of a rupture with the mother country, in order to ascertain our actual condition and resources. The original returns also included the number of arms, deficiencies, quantity of powder, all of wdiich are now in the ofTice of the secretary of state, and furnish an admiral)le specimen of the forethought of the patriots of that day.* '■i Z „y. » C C c ;: CT- „ 3, ■sg. '= s r* ^ < 1 Counties. 5' 3 So 5 s= 5o = - 3-1; III 5' S 2 5 2 s '< ^ « Rockingham, . .■^7.850 927 4.^7 6,383 I22'3 in 100 -Strafford, . . 12.7I3 275 lOS 2,282 1034 in 100 Hillsborough, . 15.948 650 87 2,723 19/^ in 100 Cheshire, . . . 10,659 ,1/6 7 2,009 iSK in 100 Grafton, . . . 3,880 156 24 834 153,4: in 100 Total, ... 81,050 2,384 656 14,231 i4>^inioo "From this table we may gather some facts which will enable us to appreciate more fully the spirit and the sacrifices of that period. More than fourteen hundred of the whole male population of the state, between the ages of sixteen and fifty years, were in the army in May, 1775, or nearh- one out of every five who was able to bear arms. Our own county, old Hillsborough, excelled them all, however, having at that time in the army more than nineteen in every hundred males, between sixteen and fifty, or at least one-quarter part of all the able-bodied inhabitants. A few days after the battle of Bunker Hill, another regiment from New Hampshire, under the command of Colonel Poor, joined the army at Cambridge. " Previous to the battle the New Hampshire troops were stationed at Medford, and formed the left wing of the American army. 'These troops,' says Major Swett,t ' were hardy, brave, active, athletic and indefatigable. Almost every soldier equalled William Tell as a marksman, and could aim his weapon at an oppressor with as keen a relish. Those from the frontiers had gained this address against the savages and beasts of the forests. The country yet abounded with game, and hunting was familiar to all ; and the amusement most fa.shionable and universal throughout New luigland was trial of skill with the musket.' "At eleven o'clock on the morning of the battle, the New Hamp.shire troops received orders to reinforce Colonel Prescott at Charlestown. 'About fifteen charges of loose powder and balls were distributed to each man, and they were directed to form them into cartridges inunediately. Few of the men, however, posses.sed cartridge boxes, but employed powder horns, and scarcely two of their guns agreeing in calibre, they were obliged to alter the balls accordingly.'! "As soon as the British troops landed at Charlestown, the New Hampshire regiments were ordered to join the other forces on Breed's Hill. A part were detached to throw up a work on Bunker Hill, and the residue, under Stark and Reed, joined the Connecticut forces under General Putnam, and the regiment of Colonel Prescott, at the rail fence. This was the very point of the Briti.sh attack, the key * I X. H. Hist., Coll., 231. Original returns in scrri'tary's olVice t Bunker Hill Battle, 20. t Major Swett's Bunker Hill Battle, 40. 298 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. of the American position. Here Captain Walker's company was formed, awaiting the attack. To be stationed there, in the post of danger, was a high honor, and well did the New Hampshire troops merit it, although not a few paid for the distinction with their lives. "As soon as the British moved forward to the attack, our troops under Stark, engaged in fortifying Bunker Hill under the direction of Putnam, joined their brethren. The battle commenced. The Americans, forbidden to fire upon the enemy until 'they could see the whites of their eyes,' swept them down by companies. Again and again were the British driven back, and not until their scanty supply of ammunition was exhausted, and the British assaulted the works at the point of the bayonet, did the Americans retire from their position. Even then they retreated like the lion, disputing every step with stones and clubbed muskets, and lay upon their arms during the night at Winter Hill, directly in the face of the enemy. " The number of Americans engaged in the battle was fluctuating, but may be fairly estimated at little more than two thousand men. Their loss was one hundred and fifteen killed, three hundred and five wounded, and thirty captured ; in all four hundred and fifty. The New Hampshire regiments lost nineteen men killed, and seventy-four wounded, a large proportion of those engaged. The British loss was one thousand and fifty-four, including eighty-nine officers. One regiment, the WeLsh fusileers, lost every officer except one.* " None of Captain Walker's company were killed ; two only were wounded — Joseph Greeley and Paul Clogstone. The latter died soon after. William Lund of this town, however, who was in another company, was killed in the battle. The original return of Captain Walker, including articles lost by the company, in the battle and in the retreat, is now on file in the office of the secretary of state. It is as follows : ' vSix great coats, thirty-one shirts, twenty-four pairs of hose, eighteen haversaks, one pistol, one fife, two guns, one cartridge bo.x, five straight body coats, two jackets, ten pairs of trousers, six pairs of leather breeches, two pairs of shoes, twelve blankets.' The unusual heat of the day com- pelled them to lay aside their knapsacks, which were lest in the excitement and luirryof the retreat." The editor of this chapter has been unable to learn with certainty what flag, if any, the New Hampshire soldiers used for their colors at the battle of Bunker Hill. The "embattled farmers " of Lexington had neither uniforms nor colors ; but two months later, at the fight at Bunker Hill, when the American minute men had become more like a trained army, there were flags in their lines. These ensigns were apparently of sev- veral different designs and patterns. One is described as red, bearing only the defiant motto, "Come if you dare." Another, is chronicled by Lossing, on the authority of a Mrs. Manning, whose father was a soldier in the battle. It was blue, with a white canton (juartered by a red St. George's cross, and a pine tree in the top inner corner. In liis well-known picture of the fight which hangs in the rotunda of the capitol at Washington, John Trumbull has painted a red flag with a white field, bearing a green pine tree. His authority is not known, and he may or may not have been correct. Engravings of these two flags are given on this page, and it is probable that the volunteers from Dunstable fought under one and perhaps both of these flags. The pine tree appeared on several Revolutionary flags. It was a favorite symbol of New England and is familiar to coin collectors on the colonial money. When Washington was besieging the British forces in Boston, his floating batteries on the Charles river carried a white banner bearing a green pine tree and the words, "An appeal to Heaven." This same flag was among those at Bunker Hill, for General Warren is said to have rallied his men by pointing to the inscription on their standard. t * 2 N. H. Hist. Coll., 145. Mrs. Adams' letters. Original papers in office of secretary of state. tRichard H. Titherington in Munsey's Magazine, July, 1895. pp. 401, et seq. HISTORY or NASHUA, N. H. 2^^ " The bond of allegiance to Great Britain was severed by this battle, never to be again united. The people of New England expected a Declaration of Independence, and awaited it impatiently, long before the Fourth of July, 1776. In February, 1776, we find the officers of this town warning the annual meeting, not as heretofore, 'in his majesty's name,' but, ' in the name of the people of the state of New Hampshire.' "At this meeting the 'spirit of '76 ' was strongly manifested. ' Samuel Roby, Noah Lovewell, William Walker, Joseph Eayrs, Joseph French, Jr., Capt. Benjamin French and Thomas Butterfield were chosen delegates to the county congress.' "Jonathan Lovewell, Robert Fletcher, Joseph Eayrs, Capt. Benjamin French, Noah Lovewell, .Samuel Roby, Joseph Whiting and Thomas Butterfield were chose a committee of safety." "Samuel Roby, Benjamin Smith, Thomas Butterfield, John Searls, David Alld, James Blanchard, William Walker, John Wright and Henry Adams were chosen a committee of inspection to see that no British goods were sold in town." ■In November, 1776, in consequence of the great depreciation of paper money, the exorbitant prices asked by the speculators who had forestalled the markets, and the consequent discouragement to the exertions of those who were laboring to sustain the heavy public burdens, a meeting was holden at Dracut to petition congress and the state legislature upon the subject ; and to devise such other measures as might be necessary for the protection of the people. A large number of delegates were present, and Dunstable was represented by Capt. Benjamin French, Capt. Noah Lovewell and Joseph Flayrs. The convention met November 26, 1776, at the house of Maj. Joseph Varnuni, and prepared a petition to the legislature, praying that the resolves of the continental congress of 1775, respecting prices, might be enforced more strict!}'.* " Early in 1776 New Hampshire raised three regiments of two thousand men, which were placed under the command of Colonels Stark, Reed and Hale. They were sent to New York to join the armv under General Sullivan for the invasion of Canada. They proceeded up the Hudson, and down the lakes to Canada, but were obliged to retreat to Ticonderoga. A part of Captain Walker's company enlisted in these regiments. They suffered severely, and lost one-third of their number by sickness and exposure.! Of those who were in the army at this time, in the company commanded by Capt. William Reed, and said to belong to Dunstable, we find the following names : Joel Lund, ensign, Silas Adams, James Blanchard, Peter Honey, John Wright, Jr., Jonathan Butterfield, John Lovewell, Oliver Wright, Nehemiah Wright, Daniel Wood, Timothy Blood, Asa Lovejoy, Daniel Blood, Jonathan Wright. " The following persons were in the company of Capt. Daniel Wilkins, in Col. Timothy Bedell's regiment, which was stationed on our northern frontier; Philip Abbot Roby, Ebenezer Fosgett (or Fosdick), Joseph Farrar, James Harwood and Reuben Killicut. " In July, 1776, Capt. William Barron raised a company for Canada, in which there were the fol- lowing Dunstable men : John Lund, first lieutenant, Richard Whiting, second sergeant, Abijah Reed, third sergeant, John Fletcher, second corporal, Ivphraim French, Benjamin Bailey, Charles Butter- field, William Butterfield, Abraham Hale, John Comb, Thomas Blanchard, Thomas Killicut, Israel Ingalls, Medad Combs, Levi Lund, Thomas Harris, Peter Henry, James Jewell, William Stewart. " In consequence of the loss sustained hy the New Hampshire regiments, Jonathan Blanchard of this town was sent by the legislature to Ticonderoga in October, 1776, to recruit the army. In December, 1776, Captain Walker of this town raised a company from Dunstable and vicinity. It was attached to a regiment commanded by Colonel Gilman of which Noah Lovewell of this town was quartermaster, and ordered to New York. Among those who enlisted we find Phineas Whitney, Silas Swallow, Joseph Dix and Jacob Adams. In 1777, also, three regiments, consisting of two thousand men, were raised in this state for three years and placed under the command of Colonels Cilley, Hall and Scammel ; Stark and Poor having been promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. The same quota of troops was furnished by New Hampshire during the war, besides voluntary enlistments in other regiments, which were very *2 N. H. Hist. Coll., 50. 1 1 Belknap, 370. ;oo HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. numerous. In every levy of two thousaud men, the proportion to be furnished by this town was about sixteen. More than twice this number, however, must have been constantly in the army.* " In March, 1777, the town offered a bounty of one hundred dollars to every soldier who would enlist, and a large number joined the army. Besides those already mentioned we find the following : Jonathan Emerson, lieutenant in Cilley's regiment ; James Blanchard, quartermaster in Scammel's reo-iment ; John Butler and James Harwood killed at Hubbardton, Vt., July 7, 1777, on the retreat from Ticonderoga, John Manning taken prisoner there, and afterwards re-taken ; Simeon Butterfield, David Alld, Israel Ingalls, John Lund, William Gibbs, Paul Woods, Eliphalet Manning, John Man- ning, James Seal, Isaac Adams, Noah Downs, Jeremiah Keith, who served in a Massachusetts regiment ; Ephraim Blood, William Mann and John Crocker, in the artillery corps. Just before the battle of Saratoga, Lieutenant Alld returned for volunteers, and a large number from this town and vicinity- hastened to join the army, and arrived in season to compel and witness the surrender of Burgoyne. In November, 1777, the town voted to raise 'seven hundred and thirty-five pounds lawful money to defray the extraordinary expenses of the present war.' "By the constitution of 1776 no provision was made for a governor, or any chief executive officer of the state. The legislature was itself the executive, and upon every adjournment, therefore, it became necessary to give to some body the power of acting in case of emergency during the recess. This power was vested in a committee of safety, varying in number from six to sixteen, composed of the wisest, best and most active men in the different sections of tlie state, and those who had shown themselves the truest friends of their country. Their duty was like that of the Roman dictators — ' ne quid respublica detrimenti caperet ' — to take care that the republic received no injury; and a corresponding power to effect this object was given them. Of this most responsible committee, two members belonged to this town. Jonathan Lovewell was a member from June 20, 1777, to January 5, 1779, and Jonathan Blanchard from Januarj- 6, 1778. t "The complaints of the people respecting the high prices of all the necessaries of life still continuing and the recommendations of congress having no effect upon many of the extortioners, it was then recommended that a convention should be holden at New Haven, Conn., January 15, 177S, to be composed of delegates also appointed by the legislatures of the several states. Its object was 'to regulate and ascertain the price of labor, manufactures, internal produce, and commodities imported from foreign ports, militarj' stores excepted, and also to regulate the charges of inn-holders, and to make report to the legislatures of their respective states.' Jonathan Blanchard of this town and Col. Nathaniel Peabody were appointed delegates from New Hampshire, and acted accordingly. " After the Declaration of Independence, which was the abolition of all existing government, it became necessary to form some plan of government, both for the state and the union. The people in their primary assemblies had commenced and carried on the Revolution, and they entered with the same zeal into the discussion of their political rights and duties, and the best mode of preserving and perpetuating them. Feliruary 9. 1778, in town meeting, 'the articles of confederation formed by the honorable continental congress having been taken into consideration were consented to unanimously.' "April 17, 1778, Capt. Benjamin French and Dea. William Hunt were chosen delegates to the convention, which was to be holden June 10, 1778, for the purpose of forming a constitution for the state. We may see with what jealousy the people watched their servants, and regarded the powers of government, from the fact that they appointed a committee of eleven, viz: Cyrus Baldwin, Joseph Whiting, Robert Fletcher, Jonathan Lovewell, Capt. Daniel Warner, Joseph Eayrs, Capt. Benjamin Smith, Lieut. David Alld, Col. Noah Lovewell, Lieut. Joseph French and Lieut. Jacob Taylor 'to a,ssist said members during the convention's session.' So early was the right of instruction claimed, practiced and acknowledged. A bill of rights and a constitution were drafted accordingly, and an able *The regiment of militia to which Dunstable was attached, was then commauded by Col. Moses Nichols of Am- herst. It embraced the following towns, containing the number of males between the ages of sixteen and fifty, in each respectively: Amherst, three hundred and twenty-one; Nottingham West (Hudson), one hundred and twenty-two; Litchfield, fifty-seven ; Dunstable, one hundred and twenty-eight ; Merrimack, one hundred and twenty-nine ; Hollis, two hundred and thirty-four; Wilton, one hundred and twenty-eight, Rindge, twenty; Mason, one hundred and thirteen. This was the basis for all drafts for soldiers for the army. In May, 1777, one hundred fifty-five men were drafted from the regiment, or one in every eight. t2 N. II. Hist. Coll., 30. IHSTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 301 address to the people issued, signed by John Langdon, president of the convention. Hut the people wouhl not sanction either. Their exiierience of royal usurpation and the fear of giving too much ]H)\ver to their rulers prevailed, and both were negatived by a great majority. This town ' voted unaninimisly to reject them.' "In August fourteen men went from this town to Rhode Island, as volunteers, with Col. Noah Lovewell. The town voted to pay them a bounty of about thirty-fne dollars each. Of this number were James Jewell, Eleazer Kisk, Isaac Foot and others. During this year a very large number of soldiers from this town were in the army in New York and at the vSouth. "In December, 1778, Col. Noah Lovewell was chosen 'representative for one vear,' being the first representative elected by the town under the constitution. "How many soldiers were furnished to the army from this town during that long and bloody struggle, it is impossible now to ascertain with correctness, but the number continued to be very large during the war. It is estimated that New Hampshire sent to the army at various times, 14,000 men, a number nearly equal to the whole able-bodied population of the state at the commencement of the wars, and of whom 4,000 died in the service. "The whdle male population of this town in May, 1775, between the ages of sixteen and fifty years, was only one hundred and twenty-eight, and nearly every inhabitant, either as a volunteer upon an alarm, or as a drafted man, was at some period in the service. They were in almost every fight from Bunker Hill t" Vorktown, and their bones are mouldering upon nuuiy a battlefield from Massachusetts to Virginia. When the news of 'the Concord fight' flew hither on the wings of the wind, our 'minute men' saddled their horses and ha.stened to the scene of conflict, and, although tlie>- did not reach there in season to share in its dangers, they formed a portion of that iier\- mass of undisciplined valor which 'hung upon the steps of the retreating foe like lightning on the edge of the cloud.' They were at Bunker Hill in the po.st of danger and honor, and shared largely in the glory of that day. The\- were at Ticonderoga, where, borne down by sickness, by pestilence, and by want, they were compelled to retreat, fighting step b_v step, in the face of a victorious enemy. They were at Bennington, under Stark, where the first gleam of light broke in upon the darkness which was lowering over our prospects, cheering every heart to new efforts, and at Stillwater and Saratoga, where this first omen of victory was converted into a triumph most glorious and enduring. " They wintered at Valley Forge with Washington, where, 'without shoes or stockings, their pathway might be tracked b>- their blood.' They were at Trenton and Princeton, where, under the very eye of Washington, they surprised and captured the Hessians, and gave new hope and courage to the disheartened nation. They fought at Germantown and Monmouth, and at the memorable conflicts on Long Island. At Monmouth, the New Hampshire regiment, under Cilley and Dearborn, was 'the most distinguished, and to their heroic courage the salvation of the armj- was owing.' General Washington acknowledged the service, and sent to enquire what regiment it was. ' Full blooded Yankees, by G-d, sir,' was the lilunt reply of Dearborn. And at Yorktown, when the whole British army capitulated, they were there with Scammel, a glorious and fitting finale to the great Revolutionary drama, whose opening scene was at Lexington. "Of those who, during this long period, when the fears of even the stout-hearted prevailed o\-er their hopes, and darkness seemed resting upon their freedom, rallied around the standard of their country, and perilled 'their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor' in its defence, not one now survives. Their service was no holiday sport, and to them, their exertions, and their sufferings, do we all owe the Ijirth-right of our liberty." The following li,st of soldiers from that part of Dunstable which is now in New Hampshire has been gathered from Fox's history and from all the sources to which the compiler has had access. Some of the names sound strange to Nashuans of the present day, but most of them are known posi- tively to have served in the armies of the Revolution from 1775 to 17.83. The names of those who were in the battle of Bunker Hill are taken from the lists of rolls prepared by Col. George C. Gihnore of Manchester, who has devoted several years of careful research in his effort to make them accurate. The compiler hereof desires to make grateful acknowledgement to Colonel Gihnore for his cheerful assistance in going over and comparing his voluminous papers with the writer. In 189 1 Colonel Gihnore published a " Roll of New Hamp.shire soldiers at the battle of Bennington, Aug. 16, 1777." In his introduction to that roll Colonel Gihnore uses the following words: "In 302 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. April, 1775, when the British soldiers held Boston, two thousand New Hampshire men were in the ranks under command of Stark, Prescott, Reed and others, and on June 17, 1655, names appear on the rolls as taking part in the battle of Bunker Hill. The battle of Bennington was fought Aug. 16, 1777, under command of Gen. John Stark with two thousand men, of whom one thousand four hundred and sixtj'-seven were New Hampshire men as appears by the rolls, or seventy-five men out of every hundred. A goodly number of these men were from Nashua, but it has not seemed to be advisable to list them separately. There is no doubt that perhaps hundreds of Nashua men, other than those named below, served their country in the Revo- lution, but it is now impossible to get accurate lists of them from the fact that official rolls are now nowhere to be found. If such rolls ever existed they may have been burned in the war office, when the British destroyed the city of Washington in the year 1812. At all events, the researches of the compiler as well as of others who have given far more time to the matter have failed to discover them. LIST.* David .\dams,* David Adams, Jr.,* Henry Adams, Isaac Adams, t Jacob Adams, t Richard Adams,* Silas Adams,t David Alld,JohnAlld,Ebeiiezer Bancroft,} Jonathan Bancroft, Benjamin Bayley,*Eliphalet Bayley,* Eleazer Blanchard,* James Blanchard, t quartermaster of Scammel's regiment, John Blanchard, t Nathaniel Blanchard, Oliver Blodgett, Jacob Blodgett,* James Brown,* lieutenant, John Butler, killed at Hubbardton, Vt., July 7, 1777, Abel Butterfield, Charles Butterfield, Jonathan Butterfield, t Josiah Butterfield, Samuel Butterfield, t Simeon Butterfield,* Thomas Butterfield, William Butterfield,* Ephraim Blood, t Daniel Blood, t Reuben Blood, t Simeon Blood, t Timothy Blood, t Moses Chandler,* Moses Chamberlain, § Silas Chamberlain, § Thomas Clark, John Cockle, t John Clogstone, Paul Clogstone,* died at Cambridge, July 15, 1775, of wounds received in the battle of Bunker Hill, Thomas Colburn,* Joseph Combs, died in the army, Medad Combs,* corporal, John Conery,t Samuel Conery, Stephen Conery.t William Cox, William Dandley, James Dandley, Abel Danforth,* Jonathan Danforth,* John Davidson,* Castor Dickinson, (colored), Joseph Dix, Noah Downs, t Jonathan Emerson.* lieutenant under Cilley, Jonathan Emerson,* Joseph Farrar, David Fisk, Eleazer Fisk, Nathan Fisk, John Fletcher, Isaac Foot, Ebeuezer Fosdick,* Richard Francis, Benjamin French, Jr., killed in the army, John French, Theodore French, William Gibbs,t Archibald Gibson,* James Gibson,* David Gilson.t David Gilson, Jr.,t Abraham Hale, Jonathan Harris,* died in the army, Ebenezer Harris, William Harris,* a drummer, William Harris, Jr., Archibald Harrod, James Harrod.t died in the army in December, 1777, James Harwood,* killed at Hubbardton,Vt., July 7, 1777, John Harwood, Thomas Harwood, Simeon Hills,* Abijah Honey, Calvin Honey, t died in the army, John Honey, John Honey, Jr., died in the army, Joseph Honey, t Peter Honey,* Peter Honey, Jr., died in the army, William Honey, Israel Hunt, Sr.,ll W^illiam Hunt, Israel Ingalls, James Jewell, Nathaniel Jewell, Jeremiah Keith ,+Nathaniel Kemp, Reuben Killicut, Charity Killicut, Joseph Lamson, Jr.,t Thomas Lancy, William Lancy, Asa J.ovejoy, Henry l/ovewell,* Ichabod Lovewell, John Lovewell, sergeant,* § Jonathan Lovewell,t Jonathan Lovewell, Jr., Nehemiah Lovewell,* Noah Lovewell, t quartermaster of Colonel Gilmore's regiment, Richard Love- well, Stephen Lovewell, (colored), Levi Lund, Joel Lund,t an ensign, John Lund,* sergeant, Jonathan Lund, Samuel Lund,* Thomas Lund, William Lund,* killed at Bunker Hill, William Mann,t killed in the army, Eliphalet Manning, t John Manning, taken prisoner at Ticonderoga and afterwards retaken, Ebenezer Perrj-, Thomas Perry, t Pike_ William Powell, Jonathan Powers, William Quinton.t Abijah Reed,* corporal, David Reed, t Benjamin Robbins, John Robbins, Jr., Philip .\. Robey,* William Robey,* William Robey, second lieutenant, .\bbot Roby,* Samuel Roby, Thomas Roby, William Roby, an ensign, and died in the army, Jason Russell,* James Seal,t Daniel Searles, John Searles, Daniel Shed.t David Smiley, t Benjamin Smith, John Snow, Jr.,* Joseph Snow, died in the army, Joel Stewart,* Joseph Swallow,* Silas Swallow, t Mansfield Taplin,* § Benjamin Taylor, Benjamin Taylor, Jr.,t Jacob Taylor, Ben- jamin Temple, Levi Temple, William Walker,* captain in Reed's regiment and major, Daniel Warner,* sergeant, (quartermaster), Joseph Whiting, Oliver Whiling,t Samuel Whiting, t Benjamin Whitney, t Phineas Whitney,* Sylvanus Whitney,* Daniel Wood.t Oliver Woods,* died at Cambridge, Oliver W'oods, Jr., Paul Woods,* fifer, John Wright, Jr. ,t Jonathan Wright, t Nehemiah Wright,* Oliver Wright. t ♦Those persons to whose name * is appended were in the battle of Bunker Hill; those with t appear from the records to have belonged to this town ; the others are derived from various sources hereinbefore mentioned. } Resided on the southern border of the town and were called of Dunstable, though afterwards living in Tyngsborough. §The names of these men are found on Colonel Gilmore's list as being in Walker's company. It is uncertain where they resided at time of enlistment, perhaps at Newbury, Vt. Colonel Gilmore has reason to believe they were Nashua men, although he does not credit them to this town. The compiler gives Nashua the benefit of the doubt. ll Israel Hunt, Sr., was born in Beverly, Mass., Aug. 27, 1758, and served in the army during the Revolutionary War. .\lthough he could not be credited to New Hampshire during the war, he was a resident and a prominent citizen of Nashua from the year 1802 to the day of his death on March 2, 1850, a period of nearly fifty years. He volunteered in Dunstable for the war of 1812, but on account of his age and infirmities he was not accepted. (See biographical sketch). HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. //. 303 WAR OF i,Si2. Fox's history seems to be strangely deficient concerning the part taken by the inhabitants of Dunstable in the war with (ireat Britain in 1812-15. But it is not strange when one is brouglit to the knowledge that neither the archives of the United States nor the state of New Hampshire, nor the town itself, contain an\- roll of soldiers and sailors, from which such men as fought in that war — and ought to be credited to Nashua — can be correctly cjuoted. The state of New Hampshire furnished a large number of men for the War of 1812. But only authentic rolls of those troops were filed in the war department at Washington, and the authorities there declined to allow copies of them to be made. Therefore, for many years, and indeed prior to 1867, the rolls of the officers and men of New Hamp- shire in the War of 1812 were wanting on our .state archives. In that jear — 1867 — General Grant, then acting secretary of war, issued an order directing the assistant adjutant-general of the United States army, in charge, to furnish to the adjutant-general of New Hampshire such rolls and papers as he might wish to copy. These rolls were then copied, and were published in the report of the adjutant-general for the year ending June i, 1868.* Therefore, while it is true that rolls are preserved that give the names of men who served from New Hampshire, it is also true that those rolls are incomplete for our purpose, because they fail, in a large majorit}' of cases, to state the towns wherein such men resided or from which they enlisted. Con.sequently the writer has found it impo.ssible to obtain a complete and accurate list of the names of the men from Nashua who served their country in that w-ar. "Coming events cast their shadows before." On Nov. 11, 1811, President Madison had called an extra session of congress and laid before it the state of our relations with Great Britain and recom- mended preparations for war. Congress was convinced not only of the hostile intentions of Great Britain who had committed a series of aggressions long continued without apology or redress, but also that there was " no hope of a change of policy on the part of that haughty power, and that a resort to arms was the only alternative for maintaining our rights, sustaining the national honor and protecting our citizens." Therefore, on June 18, 181 2, the twelfth congress passed an act declaring war against Great Britain. Anticipating this result, our general goverinnent had been making active preparations for war. President Madison made requisition on the governor of New Hampshire for its quota of militia pur- suants to an act of congress of April 10, 1812. On May 29, 1812, Gov. John Langdon issued general orders for detaching three thousand, five hundred men from the militia of the state and organizing them into companies, battalions and regiments, to be armed and equipped for actual ser\-ice, and in readiness to march at the shortest notice. These orders were duly obeyed. The declaration of war found the militia of New Hampshire in as flourishing a condition as it had ever been at any period of its existence. The governor, William Plumerof Epping succeeded John Langdon, June 5, 1812, who, from his j)Osition was commander-in-chief of the militia, though not a military man, was one of energy, patriotism, method and good executive ability. His predecessors in that office without an exception had been men engaged in the Revolutionary struggle, and had learned by experience the worth of a well regulated militia, and had carried out the maxim, "in time of peace prepare for war." The adjutant-general was a soldier of the Revolution and had been in that position since the adoption of the constitution, and many of the officers of the militia had been his comrades in arms in that great struggle. Such being the situation of our militia, compliance with the requisitions of the general government was met with the greatest promptness.! In this war the state of New Hampshire not only had to furnish her quota of troops for the general government, but also to defend her seaboard and northern frontier. The harbor of the Piscataqua and the navy yard at Portsmouth were in danger, as was also the "Coos country," and the safety of our territory demanded the attention of the state government. In 1813, five companies of the militia were detached, four of them being .stationed at Portsmouth, under Major Bassett, and one, under Capt. H). H. Mahurin, at Stewart.stown, in the "Coos country." In 18 14 an attack from the Briti.sh fleet off •Report of .iiljutant-geiieral of New Hampshire, 1868, p. 10, et seq. t Report of a(ljutant-}i;eneral of X. H. 1868. ,„, HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. our coast was expected to be made upon the navy yard at Portsmouth, and upou the town itself, and was probably only prevented by the presence of the state militia, which, npon the call of Governor Oilman, rushed to their protection with its former alacrity and patriotism. More than three thousand men of the militia of New Hampshire were at Portsmouth and upon the shores of the Piscataqua, at the call of our state government in 1814* but it is impossible, for reasons stated hereinbefore, to give the names of such of these patriotic men as were from Dunstable who either enlisted or were detached from the militia for that service. We cannot claim many soldiers from Dunstable in this war. That it was not owing to any lack of patriotism or military spirit is evident from the fact that this town, and its successor, Nashua, has always done its full share towards maintaining the dignity of our government and its prowess in arms. That this war was not a popular one in this section of country is true, but during that period our population was small — the population in 1810 is given as one thousand and forty-nine — in 1.S17 the total number of inhabitants was one thousand, one hundred and forty-two. It was not until after the year 1820 that the public attention was turned toward the unusual facilities afforded \>y the power of the Nashua river and Salmon brook for manufacturing. With the factories, population rapidly increased. The editor therefore feels constrained to bring to a close that part of the military historv of Nashua pertaining to the War of 1812 by giving a list of the names of those men that are found in the rolls of the New Hampshire troops* as of Dunstable, (N. H.) Squire Blauchard, Isaac Conery, Mark Harris, Zephaniah Kittredge, Haven Parker, David Philbrick, John Smith, Geort'e Glym, Hezekiah Hamlet, Leonard Harris, Gould Robbins, Russell Robbins, Luther Robbins, Joseph Blood, John Courey (Conery.) THE INDIAN STREAM WAR AND THE FLORIDA WAR. Any published account of the military history of New Hampshire or of any town in it, would seem to be incomplete unless it alluded to any war in which the state was concerned. But justice will here be done if the compiler of this chapter passes over with only very brief reference to the " Indian Stream War" and the Florida War, for the reason that very few, if an)- men from Nashua served in either of them. The Indian Stream War seems really to have been only a " tempe.st in a teapot," although at one time it seemed likely that the difficulty would produce a rupture between the governments of the United States and Great Britain. The matters in dispute aro.se from the inertness of the two governments to definitely agree upon and establish the boundary lines between the state of New Hampshire and the province of Lower Canada described in the treaty of peace concluded at Paris in September, 1783. The difficulty was definitely settled by the earnest action of the government of New Hampshire who sent armed men into the territory in the fall of 1835, and the malcontents residing in the disputed territory either quietly submitted to the laws, or immigrated to Canada. No Nashua men are known to have taken part in this war. The reader is referred to the report of the adjutant-general of New Hampshire for the year ending June I, 1868, pages 269-287, and also a paper prepared by Edgar Aldrich as the annual oration of the New Hampshire Historical society and delivered vSept. 12, 1894. This valuable and interesting paper was published in full, with maps, in the October ( 1894) number of the Granite Monthly. The intelligent reader is aware that the war with the Seminole Indians, commonly called the Florida War, was the mo.st protracted and cruel one in the history of the United States. It com- menced in earne.st in 1835 and did not end by proclamation until 1848. It cost the nation nearly thirty millions of dollars and thousands of valuable lives. Many men of New Hampshire — and several from Hillsborough county — took an active part, but the rolls and files to which the writer had access are so incomplete and the records are so misty that it is well nigh impossible to give a correct list of Nashua men who served in the army of the Ihiited States and for whom the town should have credit. * Archives of N. H. See Adjutant-General's Report, 186S. If /STORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 305 It is known that John Lawrence Noyes, who was a brother of Col. Leonard W. Noyes of Nashua was a major in the service and was actively engaged during this war. It is also known that Timothy E. Parks, who is still living and resides in Nashua at the age of seventy-five, served in the Seminole War three years, from 1838 to 1841, as private, company F, Kighth regiment, U. S. A. Andrew Kelly, who has resided in Nashua some time and is now seventy-four years of age, served in the United States marine corps, from which he was discharged at Indian Ke>-, Florida, in February, 1842 Mr Kelly was in several skirmishes with the Seminole Indians during the Florida War. He also served his country, in the Union army, as a private in company C, Seventeenth Mas.sachusetts regiment. In this, as in every other war in which the United States has been engaged, their arms were triumphant, and if the world judges solely by the result of the last resort, an "appeal to arms," this nation has always been in the right. THE MEXICAN WAR. The .scope of this chapter would not permit, nor is it the desire of the editors or publishers of this history to comment upon or even to mention the political cau.ses which led up to the hostile rupture between the Ihiited States and its sister republic, Mexico. It is enough to say that the difficulties or differences that hatl long existed between the governments of those two nations were not settled bv diplomacy or arbitration, but culminated in open war in the spring of 1846. The state of New Hampshire not only contributed its quota of soldiers for this war, but, also many officers and men who distinguished themselves and added luster to the military prowess and glorv of the state. But the compiler hereof has met with the same difficulty concerning the men who served from Nashua in the Mexican War, that he stated on the first page of his narration of the War of 181 2 in this chapter. As a matter of justice to all parties interested, he dee' .is it not only jjroper but necessary to repeat the statement referred to, which is as follows : " While it is true that rolls are preserved that give the names of men who served from New Hampshire, it is also true that those rolls are incomplete for our purpose because they fail, in a large majority of cases, to state the towns wherein such men resided or from which the}' enlisted. Consequently the writer has found it impossible to obtain a complete and accurate list of the names of men from Nashua who sensed their country in that war. The portion of this history under the heading, " The Mexican War," will consequently be unsatis- factorj- not only to the writer but to the reader, as was that portion under the headino-, "The War of 18 12." The militar_\- spirit of the men of Nashua showed itself early in this war. Both the Nashua Gazette and The Nashua Telegraph newspapers in their editions of June 11, 1846, published the proceedings of a meeting held in the court-room of the townhouse on the evening of the third of June " to organize a company of volunteers to serve in the Mexican War." That record is as follows : The meeting was called to order by Capt. Daniel M. Fiske and organized by choosing Henry Lawrence, chairman and Henry Onion, secretary. It was voted that any per.son present wishing to become a member of the company might do so by signing the roll. It was voted to choose the officers and non-commissioned officers by ballot. Daniel M. Fiske was unanimously chosen captain, C. James Emer>' was unanimously chosen first lieutenant, Dustin L. Bowers was chosen second lieu- tenant, William L. Dudley was unanimously chosen first sergeant ; Henry Lawrence. George R. Kimball, and George W. Ciilman were chosen sergeants. Voted, That a conmiittee of five be appointed In" the chair to draft resolutions to be presented to the meeting. Messrs. William I^. Dudley, H. C. Smith, Henry Onion, Joel R. Langdon and David P. Barber were appointed. It was proposed that the time of enlistment should be changed from during the war to twelve months, but the proposition was rejected b\- a large majority. The connnittee on resolutions reported the following, which was unanimously adopted : — Resolved, That we, having volunteered to form a company of infanlr\- in this state, in obedience to the requirements of the act of congress entitled "An act providing for the jirosecution of the existing war between the I'nited States and the Republic of Mexico," will willingly lend our aid to defend our countrv and institutions from the invasions of a foreign foe. ,o6 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Resolved, That it is the unanimous sense of this meeting that the Hon. Franklin Pierce be, and he is hereby reconunended to the executive of this state to be appointed to take connnand of the " New Hampshire Volunteer Forces." Resolved, That we have the utmost confidence in the courage and patriotism of the officers that we have chosen and will cheerfully march with them to the most distant section of the union to maintain our rights, or to any post of danger our country may call us to defend. Resolved, That we will obey orders and do our duty, that we ma>- ne\-er be ashamed to call the regiment to which we belong ours. It was voted that the proceedings of this meeting be presented to the editors of each of the news- papers published in Nashua and Nashville. Voted to adjourn. Henry Onion, Secretary. The military company thus organized did not enter active service but, as will be .seen hereinafter, many men from Nashua served their country as .soldiers and sailors in this war. Congress declared war again.st Mexico May 13, 1846. The primary cause of this war grew out of a dispute with Mexico over the western boundary line of the newly acquired territory of Texas. The immediate cause was the attack on a small reconnoitering party of United States troops under Captain Thornton, from Gen. Zachary Taylor's "Army of Occupation " on the east side of the river Rio Grand del Norte by a superior force of Mexicans under General Torrejon, in which the entire party was killed or taken prisoners. The slaughter or capture of the troops under Captain Thornton was soon followed by the famous battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma and the brave defence of Fort Brown. In planning the aggressive action in Mexico, it had been determined to attack Vera Cruz and its strongly fortified castle of San Juan de Ulloa and in case of success, to march upon the capital of Mexico, "the city of the Montezumas." Accordingly, in November, 1846, Gen. Winfield Scott was ordered from Washington to the Rio Grande to set on foot that expedition. He arrived on the Rio Grande, Jan. i, 1847. The troops from General Taylor's command were turned over to him, as before named, and he soon left for the island of Lobos, the place of general rendezvous of the fleet and the various detachments. General Patterson marched with his division from \'ictoria to Tampico, and there embarked ; Generals Scott and Worth sailed from the Brazos, and the remainder of the troops were to proceed directly from the United States to Lobos. Congress had authorized the raising of ten new regiments to serve during the war. These were to be raised and organized. During the month of February, the various detachments arrived that had been ordered to the rendezvous at Lobos, and, although many of the supplies had not arrived. General Scott determined to lose no time by delay, and, on March 6, the whole fleet hove in sight off Vera Cruz. The debarkation of the troops was fixed for March 9, and was effected on that day with the most perfect order and regularity. The beaching was a splendid sight. General Patterson was the ranking officer, being a full major-general, and took command of the forces when landed, and the}' had .serious work to do. The arsenal and the malebran were defended and the following day these were both taken, and the sand hills cleared of the foe that crowned them, and the Mexican forces driven within the walls of Vera Cruz, so that upon the landing of General Scott on the evening of the second day, he had no enemy to obstruct his operations save from the walls of the city and the castle. A succession of severe " northers" succeeded and prevented the landing of the mortars and guns, so that it was not until March 22, that General vScott demanded the surrender of the city. The demand was refused, and then a tremendous fire was opened upon the city, both seaward as well as landward, Commodore Tatnall having been ordered to commence a simultaneous fire upon the town from the flotilla under his command. At length, battery after battery being added to the line of investment, and horrors upon horrors added to the suffering inhabitants the livelong night of the twenty-fifth, nothing being heard but the booming of cannon, the explosion of bombs, the cra.sh of falling houses, the shrieks of the wounded and the groans of the dying ; on the morning of March 26, 1847, the batteries ceased playing. Articles of capitulation were signed on the twenty-seventh, and on March 29, the Mexican forces marched out of town, laid down their arms, and went their way in the interior. Thus fell the boasted impregnable fortress of the Mexicans, leaving General Scott an open way to the interior, whither he marched with most commendable dispatch on his way to the capital. At the heights of Cerro Gordo he met the combined Mexican forces under Santa Anna, and on April 17, 1847, gained the memorable "battle of Cerro Gordo," hurling Santa Anna HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 307 from his supiiostd impregnable position, and driving his demoralized troops in hot haste towards the capital. Jalai)a, Perote and I'uebla offered little resistance to his conquering army, and at the latter town C.eneral Scott reposed his army and awaited his ex])ected reinforcements. These consisted of the NinUi I'nited vStates infantr>-. under Col. Truman 15. Ransom, and other detachments, amounting in all to two thousand, five hundred men, under the command of ]{rig.-Gen. Franklin Piercet of New Hampshire. The Ninth regiment of I'nited .States infantry had been recruited in New Hampshire under the auspices of Col. P'ranklin Pierce of New Hampshire, as its colonel, Abner B. Thompson of Maine as its lieutenant-colonel, and Gen. Truman B. Ransom of Maine, as its major, their commissions severally bearing the date of P'eb. 16, 1847. March 3 Colonel Pierce was appointed a brigadier- general by President Polk and assigned to take command of the detachment of troops about to be sent to reinforce General Scott, and on March 16 Major Ransom was promoted colonel of the regiment in his place. It is with this regiment that this chapter has mainly to do, for the reason that the chief interest in men who served in the army in the Mexican War is centered in companies H and C. Company H was first commanded by Capt. Daniel Batchelder of Haverhill, and afterwards by Capt. George Bowers of Nashua. Company C was first commanded by Capt. Stephen Woodman, but this company, as was the case with company H, sailed from Newport, R. I., on May 21, 1847, for the seat of war in command of its first lieutenant, who was John H. Jackson. In this company served Thomas P. Pierce+ as second lieutenant, atid John F. Marsh, a private, both of whom became afterwards, and for man)- years, prominent citizens of Nashua. The roll of Captain Bowers' company^ H, Ninth United States infantry, connnonly called the New England regiment, as given in the military history of New Hampshire is as follows: — Daniel Batchelder, captain, John \V. Bewer, Benjamin F. Osgood, George Bowers,* ist lieutenant, George E. Barnes, Chester Perry, Daniel H. Cram, 2d " Josiah Butler,* James Powers, Richard C. Drum, 2d :' Guy Carleton, Michael W. Page, John Bedel, ist sergeant, Jeremiah E. Curry, Benjamin E. Porter, John C. Stowell, 2d sergeant, Ferdinand Carson, Arthur L. Pike, Ezra T. Pike, 3d ", Caleb Chamberlain,* Asa Randall, George C. Spencer, 4th " Michael Cochran, Nahum G. Swett, Thomas F. Davis, 1st corporal, .Samuel Davis, John Shaw,* J. K. Ramsdell, 2d " David Dunlap, Suel Simpson, tOen. Franklin Pierce, fourteenth president of the United States was the son of ex. -Gov. Benjamin Pierce of Hillsborough, where he was born Nov. 23, 1804. He was graduated from Bowdoin college with the class of 1824. He read law in the offices of Edmund Parker of Amherst, Levi Woodbury of Portsmouth, and at the law school at Northampton, Mass. He was admitted to the bar of the county of Hillsborough in 1827. t Lieut. Thomas P. Pierce was born in Chelsea, Mass., Aug. 30, 1820. He was appointed a second lieutenant in the Ninth regiment, I'nited States infantry, April 9, 1847. He was brevetted first lieutenant, Aug. 20, 1847, for gallant and distinguished conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco. Lieutenant Pierce led his company at Contreras. Captain Kimball's company from Vermont was immediately in front, and bringing his company to a halt, he exclaimed, " Stead\', men ; remember that you are ' Green Mountain Boys,' take good aim and do such execution upon the Mexicans as shall do credit to old Vermont. Ready, aim, fire ! " The company fired and filed off. Company C came next, marching steadily up. "Halt!" cried Lieutenant Pierce; "Now boys, take steady aim and give the Mexicans such a fire as will make old Vermont ashamed of herself." When such was the coolness and rivalry of our soldiers, one ceases to wonder why six thousand men should have whipped thirty thousand Mexicans upon their own soil. Upon his return from Mexico, Mr. Pierce resumed his occupation as an ornamental painter. After General Pierce was elected president, Mr. Pierce was appointed ])ostniaster at Manchester, March 28, 1853, and was re-appointed by President Buchanan, March 31, 1857. Upon the breaking out of the Rebellion in 1861, he was appointed by Governor Goodwin colonel of the Second regiment of New Hampshire volunteers, and when that regiment was trans- ferred under the second call of President Lincoln for troops for longer service he resigned. Colonel Pierce afterward became a resident of Nashua and was for many years superintendent of the Nashua Card and Glazed Paper company. He died suddenly at Nashua in 1887, while acting as chairman of the committee of arrangements for entertaining Gov. Charles. H. Sawyer and the Amoskeag veterans. § Adjutant-General's report, N. H., 1868. II Captain Batchelder was detailed for recruiting service. May 20, 1847, at Newport, R. I., and I'irst Lieut. George Bowers assumed command of the company. ♦All those men having a * affixed to to their names are carried on the rolls as having enlisted from Nashua. ,3oS HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Leonard Morrill, 3(1 corporal, William D. Parker, filer, George Sumner, drummer, Michael D. Lawton, " David Amey. Henry Albert, Kinsman Avery, Chandler Averill, James Andrews, Robert A. Brown, Benjamin Bean, William Burns, William F. Bailey, John Boiidle, Solon B. Collins,* t Joseph Duso, Foster Edson, John Flynn, Marshall L. Grant,* Isaac Grace,* William Gould, Jr., Sanford Gardner, Albert Knapp, Nathan W. King,* Joseph E. Little, Aaron G. Lane, Lorenzo D. Montgomery,* Bernard McClusley, Alfred Noyes,* Charles Clement, *t Daniel M. Smith, Henr3' Stevens, John H. White,* Elijah Wallace, Harvey Wade, George W. Woods, Thomas J. Wiser, Nelson B. Woodward, John Webster, George Welch, James Williams, Nathaniel W. White,* William W. Welch. All of the men who are named in the foregoing roll enlisted between March 25 and May 17, 1847, and term of their enlistment was " during the war." The name of Caleb J. Emery of Nashua is not given in the foregoing roll, but there is no doubt that he served in company H and was commissioned as a lieutenant. The New England regiment, in which most of the men from Nashua serv^ed, formed a part of the army under Gen. Winfield Scott that fought in all the engagements that culminated with a blaze of glory in the capture of the City of Mexico, which practically- brought the war to an end. In the attack of the enem}^ on the heights of Contreras, at Churubusco, at Molino del Rej' and the castle of Chapultepec, all of which were fought not only against greatl)- superior numbers of the enemy, but also against strongly fortified positions, the determined valor of Nashua soldiers was illustrated. At Molino del Rey, which was defended not only by its own guns but also by those of the castle of Chapultepec, the attack was made September 8, and the division under General Worth was hard pushed. General Scott rode up to General Pierce, who was at the right of the Ninth regiment, and ordered him to go to the relief of General Worth at once. This order was obeyed, and the Ninth and Second infantry moved up under General Pierce by a happy manoeuvre in the face of fifteen thousand of the enemy and under a most destructive fire. The enemy's works were carried at the point of the bayonet, but it was a bloody and dearly bought victory costing the life of many a gallant soldier. Among those severely wounded was Lieut. John G. Foster+ of Nashua. The castle on the heights of Chapultepec commanded the City of Mexico, and, on September 12, four days after the capture of Molino del Rey, the Mexicans still retained possession of that castle and city. On the twelfth our army commenced the bombardment of the castle and heights of Chapultepec. During this bombard- ment. General Pierce, at the head of the First and Fourth brigades, gallantly held in check a large bod)' of lancers on our left. At about eight o'clock on the morning of September 13, the charge by order of General Pillow, commenced under the command of Colonel Ransom of the Ninth regiment, and in half an hour the stars and stripes were waving over the castle of Chapultepec. The two New Hampshire companies that behaved with their usual gallantry were commanded respectively by Lieut. George Bowers and John H. Jackson, who, on this as on other occasions, proved themselves worthy sons of the " Old Granite State." During the night following the surrender of the ca.stle of Chapultepec, a deputation from the city councils of the City of Mexico, visited General Scott and informed him that Santa Anna, with his army, had marched out of the city. On the morning of September 14, the stars and stripes floated in triumph over the national palace. The army of the United States thus gained possession of the capitol of Mexico and dictated terms of peace in the " halls of the Montezumas." A number of Nashua men served in the United States navy in the war with Mexico. Of such the compiler has been able to learn the names of but few. The following are the names oftho.se that have been reported from sources believed to be authentic : Edward P. Whitney, John G. Smith, (who * All those men having a * affixed to their names are carried on the rolls as having enlisted from Nashua. tThe name of Solon B. Colling and Charles Clement, both of Nashua, do not appear on this roll, but they were in the war and probably in this company. Charles Clement died as a prisorer of war in Mexico; he was a brother of Luther Clement, late of Nashua, deceased, J See biographical sketch. HISTORY or NASHUA, N. H. 309 shipped as Andrew Brown), Asa D. Kimball, Sidney Hildreth, Dorus Seavey, Benjamin Warren, Henry \'. Warren. Doubtless there are omissions of names of Nashua men who served in this war, both in the army and navy, but repeated appeals through the public press have failed to obtain any others than those named in this chapter. The compiler, in closing his chapter of the histon,-, claims without fear of contradiction, that men from the territory now embraced within the limits of Nashua, from the time of the earliest troubles with the Indians, and certainly before the year 1670, down to the War of the Great Rebellion, 1861- 1865, have shown qualities of patriotism and valor unexcelled in the world's history. Men from New Hampshire were the first who struck at Fort William and Mary near Portsmouth and precipitated the Revolutionary War. They burned the first powder at Bunker Hill, when New Hampshire furnished the men and Massachusetts the ground. It was the New Hampshire militia who .struck Burgo>ne the first blow : it was old John Linton who gave him the first black eye ; at Trenton, it was New Hamp- shire men who led Washington's advance; poor bare-footed men who left their tracks of blood over long steps of that journey. In the Mexican War none were more distinguished than New Hamp.shire men, among whom may be named without invidiousness Col. George Bowers and Lieut. John G. Foster, both of Nashua and both of whom were brevetted for gallantry in that war. The first man killed in the War of the Rebellion was a New Hampshire man in a Massachusetts uniform (Sixth Massachusetts at Baltimore), and in the War of the Rebellion none showed more patriotism nor greater heroi.sm than those from New Hampshire who .shed their blood in defence of the integrity of the federal union in almost every battle from Fort Sumter to Appomattox. (^/^iZr^ ^*^^ />t^ 3IO HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. DANA WILLIS KING. Col. Dana W. King, twin brother of Dean W. King, M. D., of Boulder, Colo., was born at .\lstead, June 29, 1832. He is a descendant of William King of Langdon, and DAX.\ \V. KINCt. Capt. William King of .\lstead, who were among the early settlers of that region, the last named being promi- nent in the militia of that day, and, to some extent, an actor in the anti-masonic troubles of his time. Colonel King was educated in the public schools of his native town and at the age of nineteen sought his fortune in Boston. At the end of two years' em- ployment in a grocery store, in 1852, he shipped as a sailor on a wlialeboat and was about ready to sail from East Boston when his twin brother persuaded him to take "French leave." He wandered to Detroit, Mich., where he had kinsmen, secured a clerkship in a grocery store, and remained until November of that year, when he came to Nashua, whither his parents had come shortly before. He then entered the employ of Josephus Baldwin, manufacturer of bobbins and shuttles. He remained here, being employed in several mechanical pursuits and was conspicuous in the fire department of that day until thf spring of 1854, when he was seized with the western fever. The country was ex- cited over the outlook of fame and fortune in Kansas and Nebraska, and the colonel, being at that age when men seek both, journeyed thither. He spent two and a half years in the country mentioned and experienced all the ups and downs and hair-breadth escapes incidental to an unsettled country, including friendly and unfriendly relations with the wandering savages of the plains. Having had enough of this sort of life, he returned to Nashua and obtained employment in the repair shop of the Nashua Manufacturing com- pany, where, although, as he says, he did not develop first-class talent, he was the one man for great emergen- cies and undertakings that required nerve. The uprising of the north in i86r found him at the bench. He, however, recognized that his opportunity to make a career for himself had come. The fighting bloud which flowed in him was roused. He enlisted in company F, First regiment. New Hampshire volunteers, and served with credit in the three months' campaign that opened the War of the Rebellion. He returned to the state with his command, but had not had enough of war. Corporal Is^ing, for that was his rank in the First, resumed his uniform, and enlisted in the Eighth regiment volun- teers, and was commissioned second lieutenant of com- pany A. The regiment was assigned to Gen. Benjamin F. Butler's New Orleans expedition, and sailed from Boston to Ship Island, at the mouth of the Mississippi river. The colonel was in New Orleans after its capture and served in the engagements in which his regiment partici- pated. In fact he was in nearly all the battles and skirmishes of the Department of the Gulf and was promoted to a captaincy for meritorious conduct in the face of the enemy. He had a horse shot under him in Banks' Red river expedition and was wounded and taken jjrisoner at the Sabine Cross Roads on April 8, 1864. The hardship and suffering which he endured during the next seven months in the prison at Shreveport, La., and in the stockade at Tyler, Tex., from which place, with other comrades, he made his escape only to be recaptured and suffer other hardships and indignities in punishment for his attempt to get free, were such as to cause the death of many another veteran. The story of this experience of his life is a book in itself. Following his exchange, when RESIDENCE OF D.\XA W. KING. he certainh' was an object of pity, he rejoined his regi- ment at Natchez, Miss., and at the close of the war, Nov. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 311 8, 1865, came home in command of the veteran battalion of the Eighth with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, being the only remaining officer of those originally commis- sioned for the regiment, who was in the line when it left the state. Since those days the colonel has been a prominent and active citizen of Nashua, and one of the foremost of those who have sought to give the city a good name and develop its resources. He was elected register of deeds for Hills- borough county in 1868, by the Republican partv, and although that ticket has been frequently defeated through the past decades, he has Ijeen invariably re-elected and still holds that office. He is an expert in examining land titles and his time is fully taken up in that occupation. Colonel King was an alternate to the Republican National convention at Chicago in 1888, and a delegate to the Republican National convention at Minneapolis in 1892. Colonel King makes no claim to the honors of an orator. He is a talker, both interesting and humorous, and has made more than twenty-five memorial addresses in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, counseled the boys at a hundred canipfires, lectured to schools, made a few politi- cal speeches, and told many an agricultural and horticul- tural meeting what he knows, and often times what he doesn't know, about tilling the soil, propagating fruit trees, vines, bushes and flowers. The colonel resides on Concord street in a handsome house built in 1879. Con- spicuous upon the outer wall of his castle, in enduring granite and blazoned in gold, is the corps badge of the .\rmy of the Gulf; vines creep to the coving and the latch-string is ever out to comrades and friends. The colonel is not of that class of mortals who have their good days and their bad dav-s. With him all days are alike, and whether it rains or shines, snows or blows ; whether he is under the weather from old army troubles, or some company in which he has invested has sought the court of insolvency, is cheerful and hopeful. He enjoys the peace and comfort that by reason of the dangers he has passed, the hardships and privations he experienced in battles and in prisons, he is entitled to. The colonel is a member of Rising Sun lodge. A. F. and A. M., Meridian Sun Royal Arch chapter, Israel Hunt council, St. George commander}-, K. T., and is a Scottish Rite Mason of the 32d degree, being a member in the Valley of Nashua ; also a member of the I.oyal Legion and John G. Foster post, G. .\. R. He has been treasurer of the New Hampshire Veterans' association since its organi- zation in 1877. In the matter of creed he is aUniversalist. Colonel King was married in Nashua in September, 1857, to Jennie L. Carter, daughter of Joseph and Elmira Carter of Concord. The children born of this marriage are Willis D., .\ug. 17, 1858, and Winnifred May, March 10, 1870, who was united in marriage June 14, 1893, with Levi A. Judkins of Claremont. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS WARREN. Capt. John Q. K. Warren, son of David and Annie H. (Smith) Warren, was born at Winthrop, Me., .\ug. 5, 1826, killed in battle in Louisiana, Oct. 27, 1862. He was educated in the common schools of his native place and came to Nashua to reside when he was fourteen years of age. He was employed two years at the mills of the Nashua Manufacturing company, and afterwards in the bobbin and shuttle works on Water street. In 1857 he became a clerk in a store on Main street, where he re- mained till the breaking out of the war. Captain Warren was an enthusiastic member of the old fire department JOII.V Ci. A. WAKKKN. and foreman of Niagara company eleven years. He en- listed in the Eighth regiment New Hampshire volunteers and was commissioned captain. In the first battle in which that command was engaged, and while in advance of his compan}' and urging it onward to victory, he fell, a martyr to the cause of his country. His body was buried near where he fell and a few months later disinterred and forwarded to Nashua, where it was buried in the Hollis Street cemeter}-, now Woodlawn, and a beautiful monu- ment erected by the firemen and citizens. Camp John Q. A. Warren, Sons of Veterans, was named in honor of him. He w'as a member of Rising Sun lodge. A. F. and A. M., and attended the First Congregational church. Captain Warren was united in marriage June 14, 1851, with Maria J. Worcester, daughter of Orvill and Nancy (Williams) Worcester, who died in 1S96. .V son and daughter were born of his marriage; William Mason, born Sept. 17, 1852; Addie M., born Sept. 18, 1854, married Clarence E. Good- speed, locomotive engineer on the Hoston & Maine rail- road, April 9, 1S84. RICHARD OLIVHR GREENLEAF. JIaj. Richard O. Greenleaf was born in South Berwick. Me., Jan 31, 1823. He is a son of Richard and Eliza (Ackerman) Greenleaf. Major Greenleaf was educated 3' 2 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. in the public schools of Haverhill, Mass., and graduated at its high school. He began life as an operative in the cotton mills at the place last mentioned, and at the age of RICHARD O. GREENLEAF. twenty-six )-ears went to Lawrence as an overseer in one of the mills at that place. In 1857 he came to Nashua and was employed in the office at the mills of the Jackson Manufacturing company as book-keeper. When the flag was fired upon at Fort Sumter his patriotism was such that lie was the first man, (April 19, 1861 ), in Nashua to enlist. He was commissioned captain in the First regi- ment New Hampshire volunteers, and immediately went to the front. It was a three months' regiment, and when his term of enlistment expired he was re-commissioned (Sept. 20, 1861) captain in the Fourth regiment New Hampshire volunteers. He suffered all the hardships and privations of war, participated in all the battles and skirmishes of his command, and was promoted to the rank of major, Aug. 24, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service in the line of duty. Major Greenleaf was mus- tered out Sept. 27, 1864, and it is the unanimous vote of his comrades that no braver or truer man ever trod the field of glory in the cause of nations. He returned to Nashua in 1866. and in 1872 went to Chicago and remained there till 1878, when became back to Nashua. In 1881 he went to Joliet, 111., and in 1891 he again made Nashua his home. His occupation has been that of a book-keeper, and at the present time he is the manager of the Aerated Oxygen compau)'. Major Greenleaf represented Ward Two, Nashua, in the common council in i860, was secre- tary of the board of trade and three years a member of the board of education, and its clerk in Joliet. Since returning here he has been secretary of the Nashua board of trade, quartermaster of John G. Foster post, G. A. R., of which he was a charter member and has been com- mander. He is a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M., and of the Church of the Good Shepherd, (Episco- pal), of which he is treasurer. Major Greenleaf has been twice married; first, 1851, with Mary Cary, who died in 1854; second, in 1861, with Martha A. Flinn, daughter of Samuel and Clarissa (Lang- ley) Flinn of Nashua. One son was born of his first marriage, Thomas, who died in 1853 in infancy. JAMES HARVEY HUNT. Lieut. James H. Hunt was born in Stoddard, Nov. 25, 1841. He is a son of Dea. Timothy and Tryphena(F"isher ) Hunt. His immigrant ancestor, William Hunt, came from England in 1635 and settled at Concord, Mass. Timothy Hunt, Sr., his grandfather, came from Grafton, Mass., to Stoddard about 1810 and became prominent in the early history- of the place. On the maternal side he is a descendant of James Harvey Fisher, M. I)., from whom he takes his name, and who was a prominent prac- ticing physician in Stoddard and vicinity during the first half of the present century. Lieutenant Hunt received his rudimentary education in the district schools of his native place and beyond that is a self-taught and self-made man. He lived at home on his father's farm in Stoddard until his twenty-first year, when he enlisted Aug. 13, 1862, in company G, Fourth regiment New Hampshire volunteers as corporal, and was promoted to sergeant, then to orderly-sergeant, and finally, in recognition of meritorious service, was commis- sioned second lieutenant in the same company, which rank he held until the close of the war. His regiment did provost duty in Washington in 1863, was in the Army of the Gulf in 1864, and, being transferred to Virginia in July of that year, participated in General Sheridan's memorable campaign in the Shenandoah valley against the confederate army under General Early. He was with his regiment in all the campaigns, skirmishes and battles in which it was engaged, the most important engage- JAMi;s 11. Ill'iNT. ments of which were at Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. After the war he spent one j'ear in the dairy business in California, and then, upon returning to J //STONY (•>/■- NASHUA, N. H. zn New Ilainpshire, he located in the tin and stove trade in his native town, where he became postmaster in 1868 and served until 1871. In January, 1S72, he came to Nashua and for several years was engaged in the tin and stove business on Factory street with A. S. Powers, under the firm name of Powers & Hunt. Sept. i, 1879, he was appointed b)- Mayor IIol- nian assistant marshal of the Nashua police force, which jjosition he held until Jan. i, i88[, when Mayor I'letcher appointed him marshal. He served in this position, be- ing reappointed by JIayors I'letcher and Norton, till Jan. I, 1884, when he was succeeded by Willard C. Tolles and appointed assistant marshal. In January, 1885, he was again appointed marshal. He served two years, and Jan. I, 1887, retired, since which time he has been engaged in the livery business. His administration of police affairs was marked with prudence, justice and efficienc)^ and is remembered as one of the most popular in the his- torv of the cit}'. In 1887, Lieutenant Hunt was appointed by Governor Currier, coroner for Hillsborough county, which commission he now holds by reappointment in 1892 by Governor Tuttle. In April, 1893, he w-as appointed deputy sheriff of Hillsborough county and is still in that iilTice. Lieutenant Hunt is an energetic and progressive cili/en who rejoices in everything calculated to boom Nashua, and who has the good will of the community. He is a York Rite Mason and a member of St. George commandery, K. T., of which he is captain-general, a Scottish Rite Mason of the 32d degree and a member of Edward A. Raymond consistory ; he is also a member of Nashua lodge, IC. of P., and a past chancellor in the order ; a member of John G. Foster post, G. A. R., and has served his comrades many times as chief marshal and in other stations on Memorial days and when important events were transpiring. Lieutenant Hunt was united in marriage Nov. 21, 1867, with Rosalthe Uptou, daughter of Alson and Sarah (Scott) Upton of Stoddard. Their adopted son, Fred E., born Jan. i, 1877, a bright, intelligent and promisingboy, was drowned in the Nashua river June 3, 1892. ALVIN SUMNHR EATON. Alvin S. Eaton was born at Hillsborough Bridge, Dec. 4, 1840. He is a son of James B. and Sarah R. (Hobsou) Eaton. (For ancestors see sketch of his father.) Mr. Eaton came to Nashua in a canal boat with his par- ents, landing at Gay's store. Main street, when he w-as an infant in arms and his home has been here ever since. In early life he was employed as a locomotive engineer upon the Boston & Lowell railroad. When the flag was assailed on the walls of Sumter the blood of an honora- ble ancestry was aroused, and, Dec. 23, 1861, he was mustered in the service of his country in the New Hamp; shire batallion of the First New England cavalry, the name of which was changed after the battle of Front Royal to the First regiment of Rhode Island cavalry. When the battalion re-enlisted in 1864, antl eight new companies were added, it was again changed to First New Hampshire cavalry. Mr. Eaton was in all the skirmishes and engagements of his command, excepting those that occurred when he -was a prisoner of war, and was pro- moted to orderly sergeant for gallant and meritorious conduct in action. He was wounded in the arm in the fight at Tom's Brook, and taken prisoner Nov. 12, 1864, at Back roads. He suffered the hardships and privations of four months confinement at .Stanton jail, Libby prison, Pemlierton castle and Salisbury, N. C, and was paroled AI.\1\ >. E.XTDN. March I, 1865. He was honorably discharged June 24, 1865. Since the war Mr. Eaton has been active in the pursuits of peace. He kept a market for some time on Canal street and for many years was engaged in the concrete business, at the same time holding commissions as deputy sheriff for Hillsborough and Rockingham counties inter- esting himself in police affairs and the things that make a lively and progressive city. Jan. i, 1890, Mayor Beasom appointed him city marshal, and when a board of police commissioners was appointed in 1892 he was retained in that position and is still in ofiice. His administration of the police department has been efficient. He has brought the force up to a high state of discipline and performed the onerous, and often disagreeable, duties of his office with fidelity. Mr. Eaton was among the first of the Nashua soldiers to become a member of John G. Foster post, G. A. R., and was commander of the state depart- ment in 1875, making an honorable record. He has alwavs taken a deep interest in the order, has served it on great occasions as chief marshal, and is one of the most liberal contributors to further its ends and for the relief of comrades. In fact he is a liberal giver and supporter for the things that benefit Nashua and Nashuans. He attends the Methodist church, is a member of Watananock tribe of Red Men, Nashua lodge, K. of P., and the Knights of Honor. Mr. Eaton was united in marriage Oct. 16, 1868, at Nashua, with Rebecca H. Sawyer, daughter of David and Cordelia A. (Harmon) Sawyer of West Buxton, Me. One son has been born of their marriage. Ivory Custer, born Dec. 8, 1876. BENJAMIN SHIPLEY WOODS. Benjamin S. Woods was born at Tyugsboro, Mass., May 28, 1845. He is a son of Solomon and Lucy (Shipley) Woods. He is a descendant on the paternal side of Solo- mon Woods, who came to this country from England in 17— and settled at Westford, Mass. On the maternal side 314 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. be is a descendant of Benjamin Shipley, for many years a resident of Nashua. BENJAMIN ^ WcioDS. Jlr. Woods was educated in the common schools of Nashua, Amherst, Merrimack and Lyndeborough, in each of which places his parents resided during his minority. At the age of seventeen years he enlisted in company D, Eighth regiment. New Hampshire Volunteers, and in the four years of war that followed endured the hardships of the campaign of the Nineteenth army corps. He was with the regiment at the capture of New Orleans, at the siege of Port Hudson and in the Red river campaign, and, in fact, participated in all the battles of the army of the Gulf. Following the war he settled in Nashua and has followed the occupation of a merchant, being engaged in the grocerv trade. Mr. Woods represented Ward Eight in the common council in 1S91 and 1892, and in the legis- lature of 1893 and 1894. He is a member of John G. Fos- ter post, G. A. R., and has held ever}- office in the gift of his comrades, including that of commander. Mr. Woods was president of the Eighth regiment. New Hampshire veteran association six years, is a member of the United Order of the Golden Cross and the Baptist church. No citizen-soldier of Nashua is held in higher esteem, or is more worthy of the regard of the public than Mr. Woods. Mr. Woods was united in marriage Nov. 17, 1865, with Jennie F. Mclntire, daughter of Jonathan and Louisa (Marshall) Mclntire of Lyndeboro, N. H. Mrs. Woods died at Houston, Tex., while on her way to California in search of health, Dec. 26, 1894. Two sons were born of this marriage : Ernest Stanley, Arthur Roy, born April 9, 1881. born April 9, 1871 CHARLES W. STEVENS. Gen. Charles W. Stevens was born at Cavendish, Vt., Nov. 18, 1844. He is a son of John L. and Sarah M. (Emerson) Stevens. His childhood was spent in his na- tive place and at Francestown. He came to Nashua with his parents in 1850, where he has since resided. General Stevens was educated in the public schools of Nashua, at the academy at Francestown and at Bryant & Stratton's business college in Boston, graduating at the latter place. His occupation is that of a stonemason and contractor; he controls quarries in Nashua and Milford, having formed the Stevens Granite company at the latter place and holds the position of president and general manager. Many prominent public and private buildings in the state, together with bridges and monuments attest his skill and practical knowledge in his chosen line of work. He is a director in the Nashua Building and Loan association, the Nashua Boot and Shoe Manufacturing company and the board of trade. He served his country a year during the Civil War as quartermaster sergeant of company H, First New Hamp- shire cavalry, and since then has given two 3'ears as a non-commissioned officer on the staff of the Second regi- ment. New Hampshire national guard, and two years on Gov. Hiram A. Tuttle's staff as quartermaster-general. General .Stevens has represented his ward in the common council and in the legislature, 1885, and was five 3-ears a member of the board of education. In 1S88 he was chair- man of the Republican city committee and he has been several times urged to stand as a candidate for mayor. Gov. David H. Goodell appointed him on the board of managers of the Soldiers' Home at Tilton in 1889, and upon the expiration of his term he was reappointed hy Governor Tuttle. In 1894 he was elected state senator from the twentieth district for 1895 and 1896 and served his constituents with fidelity and credit to himself. He attends the Pilgrim Congregational church, and is a director in the society ; is a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M., Granite lodge, I. O. O. F., Nashua lodge, K. of P., City Guards club and New Hampshire club. He is also a member of John G. F'oster post, G. K. R.. which he served as commander and on several public occasions as chief marshal. General Stevens was united in marriage June 29. i858, with Lizzie Butterfield, daughterof David C. and Mary V . (Heimmingway) Butterfield of Nashua. Three sons have been born of their marriage : Charles B.. born Dec. 6, CH.MILE.S \V. STK\KN'.S. 1S69, died as the result of an accident, July i, 1882 ; F'red L., born July 9, 1872, died Aug. 3, 1873; Everett M.. born Aug. 9, 1878. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. //. j'3 DAVID WADSWORTH. Capt. David Wadsworlh, son of David and Caroline F,. (Metcalf) Wadsworth, was born in Worcester, Mass., Feb. 4, 1838. At an early age his parents removed to Vermont. He was educated in the common schools of Cambridgeboro' and Richford, in that state, and al Crosby's Literary institution in Nashua, and during his early manhood was employed as a lockniaker. When the Civil War broke out he enlisted as a private in Conipanv F., Third regi- ment, New Hamp- shire volunteers, and shortly after- wards was pro- moted to sergeant. His prompt and efficient perform- ance of his duties soon attracted the attention of his superior officer and won for him, Nov. 16, 1862, a commission as sec- ond lieutenant. In the engage- ments that fol- lowed he w'as con- spicuous as a brave officer, and. May 16, 1863, was ad- vanced to first lieutenant. April 16, 1864, in recog- nition of merito- rious service in the line of dut\- he was promoted to a cap- taincy. Captain Wadsworth was honorably dis- charged Sept. 28, 1864. He partici- pated with his regiment — which has a record for gallantry among the first in the state — in the bat- tles of Elba island , Port Royal, Bluff- ton, Jehasse, James Island, Secession- ville, Pocotalige, Stone inlet, Morris island, Fort Wagner, Drury's Bluff, where he was slightly wounded, Wier Bottom, Petersburg, Hatchor's and Deep Bottom. Re- turning to the avocations of peace he worked at his trade as a locksmith with the Nashua Lock company. Captain Wadsworth represented Ward Seven in the legislature in 1875 and 1876 and was chairman of the committee on accounts. In 1877 he was appointed deputy sheriff and superintendent of the Hillsborough county jail at Man- chester, which position he continues to hold with credit to himself and the entire satisfaction of the people. The U.WI 13 WADSWORTH . same promptness, care and conscientious performancee of duties which he exhibited in his career as a soldier in the War of the Rebellion have characterized his record in civil life since the war. As superintendent of the county jail he has shown in a marked degree, those qualities of mind, which are everywhere acknowledged as neeessarv adjuncts to success in any and all undertakings in life, whether the results involved are of little or great conse- ipience, and which are especially desirable and requisite in such a position as this. By good judgment, a thor- ough knowledge of human nature, and a careful con- sideration of the equities of all af- fairs coming under his supervision and management, he has succeeded in obtaining the reputation of be- ing one of the most successful managers ever in charge of the in- stitution. As a citizen of Nashua, Captain Wadsworth was known as a genial companionable gentleman, who was ever ready to assist a friend, and to respond to the calls of charily, whether public or private, and al- ways willing to do whatever lay in his power to ad- vance the city's in- terests; and since removing to Man- chester he has abundantly sus- tained this repu- tation. During his residence in Man- chester he has rep- resented Ward Six of that city, 1893 and 1894, in the legislature, being chairman of the committee on county affairs, and has been active in many things that pertain to good citizenship. He is a member of John G. Foster post, G. .\. R. of this city, and attends the Baptist church. Captain Wadsworth was united in marriage Jan. 5, i860, with Sarah A. Moore, daughter of Labau Moore of Nashua, who died June 10, 1866. His second marriage, January, 1875, was with Mrs. Mary R. Buel, daughter of Benjamin and FHvira (Duntley) Lund of Milford. One child, the wife of Carl W. Anderson of Manchester, was born of their marriage. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. ELBERT WHEELER. Gen. Elbert Wheeler was born at Concord, Mass., Sept. i8, 1849. He is a son of Edwin and Mary (Rice) Wheeler and a descendant on the paternal side of George Wheeler, who came to this country early in the seventeenth cen- tury and settled at Concord. Mass., where he died in 1687. The descent is William, born in England ; William, 1665 ; Francis, 1698; Noah, 1750; Cyrus, 1786; Edwin. 1817; Elbert, 1849. Hisgreat-great-grandfatheron the maternal side, Joseph Smith, who died in 1803, was a cap- tain in the militia, or minute men, and participated in the engagement at Concord, April 19. 1775- General Wheel- er was educated in the public schools of his native place and at the United States military academy at West Point, where he was graduated in the class of 1875. His assignment in the regular army, a lieutenancy, was to the First United States artillery. He was stationed first at West Point, then at Fort Adams, R. I., Fort Sill, I. T., and later at Washing- ton. Resigning from the army in 1877, he went into business at Laco- nia, and during his residence there organized a mili- tar}' company, the Belknap rifles, and was commissioned as its captain. This was when the New Hampshire national guard was in an embryo condition, and the initiative work that he performed in drilling and disciplining his command- between which and the Nashua City guards, commanded by Capt. E. J. Copp, afterwards promoted to colonel, there was a spirit of generous rivalry— till it had a wide reputation for efficiency, and, with the Nashua company, created enthusiasm throughout the state and made possi- ble our present efficient brigade. General Wheeler re- moved from Laconia to Nashua in 1881, just previous to which time the service he had rendered was recognized ELBERT WHEELER. by the state authorities, by an appointment and commis- sion as inspector-general, with the rank of brigadier-gen- eral, which commission he resigned in i8gi, greatly to the regret of those with whom he had been associated in the line of duty, and all who believe in maintaining a creditalile military organization. No one man who has been in the service of the state since the Civil War has done more or better service in encouraging and maintaining a military spirit in young men and making the New Hampshire na- tional guard first among the similar bodies of the country. He is treasurer of several water sup- ply companies and the Wheeler Re- flector company-, with office in Bos- ton and residence in Nashua. He is a member of the First Congrega- tional church and treasurer of the New Hampshire club. General Wheeler is the owner of a beauti- ful summer resi- dence at Nane- pashemet, Mass., where he passes the sum m e r months. He is a member of the Eastern Yacht club. At home, in Nashua, he is an active and inter- ested participator in society affairs. He is a memVjer of the Fortnightly Club, a frequent and valued con- tributor to its pro- grammes. He was a member of the board of education from 1885 to 1887. .As a citizen. Gen- eral Wheeler en- jo}-s the respect and esteem of his fellow-citizens, by whom he is recog. nized as an honorable and upright man w-hose word is as good as his bond. He belongs to the Young Men's Chris- tian association, in which he takes a deep interest, having expended freely of his time, money and talents in assist- ing it in its philanthropic work. He is also recognized as an interesting and capable public speaker. General Wheeler was united in marriage June 22, 1875, with Clara M. Roby, daughter of Luther .A. and Eliza (Campbell) Roby of Nashua. (For ancestors see sketch of herjfather. ) No children. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. //. 3': NASHUA IN THE CIVIL WAR, 1861-6^ BY Ki.iiivKT \viii:i:i,i;k. THE OBJECT in view in Uie few pages allotted to tliis subject, is not to set forth a detailed account of the four years' struggle, its causes, campaigns or battles, or even to present a connected historical statement of the corps, brigades or regiments in which Nashua organi- zations or men served. These are at our command in regimental histories and other publications. Even if the space were available, the lime within which it is urged the work must be completed, prevents more than a very imperfect outline of the record that should be made. Hi.story requires extensive research. It cannot be hurriedly written and accomplish even approximate justice towards the great majority of participants. On the fifteenth day of October, 1S89, the city of Nashua dedicated with impressive ceremony a monument bearing this inscription: — A tribute to the men of Nashua, who served their country on land or sea during the War of the Rebellion, and aided in preserving the integrity of the Federal Union, A. D. 1861-1865. Erected by the City of Nashua, A. U. KS89. Thus briefly shall generations to come be reminded of the patriotic service which Nashua's sons rendered their country in her hour of supremest need. We can inscribe but few of the many deeds equally deserv- ing of record, and our chief regret shall be that the limitations impo.sed upon us operate so largely to prevent that honorable mention which is as justly due to "the man behind the gun," "the unsung hero of the war," as to his more distinguished com- mander. Each participant would command our honor, if history, as he personally saw it, were set before us. Who that reads can appreciate, even faintly, what army service really meant, with its first decision to .sever the delicate home ties and enlist, followed by the unromantic and tedious round of drill, weary march in mud or du.st, guard and picket duty in cold or rain, lo.ss of sleep, home anxieties, skirmish and battle, to say nothing of sickness, prison, wounds or death? Men have ever tried to preserve in history a picture which shall make clear the doings of their time, but only the original actors who really lived then, have understood the deeds recorded. The full story must remain forever untold until omniscience reveals it. Immediatelv following the attack upon I'ort .Sumter, President Lincoln issued his call April 15, 1861, for 75,000 men for three months, to suppress the Rebellion. Quick response was made throughout the North. New Hampshire's quota was one regiment. Nashua's citizens, regardless .SOI.DIKRS' MONlMl;\ I 3i8 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. of party, rallied at a most enthusiastic meeting, over which tiie mayor. Col. George Bowers, presided. Patriotic addre.sses \Vere made, and resolutions adopted urging the state to immediately place all its militia upon a service basis, and pledging the support of the city in aid of the families of men who would enlist. Entire unanimity was manifested in favor of maintaining the integrity of the Union. Enlistments were called for. Patriotic citizens rapidly responded, volunteering for military service as a public duty. Nashua's quota was soon filled, and assigned to the First regiment, Col. Mason W. Tappan. Aaron F. Stevens, then lieutenant-colonel of the First regiment, N. H. volunteer militia, having tendered his services to Governor Goodwin in any capacity in which he might be required, was commissioned major. George Y.. Sawyer was made sergeant-major, and Albert Eull, quartermaster-sergeant. Company E, composed almost entirely of Nashua men, was mustered in May 2, organized as follows: Captain, Richard O. Greenleaf; first lieutenant, William F. Greeley: second lieutenant, John W. Thompson; first sergeant. Major A. Shaw; sergeants, David P. Ricker, Oliver M. Sawyer and Franklin L. Woods; corporals, William H. Barnes, James McManus, Matthew Sullivan and Irving G. Wilkins. The company was sworn in, in a body, at City Hall, the oath of allegiance being administered by Aaron W. Sawyer. Niagara Fire Engine company, No. 5, Capt. Augustus S. Edgerly, voted unanimously to enlist, and was organized as company F, as follows: Captain, Augustus S. Edgerly; first lieutenant, George W. Handley; second lieutenant, George W. Whipple; first sergeant, Orlando Lawrence; sergeants, Daniel B. Newhall, Henry Blodgett and Henry C. Williams; corporals, Dana W. King, Henry M. Mills, George W. Thompson, second, and Francis Morse. This company was mustered in May 3. Each aggregated eighty-two officers and men. Their uniforms were graj-, coats of the claw-hammer style, their muskets the old percussion smooth-bores. It is proper here to remark that at the end of this chapter is given the individual record of all men credited to Nashua, either by birth, residence (then and now) or otherwise, as far as has been ascertained, who served during the Rebellion. It has been deemed just to omit those who were credited to Nashua only as "substitutes," and who shortly afterwards deserted; also those who were neither born in or residents of Nashua, and who deserted before reaching the seat of war. These men were generally "bounty-jumpers," and our citj' should not be credited, or rather discredited by them. Perhaps some other names might properlj^ be stricken out, but with this explanation onI\- the two classes named are thus omitted. This record is compiled mainly from the "Register of Soldiers and vSailors of New Hampshire," so carefully prepared by Maj.-Gen. Augustus D. Ayling, adjutant-general, and published in 1895. It does not claim to be absolutely complete, especially as to natives or residents of the state serving in other than organizations from New Hampshire, neither can it be supposed to bear full record of veterans from other states, who have since become residents of our state and cit}'. It is, however, the most complete and accurate publication of this character yet issued by any state, and reflects e.xceeding great credit upon him, who, previous to his appointment as adjutant-general in 1S79, was for many years a resident of our city. Public interest in war measures during these latter days of April, 1861, manifested itself in many ways. The Pennichuck bank offered and loaned the state $20,000 for carrying on the war. The ladies of Na.shua gave a levee in City Hall April 25 for the benefit of the soldiers. Company E attended, marching into the hall amid great enthusia.sm, escorted by thirty-four young ladies wearing scarfs of the stars and stripes. Alvin Beard, editor of The Telegraph, presided. Patriotic songs were sung, and speeches were made by C. R. Morrison, Rev. M. W. Willis, Dr. Edward Spalding, Maj. A. H. Dunlap, Rev. J. O. Skinner, Dr. F'. B. Ayer and Fred Coggin. "Pounce," the faithful dog who was with his master, Capt. John G. Foster, U. S. A., throughout the bombardment of Fort Sumter, and bore honorable scars there received, was presented, with cheers for his gallant owner. Col. Joseph Greeley, A. P. Hughes, and Dr. Edward Spalding were appointed a committee to raise funds for buying revolvers and other supplies for the volunteers. The Granite State cadets voted to tender their services to the governor, and active measures were set on foot to organize another rifle company in the city. Gen. George vStark, commanding the Third brigade. Second divi.sion, N. H. volunteer militia, was. May 2, assigned to the command of the troops at Fort Constitution, Portsmouth. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 3,^ Col. John H. Gage was assigne.l to coniniand of Camp Union at, Concord, where the First regiment was being organized. Gen. Israel Hunt organized a company of men forty-five years of age and upward, called the Home Guard, for such service as should be required of them. To return to companies E and F, they joined their regiment at Camp Union, where organization was speedily effected. May 25 they left Concord with the benediction of mingled encouracrements prayers and tears of multitudes of friends, who could hut be moved by the departure of those deemed their best and bravest. These were repeated at Manchester and Nashua. Ovations too were accorded them at Worcester, and in New York (where the Sons of New Hampshire presented them a stand of colors), als.s in Philadelphia, where the Soldiers' Aid society gave the regiment a collation. They arrived in Washington May 28, were reviewed by President Lincoln and General Scott, and complimented upon their superior equipment. It is recorded that the first uniformed New Hampshire soldier to reach Washington, was Private W. H. D. Cochrane of company H, who was sent by Colonel Tapi)an in advance of the regiment to arrange with the N. H. Congressional delegation for its reception and entertainment. It went into Camp Cameron at " Kalorama," and took up the necessary round of drill and camp duty. Two weeks later it was assigned to a brigade under Col. Charles P. Stone, and marched to Rockville, Md., where Camp Lincoln was formed. Evidence was here given of the thoughtful care of the lady friends at home, who sent havelocks and other articles of comfort, which were gratefully acknowledged. Illustrating the intense interest felt in every event incidental to the first days of the war, the daily papers of June 8 mention seeing a piece of the rebel flag pulled down by the lamented Colonel Ellsworth at Alexandria, just before he was shot, sent home by Corp. Henry M. Johnson of company E. June 15 Major Stevens with five companions, including company E, Captain Greenleaf, was sent to Conrad's Ferry for picket duty, and here first received the enemy's fire, but without loss. At Point oi Rocks, Md., July 21, five men of company E (while off duty) were captured by the enemy, and remained prisoners nearly a year before being released. The regiment performed guard and other duty at various points upon the upper Potomac, until its three months' term of enlistment expired, when it returned, reaching Concord Aug. 5, where it was mustered out Aug. 9. The next day the Nashua companies returned home, and were given a public reception under the auspices of the city government and fire department, in which the citizens generally joined. Col. Thomas G. Banks was chief marshal, followed by the Brookline band, Granite State cadets under Captain Bowers, fire department under Isaac Eaton, chief engineer, and Governor's Horse guards, company B, Capt. J. H. Gage, with the ex-mayors, clergy and city government, all escorting the returned soldiers. Amid the ringing of bells and firing of salutes, the procession inarched up Pearl to Main street, thence to the grove of Zebediah Shattuck, at the end of North Elm street, where a collation was served, and where appropriate addresses were made, after which return was made to City Hall, where all were dismissed. Captain Edgerly was presented a sword by his company, and in parting with them gave each man his thanks and a farevs'ell grasp of the hand. The record of the regiment is brief. It did no fighting, but faithfully served wherever placed, and furnished an invaluable training and discipline to its members, which was afterwards made useful. Nashua men numbered one hundred and thirty-seven out of the eight hundred and sixteen in the regiment, and ninety-four of them, or sixty-nine per cent., re-enlisted in other organizations. Their names appear in nearly ever\- other New Hampshire regiment, and many of them gained enviable record. No less than twenty-seven of these were given commissions. F'urther illustrating the patriotic spirit actuating these first volunteers, is noted the fact that but one Na.shua soldier in this regiment is recorded as a deserter, and he shortly after re-enlisted and served throughout the war. SECOND REGIMENT. The enlistments at President Lincoln's call (or three months' men were largely in excess of the number required for the First regiment, and were being assigneil to the Second regiment, under 320 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. command of Col. Thomas P. Pierce, later a resident of Nashua, when orders were received from the War department to send no more troops except upon enlistment for three j-ears. Nearly all the men then enlisted for three years, and the regiment was soon filled. Colonel Pierce resigned, and Col. Oilman Marston of Exeter succeeded to its command. It left camp at Portsmouth, June 21, receiving great ovations at Boston and New York, and arriving in Wa.shington, June 23, where it was assigned to a brigade commanded by Col. A. E. Burnside, of the vSecond Rhode Island. Nashua had no distinctive company in the regiment, but was represented during the war by about sixty men in the various companies. We can but briefly review their service. Continued drill and rigid discipline was their portion, when not actively campaigning. Their brigade opened the fight at the first battle of Bull Run, July 21, so disastrous to the union forces. They shared in more than a score of hard-fought engagements, including the .second battle of Bull Run, Aug. 29, 1862, where ten out of twenty-one offlcers of the regiment were either killed or wounded, including two from Nashua, Eieut. Sylvester Rogers, killed, and Lieut. Andrew G. Bracy, wounded. Feb. 26, 1863, the regiment was practically furloughed for three months, being ordered to Concord, N. H., during which it was handsomely entertained, and men were allowed to spend much time at their homes. It returned in time to well perform its part at the battle of Gettysburg, July 2, where it su.stained a loss in killed, wounded and missing, of more than three-fifths of those engaged. July 26 it was brigaded with the P'ifth and Twelfth New Hampshire, under command of Gen. Gilman Marston, and established the great prison camp at Point lyOokout, Md., where it remained until Apr. 8, 1864. It completed its original three years' service with the battle of Cold Harbor, June 1-8. On the ninth the men who had not re-enlisted set out for Concord, N. H., where they arrived on the seventeenth, and were discharged on the twenty-first. The regimental organization was continued, with accessions made to the men who re-enlisted, and the regiment continued to do most excellent service on the lower Potomac and James until the end of the war, and was mustered out of the United States service, Dec. 19, 1865. Dec. 25 it was given a reception in Concord, and on the following day the regiment was paid off and discharged. THIRD REGIMENT. In August, 1861, New Hampshire raised its second regiment of three years men, and organized the Third infantry, commanded by Col. Enoch Q. Fellows of Sandwich, who had been for a time a cadet at West Point, but was not a graduate. Compau}- F was composed almost entirely of Nashua men under Capt. James F. Randlett, with Charles S. Burnham, first lieutenant, and Henry A. Marsh, second lieutenant. Its non-commissioned officers were : First sergeant, George Stearns; sergeants, Horatio T. Moore, Thomas Nottage, Jr., King H. Flanders and David Wadsworth, Jr.; corporals, Zeri S. Sager, Eugene J. Button, Joseph E. F'armer, Joseph Ackerman, James E. McCoy, George H. Gay, Wesley T. Harris and Ross C. Duffy. The uniforms were of regulation cut, but gray cloth ; the arms the Enfield rifle. Their organization and drills previous to joining the regiment, were in the armory in the upper story of the City Hall. Sept. 3 the regiment left Camp Berry at Concord to join the corps being formed at Camp Win- field Scott, Hempstead Plains, Long Island, for a secret expedition under Gen. T. W. Sherman. Sept. 15, at midnight, the regiment left camp in light marching order for Washington, where it was soon after joined by the remainder of the brigade under command of General Viele. Oct. 4 they moved to Annapolis, and temporarily occupied the Naval Academy buildings. Thence, on Oct. 18, they embarked for Fortress Monroe, where the entire corps was formed, which place they left on Oct. 29 for Port Royal, South Carolina, where they arrived, after considerable difficulty, on Nov. 4 and witnessed its capture by the naval fleet under Admiral Dupont. Dec. 4 company F was sent on a foraging expedition to Pinkney Island. The regiment's first baptism in blood was a severe one, and occurred June 16, 1862, at Secession- ville, on James Island, S. C, where one out of every six men were either killed or wounded, Lieut. Henry A. Marsh being numbered among the latter, together with seven other Nashua men, viz: Daniel N. Atwood, Edgar Duples, David Fitzgerald, King H. Flanders, James French, George W. Miller and Ezra B. Peabody. Capt. James F. Randlett and Sergeant-Major Elbridge J. Copp are men- tioned, among others, by Lieutenant-Colonel Jackson, commanding regiment, as particularly deserv- HISTORY or NASHUA, N. H. 321 ing notice for gallant conduct in this engagement. Lieut. Henry A. Marsh is also credited with courage and coolness in at first refusing attention after being wounded and insisting that others were more in need of assistance. The Third here demonstrated that it could be relied upon as a fighting regiment, and its sulxsequent record abundantly confirmed it. Jan. 3, 1S63, company F, under Capt. Charles vS. Burnham, was part of a force of two hundred men sent to Florida to capture a lot of lumber on St. John's river, but the rebels had destroyed it. On their return they were fired upon and three men were wounded. Various movements occupied them during the early summer. July 10 it participated in the suc- cessful morning surpri.se upon the enemy's rifle pits and batteries at the lower end of Morris Island. It performed gallant service in the unsuccessful as.sault upon Fort Wagner July 18, followed by the tedious and perilous .siege, which later terminated in its capture. So well recognized was its valor, that it was one of the three regiments selected by Gen. Q. A. Oillmore "to be at all hours in front of the army." From July 21 until Jan. 20, 1864, Cajjtain Randlett was the ranking officer present, and had command of the regiment. Sept. 6 another charge upon Fort Wagner was ordered, with the proposition by General Terry that the Third lead "the forlorn hope." Captain Randlett, in command, communicated to his regi- ment, through the chaplain, the nature of the service before them, its danger so great that probably not one in twenty would survive the first charge, and asked none to go except willingly and after mature consideration. Every man volunteered for the service or the sacrifice, upon which the chap- lain suggested that they return to their tents, write their letters, settle their worldly business and commit themselves to God, asking that He do to them as seemeth to Him good. "The hour came; the assault was made; on these noble souls rushed, into the 'imminent deadly breach,' right into the jaws of death. But like Daniel when he was thrown into the lions' den, it pleased God that the lions' mouths should be shut. Scarcely an hour before, the enemy had secretlj- evacuated the fort, and the forlorn hope entered into full possession, without the loss of a single man." The following winter was occupied mainly with provost and guard duty. Nov. 25 one hundred men from the regiment participated in the contemplated surprise upon Fort Sumter. Before March I, 1864, two hundred and seventy men re-enlisted, and left for home on thirty days' furlough under Captain Randlett. The local papers report the reception given them April 8, on the eve of their return to the seat of war. At noon they formed in Railroad square, under Major Randlett and Adju- tant Copp, whence, escorted by companies A and B of the Governor's Horse Guards, under command of Lieuts. C. C. Webster and Gus. Walker, with Major Virgil C. Gilman of the Horse Guards as chief marshal, they marched through the principal streets to the City Hall, where a collation was served, grace being said hy Rev. Doctor Richards, and an address of welcome by the mayor, Dr. Edward Spalding. March i, 1864, the regiment was mounted and designated as the Third New Hampshire mounted infantry. In April the regiment proceeded to Fortress Monroe and the James river, reaching Ber- muda Hundred Maj' 6. May 9 it was engaged in the affair at Chester Station. May 13 it won laurels and made .severe losses in the twenty minutes' charge at Drevvry's Bluff, where Major James F. Rand- lett and Adjutant E. J. Copp and thirteen other Nashua men were severely wounded. May 16, the la.st of the four days' battle at Drevvry's Bluff, Lieut. Eugene J. Button was instantly killed while in command of his company. Drewry's Bluff leads the entire list for fatalities in this regiment among Nashua men, no less than fifteen being here wounded, and three killed. The engagements following at Bermuda Hundred, in front of Petersburg and at Ware Bottom Church, were memorable and resulted in severe losses; while at Deep Bottom, Va., on Aug. 16, the regiment was nearly annihilated in repeated charges and countercharges. Entering the fight with less than two hundred men, it cap- tured some three hundred prisoners: and with many of its men having but .seven days more to serve before being entitled to return to their homes, its killed, wounded and missing numbered ten officers and eighty-three men. Adjutant E. J. Copp here received another severe wound, and Lieut. Joseph Ackerman was slightlj- wounded. Aug. 23, 1864, the three years' enlistment having expired, such men as had not re-enlisted were mustered out, less than twenty per cent of the original strength of the regiment thus returning home. They had won immortal honors. The remainder, a mere handful, were engaged in the five weeks' siege of Petersburg and the affairs at New Market Heights, the recounoissance near Richmond, at 322 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Laurel Hill and Darbytown Roads. Nov. 2 the regiment embarked for New York, there to defend the ballot box at election. The service was exceedingly trying from cold and the lack of food other than .short rations of pork and hard bread. Nov. 19 they were again back at Bermuda Hundred in winter (juarters. Early in January, 1865, they were ordered to North Carolina and participated in the midnight assault and capture of Fort Fisher Jan. 15, followed by the engagements at Sugar Loaf Battery Feb. II, and Wilmington Feb. 22. Here the regiment remained, doing provost and other responsible duty until June, when it pro- ceeded to Goldsborough, N. C and remained until June 20, when it was finally mustered out and returned to Concord, N. H., arriving there on the twenty-eighth, where it was appropriately received and given appreciative welcome. Its colors were returned to the governor, and Aug. 2 it was paid and discharged. Nashua's part in the record is a brilliant one. Of her one hundred and thirteen officers and men, twelve were killed in battle, thirty-eight wounded and seven died of disability while in the ser- vice, a total of casualties of fifty per cent, not including prisoners. Private Albert Blood of company H enjoys the unique distinction of being the only Nashua man in this regiment who was captured during the war. Capt. Joseph Ackerman, Private John F. lumes (who died June 25, 1S64, of wounds received at Ware Bottom Church) and Corporal Charles D. Smith (killed Aug. 16, 1864, at Deep Bottom, Va.,) were awarded the " Gillmore Medal" by Major-General Q. A. Gillmore, for gallant and meritorious conduct during the siege of Charleston, S. C, in 1S63. The medals were of bronze, representing Fort Sumter in ruins on one side, and on the reverse a fac-simile of General Gillmore's signature. It was attached to a bar bearing the name, rank, company and regiment of the recipient. FOURTH REGIMENT. Within two weeks after the return and discharge of Nashua's two companies of three months' men in the First regiment. Captain Greenleaf set about raising a company of three }'ears' men for the Fourth regiment. His advertisement in the Nashua Gazette of Aug. 22, 1861, was as follows: ' ' Recruits wanted. I am now enlisting recruits for the Fourth regiment of New Hampshire volun- teers, which will be under the command of that brave and chivalric soldier. Col. Thomas J. Whipple. The pay of each non-commissioned officer and private is as follows ; First sergeant $24, sergeant $21, corporal $17, private $13. In addition to which each man receives from the state a bounty of $10. Pay and board to commence from the time of enlistment. Office at the armory. City Hall." Sept. 18, two weeks after the Third left the state, the regiment was mustered into the service at Manchester, company B being largely composed of Nashua men. Its non-commissioned officers were as follows: First .sergeant, Adelbert White: sergeants, Grovenor D. Nichols, Leonard A. Gay, Charles A. Harris: corporals, John B. Bussell, Hugh Watts, George H. Emerson, Charles H. Per- kins and John R. Kimball. Rev. Martin W. Willis of the Unitarian church was chaplain of the regiment. Dr. George P. Greeley, assistant surgeon, and Israel T. Hunt, hospital steward. The regiment left camp at Manchester for Washington on the twenty-seventh of September, leav- ing there Oct. 9 for Annapolis, Md., to join Gen. T. W. Sherman's expedition to Port Royal, S. C, which embarked Oct. 19, stopping at Fortress Monroe until Oct. 29. The Fourth, on board the side- wheel steamer Baltic, towing the ship Ocean Express, encountered a terrible storm off Hatteras, and struck on Frying Pan Shoals, but with the assistance of other vessels in the fleet was after a time relieved. A three days' gale followed, but on Nov. 4 they arrived at Port Royal and witnessed its capture Nov. 7, after three days' bombardment by the navy. The Fourth immediately landed at Hil- ton Head, and here they remained nearly three months, actively employed in building fortifications and wharves, drilling and other work. In the latter part of January the regiment embarked upon the expedition south, which captured Fernandina, Jacksonville and St. Augustine. Seven of the ten companies of the regiment garrisoned St. Augustine until September, when they joined the other three, including company B, located at Beaufort, S. C, since June. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. ?23 They took part in the battle of Pocotaligo, S. C, after which they went into winter quarers at Beanfort, where they remained about five months. In the spring of iS6;, operations were begun with a view to the capture of Charleston, vS. C, the navy assisting. After two unsuccessful movements, it was decided possible only by protracted siege, and our comi)any B of the lunirth is credited with commencing the work of building batteries for attacking Morris Island on the night of June 17, which labor was silently continued for twenty-one nights. On July 10 began the attack on Fort Wagner by the forty-four guns and mortars in position. After unsuccessful charges it was decided to take it by regular approaches. On July 23 the Fourth dug the first jiarallel, and planted chevaux de frise ; and for forty-six days thereafter, under a blazing South Carolina sun, the l)attle of shell, shovel and sortie was continuous, until, on Sept. 7, when line was formed for the final charge, the fort was found to have been evacuated. Its capture resulted in that of the whole island. From this time until January 15, 1864, the regiment was engaged in garri- son, fatigue and picket duty connected with the siege of Charleston. Two Nashua men, Michael Connolly of company C, and John Nolan of company O, were given the " Gillmore Medal," hereto- fore referred to, for gallant and meritorious conduct during their operations. The regiment was then again ordered to Beaufort, where three hundred and eighty-eight men, the largest number in any New Hampshire regiment, re-enlisted for three years or the war. In February it was engaged in the expedition up the Savannah river, and thence was ordered to the defence of Jacksonville, but soon returned to Beaufort. Early in March the re-enlisted veterans were furloughed for thirty days, and arrived home, under Colonel Bell, in season to vote at the state election. April 12 the remainder of the regiment embarked for Fortress Monroe and Czloucester point, York river, where the furloughed men joined them. On the fourth of May the army of the James, of which the Fourth regiment was now a part, started up the James river for Bermuda Hundred, which was immediately fortified. May 9 an advance was made and the enemy attacked at Swift creek and driven to the defenses of Petersburg. The following day the advance was continued to the first line of the defenses of Richmond. Then followed the severe ordeal at Drewry's Blufi on May 16. Against great odds the regiment avoided capture by retreating through a perfect rain of bullets, losing one hundred and forty-two men in killed, wounded and missing. Sharp engagements followed for several days near Bermuda Hundred. On the twenty-eighth of May the division was transferred to the Eighteenth corps, and ordered to report to General Meade, commanding the army of the Potomac. It took part in the eight days' battle of Cold Harbor, and on the twelfth of June returned to the .south bank of the James river. June 16 the regiment joined in the first attack on Petersburg, Colonel Bell's brigade capturing one hvnidred and twentj'-five prisoners and several pieces of artillery. The siege of Petersburg followed. The Fourth well understood this kind of duty, which continued for thirty-six days, at the end of which time the federal picket trenches were within twenty feet of the rebel outpost. The regiment lost fifty men during this ordinary trench duty. On the thirtieth of July it took part in the Crater fight, or the battle of the " Mine," where for hours, under the hottest enfilading fire, it held its position, losing fift\- out of its total .strength of two hundred men. Its flag- staff was twice cut off, and fifty-five bullets and shells pierced its flag. The next day what remained of the regiment returned to Bermuda Hundred. Aug. 14 to 16 it was engaged in the battle of Deep Bottom, with heavy losses, the brigade being in comnmnd of a cajUain, and only one captain remain- ing for duty in the regiment. On the eighteenth of September, the original enlistment ha\ing exjjired, one luuKlrcd and seventy-four men left for home. Of the three hundred and eighty-eight who re-enlisted the previous February, and over seven hundred recruits, only forty men were available for duty in the attack on Fort Gilmer, Sept. 29, a lieutenant being in command of the regiment. The I'ourth was engaged in the two expeditions against Fort F'isher, the first under General Butler, without success, the second- under General Terry resulting in its capture, but only after two days of severest bombardment by Admiral Porter, followed by a land assault Jan. 15, terminating in fearless hand-to-hand struggles, fought inch by inch from traverse to traverse, the flag of the Fourtli in advance of all, locked for twent}- minutes with the confederate flag on the top of traverse number eight. The night of the cap- ture, as the remnant of the regiment slept over a magazine, it exploded, adding to the long list of casualties. 324 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. On the eleventh of February advance was made upon Wilmington. Feb. i8 Fort Anderson was found evacuated and possession was taken of Wilmington. Then followed a quieter period, awaiting the advance of General Sherman's army on his northward march. Guard duty followed at Magnolia until after the surrender of Lee, when the regiment was quartered at Raleigh until its return home. It was nuistered out Aug. 23 and arrived home Aug. 27, when a grand reception was given it. Gov. Frederick Smythe expressing the most appreciative welcome. Nashua had ninety-one men in the Fourth regiment, and suffered thirty casualties, including deaths, wounds and captures: and of her ten men suffering capture, six died in rebel prisons. FIFTH REGIMENT. Nashua's representation in the Fifth regiment was small, and with the single exception of one man born in the city, but residing elsewhere, no member at time of enlistment was identified in any way with Nashua, except by being credited to it through being drafted as a substitute. A few mem- bers later became residents of the city, as appears in the personal record. The character of the service performed by the Fifth regiment is most brilliant. It well earned the name, " The Fighting Fifth, " and is credited with having suffered the severest losses of any union regiment in the war. Its engagements api^ear in the list preceding the personal records of its members. SIXTH REGIMENT. In November, 1861, the vSixth regiment was organized at Keene, but at that time had less than a dozen Nashua men. Dr. William A. Tracy was made surgeon, and James H. Noyes hospital steward, who later was successively promoted through the several grades to surgeon. The regiment saw the hardest kind of service in seventeen different states, as far south as North Carolina, in Virginia, in the Southwest at Vicksburg and Jackson, Miss., later returning to \'irginia, where it served with great credit during the war. Capt. Osgood T. Hadley, company E, has recently (July 27, 1896) received tard\- recognition from the War department, a medal of honor, " for most distinguished gallantry in action near Pegram House, Va., vSept. 30, 1864. SEVENTH REGIMENT. Soon after his return from the three months' service in the First regiment, Orlando Lawrence opened a recruiting office at the corner of Main and Franklin streets and organized company B of the Seventh regiment, of which he was given command. The regiment was organized at Camp Hale, Manchester, under the personal direction of Adjutant-General Joseph C. Abbott, who waived com- mand on condition that it be given to a graduate of West Point. The colonelcy was therefore bestowed upon Lieut. Haldeman S. Putnam of the U. S. Topographical Engineers, appointed from New Hampshire, General Abbott being made lieutenant-colonel. The regiment left the state Jan. 14, 1862, for New York, remaining there a month in White Street Barracks, whence it proceeded to the Dry Tortugas, Fla., where, in Fort Jefferson, it remained until June 16, busy with drill and fatigue duty, and guarding commissary stores and munitions of war. Thence it proceeded to Port Royal, S. C, followed by service at Beaufort, St. Augustine and Fer- nandina. Thus far it had had no fighting, but disease had severely decimated its numbers by nearly five hundred men. June 7, 1863, the regiment was ordered to Hilton Head, preparatory to another attempt on Charleston. After ten days it embarked for Folly Island, where, until June 10, it was engaged in the construction of batteries, which, on this date, opened upon the enemy and successfully covered the advance of General Strong's column upon the south end of Morris Island, followed by the remainder of the forces. At night the regiment went on picket within a mile of Fort Wagner, and commenced work upon the first parallel laid for its siege. The next day it supported the fir.st attack upon Fort Wagner, and that evening commenced work upon the second parallel, and for the week following was actively engaged in the trenches, preparatory to the second assault on Fort HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 325 Wagner. This was ordered about sunset on the eighteenth, the Second brigade, under Colonel Putnam, supporting the First, under General Strong. The engagement was of the most desperate character and without success. The Seventh regiment lost two hundred and eighteen killed, wounded and missing, including its gallant colonel, out of its aggregate of four hundred and eighty- one when line was formed for the a.ssault, its loss of officers exceeding that of any other regiment in any engagement during the war, Lieut. Alfred N. Bennet of Nashua being among the killed, and Lieut. Ezra Davis .so severely wounded as to cause his death a few days later. The hitherto carefully drilled and disciplined regiment had proven its men by this severest ordeal to be veterans indeed. The siege of Fort Wagner followed, in which the regiment shared, and was ordered in as a part of the storming party of Sept. 7, rendered unnece.ssary, however, by its sudden evacuation. Dec. 20 the regiment left Morris Island and went into camp on St. Helena Island opposite Hilton Head, being assigned to Gen. Joseph R. Hawley's brigade. Here it received over three hundred recruits, many of them worthless, and here it exchanged its linfield rifles for Spencer repeating carliines. Feb. 4, 1864, the regiment embarked for Jack.sonville, Fla., and took part in General Seymour's disastrous campaign, culminating in the battle of Olustee, where its losses were severe, numbering two hundred and nine. While at Jacksonville, one hundred and eighty-three re-enlisted and went home on thirty days' fur- lough. Ai)ril 14 the regiment embarked for Fernandina, and thence, on the seventeenth, for F'ortress Monroe and Gloucester Point, to join the army of the James under General Bntkr. It participated in all the movements and engagements of the Tenth corps from Bermuda Hundred and in front of Petersburg, including the affairs at Chester Station and Lempster Hill, the battle of Drewry's Bluff, the demonstration on Petersburg under General Gilhnore, Ware Bottom Church, Deep Bottom, the siege of Petersburg, New Market Heights, reconnoissance toward Richmond, Laurel Hill and Darbytown Road. The duty was of almost uninterruj^ted severity, causing large losses in effecti\-e strength. The Seventh was among the troops sent to New York for possible riot duty at the November election, but happily it was not needed, and returned to its quarters, Laurel Hill, No\-. 17. It took part in the expedition against Fort Fisher, N. C, leaving its winter camp Jan. 4, 1865. After the two days' bombardment by Admiral Porter's fleet, the land forces, on Jan. 15, made their successful assault, the Seventh leading against the sea-angle, and planting its colors upon the bastion, following with an advance upon Batterj' Buchanan, which immediatelj^ surrendered, thus gaining the entire system, heretofore deemed almost impregnable. General Terry's forces then advanced on Wilmington, where the Seventh was in garri.son until June, followed by a .short service at Goldsborough, where it was mustered out July 20. It returned to Manchester and Concord, where it was appreciatively received and addressed by Gov. Frederick Smythe, in behalf of a grateful people, whom it had so faithfully served. Less than one hundred of those who originally went out with the regiment returned with it to receive the honors .so gladly bestowed upon them. The Nashua men in this regiment who were recijiients of the "Gilhnore Medal" were Private Michael Cahill and Corporal George F". Carson, both of company B. EIGHTH REGIMENT. The Eighth regiment was organized at Camp Currier, Manchester, in the fall and winter of 1861, under Col. Hawkes Fearing of Manchester. Company A of Nashua was the first to enter camp, on Oct. 12, Capt. William M. Barrett commanding, with J. Q. A. Warren, first lieutenanl, and Dana W. King, second lieutenant, and George S. Eayrs, fir.st .sergeant. Company li was largely enlisted in Nashua, under Capt. Daniel M. Fiske, Alonzo W. Putney being its first lieutenant, and George W. Thompson, 2d, first sergeant. Dr. Samuel G. Dearborn was regimental surgeon. The st^te was still paying the paltry bounty of $10, but ranks were .soon filled by patriotic men, many of ^.-.^em veterans of the three months' campaign, conscious of the gravity of the .situation, and well realizing that such enlistment meant willingness, if need be, to meet martyrdom. 326 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Company A was mustered in Oct. 25, and then returned to Nashua on a two days' furlough. Nov. 14 it again went to Nashua to witness the presentation of swords to its officers, given by appre- ciative friends. Jan. 14 the regiment escorted the Seventh regiment, ordered to the front, to the depot. Jan. 22 it received its guns, and Jan. 25 it left camp for Boston, where it was quartered over night in Faneuil Hall, and next day was transferred to Fort Independence, where it was actively engaged in drill for about three weeks. Feb. 15 six companies, under Colonel Fearing, embarked on the ship E. Wilder Farley for Ship Island, to join the "Butler Expedition." The remaining four companies, "A" included, under Lieut. -Col. O. W. Lull, left for the same point Feb. 18 on the ship Eliza and Ella, arriving March 29 after much difficulty. May 3 companies A, F and K, under Lieutenant-Colonel Lull, took possession of Fort Pike on one of the channels leading into Lake Ponchartrain. Other troops coming up to garrison it, the bat- talion moved on to Fort Macomb, Fort Bienvenu and Tower Dupre. • June 28 it rejoined the regiment at Camp Parapet, Carrollton. Lieut. Dana W. King says that "company A had the honor of being the first occupant of four forts, viz: Forts Pike and Bienvenu, Tower Dupre and the Mexican Gulf Battery, mounting in all sixty-five guns." Sept. 19 companies A, B, G and K drove in the enemy's pickets at Pass Manchac, which was repeated Oct. 11 by companies G and H. On Oct. 27 at Georgia Landing occurred the first serious engagement of General Weitzel's brigade, of which the Eighth New Hampshire was now a part. Success crowned the day for the union forces, hut with .severe losses on lioth sides, including Capt. J. Q. A. Warren of company E — one of the best line officers in the Eighth. The regiment went into this engagement with only four hundred men, to which numlier the original strength of one thousand men had been reduced within its first year by the inroads of death and disease. For .several months after this, the regiment was stationed near Baton Rouge; company B mean- while taking part in the expedition up to Bayou Teche, under General Weitzel. March 14 it partici- pated in the expedition against Port Hudson, under Banks and Farragut, returning to Baton Rouge. April 7 it entered upon the first Red river expedition, under General Paine, taking part in the three days' engagement at Bisland, and being the fir.st to plant its colors on the enemy's works. Further advance was made, with little resistance, to Opelousas, and May 8, after a day's forced march, Alex- andria was reached. At this time Lieutenant E^ayrs was acting brigade commissary, and Lieutenant King as brigade ordnance officer on the staff of General Paine. May 15 began the movement towards Port Hudson, where, on the twenty-third, position was taken on the right of the line of investment at the Big Sandy. May 27 a general advance was ordered, the Eighth making a brilliant charge against the outer works, carrying everything before them, but suffering severer losses than any other regiment, one hundred and twenty-four being killed and wounded out of an aggregate of two hundred and ninety-eight taken into the fight. A long and try- ing siege followed, with frequent casualties. Lieut. George W. Thompson, 2d, of company E was killed May 29 while in the rifle pits. June 14 an assaulting column of 3,000 men, under General Paine, was formed, the Eighth New Hampshire, under Capt. Barrett, and the Fourth Wisconsin in advance as skirmishers. The assault at daybreak was met b>' a desperate reception, but was success- ful to the scaling of the parapets by the Eighth and Fourth. The capture would have been easily complete if the supporting columns had followed up the advance ; failing to do which the remnant were captured or obliged to retire. The Eighth lost one hundred and twenty-two out of two hundred and seventeen men, Lieut. Luther T. Hosley, company A, being among the killed. June 15 General Banks issued a congratulatory order upon the results attained, and at the same time called for a storming column of one thousand men, a "forlorn hope," to make another assault upon the works. The column was speedily raised and organized, three volunteering from the Eighth, one of whom was Lieut. Dana W. King of company A. The siege continued, the lines being drawn closer and closer to the enemy's works, with continuous firing going on at every exposed object. Pending the careful preparations being made, the expected attack by the "forlorn hope" was deferred from day to day, until the news came on July 7 that Vicksburg had surrendered to General Grant, which immediately resulted in the capitulation of Port Hudson on July 9, rendering the assault by the "forlorn hope" unnecessary. It was given the post of honor, however, the head of Mx^ column, marching in to take possession of the captured works, immediately followed by the Eighth New HISTORY OF NASHUA, A'. H. 2>21 Hampshire, in recognition of its gallant service during the siege. Its part in this crowning act of the opening of the Mississippi to navigation will ever remain an almost matchless honor. Aug. 22 the regiment marched back to Baton Rouge; early in September it embarked with the unsuccessful expedition to Sabine Pass, thence was ordered to Algiers and back to Camp Bisland. Oct. 3 it left Bisland on the second Red river expedition, reaching Opelousas the twenty-fourth, and New Iberia on Nov. 12. Dec. 21 the regiment was detached and ordered to Franklin to be mounted, and was then designated as the First New Hampshire cavalry, but from March 31 to June 30, 1H64, as the Second New Hampshire cavalry. Jan. 4, 1864, two hundred and nineteen of the veterans re-enlisted, but without receiving the usual furlough. Jan. 6 it left for New Orleans, where it remained until March 2, when it left upon the unfortunate Red river campaign, taking ])art in the actions at Henderson's Hill, Natchitoches, Crump's Hill and Wilson's Farm. April 8 occurred the action at Sabine Cross Roads, where the vSecond New Hampshire cavalry suffered the capture of about fifty men (including Capt. Dana W. King, whose horse was .shot under him), who were confined six months in the prison pen at Tyler. Texas, an experience of suffering too frequent!}- incident to the defense of the flag, quite beyond the power of adequate description. Hard service continued to be the lot of the regiment. It shared in the engagements at Monett's Bluff, April 23, Cane river, April 24, and in those at and near Alexandria, continuously for nearly two weeks following. In the retreat, it was assigned the most difficult of all services, the rear-guard, lieing constantly exposed to attack. Finally, after the actions at Marksville, Bayou de Glaize and Yellow Bayou, the Atchafalaya was crossed on May 19, at Morganzia, whence it left June 16 for New Orleans, to be returned to an infantry organization, thus ending a disappointing campaign of three and a half months, "the most arduous, toilsome and exhausting in which the regiment had ever participated ; one of ceaseless marches, constant watchfulness by day or night, and daily exposure to the enemy's fire and harrassing attacks; one of suffering from hunger and thirst, from exposure to the elements, without blankets, tents or sufficient clothing, and under the depressing, demoralizing influence, much of the time, which a long retreat always brings; a campaign of such exacting and constant service that, of the seven hundred horses with which the regiment started out, but two hundred of the original animals were returned; with casualties occurring almost every day, and aggregating about one-fourth of its force; j-et, under these adverse conditions, maintaining such heroic bearing, such unyielding purpose and such unflinching courage, that it received the commendation of three connnanding generals, expres.sed in general orders. No New Hampshire regiment was put to a severer test of true courage and heroism ; none made a better or more enviable record under adverse and demoralizing influences." July II the re-enlisted men were furloughed for thirty days, reaching Concord July 23. Returning, they reached Camp Parapet Sept. 6. The regiment was then ordered to Natchez, Miss., where it was engaged in garrison and picket dutx- until the expiration of its term of service Dec. 23, .shortly after which officers and men who had not re-enlisted were ordered to Concord and mustered out on Jan. iS, 1865, when the regimental organization ceased to exi.st. Jan. I the veterans re-enlisting, together with recruits, were organized into the Veteran battalion, F'ighth New Hampshire volunteers, company B of which was commanded by Capt. Dana \V. King. It did duty at Vidalia and Natchez until Oct. 28, when it was mustered out at Vicksburg. Oct. 29, it embarked for Cairo, under command of Captain King, and reached Concord Nov. 7, where it was appropriately received, and on Nov. 9, 1865, was paid off and discharged, after nearly four years of such faithful service as to win from its brigade commander. General Paine, the tribute that "the Eighth New Hampshire have learned how to fight and not how to retreat," anest day's struggle of its three years' history, the battle of Spottsylvania, where it took part in the general HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. charge along the whole line, advancing beyond it, however, into the "Bloody Angle," there meeting a most murderous fire, which in a few minutes caused a loss of over two hundred men. Constant skirmishing followed until the eighteenth, when it was again heavily enga"-ed. It participated in the engagements at North Anna river May 24-26, and won laurels in a successful assault, under a galling fire, upon the enemy's rifle-pits May 31 at Totopotomoy creek. It shared in the disagreeable work at Bethesda church June 2-3, and did picket duty incident to the battle of Cold Harbor. It was then moved to the vicinity of Petersburg, which was its principal field of action for the remainder of its service. June 17 it took part in the successful assault upon the Shand house, but with numerous casualties among its small aggregate of one hundred and twentv- five effective strength now remaining. Two months of .severe siege duty followed, mo.stly in front of the "Mine," where, on July 30, at its explosion, the Ninth bore conspicuous part leading the assault and being the first to plant its colors upon the enemy's works at the "Crater." In the de.sperate attempt made to retain possession the regiment lost ninety-two in killed, wounded and missing, about one-half its .strength engaged, Lieut. George H. Drew being among the captured. Aug. 20-21 it did sturdy .service at Weldon railroail, and for several weeks following was employed in picket duty, building earth-works and corduroy roads. Sept. 30 it joined in the charge at Poplar Springs church, but under a flank movement by far superior numbers, found itself obliged to retire to the Pegram house, its effective strength decimated to less than sixty muskets, twice that number being killed, wounded and missing. It remained in this vicinity till Oct. 27, receiving some recruits and doing some skirmi.shing in the movement in Hatcher's Run, two days later returning to its former quarters near Petersburo-, whence, Nov. 29, it moved to Fort Alexander Hayes, where it passed the winter. In the final movements of the army of the Potomac it took no active part after Ajiril 8, when it assisted in guarding eight thousand prisoners of Ewell's army, captured by Sheridan. April 20 it set out for City Point, leaving there the twenty-sixth for Alexandria, where it went into camp. May 23 it participated in the final grand review of the army at Washington and June 10 the regiment broke camp preparatory to return to New Hampshire. June 14 it returned its colors to the governor at the state house and was discharged, leaving a record of which the state and every member may well be proud. TENTH REGIMENT. The Tenth regiment was organized at Camp Pillsbury, Manchester, under the call of July i, 1862, for 300,000 three years' men. Command was given to Col. Michael T. Donahoe. Nashua furnished one company, H, under Capt. Timoth}- B. Crowley, First Lieut, (leorge Edgecumbe and .Second Lieut. Michael Moran, with Daniel \V. Russell as first sergeant; and nearly all the Nashua men in the regiment were in this company. .Sept. 22 the regiment left for Washington, arriving, after an uncomfortable journe\-, with two railroad accidents, on the twenty-fifth, marching next morning to Camp Chase, Arlington Heights. Almost its entire three years of active service were destined to be upon the soil of \'irginia. After a few weeks spent mainly in preparations for active campaigning, tiie regiment had its first experience under fire Nov. 15 in its support of a battery at the crossing by the Ninth corps of the north fork of the Rappahannock at White Suljihur Springs. Nov. rg, after a severe four daj's' march, Falmouth was reached, where it camped for three weeks. ( )n the evening of Dec. 11 it cro.ssed the pontoon bridge, laid under heavy fire, remaining in the streets of Fredericksburg until the thirteenth, when it occupied an important defensive position until, late in the afternoon, it joined in the last desperate but unsuccessful assault upon Marye's Height, in which, thanks to the darkness, its loss aggregated only about fifty. Two days later it re-cros.sed the river to its old camp, where it remained, suffering not a little from cold and lack of fuel and clothing, until Feb. 9, when it went to Acquia creek, thence to New])ort News, where it was much more com- fortably quartered. March 14 General Longstreet's forces having threatened an attack upon .Suffolk, General Getty's division was sent to reinforce it. Ajiril 11 Longstreet advanced in force and invested it. Companies 15 and F of the Tenth were sent to man Fort Halleck. The siege, which was extremely wearing, 24 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. was kept up until May 4 when the rebels were forced to retire. The regiment shared in the work for the defense of Portsmouth, and later in the hardships of the movement to Yorktown and the Pamun- key river, returning thereafter to its former camp at Getty's Station, near Portsmouth. July 30 its camp was moved to Julian's creek. Work on fortifications was resumed until their completion in November, and the winter was spent in drill and target practice. March 19 its camp was removed to Great Bridge, where it did picket duty and scouting for the month following. April 19, 1864, the regiment set out via canal to Portsmouth, Va., thence via Newport News and Big Bethel to Yorktown, being assigned to the army of the James, under General Butler. Thence it embarked to Bermuda Hundred, where it arrived Ma}- 6. The next day it led the advance along the Richmond & Petersburg railroad, meeting the enemy near Port Walthal, and being under fire all day. May 9 a further advance was made, and the enemy again encountered, the regiment being hotly engaged all day. After dark an attack was made by South Carolina troops, and the Tenth counter- charged upon them, driving them across Swift creek and inflicting great loss upon them. The next day, after tearing up the railroad, the whole force retired, companies B, D and F, under Captain Crowley, acting as rear guard. Another advance was made on the twelfth towards Richmond, meeting the enemy strongly intrenched at Proctor's Creek, and making a gallant and successful charge upon them, clearing the way for the passage and deployment of the entire corps. The next da}^ the advance was resumed, the regiment being under a heavy artillery fire in the afternoon. Mav 14 the corps advanced and occupied the outer line of defenses at Drewry's Bluff. On the sixteenth the enemy charged, under cover of a dense fog, upon the right wing of the corps, carrying everything before them until the Tenth was reached, who, with the Thirteenth New Hamp- shire, repelled charge after charge, and held them in check for two hours after the remainder of the brigade had been withdrawn, when they also retired, acting as rear guard of the corps to Bermuda Hundred. The remainder of the month the picket lines of both armies were frequently engaged. June I, after a hard march, the Tenth joined Grant's arm}- lying in front of Cold Harbor, and was at once put into the fight, making a charge upon the enemy and driving them into their works. The next day was devoted to the construction of rifle pits under the enemy's fire, in which L,ieut. Daniel W. Russell, a valued and courageous officer of company B, was instanth' killed. June 3 the Tenth led the assaulting column upon the enemy's works, meeting with the hottest reception thus far in its history, but carrying the first line of defense and holding it throughout the day. For nine days more the regiment remained at the front, with losses every day, then returned to Bermuda Hundred, but not to rest. June 15 it led the brigade in the assault and capture of Battery Five, the Thirteenth New Hampshire leading the skirmish line. The following morning companies A, E and K assaulted an inner line and captured more prisoners than they themselves numbered. The following two months and more the regiment was engaged in the siege of Petersburg, with only brief respites at Bermuda Hundred, to which place it returned Aug. 27. Aug. 5 company B suf- fered the loss of one man killed and nine wounded from the explosion of a shell in its midst. Sept. 28 it was armed with vSpencer repeating rifles, which next day it used with most telling effect in the storming and capture of Fort Harrison, and in its most gallant defense the day following, incident to which was a sortie in which the regiment took part, capturing about five hundred prisoners and many battle flags. The losses of those two days were very severe, including about one-sixth of its strength, and its regimental, brigade, corps and division commanders. Oct. 27 it .shared in the desperate charge upon the rebel works at Fair Oaks, going into the fight with ten officers and one hundred and twenty-four men, but coming out with only two officers and twenty-five men. Captain Crowley, who commanded the regiment, being among the wounded. Many were captured, nearly all of whom died later in SalisVniry prison. The next day the regiment returned to Fort Harrison, where the winter was spent. When Richmond fell, April 3, 1865, the Tenth was among the first to enter, taking post at Man- chester, opposite the city, and there doing provost duty until June 21, when it was mustered out of service, returning to New Hampshire with the Twelfth and Thirteenth regiments, and being accorded such reception at Nashua, Manchester and Concord as was its due after such heroic and faithful ser- vice as stands to its credit. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 33, ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH REGIMENTS. The ICleventh and Twelltli rcginieiils had but few Nashua men. The service of the former was in Virginia, excepting one year, Marcli 31, 1863, to April i, 1864, in Kentucky, Mississippi and Ten- nessee. Tlie latter served its entire term in the armies of the Potomac and the James. Both regi- ments reflected great credit upon the state and themselves. THIRTNEETH REGIMENT. The Thirteenth New Hampshire was organized at Camp Colby, Concord, in vSeptember, 1862, its ten companies coming from seven different counties. Its members were almost entirely natives of the state, of excellent character. Nashua had special interest in it because of her large contribution to its field and staff. Col. Aaron F. Stevens being given command, with George Bowers, lieutenant- colonel; George H. Gillis, adjutant; George G. Jones, chaplain; George H. Taggard, commissary sergeant; and John J. Whittemore, hospital steward. Most of the Nashua men were in company I, of which Luther M. Wright was captain, and Major A. Shaw was second lieutenant. The regiment left Concord for Washington Oct. 6 and was first assigned to duty at Camp Chase, in General Case)-'s division, the defenses of Washington. Here it remained until Dec. i, when it joined the army of the Potomac (via "Camp Freeze-to-Death) at Acquia creek, near FVedericksburg. Here, on Dec. 11, it met its first engagement, and acquitted itself with credit against heavy odds in General Getty's night assault, Dec. 13, upon the enemy's batteries on Marye's Heights, where Lieu- tenant Shaw was among the W'Ounded. The winter was a severe and uncomfortable one, spent at Falmouth and Newport News. March 13 it was sent to Suffolk, and shared in its defense against the siege of General Longstreet. May 3 it gained itself compliments for gallantry in the bayonet charge upon the enemy's intrenchments at Providence Church road. The summer, fall and winter were mainl}^ spent in the vicinity of Ports- mouth, upon guard and picket duty and the construction of fortifications with occasional details upon short expeditions. In March, 1864, the greater part of the regiment were permitted to go home to vote. Later in April the regiment was, with the Tenth New Hampshire, assigned to the Second brigade, First division. Eighteenth army corps, army of the James. It shared with the Tenth, and with like credit, the trying service and repeated engagements incident to the summer, including the charge June I at Cold Harbor, where Colonel Stevens was wounded, and the early morning charge all along the line June 3, in which the federal army lost 10,000 men within twenty minutes. Later in the day, Lieut. George H. Taggard was severely wounded, while the division was massed, waiting orders to again storm the enemy's works. The valor of the regiment was .specially conspicuous in front of Petersburg June 15, being deployed as skirmishers in advance of the whole division, when, late in the afternoon, with less than two hundred men, it charged the enemy's rifle pits, capturing about a hundred prisoners; then, under Colonel Stevens' direction, while suffering a galling fire, dashed forward again on Battery Five, car- rying it and capturing several field guns, two rebel battle flags and over a hundred men. Its own loss was forty-six killed and wounded. For conspicuous ability and gallantry in this affair, Colonel Stevens was recommended for promotion by his immediate superiors. In the storming and subsequent defence of Fort Harrison, its conduct was superb. The assault by bayonet alone, with muskets not capped, across a mile of open ground, under a galling fire and terrible losses, was steady and determined, ending with a hand-to-hand struggle as the para]>et was reached and carried. Its color guard of six men were all killed or wounded, and its total loss, includ- ing that in defense of the next day, was eighty-one out of a total strength engaged of one hundred and eighty-seven muskets. Colonel Stevens fell, severely wounded, while at the head <>f the regi- ment, within a few yards of the works. The regiment receives .special mention for its part in the final entry into Richmond on .\prd 3, iS65, when the city fell under the master movements of General Grant, now rapidly culminating. Lieut. Royal B. Prescott, who was in command of the skirmish line, led the first troops into the city earlv that morning. The Thirteenth was the leading regiment to enter, and its colors the first of the ,., HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. union annv to be floated in triumph in that city. Other troops quickly followed, and all immediately set to work putting out the fires that had been set, restoring order and guarding property. Ten days later it moved to Camp Lee, two miles north of the city. In May it was ordered across the river to Manchester, where it remained until it was mustered out. June 22 it embarked with the Tenth and Twelfth regiments for home, arriving in Nashua June 26, where a splendid reception was given it. General Stevens was presented by his ofhcers with a sword, sash and belt befitting his rank, and the brigade tendered him a review on Main street, which was etjualh' gratifying to the many citizens and friends who witnessed it. The following day similar receptions were given to the brigade at ^Manchester and Concord, and on July I all were paid off and discharged. The Thirteenth had on its rolls but three hundred and twenty-one out of an aggregate of one thousand two hundred and eightj'-five who had seen active ser- vice. Its regimental historian states that " no one of its officers deserted, was reprimanded, cashiered or dismissed the service; and it maintained by its acts that character for efficiency, patriotism, intelli- gence, bravery and trustworthiness which made it surely one of the American nation's most prominent historic regiments." FOURTEENTH TO EIGHTEENTH REGIMENTS. The Fourteenth, the last of the three years' regiments raised in New Hampshire, and the Fif- teenth, the first of the nine months' regiments, had but few Nashua men among them, as had the Six- teenth, Seventeenth and Eighteenth. The service of all was e.xceedingly creditable wherever they were called to serve. NEW HAMPSHIRE BATTALION, FIRST REGIMENT, NEW ENGLAND VOLUNTEER CAVALRY. In the autumn of 1861 each of the New England states, excepting Rhode Island and New Hampshire, raised a regiment of cavalry. The four companies organized in New Hampshire were formed into a battalion and assigned, with the two battalions raised in Rhode Island, to a regiment known first as the First New England cavalry, but later as the First Rhode Island cavalry. Company M of the New Hampshire battalion was raised by Capt. William P. Ainsworth of Nashua, and nearlj- all the Nashua men in the battalion were in his company. His recruiting office was in Franklin hall. Joseph F. Andrews was first lieutenant. James B. Greeley was assistant surgeon of the regiment. In January, 1S62, the battalion joined the regiment at Pawtucket, R. I., and in March joined the cavalry brigade under General Stoneman at Washington. We shall not attempt to outline the particulars of its service. At Front Royal it had its first engagement, and gained high credit for most brilliant action, capturing more men than it numbered, but suffering the loss of the brave and accomplished Captain Ainsworth. At Middleburg it demonstrated its courage when, surrounded b}- a force twenty times as .strong, it fought its way out of a position found untenable, but with terrible lo.sses. The regiment is credited with having fired the first shot and received the first artillery fire in each of the four great battles of General Pope's campaign, viz: Cedar Mountain, Groveton, Second Bull Run and Chantilly. Its list of engagements, together with a perusal of the individual records of its members, showing casualties by capture, disability, wounds or death, will make clear the character of the service rendered. Add to this the hardships incident and peculiar to cavalry .service from raids, picketing and scouting by night and by day, and it is readily seen that comparisons witli the infantry service are exceedingly favorable. FIRST REGIMENT, NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER CAVALRY. In January, T864, the New Hampshire battalion was detached from the First Rhode Island cav- alry and was ordered to New Hampshire as the nucleus of a New Hampshire regiment of cavalry, most of the men having re-enlisted. The four veteran companies, I, K, L and M, were quickly filled, together with three new companies, A, B and C, and were sent to the front, reaching Washington HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 333 April 25 and joining the army of the Potomac in May. The remaining five companies, under Major Joseph F. Andrews, followed in July, doing detached service, however, apart from the regiment, until the following March. The service of the seven companies was quite as severe as had been that of the veteran battalion. Its record of twenty-seven engagements within ten months after its return to the seat of war, shows the field of its operations and attests the faithfulness with which it met every demand upon it. The severit> of the service rendered is evidenced by the record showing that over fifty-five per cent, of the Nashua men in it were killed, wounded, captured or discharged for disability. The names of Nashua men are found in nearly every other organization sent from New Hamp- shire, as well as in those of other .states, the regular army and navy. They sen-ed in light and heavy artillery, in that most trying of services, the sharpshooters, in organizations raised for home or sea- coast defense, and in every other line of duty incident to the saving of the nation. Besides those mentioned in appended detailed list, she furnished others in honorable capacities. Dr. Norman J. Moore and Dr. J. C. Garland served long and faithfully in their professions, under contract with the surgeon-general. Nashua gave to New Hampshire its most distinguished soldier in the regular ser- vice. Gen. John G. Foster, in whose record she takes a just pride. She gave to the navy Capt. James S. Thornton, of long and honorable career, who is remembered with special satisfaction as executive officer of the " Kearsage" when she sunk the "Alabama." The record of her sous, wherever found, is alike creditable to the citj- and themselves, and we sincerely regret that the limits of space prevent the detailed mention which is manifestly their due. Biographical sketches of many of them are specially delegated to another's pen, else those of her leading soldiers would find respectful mention in this chapter. The joy with which the news was received April 9, 1865, that Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, and that the war was over, can hardly be described. Word was first received in Nashua b}' a telegram from the Boston Journal to Elbridge J. Copp, who was home from the war on account of his wounds, and temporarily in charge of the newspaper business of his brother, Charles D. Copp, located at the corner of Main and Water streets. He immediately got out a small cannon, loaded it to the muzzle, and fired it repeatedly on Main street, shouting : " Lee has surrendered, Lee has sur rendered ! " It was hailed by the booming of cannon, the ringing of bells and the display of flags and bunting and other joyful expressions, in which all joined. That for which the whole North had been struggling and striving was at last accomplished. Illustrating the outlaj' made by the city to encourage enlistments, it is interesting to note that it paid in bounties during the Rebellion the sum of $147,322, besides which there was paid individually, by subscription and by sixty-five men who were drafted and procured substitutes, the sum of $52,067. The city also provided aid for the families of soldiers, passing, among others, an ordinance Sept. 16. i86i, appropriating $5,000 from which to pay the wives of volunteers Si per week and Ji for each child under sixteen j'ears of age, not exceeding, however, $12 per month to each family. Maj-or George Bowers and Aldermen Clark C. Boutwell and C. \'. Dearborn were made a committee to dis- burse the mone)-. Nashua's record in the Civil War would be incomplete if it failed to mention the aid systematic- ally given to her soldiers in the field by various organizations at home. The local branch of the Sanitary commission enlisted the interest and efforts of the ladies and school children in preparing lint, bandages and other hospital supplies to be regularlj^ sent to the front. A box for the reception of hospital stores was located at the house of its president, Mrs. John A. Baldwin, i Amory square. Its meetings were held in the vestry of the Olive street church. The daily papers published its notices gratuitously, and Morrill & Co.'s express forwarded its contributions to the soldiers free of charge. A knitting circle of about one hundred and fifty members held weekly meetings for making socks, gloves and mittens for the soldiers. The ladies busily plied the needles, while the gentlemen contributed yarn or money. In February, 1863, a "Young Ladies' Soldiers' Aid society " was formed of which Miss Mary A. Baldwin was secretary and treasurer, and Misses Lucy F. Thayer, Laura M. Bowers, Lucy J. Beard, Atelia Slader, Julia A. Gilman and Mary Crombie were directors. And in various other ways did those at home strive to hold up the hands of those who were at the front. 3^4 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. A very considerable amount of seven and three-tenths per cent, government bonds were placed among our citizens, largely through the instrumentality of Jeremiah W. White, even when many questioned the nation's ability to redeem them. vSeveral of our manufacturing industries were engaged upon government work. The Nashua Manufacturing company had several large contracts during the war for hand-sewed cotton-flannel drawers for the soldiers, and employed hundreds of hands out- side to assi,st in making them. Holt & Jones had government contracts for soldiers' blouses, making as many as one thousand per week. The Nashua Iron and Steel company turned out many tons of boiler plate for armor for iron-clads, including some parts of the Monitor. The Underbill Edge Tool company was largely engaged in the manufacture of sabres for the cavalry service. Luther A. Roby furnished the navy yard at Charlestown large quantities of oak ship-timber for government gun-boats and men-of-war. vSeveral other Nashua industries also were interested, either directly or indirectly, in supplying various government needs. The appended personal record list contains the names of one thousand, three hundred and forty- eight different men, natives or residents of the city, or credited to her otherwise. Their record is magnificent. They stood the test of heroes. In the words of another : " They marched with Sher- man, they charged with vSheridan, they conquered with Thomas, they fought it out on his own line with Grant." They went forth with a single great purpose; to save the fatherland. Every son who battled for his country's honor desen-es more credit than a people in the enjoyment of peace know- how to give him. We are too forgetful of his worth. We fail to remember the offering he made that the nation might live. None fought for his own fireside, his town or city. None fell in battle on the soil of his own state. But hundreds of graves from the Chesapeake to the Gulf witness to what they did for other firesides, other states and the nation, "all for love and nothing for reward." All honor then, to them all, and a loving remembrance always. FIRST REGIMENT NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. [THREE MONTHS.] Adams, William F. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 27; res. Boutelle, Adalbert D. Co. F; b. Nashua; age iS; res. Nashua; enl. May i. '5i ; must, in May 3, '61, as Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, 61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 8 N. H. V. and U. priv; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Penacook. S. C. T. See 8 N. H. V. Badger, Henry E. Co. D ; b. \Varner ; ageiS; res. War- Brooks, George W. Co. F; b. Dublin; age 27; res. ner; enl. Apr. 27, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; Nashua; enl. May i, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See i U. i^r\\\ must, out Aug 9, '61. P. O. ad., Waltham, S. S. S. Mass. See i U. S. S, S. Balch, EnosC. Co. E; b. Addison, Vt.; age 28 ; res. ^^^^.^^ ^^^^^ g ^^ g. ^ xewbury ; age 20; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '6i, as Nashua; enl. .\pril 22, '61; must, in Mav 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, 61. See i Co. N. H. H. Art. j^, ^,^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^ ,gj g^^ ^^ ^^ „ ^. Baldwin, Edwin T. Co. C; b. New Ipswich; age 28; res. -, , , . . ,, . . , ,£ Buck, Sewell M. Co. F; b. Norway, Me.; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. June 4, 61; must, in June 4, 61, as . ' . , , ,£ Ti ,-> 1 T\r 11 Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in Mav 3, '61, as muse; must, out Aug. 9, 61. P. O. ad., Manchester. ' k o > • .^ O' . Served in band. P"'^ ' xa\x%^. out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., South Lynde- Barnes, William H. Co. E; b. Cambridge, Mass.; age borough. 28; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, Burke, George W. Co. F ; b. Nashua; agei9; res.Nashua; '61, as Corp. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 8 N. H. V. enl. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv; must. Barry, Lackey. Co. E; b. Fredericton, N. B. ; age 19; out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Acworth. See nii.scel. res.Nashua; eul. .\pr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '61, organizations. as priv; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 8 N. H. V. Caldwell, Daniel F. Co., G; b. Nashua; age 24; res. Al- Bates, William R. Co. F; b. Derby, Vt. ; age 28, res. stead; enl. .\pril 24, '61; must in May 2, '61, as priv.; Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, iu May 3, '61, as must, out Aug. 9,' 61. P. O. ad.. Surry. See 14 N. priv; must, out Aug. 9, '61. H. V. Bell, Bowers H. Com. F; b. Lunenburg, Vt. ; age 19; Chamberlin, Cornelius W. Co. F; b. Canada; age, 28; res. Nashua; enl. May i, '6i ; must, in May 3, '61, as res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 18 N. H. V. and as priv; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Lowell, miscel. organizations. Mass. See 10 N. H. V. Blodgett, Henry. Co. F; b. Billerica, Mass.; age 25 ; Clark, Edward. Co. E; b. Galway. Ir.; age 21; res. res.Nashua; enl. April 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, Nashua; enl. April 19, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as assergt; must, out Aug. 9, '61. Died July 4, '72, priv; must, out Aug. 9, '61. Supposed identical with Goffstown. Edward Clark, Co. B, 10 N. H. V. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 335 Cline, Arthur. Co. E ; b. I.ynie ; age 19 ; res. Nashua ; enl. April 19, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv. Died (lis. Maj- 17, '61, Concord. Cobb, James A. Co. F;b. Woodstock. Vt.; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; mus. in May 3, '61, as priv. must, out Aug. 9. '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 7 N. H. V. Coburn, George. Co. K; b. Tyngsborough, Mass.; age 25; res. Nashua; enl. May I, '61; must, iu May 3, '61, as priv. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. Cochrane, William H. D. Co. 11 ; b. North Chelmsford, Mass. ; age 22 ; res. Goffstown ; enl. Apr. 22, '61 ; must, iu May 4, '61, to date Apr. 26, '6r, as priv. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 10 N. H. V. and miscel. organizations. Coggin, Frederick G. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 24 ; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad.. Lake Linden, Mich. See U. S. navy. Collins, Kitridge, J. Co. E; b. Springfield, Mass.; age 22 ; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See I N. H. L. battery. Cook, Barney. Co. F; b. Springfield, Vt.; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as :nusc.; must, out -Aug. 9, '61. Cox. Michael. Co. E; b. Huntingdon, Canada East; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., 382 Su- perior street, Cleveland, Ohio. Darling, Daniel F. Co. E; b. Nashua; age, 38; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv; must, out -Aug. 9, '5i. See 8 N. H. V. Densmore, Edgar A. Co. E; b. Sharon, Vt. ; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 9 N. H. V. Dodge, Edwards O. Co. C ; b. Nashua ; age 18, res. Man- chester ; enl. Apr. 22, '5i ; must, in Slay 2, '61, as priv. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Manchester. See i N. H. cavalr)-. Dow, Jerome L. Co. E; b. Hiuesburgh, Vt.; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 22, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. Died Aug. 24, '61, Nashua. Eastman, Daniel G. Co. F ; b. Rumford, Me. ; age, 24 ; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, "61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. Edgerly, Augu,stus ,S. Co. F; b. Sanbornton; age 31; res. Nashua; app. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as capt. ; must, out Ang. 9, '61. See 9 N. II. V. Edgerly, Moody O. Co. F; b. Sanbornton; age 28; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as private ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Davisville. Edwards, John. Co. F; b. Liverpool, Ivig. ; age, 28; res. Nashua ; enl. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. Emerson, George W. Co. F; b. Brighton, Mass.; age 19 ; res. Nashua ; enl. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as muse; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 7. N. H. V. Emerson, William B. Co. F; b. Henniker ; age 27; res. Nashua; enl. May i, '61; must, in Jlay 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 8 N. II. V. F^nnis, James. Co. P; b. Albany, N. Y.; age 24; res. Nashua ; enl. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 8 N. H. V. Fairbanks, Charles. Co. F ; b. Lancaster, Mass. ; age 23; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv. ; must, out .^ug. 9, '61. See i N. E. cav- alry. Gay, Alon/.o. Co. E; b. Groton, Mass.; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 4 N. H. V. Gay, Charles S. Co. E; b. Harvard, Mass.; age, 26, res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 22, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. Gay, Leonard A. Co. E; b. Groton, Mass.; age 25; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 4 N. H. V. Gray, John. Co. D ; b. Tyrone, Ir. ; age 20; res. Nashua ; enl. Apr. 20, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv ; must. out Aug. 9, '61. See 4 N. H. V. Greeley, Stephen H. Co. D ; b. Lowell, Vt. ; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. ig, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. Greeley, William F. Co. E; b. Nashua; age 30; res. Nashua; enl. as priv. Apr. 26, '61: app. i It. Apr. 30, '6r ; must, in May 2, '61, as. i It. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., 13 Gray St., Boston, Mass. See miscel. organizations. Greenleaf, Richard O. Co. F; ; b. South Berwick, Me.; age 35 ; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 26, '61, as priv.; app. capt. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as capt. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See4N.H.V. Haines, Nestor. Co. F; b, Wentworth ; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, 61. See 8 N. H. V. Hale, Martin. Co. E; b. Nashua; age 20; res. Lj'nde- borough ; enl. .\pr. 22, '61; must, in May 2. '61, as priv. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 4 N. H. V. Haudley, George W. Co. F; b. Dexter, Me.; age 29; res. Nashua; enl. as priv. Apr. 30, '61 ; app. i It. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as i It. must, out .-^ug. 9, '6i. See3N. H. V. Harris, Charles A. Co. F; b. Leominster, Mass; age 25; res. Nashua ; enl. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 4 N. H. V. Haskell, George W. Co. F.; b. Cicero, N. Y.; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv. ; must, out .'^ug. 9, '61. Heath, Charles F. Co. V\ b. Bow; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. May i, '61 ; must, in May 3, '6r, as priv. disch. disab. May 17, '61, Concord. P. O. ad., Lynn, JIass. See 14 N. II. V. Hobart, Freeman A. Co. F. ; b. Hollis ; age 27 ; res. Nashua ; enl. May i. '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must.out Aug. 9, 61. P.O. ad., Nashua. SeeSN. H.V. Holmes, William A. Co. E. ; b. Henryville, C. E. ; age 22; res. Nashua; enl.; Apr. 22, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. Hopkins, George W. Co. V ; b. Mont Vernon ; age 21 ; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P.O. ad., 65 Western ave., Cambridgeport, Mass. 336 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Hosley, Luther T. Co. F; b. Pepperell, Mass.; age 20; res. Nashua; enl. May i, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv. ; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 8 N. H. V. Hunt, John R. Co. F; b. Boston ; age 26; res. Nashua; enl. May i, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv. ; must, out .^^ug. 9, 61. P. O. ad., Boston, Mass. Jaquith, Asa W. Co. F; b. E. Vassalboro', Me.; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. May i, '61 ; must, in May 3. '^i. as priv. must, out Aug. 9, '61. Jewell, Charles H. Co. E. b. Shirley Mass. ; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 25, '5i ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug, 9, '61. Johnson, Henry M. Co. E. ; b. Nashua; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; app. corp.; captd. July 14, '61, near Point of Rocks, Md.; released May 31, '62. Disch. July 2, '62, Concord, tm. ex. P. O. ad., Nashua. Jones, George D. Co. F; b. Milford ; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. g, '61. P. O. ad., Woburn, Mass. See 4 N. H. V. Kelsey, Edgar S. Co. E; b. Westford, N. Y.; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. ig, '61; must, in Maj' 2, '61, as priv.; must, out .\ug. 9, '61. Kilduff, John H. Co. F; b. Roxbury, Mass.; age 30; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. Died Nov. 29, '85, Nat. home, Togus, Me. Kimball, John R. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61, P. O. ad., Brooklyn, N. Y. See. 4N. H.V. King, Dana W. Co. F; b. Alstead ; age 29; res. Nashua; enl. Apr, 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as Corp.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 8N. H. V. Langdell, William. Co. E; b. Nashua; age 20; res. Lyndeborough ; enl. Apr. 22, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See miscel. organiza- tions. Lawrence, Orlando. Co. V ; b. Clarendon, Vt.; age 28; res. Nashua; eul. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May3, '61, as I sergt.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Lawrence, Mass. See 7 N. H. V. Lincoln, Henry H. Co. E; b. Sturbridge, Mass.; age 20; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 20, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out .'Vug. 9, '61. See i N. H. H. art. Lindsay, Robert B. Co. E; b. Seekonk, Mass.; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 20, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv. must, out Aug. g, '61. Livingstone, Edward. Co. E; b. Nashua; age 23; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out -^ug. 9, '61. See 8 N. H. V. Longa, Horatio W. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 25; res. Mer- rimack ; enl. May i, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv., must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., aianchester. See i N. H. L. battery. Longa, John H. Co. E; b. Merrimack; age 28; res. Mer- rimack; enl. Apr. ig, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must. out. Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See I N. H. L. battery. Lull, .\lbert. Non-com'd staff; b. Haverhill, Mass.; age 39; res. Nashua ; enl. May 2, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as q. m. sergt.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. Marckres, Samuel D. Co. K.; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Manchester; enl. Apr. 20, '61 ; must, in Maj- 7, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61, P. O, ad.. Perry, la. See 4 N. H. V. Marden, George .\. Co. E; b. Deering; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 20, "61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 4 N. H. V. Marshall, James H. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 21 ; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '5i ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 8 N. H. V. McManus, James. Co. E; b. Drumshambo, Ire.; age 27; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 23, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as Corp. Died dis. May 22, '61, Nashua. Mills, Henry M. Co. F; 1). Grafton, Vt.; age 23; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as Corp.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Lowell, Mass. See 16 inf. and 1 art. N. H. V. Minard, Charles F. Co. F ; b. Nashua; age 24; res. Nashua; eul. .\pr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 8 N. H. V. Morey, Norman E. Co. F; b. Tro}-, Vt.; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '5i, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '6[. Supposed identical with Norman E. Morey, Co. .\, 3 Vt. inf. See miscel. or- ganizations. Morse, Francis. Co. F; b. Danville, Vt.; age 34; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as Corp.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 9 N. H. V. Newhall, Daniel B. Co. F; b. New Hampton; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as sergt.; must, out .^ug. g, '61. P. O. ad., Concord. See 8 N. H. V. Nichols, Charles E. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. .\pr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, "61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 10 N. H. V. Nichols, George W. Co. F ; b. Nashua ; age 25 ; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '6i ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out .\ug. g, '61. Died July 18, '72, Nashua. Nichols, Grovenor D. Co. E; b. Amherst;, age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 4 N. H. V. and V. R. C. Nichols, John F. Co. E ; b. Nashua ; age 23 ; res. Nashua ; enl. .\pr. 19, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. g, '61. See 4 N. H. V. Niles, Jerome S. CoF; b. Reading, Mass.; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out .\ug. g, '61. P. O. ad.. West Duxbury, Mass. Nottage, Elisha C. Co. F; b. Quincy, Mass.; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out .A.ug. g, '61. See 8 N. H. V. Cakes, D. Calvin. Co. E; b. Stewartstown ; age ig; res. Nashtia ; enl. Apr. 21, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug 9, '61. Died July 6, '8g, New York city. O'Brien, William J. Co. E; b. Boston, Mass.; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See miscel. organizations. Parker, Llewellyn C. Co. E; b. Lyman; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 20, '61; must, in May 2, '6i, as priv.; captd. near Point of Rocks, Md., July 14, '61 ; paroled June 2, '62; disch. June r8, '62, New York city, tm. ex. See 13 N. H. V. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 337 Tease. IIenr\- T. Co. E; b. Essex, N. Y.; age 19; res. Nashua; eiil. Apr. 24, '61, as priv.; mustered ; captd. July 14, '61, near Point of Rocks, Md.; released May 31, '62; disch. June iS, '62, New York city. tui. ex. Died Dec. 31, 'gr, Nashua. Perkins, Charles H. Co. E; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '6t, as priv.; must, out -Anj^. 9, '61. Sec 4 N. IT. V. Perley, Thomas. Co.K; b. Canada; age 29 ; res. Nashua- enl. May i, '61 ; must, in Maj- 3, '61, as priv.; must' out Aug. 9, '61. Peterson, Nelson H. Co. F; b. Kingfield. Me.; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, "61. P. O. ad., Kingfield, Me. See 8 N. H. V. Pierce, Warren A. Co. F; b. Royalston, Mass.; age 20; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; disch. by writ of habeas corpus May 6, "61. Pillsbury, Edward AV. Co. K; b. Derry ; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 8 N. II. V. Plummer, Samuel M. Co. E; b. Naples, Me.; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv. must, out Aug. 9, '61. Pond, George \V. Co. E; b. Nashua; age 20; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 22, '61; must, in May 2, '61. as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 8 N. H.V. Powers, Robert. Co. F; b. Albany; age 22 ; res. Nashua ; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. Pratt, George. Co. D; b. Burlington, Vt.; age 20; res. Nashua; enl. .\pr. 23, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; des. May 12, '61, Concord. See 8 N. H. V. Ricker, David P. Co. E; b. Rochester; age 23; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 26, '6i ; must, in May 2, '61, as sergt.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See U. S. navy. Ripley, Charles H. >S. Co. E; b. Nashua; age "26"; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as muse; captd. July 14, '61, near Point of Rocks, Md.; released May 31, '62 ; disch. as priv. June 18, '62, New York cit3", tm. exp. P. O. ad., Nashua. See V. R. C. Robbins, George H. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 21; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30. '5i ; must, in May 3. '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. Robinson, James T. Co. F; b. Goshen; age 20; res. Nashua; enl. May i, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '6r ; See 11 N. II. V. Sager, Zeri S. Co. E; b. Berkshire, Yt.; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 20, '61; must, in May 2, '6r, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 3 N. H. V. .Sargent, James A. Co. E ; b. Rutland, Vt.; age 21; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 26, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out .^ug. 9, "61. See 4 N. H. V. Sarsons, Eleazer I<. Co. F; b. Lyme; age 25 ; res. Nashua; enl..\pr. 30, '61; must, in Ma\' 3, '61, as priv.; must, out .\ug. 9, '6r, See 4 N. H. V. Sawyer, George Y. Non-com 'd staff ; b. Nashua; age 23; res. Nashua; enl. May 2, '61 ; must, in May 7, '61. as rgt.-maj.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. Sawyer, Oliver M. Co. E ; b. Plymouth ; age 22 ; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, "61, as sergt.; captd. July 14, '61, near Point of Rocks, Md.; released June 3, '62; disch. June 18, '62, New York city, tm. ex. P. O. ad., Hastings, Minn. See nN H. V. Shaw, Major A. Co. E; b.Alstead; age 28; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as i sergt.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 13 inf. and i H. art.N. H.V. Shea, Jeremiah. Co. D; b. Kerry county, Ire.; age 21; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '6r, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 9 N. H. Y. Shea, John. Co. E; b. Kenmare, Ire.; age 23; res. Nashua; enl. .Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 8 N. H. V. Smith, Charles H. Co. E; b. Francestown ; age 23; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 25, '61; must, in May 2, '6r, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '6t. P. O. ad., Nashua. Smith, Frank W. Co. F.; b. Hanover; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. May i, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; disch. May 30, '61, Concord. See 5 N. H. V. Steele, James, Jr. Co. F; b. Antrim ; age 21; res. Nashua ; enl. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Nashua. See i H. art. Stevens, Aaron F. F. and S.; b. Derry ; age 41 ; res. Nashua; app. Apr. 29, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as maj.; must, out .Aug. 9, '61. See 13 N. H. V. Sullivan, Matthew. Co. E; b. Kenmare, Ire.; age 22 ; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '6[ ; must, in May 2, '61, as Corp.; must, out Aug. 9, '6r. P. (). ad., New Haven, Conn. See 10 N. H. Y. Tenney, Whitney. Co. V \ b. Windham. Vt.; age 25; res. Nashua; enl. .Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3. '61, as priv.; must, out .Aug. 9, "61. See miscel. organizations. Thorn, A"idal I^etain. Co. H; b. Nashua; age 20; res. Pelham ; enl. May i, '61 ; must, in May 4, '61, to date Apr. 26, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See i N. E. cav. Thompson, George W., 2d. Co. I"; b. Newmarket; age 27; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as Corp.; mu.st. out Aug. 9, '61. See 8 N. H. V. Thompson. John W. Co. E ; b. Newmarket ; age 25 ; res. Nashua; enl. as priv. Apr. 26, '6r ; app. 2 It. .Apr. 30, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as 2 It.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 2 V. S. S. S. Thompson, William H. J. Co. E; b. Lowell, Mass.; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. June i, '61 ; must, in June i, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See i N. E. cav. Varney, Andrew J. Co. F"; b. Sanbornton ; age 30; res. Nashua ; enl. May i, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. Walsh, John. Co. F; b. Boston, Mass.; age 19; res. Nashua ; enl. May i, '61 ; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '6r. P. O. ad., Manchester. See 8 N. H. V. Wheeler, Ellsworth E. Co. E ; b. Townsend, Mass.; age 20; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 25, '6i ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out .Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Lowell, Mass. « 338 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Whipple, George W. Co. F; b. Andover; age 31; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61, as priv.; app. 2 It. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as 2 It.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See miscel. organizations. Whipple, John P. Co. F; b. Andover; age 28; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must. out. Aug. 9, '61. P.O. ad., Biddeford, Me. See 9 N. H. V. White, Adelbert. Co. E ; b. Georgia, Vt.; age 23; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2. '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 4 N. H. V. White, Charles H. Co. E; b. Marlborough; age 27; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 23, '5i ; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., 50 Wall street, Boston. Mass. See 3 N. H. V. Wier, William W. Co. E ; b. Canada ; age 36 ; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 20, '61; must, in May 2, '5i, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 9 N. H. V. Wilkins, Irving G. Co. E; b. Litchfield; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 22, '61; must, in May 2, '5i, as Corp.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 8 N. H. V. Sup- posed identical with Irving G. Wilkins, Co. D, 26 Mass. inf. See miscel. organizations. Williams, Henry C. Co. F; b. No. Chelmsford, Mass.; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. May 2, '61; must, in May 3. '61, as sergt.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. P. O. ad., Foxborough, Mass. Wilson, George W. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 21; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 30, '61; must, in May 3, '61, as priv.; must, out .^-Ug. 9, '61. P.O. ad., Lynn, Mass. .See 13 N. H. V. Wilson, James H. Co. E; b. Nashua; age 21; res. Nashua; enl. .\pr. 19, '6r ; must, in Ma^- 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. Wing. Reuben B. Co. E; b. Troy, Vt.; age 28; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out .\ug. 9, '61. Woods, Franklin L. Co. E; b. Nashua; age 19; res. Nashua ; enl. Apr. 19, '61 ; must, in May 2, '61, as sergt; must, out Aug. g, '5r. See i N. E. cav. Wyman, Warren A. Co. E; b. Hudson; age 25; res. Nashua; enl. .\pr. 19, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See i N. E. cav. Wyman, William S. Co. D; b. Litchfield; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 22, '61; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must, out Aug. 9, '61. See 4 N. H. V. SECOND REGIMENT NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. [THREE VE.\RS.] ENGAGEMENTS. Bull Run, Va., . . . July Siege of Yorktown, \'a., Apr. 11 to May Williamsburg, Va., . . May Skirmish at Fair Oaks, Va., . June Oak Grove, Va., . . . June SkirniLsh near Fair Oaks, Va., June Peach Orchard, Va., . . June White Oak Swamp, Va., . June Malvern Hill, Va., . . July r, Aug. Kettle Run, Va., . . . Aug. Chantilly, Va., . . . Sept. 5. 25, 28, 29. 30, 5- 29, I , 1 86 1 Fredericksburg, Va., 1S62 Gettysburg, Pa., 1862 Wapping Heights, Va., 1862 Swift Creek, Va., 1862 Drewry's Bluff, Va. 1862 Cold Harbor, Va., 1862 Port Walthall, Va., 1862 Petersburg, Va., . 1S62 Reconnoissance nea 1862 road, Va., . 1862 Richmond, Va., Dec. 14. 1862 . July 2, 1863 July 23- 1863 May 9. 1864 May 16, 1864 June 1-9, 1864 June 16, 1864 Aug. 18 to Sept. I, 1864 illiamsburg Oct. 27, 1864 Apr. 3. 1865 Allen, Charles H. Co. C; b. Nashua; age 19; res. Con- cord ; enl. Sept. 5, '61 ; must, in Sept. 17, '61, as priv.; des. Aug. 4, '63; gd. from des. Nov. 21, '63; app. Corp. July I, '64; disch. Sept. 13, '64, Bermuda Hun- dred, Va., tm. ex. P. O. ad., Auburn. Allen, Harlan P. Co. C; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Con- cord; enl. Aug. 26, '61 ; must, in Sept. 17, '6r, as priv.; des. Aug. 4, '62, Harrison's Landing, Va.; appreh. June 17, '65; disch. July 7, '65, Concord. Baker, Henry. Co. F; b. New York city; age 24; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 30, '63; must, in Nov. 30, '63, as priv.; des. Mar. I, '64, Pt. Lookout, Md. Barry, John. Co. D ; b. Nashville, Teun.; age 21 ; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 27, '63; must, in Nov. 28, '63, as priv.; wd. May 16, '64, Drewry's Bluff, Va. Died wds. May ^o, '64, Old Point Comfort, Va. Beaty, Thomas. Co. H ; b. Nashua ; age 21 ; res. Man- chester ; enl. May 6, '5r, for 3 mos.; not must, in ; re- enl. May 11, '61, for 3 years ; must, in June 5, '61, as priv. des. May 5, '63, Concord. Bernard, Peter. Co. D; b. France ; age 34; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 27, '63 ; must, in Nov. 28, '63, as priv. Died dis. Sept. 27, '65, Warsaw, Va. Blum, Falsh. Co. D; b. Sweden; age 20; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 27, '63; must, in Nov. 28, '63, as priv.; wd. sev. June 3, '64, Cold Harbor, Va.; disch. wds. Jan. i, '65, Washington, D. C. Brackett, Clarence A. Co. E ; b. Nashua ; age 21 ; res. Antrim; enl. Apr. 19, '61, for 3 mos.; not must, in; paid by state ; re-enl. May 21, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in June 3, '61, as muse; tr. to Co. C, July 20, '61 ; des. July 25, '62. P. O. ad., Chelsea, Mass. See miscel. organizations. Bracy, Andrew G. Co. H ; b. Somersworth ; age 18; res. Somersworth ; enl. Apr. 25, '61, for 3 mos.; not must. in; paid by state; re-enl. May 27, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Junes, '&'. ^s sergt.; app. i sergt. Aug. i, '61 ; 2 It. Aug. r, '62 ; wd. Aug. 29, '62, Bull Run (2d), Va.; app. i It. June 18, '63; must, out June 21, '64. P. O. ad., Nashua. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 339 Biggs, William. Co. I); b. Somerset co., Md.; age 21; cred. Xashiia ; enl. Nov. 27, '63; must, in Nov. 28, '63, as priv. Died, dis. Nov. 4, '64, David's Isl., N. Y. H. Christian, Hans. Co. H; b. Norway; age 26; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 30, '63; must, in Nov. 30, '63, as priv.; des. Apr. 9, '64, Yorktown, Va. Clifford, William. Co. B; b. Warren; age 21; res. War- ren; enl. May 22, '61 ; must, in June i, '6i, as priv.; re-enl. and must, in Jan. i, '64; cred. Nashua; app. hosp. stew. Feb. 17, '65; must, out Dec. 19, '65. P. O. ad., Lowell, Mass. Cornell, William. Co. F; b. Long Island, N. Y.; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 30, '63 ; must, in Nov. 30, '63, as priv. Died, dis. Oct. 24, '64, White Hall, Pa. Cruden, George. Co. D; b. Scotland; age 19; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 27, '63; must, in Nov. 28, '63, as priv. Died, dis. Feb. 22, '64, Pt. Lookout, Md. Crystal, Samuel. Co. D; b. Philadelphia, Pa.; age 23; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 27, '63 ; must, in Nov. 28, '63, as priv.; des. Dec. 29, '63, Pt. Lookout, Md. Edwards, William. Co. F; b. Boston, Mass.; age 26; cred. Nashua ; enl. Nov. 30, '63 ; must, in Nov. 30, '63, as priv.; des. Apr. 9, '64, Yorktown, Va. Eusemof, Alexander. Co. F; b. Russia; age 32; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 30, '63; must, in Nov. 30, '63, as priv. Died, dis. Aug. 31, '64, Philadelphia, Pa. Freeman, Charles. Co. D; b. New Brunswick; age 22: cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 27, '63; must, in Nov. 28, '63, as priv. Died, dis. Oct. 6, '64, Ft. Monroe, Va. Fry, Henry. Co. D ; b. England; age 20; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 27, '63 ; must, in Nov. 28, '63, as priv.; tr. to U. S, navy Apr. 30, '64, as an ord. seaman ; served on U. S. S. "Quaker City," " Ohio" and "Squando;" disch., services not required, July i, '66, from receiv- ing ship, Philadelphia, Pa., as coal heaver. Fucke, Henri. Co. F; b. Germany; age 21; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 30, '63; must, in Nov. 30, '63, as priv.; must, out Dec. 19, '65. Greeley, George P. F. and S.; b. Nashua; age 28; res. Nashua; app. asst. surg. May 3, '61; resigned June 3, '61. See 4 N. H. V. Green, William. Co. I); b. Newark, N. J.; age 20; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 27, '63; must, in Nov. 28, '63, as priv.; des. Juh* 9, '64 near Petersburg, Va. CruiKiy, Frank. Co. F; b. Boston, Mass.; age 23; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 30, '63; must, in Nov. 30, '63, as priv.; must, out Dec. 19, '65. Hann, P'rank. Co. F; b. England ; age 20; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 30, '63; must, in Nov. 30, '63, as priv.; des. Jan. 5, '64, Pt. Lookout, Md.; gd. from des. Jan. 28, '64; disch. Dec. 4, '65, p'redericksburg, Va. Hughes, William. Co. F; b. Scotland; age 22; cred. Nashua ; enl. Nov. 30, '63 ; must, in Nov. 30, '63, as priv.; des. Apr. 11, '64; gd. from des. Apr. 17, '64; sentenced by court martial to be shot to death, and G. O. 123, Dept. of Va., directs that he be shot to death within 48 hours after order is read to him. N. f. r. A. G. O. Hunt, Israel T. Co. D; b. Nashua; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. May 10, '61 ; must, in June i, '61, as priv.; app. muse; disch. Sept. 2, '61, to accept promotion. P. O. ad., Boston, Mass. See 4 N. H. V. Johnson, Peter. Co. G; b. Holland; age 26; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 30, '63; must, in Nov. 30, '63, as priv.; tr. to U. S. navy Apr. 30, '64, as a seaman ; served on U. S. S. "Florida" and " Quaker City ; " disch., reduction naval force, Aug. 21, '65, from re- ceiving ship, Philadelphia, Pa. Jones, John. Co. D; b. Newfoundland; age 24; cred. Nashua; enl. Nov. 27, '63; must, in Nov. 28, '63, as priv.; des. Jan. 5, '64, Pt. Lookout, Md. Kclley, David. Co. F ; b. Ireland ; age 21 ; cred. Nashua ; enl. Nov. 30, '63; must, in Nov. 30, '63, as priv.; tr. to U. S. navy Apr. 30, '64, as a seaman ; serve\. as priv.; wd. .sev. May 13, '64, Drewry's Bluff, Va.; disch. Sept. 29, '64, tm. ex. Wheeler, George N. Co. H ; b. .\mherst ; age 31; res. Nashua; enl. July 25, '61; must, in .-Xug. 23, "61, as Corp.; resigned warrant Jan. 1, '62; disch. disab. May 7, '62, Edisto Isl., S. C. See 10 N. H. V. Willard, Nathaniel I.. Co. F; b. Georgia, Vt.; age 36; res. Nashua; enl. Aug. 2, '61 ; must, in Aug. 23, '61, as. priv.; must, out Aug. 23, '64. Willoughby, Varnum T. Co. F; b. HoUis; age 32 ; res. Nashua; enl. Aug. 12, '61 ; must, in .\ug. 23, '61, as priv.; tr. to I. C, July 15, '63 ; assigned to Co. F, 10 I. C; disch. Aug. 17, '64, to date .-Vug. 15, '64, New York city, tm. ex. Died Oct. 3, 'go, Ilollis. Wyman George L. Co. F; b. Goffstown ; age 21; res. Nashua; enl. .\ug. 9, '61; must, in .\ug. 23, '61, as priv.; wd. May 16, '64, Drewry's Bluff, \'a.; must, out .\ug. 23, '64. P. O. ad., West Manchester. FOURTH REGIMENT NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. [THKKK VE.\R.S.] ENGAGEMENTS. Port Royal, vS. C Nov. 7, 1861 James Island, S. C, . . . June 10, 1862 Pocotaligo, S. C, . . . Oct. 22, 1S62 Siege of Fort Wagner, Morris Island, S. C, . J'll.v 10 to Sept. 6, 1863 Siege of Fort Sumter, vS. C, vSept. 7, 1863, to Jan. 15, 1864 Swift Creek, (or Arrowfield Church), Va., . . May 9, 1864 Drewry's Bluff, \'a., . May 14-16, 20, 1864 Balch, John Jr. Co. C; b. Johnson, Vt.; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. Sept. 3, '61; must, in Sept. 18, '61, as priv; re-enl. Feb. 20, '64; must, in Feb. 28, '64; wd. June 7, '64, Cold Harbor, Va.; disch. to date Aug. 23. '65- Benian, Alfred H. Co. B ; b. Malone, N. Y.; age 27; res. Nashua; enl. .-Vug. 20, '61; must, in Sept. 18, '61, as priv; disch. disab. Aug. 5, '62, Beaufort, S. C. See V. R. C. Brackett, Charles R. Co. B ; b. Souiersworth ; age 18; res. Somersworth ; enl. Sept. 3, '61 ; must, in .Sept. 18, '61, as muse; re-enl. Feb. 16, '64; cred. Nashua; must. in Feb. 28, '64 ; must, out Aug. 23, '65. Bussell, John B. Co. B; b. Holliston, Mass.; age 21; res. Nashua; enl. Sept. 14, '61; must, in Sept. 18, '61, as Corp.; app. sergt. May 8, '63; must, out Sept. 27, '64. P. O. ad., Nashua. Butler, .\ugustus. Co. B; b. Canada; age 25; res. Nashua; enl. Aug. 31, '61 ; must, in Sept. 18, '61, as priv; disch. to bins, Isaiah, Jr. Co. K ; drafted ; b. Surry ; age 23 ; res. Keene, cred. Keene ; drafted Oct. g, '63; must, in Oct. 9, '63, as priv.; wd. June 3, "64, Cold Harbor, Va.; disch. disab. May 28, '65, Manchester. P. O.ad., Nashua. See miscel. organizations. Roberts, Walter. Co. E; substitute; b. England; age 21; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 24, '64; must, in Aug. 24, '64, as priv.; must, out June 28, '65. P. O. ad., Delmar, Del. .Stevens, William. Unas'd; substitute; b. Canada; age 19; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 20, '64; must, in Aug. 20, '64, as priv.; received Aug. 20, '64, at draft rendezvous. Concord; sent Aug. 27, '64, to regt. N. f. r. A. G. O. Tenney, Carlos K; Co. A; substitute; b. Toronto, Can.; age 21 ; res. Royalton, Vt.; cred. Nashua; enl. Oct. 6, '63; must, in Oct. 6, '63, as priv.; wd. June 17, '64. near Petersburg; Va.; captd. Aug. 16, '64, Deep Bot- tom, Va.; par. Oct. 9, '64; must, out June 28, '65. P. O. ad.. Concord. Wilson, John. Co. H; substitute; b. Dublin, Ire.; age 25; res. " Pattertown, — ," cred. Nashua; enl. Oct. 6, '63; must, in Oct. 6, '63, as priv. Died Jan. 7, '64, Pt. Lookout, Md. Wood, Levi. Co. I; substitute; b. Canada; age 21 ; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 8, '64; must, in Aug, 8, '64, as priv.; wd. Apr. 7, '65, Farniville, Va. Died, wds. May 20, '65, Annapolis, Md. Woods, William. Co. G; b. Nashua; age 19; res. Chales- town ; enl. Sept. 27, '61; must, in Oct. 12, '61, as priv.; wd. Sept. 17, '62, Antietam, Md.; Dec. 13, '62, Fred- ericksburg, Va.; re-enl. and must, in Feb. 19, '64; app. sergt.; killed June '17, '64, near Petersburg, Va. SIXTH REGIMENT NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. [THREE YEARS.] ENGAGEMENTS. Camden, N. C Apr. 19, 1862 Bull Run, Va Aug. 29, 30, 1862 Chantilly, Va Sept. i, 1862 South Mountain, Md., . . Sept. 14, 1862 Antietam, Md Sept. 17, 1862 White Sulphur Springs, Va., . Nov. 15, 1862 Fredericksburg, \'a., . . . Dec. 13, 1862 Siege of Vicksburg, Miss., June i4to Juh'4, 1863 Jackson, Miss., . . . July 10-16, 1863 Wilderness, Va., . . . May 6, 1864 Spottsylvania, Va., . . Maj- 8-20, 1864 North Anna River, \'a., . May 23-26, 1864 May 30, 31, 1864 . June 2, 3, 1864 . June 4-12, 1864 Totopotomoy, Va., Bethesda Chttrch, Va., Cold Harbor, Va., Siege of Petersburg, Va., . June 16, 1S64 to Apr. 3, 1865 Mine Explosion, Petersbtirg, \'a., (assault) ..... July 30, 1864 Weldon Railroad, \'a., . Aug. 20-22, 1864 Poplar Springs Church, \'a., Sept. 30, Oct. i, 1864 Hatcher's Run, \'a., . . . Oct. 27, 1S64 Petersburg, Va., . . . Apr. i, 2, 1865 Bancroft, Samuel P. Co. G; b. Pepperell, Mass.; age 21 ; res. Nashua; enl. Nov. 13, '61; must, in Dec. 6, '61. as priv.; app. corp. Mar. 10, '62; wd. .\ug. 29, '62, Bull Run, Va.; tr. to Co. A, 8. I. C, Nov. 15, '63; disch. Dec. 5, '64, as sergt., Chicago, 111., tm. ex. Campbell. John. Co. I ; b. Westford. Mass.; age 43 ; cred. Somersworth; enl. Jan. 2, '64; must, in Jan. 2, '64, as priv.; disch. Aug. 21, '65, Washington, D. C. P. O. ad., Nashua. Clark, George S. Co. K; b. Claremont; age 26; res. Peterborough; enl. Dee. 11, '61 ; must, in Dec. 11, '61, as priv.; disch. disab. Mar. 23, '62, Roanoke Isl. N. C. P. O. ad., Nashua. Cutler, George W. Co. G; b. Boston, Mass.; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Nov. 26, '61; must, in Dec. 6, '61. as priv.; disch. disab. Mar. 4, '62, Roanoke Isl., N. C. See 9 N. H. V. and V. R. C. Dickerman, Samuel R. Co. G; b. Mason; age 33; res. Nashua; enl. Nov. '6, '61; must, in Dec. 6, '61, as priv.; mis. Aug. 29, '62, Bull Run, Va.; gd. from mis. Nov. 28, '61 ; app. com. sergt. Jan. i, '64 ; re-enl. and must, in Jan. i, '64; became insane ; reduced to ranks Jul}- I, '64; assigned to Co. I; captd.; last seen at .\ndersonville, Ga., Sept., '64. N. f. r. A. G. O. Emerson, Edward M. Co. G; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Nashua ; app. 2 It. May 16, '62 ; must, in May 16. '62 ; wd. and captd. Aug. 29, '62, Bull Run, Va.; released ; disch. disab. Dec. 3, '62. See miscel. organizations. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 351 Iladley, Osgood T. Co. Iv ; b. Nashua; age 24; res. Peterborough; eul. Oct. 9, '61 ; must, in Nov. 28, '6f, aspriv.; wany, N. V.; age 26; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 7, '62; must, in Aug. 9, '62, as priv.; tr. to band, i brig., 2 div., 9 A. C, Sept. 30, '62 ; disch. June 10, '65, as i class muse, near Alexandria, Va. P. O. ad., Nashua. Moore, James H. Co. E ; b. Ilooksett ; age 14 ; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 12, '62; must, in Aug. 14, '62, as muse; must, out June 10, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Moreland, Benaiah. Co. D; b. Salem; age 25; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. .■\ug. 7, '62; must, in Aug- 9. '62, as priv.; tr. to band, i brig., 2 div., 9 A. C, Oct. I, '62, as 2 class muse. Died, dis. Aug. 31, '63, Camp Dennison, Ohio. Morse, Francis. Co. C; b. Danville, Vt.; age 35; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 13, '62; must, in Aug. 19, '62, as priv.; disch. disal). Dec. 17, '62, near Falmouth, Va. See i N. H. V. Moore, Francis R. Co. B; b. Nashua; age 35; res. Hop- kinton, cred. Hopkintou ; enl. July 8, '62; must, in July 12, '62, as priv.; must, out June 10, "65. P. O. ad., Newport. Osterkong, Gurd. Co. K; b. Germany; age 24; cred. Nashua ; enl. Dec. 22, '63 ; must, iii Dee 22, '63, as priv. Died, dis. Mar. 3, '64, Camp Burnside, Ky. Peabody, Warren A. Co. F; b. Wenhani, Mass.; age 39; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 7, '62; must, in Aug. 9, '62, as priv.; tr. to band, i brig., 2 div., 9 .\. C, Oct. I, '62, as 3 class muse; disch. disab. June 28, '63, near Neely's, Warren county. Miss. P. O. ad., Nashua. Perry, James B. non-com. staff; b. Boston, Mass.; age 19; cred. Nashua; enl. June 27, '62; must, in July 19, '62, as q. ni. sergt.; reduced to ranks at his own request; assigned to Co. C; disch. disab., caused by fall from wagon, Nov. 24, '62, Fredericksburg. Va. Died Mar. 15, '63, Nashua. Peterson, Charles, ist. Co. C; b. Germany; age 24; cred. Nashua; enl. Dee 24, '63; must, in Dec. 24, '63,35 priv.; wd. sev. July 10, '64, Petersburg, Va.; disch. wds. Nov. 16, '64, Washington, D. C. Richardson, George W. Co. B; b. Bangor, Me.; age 24; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. June lo, '62; must, in July 12, '62, as Corp.; reduced to ranks ; senteiice 1 863 ' 7' 1S64 10, 1864 13. 1864 16, 1864 28. 1 864 Cold Harbor, \'a., . June 1-12, 1864 Battery Five, Petersburg, \'a., . June 15. 1864 vSiege of Petersburg, \'a., June 15 to Aug. 27, 1864 Mine Explosion, Petersburg, \'a., Jul\- 30, 1864 Fort Harrison, Va., capture of . Sept. 29, 1864 Fort Harrison, \'a., defence of . Sept. 30, 1864 Fair Oaks, \'a., .... Oct. 27, 1864 Richmond, \'a., occu])ati()n of . Apr. 3, 1865 Badger, George W. Co. I; b. Hatley, Can.; age 30; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua ; enl. Aug. 23, '62 ; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; disch. disab. Jan. 21, '64, Phila- delphia, Pa. Bartlett, George. Co. I; b. Unity; age 40; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. .\ug. 23, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; disch. June 7, '65. Bennett, John I.. Co. I : b. Tunbridge, Vt.; age 32 ; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. .Aug. 21, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as wagoner; disch. disab. Feb. 18, '65, Concord. Bowers, George. V. and S.; b. Dunstable (.now Nashua); age 45 ; res. Nashua; app. It. col. Aug. 26, '62; must, in Sept. 23, '62 ; resigned May 30, '63. Died Feb. 14, '84, Nashua. b. Merrimack ; age 23 ; res. enl. .\ug. 21, '62; must, in disch. June 29, '65, to date Boyson, George T. Co. I Nashua, cred. Nashua Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; June 21, '65. Burnham, Israel. Co. B; b. Mont Vernon ; age 24; res. Mont Vernon, cred. Mont Vernon; enl. Aug. 20, '62; must, in Sept. 18, '62, as priv.; disch. disab. May 20, '6). P. O. ad., Nashua. 370 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Burton, John B. Co. I; b. Boston, Mass.; age 21; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 23, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as sergt.; app. i sergt. Apr. i, '63; reduced to ranks Juue 6, '64; must, out June 21, '65. Burton, William T. Co. I ; b. Boston, Mass ; age 22 ; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 23, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as sergt.; reduced to ranks June 6, '64; must, out June 21, '65. Buswell, Gardner H. Co. I; b. Acworth ; age 34; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 25, '62; must, m Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; disch. May 15, '65. P. O. ad., Acworth. Butterfield, Daniel W. Co. I; b. Francestown ; age 33; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 21, '62; must. in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; app. hosp. steward Nov. 28, '64; must, out June 21, '65. Died Feb. 18, '80, Nat. soldiers' home, Va. Chase, Oilman F. Co. I ; b. Lowell, Mass.; age 27 ; res. Hudson, cred. Hudson ; enl. Sept. 15, '62 ; must, in Sept. 20, '52, as priv.; tr. to Co. C, Sept. 25, '62; to band, 2 brig., 3 div., 24 A. C, Jan. 19, '63; must, out June 21, '65, as i class muse. P. O. ad., Nashua. Colburn, George W. Co. C ; age 23 ; res. Windham, cred. Windham; enl. Aug. 16, '62; must, in Sept. 19, '62, as priv,; wd. Dec. 13, '62, Fredericksburg, Va.; des. Feb. 9, '63; appreh. Sept. 26, '64; returned Jan. 18, '65, to regt.; tr. to Co. B, 2 N. H. V., June 21, '65 ; must, out Dec. 19, "65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Conant, Andrew. Co. I ; b. Acton, Mass.; age 39; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 25, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; disch. disab. Sept. 30, '63. Currier, George A. Co. G; b. Bennington; age 21; res. Bennington, cred. Bennington; enl. Aug. 15, '62; must, in Sept. 19, '62, as priv.; disch. disab. Apr. 18, '63, Concord. P. O. ad., Nashua. .See 18 N. H. V. Decatur, Alonzo L. Co. I; b. Worcester; age 30; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 30, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; disch. disab. Dec. 8, '64, Brat- tleboro, Vt. P. O. ad., Weare. Dodge, Charles W. Co. B ; b. Nashua; age 18 ; res. Mont Vernon, cred. Mont Vernon ; enl. Aug. 15, '62; must. in Sept. 18, '62, as priv.; app. corp. Mar. 12, '63; disch. Dec. 22, '63, to accept promotion. See U. S. C. T. and V. R. C. Dunham, Lucian R. Co. I; b. Warehouse Point, Conn.; age 22 ; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua ; enl. Aug. 25, '62 ; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; app. corp. Apr. i, '63; reduced to ranks May 12, '64 ; must, out June 21, '65. Eaton, Nathaniel, Jr. Co. G; b. Bennington; age 38; res. Greenfield, cred. Greenfield ; enl. Aug. 16, '62 ; must, in Sept. 19, '62, as sergt; disch. Feb. 24, '64, to accept promotion. P. O. ad., Nashua. See U. S. C. T. Ellenwood, Frank M. Co. I; b. Pelham ; age 18; res. Pelliam, cred. Pelham; enl. Aug. 18, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; wd. May 3, '63, Providence Church road, Va.; disch. disab. May 20, '64, Ports- mouth Grove, R. I. Died July 13, '86, Nashua. Flanders, Daniel P. Co. I; b. Derrj' ; age 36; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 27, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; disch. disab. Feb. 16, '63. Flanders, Robert K. Co. C; b. Concord; age 20; res. Concord, cred. Concord; enl. Aug. 12, '62; must, in Sept. 19, '62, as corp; app. sergt.; disch. Jan. 11, '65, to accept promotion. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 18 N. H. V. Field, James G. Co. I; b. Merrimack; age 40; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 23, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; disch. June 18, '65. P. O. ad., Annisquam, Mass. Field, Myron B. Co. I; b. Townshend, Vt.; age iS ; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 21, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; must, out June 21, '65. Folsom, Nathaniel W. Co. I ; b. Texas ; age 15 ; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Dec. 31, '63; must, in Dec. 31, '63, as muse; disch. June 19, '65. P. O. ad., Salem, Mass. Gillis, George H. F. and S.; b. Nashua; age 27; res. Nashua; app. adjt. Sept. 3, '62; must, in .Sept. 23, '62 ; resigned Mar. 23, '63. P. O. ad., Boston, Mass. See state service. Glover, Charles F. Co. C; b. Nashua; age 21; res. Con- cord, cred. Concord ; enl. Aug. 12, '62; must, in Sept. 19. '62, as priv.; app. corp.; wd. June I, '64, Cold Harbor, Va.; app. sergt. Jan. i, '65 ; must, out June 21, '65. Gordon, Arthur C. Co. I ; b. New Hampton ; age 27 ; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 26, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; app. corp. Nov. i, '63; must. out June 21, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Jones. George G. F. and S.; b. Sterling; Mass.; age 39; res. Nashua ; app. chaplain Sept. 3, '62 ; must, in Oct. 6, '62; resigned May 9, '65. Died May 9, 'gr, Brighton, Mass. Marshall, Jacob. Co. I; b. Nashua; age 19 ; res. Nashua'; cred. Hudson; enl. Aug. 19, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv. Died, dis. Aug. 21, '63, Portsmouth, Va. McGaffrey, Charles. Co. I; b. St. Johnsbury, Vt.; age 30; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 30, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; app. corp. Feb. 20, '63; sergt. Apr. i, '63; i sergt. June 7, '64; disch. disab. Nov. 13, '64, Pt. of Rocks, Va. Newton, Erastus. Co. I; b. Newport; age 21; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 26, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; must, out June 21, '65. P. O. ad., Lowell, Mass. Olmstead, George A. Co. A; b. Tolland, Conn; age 33; res. Wakefield, cred. Marlborough ; enl. Sept. i, '62 ; must, in Oct. 4, '62, as priv.; disch. Nov. 15, '62, to accept promotion. P. O. ad., Nashua. See U. S. navy . Parker, Daniel. Co. I; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Mason, cred. Mason; enl. Aug. 16, '62; must, in Sept. 23, '62, as priv.; must, out June 21, '65. P. O. ad., Stoddard. Parker, Edward. Co.H; b. Gilsum; age 25 ; res. Nashua ; app. 2 It. Sept. 27, '62 ; must, in to date Sept. 19, '62 ; resigned May 28, '63. P. O. ad., Uxbridge, Mass. Parker, Llewellyn C. Co. I ; b. Lj'man ; age 23 ; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua ; enl. Aug. 30, '62 ; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; wd. Dec. 13, '62, Fredericks- burg, Va.; tr. to Co. C, 19 I. C, Oct. 20, '63; disch. July 13, '65, Elmira, N. Y. Died Mar. 17, '66, Lyman. See I N. H. V. Peckham, William H. Co. B; b. Amoskeag; age 30; res. Rollinsford, cred. Rollinsford ; enl. Aug. 30, '62; must, in Sept. 18, '62, as priv.; tr. to band, 2 brig., 3 div., 24 A. C, Jan. 20, '63; must, out June 21, '65, as 3 class muse. P. O. ad., Nashua. HISTORY OP NASHUA, M H. 371 Powers. William H. Co. G; b. Nashua; age 21; res. Greenfield, cred. Greenfield ; enl. Aug. 12, '62; must, in Sept. 19, '62, as priv.; app. corp ; disch. Feb. 24, '64, to accept promotion. See l'. S. C. T. Prescott, Royal B. Co. V,\ b. Nashua; age 23; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 30, '62; must in Sept. 30, '62, as priv.: app. hosp. steward Nov. 22, '62; I It. Co. C, Oct. 28, '64; must out June 21, '65. 1*. t). ad., Nashua. I'uliKini, .\lbert M. Co. I; b. Nashua; age 33; res. An- trim, cred. .Antrim; enl. Aug. 20, '62; must, in Sept. 23, '62, as priv.; disch. June 12, '65. P. O. ad., Bos- ton, Mass. Keed, James A. Co. I; b. Nashua; age 21; res. Nashua, cred. Merrimack; enl. Aug. 26, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; app. corp. Nov., '63; tr. to Co. F, 14 V. R. C Jan. i, '65; disch. Aug. 14, '65, Washington, D. C. P. O. ad., Nashua. Robbins, David G. Co. I ; b. Nashua ; age 26 ; res. Nashua, cred. Hudson; enl. Aug. 15, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; app. corp.; wd. and died, wds. Sept. 30, '64, Ft. Harrison, Va. Sawyer, Levi P. F. and S.; b. Stockbridge, Vt.; age 44; res. Nashua; app. asst. surg. Jan. 2, '65; not must.; Declined appointment Jan. 10, '65. Died April 28, '68, Nashua. Sawyer, Oliver M. Co. I; b. Plymouth; age 23; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 30, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as I sergt.; app. 2 It. Nov. 15, '62; app. I It. Co. E, July 15, '64; resigned Mar. 10, '65. P. O. ad.. Hastings, Minn. See I N. H. V. Shaw, Major A. Co. I ; b. Alstead ; age 29; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 30, '62, as priv.; app. 2 It. Sept. 27, '62; must, in to date Sept. 20, '62, as 2 It.; app. I It. Nov. IS, '62 ; wd. Dec. 13, '62, Fredericks- burg, Va.; resigned Apr. 29, '63. See i N. H. V. and I N. H. H. art. Shedd, George F. Co. B ; b. Francestown ; age 23 ; res. Rollinsford, cred. Rollinsford ; enl. Aug. 4, '62; must, in Sept. 18, '62, as sergt.; disch. disab. Feb. 7, '63, Philadelphia, Pa. P. O. ad., Nashua. Stevens, Aaron F. F. and S.; b. Derry ; age 41 ; res. Nashua ; app. col. Aug. 26, '62 ; must, in Sept. 23, '62 ; wd. June l, '64, Cold Harbor, Va.; sev. Sept. 29, '64, Ft. Harrison, Va.; disch. disab. Feb. 4, '65 ; disch. suspended Feb. 14. '65; disch. to date June 21. '65, Bvt, brig. -gen. U. S. V., to date Dec. 8, '64. Died Mav 10, '87, Nashua. See i N. H. V, Taggard, George H. Non-com. staff; b. Jackson, N. V.; age 26; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 5, '62; must, in Sept. 30, '62, as com. sergt.; app. 2 It. Co. F. Mar. 16, '64; wd. sev. June 3, '64, Cold Harbor, Va.; app. I It. Oct. 28, '64; adjt. May 30, '65; must, out June 21, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Towns, Oscar W. Co. I; b. Salem; age 26; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 21, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; must, out June 21, '65. White, Jeremiah W. I', and S.; b. Pittsfield ; age 40; res. Nashua; app. asst. surg. Sept. 3, '62; not must.; de- clined appointment Sept. 3, '62. P. O. ad., Nashua. Whittemore, John J. Non-com. staff; 1>. Hancock; age 27; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 30, '62; must, in Sept. 30, 62, as hosp. steward ; disch. disab. Dec. 15, '62, Washington, D. C. Died -Aug. 13, '84, Nashua. Willard, Andsen J. Co. I; b. Clarendon, Vt.; age 26; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl; Aug. 25, '62; must. in Sept. 23, '62, as priv.; disch. to date June 21, "65. Willoughby, Alfred. Co. I; b. Hollis; age 39; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 25, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as Corp.; disch. disab. Jan. 22, '63, Washington, D. C. Wilson, Charles H. Co. B; b. Deering; age 24; res. Antrim, cred. Antrim; enl. Aug. 20, '62; must, in Sept. 18, '62, as priv.; tr. to Co. K, 3 I. C, Sept. 30, '63; disch. July 10, '65, Hartford, Conn. P. O. ad., Nashua. Wilson, George W. Co. I; b. Nashua; age 22; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. .•\ug. 27, '62; must, in Sept. 20, '62, as priv.; must, out June 21, '65. P. O. ad., Lynn, Mass. See I N. H. V. Woods, George W. Co. .\; b. Nashua; age 14; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 31, '63; must, in Dec. 31, '63, as muse; tr. to Co. B, 2 N. H. V., June 21, '65; must. out Dec. 19, '65. Wright. Luther M. Co. I ; b. Pepperell, Mass.; age 35 ; res. Nashua ; app. capt. Sept. 27, '62 ; must in to date Sept. 20, '62; resigned Dec. 28, '62. 372 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. FOURTEENTH REGIMENT NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. [THRHE YEARS.] ENGAGEMENTS. Deep Bottom, Va., (right wing, Cos. A, B, C, D, H, I,) July 27, 28, 1864 Winchester, Va.,( left wing, Cos. E, F, G, K,) . . . . Aug. 17, 1864 Halltown, Va Aug. 26, 1864 Berryville, Va vSept. 3, 1S64 Bailey, Cyrus. Co. I ; b. Warner ; age 18; res. Bradford, cred. Bradford; en!. Aug. 22, '62; must, in Sept. 24, '62, as priv.; must, out July 8, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Caldwell, Daniel F. Co. B; b. Nashua; age 25; res. Walpole, cred. Alstead ; enl. Aug. 25, '62; must, in Sept. 22, '62, as priv.; must, out July 8, '65. P. O. ail., Surry. .See i N. H.V. Haley, Michael. I'lias'd; substitute; b. Ireland; age 22; cred. Nashua; enl. July 29, '64; must, in July 29, '64, as priv.; reported on roll dated Galloup's Isl., B. H., Mass., -\ug. 19, '64, as sent to regt. N. f. r. A. G. O. Hardy, William. Co. I; b. Wilton; age 41 ; res. Goshen, cred. Goshen; enl. Sept. 15, '62; must, in Sept. 26, '62, as priv.; must, out July 8, '65. Died Nov. 28. '70, Nashua. Hunt, James H. Co. G ; b. Stoddard; age 20; res. Stod- dard; cred. Stoddard; enl. .\ug. 13, '62; must, in Sept. 23, '62, as Corp.; app. sergt. Nov. 14, '63; i sergt.; 2 It. Feb. 17, '65; must, out July 8, '65. P. O. ad.. Nashua. Lock's Ford, \'a., Opequan (or Winchester ) , \'a., . Fisher's Hill, Va Tom's Brook, \'a., Reconnoissance to Strasbiirg,\'a. Cedar Creek, \'a.. Sept. 13, 1864 Sept. 19, 1864 Sept. 22, 1864 Oct. 9, 1864 Oct. 13, 1864 Oct. 19, 1864 Nye, George W. Co. C; b. Roxbury ; age 40; res. Rox- bury, cred. Roxbury; enl. Aug. 12, '62 ; must, in Sept. 22, '62, as Corp.; app. sergt. Jan. i, '64; reduced to ranks May i, '64; app. Corp. June 12, '64; must, out July 8, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Templeman, Elnathan R. Co. B; b. Nashua; age 20; res. Walpole, cred. Walpole; enl. Aug. 7; '62; must. in Sept. 22, '62, as priv.; app. corp. Feb. i; '65; must. out Juh- 8, '65. P. O. ad., New Britain, Conn. White, Charles. I'nas'd ; substitute; b. Ireland ; age 21; cred. Nashua; enl. July 29, '64; must, in July 29, '64, as priv.; borne on muster and description roll dated Aug. 19, '64. N. f. r. A. G. O. FIFTEENTH REGIMENT NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. [NINE MONTHS.] ENGAGEMENTS Siege of Port Hudson, La., Banks, Edward P. Co. K; b. Alstead; age 20; res. Alstead, cred. Alstead; enl. Sept. 8, '62; must, in Oct. 16, '62, as priv.; must, out Aug. 13, '63. Died .Sept. 28, '92, Nashua. Butler, George H. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 19; res. Dan- bury, cred. Danbury ; enl. Sept. 29, '62; must, in Oct. 10, '62, as priv.; killed July 3, '63, Port Hudson, L. .•\. Colburn, Ai. Co. F ; b. Milford ; age 42 ; res. Hollis, cred. Hollis; enl. Sept. 13, '62; must, in Oct. 9, '62, as priv.; must, out Aug. 13, '63. Died Feb. 21, '94, Nashua. Hardy, Isaac. Co. E; b. Hollis; age 37; res. Hollis, cred. Hollis; enl. Sept. 5, '62; must, in Oct. 9, '62, as priv.; disch. to date Aug. 13, '63. D:t"i Nov. 21, '87, Nashua. May 27 to July 9, 1863 McGregor, Charles. Co. H; b. Londonderry; age 19; res. Londonderry, cred. Londonderry; enl. Sept. 11, '62; must, in Oct. 11, '62, as Corp.; must, out Aug. 13, '63. P. O. ad., Nashua. Rideout, David J. Co. E; b. Nashua; age 21; res. Hollis, cred. Hollis; enl. Oct. 9, '62; must, in Oct. 17, '62, as priv.; must, out .\ug. 13, '63. Died .Sept. 9, '89, Nashua. .See 8 N. H. V. Willoljy, Harvey M. Co. E. b. Hollis; age 29; res. Hollis, cred. Hollis ; enl. .Sept. 15, '62 ; must, in Oct. 9, '62, as priv.; must, out .\ug. 13. '63. P. O. ad., Nashua. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. SIXTEENTH REGIMENT NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. [nink months.] E N G A G E M t N r S . 373 Port Hudson, La., liuttc-a-la-Rose, La., Mar. 14, 1863 Siege of Port Husoii, La., Juue 3 to July 9, 1863 Apr. 20, 1863 Avery, Charles M. Co. K; b. Vershire, \'t.; age 19; res. Oxford, cred. Oxford; enl. Sept. 5, '62; must, iu Oct. 16, '62, as priv.; tr. to Co. A, Jan. i, '63; must, out Aug. 20, '63. P.O. ad., Nashua. .\ndrews, Calvin L. Co. G ; b. New Boston ; age 19 ; res. New Roston, cred. New Boston; enl. Sept. 3, '62; must, in Oct. 24, '62, as priv.; must, out -Vug. 20, '63. P. O. ad., Nashua. Boutwell, Ramsey C. Co. C ; b. Leech Lake, Minn.; age 25; res. Wilton, cred. Wilton; enl. Sept. 11, '62; must, in Oct. 18, '62, as priv.; must, out .^ug. 20, '63. P. O. ad., Nashua, liohanon, John. Co. C ; b. Brookline ; age 18 ; res. Brook- line, cred. Brookline ; enl. Sept. 4, '62; must, in Oct. 18, '62, as priv.; must, out Aug. 20, '63. P. O. ad., Nashua. See miscel. organizations. Bacon, Charles R. Co. C ; b. Nashua; age 20; res. Lynde- borough. cred. Lyndeborough ; enl. Sept. 13, '62; must, in Oct. 18, '62, as priv.; must, out .\ug. 20, '63. P. O. ad., San Francisco, Cat. Burnham, Oranius W. Co. B; 1). Antrim; age 35; res. Hillsborough, cred. Hillsborough; enl. Aug. 30, '62, as priv.; app. i It. Nov. 4, '62; must, in to date Oct 29, '62, as I It.; resigned Feb. 4, '63. P. O. ad., Nashua. Jewell, Alviu A. Co. C; b. Groton ; age 19; res. Nashua, cred. Hebron; enl. Sept. 15, '62; must, in Oct. 18, '62, as priv.; must, out Aug. 20, '63. See 1 N. H. H. art. Merrill, James A. Co. C; b. Corinth, Vt.; age 26; res. Brookline, cred. Brookline; enl. Sept. 3, '62; must. in Oct. 18, '62, as priv.; must, out Aug. 20, '63. P. O. ad., Nashua. Stiles, Oscar C. Co. I ; b. Greenfield ; age 41 ; res. Green- field, cred. Greenfield; enl. Sept. 13, '62; must, in Oct. 23, '62, as Corp.; must, out Aug. 20, '63. P. O. ad., Nashua. SEVENTEENTH REGIMENT NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. [nine months.] Jackson, Willard A. Co. A; b. Portland, Me., age 27; res. Lancaster, cred. Lancaster; enl. Nov. 17, '62; must, in Nov. 22, '62, as priv; tr. to Co. I, 2 N. H. \'., .\pr. 16, '63; disch. disab. May 16, '63, Concord. P. O. ad., Nashua. 374 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. EIGHTEENTH REGIMENT NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. [ONE AND THREE YEARS.] ENGAGEMENTS. Fort Steadnian, Va. Mar. 25, 29, 1865 Petersburg, Va., Apr. 2, 1865 Abbott, Albert F. Co. A; b. Nashua; age 15; cred. Antrim; enl. Sept. 2, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 13, '64, aspriv.; must, out June 10, '65. P. O. ad., Oak- land, Cal. Bell, Bowers H. Co. F; b. Lunenburg, Vt.; age 23 ; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 20, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 28, '64, as sergt.; must, out June 10, '65. See i N. H. V. and miscel. organizations. Buckham, John E. Co. K; b. Litchfield; age 18; cred. Nashuo ; enl. Mar. 23, '65, for i yr.; must, in Mar. 23, '65, as priv.; must, out May 6, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Buttrick, Caldwell. Co. F; b. Pelham ; age 26; cred. Pelham; enl. Sept. 19, '64, for 1 yr.; must, in Sept. 28, '64, as priv.; must, out June 10. '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Chandler, George H. Co. D; b. Nashua; age 26; cred. New Boston; enl. Sept. 12, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 15, '64, as priv.; must, out June 10, '65. Sup- posed identical with George H. Chandler, band, ir Mass. inf. See miscel. organizations. Currier, George A. Co. C; b. Bennington; age 23; cred. Bennington; enl. Sept. 5, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 13, '64, as sergt.; reduced to ranks Jan. i, '65; must, out June 10, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 13 N. H. V. Dearborn, Samuel G. F. and S.; b. Northfield ; age 37 ; res. Milford ; app. surg. Sept. 29, '64; not must.; de- clined appointment Mar. 14, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 8 N. H. V. Uodge, Thomas F. Co. G; b. Nashua; age 21 ; res. Lon- donderry ; app. 2 It. Feb. 14, '65 ; must, in Mar. 6, '65, unexpired term, (i yr.); app. i It. July 29, '65; not must.; must, out July 29, '65, as 2 It. P. O. ad., Manchester. See 7 N. H. V. Duffy, John. Co. F; b. Ireland; age 25; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 27, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 28, '64, as priv.; tr. to Co. G, June 10, '65 ; must, out July 29, '65. Flanders. Laurin. Co. F; b. Sandown ; age 38; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 22, '64, for i yr.; must, in Oct. 28, '64, as priv.; must, out June 10, '65. P. O. ad., Nat. home, Togus, Me. Flanders, Robert K. Co. H; b. Concord; res. Concord; app. 2 It. Nov. 30, '64 ; must, in Mar. 7, '65, for i yr.; app. I It. July 29, '65; not must.; must, out Juh' 29, '65, as 2 It. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 13 N. H. V. Grimes, Edwin H. Co. F; b. Milford; age 18; cred. Concord ; enl. Sept. 27, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 30, '64, as muse; tr. to Co. G, June 10, '65 ; disch. Aug. II, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Lee, Charles H. Co. K. b. Princeton, Mass.; age 19; cred. Nashua; enl. Mar. 27, '65, for i yr.; must, in Mar. 27, '65, as priv. Died Apr. 5, '65. Lee, John. Co. E; b. Nashua; age 23; cred. Pittsfield ; enl. Sept. 26, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 26, '64, as priv.; des. Oct. 4, '64, Concord. Parker, Monroe R. Co. K; b. Brooklyn, N. Y.; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. .\pr. 3, '65, for i )'r.; must, in Apr. 3, '65, as priv.; must, out Maj' 6, '65. Russell, Joseph. Co. H; b. Middlesex, Vt.; age 32; cred. Gilford; enl. Feb. 21, '65, for i yr.; must, in Feb. 21, '65, as Corp.; reduced to ranks May 15, '65 ; app. corp. July I, '65 ; must, out JuU- 29, '65. Died Dec. 23, '88, Nashua. Shepherd, Aaron W. F. and S.; b. Biddeford, Me.; age 23; res. Nashua; app. asst. surg. Nov. 10, '64; must. in Dec. 18, '64, for i yr.; must, out July 29, '65. P. O. ad., Brooklyn, N. Y. See 9 N. H. V. Slate, Lyman J. Co. H; b. Bernardston, Mass.; age 39; cred. Londonderry ; enl. Feb. 14, '65, for i yr.; must. in Feb. 14, '65, as priv.; disch. June 22, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. NEW HAMPSHIRE BATTALION, FIRST REGIMENT NEW ENGLAND VOLUNTEER CAVALRY. [Also known as First Regiment Rhode Island Volunteer Cavalry.] [THRKE VKAR.S.] ENGAGEMENTS. 375 Front Royal, \'a., . . . May 30, 1862 (The New Hampshire Battalion.) Cedar Mountain, \'a., Aug. 9, 1862 Groveton, Va., .... Aug. 29, 1862 Bull Run, (second), Va., . . Aug. 30, 1862 Chantilly, Va Sept. i, 1862 Mountville, Va.,(Cos. L, K, M,) Oct. 31, 1862 Fredericksburg,Va.,(Cos. K, M, ) Dec. 12-14, 1862 Hartwood Church, \'a., . . Feb. 26, 1863 Kelly's Ford, Va Mar. 17, 1863 .\ins\vorth, William P. Co. M ; b. New Hampshire; age 37; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 2, '61, as priv.; app. capt. Dec. 3, '61 ; must, in Jan. 21, '62, as capt.; killed May 30, '62, Front Royal, Va. Allen, Frank. Co. K; b. Chelsea, Vt.; age 25; res. Nashua; enl. Oct. 8, '61; must, in Oct. 24, '61, as priv.; app. sergt. Oct. 28, '61; 2 It. Dec. 3, '61; i It. Co. D, July 15, '62; tr. to Co. G, Sept. i, '62; app. capt. Jan. i, '63 ; tr. to Co. I, i N. H. cav., F'eb. 8, '64; disch. Apr. 23, '64, P. O. ad., Hudson, Mass. .\ndrews, Joseph F. Co. M ; b. New Boston; age 44; res. Nashua; app. i It. Dec. 3, '5i ; must, in Dec. 24, '61 ; app. q. m. 3 batt'l, Jan. i, '62; captd. Oct. 31, '62, Mountville, Va.; par. '62; assigned to Co. M, as i It.; app. maj. Mar. 18, '64; must, out July 15, '65. Died June 29, '88, Nashua. Baldwin, George H. Co. M; b. Nashua; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 20, '6r ; must, in Dec. 24, '61, as priv.; re-enl. Jan. 1, '64; must, in Jan. 5, '64; must. out July 15, '65. Bowman, Eugene M. Co. K; b. Bedford; age 23; res. Manchester; enl. Dec. 9, '61; must, in Dec. 24, '61, as priv.; app. sergt. -maj. 3 batt'l, Jan. i, '62; disch. Sept. 23, '63, near Culpeper courthouse. Va. P. O. ad., Nashua. Brigham, Edward H. Co. M; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 9, '61 ; must, in Dec. 24, '61, as priv.; re-enl. Jan. i, '64; must, in Jan. 5, '64; wd. and captd. June 29, '64, Ream's station, Va.; released June 30. '65 ; app. Corp. July i. '65; must, out Jul}- 15, '65. Died Oct. 22, '80, Nashua, Brown, Robert A. Co. M; b. Manchester; age 30; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 21, '61; must, in Dec, 24, '61, as priv.; captd. June 18, '63, near Middleburgh, Va.; par. '63; re-enl. and must, in Feb. i, '64; must, out July 15, '65. Caldwell, William H. Co. I; b. Nashua; age 19; res. Concord (Fisherville, now Penacook); enl. Aug. 8, '61 ; must, in Dec. 17, '61, as priv.; captd. .\ug. 22, '62, Catlett's station, Va.; par. .Vpr. '63; captd. .\ug. 17, '64, Winchester, Va.; released Feb. 21, '65; disch. May 8, '65, Concord, tm. ex. May 8, 1863 June 9. 1863 June 17. 1863 June 18, 1863 Sept. >4. 1S63 Oct. 12, 1863 Oct. •4. 1863 Stoneman's Raid, Va., Apr. 27 to May Brandy Station, Va., . Thoroughfare Gap, Va., Middleburgh, Va Rapidan Station; Va., Culpepper, (or White Sulphur Springs, also called Warrenton Springs), Va.. Bristol Station, \'a., . Caven, Thomas. Co. M; b. Ireland; age 32; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 30, '61 ; must, in Jan. 8, '62, as priv.; disch. disab. Nov. 21, '62. Claflin, Calvin. Co. M; b. Grafton, Mass.; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 2, '61 ; must, in Jan. 8, '62, as priv.; re-enl. Jan. i, '64; must, in Jan. 5, '64; app, sergt. Jan. I, '65; must, out July 15, '65. Clark, Matthew N. S. Co. M; b. Solon, Me.; age 22 ; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 30, '62; must, in Sept. 15, '62, as priv.; captd. Oct. 12, '63, Culpeper, Va. Died, dis. Oct. 15, '64, .\ndersonville, Ga. Diggles, John P. Co. M; b. England; age 32; les. Nashua; en!. Nov. 7, '61; must, in Dec. 24, '61, as priv.; re-enl. Jan. i, '64; must, in Jan. 5, '64; disch. to date July 15, '65. Eastman, David R. Co. M; b. Croydon; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 17, '61; must, in Dec. 24, '61, as priv.; wd. July, '63; disch. Dec. 27, "64, tm; ex. Died Feb. 20, '86. Eaton, Alvin S. Co. M; b. Hillsborough Bridge; age 21; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 23, '61 ; must, in Jan. 8, '62, as priv.; app. corp. Jan. 28, '62; sergt.; re-enl. and must, in Feb. r, '64; app. i sergt. Co. C, Apr. 30, '64; wd. Oct. 9, '64, Tom's Brook, Va.; captd. Nov. 12, '64, Middletown, Va.; par. Feb. 28, '65 ; disch. June 24, Egleston, Clifton. Co. K; b. Hillsborough; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Oct. 12, '61; must, in Oct. 24, '61, as priv.; tr. to Co. M, Dec. 31, '6r ; app. bugler; disch. disab. June 10, '62. '65, Anuapolis, Md. P. O. ad., Nashua. Eustis, George C. Co. M; b. Rutland, Mass.; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. Jan. 13, '62; must; in Jan. 20, '62, as priv.; captd. Feb. 25, '63 ; par.; captd. Oct. 12, '63, Culpeper, Va. Died, dis. May 3, '64, Anderson- ville, Ga. Ferrell, George V. Co. M; b. Shoreham, Vl.; age 26; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 30, "62; must, in Sept. 15, '62, as priv.; captd. June 18, '63, near Middleburgh, Va.; par. July 23, '63; app. corp.; sergt.. and tr. to Co. C, Apr. 30, '64; disch. Juue 5, '65, Washington, D. C. 376 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Fairbanks, Charles. Co. M; b. Lancaster, Mass.; age 25; cred. Nashua ; enl. Aug. 28, '62; must, in Sept. 15, '62, as priv.; wd. June 18, '63, near Middleburgh, Va., and died, wds. June 19, '63, See i N. H. V. Foster, Nathan H. Co. M; b. Nashua; age 29; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 21, '61; must, in Dec. 24, '61, as priv.; app. sergt.; Co. q. m. sergt. Jan. 31, '62; re-enl. Jan. I, '64, as sergt.; must, in Jan. 5, '64; disch. to date July 15, '65. Died Dec. 21, '80, Nashua. Greeley, James B. F. and S.; b. Nashua; age 33; res. Nashua; app. asst. surg. Nov. 3, '61 ; must, in Dec. 3, '61; app. surg. June 4, '62; resigned Aug. 31, '62. P. O. ad., Thornton's Ferry. Hoitt, Nathan B. Co. M; b. Northwood ; age 44; res. Nashua ; enl. Dec. 2, '61 ; must, in Jan. 8, '62, as priv.; disch. disab. July 10, '62. P. O. ad., Augusta, Me. See 3 N. H. V. Moulton, William H. Co. I; b. Hooksett ; age 27; res. Andover ; enl. Oct. 2, '61 ; must, in Dec. 17, '61, as Co. Q. M. sergt; re-enl. Jan. 2, '64; cred. Clareniont ; must, in Jan. 5, '64; app. i It. Apr. 21, '64; regt'l com. Jan. 25, '65; must, out July 15, '65. Died Jan. 25, '90, Nashua. Phillips, John H. Co. M ; b. Londonderry ; age 44; cred. Hudson; enl. Sept. 10, '62; mvist. in Sept. 15, '62, as priv.; tr. to 8 Co., i batt'l, I. C. (became 71 Co., i batt'l, I. C, and Co. B, 9 V. R. C), Aug. 20, '63 ; app. Corp.; disch. disab. Jan. 27, '64, Washington, D. C. P. O. ad., Nashua. Saw}-er, Charles A. Co. L ; b. Nashua ; age 22 ; res. Nashua ; enl. Nov. 23, '61 ; must, in Jan. 8, '62, as priv.; app. sergt.; 2 It. Co. D, Aug. 4, '62. Died Nov. 14, '63, from effects of surgical operation, Alexandria, Va. Smith, Mark. Co. M; b. Nashua; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Jan. i6, '62 ; must, in Jan. 20, '62, as priv.; disch. disab. Apr. i, '62. Stevens, Francis E. Co. M; b. Cavendish, Vt.; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 17, '61; must, in Dec. 24, '61, as priv.; wd. Aug. 9, '62, Cedar Mountain, Va.; disch. wds. Dec. 8, '62, Newark, N. J. P. O. ad., Chelsea, Mass. Thorn, Vidal Letain. Co. L; b. Nashua; age 20; res. Pel ham ; enl. Dec. 25, '61 ; must, in Jan. 8, '62, as priv.; captd. June 18, '63, near Middleburgh, Va.; par.; re-enl. Jan. 2, '64, as sergt.; cred. Portsmouth; must, in Jan. 5, '64; app. 2 It. Co. A, Mar. 17, '64; killed July 18, '64, on picket duty, Cox's Mills, Va. See i N. H. V. Thompson, William H.J. Co. M; b. Lowell, Mass.; age 23; res. Nashua; enl. Jan. 17, '62; must, in Jan. 20, '62, as bugler ; captd. June 18, '63, Middleburgh, Va.; par. before Dec, '63; disch. Jan. 20, '65, Winchester, Va., tm. ex. See i N. H. V. Weston, Samuel B. Co. M; b. Chester, Me.; age 38; res. Nashua ; enl. Dec. 9, '61 ; must, in Dec. 24, '6r, as priv.; app. i sergt. Dec. 24, '61 ; wd. June 18, '63, near Middleburgh, Va.; disch. disab. Jan. 22, '64, as of I N. E. (or I R. I ) cav., Portsmouth Grove, R. I. P. O. ad., Nashua. White, Edwin D. Co. M; b. Nashua; age 20; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 28, '61; must, in Jan. 8, '62, as priv.; app. hosp. steward 3 batt'l, Jan. '62 ; captd. June 18, '63, near Middleburgh, Va.; par. July 23, '63; disch. Dec. 28, '64, as of R. I. cav.. Camp Russell, Va., tm. ex. Died Mar. 12. '86, Nashua. Wilder, Lyman F. Co. M; b. Dover; age 23; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 19, '61; must, in Dec. 24, '61, as priv.; capt. Mar. 17, '63, Kelly's Ford, Va.; par. Mar. 31, '63; re-enl. Jan. i, '64; must, in Jan. 5, '64; app. Corp.; wd. Oct. 9, '64, Tom's Brook, Va.; tr. to 243 Co., 2 batt'l, V. R. C, Jan. i, '65; disch. July 18, '65, Washington, D. C. Woods, Franklin L. Co. G; b. Nashua; age 20; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 7. '62; must, in Sept. II, '62, as priv.; tr. to Co. INL Mar. i, 63; to Co. C, 13 L C, Aug. I, '63 ; disch. July i, '65, Galloup's Isl., B. H. Mass., See I N. H. V. Wyman, Warren A. Co. M; b. Hudson; age 25; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 11, '61; must, in Dec. 24, '61, as priv.; app. Corp. Jan. 28, '62; disch. disab. June 4, '62. Died July 21, '62, Epping. See i N. H. V. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. FIRST REGIMENT NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER CAVALRY. [THREE YEARS.] ENGAGEMENTS. 377 Hanover Courthouse, \'a., . May 31, 1864 Cold Harbor, Va., . . . June 2, 1864 White Oak Swamp, \'a., . . June 13, 1864 Wilson's Raid on Weldon Rail- road, Va., . . . June 22-30, 1864 Ream's Station, Va. (during Wilson's raid), . . . June 22, 1864 Nottoway Courthouse, Va. (dur- ing Wilson's raid), . . June 23, 1864 Roanoke Station and High Bridge, Va. (during Wilson's raid), June 25, 26, 1864 Stony Creek, Va. (during Wil- son's raid), . , . June 28, 29, 1864 Ream's Station, Va. (during Wilson's raid), , . . June 29, 1864 Winchester, Va., . . . Aug. 17, 1864 Summit Point, Va., . . . Aug. 21, 1864 Charlestown, \'a., . . . Aug. 22, 1864 Blodgett, Charles H. Unas'd ; b. Nashua; age 18; cred. Nashua ; enl. .\pr. 23, '64 ; must, in Apr. 23, '64, as priv. Died, dis. Apr. 30, '64, Concord. Caldwell, Ira. Co. B ; b. Pelhani ; age "19;" cred. Dub- lin; enl. Mar. 29, '64; must, in Mar. 29, '64, as priv. Died, dis. Mar. 14, '65, Nashua. See 9 N. H. V. Chase, Joseph W. Co. B; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Nashua; cred. Brentwood; enl. Mar. 24, '64; must. in Mar. 24, '64, as priv.; captd. June 29, '64, Ream's Station, Va. Died, dis. Nov. 15, '64, Anderson- ville, Ga. Coburn, George C. Unas'd; b. Warner; age 26; res. Littleton, cred. Nashua; enl. Apr. 6, '65, for i yr.; must, in Apr. 6, '65, as priv.; disch. May 6, '65, Gal- loup's Isl., B. H., Mass. Died June 10, '91, Lisbon. See 2 N. H. V. Colburn, Eugene F. Co. K; b. HoUis ; age 18; cred. Nashua, enl. Mar. 21, '65, for i yr.; must, in Mar. 21, '65, as priv.; must, out July 15, '65. Curby, Philip. Unas'd ; b. Hollis ; age 23; cred. Nashua; enl. Apr. 5, '65, for i yr.; must, in Apr. 5, '65, as priv.; disch. May 6, '65, Galloup's Isl., B. H., Mass. See miscel. organizations. Dodge, Dana D. Co. B ; b. Nashua ; age 22 ; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Mar. 24, '64; must, in Mar. 24, '64, as priv.; app. sergt.; captd. Dec. 21, '64, Lacey's Springs, Va.; released Feb. 15, '65; disch. July 6, '65, Washington, D. C. P. O. ad., Nashua. Dodge, Edwards O. Co. H; b. Nashua; age 21; cred. Webster; enl. July 25, '64; must, in July 29, '64, as priv.; app. sergt.; must, out July 15, '65. P. O. ad., Manchester. See i N. H. V. Dufous, .\nthony. Co. C; b. Canada; age 32, cred. Nashua; enl. Apr. 12, '64; must, in Apr. 12, '64, as priv.; wd. June, '64, White Oak Swamp, Va.; must. out July 15, '65. Kearneysville, Va., . . . Aug. Berryville, Va Sept. Gpequan (or Winchester), Va., Sept. Front Royal Pike, Va., . . Sept. Gooney Manor Grade, Va., . Sept. Milford, Va., .... Sept. Waynesborough, Va., . . Sept. Columbia Furnace, Va., . Oct. Tom's Brook, Va,, . . . Oct. Mine Run Foad (or Back Road), Va Oct. Cedar Creek, Va., , , . Oct. Middle and Back Roads (or Middletown), Va., . . Nov. 11, Lacey's Springs, Va., . Dec. 20, Waynesborough, Va., . . Mar. North Fork, Shenandoah (or Mount Jackson), Ya.., . 25. 15. 19, 21, 21, 22, 28, 7. 9. 13, 19. 12, 21, 2, Mar. 6, 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1865 1865 Flagg, John. Unas'd ; b. Worcester, Mass.; age 23; cred. Nashua; enl. Apr. 8, '65, for i yr.; must, in Apr. 8, •65, as priv.; disch. May 6, '65, Galloup's Isl., B. H. Mass. Fleniming, George. Co. A; b. Roxbury, Mass.; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Mar. 12, '64 ; must, in Mar. 14, '64, as priv.; wd. Aug. 3, '64; mis. Mar. 6, '65, Mount Jackson, Va.; gd. from mis.; must, out July 15, '65. Foley, William H. Co. A; b. Malone, N. V; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Mar. 12, '64; must, in Mar. 14, '64, as priv.; must, out July 15, '65. Grey, George G. Co. I; b. Bethlehem; age 26; cred. Nashua; enl. Mar. '31, '65 ; must, in Mar. '31, '65, as priv.: must, out July 15, '65. Griffin, William H. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 35; cred. Manchester; enl. Mar. 30, '65 ; must, in Mar. 30, '65, as priv.; app. corp. May i, '65; sergt. July i, '65; must, out July 15, '65. Guild, George A. Co. B; b. Wrentham, Mass.; age 22; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua ; enl. Mar. 24, '64 ; must. in Mar. 24, '64, as priv.; app. sergt. Apr. 30, '64; disch. July 21, '65, to date July 15, '65, Concord. P. O. ad., Nashua. Hamblett, John F'. Co. D; b. Nashua; age 19; cred. Webster; enl. July 29, '64; must, in July 29, '64, as priv.; app. corp. Jan. I, '65; must, out July 15, '65. Kimball, Charles M. Co. D ; b. Nashua; age 19; cred. Deering; enl. Mar. 27, '65; must, in Mar. 27, '65, as priv.; must, out July 15, '65. Kimball, Samuel H.; Co. C; b. Nashua, age 18; res. Hinsdale, cred. Hinsdale; enl. Mar. 31, '64; must, in Mar. 31, '64, as priv.; disch. June 5, '65, Concord. P. O. ad., Keene. Lund, Henry O. Co. B; b. Nashua; age 23; cred. Upper Gilniautou ; enl. Mar. 29, '64; must, in Mar. 29, '64, as priv; app. Co. q. m. sergt.; must, out July 15, '65. 30 378 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Martin, Henry E. Co. K; b. Francestown ; age 20; cred. Nashua; enl. Mar. 9, '64; must, in Mar. 14, '64, as priv.; wd. Nov. 12, '64, Middletown, Va.; disch. June 5, '65, Concord. P. O. ad., South Lyndeborough. McComb, John. Co. A; b. at sea; age 19; cred. Nashua; enl. Mar. 12, '64; must, in Mar. 14, '64, as priv.; wd. Aug. 25, '64, Kearneysville, Va.; must, out July 15, '65. McDonald, Robert. Co. F; b. Glasgow, Scot.; age 40; cred. Fitzwilliam; enl. Mar. 22, '65, for i yr.; must. in Mar. 22, '65, as priv.; must, out July 15, '65. Died Aug. 3, '84, Lynn, Mass. McDonald, George E. Co. K; b. Nova Scotia; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Mar. 21, '65, for i yr.; must, in Mar. 21, '65, as priv.; must, out July 15, '65. Peabody, Thomas E. Co. A; b. Nashua; age 18; cred. Bristol; enl. Mar. 24, '64; must, in Mar. 24, '64, as priv.; mis. June 30, '64, Wilson's raid on the Weldon railroad, Va.; gd. from mis.; disch. June 22, '65, Concord. Pinkham, Eri W. Co. E ; b. Milton ; age 18 ; cred. North- umberland ; enl. Mar. 29, '65, for i yr.; must, in Mar. 29, '65, as priv.; must, out July 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Staples, Alphonzo E. Co. K ; b. Cavendish, Vt.; age 19; cred. Nashua; enl. Mar. 21, '65, for i yr.; must, in Mar. 21, '65, as priv.; disch. to date July 15, '65. P. O. ad., Amherst. Stevens, Charles \V. Co. H ; b. Cavendish, Vt.; age 19; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 25, '64; must, in July 29, '64, as priv.; app. q. m. sergt. Sept. i, '64; must, out July 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Sullivan, Matthew. Co. C; b. Ireland; age iS; res. Nashua; cred. Sanborntou ; enl. Apr. 5, '64; must. in Apr. 5, '64, as priv.; app. corp. Maj' i, '65 ; must. out July 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Thompson, Willard P. Co. E; b. North Elba, N. V.; age 31 ; res. Goffstown, cred. Goffstown ; enl. Aug. i, '64; must, in Aug. i, '64, as priv.; app. saddler; must, out July 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 2 N. H. V. Tinker, Milan. Co. A; b. Marlow; age 21 ; cred. Nashua; enl. Mar. 14, '64; must, in Mar. 16, '64, as priv. Died dis. Sept. I, '64, Alexandria, Va. Whitman, George E. Co. B; b. Nashua; age 20; cred. Peterborough; enl. Mar. 19, '64; must, in Mar. 19, '64, as priv.; app. seigt.; captd. June 23, '64, Notto- wa}- Courthouse, Va. Died, dis. Feb. 15, '65, Ander- sonville, Ga. Winn, William E. Unas'd ; b. Nashua; age 27; cred. Nashua; enl. .\pr. 5, '65, for one )'r.; must, in Apr. 6, '65, as priv.; disch. May 6, '65, Galloup's Isl., B. H., Mass. Woods, David P. Co. B; b. Pepperell, Mass.; age 40; cred. Nashua; enl. Mar. 30, '64; must, in Mar. 30, '64, as priv.; captd. June 29, '64, Ream's Station, Va. Died, dis. July 29, '64, Liljby prison, Richmond, Va. See state service. FIRST NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER LIGHT BATTERY. [THREE VK.^RS.] ENGAGEMENTS. Rappahannock Station, Va . Aug. 22, 1S62 Sulphur Spring.s, Va., • Aug. 26, 1862 Groveton, Va., . • Aug. 29- 1862 Bull Run, Va • Aug. 30, 1862 Antietani, McL, . Sept. 17. 1862 Uppen-ille, \'a., . Nov. 2 1 3i 1862 Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 12- -15, 1862 Fredericksburg, Va., . May 2 1863 Chancellorsville, Va., . May 3 , 4. 1863 Gettysburg, Pa., . July 2 > 3, 1863 Brandy .Station, Va., . . Nov. 8, 1863 Mine Run, Va., . Nov. 30, 1863 Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1S64 Po River, Va., . . May 9, 10, 1864 Spottsylvania, Va., . May 12, 14, 18, 1864 North Anna River, Va., Sheldon Cross Roads, Va., Totopotomoy, Va., . May Cold Harbor, \'a.. Siege of Petersburg, Va., June 16 to July 26 : July 30 to Aug. 12 ; Aug. 20, 1864 to Deep Bottom, Va., Boydton, Plank Road, Va. White Oak Road, Va., Amelia Springs, Va., . Deatonsville, Va., Sailor's Creek, Va., . High Bridge, \'a., Farmville Va., . May 23, 1864 May 28, 1864 9, 31 ; June i, 1864 . June 3-12, ine 1864 Mar. 29, 1865 July 27, 28, 1864 Mar. 31, 1865 Apr. 2, 1865 Apr. 6, 1865 Apr. 6, 1865 Apr. 6, 1865 . Apr. 7. 1865 . Apr. 7, 1865 Beckwith, Oliver P. b. Nashua ; age 19 ; res. Manches- ter ; enl. Aug. 17, '61 ; must, in Sept. 26, '61, as priv. Died, dis. Aug. 15, '62, Falls Church, Va. Collins, Kitridge J. b. Springfield, Mass.; age 22 ; res. Nashua; enl. Aug. 16, '61; must, in Sept. 26, '61, as priv.; re-enl. Dec. 23, '63; cred. Manchester; must, in Dec. 26, '63; app. corp.; must, out June 9, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. FMfe, John W. b. Nashua; age 23 ; res. Manchester ; enl. Aug. 21, 61 ; must, in Sept. 26, '61, as priv.; app. Corp. Jan., '62; must, out Sept. 25, '64. Hamlett, Albert T. b. Nashua ; age 19; res. Manchester; enl. Aug. 16, '61 ; must, in Sept. 26, '61, as priv.; wd. July, '63, Gettj-sburg, Pa.; re-enl. Dec. 23, '63 ; must. in Dec. 26, '63 ; must, out June 9, '65. P. O. ad., Fitchburg, Mass. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 379 Griswold, George W. b. Canada, age 39 ; res. Manches- ter; enl. Aug. 21, '61 ; must, in Sept. 26, '61. as priv.; must, out Sept. 25, '64. P. (). ad., Nashua. Hopkins, Cleaves W. b. Francestown ; age 24 ; res. Man- chester; enl. Aug. 26, '61; must, in Sept. 26, '61, as priv.; app. Corp. Dec. 31, '61 ; must, out Sept. 25. '64. P. O. ad., Nashua. Longa, Horatio W. b. Nashua ; age 25 ; res. Merrimack ; enl. Aug. 22, '61 ; must, in Sept. 26, '61, as priv.; re-enl. Dec. 23, '63; must, in Dec. 26, '63; app. corp. .\pr. 30, '64; sergt. Dec. 31, '64; must, out June 9, '65. P. O. ad., Manchester. See i N. H. V. Longa, John H. b. Merrimack ; age 25 ; res. Merrimack, cred. Merrimack; enl. Aug. 19, '62; must, in Aug. 20, '62, as priv.; must, out June 9, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. See i N. H. V. McGilvra}-, Charles H. b. Nashua; age 20; res. Merri- mack; enl. Aug. 26, '6i ; must, in Sept. 26, '5i, as priv.; must, out Sept. 25, '64. P. O. ad., Newark, N. J. See state service. Mooney, James R. b. Nashua; age 19; cred. Peter- borough; enl. Aug. 19, '64; must, in Aug. 19, '64, as priv.; must, out June 9, '65. P. O. ad., Holyoke, Mass. Mooney, Smith G. b. Stewartstown ; age 35 ; res. Nashua ; enl. Sept. 26, '61 ; must, in Sspt. 26, '61, as priv.; wd. May, '64, Po River, Va.; must, out Sept. 25, '64. P. O. ad., Warner. Taber, Orrin. b. Grafton; age 21 ; res. Manchester; enl. Aug. 19, '61 ; must, in Sept. 26, '61, as Co. q. ni. sergt.; app. I sergt. Apr. 16, '63; 2 It, Feb. 13, '64; resigned Oct. 7, '64. P. O. ad., Nashua. Voung, Morrill N. b. Maine; age 43; res. Manchester; enl. Aug. 19, -61; must, in Sept. 25, '64. P. O. ad., Nashua. FIRST COMPANY NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER HEAVY ARTILLERY. [THREE VE.\R.S.] Balch, Enos C. b. Addison, Vt.; age 29; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 15, '63; must, in July 18, '63, as priv. Died, dis. Sept. 7, '64, Ft. Simmons, D. C. See I N. H. V. Center, Benjamin L. b. Londonderry ; age 44 ; res. Man- chester ; enl. .\pr. 23, '63; must, in May 25, '63, as muse; must, out Sept. 11, '65. Died May 23, '83, Nashua. See unattached company, N. H. V. Dodge, Edward B. b. Francestown ; age 25 ; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 13. '63; must, in July 18, '63, as priv.; must, out Sept. 11, '65. P. O. ad., Stoddard. Hall, Charles A. b. Nashua; age 27 ; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 15, '63; must, in July 18, '63. as priv.; app. corp. Aug. 25, '63; sergt. Dec. 17, '63; Co. q. m. sergt. Nov. 14, '64; must, out Sept. 11, 65. P. O.ad., Waltham, Mass. Joss, Frederick A. b. Saco, Me.; age 30, res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 13, '63; must, in July 18, '63, as priv.; died Nov. 11, '64, Ft. Slocum, I). C. Leonard, .\lbert H. b. Nashua; age 29; res. Ossipee, cred. Ossipee; enl. June 8, '63; must, in July 2, "63, as Corp.; reduced to ranks Feb. i, '65; must, out Sept. ri. '65. P. O. ad., Lowell. Mass. Peirce, .-Mbert P. b. Lunenburgh, Mass.; age 28; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. May 20, '63; must, in May 26, '63, as corp.; reduced to ranks Nov. 30, '63; must, out Sept. 11, '65. Presby, Porter S. b. Bradford; age 26; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 15. '63; must, in July 18, '63, as priv.; app. corp. Dec. 18, '63; reduced to ranks Jan. 17, '64; app. Corp. Nov. i. '64; muBt. out Sept. 11, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Richardson, Charles A. b. Hudson ; age 23; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; eul.Juh- 15, '63; must, in July 15, '63, as priv.; must, out Sept. u. '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Tapper, George A. b. New York city ; age 16; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua ; enl. July 4, '63; must, in July 18, '63, as priv.; must, out Sept. 11, "65. P. O. ad., Lowell, Mass. SECOND COMPANY NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER HEAVY ARTILLERY. [THREE VE.\RS.] lloynton, John A. b. .\mherst ; age 23; res. New Boston, cred. New Boston; enl. Aug. 31, '63; must, in Aug. 31, '63, as wagoner; must, out Sept. 11, '65, as priv.; P. O. ad., Nashua. McKean, George 11. b. Hollis; age 20; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. .'Vug. 21, '63; must, in Aug. 24, '63, as priv.; must, out Sept. 11, '65. Died May 7, '69, Nashua. Sec 4 N- H. V. FIRSTR REGIMENT NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER HEA\ Y ARTILLERY. ONE AND THREE VE.VRS. Bancroft. John M. Co. D ; b. Londonderry ; age 31 ; cred. Londonderry; enl. Aug. 30, '64, for I yr.; must, in Sept. 4, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Austin, Charles J. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 34; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 2, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; disch. disab. Dec. 29, '64. Brirnes, John. Co. JL See i N. H. L. battery. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H Barnes, Charles. Co. F ; b. Lowell, Mass.; age 27 ; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. i, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; disch. Sept., '64, Concord, by reason of rejection for disab. at organization of company. Blood, James W. Co. F; b. Merrimack; age 42; cred. Nashua ; enl. Aug. 25, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Bonner, Charles. Co. F; b. Boston, Mass.; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 30, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in ,Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; tr. to Co. B, June 10, '65; must, out Sept. II, '65. Boutelle, Albert L. Co. F; b. Chelmsford, Mass.; age 21; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 31, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Boutelle, Landon H. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 31, '64, for 1 yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Boutelle, William. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 24, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. II, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Butler, James. Co. F; b. Amherst; age 36 ; cred. Nashua ; enl. Aug. 23, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; disch. Sept. 12, '64, Concord, by reason of re- jection for disab. at organization of company. Campbell, Albert A. Co. F; b. Bedford; age 18; cred. Hudson; enl. Aug. 30, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Died Oct. i, '68, Nashua. Carkin, .\lbert J. Co. F ; b. Lyndeborough ; age 27 ; cred. Wilton ; enl. Sept. 3, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Carry, Michael. Co. F; b. Ireland ; age 26; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 29, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Case, Levi. Co. F; b. St. Albans, Vt.; age 40; cred. Nashua; enl. .\ug. 25, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Died Nov. 16, '92, Nashua. Chase, Enoch E. Co. K; b. Nashua; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 17, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 17, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. See Martin Guards. Cortney, Michael. Co. F; b. Cavan, Ire.; age 19; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 29, 64, for i yr.; must, in .Sept. 11, '64, as priv.; disch. Sept., '64, on account of rejection for disab. at organization of company. Davis, Judson. Co. M; b. Belfast, Me.; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Feb. 27, '65, for i yr.; must, in Feb. 27, '65, as priv.; must, out June 9, '65. P. O. ad., Charles- town, Mass. Dorr, Wilson. Co. F; b. Peru, Me.; age 32; cred. Nashua ; enl. Aug. 30, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; disch. May 16, '65, Concord. Died June 27, '84, North Sutton. Douglass, Asa H. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 24; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 29, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Dunlap, James H. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 21; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. i, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as Co. q. m. sergt.; must, out June 15, '65. Eayrs, Edward F. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 24; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 2, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Hud- son. Eayrs, Frank M. Co. F; b. Brooklyn, N. Y.; age 22; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 2, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 5, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Fisher, Frank U. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 18; cred Nashua; enl. Aug. 31, '64, fori yr.; must, in Sept. 11, '64, as priv.; disch. Sept. '64, by reason of rejection for disab. at organization of company. Flanders, Daniel. Co. D; b. Derry ; age 38; cred. Lon- donderry; enl. Aug. 25, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 4, '64, as priv.; disch. disab. Feb. 27, '65. Died Nov. 20, '84, Nashua. Flanders, Daniel J. Co. F; b. Wheelock, Vt.; age 28; cred. Nashua; app. capt. Sept. 5, '64; must, in Sept. 5, '64, for I yr.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 3 N. H. V. Flanders, John A. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 20; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. i, '64, for i j-r.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv. Died, dis. Jan. 24, '65. Ft. Simmons, D. C. Supposed identical with John A. Flanders, U. S. navy. Fletcher, Ansel W. Co. M; b. Littleton, Mass.; age 18; cred. Nashua ; enl. Feb. 27, '65, for 3 yrs.; must, in Feb. 27, '65, as priv.; must, out June 9, '65. Forrest, John E. Co. F; b. Danville, Vt.; age 29; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 29, '64, for 1 yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Forrest, Joseph S. Co. F; b. Danville, Vt.; age 28; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 25, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as Corp.; app. sergt. Oct. 5, '64; must, out June IS. '65- French, Nat L. Co. F; b.Epping; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. i, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as Corp.; must, out June 15. '65. Gallison, James P. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 18; cred. Manchester; enl. Sept. i, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Gray, George A. Co. F ; b. Nashua ; age 21 ; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 23, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Died Mar. 3, '88, Nashua. Grater, John A. Co. F; b. .\mherst ; age 22; cred. Nashua; enl. ."^ug. 24, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as Corp.; app. sergt. to date Feb. 26, '65; tr. to Co. A or B, June 10, '65; never joined Co. A, or B, there being no vacancy in the grade of sergt.; disch. June 23, '65, Concord, as supernumerary non-commis- sioned officer of Co. F. P. O. ad., Nashua. Greenwood, Horace E. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 20; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 24, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as sergt.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Bos- ton, Mass. Hale, Frank A. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Hopkin- ton ; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. i, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. II, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Boston, Mass. Hale, James. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 44; cred. Merri- mack; enl. Aug. 29, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, ■64, as priv.; disch, May 16, '65, Concord. HISTORY OF NASHUA, AL //, 381 Hall, La Roy S. Co. K; b. Manchester; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 17, '64, fori yr.; must, in Sept. 17, '64, as Corp.; must, out June 15, '65. See Martin Guards. Harding, Rufus .\. Co. K; b. Newport, Me.; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 17, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 17, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. See Martin (ruards. Hayden, (ieorge A. Co. F; b. Harvard, Mass.; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 2, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as sergt.; app. i sergt. Oct. 5, '64 ; must. out June 15, '65. Hobert, Silas. Co. F; b. Bridgewater, Mass.; age 44; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 25, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; tr. to Co. B, June 10, '65; must. out Sept. II, '65. Died Mar. 14, '69. Holcomb, George. Co. F; b. Concord; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 3, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. II, '64, as priv.; tr. to Co. B.June 10, '65; must, out Sept. II, '65. Hunt, Joshua W. Co. F; b. Wilkesbarre, Pa.; age 19; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 2, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Jewell, Alvin A. Co. F; b. Groton ; age 21 ; cred. Nashua; enl. .-^ug. 25, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as Corp.; must, out June 15, '65. See 16 N. H. V. Kennedy, Matthew. Co. F ; b. Manchester; age 26 ; cred. Nashua ; enl. Aug. 24, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as Corp.; tr. to Co. B, June 10, '65 ; reduced to ranks Apr. 27, '65 ; must, out Sept. 11, '65. Supposed identical with Matthew Kennedy, Co. C, 9 N. H. V. Lambert, Edward. Co. F; b. Sutton, Mass.; age 19; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 31, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Lanon, Patrick. Co. F ; b. Ireland ; age 30 ; cred. Nashua ; enl. Aug. 31, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Lefavor, Francis. Co. F; b. Shedgee, Can.; age 22 ; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 31, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Lincoln, Edwin S. Co. E ; b. Boston, Mass.; age 18 ; cred. Concord ; enl. Aug. 24, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 5, '64, as priv.; app. muse; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Lincoln, Henry H. Co. F; b. Sturbridge, Mass.; age 23 ; cred. Nashua ; enl. Sept. 2, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as sergt.; must, out June 15, '65. See i N. H. V. Lovejoy, Weston. Co. F; b. Stoddard; age 42; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 26, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; app. artificer Dec. 26, '64; must, out June 15, '65. Lund, William P. Co. D; b. Nashua; age 44 ; cred. Lon- donderry ; enl. Aug. 23, '64, for i \r.\ must, in Sept. 4, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Marden, Calvin C. Co. M; b. Windham; age rS; cred. Nashua; enl. Mar. 6, '65, for i j-r.; must, in Mar. 6, '65, as priv.; must, out June g. '65. P. O. ad., Opop- ka, Fla. Mattison, Thomas A. Co. B; b. Scituate, R. I.; age 27; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 27, '64, fori yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Mcintosh, George. Co. F; b. Brookline ; age 30; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 2, '64, for 1 yr.; must, in Sept. 6, 64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Merriam, George A. Co. F; b. Londenderry ; age 19; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 27, •64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Mills, Henry M. Co. F; b. Grafton, Vt.; age 27, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 25, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; app. i It. Sept. 9, '64 ; must out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Lowell, Mass. See i and 16 N. H. V. Moore, Edward L. Co. F; b. Worcester, Mass.; age 19; cred. Nashua; enL Aug. 29, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as corp.; must, out June 15, '65. Morgan, Pliny F. Co. F; b. Johnson, Vt.; age 37; cred. Nashua ; enl. Aug. 25, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, •64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Morrill, James E. Co. C; 1>. Nashua; age 22; cred. Derry; enl. Aug. 23, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 2, '64, as priv.; disch. May 23, '65, Concord. Neligan, Maurice. Co. F; b. Ireland; age 39; cred. Nashua ; enl. Aug. 27, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Osborn.John E. Co. K; b. Weymouth, Mass.; age 23; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 3, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 17, '64, as priv.; must, out June 13, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. See miscel. organizations. Otis, Charles A. Co. K; b. Worcester, Mass.; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 29, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; rejected and discharged on or- ganization of company, by reason of concussion of brain from a blow of slung shot received from a sub- stitute in general rendezvous after muster in; re-enl. and must, in Feb. 27, '65, for 3 yrs.; cred. Nashua; assigned to Co. M; disch. June 27, '65, Philadelphia, Pa. Parmenter, Edwin H. Co. K ; b. Providence, R. I.; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 17, '64, for i yr.; must. in Sept. 17, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Lowell, Mass. See Martin Guards. Pierce, George W. Co. F; b. Brookline; age 19; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. i, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Pep- perell, Mass. Pierce, Theodore W. Co. F; b. Leominster, Mass.; age 39; cred. Nashua; enl. ."^ug. 29, '64, for i yr.; must. in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; app. corp. June i, '65; must. out June 15, "65. Preston, Edward. Co. F; b. Stratford, Vt.; age 31; cred. Nashua; enl. .^ug. 30, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; disch. May 16, '65, Concord. Proctor, Orlando. Co. M ; b. Chateaugay, N. V.; age 28; cred. Manchester; enl. Feb. 21, '65, for 1 yr.; must, in Feb. 21, '65, as priv.; must, out June, 9, "65. Died Nov. 24, '91, Nashua. Purinton, John G. Co. V ; b. Lowell, Mass.; age 28 ; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 27, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; tr. to Co. B. June 10, '65 ; must, out Sept. II, '65. Reed, Orrin W. Co. K ; b. I.angdon : age 22 ; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 3, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 17, '64, as priv.; app. corp.; must, out June 15, '65. 382 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H Reed, Roberto. Co. F; b. Topshani, Me.; age 20; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 2, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Robbius, John L. Co. F ; b. Nashua; age 21 ; cred. Mer- rimack; eul. Aug. 29, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Robinson, Albert B. Co. C ; b. Nashua ; age 22 ; cred. Manchester; enl. .\ug, 18, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 2, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Robinson, George H. Co. F; b. North Studley, Can.; age 22; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 26, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Roby, Ben Ormond. Co. K; b. Northfield, Vt.; age 18; cred. Nashua ; enl. Sept. 17, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 17, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. See Martin Guards. Sawyer, Joseph T. Co. F; b. Antrim; age 44; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 22, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; tr. to Co. B, June 10. '65; must, out Sept. II, '65. Sawyer, Judson. Co. K; b. Warner; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 3, '64, for i yr.; must, in vSept. 17, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Sears, George H. Co. F; b. I.eroy, X. Y.; age 23; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 31, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; app. 2 It. Sept. 9, '64 ; must out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Deering. See 16 N. H. V. Seavey, Mortimer. Co. F; b. Wilton; age 21; cred. Nashua; enl. .Sept. 3, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 13, '65. Died Nov. 11, '93, Marblehead, Mass. Shattuck, James W. Co. F; b. Pepperell, Mass.; age 44; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 31, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; disch. disab. Ma)- 26, '65. Sup- posed identical with James W. Shattuck, Co. D, 4 N. H. V. Shaw, Major A. Co. F; b. Alstead ; age 31; cred. Nashua; app. I It. Sept. 5, '64; must, in Sept. 12, '64, for I yr.; must, out June 15, '65. Died May 10, '81, Lowell, Mass. See i and 13 N. H. V. Smith, Croydon S. Co. F; b. Londonderry, Vt.; age 26; cred. Nashua ; eul. Aug. 25, '64, for I yr.; must, in Sept. II, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Somerville, Mass. Smith, Frederick F; Co. F; b. Boston, Mass.; age 24; res. Hudson, cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 27, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 5, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Hudson. Spalding, Edwin G. Co. F; b. Dunstable, Mass.; age 22 ; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 25, '64, for 1 yr.; must, in Sept. II, '64, as priv.; rejected for disab. on organiza- tion of company and disch. Sept., '64. Spalding, Warren F. Co. F ; b. Hillsborough ; age 23 ; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 29, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; disch. May 26, '65. Steele, James, Jr.; Co. F; b. Antrim; age 24; cred. Nashua; enl. .\ug. 31, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6. '64, as sergt.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. See i N. H. V. Stone, Henry J. Co. F; b. Lowell, Mass.; age 25; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. i, '64. for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as sergt.; reduced to ranks Feb. 26, '65; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Waltham, Mass. Suddard, John F. Co. V ; b. Cranston, R. I.; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 2, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, "64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Sullivan, John. Co. F; b. Ireland; age 28; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 30, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 5, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Tarbox, Orrison J. Co. F' ; b. Dracut, Mass.; age 21; cred. Nashua; enl. .^ug. 26. '64. for i yr.; must, in .Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Springfield, Mass. Taylor, Milton A. Co. F; b. Francestown ; age 22; cred. Nashua; app. 2 It. Sept. 5, '64; must, in Sept. 12, '64, for I yr.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Thorning, James C. Co. F; b. Peterborough; age 38; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 22, '64, for i yr.; must, in .Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Tinker, Ezekiel. Co. K; b. Lenipster ; age 20; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 17, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 17, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Died April II, '94, Nashua. See Martin Guards. Tinkham, George M. Co. K; b. Lowell, Mass.; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 17, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 17, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. See Martin Guards. Towle, William H. Co. F; b. Lake Village; age 29; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 31, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Greenfield. Towns, Charles O. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 20: cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 2, '64, for I yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Fall River, Mass. Tryan, George F. Co. F; b. Burlington, Vt.; age 28; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 25, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; app. artificer Dec. 26, '64; must. out June 15, '65. Wallace, David W. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 36; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 29, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Wellman, Samuel T. Co. F' ; b. Wareham, Mass.; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. .\ug. 31, '64, for l yr.; must. in Sept. 6, '64, as corp.; must, out June 15, '65. Wilkins, John E. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 31, '64, for r yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15. '65. Williams, Nahum E. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 27, '64, for I yr.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as priv.; app. muse. Dec. 26, '64; must, out June 15. '65- Wilson, David .\. Co. C; b. Nashua; age 33; cred. Manchester; enl. .\ug. 24, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 2, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Wilson, John. Co. F; b. Canada; age 21 ; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 22, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 6, '64, as sergt.; tr. to Co. A or B, June 10, '65 ; never joined Co. A. or B, there being no vacancy in the grade of sergt.; disch. June 23, '65, Concord, as supernumerary non- commissioned ofl&cer of Co. F. Winn, William F. Co. L; b. Nashua; age 37; cred. Con- cord ; enl. Sept. 29, '64. for i yr.; must, in Sept. 29, '64, as priv.; must, out June 15, '65. Died Aug. 22, '85, Chelsea, Mass. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 383 Witham, George W. Co. F; b. Hartford, Conn.; age rg; Wright, John. Co. F; b. Nashua; age 18; cred. Nashua- cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 26, -64, for i yr.; must, in eul. Aug. 27. '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. n, '64, as .Sept. 6, '64. as priv.; must, out June 15. '65. priv.; must, out June 15, '65. P. O. ad., Brookline. COMPANY E, FIRST REGIMENT UNITED STATES VOLUNTEER SHARPSHOOTERS. [THREE VK.VRS.] ENGAGE. MENTS. Levvinsville, \'a,, Falls Church, Va., Big Bethel, Va., Siege of Yorktown, \'a., Apr. Hanover Courthouse, Va., Mechanicsville, Va. Gaine's Mill, Va., Malvern Hill, \'a., Gainesville, Va., Bull Run, \'a., Antietam, Md., Black Ford, \'a., Fredericksburg, Va., Chancellorsville, Va., Gettysburg, Pa., Wapping Heights, \^a. Badger, Henry E. b. Warner ; Sept. 3, '61 ; must, in Sept 30, '62, Bull Run (2d), Va must, out Sept. 9, '64. P. O. ad., Nashua H. V. . Sept. 27. 1861 . Sept. 29, 1861 Mar. 27. 1862 5 to May 4. 1862 May 27- 1862 June 26, 1862 June 27. 1862 • July I, 1862 • Aug. 29. 1862 • Aug. 30, 1862 . Sept. 17. 1862 Sept 19, 20, 1862 . Dec. 13. 1862 . May : 2-4- 1863 • July : . 3. 1S63 July 23. 1863 Auburn, \'a., Kelly's F^ord, Va., IvOcust Grove, Va., . Mine Run, Va., Wilderness, Va., Todd's Tavern, Va., . Po River, Va., . Spottsylvania, Va., North Anna River, Va., Totopotomoy Creek, Va., Cold Harbor, Va., Petersburg, Va., Weldon Railroad, \'a.. Siege of Petersburg, Va., July Aug. 14; Aug. Deep Bottom, \■^., July 27 and Oct. 13, Nov. 7, Xov. 27, Xov. 30, May 5-7, May 8, May 10, II, Maj' 12, 13, May 24, 25, May 30, 31, • June 3-5, June 16-18, June 22, 23-26; July 17 to Sept. 8, Auf 5, 16, 1S63 1863 1863 1863 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 1864 28 to 1864 1864 age i8; res. Warner ; enl. 9, '61, as priv.; wd. Aug. ; app. Corp. July i, '63; See I N. Brooks, George W. h. Dublin; age 27; res. Nashua; enl. Aug. 19, '61 ; must, in Sept. 9, '61, as priv.: wd. sev. Sept. 29, '61, Monson's Hill, Va.; app. sergt.; disch. disab. Jan. 29, '63, near Falmouth, Va. P. O. ad., Waltham, Mass. .See i N. H. V. 384 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. COMPANIES F AND G, SECOND REGIMENT UNITED STATES VOLUNTEER SHARPSHOOTERS. [THREE YEARS.] ENGAGEMENTS. Mine Run, Va., . . Nov. 28-30, 1863 Wilderness, Va., . . . May 5-7, 1864 Todd's Tavern, Va., . . . May 9, 1864 Po River, Va., .... May 10, 1864 Spotts^-lvania, Va., . . May 11-16, 1864 North Anna River, Va., . May 23-26, 1864 Totopotomoy Creek, Va., . May 30, 31, 1864 Cold Harbor, Va., . . June 3-12, 1864 Petersburg, Va., . . June 16-20, 1864 Weldon Railroad, Va., . June 21-23, 1864 Deep Bottom, Va., July 27 and Aug. 14-18, 1864 Mine Explosion (Petersburg, Va.), July 30, 1864 Siege of Petersburg, Va., Sept. 10-22, and Oct. 10, 1864 Poplar Springs Church, \'a., . Oct. 7, 1864 Boydton Plank Road, Va., . Oct. 27, 1864 Weldon Railroad, Va., . . Dec. 8-10, 1864 Hatcher's Run, Va., . . Feb. 5-7, 1865 Falmouth, Va., . Apr. 19. 1862 Orange Courthouse Road, Va., July 26, 1862 Bowling Green, Va., • Aug. 6, 1862 Rappahannock Station, Va Aug. 21- -23. 1862 Sulphur Springs, Va., ■ Aug. 26, 1862 Gainesville, Va., . Aug. 28, 1862 Bull Run, Va., . Aug. 29, 30, 1862 Chantilly, Va., . . Sept. I, 1862 vSouth Mountain, Md., . Sept. 14. 1862 Boonsborough, Md., . . Sept. 15. 1862 Antietam, Md., . Sept. 16, 17. 1862 Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13- ~i5. 1862 Chancellorsville, Va., . May 1-4. 1863 Gettysburg, Pa., ■ July . 2-4. 1863 Wapping Heights, Va., • July 23. 1863 Auburn, Va., Oct. 13. 1863 Kelly's Ford, Va., . . Nov. 7- 1863 Brandy vStation, Va., . . Nov. 8, 1863 Locust Grove, Va., . . Nov. 27. 1863 Fletcher, Warren H. Co. G ; b. Cornish; age 23; res. Claremont ; enl. Oct. 8, '61 ; must, in Dec. 12, '61, as priv.; app. corp. Jan. i, '62 ; re-enl. Dec. 21, '63; cred. Nashua; must, in Dec. 24, '63; app. sergt. .\pr. 12, '64; 2 It. Nov. 21, '64; tr. to 5 N. H. V.. Jan. 30, '65; app. I It. Co. F, May i, '65; not must.; assigned to Co. G, June 12, '65 ; must, out June 28, '65, as 2 It. P. O. ad., Cla\' Centre, Kan. Gilson, David. Co. G; b. Brookline; age 35; res. Nashua; enl. Oct. 12, '61 ; must, in Dec. 12, '61, as Corp.; wd. Sept. 17, '62. Autietam, Md.; disch. wds. Feb. 28, '63. Died May 20, '88, Meridan, Conn. Hoyt, Lewis S. Co. G; b. Cornish; age 32; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 6, '61 ; must, in Dec. 12, '61; as priv.; disch. disab. Mar. 24, '62, Washington, D. C. Lovejoy, John. Co. G; b. Bangor, Me.; age 21; res. Lis- bon; enl. Nov. 29, '61 ; must, in Dec. 12, '6i, as priv.; re-enl. Dec. 21, '63 ; cred. Nashua ; must, in Dec. 24, '63; app. wagoner; tr. to 5 N. H. V., Jan. 30, '65; assigned to Co. I, June 17, '65; must, out June 28, '65. See I N. H. V. NATIONAL GUARDS, NEW HAMPSHIRE VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. Redfield, Henry A. Co. G; b. Nashua; age 21; res. Claremont; enl. Dec. 11, '61; must, in Dec. 12, '61, as priv.; disch. Dec. 22, '62, Washington, D. C. P. O. ad., Dover. Thompson, John W. Co. G; b. Newmarket; age 26; res. Nashua; enl. Nov. 9, '61; must, in Dec. 12, '61, as i sergt.; app. 2 It. July 16, '62 ; killed Sept. 17, '62, Antietam, Md. See i N. H V. Upton, Charles. Co. F ; b. Amherst ; age 25 ; res. Am- herst ; enl. Oct. 19, '5i ; must, in Nov. 26, '61, as Corp.; disch. disab. June 18, '62. Died June 18, '76, Nashua. [SIXTY DAYS.] Mooar, Alfred L. b. Amherst; age 25; res. Amherst, cred. Amherst; enl. May 9, '64; must, in Jlay 9, '64, as priv.; must, out July 27, '64. P. O. ad., Nashua. ,See state service. HISTORY OF NASHUA, X. H. MARTIN GUARDS, NHW HAMPSHIRH VOLUNTEtR INFANTRY. [XINKTY DAVS.] 385 Chase, Iviiufli I-;, b. Nashua; aj;e 18; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; eul. July 25, '64; must, in July 25, "64, as priv.; must, out Sept. 16, '64. 1*. (). ad., Nashua. See I N. H. H. art. Danforth, John M. b. .\inlKrst ; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. July 25, '64; must, in July 25, '64, as priv.; must. out Sept. 16, '64. P. O. ad., Nashua. Davis, Francis H. b. Williamstown, \'t.; age iS; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 25, '64; must, in July 25, '64, as Corp.; must, out Sept. 16, '64. 1". (). ad., Bridgeport, Conn. Davis, Frankli:. .\. b. Williamstown, \'t.; age 18; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 25, '64; must, in July 25, '64, as priv.; must, out Sept. 16, '64. 1', (). ad., Nashua. Dixon, William H. .\ge 20; cred. Nashua; enl. July 25, '64; must, in July 25, '64, as priv.; must, out .Sept. 16, '64. Mall, I,a Roy S. b. Manchester; age 18; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 25, '64; must, in July 25, '64, as priv.; must, out Sept. 16, '64. See 1 X. H. H. art. Harding, Rufus A. b. Newport, Me.; age 18; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 25, '64; must, in July 25, '64, as priv.; must, out Sept. 16, '64. See i N. H. II. art. ICelsey. Edgar. .\ge 21; cred. Nashua; enl. July 25, '64; must, in July 25, '64, as sergt.; must, out .Sept. 16, '64. Morris, Charles M. .^ge 23; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 25, '64; must, in July 25, '64, as priv.; must. out Sept. 16, '64. I'armenter, Kdwin H. b. Providence, R. I.; age 18; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 25, "64; must in July 25, '64, as priv.; must out Sept. 16, '64. P. O. ad., I,owell, Mass. See i N. H. H. art. Robie, Edward A. h. Hooksett; age 18; res. Hooksett, cred. Nashua; enl. July 25. '64; must, in July 25, '6|, as ])riv.; must, out Sept. 16, '64. P. O. ad., .\Hens- town. Koby, Ben Ormond. b. .N'orthlicld ; age 18; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 25, '64; must, in July 25, '64, as priv.; must, out Sept. 16, '64. P. O. ad., Nashua. See I N. II. II. art. Searles, Francis. .\ge 18; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 25, '64; must in July 25, '64, as priv.; must. out Sept. 16, '64. Tinker, K/.ekiel. b. I.empster; age 19; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 25, '64; must, in July 25, '64, as priv.; must, out Sept. 16, '64. See I N. H. H. art. Tinkham, (ieorge M. b. Lowell, Mass.; age 18; res. Nashua, cred. Nashua; enl. July 25, '64; must, in July 25, '64, as priv.; must, out Sept. '16, '64. See i N. H. II. art. LAFAYHTTH ARTILLERY, NEW HAMPSHIRE VOUINTEERS. NiNirrv D.VVS. I'ord, .\Ivin J. b. Lyndeborough ; age 28; res. Lyndc- borough, cred. Lyndeborough ; enl. .\ug. 1, '64; must, in Aug. i, '64, as priv.; must, out Sept. 23, '64. P. O. ad., Nashua. llamt)lett, Judson A. b. Milford; age 21; res. Milford, cred. Milford; enl. Aug. i, '64; must, in .\ug. i, '64. as priv.; must, out Sept. 23, '64. P. O. ad., Nashua. •See 8 and 9 N. II. V. Hutchinson, Isaac H. b. Wilton; age 38; res. Wilton, cred. Wilton; enl. .Vug. 1, '64; must, in .^ug. t, '64, as priv.; must, out Sept. 23, '64. P. O. ad., Nashua. VETERAN RESERVE CORPS. [Designated Invalid Corps, when first organized.] [THRlili VE.VRS.] Uarr, Hlbridge. Co. B; 24 regt.; b. Bedford; age 21; cred. Concord; enl. Aug. 18, '64; must, in .Vug. 18, '64, as priv.; disch. Nov. 14, '65, Washington, D. C. Name changed to Edward Graham by act. of legisla- ture, June '66. P. O. ad., Nashua. SeeiiN. H.V. Beman, Alfred H. Co. F, 13 regt.; b. Malone, N. Y.; age 31 ; cred. Dublin ; eul. June 23, '64; must, in June 23, ■64, as priv.; disch. Nov. 13, '65, Concord. Died June 24, '81, Nashua. See 4N. H. V. Blood, .\lbert. Co. E, 20 regt.; b. Nashua, age 20; cred. Manchester; enl. Dec. 16, '63; must, in Dec. 16, '63, as priv.; app. corp.; disch. Nov. 21, '65, Philadelphia, Pa. P. O. ad., Manchester. See 3 N. H. V. Colburn, Joel. Co. A. 13 regt.; b. Milford; age "42;" cred. Nashua; enl. Dec. 23, '63; must, in Dec. 23, '63, as priv.; disch. Nov. 17, '65, Galloup's Isl., B. H., JIass. Died Feb. 8, '79, Clinton. Mass. See 8 N. H. V. Dodge, Charles W. Co. K. 24 regt.; b. Nashua; age 21; res. Mont Vernon; app. 2 It. Jan. 30, '65.; must, in May 18, '65; disch. .\ug. 27, '68. See 13 N. H. V. and U. S. C. T. Donlan, John. Co. E, 13 regt.; b. King's county. Ire.; age "34;" cred. Nashua; enl. Dec. 29, '63; must, in Dec. 29, '63, as priv. Died, dis. Sept. 16, '64, Nashua. See3N. H.V. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Ferguson, Thomas. Co. D, 24 regt.; b. Scotlaud ; age "45;" cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 19, '64; must, in Aug. 19, '64, as priv.; disch. Nov. 17, '65, Washington. D. C. P. O. ad., North Sanbornton. SeeSN. H. V. I'oss, Edward G. Co. D, 24 regt.; b. Nashua; age " 22;" cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 17, '64; must, in Aug. 17, '64, as priv.; disch. disal). June i, '65, Washington, D. C. Supposed identical with Edward Foss, I'. S. navy. .See 7 N. H. V. Oroves, George H. Co. B, 13 regt.; b. Fall River, Mass; age 22; cred. Nashua; enl. Dec. 25. '63; must, in Dec. 25, '63, as priv.; disch. Nov. 15, '65, Iloslun, Mass. Prior service in Co. H, 2 R. I. inf. Fox, Henry J. Co. .\, 9 regt.; b. "Jeffrie," N. Y.; age 35; cred. Nashua; enl. Sept. 3, '64; must, in Sept. 3, '64. as priv.; disch. Nov. 16, '65, Washington. I). C. Prior service in 2 cav., U. vS. A. Nichols, Grovenor D. Co. A, 13 regt.; b. Amherst; age 24 ; cred. Nashua; enl. Dec. 28, '63 ; must, in Dec. 28, '63, as priv.; disch. disab. Apr. 27, '65, Galloup's Isl., B. H., Mass. P. O. ad., Nashua. See i and 4 N. H. V. Ripley, Charles H. S. Co. A, 13 regt.; 1i. Nashua; age "30;" cred. Nashua; enl. Dec. 28, '63; must, in Dec. 28, '63, as priv.; disch. Nov. 17, '65, Galloup's Isl., B. H., Mass. P. O. ad., Nashua. See i N. H. V. UNITED STATES COLORED TROOPS. [THRKK VE.\RS.] .\danis, William !•'. Co. I, 84 inf.; 1). Nashua; age 29; res. Nashua; app. i It. Nov. 2, '63; must, in Dec. 15, '63, to date Nov. 2, '63; app. (j. m. Fel).,'65; must. out Mar. 14. '66. Bvt. capt. V . S. V., Mar. 13, '65. See 1 and 8 N. H. V. Dodge, Charles W. Co. F, 22 inf.; b. Nashua; age 20; res. Mont. Vernon; app. 2 It.; must, in Feb. i, '64; mu.st. as I It. Mar. i, '64; disch. wds. Nov. 21, '64; See 13 N. H. V. and V. R. C. F;aton, Nathaniel, Jr. Co. E, 39 inf.; b. Bennington ; age 40; res. Cireenfield ; app. 2 It. Mar. 2, '64; must, in Mar. 2, '64; app. i It. Co. .^, Nov. 29, '64; capt. Oct. 14, '65; must, out Dec. 4, '65. P.O. ad., Nashua. See 13 N. H. V. Kimball, Lewis, Jr. Co. A, 4 inf.; b. Piermonl; age 22; res. Nashua; app. 2 It.; must, in July 19, '64; tr. to Co. C, Jan. 14, '65; disch. disab. Jan. 23, '65. P. O. ad., Winthrop. S. D. See 3 N. H. V. Powers, William II. Co. Ct, 25 inf.; b. Nashua; age 23; res. (Vreenfield ; app. i It. Mar. i, '64; must in Mar. 3, '64; must, out Dec. 6, '65; killed on railroad Mar. 2, '68, Oak Dale Bridge, Mass. See 13 N. H. V. White, Caleb B. Co. C, i N. C. colored inf.; (became 35 U. .S. C. inf.); res. Nashua; must, in Nov. 14, '63, as 2 It.; must, as I It. Co. K, Oct. 10, '64 ; capt. Co. V . 104 U. S. C. inf., June 15, '65; must, out Feb. 5, '65. See niiscel. organizations. Wilson, .\dam D. Co. D, 3 inf.; substitute; b. at sea; age 23; res. Manchester, cred. Nashua; enl. Oct. 17, '64; must, in Oct. 17, '64, as priv.; app. Corp.; must, out Oct. 31, '65, Jacksonville, Fla. Died Dec. 8, '91, Man- chester. MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIZATIONS. New Hampsliirc Men Wiio SciAfJ in United States Army, Llnited States Volunteers, and in Organiza- tions triiin Other States. .\tkinson, Robert. Co. D, 20 Mass. inf.; b. Manchester, FvUg.; age 23; res. Nashua; enl. Sept. 4, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 4, '61, as priv.; disch. to date Sept. I, '62. P. O. ad., .\mherst. Atlierton, Henry B. Co. C, 4 Vt.; age 26; b. Cavendish, Vt.; must, in .Sept. 21. '61, as capt. Co. C; wd. at Lee's Mills, Va., Apr. 16, '62; must, out Aug. 12, '62. P. O. ad., Nashua. Adams, Daniel. Co. D, 59 Mass. inf.; age 26; res. Nashua, cred. Lawrence, Mass.; enl. Jan. 19, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Feb. 9, '64, as priv.; disch. disab. May 17, '65, Concord. Adams, Franklin. Co. F', 34 Mass. inf.; age 25; res. Nashua; enl. Aug. 4, '62, for 3 yrs.; must, in Aug. 5, '62, as priv.; disch. disab. June 8, '65. Barnes, George W. Co. B, 5 inf., Mass. vol. militia; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Litchfield; enl. Sept. 19, '62, for 9 mos; must, in .Sept. 19, '62, as priv.; must, out July 2, '63. Batchelder, Stephen. Co. G, 33 Mass. inf.; age 36; res. Nashua; enl. July 14, '62, for 3 yrs.; must, in Aug. 5, '62, as priv.; disch. disab. Mar. 10, '64. Died Mar. 26, '64. I'.laisdell, Lorenzo C. Co. B, 12 Mass. inf.; b. Boston, Mass.; age 48; res. Nashua; enl. June 26, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in June 26, '61, as priv.; re-enl. Jan. 5, '64; cred. Boston, Mass.; tr. to U. S. navy .\pr. 19, '64, as an ord. seaman; served on V. S. S. "Alleghany," "New' Hampshire," and " Patapsco ; " no record after Dec. 31, '64. Bohanon. John. Co. B, 6 inf., Mass. vol. militia; b. Brookline ; age 20; res. Brookline ; enl. July 7, '64, for 100 days ; must, in July 17, '64, as priv.; must, out Oct. 27, '64, tm. ex. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 16 N. H. V. Boutelle, James E. Co. G, i Mass. cav.; b. Hancock ; age 40; res. Nashua; enl. Sept. 23, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 25, '61, as priv.; disch. disab. Apr. 27, '63. Died Nov. 24, '76, Concord. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 3S7 Kowers, Horace vS. Co. H, 23 Mass. inf.; I). Hancock; age 21 ; res. Hancock; enl. Sept. 11, '61, for 3 yrs.; must. in Sept. 28, '61. as corp. Died. (lis. Feb. 28, '62, Nashua. Urackett, Clarence .\. Co. E, 17 VI. inf.; b. Xashua ; aj;e 24; res. Antrim, cred. Barre, Vt.; enl. Mar. 25, "64, for 3 yrs.; must, in .\pr. 12, '64, as Corp.; app. sergt.; vvd. and captil. Sept. 30, '64; par. Mar. 10, '65; discli. June 7, '65. T. O. ad.. Chelsea, Mass. See 2 X. H. V. Hiadley, Michael. Co. I), 16 Mass. inf.; b. Longford, Ire.; age 22; res. Na.shua; enl. July 12, '61. for 3 vrs.; must, in July 12, '61, as priv.; wd. Mav 12, '64; must. out July 27, '64, tni. ex. Hrennan, Patrick. Co. D, 12 Iowa inf.; b. Ireland ; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Oct. 3, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Oct. 26, '61, as priv.; captd. \\i\. 6, '62, Shiloh, Tenn.; released ; app. corp. Sept. i, '63; re-enl. Sept. 25, '63; reduced to ranks Oct. 15, '64; app. corp. June i, '65; must, out Jan. 20, '66, Memphis, Tenn. lUirke, Ceorge \\'. i unattached C()., Mass. cav.; 1). Nashua; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Sept. 30, '61, for 1 yr.; must, in Sept. 30, '61, as .saddler; disch. disab. June 28, '62, New Orleans, I,a. P. O. ad., .^cworth. See I N. H. V. Hurgess, James 1,. Co. B, 56 Mass. vol.; b. Hrookline ; res. Harvard, Mass.; age 25; cred. Harvard; enl. Nov. 25, 1S63 ; must, in Feb., '64, as priv.; wd. May 18, '64, at Spotsylvania courthouse, \'a.; must, out at Wash- ington, D. C, May 18, '65, tin. ex. P. O. ad., Nashua. Brown, Cjcorge. Co. D; 13 Mass. inf.; substitute; b. St. John, N. B.; age 27; res. Nashua, cred. Eastham, Mass.; enl. July 27, '63, for 3 yrs.; must, in July 27, '63, as priv.; wd.; tr. to Co. H, 39 Mass. inf., July 13, '64; to Co. H, 32 Mass. inf.; disch. wds., June 13, '65. Care\-, John J. Co. D, 16 Mass. inf.; b. Kerry, Ire.; age 21; res. Nashua; enl. July 12, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in July 12, '61, as priv.; app. corp. Mar. i, '64; w-d. May 6, '64; must, out July 27, '64, tm. ex. Cliandler, George H. Band, 11 Mass. inf.; b. Nashua; age 23 ; res. New Boston ; enl. June 27, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Aug. 3, '61, as muse; disch. Aug. 8, '62. Supposed identical with George H. Chandler, Co. I), 18 N. H. V. Cochran, James A. Co. K, 2T0 I'a. inf.; b. New Boston; 3ge 30; res. Nashua ; enl. Sejit. 9, '64, for i yr.; must, in Sept. 9, '64, as priv.; must, out May 30, '65, near Alexandria, Va. Died May 28, '86, Hudson. Cochrane, William H. I). U. S. V.; b. North Clielms- ford, Mass.; age 23; res. Goffstown ; app. capt., .-V. q. m., Feb. 27, '63; assigned to duty July, '64, as div. c|. m., 1 div., 9 a. c, with rank and pay of maj.; tr. to headquarters 9 A. C. Sept. i, '64; to I div. 2 A. C, Nov. I, '64 ; disch. June 15, '66. Bvt. It. col. to date Mar. 13, '65, for faithful and meritorious services dur- ing the war. On duty as quartermaster's clerk, 2 div., 2 corps, Aug. 20, '61, to Aug. 24, '62, from date disch. from I N. H. V., to date app. in 10 N. H. \'. P. O. ail., Nashua. See i and 10 N. H. \'. Colby, Cyrus Portei. Co. B, 3 Mass. cav.; b. Sandown ; age 20; res. Nashua, cred. Boston, Mass.; enl. Mar. 17, '64, for 3 yrs; must, in Mar. 17. '64, as priv.; disch. June 10, '65, Readville, Mass. P. O. ad., Milford. See 7 N. II. V. Conner, John. Co. D, 5 Vt. inf.; res. Nashua; enl. Aug. 13. '6r, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. i6, '61, as priv.; re- enl. Dec. 15, '63; app. Corp.; wd. May 10, '64; must. out June 29, '65. Cox, William. Co. E. i Mass. H. art.; b. Concord, Mass.; age 43; res. Xashua; cred. Lowell, Mass.; enl. Aug. 6, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Aug. 6, '64, as priv.; disch. June 4, '65. Coburn, Horace G. Unas'd ; 22 Mass. inf.; b. Windham ; age 48; res. Xashua; enl. Sept. 25, '62, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 25, '62, as priv.; tr. to i Co., Mass. sharpshooters; disch. disab. Mar. 11, '63. SeeV. R. C. Damon, Willard. Co. E, 3 Mass. H. art.; age 27, res. Nashua; enl. June 24, '63, for 3 yrs.; must, in Aug. 27, '63, as priv.; must, out .Sept. 18, '65. Dane, Hiram. Co. G, 2 Mass. inf.; b. Westford, Mass.; age 21; res. Nashua; enl. May 25, '6r, for 3 yrs.; must, in May 25. '61, as priv.; disch. disab. June 23, '62. Davis, Henry Clinton. Co. A, 18 Conn, inf.; b. (ioffstown; age 26; res. Nashua; app. capt. Aug. 8, '62 ; must, in .•\ug. 18, '62, for 3 yrs.; captd. June 15, '63, Winches- ter, Va.; par. Dec. 10, '64; disch. Apr. 17, '65. Died Dec. 6, '78, Nashua. Dustin, Eben S. Co. A, 2 Mass. inf.; b. Nashua; age 19; res. Xashua; enl. May 25, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in May 25, '61, as priv.; wd. and died wds. Sept. 17, '62, .Antietam, Md. Eayres, William B. Co. C, 20 Mass. inf.; age 28; res. Nashua; enl. Aug. 3. '62. for 3 yrs., as priv.; disch. disab. Dec. 17, '63. Eayrs, Winslow P. Co. C, 19 Mass. inf.; substitute; b. Nashua; age 28; res. Nashua, cred. Beverly. Mass.; enl. Aug. I, '63, for 3 yrs.; must, in .\ug. i, '63, as priv.; disch. Dec. 12, '63. Elliott, .\ugustus S. Co. A 42 inf., Mass. vol. militia ; b. Mont. Vernon; age 20; res. Nashua; cnl. July 12, '64, for 100 da\-s ; must, in July 14, '64. as priv.; must. out Nov. II, '64. Supposed identical with ,S. Augustus Elliott, Co. A, 8 N. H. V. Emerson, Edward M. U. S. V.; b. Nashua; age 19; res. Nashua; app. capt., commissar)' subsistence. May 8, '63; appointment revoked Feb. 4, '64. Died -Aug. 12, '66, New Orleans, La. .See 6 N. H. \'. Estey, George P. 14 Ohio inf.; b. Xashua; age 32; It. col. 14 Ohio vol. inf. .\pr. 24, '61 ; must, out Aug. 13, 61 ; It. col. 14 Ohio vol. inf., Aug. 16, '61 ; col., July 17, '62; wd. Nov., '63. Lookout Mountain. Tenn.; wd. Jonesboro, Sept. 1, '64; must, out July 7. '65. Died Feb. 6, '91, X'ew 'Vork. Few, Robert. Co. D, 5 Me. inf.; b. Nashua; age 25; res. Nashua; enl. May 2, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in June 24. '61, as priv.; disch. July 27, '64, Portland, Me. tm. ex. F'ifield, Rodney. Co. C, 2 Mass. cav.; b. Weare; age 31 ; res. Nashua, cred. Barre, Mass.; enl. Mar. 31. '64. for 3 yrs.; must, in Mar. 31, '64, as priv. Died I'cb. 25, '65, Winchester, Va. F'isher, James H. Co. II, 16 Mass. inf.; b. Woodstock, Vt.; age 21 ; res. Nashua ; enl. June 29, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in June 29, '61, as priv.; must, out July 27, '64, tm. ex. I'lood, Thomas. Co. B, 22 Mass. inf.; b. Concord, Mass.; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. Sept. 26, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Oct. 26, "61. as priv.; wd. Dec. 13, '62; disch. disab. Feb. 17, '63. P. O. ad., Xashua. :,8.s HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. I'oster, Charles W. 14 battery, Mass. L. art.; b. Johnson, Vt.; age 20; res. Nashua; cred. Taunton, Mass.; enl. Jan. 27,''64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Feb. 27, '64, as priv.; must, out Juue 15, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Foster, John -G. V. >S.:A.; b. Whitefield; aRe 24; res. Nashua; Cadet Military academy; bvt. 2 It. engi- neers July I, '46; app. 2 It. May 24, '48; i It. .\pr. i, ■54; capt. July I, '60; brig.-gen., U. S. V., Oct. 23, '61; maj.-gen. V. S. V., July 18, '62; maj. engineers, U. S. A., Mar. 3, '63; disch. from t'. S. V. Sept. i, '65; app. It.-col. engineers U. S. A., Mar. 7, '67. Bvt. i It. U. S. A., Aug. 20, '47, for gallant and meritorious con- iluctat Contreras and Churubusco ; bvt. capt., U. vS. A.,' Sept. 8, 47, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Moliuo del Rey ; bvt. maj. V. S. A., Dec. 26, '60, for distinguished part taken in the transfer of the garri- son of Ft. Moultrie to Ft. vSumter, S. C; bvt. It.-col. r. S. A., Feb. 8, '62, for gallant and meritorious ser- vice in the capture of Roanoke Isl., N. C; bvt. col. I'. S. A., Mar. 12, '62; for gallant and meritorious service in the capture of New Berne, N. C; bvt. brig.- gen., V . S. A., Mar. 13, '65, for gallant and meritori- ous service in the capture of Savannah, Ga.; bvt. maj.-gen. V . S. A., Mar. 13, '65, for gallant and meri- torious service in the field during the war. Died Sept. 2. '74, Nashua. Freeman, John. 15 battery, Mass. L. art.; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Jan. 18, '63, for 3 yrs.; must, in Feb. 17, '63, as priv.; disch. Feb. 26, '63. I'rench, George H. Co. B, 12 Mass. inf.; b. Epping; age 21 ; res. Nashua; enl. June 26, '61, for 3 yrs.; must in June 26, '61, as sergt.; app. sergt.-maj.; 2 It. Sept. 11, '62; I It. Dec. 21, '62; wd. sev.; disch. Oct. 28, '63. French, Orrin. Co. C, 15 Mass. inf.; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Brookline, cred. Dartmouth, Mass.; enl. Mar. 15, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Mar. 15, '64, as priv.; tr. to Co. E, 20 Mass. inf., July 27, '64; captd. Died Jan. i, '65, .Salisbury. N. C. Gay, Ebenezer. W ,S. A.; b. New Hampshire; res. Nashua; Cadet Military academy. Bvt. 2 It. i dra- goons July I, '55; app. 2 It. 2 dragoons July i, '55; i It. Mar. 31, '61 ; capt. 16 inf. May 14, '61 ; tr. to 34 inf. Sept. 21, '66; app. maj. 17 inf. Sept. 16, '67; dismissed June 3, '69; reinstated Jan. 24, '70, as maj. inf.; disch. Jan. I, '71. Bvt. maj. Oct. 8, '62, for gallant and meri- torious services at the battle of Perr\'ville, Ky.; bvt. It.-col. Sept. I, '64, for gallant and meritorious ser- vices during the Atlanta campaign. Gilson, Andrew I. Co. F, 5 Conn, inf.; res. Nashua; enl. June 21, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in July 22, '61, as priv.; app. asst. surg. Jan. 26, '63; wd. July 20, '64, Peach Tree Creek, Ga.; must, out July ig, '65. Grandam, Christopher. Co. C, 16 Mass. inf.; b. Suther- land, Scot.; age 23; res. Nashua ; enl. July 2, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Jul)^ 2, '61, as priv.; des.; appreh.; tr. to Co. E, II Mass. iuf. July 11, '64; disch. June 5, '65. See state service. Greeley, F^dwin S. Co. C, 10 Conn, inf.; res. Nashua; app. I It. Aug. 31, '61 ; must, in Oct. 22, '61, for 3 yrs.; app. capt. Co. A, Apr. 25, '62; maj. Mar. 14, '63; It.- col. Sept. 7, '64; col. Feb. 16, '65; must, out Aug. 25, '65. Brev. brig.-gen., U. S. V., Mar. 13, '65. Greeley, William V. 11 inf., V. S. A.; b. Nashua; age 30; res. Nashua ; app. i It. Aug. 5, '61 ; resigned May 30, '65. P. O. ad., Boston, Mass. See i N. H. V. Greenwood, Calvin W. Co. I, 26 Mass. inf.; b. Perkins- ville, Vt.; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. Oct. 8, '6r, for 3 vrs.; must, in Oct. 8, '61, as muse; re-enl. Jan. 5, '64 ; cred. I^owell, Mass.; must, out Aug. 26, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Griffin, John. Co. E, 14 Conn, inf.; res. Nashua; enl. June 4. '62, for 3 yrs.; must, in .^ug. 20, '62, as priv.; app. Corp. Jan. 24, '65 ; must, out May 31, '65. Guild, John H. Read's Co., 3 Mass. cav.; age 23; res. Nashua; enl. Oct. 30, '61, for 3 j'rs.; must, in Oct. 30, '61, as priv.; disch. Nov. 26, '64. Hamilton, Henry E. Co. M, i Mass. cav.; age 25; res. Nashua ; enl. Sept. 17, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 23, '61, as priv.; must, out .Sept. 24, '64, as of Co. M, 4 Mass. cav. Hayden, George A. Co. H, 23 Mass. inf.; age 18; res. Nashua ; enl. Sept. 9, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 28, '61, as priv.; disch. disab. Nov. 29, '62. Heintz, Christian. Co. K, 35 Mass. inf.; b. Strasbourg, F'rance ; age 29; res. Nashua, cred. Palmer, Mass.; enl. June 7, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in June 7, '64. as priv. Died, wds. Aug. 3, '64, Washington, D. C. Hunter, Charles W. Co. K, i Mass. H. art.; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. July 29, '62, for 3 yrs.; must, in July 29, '62, as priv.; must, out July 8, '64. Hunter, George V . Co. K, i Mass. H. art.; b. Nashua ; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. July 29, '62, for 3 yrs.; must, in July 29, '62, as priv.; killed June 16, '64, Spottsylvania, Va. Hutchinson, Anion. Co. H, 20 Conn, inf.; res. Nashua; enl. .^ug. 30, '62, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 8, '62, as priv.; app. corp. Sept. 4, '63; must, out June 13, '65. Langdell, William. Co. -\, i batfl, 14 inf.; I'. S. A.; b. Nashua; age 20; res. L,yndeborough ; enl. Aug. 30, '6[, for 3 yrs., as priv.; app. sergt.; captd. Mays, '64, Wilderness, Va. Died dis. .Sept. 25, '64, .\nderson- ville, Ga. See 1 N. H. V. Lewis, George F. Co. Ct, 4 Mass. cav.; b. L,}'nn, Mass.; age 18, res. Nashua; cred. Chelsea, Mass.; enl. Jan. 16, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Jan. 27, '64, as priv.; di.sch. to date .\ug. 18, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua, l.owney, Dennis. Co. D, 16 Mass. inf.; b. Cork, Ire.; age 17; res. Nashua; enl. July 12, '61, for 3 yrs. must, in July 12, '61, as priv.; must, out July 27, '64, tm. ex. Lund, Henr)' O. Co. L, 3 Mass. cav.; age 21 ; res. Nashua ; enl. Oct. '23, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Oct 23, '61, as Corp.; disch. disab. Apr. 3, '62, as priv. Mf>ck, Oscar Addison. Art. F. .S. A.; b. Nashua; age 22; res. Gilsum ; Cadet Jlilitary academy. Bvt. 2 It. 3 art. July I, '50; app. 2 It. 4 art. Jan. 9, '51 ; i It. Feb. 14, '56 ; captd. 13 inf. May 14, '6r ; maj. 9 inf. June 19, '66; unas'd Mar. 15, '69; assigned to i inf. Dec. 15, '70; app. It.-col 21 inf. Dec. 15, '74. Bvt. maj. Sept. 10, '61, for gallant service at the battle of Carnifex, Ferry, Va.; bvt. It.-col. Dec. 31, '62, for gallant and distinguished service atthe battleof Murfreesborough, Tenn.; bvt. col. Mar. 13, '65, for gallant and meritori- ous service during the war. Died Oct. 22, '76, Bruns- wick, Mo. Marsh, Eli C. U. S. .\.; b. Sunderland, Mass.; age 46; res. Clareniont ; enl. Aug. 5, '64, as hosp. steward ; disch. Dec. 8, '65, Philadelphia, Pa. Died Oct. 7, '82, Nashua. See i N. E. cav. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 389 McDerniott, James. Co. C, 11 Mass. inf.; h. Ireland ; age 18; res. Xasliua, cred. Cambridge, Mass.; enl. Mar 22, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Mar. 22, '64, as priv.; reported on m. o. roll dated July 14, '65, as absent sick. N. f. r. A. G. ()., Mass. McDonald, John, 2<1. Co. K, 4 Mass. inf.; b. (ilasgow, Scot.; age 25; res. Nashua, cred. Rehoboth, Mass.; enl. .\ug. 17, '64, for I yr.; must, in .Xug. 18, '64. as priv.; disch. July 30, '65. Messenger, William F. Co. (>, 28 Mass. inf.; b. Chenango county, X. V.; age 18; res. Nashua, cred. Hrookline, Mass.; enl. Mar. 21, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Mar. 21, '64, as priv.; wd. Died Sept. 24, '64, Petersburg, Va. Miles, James. Co. .\, i Mass. inf.; b. I^ondon, Eng.; age 23; res. Nashua; enl. May 23, '61, for 3 )'rs.; must, in May 23, '61, as priv.; app. sergt. .\pr. i, '64 ; must. out May 25, '64, tm. ex. Morey, Norman E. Co. .\. 3 \'l. inf.; res. Nashua; enl. Keb. 20, '62, for 3 yrs.; must, in .\pr. 12, "62, as priv.; re-enl. Mar. 27, '64; app. corp. Sept. 30, '64; reduced to ranks Apr. 3, '65 ; app. corp. May 23, '65 ; must, out July II, '65. Supposed identical with Norman E. Morey, Co. K, i N. H. V. Morrill, John \V. Co. H, 20 Mass. inf.; age 21 ; res. Nashua; enl. Sept. 29, '5i, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 29, '61, as priv.; killed May 6, '64, Wilderness, \"a. Nott, Richard. Co. A, 14 Mass. inf. (became i Mass. H. art.); age 22 ; res. Nashua ; enl. July 5, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, ill July 5, '61, as priv.; re-enl. Nov. 6, '63 ; cred. Cambridge, Mass.; disch. disab. June 27, '65. Noyes, Francis Gardner. Com. sub. l'. S. vols.; b. Nashua ; age 27; res. Clinton, la.; com. It. -col. and A. D. C, May 10, '61, on staff of S. J. Kirkwood, Gov. of Iowa, and assigned to duty in adjt.-gen.'s office organiz- ing troops for U. S. service ; com. capt. and C. ,S. Nov. 26, '62, by Pres. IJncoln ; wd. Ft. Esperanza, Tex., I'"eb. 10, '64; assigned to duty by Pres. U. S. A., Mar., 1865, as chief C. S. of 13th army corps, with rank of It. -col.; bvt. niaj. Mar. 13, '65, for gallant and merito- rious .services during the war; hon. disch. Nov. 9, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Noyes, George H. Surgeon 2 la. cav.; b. Nashua; age 30; res. Clinton, la., cred. Clinton. la.; app. asst. surg. 2 la. cav. Sept. 10, '61 ; must, in Sept. ig, '61 ; surg. 2 la. cav. June 9, '62; must. out. Sept. 19. '65. Died, Nashua, Dec. 10, '81. O'Brien, William J. Co. I, 24 Mass. inf.; b. Boston, Mass.; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Sept. 23, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 23, '61, as sergt.; re-enl. Jan. 2, '64; cred. Cambridge, Mass.; app. i sergt.; i It. Oct. 14, '64; not, must, as i It.; app. capt. Co. F, Oct. 15, '64; must, out Jan. 20, '66. See i N. H. V. Osborn, John E. 7 unattached Co., inf., Mass. vol. militia; b. Weymouth. Mass.; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. May 4, '64, for 90 days; must, in May 4, '64. as priv.; must, out Aug. 5, '64. See i N. H. H. art. Parker, John P. E. T'nattached Co., 7 Mass. vol. militia; b. Brookline ; age 23; res. Nashua, cred. Boston, Mass.; enl. May 4, '64; must, out -\ug. 2, '64. P. O. ad., Boston, Mass. Peacock, Alonzo A. Co. K, 4 Mass. H. art.; b. Ilollis; age 2,' T res. Nashua, cred. Rehoboth, Mass.; enl. Aug. !';» "64, for i yr.; must, in .\ug. iS. '64. as priv.; inu.st. out June 17, '65. Piper, Edwin A. Co. B, 28 Mass. inf.; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Nashua, cred. Wendell, Mass.; enl. Apr. i, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Apr. i, '64,88 priv.; killed May 12, '64, Spotlsylvania, Va. Putnam, George F. Co. G, 3 inf., Mass. vol. militia ; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 16. '61, for 3 mos.; must, in Apr. 23, '61, as priv.; disch. July 22, '61. Parrish, Thomas D. Co. F, 26 Mass. inf.; b. Charlestown; age 20; res. Claremont ; enl. Oct. 14, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Oct. 14, '61, as priv.; re-enl. Jan. 5, '64 ; cred. Lawrence, Mass.; app. sergt. Jan. 5, "64 ; i sergt. July 2, '65; must, out .\ug. 26, '65. P. O. ad., Nashua. Randlett, James F. 39 inf., U. S. A.; b. Newmarket; age 32; res. Nashua; app. capt. June 6, '67; unas'd .\pr. 20, '69; assigned to 8 cav. Dec. 15, '70; app. maj. 9 cav. July 5, '86; It.-col. Oct. 14, "96; ret. W S. A., Dec. S, '96. P. O. ad., Washington, D. C. .See ^ N. II. V. Reynolds, Thomas W'. Co. D., 1 Mass. inf.; b. Boston, Mass.; age 21 ; res. Nashua; enl. May 22, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in May 24, '61, as priv. Died dis. .\ug. 5, '62, Harrison's Landing, Va. Robbins, Alfred J. Co. C, 12 Mass inf.; b. Nashua; age 28; res. Nashua; enl. July 8, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in July 8, '61, as priv.; disch. disab. Feb. 3, '63. Robbins, Isaiah, Jr. i unattached Co., Mass. cav. (became Read's Co., 3 Mass. cav.); b. Surry; age 22; res. Keene ; enl. Sept. 27, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 27, '61, as Corp.; disch. disab. July 15, '62, New Orleans, La. P. O. ad., Nashua. .See 5 N. H. V. Rol)inson, Thomas. Co. G, 21 Mass. inf.; b, Epsom; age 21; res. Nashua; enl. .\ug. 21, '61, for 3 yrs.; mu.st. in .-Vug. 23. '61, as ])riv.; re-enl. Jan. i, '64; cred. Holden, Mass.; tr. to Co. K, 36 Mass. inf.; to Co. E, 56 Mass. inf.; must, out July 12, '65. .Sabine, Caleb. Co. B, 3 Vt. inf.; res. Nashua; enl. June I, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in July 16. '61, as corp.; disch. Mar. 14, '63. .Seavey, Fayette G. Co. C, 21 N. V. inf.; b. Nashua; res. Nashua; enl. May 12, '61, for 2 yrs.; must, in May 12, '61, as priv.; must, out May 18, '63. Supposed identi- cal with Fayette G. Seavey, U. .S. navy. .Shaw, Elijah Morrill. Co. F. i Me inf.; b. Kensington; 3gs 35; res. Lawrence, Mass.; enl. .A.pr. 28, '61 ; must. in Apr. 28, as 2 It.; i It. and adjt. Oct. 3, '61 ; capt. Co. H, Mar. 2, '63; must, out May 8, '63. P. O. ad., Nashua. Smart, Martin. Co. D. 2 R. I. cav.; age 21; res. Nashua; enl. Dec. 17, '62, for 3 yrs.; must, in Dec. 24, '62, as priv.; captd. Mar. 26, '63, Baton Rouge, La.; confined as a deserter May 16. '63, Richmond, Va.; while in hands of the enemy he voluntarily stated that he en- listed for the purpose of getting to the South, and took oath of allegiance to the Confederate states and was recommended for enlistment in the nav)' ; par. June 13, '63, as a prisoner of war; sent to Camp Parole, Md., June 22, '63, from College Green bar- racks, Md. N. f. r. A. G. O. Smith, George J. Co. H, 5 R. I. H. art.; age 42; res. Nashua; enl. Nov. 16, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Dec. 16, '61, as Corp.; disch. disab. May 7, '63, New Berne, N.C. Snow, George. Co. D, 2 Mass. inf.; b. Orleans, Mass.; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. May 25, '61. for 3 yrs.; must, in May 25, '61, as sergt.; disch. Oct. 2, '62. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H Spaulding, George B. Co. D, 13 Mass. inf.; b. Tewks- bury, Mass.; age 23; res. Nashua; eul. Apr. 30, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in July 16, '61, as Corp.; must, out Aug. I, "64, tm. ex. Staples, AlvahH. Co. H, 4 Me. inf.; b. Temple. Me.; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. Oct. 11, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Nov. 9, '61, aspriv.; disch. disab. Dec. 7, '62, Arling- ton, Va. Staples, Hiram. Co. A. 25 Mass. inf.; age 20, res. Nashua; enl. Sept. 14, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 14, '5i, as priv.; tr. to I'. S. Signal corps Nov. 22, '63; di.sch. Oct. 29, '64, tm. ex. Sullivan, Michael S. Co. E, 20 Mass. inf.; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. July 22, '61. for 3 yrs.; must, in July 22, '61, as priv.; \vd. Oct. 21, '61, and Dec. n, '62; tr. to 48 Co.. 2 Iiatt'l, I. C, Nov. 6, '63; disch. July 21, '64. tm. ex. Sullivan, Timothy. Co. D, 16 Mass. inf.; b. Kerry, Ire.; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. July 12, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in July 12, "61, as priv.; must, out July 27, '64, tm. ex. Swett, Hartfonl S. Co. I), 23 Mass. inf.; b. Claremont; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. Aug. 2, '62, for 3 j-rs.; must, in Aug. 2, '62, as priv.; re-enl. Dec. 2, '63; cred. New Bedford, Mass.; must, out June 25, '65. Taylor, James H. Co. H, 23 Mass inf.; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Sept. 5, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 28, '61, as sergt.; must, out Oct. 13, '64, as priv. Tenney, Whitney. Co. I, 2 Vt. inf.; drafted; b. Wind- ham, Vt.; age 27; res. Nashua, cred. Londonderrj-, Vt.; drafted July 31, '63, for 3 yrs.; must, in July 31, '63, as priv.; wd. May, '64, Wilderness, Va.; must, out July 15, '65. See i N. H. V. Towne, Archie C. Co. D, i Mass. cav.; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. Sept. 18, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in vSept. 19, '61, as priv. Died, dis. Nov. 5, '62, Hilton Head. S. C. Totman, George D. Co. G, 61 Mass. inf.; b. Nashua ; age 19; res. Auburn, cred. Shrewsbur3', Mass.; enl. Nov. 30, '64, for I yr.; must, in Nov. 30, '64. as priv.; disch. June 16, '65 Tupper, Charles. Co. E, 4 Vt. inf.; res. Nashua; enl. Sept. 4, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Sept. 21, '61, as sergt.; reduced to ranks; app. corp. June 7, '64; must, out >Sept. 30, '64. Turrell, James L. Co. A, 26 Mass. inf.; b. Lowell, Mass.; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. Oct. 7, '61, for 3 yrs.; must. inOct. 7, '61, as priv.; re-enl. Jan. i, '64; cred. Lowell, Mass.; must. out. Aug. 26, '65. Watson, Charles W. Co. F, 35 Wis. inf.; b. Nashua; age 16; res. Janesville, Wis.; enl. Feb. 25. '64; must, in Feb. 27, '64, as priv.; must, out .\pr. 14, '66. 1'. (). ad., Greenville, HI. Whidden, George W. Co. G, i Mass. cav.; age 26; res. Nashua; enl. .Sept. 23, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in .Sept. 23, '61, as priv. Died Oct. 31. '64, tm. ex. Whipple, George W. Co. E, 31 Me. inf.; b. Andover; age 35; res. Nashua, cred. vSherman, Me.; enl. Feb. 27. '64, for 3 yrs.; must. must, in Mar. 11, '64, as Corp.; killed June 3, '64, Danville, Va. See i N. H. V. Whipple, William F. Co. A, 6 inf., Mass. vol. militia; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. July 12, '64, for 100 days; must, in July 15, '64, as priv.; must, out Oct. 27, '64, tm. ex. Whitcomb, William W. Co. C, 11 Mass. inf.; b. Lowell, JIass.; res. Nashua; enl. June 13, '61, for 3 yrs., as priv.; app. Corp.; wd. sev. July 2, '63; disch. wds. Nov. 21, '63. White, Caleb B. Co. H, 23 Mass. inf.; age 26; res. Nashua; enl. Oct. 26, '61, for 3 yrs.; must, in Oct. 26, '61, as Corp.; app. sergt. Dec. 19, '62; disch. Nov. 9. '63, to accept promotion. See U. S. C. T. Whittier. Horatio G.. Jr. Co. C, i inf., R. I. detached militia; b. Nashua; age 28; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 17, '61, for 3 mos.; must, in May 2, '61, as priv.; must. out. Aug. 2, '61, tm. ex. Whittemore, Charles L. Co. E, 2 Mass. inf.; b. Nashua; age 18; res. Charlestown, cred. Roxbury, Mass.; enl. Aug. 26, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Aug. 26, '64, as priv.; must, out July 14, '65. Wilkins, Irving G. Co. D, 26 Mass. inf.; b. Litchfield ; age 20; res. Nashua, cred. Boston, Mass.; enl. Jan. 29, '64, for 3 yrs.; must, in Jan. 29, '64, as priv.; must. out ."Vug. 26, '65. Supposed identical with Irving G. Wilkins, Co. E, i N. H. V., and Co. D, 8 N. H. V. UNITED ST.ATES N.4VV. -\dams, Oliver, li. Nashua; age 27; enl. .■\ug. 5, '62, at Boston, Mass., for t yr., as an ord. seaman ; served on T^. S. S. " Ohio " and " Ino ;" disch. Sept. 12, '63, from " Ino," tm. ex. .Mien, Charles, b. Nashua; age 28; enl. May 8. '61, at Boston, Mass., for 3 yrs., as an ord. seaman , >erved on U. S. S. "Ohio" and " Bainbridge ;" des. Oct. 25, '61, from "Bainbridge;" mark of desertion removed by secretary of the navy, under act of congress of Aug. 14, '88, and a discharge issued to him bearing date of Oct. 25, '61. Anderson, Charles. .Substitute; 1). Switzerland; age 22; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 25, '64, for 3 yrs., as coal heaver; served on L. S. S. "Vandalia," "Colorado," "Florida." and "Pinta;" disch. Aug. 24, '67, as 2 class fireman, fiom receiving ship, Philadelphia, Pa., tm. ex. .\ver3-, Charles H. b. Nashua; age 23; enl. May 7. '61, at Boston, Mass., for i yr., as a landsman; served on V. .S. S. "Ohio" and ".South Carolina;" disch. Apr. 15, '62, from "South Carolina;" tm. ex. Barker, .Stephen N. b. .\ntrim; age 20; enl. in Co. C, 2ist regt. N. V. vols. Feb. 25, 1862, at Buffalo, N. V., for the unexpired term of 2 yrs.; disch. at Buffalo, N. v., May 18, 1863; re-enl. in V. S. navy at Buffalo, June 16, 1863; promoted to acting master mate June 29, 1863; promoted to acting ensign May 22, 1865; served on U. S. S. Fort Hindnian. Resigned at Brooklyn navy yard Feb. 13, 1866. P. O, ad., Nashua. . ;t'' Baldwin, George .\. b. Nashua; age 29; t [,s,.[ay 6, '5i, at New York city, for i yr., as an ord. seaman ; disch. June 22, '6i, Washington, D. C. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. .^91 BanfieUl, William K. 1). I lavL-rhill ; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. June 4, '61 , at Porlsnioulli, for I yr., as a seaman; served on I'. S. S. "Ohio;" disch. disab. July 6, '61, from "Ohio," Hoston, Mass. Chase, William W. b. Nashua; age 24; enl. Dec. 7, '63, at New York city, for i yr., as a seaman; served on r. S. S. " North Carolina" and " Metaconiet ;" disch. Dec. 9, '64, as coxswain, from receiving ship, I'hila- delphia, I'a., tin. ex. Clifford, William. Substitute ; b. Scotland ; age 25; cred. Nashua ; enl. Dec. 7, '64, for 3 \-rs., as 2 class fireman ; served on U. ,S. S. "Vandalia," " De .Soto," and "Fahkee;" tr. to receiving ship, Philadelphia, Pa., June 24, '65; never reported. N. f. r., navj- dept. Cochran, James A. b. Nashua; age 27 ; res. Nashua; enl. Oct. 26, '61, at Boston, Mass., for 2 yrs., as an ord. seaman; served on V . S. S. "Ohio," "Quaker City," and "Wabash;" disch. Nov. 30, '63, from receiving ship, Washington, D. C, tni. ex. Cochrane, Joseph N. b. New Boston ; age 35 ; res. Nashua; enl. Aug. 26, '62, at Boston, Mass., for i vr., as a landsman; served on V . S. S. "Ohio," "Princeton," and "Keystone State;" disch. June 20, '63, from " Keystone State," tni. e.x. Coggin. Frederick G. Regular officer; b. Nashua; age 24; res. Nashua; app. 3 asst. engineer Sept. 21, '61 ; 2 asst. engineer July 30, '63; served on U. S. S. "Saga- more;" retired Jan. 5, '66. P. O. ad., Lake Linden. Mich. See r N. H. V. Dailey, James, b. Nashua; age 22; enl. Sept. 6, '61, at Boston, Mass., for i yr. as an ord. seaman; served on r. S. S. "Ohio," and " Ino ;" disch. -\ug. 7, '62, as a landsman, from "Ino," tm. ex. Dailey, James, b. Nashua; age 23; enl. Aug. 20, '62, at Boston, Mass., for i yr., as an ord. seaman; served on U. S. S. "Ohio" and "Princeton;" last appears on "Princeton's" roll dated Dec. 31, '62. N. f. r. navv dept. Davis, Stilman S. Volunteer officer; b. Massachusetts; res. New Hampshire ; app. acting asst. paymaster July I. '64; served in Mississippi squadron; disch. Dec. 12, '65. Died May 26, '86, Nashua. Iiewey, Ephraini H. Volunteer officer; res. Nashua; app. acting master's mate vSept. 17, '6[ ; acting en- sign May I, '63; served on U. S. S. "Quaker City;" resigned Dec. 11, '63. l''aiiner, Erwin. b. Nashua; age 28; enl. Jan. 19, '63, at Boston, Mass., for i yr., a 2 class fireman; served on U. S. S. "Ohio" and "Sacramento;" disch. Jan. 18, '64, from "Sacramento," tm. ex. Flanders, John k. b. Nashua; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. F'eb. 12, '63, at Boston, Mass., for i yr., as a lands- man ; served on U. S. S. "Ohio;" disch. .\pr. 28, '63, from receiving ship, Boston, Mass. .Supposed identi- cal with John A. Flanders, Co. F, i N. H. H. art. I'letcher, Henry A. b. Nashua; age 32; res. Amherst; enl. Nov. ri, '61, at Charlestown, Mass., for 3 yrs., as a landsman; served on U. S. S. "Ohio," " Kittatin- ney," and "Williaiu G. Anderson;" disch. Dec. 18, '63, from "Ohio." Died July 20, '67, .\mherst. loss, Edward, b. Nashua; age 21 ; enl. Oct. 6, '62, at Boston. Mass., for i yr., as a landsman; served on V . S. S. ' Ihio;" disch., unfit for the service. Dec. 2, '62, from "Ohio," Boston, Mass. Supposed identical with Edward G. Foss, Co. B, 7 N. H. V., and V. R. C. Foss, George H. Substitute; b. Nashua; age 16; enl. Nov. 17, '64, at Boston, Mass., for 2 yrs., as 2 class 1)oy; served on V. S. S. "Ohio;" disch., reduction naval force, Aug. 29, '65, from "Ohio." Gallagher, Edward. Substitute; b. New York; age 32; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 22, '64, at Portsmouth, for 3 yrs., as a seaman ; served on V. S. S. " Vandalia " and "Colorado;" disch. Sept. 7, '67, as capt. of lop, from "Colorado," tm. ex. Gerard, Joseph, b. Nashua; age 21; enl. .\ug. 7, '61, at Boston, Mass., for i yr., as an ord. seaman; served on U. S. S. "Ohio" and "Fear Not;" disch. Sejit. 17, '62, from " Miami," tm. ex. Green, Charles F. b. Nashua; age 22; enl. June r8, '61, at Boston, Mass., for 1 yr., as a seaman ; served on l". S. S. "Ohio" and "Marion;" disch. June 23, '62, from " Marion," tm. ex. Greenwood, Walter, b. Nelson; age 36; cred. Nashua; enl. .\ug. 24, '64, for 3 yrs., as 2 class fireman ; served on U. S. S. "Ohio" and "Massasoit;" disch. disab. July 14, '65, from hosp., Boston, Mass. Harrington, Warren, b. Nashua; age 21; enl. Oct. 26, '61. at Boston, Mass., for 2 yrs., as an ord. seaman; failed to appear. Holt, George R. Regular officer; b. New Ilamiishire; res. Nashua; app. 3 asst. engineer Oct. r6, '61 ; 2 asst. engineer Aug. 3, '63; served on U. S. S. "Aroostook," "Tahoma." and "Rhode Island;" resigned May 4, '69. P. O. ad., Waynesborough. Pa. Holbrook, Hiram If. b. Great l-'alls; age 18; enl. Mar. I, '64, at Portsmouth, for 3 yrs., as a landsman; served on U. S. S. " Vandalia," ".\gawam," and "Lan- caster ; disch. Mar. 18, '67, from " Lancaster," tm. ex. P. O. ad., Nashua. Howe, George H. B. li. Nashua; age 23; cred. Ports- mouth; enl. .\ug. 23, '62, for i yr.. as an ord. .seaman; served on U. S. S. "Ohio," "Princeton," and "New Ironsides;" disch. Oct. 7, '63, as a seaman, from re- ceiving ship, Philadelphia, Pa., tm. ex. Hutchinson. Charles .\. b. Nashua; age 34; enl. Nov. 2, '63, at Boston, Mass.. for i yr., as coal heaver; served on I'. S. S. " Ohio." " Dacotah," and "Gettysburg;" disch. disab. Oct. 15, '64, from hosp., Norfolk, Va. Keyser, Walter .S. b. Wilmot; age 22; res. Nashua; enl. May 7. '61, at Boston, Mass., for i yr., as a landsman ; served on U. S. S. "Ohio" and "South Carolina;" disch. May 3, '62, as ship's cook, from "South Caro- lina," tm. ex. Ladd, Wesley J. b. Canaan, Vt.; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. Sept. i, '64, at Jersey City, N. J., for i yr., as 2 class fireman ; served on U. S. S. " Vermont." "Pink," and "Potomac;" disch. Nov. 17, '65, as 1 class fire- man, from receiving ship, New York city. Lane, James, alias James Jordan, b. Ireland; age 20; res. Nashua; enl. .\ug. 11, '64, for i yr., as a lands- man; served on F. S. S. "North Carolina," "Pem- bina," and "Potomac; disch. Aug. 12, "65, tm. ex. P. O. ad., Gardner, Mass. See 8 N. H. V. Lee, John. b. Nashua; age 21 ; res. Nashua; enl. July i, '62, at Boston, Mass., for 3 yrs., as a seaman ; served on F. S. S. "Ohio" and "Tioga;" disch., reduction naval force, May 2, '65, from receiving ship, Ports- mouth. 39-' HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Leland, George W. Volunteer officer; b. Nashua; age 28; res. Nashua; enl. Mar. 20, '62, at Boston, Mass., for 2 vrs., as a seaman; app. acting master's mate Nov. II, '63; served on U. S. S. "Ohio," "Lehigh," and "Daffodil;" resigned Aug. 13, '64. Leland, George \V. b. Nashua; age 28; cred. Boscawen ; enl. Dec. 13, '64, for 3 yrs., as a seaman; served on U.S. S. "Ohio," "Connecticut," "Princeton," and "Shenandoah;" disch. .4ug. 14, '68, as coxswain, from "Hartford," tm. ex. Locke, James A. Substitute; b. Great Falls; age 18; cred. Nashua; enl. Aug. 22, '64, for 3 yrs., as an ord. sea- man; served on U. S. S. "Vandalia" and "Colo- rado;" disch. Sept. 7, '67, from "Colorado," tm. ex. Lyon, William H. b. Nashua; age 30; enl. Sept. 11, '61, at New Bedford, Mass., for 3 yrs., as an ord. seaman ; served on U. S. S. "Ohio;" disch. disab. Oct. 22, '61, from "Ohio," Boston, Mass. Mackres, Joseph, b. Nashua; age 24; enl. Jan. 23, '62, at Boston, M.-iss., for 2 yrs., as a landsman ; served on V. vS. S. " Ohio " and "Vermont;" disch. disab. Apr. 4, '62, as a seaman, from hosp., New York city. McEvoy, Patrick H. b. Nashua; age 21 ; enl. .Sept. 8, '62, at Boston, Mass., for i yr., as a landsman ; served on r. S. S. "Ohio." N. f. r. navy dept. Meriani, Frank B. Volunteer officer; b. Boston, Mass.; res. Nashua; app. acting master Oct. 3r, '61; served on r. S. S. "Madge" and "Norwich;" resigned Oct. II, '64. P. O. ad., West Atlanta, Ga. Newton, Gilbert C. b. Nashua; age 24; enl. June 3, '61, at Portsmouth, for i yr., as landsman ; served on I'. ,S. vS. "Ohio " and "Guard ;" disch. July 9, '62, from "Princeton," tm. ex. ()lmstead, George A. Volunteer officer ; b. Tolland, Conn.; age 34; res. Wakefield; app. acting master's mate Nov. 20, '62; served on U. S. S. "T. A. Ward ;" disch. .\ug. 24, '67. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 13 N. H. V. Parker, Edward E. b. Brookline ; age 21; cred. Brook- line, res. Nashua; enl. Aug. 20, '63, at Boston, Mass., for I yr., as a landsman ; served on l^. vS. S. "Ohio '> and V. S. brig "Perry" as yeoman; disch. Oct. 20, '64, tm. ex. P. O. ad., Nashua. Palmer, Oilman, b. Nashua; age 21 ; enl. Dec. 4, '60, at Boston, Mass., for 3 yrs., as an ord. seaman ; rejected. Pratt, Charles W. Volunteer officer ; b. New Hampshire ; res. Nashua; app. acting master Apr. 22, '62; served on U. .S. S. " De Soto," "Samuel Houston," and "New Hampshire ;" disch. Nov. 5, '65. Ricker, David P. b. Rochester ; age 24 ; res. Nashua ; enl. .\ug. 26, '62, for i yr.; as a landsman; served on r. ,S, vS. "Ohio," "Princeton," and "Lodona;" tr, from " Lodona " to " Boston " for discharge .\ug. 29. '63. N. f. r. navy dept. See i N. H. V. Robertson, George, b. Nashua; age 32; cred. Franconia; enl. Mar. 7, '65, for 3 yrs., as an ord. seaman ; served on U. S. S. "Ohio," " Supply," and " Macedonian;" disch. disab. Oct. 30, '66, from hosp., Norfolk, Va. .Smith, Amos. b. Nashua; age 40; res. Nashua; enl. June 12, '61, at Boston, Mass., for i yr., as an ord. seaman ; served on U. S. S. "Ohio" and "Vincennes;" disch. -\ug. 25, '62, from "North Carolina," tm. ex. .Smith. Amos. b. Nashua; age 43; enl. Sept. 11, '63, at Portsmouth, for i 3'r., as a seaman ; served on U. S. S. "Ohio;" disch. disab. June 30, '64, from receiving ship, Portsmouth. Smith. Levi. b. Nashua; age 26; enl. .-Vug. 8, '63, at Portsmouth, for i yr., as a landsman ; served on U. S. ,S. "Ohio " and "Release;" disch. Sept. 2, '64, from receiving ship, Philadelphia, Pa., tm. ex. Thornton, James S. Regular officer ; b. Merrimack; age 14; res. Nashua; app. midshipman Jan. 15, '41; passed midshipman Aug. 20, '47 ; master May 7, '55 ; It. Sept. 15, '55; It. commander July 16, '62; com- mander July 25, '66; capt. May 24, '72; served on I'. S. S. "Ohio," " Bainbridge," "Hartford," and "Kearsarge." Died May 14, '75, Germantown, Pa. Wallace, Bryant W. b. Brookline; age 21; res. Brook- line ; cred. Brookline; enl. .^-Ug. 12, '62, for i yr., as a landsman; served on U. S. S. "Ohio," "North Caro- lina," and "Morse;" disch. Aug. 14, '63, from "Morse," tm. ex. P. O. ad., Nashua. Wallace, Joseph W. b. Nashua; age3o; enl. June 11, '61, at Boston, Mass., for r yr., as a landsman ; served on U. S. S. " Ohio " and " Preble ;" disch. Oct. 8, '62, as master at arms, from " Preble," tm. ex. White, Russell, b. Newton, Mass.; age 25 ; res. Nashua; enl. Sept. 17, "62, at Boston, Mass., for i yr., as a landsman; served on U. S. S. "Lancaster" and "Cyane;" disch. Nov. 30, '63, from receiving ship, " North Carolina." P. O. ad., Nashua. Woodbury, Leander S. b. Nashua ; age 24 ; cred. South Reading, Mass.; enl. Sept. 10, '63, at Boston, Mass., for I yr., as i class fireman; served on ('. ,S. ,S. "Ohio" and ".Sassacus;" disch. Oct. 18, '64, from "Savannah," tm. ex. Wright, (ieorge L. b. Nashua; age 29; enl. .A.ug. 2, '61, at Boston, Mass., for 2 yrs., as a seaman ; served on U. S. S. "Ohio," "Key West," and " Fernandina ;" disch. Sept. l8, '63, as capt. of top, from "Fernan- dina," tm. ex.; re-enl. Oct. i, '63, at Portsmouth, for 3 yrs., as a seaman ; served on U. S. S. "Ohio" and "Niagara;" disch., reduction naval force, Sept. 19, '65, as gunner's mate. Died Sept. 22, '85, Lowell, Mass. Webster, Alljert. b. Hill; age 29; enl. Oct. 19, '60, at Boston, Mass., for 3 yrs., as a seaman; served on V. S. S. "Ohio," "Cumberland," and "Rattler;" disch. Nov. 8, '63, as quartermaster, from "Rattler," tm. ex. P. O. ad., Nashua. •4sT HISTORY Ol- NASHUA, N. H. UNITHI) STATHS MARINH CORPS. 393 Blodgctt; Charles H. b. Nashua; age 23; enl. Oct. 21, '58, at Boston, Mass., for 4 yrs., as priv.; served on U. S. S. "Levant;" dropped from rolls Jnl\ i, '61, by act of conj;ress, " Levant " lost. Walker; Willard. b. Alstead ; age 23 ; res. Nashua; enl. Aug. 26, '61, for 4 yrs., as priv.; app. corp. Jan. 9, '63; served on I'. S. S. "Portsmouth;" discli. Sept. 4, "65, Brooklyn, X. V., tin. ex. Died Jan. 17, '89, Nashua. Webster, Edson H., alias Kdwin Webster, b. Chittenden county, Vt.; age 19; res. Nashua; enL Aug. 22, '59, at Boston, Mass., for 4 yrs., as priv.; served on U. S. S. "Cumberland" and "Mackinaw;" disch. disab. Sept. 5, '64, Norfolk, Va. I'. O. ad.; Nashua. See q N. H. V. STATE SERVICE. Anisden, Eugene H. Milford volunteers; b. Nashua; age 19; res. Milford; enl. Apr. 22, '61, as priv.; disch. July 12, '61, as of Capt. George \\. Gillis's Co. See 8 N. H. V. Beadley, Michael, b. Ireland; age 21 ; res. Nashua; enl. Mav 6, '61, by Joel \\. Rhoades, as priv.; paid to June 17, '61. Buckley, Michael. 1). Ireland; age 27; res. Nashua; enl. May 8, '61, by Joel H. Rhoades, as priv.; paid to June 12, '61. Supposed identical with Michael Buckley, Co. B, 10 N. H. V. Burnett, James, b. Lowell, Mass.; age 28; res. Nashua; enl. May 7, '61, by Joel H. Rhoades, as priv.; paid to June 17, '61. I'. O. ad., Hudson. See 8 N. H. V. Butler, Augustus, b. "Mo.sco," C. W.; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. May 6, '61, by Joel H. Rhoades, as priv. No further record. See 4 N. H. V. Butler, Michael M. b. " Mosco," C. E.; age 35; res. Nashua; enl. May 7, '61, by Joel H. Rhoades, as priv. No further record. Supposed identical with Mitchell M. Butler, Co. B, 4 N. H. V. Carey, James, b. Ireland; age 25; res. Nashua; enl. iMay 4, '61, by Joel H. Rhoades, as priv. No further reconl. Carr, George D. b. Nashua; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. .Apr. 22, '61, by Richard O. Greenleaf, as priv.; disch. May 20, '61; re-enl. May 20, '61, for 3 yrs.; paid to June 17, '61. Chaniberlin, George W. b. Peachnm, \'t.; age 43; res. Nashua; enl. May 3, '61, by Joel H. Rhoades, as priv. No further record. Cutter, James R. b. Hubbardston, Mass.; age 20; res. Nashua; enl. May 2, '61, by Joel H. Rhoades, as priv.; paid to June 17, '61. See 3 N. H. V. Clifford, Frederick G. b. Lowell, Mass.; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. .\pr. 19, '6r, by Richard O. Greenleaf, as priv.; served 7 days. .See 4 N. H. V. Dempsey, John. b. Ireland; age 25; res. Nashua; enl. May 2, '61, by Joel H. Rhoades, as priv.; paid to June 17, '61. Duples, Edgar, b. Sciota, N. V.; age 19; res. Nashua; enl. .Apr. 22, '61, by Richard O. (ireenleaf, as priv.; served 3 days. See 3 N. H. V. Drew, George H. Milford volunteers; b. Methuen, Mass.; res. Milford ; enl. .\pr. 25, '61, as priv.; elected sergt. of Capt. George II. Gillis's Co. on or about June I2, '61 ; disch. July 12, '61. 1'. O. ad., Nashua. See g N. H. V. Emerson, William 1). b. Johnson, \'t.; age 21; res. Nashua; enl. \\t\-. 29, '61, by William V. CJreeley, as priv.; paid to June 13, 'h\. Gardner, James, b. at sea; age 22; res. Nashua ; enl. May 20, '61, by Joel H. Rhoades, as priv.; disch. June 13, '61. Gillis, George H. Milford volunteers; b. Nashua; age 25; res. Milford; enl. .Apr. 22, '61, as capt.; elected capt. of Capt. George H. Gillis's Co., June 11, or 12, '61 ; paid to July 12, '61 ; paid as— It. of Capt. James Davidson's Co. Aug. 19 to Oct. 21, '61; app. 2 It. in .same company by governor, Oct. 22, '61 ; paid as i It. to Nov. 21, '61; as — it. to Mar. 31, '62; disch. Apr. I, '62, as 2 It. P. O. ad., Boston, Mass. See 13 N. H. V. Grandani, Christopher, b. "Scotland;" age 23; res. Nashua; enl. May 3, '61, by Joel II. Rhoades, as priv.; re-enl. May 9, '61, for 3 yrs.; assigned to Capt. Joshua Chapman's Co.; paid to June 17, '61. See miscel. organizations. Hennessey, Peter, b. Kerry, Ire.; age 20; res. Nashua; enl. .\pr. 20, '61, by Richard O. Greenleaf, as priv.; assigned to Capt. Joshua Chapman's Co.; paid to June 17, '61. Ilustus, George C. b. Rutland, Mass.; age 18; res. Nashua; enl. May 8, '61, by Joel II. Rhoades, as priv. No furthur record. Lapham, James, b. New Brunswick ; age 30; res. Nashua; enl. May 2, "61, by Joel H. Rhoades, as priv. No further record. Supposed identical with James Lap- pan, Co. C, 9N. H. V. Lay. Charles, b. " North .\dams, — ;" age 26; res. Nashua; enl. .\pr. 22, '61, by Richard O. Greenleaf, as priv.; served 3 days. See 3 N. II. V. Leach, Lyman, b. Bangor. Me.; age 26; res. Nashua; enl. May 3, '61, by Joel H. Rhoades, priv. No further record. Mahoney, Timothy, b. Ireland; age 25; res. Nashua; enl. May 6, '61, l)y Joel M. Rhoades, as priv. No further record. Mann, Charles W. b. Upton, Mass; age 25; res. Nashua; enl. May 3, '61, by Joel H. Rhoades, as priv. No further record. See 3 N. 11. ^■. McComb, James, b. Ireland; age 29; res. Nashua; enl. May 3, '61, by Joel H. Rhoades, as priv. No further record. See 3 N. H. V. McGilvray, Charles H. Milford volunteers; b. Nashua; res. Merrimack; enl. Apr. 25, '61, as priv.; disch. July 13, '61, as of Capt. George H. Gillis's Co. P. O. ad., Newark, N. J. See i N. H. L. battery. McGowen, John. b. Ireland; age "35;" res. Nashua; enl. May 2, '61, by Joel H. Rhoades. as priv.; paid to June 12, '61. P. O. ad., Worcester, Mass. See 3 N. H. V. 394 HISTORY OF NASHUA. N. H. Millet, William F. b. South Andover, Mass.; age 24; res. Nashua; enl. May 7, '6r, by Joel H. Rhoades.as priv.; paid to June 17, '61. See 3 N. H. V. Mooar, Alfred L. Milford volunteers; b. Amherst; res. Amherst; enl. Apr. 25, '61, as priv.; disch. July 13. '61, as of Capt. George H. Gillis's Co. P. O. ad., Nashua. See National guards. Parker, Joseph C. b. Morristown, Vt.; age 34; res. Nashua; enl. May 3, '61, by Joel H. Rhoades, as priv. No further reconl. Reid, William H. R. b. Scotland ; age 27; res. Nashua; eul. May 2, '61, by Joel H. Rhodes, as priv.; paid to June 10, '61. Rhoades, Joel H. b. Hopkiuton, Mass.; age 39; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 27, '61, by William F. Greeley, as priv.; assigned to Capt. Joshua Chapman's Co.; paid to June 17, '61. See j.N. H. V. and V. R. C. Stark, George, b. Manchester; age 38; res. Nashua; brig. -gen., 3 brig., 2 div. N. H. vol. militia; paid as brig. -gen. for services in commanding troops at Ports- mouth and Ft. Constitution, Jlay 2 to June 21, '61. Died Apr. 13, '92, Nashua. Taggart, William. Milford volunteers; b. New Boston; age 20; res. New Boston; enl. Apr. 23, '61, as priv.; disch. by order of governor, June 10, '6r. P. O. ad., Nashua. Tuttle, Eben. b. Nashua; age 20; res. Nashua; enl. Apr. 20, '61, by Richard O. Greenleaf, as priv,; paid June 13, '61, for I day's service. Walker, George, b. Bangor, Me.; age 39; res. Nashua; enl. May 25, '5i, by Joel H. Rhoades, as priv.; disch. June II, '61. Wood, Nelson. Milford volunteers; b. Burlington, — ; enl. Apr. 25, '61, as priv.; disch. July 12, '61, as of Capt. George H. Gillis's Co., Ft. Constitution. P. O. ad., Nashua. See 8 N. H. V. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. .■^95 DANIHI. ABBOT. Hon. Daniel Abbot was Ijorn at Andover, Mass., Feb. 25, \---. (lied at Nashua, Dec. 3, 1853. He was of the sixth generation in descent from George and Hannah (Chandler) Al)bot, who emigrated from England about 1640 and were among the early settlers of Andover. The Chandler's were an equally old and distinguished Massa- chusetts family. His father and mother were cousins. Mr. Abbot was graduated at Harvard )inivvrsilv in the class of 1797. He read law in the odice of Parker Xoyes at Salis- bury, Daniel Web- ster being his fel- low-student, and coniineuced prac- tice at London- derry in 1802. The same year he moved to Nashua and here he re- mained until his death. Mr. .\bbot was a man of schol- arly attainments, learned in the law and an eloquent advocate and ora- tor, several of his addresses on secu- lar themes being published at the time of their de- livery and attract- ing wide atten- tion. Benjamin French, who after- wards became dis- tinguished in Massachusetts, was at one time his law partner, as was also his son- in-law, Charles J. Fox. Mr. Abbot, how- ever, was a goAXli;i inguislied attor- ney. He was a citizen in the fullest sense of the word. Whatever interested the public interested him. What- ever was incepted for the advancement of the industrial pursuits, and the benefit of the people at large, had his hearty co-operation. He was something more than a looker-on. He was a veritable pioneer in the wilderness and was determined that it should blossom anil bear fruit for posterity. The .Middlesex canal had his indorsement, and on the Fourth of July, i8()'^, when the first boat was launched >ipon it at this place he delivered an oration, in which he christened the settlement "Nashua." bv which It has since been known, anly a descendant of John Bailey, who came from Hampshire, Eng., about 1640 and settled at Rowley, Mass. His great grandfather and grandfather, Thomas, moved from Hav- erhill, Mass., to Hopkinton about 1771. They were sturdy and respected farmers and resided there until their death. On the maternal side he is a de- scendant of Moody Smith, a Revolu- tionary pensioner, who came from Danville to Hop- kinton about 1780. Mr. Bailey at- tended the di.strict schools of his na- tive place and was a student at Pem- broke academy and the N e w Hampshire con- ference seminary at Northfield, where he fitted for college. He e n - tered Dartmouth college in iSsoand was graduated in the class of 1854. Mr. Bailey read law in the office of George & Foster, Concord, and com- pleted his course of study of this profession at the Albany, N. Y., law school, where he was graduated in 1856 with the degree of LIv. B. Following his graduation he set- tled in Nashua, and has continued in practice to the present time. Mr. Bailey is a sound and able lawyer, having the confi- dence of the court, his associates at the bar and has a numerous client- age. He served the city as solicitor in 1884, during which time its legal interests were faithfully cared for. Mr. Bailey, like many another citizen and attorney of Nashua, has been a good deal more than a professional man among the people. He has been active in public affairs, and that he has the confidence of his fellow-men is shown in the fact that he represented Ward one in the legislature in 1863 and 1864, and was supported by his ly. 7t party for state senator in 1867 and 1868, for presidential elector at large on the democratic ticket in 1884, and for member of congress in 1886. Mr. Bailey served the state as trustee of the New Hampshire College of Agricul- ture and Mechanic Arts from 1871 to 1876, and the city of Nashua for several years as member of the board of education, and as trustee of the public library from 1873 to the present time. In all these positions he has rendered the state and this communit}" faithful service ; his integrity and singleness of purpose never having been called in question. He was director and president of the Wilton rail- road c o m pa n y from 1871 to 1874, when he was elected a director of the Nashua c& Lowell railroad, having been re- elected every year since then, and has also been treasurer of the corporation since I 89 I . He was president of the Nashua Savings bank from 1879 to 1895, also a direc- tor in the Indian Head National bank and the nil Isborough mills, being presi- dent of the last named company. Mr. Bailey is a member of the !• i r s t Congrega- tional church, the New F^ngland His- toric Genealogical societ)\ and presi- dent of the State Library associa- t i o n . He is a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M., of which he was the worshipful master in 1862 and 1S63, and is a Scottish rite Mason of the 32d degree. Besides attending to the duties of his profession he has found time to devote to the preparation of articles of historic interest, which he has read before the New England Historical society. Mr. Bailey was united in marriage in 1858 with Mary B. Greeley, daughter of .\lfred and Mary (Webster) Greele}', and a descendant of .Andrew Greele}-, who was born in England and came to this country early in the seventeenth century, settling at Salisbury, Mass. Four OiOJ-Xjla^ HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 401 cliililreii have been born of their marriage: Marion C, who died in 1867, at the age of eight years; Caroline W., graduated at Wheaton seminary, died Aug. 21, [891 ; William T., graduated at Dartmouth college in 1861, ami Helen G. HENRY BRIDGE ATHERTON. Capt. Henry B. Allicrton was born at Cavendish, Vt., Sept. 21, 1835, and is the youngest son of Jonathan and Roxana (Ives) Atherton. Captain .\therton's father was fifth in descent from the emigrant, James Atherton. who came about 1635 from Lanca- shire in Englanil to Dorchester with his kinsman, ISIaj. Gen. Humphrey Atherton, who succeeded Sedg- wick in the com- mand of the mili- tary and n aval forces of the Bay colony. Charles ('.. Atherton, late liiited States sen- ator from N e w Hampshire, was also fifth in de- scent from the same emigrant an- cestor, James. Wr. .\therton's moth- er, Roxana Ives, was the only daughter of Capt. Elihu and Phebe (Hall) Ives and was born in Lud- low, Vt. She was a cousin of the late bishop, Silli- man Ives of South Carolina and the late N. K. Hall of Buffalo, United States District judge, a member of President I'ill- ni ore's cabinet, and she was also a lineal descendant of the emigrant John Morse of Connecticut, who was the ancestor of George Kennan, the author, of Prof. S. F. B. Morse and of Chan- cellor Kent. She was educated at a young ladies' school in Middlebury, ^'t., in which town her only brother, Isaac, attended college, and before her marriage she taught school. She was a good wife and devoted mother and her many noble qualities of mind and heart endeared her to all who knew her. She lacked but a few weeks of being ninetv-four vears old when she died in 1890. Jonathan Atherton, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was born in Massachusetts, served in the Revo- lutionary army, married Nancy Bridge and removing from Harvard, Mass., became one of the first settlers of Cavendish about 1782, and was the first representative elected to the legislature from that town. He was a farmer and also practiced law until his death in 1826. His son, Joseph, was a lieutenant in the regular army and served in the War of 1812. The sou, Jonathan, a man of marked ability and great decision of character, of simple tastes and fond of reading, preferred the free and inde- pendent life of the N e w E n g I a n d farmer of the last generation and continued to re- side on the broad acres where he was born until his death in 1875, at the age of eighty- seven. Captain .ather- ton obtained his education in the public schools of his native place, at Black River academy, Ludlow, Leland seminary, T o w n s e n d . and Dartmouth c o 1 - lege where he was graduated with the degree of .\. B. in 1859. .\mong his classmates in college were Dr. Edward Cowles, Dr. Ph i n ea s S. Conner, John Davis, B. F. Hayes, Prof. E. R. Rug- gles, Asa W. Ten- ney and Wheclock G. Veazey. He read law in the office of Joseph Sawyer in Alton, 111., for a short time and subse- quently in the office of John F. Dcanc with whom upon admission to the bar he entered into partnership. He took a year's course at the Albany Law school where he received the degree of LI- B. in i860. Among his associates at the law school were Sena- tor William F. Vilas of Wisconsin, Gen. W. G. Veazey of the Interstate Commerce commission and Senator Red- field Proctor of Vermont. Before he was fairly settled in the practice of his profession the Rebellion broke out and he offered his services to the governor of the state who requested him n^.&XAxxy^Jj^^ • 4o2 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. to raise a company. He received recruiting papers Aug. 12, i85i, and on the following day began the work of en- listment. In fourteen days his company was full with nearly twenty men to spare. September 3 he was elected captain and on the twenty-first of the same month his company was mustered into the United States service at Brattleb'oro as Company C, of the Fourth Vermont volun- teers and the regiment left the next day for the front. This regiment formed a part of the famous First Ver- mont brigade and with General Hancock's brigade was in the division of Gen. "Baldy " Smith. They were sta- tioned across the Potomac at Camp Griffin near Lewins- ville, Va., and during the fall, winter and the next spring took part in General McClellan's peninsular campaign. At Lee's mills on Warwick Creek, April 16, 1862, Captain Atherton, while in command of his company attacking the enemy's position, was severely wounded by a minnie bullet in the right groin. He also received a scalp wound from a piece of shell at the same time. Having in conse- quence become disabled from active duty he resigned on the twelfth of August, 1862. Oct. 27, 1862, he removed to Nashua to take the edito- rial chargeof the New Hampshire Telegraph, which paper he conducted until April, 1864. He then resumed the practice of his profession which he has continued up to the present time. From 1866 to 1872 he was in partner- ship with the late William Barrett. For two 3'earshe was treasurer of Hillsborough county and from 1872 to 1876 postmaster of Nashua. In 1867 and 1868 and again in 1885 and in 1887 he was a member of the state legislature, serving the last two terms on the judiciary committee and as chairman of the committee on national affairs. Captain Atherton was a delegate to the Republican Na- tional convention at Chicago in 1884. At the beginning of President Harrison's administration he was appointed land commissioner for Samoa under the treaty of Berlin, and through his old comrade. Senator Redfield Proctor, then secretary of war, he was also offered the governor- ship of Alaska, both of which he declined. In 1890 he was elected member of the board of education for four years, and in 1893 and 1894 he was president of that body. Captain Atherton is a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M., ami is also a Scottish rite Mason of the 33d and last degree. He attends the service of the Pilgrim church. ,\s an attorney Captain .atherton is among the leading members of the New Hampshire bar. He prepares his cases with great care and presents them with tenacious regard for his clients' rights. In argument before a jury he bears himself with dignity and discusses the evidence he has sirbmitted in a clear and forcible light. Captain Atherton, however, is more than an attorney. He is a man of learning in the great field of general knowledge, a thinker and an essayist who develops his subject in terse expression that shows his newspaper training. Besides this he is an earnest and lucid public speaker, Ijoth on political and other themes, and has made many Memorial Day addresses that have instructed his comrades and other auditors and won for him general approbation. Captain Atherton is a member of John G. P'oster Post, G. A. R., and one of its past commanders. Captain Atherton was united in marriage at Ludlow, Vt., Jan. 7, 1861, with Abbie Louise Armington, daughter of Dea. Samuel Laton and Eunice fWatkins) Armington. Her grandfather, Stephen Watkins, was a soldier in the Revolution. She was a graduate of Black River academy* in Ludlow, where she also taught before her marriage. She was a member of tne Baptist church in that town — the church of her parents — from which she never severed her connection. After a long and painful illness she died at Nashua, Dec. 8, 1896. The children of their marriage are Maud, born in Nashua, Aug. 2, 1863, married Almon W. Griswold of New York, Sept. 23, 1885 ; Grace, born Feb. 8, 1869, married William F. Hazelton, M. D., of Spring- field, Vt., Dec. 29, 1892; Robert, born Sept. 26, 1872, died Aug. I, 1873; Anna H., born July 2, 1876; Henry F'rancis, born .\ug. 3, 1883. GEORGE ALLEN RAMSDELL. Hon. George A. Ramsdell was born in Milford March 11, 1834. He is a direct descendant of Abijah Ramsdell, who was born in England in 1695, and in early manhood came to America and settleed at Lynn, Mass., the line continu- ing through Abijah, 1730; William, 1766, married Mary Southward; William, 1803, married Maria A. Moore; to himself, 1834. These worthy sires were noted for strength and ruggedness of character. Captain William, 1803, being a man of rare intellectual capacity and possessed of a gift that enabled him to utilize his varied knowledge of men and things for entertainment and instruction at short notice and in addresses of power and eloquence for a man who was not a speaker by profession. On the maternal side he is a descendant of John Moore, who came from England in 1638 and settled in Sudbury, Mass., in the same year. The lineage is traced through six generations to Humphrey Moore, D. D., 177S, who married Hannah Peabody, to the subject of this sketch in the eighth generation. The genealogy intermingles on his father's side with the Hawthornes and other promi- nent families of Massachusetts, and on his mother's side with Francis Peabody, who settled in Hampton as early as 1635 and was the immigrant ancestor of George Pea- body, the philanthropist, and other noted families of New England. Mr. Ramsdell obtained his primary education in his native town and was fitted for college at Appleton aca- demy, now McCollom institute, Mont Vernon. He com- pleted a year at Amherst college, but was compelled by reason of delicate health to retire at the end of his sopho- more year. His ambition, however, to fit himself for a useful career did not end her«:. .After a season of rest he entered the office of Bainbridge Wadleigh at Milford and read law. He completed his profession in the office of Daniel Clark and Isaac W. Smith at Manchester, and in 1857 was admitted to the Hillsborough bar. Soon after he located at Peterboro where he remained six years in active practice. In 1864 he was appointed clerk of the supreme court of Hillborough county and removed to -Amherst, where he resided till 1866, when the records were moved to Nashua and he became a resident here. In 1887 he resigned the office mentioned and resumed the practice of his profession, forming a copartnership with Lyman D. Cook, under the firm name of Ramsdell & Cook. The firm continued in business three or four years, when banking responsibilities made such a demand upon Mr. Ramsdell's time that he gave up his court practice and became directly identified with the City Guaranty Savings bank as its treasurer, at the same time continuing as pres- ident of the First National bank. The duties of clerk of the court took Mr. Ramsdell out of active practice and, HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 403 therefore, he has not been known as an advocate before juries. His legal acumen, however, has been recognized by the bar and every justice of the supreme court in the past twenty-five years has appointed him referee and auditor in a large numVjer of important and perplexing civil actions. In this judicial cajiacity he has visited every county and all the large towns in the state. Mr. Ramsdell's ability and impartiality in weighing evidence has never been called in ((uestion, and although he has determined many causes, often involving large pecuniary interests in which it frequently hap- pened that bitter feeling was engen- dered, there have been Imt few ap- peals from his judgment and no aspersion relative to motive. This honorable record was recognized by Gov. John B . Smith, who, on the death of Judge W- len in 1893, tend- ered him a seat on the supreme bench, which he rel u ctan tly de- clined. Meantime Dartmouth col- lege honored him with the degree of A. M. But Mr. Ramsdell has not devoted his time and attention wholly to the in- tricate problems and science of the law. He has ad- ministered upon a large number of private estates, and carried many responsibilities in connection with personal and cor- poration invest- ments, the wisdom of his judgment be- ingapparent in the fact that those who have relied upon his sagacity have never had cause to regret it. He has been identified in the temperance movement and responsive in everything incepted to promote the moral well-being of society and guard the home. Mr. Ramsdell was the orator at the dedication of the modern town hall buildings in his native place in 1870, and for some time past has been engaged in gathering material for a history of the town. Mr. Ramsdell's public career includes ten years" service on the board of education, twenty years as truste of thee ^/2^ ^^<^>2^tf^^ public library, and many other places of trust and re- sponsibility. In 1870, 1871 and 1872 he was a member of the legislature. He served upon the judiciary and other important committees, and won an enviable reputation as a careful and painstaking law-maker, a luminous and convincing debater and a man whom no influence could swerve from the path of duty. In fact many of his con- stituents remember with pride his staying qualities in in the great struggle in the house in 1871, when, Bain- bridge Wadleigh having spoken on the previous ques- tion till his voice failed, and need- ing a substitute to hold the floor till morning, Mr. Ramsdell stepped into the breach and spoke six hours with scarce- ly an intermission. In this and many other trying epi- sodes in that re- markable legisla- tive body, as in the performance of duty as a citi- zen, he has been a leader of the peo- ple and a fearless advocate of what he believed to be right. Mr. Rams- dell was a working member of the constitutional convention of 1876 and represented the third district in the governor's council in 1891 and 1S92. In the Republican guber- natorial conven- tion of 1894, com- posed of nearly eight hundred delegates, he re- ceived a flattering vote, and in the convention of 1896 he received the distinguisheil hon- or of being nomi- nated by acclama- tion and without a dissenting vote. In the election that followed he was cho.sen governor by the largest majority (17.977) e^'^"" given a candidate in the history of the state. .\niong the minor yet equally important positions in which Mr. Ramsdell has served the people of Nashua and the state may be mentioned that of president for sev- eral years of the board of trustees of the Slate Industrial school at Manchester and trustee of the Orphans' home at Tranklin, being at the present time a member of the ^A.^^^_y 404 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. last named board. He has been many times earnestly solicited to stand as the republican candidate for mayor of the city, but owing to onerous duties in the positions mentioned, and the added fact that his duties as president of the First National bank, treasurer of the City Guaranty Savings bank, director in the Wilton Railroad company, in the Peterborough railroad, in the Jackson company, in the Nashua Manufacturing company, besides other clients whose interests he must guard in the supreme and pro. bate courts, the management of the ancestral farm at Milford and prop- er attention to his private affairs, he has been com- pelled to decline the honor. Mr. Ramsdell was made a Mason in A 1 1 e r m o n t lodge, A. F. and A. M., at Peter- borough, while residing there and is now a member of Rising Sun lodge in Nashua and a Scottish rite Mason of the 32d degree in Edward A. Raymond con- sistory. In his religious convictions he is a liberal Congrega- tionalist and a member of the First church of that denomination in Nashua. Nei- ther his religious, social or masonic life are marked or marred by display or a forbidding spirit. The sum- mary, therefore, of Mr. Ramsdell's career is valuable to the readers of this work in im- pressing a useful lesson upon the mind of genera- tions to come, and as a reminder that the belter way of life, and the surer hope of happiness is in keeping in close touch with the teachings of the book of books. Mr. Ramsdell was united in marriage in November, iS6o, with Eliza D. Wilson, born Sept. 5, 1836, and daughter of David and Margaret (Dinsmore) Wilson of Deering. She is a descendant, paternally, of David Wilson, and maternally of John Dinsmore, both of whom were immigrants in the Scotch-Irish colony that settled in Londonderr)' about 1719. Four children have been born of their marriage: Harry W., born Feb. i, 1862, married Mary L. Scott, daughter of Col. Charles Scott of Peterborough; Arthur D., born Aug. 2, 1864; Charles T., born July 6, 1866, married Jessie M. Austin of Denton, Tex. ; Anne M., born Dec. 8, 1873. EDWARD EVERETT PARKER. Hon. Edward E. Parker was born in Brookline, Jan. 7, 1842. He is a son of James and Deverd (Corey) Parker and a descendant, both paternally and maternalh-, from English families that came to this countr}- about 1660 and settled in Ty ngsborough and Groton. His grandfather was one of the first setilers in Brook- line. He held many important trusts in the town government a n d was its s e c o n d representative in the legislature fol- lowing its incor- poration in 1779. His grandmother, Sarah (Boynton) Parker, was a de- scendant of John Boynton and Wil- liam Boynton who came to America from Yorkshire, Eng., and settled in Rowley, Mass., in 1638, and whose children and chil- dren's children have been promi- nent in every sta- tion of life. His maternal great g r a n d m o t h e r , Prudence (Cum- mings) Wright, wife of David Wright of Pepper- ell, Mass., com- manded the band of patriotic women of that town who arrested the notorious tory. Col. Leon- ard Whiting at Jewett's bridge in April, 1775, on the morning after the fight on Lexington green , as he was on his way from Canada with dispatches for the British in Boston. The news of the British's march was brought into Pepperell by Dea. John Boynton, an ancestor of Mr. Parker. The minute men responded and marched imme- diately. The ^vonlen resolved that no enemy of the Cl.. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 405 country slunild pass tlie bridge. Tliey inel, orjjani/.ed and chose Mrs. Wright as coniniauder. The next morn- ing, dressed in men's clothes and armed with pitchforks, scythes, etc., the}' assembled at the bridge under the command of Mrs. Wright. The clatter of horses hoofs soon announced W'hiting's approach ; he was seen, recog- nized and arrested, and the disloyal dispatches found in one of his boots. The dispatches were forwarded to the committee of safety at Cambridge and he was sent as a ])risoner to Groton, Mass., and is said to have been con- lineil during the rest of the war. A. granite la1)let, appro- liriatelv iTiscribed, commemorative of the affair, erected liv Jlrs. II. .■\. Pevear of I.ynn, Mass., a granddaughter of Mrs. Wright, now stands Ijy the highway at the west end of the bridge. Judge Parker, like the boys of the forties, allended the district school, fie then became a student at Phillips' I'^xeter academy. In 1863 lie left Phillips and entered .\ppleton academy at Mont Vernon where he was gradu- ated in 1863. Meantime he determined to serve his country, and Aug. 20, 1863, enlisted in the United States navy. He was detailed on board brig Perry — the last sailing brig admitted to the service — and was soon ap- pointed yeoman of the vessel, a position which he con- tinued to hold till he was discharged from the service, at Philadelphia in October, 1864, by reason of the expiration of his term of enlistment. In the spring of 1865 he returned to his books with a determination to complete his education. He entered Colby academy at New London, graduated there in the summer and entered Dartmouth college in the autumn, where he was gradu- ated in the class of 1869, being the centennial poet at the commencement exercises in that year. Following his graduation Judge Parker accepted the position of princi- pal of Warrensburg academy at Warrensburg, N. Y., and held the position one j'ear, when he resigned and returned to New England to become principal of the high school at Wareham, Mass. Meantime he decided to make the law his profession, and so he resigned his position at the end of his first term and entered the office of Thomas Cunning- ham at Warrensbvirg, N. Y., where he remained six months. Returning again to New England and feeling the necessity of saving money with which to pursue his studies, he accepted the position of principal of the high school at Middlesboro, Mass., and taught one year. In .\ugust, 1871, Judge Parker became a resident of Nashua. He entered the office of Gen. Aaron P. Stevens, and while studying law was principal of a Nashua evening school and engaged from time to time in reporting state cases before the supreme court for the newspapers. Judge Parker was admitted to the Hillsborough bar at the March term of the court, then held at Amherst, in 1873. Immediately after he formed a co-partnership with Gen- eral Stevens under the firm name of Stevens & Parker, which continued until about 1880. He was city solicitor in 1876 and 1S77, and in 1879 on the resignation of Judge Henry E. Burnham of Manchester, was appointed judge of probate by Governor Cheney, a position which he still holds. He has given the city six years of faithful and valuable service on the board of education and has been identified with many of the projects that have been employed for the development and advancement of the interests of Nashua. Judge Parker was made a Mason in Denevolent lodge, .A. F. and A. M. of Milford in 1868, is a Knight of Pythias and a member of John G. Foster post, G. .A. R., of which he is past coniniander. He has held appointments on the G. A. R. commander-in-chief's staff and has served twice as judge advocate general, the last time in 1893. He was a delegale-at-large to the National encampment, G. A. R., at I^ouisville, Ky., in September, 1895. .\s a lawyer Judge Parker stands high in his profession ; as judge of probate his decisions have invariably stood the test of the supreme court, while his sincerity of pur- pose to mete out fair and impartial justice and in every way in his power protect the interests of legacies and legatees has never been called in question. In fact it may be said — for it is absolutely true — that he is one of the fairest minded and most conscientous public officials in the county. He is, however, more than teacher, law- yer and upright judge. He is an interesting talker and public speaker whose only handicap is his inborn mod- esty. Added to this is the instinct and hand of an artist, and the mind of a poet ; excelling in the latter gift to the extent of having composed for public events, dedications of soldiers' and sailors' monuments, some of the best descriptive verse in our language, and given to m.'igazines and newspapers humorous waifs and poems of beauty, fancy and ideal thought. Judge Parker's latest work may be found in the historical department of this work of which he was the editor. Judge Parker was united in marriage Dec. 20, 1877, with Alice Prince Hammond, youngest daughter of Dr. Evan B. and Sarah .\nn (.\danis) Hammond, whose lineage is given in a sketch of the life of the former, which appears in this work. The children of their marriage are Rena Deverd, born Nov. 23, 1878, and Edna Alice, born Dec. 13, iS8o. JAMES BOUTELLE FASSETT. Hon. James B. Fassett was born at Enosburg, Vt., March 4, 1833, died at Nashua, Feb. 3. 1889. He was a son of Hiram and Cynthia (.\dams) Fassett and a descendant of Judge John Fassett of Bennington, Yt., the genealogy of the family reaching back into the mother country and its lineage including many of the brightest minds and most distinguished men in Great Britain and America. On the maternal side he was a descendant of Henry Adams of Braiutree, Mass., a race of men who trace their lineage through fifteen generations to .Ap Adam. (See genealogy of Mrs. Hammond, in sketch of Evan B. Hammond, in this work. ) Judge Fassett was educated in the public schools of his native place and at New London academy, graduating at the latter institution. Following his graduation he taught school at Franklin, Vt., Medina, O., Wolfe- borough, Hillsborough, Hudson, HoUis and Deering. In :862 he gave up teaching as a profession and entered the office of John Y. Mugridge at Concord and later attended Harvard Law school, after which, in 1864, he located at Nashua and practiced his profession until his last sick- ness. He was commissioned justice of the police court in 1876 by Gov. Person C. Cheney and held that respon- sible position till his death. Judge Fassett was a mem- ber of the board of education six years, being president of the organization the last three years of his service. He also represented his ward in the constitutional con- vention of 1889. He attended the Unitarian church and was a F'ree Mason. 4o6 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. As a lawyer Judge Fassett was able and conservative, as a judge he was careful, consistent in his ruling and inflexible in his purpose to deal justly, while leaning JAMES BOUTELLE FASSEIT. toward the side of mercy. His perceptive faculties were remarkably well developed, and contributed in no small degree to his success as a judge ; as did his gentlemanly bearing and social qualities to increase the respect and esteem in which he was held by his fellow citizens. As an educator he ranked high, and, in the department of which he made special study — mathematics — he excelled beyond most professors and authors. He was deeply interested in whatever affected in any way the interests of the public schools and was ever ready to solve hard problems for students who sought his aid. He was democratic in all things, and no men of his generation have attained greater popularity among their fellow-citi- zens. This came about in part through the fact that he had an even temperament, was a model of physical pro- portions, an athlete and a promoter of the sports of the field. He was with all else a great lover of domestic animals and always the owner of a perfect horse. In a word Judge Fassett was an all round man, such as the great masses of the people admire and follow. Judge Fassett was united in marriage Sept. 9, 1S67, with Ellen M. Morrill, daughter of Hon. Hiram T., and Anne (Mason) Morrill of Nashua. Seven children were born of their marriage : James H., born Jan. 11, 1869, graduated at Dartmouth college and at the present time, 1895, superintendent of the public schools of Nashua; Annie M., born Aug. 25, 1871 ; Nellie M.. born Sept. 22, 1873, died Dec. 31, 1876; William M., born Jan. 28, 1876, at the present time a cadet at the United States Military aca- demy. West Point. Alice E., born Aug. 3, 1877; Mary A., born Nov. 27, 1879; Charles .\., born .\pril 21, 1884. EDWARD HILL WASON. Edward H. Wason, son of George A. Wason, was born at New Boston, Sept. 2, 1865. He obtained his education at Francestown academy and at the New Hampshire Col- lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, graduating from the last named institution with the degree of B. S. in the class of 1886. Following his graduation he read law in the office of George B. French at Nashua, and later attended lectures at the Boston University School of Law, where he was graduated in the class of 1890 with the degree of LL. B. He was admitted to the New Hamp- shire bar in March, i8go, and immediately after opened an ofiice here. In 1894, and again in 1895, he was chosen city solicitor, in the office of which he has shown tact and good ability, the awards against the city for damages having been reduced to a minimum. Mr. Wason's suc- cess at the bar has been such as to give promise of a brilliant future. He is in company with George F. Jack- son, the firm name being Wason & Jackson. Mr. Wason has been prominent in the affairs of the city and in politics. He has also had valuable experience as a school master, having taught several terms as principal of the Main Street Evening school while pursuing his law studies. In 1887 he was chosen sergeant-at-arms of the New Hampshire senate and in 1889 was re-elected to the same position. In i8gi he was chosen assistant clerk of the same body, and in 1893 he was re-elected to the same position. In 1895 he was chosen clerk of the same body, all of which attests his popularity and influence in his party. In 1891 Mr. Wason was elected a member of the Nashua board of education, and in January, 1895, his associates recognized the valuable service he had rendered by electing him president of that body. He is treasurer of the Nashua Driving Park association, a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M., of which he is a past master, Meridan Sun Royal Arch chapter, Israel Hunt council and St. George commandry, K. T., Edward A. EDWARD lUEL W.V.SON. Raymond consistory, and .\lleppo temple of Boston, also of Nashua lodge, K. of P., and the City Guards club. Mr. Wason is unmarried. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 407 EDWARD STEARNS CUTTHR. FVlward S. Cutter was born in Jaffrey, JIarcli 27, 1822. lie is a son of Daniel and Sally (Jones) Cutter. Mr. Cutter is a descendant of Richard Cutter, who emigrated to this country from Newcastle, Eng., in 1640 and settled at Cambridge, Mass. His maternal grandmother was a descendant of Henry Hastings, fifth earl of Huntington. Tie is a lineal descendant of Rev. Peter Hobart, a graduate from Oxford college and an immigrant who became the first settled min- ister at Hingham, Mass., and also from John Pres- cott, fourth gen- eration from James of Standish, 1564, who came to Boston and Water- town in 1640 and was the progenitor of Col. William I'rescott of Revo- lutionary fame, and William H. I'rescott the his- torian. On the maternal side his ancestors were first settlers of Bedford, Mass . , Col. Timothy- Jones of that place being his grandfather, (see Brown's history of Bedford). Three of his an- cestors, including the last mention- ed, were in the Revolutionarv War. Mr. Cutter fitted for college at Xew Ipswich academy, and was graduated from Dartmouth college in 1844, ranking in schol- arship among the best in his class, which included ex-(;ov. Charles H. Bell, Col. John H. George, Con- gressman A. A. Ranney and Judge Mellen Chaniberlin of Massachusetts, and several others who have become dis- tinguished in public life. He read law with James Walker in Peterborough and afterwards with Daniel Clark in Manchester, and was admitted to the bar in December, 1848. Mr. Cutter commenced the practice of his profession in Peterborough and continued there in practice till 1858 when he was apjiointcd clerk of the supreme judicial court and court of common pleas for Hillsborough county, which office he held until June, 1864, when he resigned. Me removed to Manchester and practiced law there and in Boston until 1876, when he came to Nashua. Mr. Cutter is still in practice, (1895;, in partnership with his son, Henry A. Cutter. He is a well read, careful and prudent attorney, who finds favor and clients among conservative people who seek to con- duct their important business without legal flaws and thus guard themselves against the vexations incidental to acrimonious litigation. In early life Mr. Cutter was a prominent leader in the politics of Hillsborough county, but since settling in Nash- ua he has not been active in public affairs and yet his party asso- ciates insisted on supporting him at the polls for sena- tor and one or two other important offices. He has, however, pub- licly advocated modern innova- tions in state laws, instanced by the Australian ballot and other popular enactments. Mr. Cutter was, for several years after he came to Nash- ua, a member of the state board of equalization. He has been a fre- quent contributor to newspapers and other publica- tions, and is the author of the chapter on the " Bench and Bar," in this work. Mr. Cutter is a mem- ber of the First Congregational church and socie- ty, of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M., and Mt. Horeb chapter. Adoniram council, and Trinity conimandery, K. T., Man- chester. Jlr. Cutter has been twice married : first. May 21, 1850, to Janette Swan, daughter of Samuel and Janet (Steele) Swan of Peterborough. She died in Amherst, Sept. 14, 1873. Mr. Cutter married for a second wife Sarah K. Lord of Limiiigton, Me., Dec. 31, 1874. His children were all by his first marriage: Edward Jones, born July 5, 1855, a physician and surgeon of Leominster, Mass., who married Nellie D. Greeley, oldest daughter of 4o8 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. J. Thornton and Hannah A. (Morrison) Greeley, June 15. 1887; Henry Arthur, born Oct. 27, 1857, attorney, Nashua, who married Katharine M. Greeley (sister of Nellie D.,) Oct. 7, 1885; Annie Louise, born June 13, 1863, died Aug. 31, 1877; Leonard Taylor, born Nov. 3, 1871, now a cadet in the United States revenue service. GEORGE B. FRENCH. George B. French was born at Tuftonborough, Nov. 27. 1846. He is a son of James and Eveline .\. (Moulton^ French. His pa- ternal ancestors were among the first settlers on the eastern shore of Winuipesaukee. On the maternal side his ancestors were pioneers of the wilderness. They helped set- tle the town where they resided and named it Moulton- borough, which name it has borne ever since. Mr. French be- gan his education in the public schools of Moul- tonborough, to which place his parents removed when he was about five years of age, and fitted for col- lege at the New Hampshire Con- ference Seminary and Female Col- lege at Tilton, be- ing a student there in 1866, 1867 and 1868. He entered Dartmouth col- lege in the last year mentioned and was graduated in 1872. Follow- ing his graduation he was principal of the high school in Mil ford two years, after which he read law one year in the office of Wadleigh & Wallace. Mr. French was influenced to make the law his profession through early impressions on his mind of a brother of his mother, a young man whose professional career was cut short by death. Leaving the office of Wadleigh & Wallace, Mr. French went to Boston and continued his studies in the office of Nathan Morse, a former partner of A. A. Rauney, and attended lectures at the Boston university. He was examined and admitted to practce in Boston, May 24, 1876. On the first day of the following September he removed to Nashua and began l.EDJit.l'. B. KKlixeu. the practice of his profession here, and here he has remained ever since. The prominence and success that Mr. I'rench has at- tained in his profession warrants the statement that he ranks among the best practitioners in New Hampshire. He has a methodical mind, firmness of conviction, de- cision, and is nervously energetic in whatever cause he is engaged. Nothing goes by default with Mr. French. In fact, he makes a careful and painstaking study— often fathoming puzzling mysteries with the ability of a de- tective — of every case in which he is retained, and hence it happens that when he en- ters upon a trial he is fully pre- pared to parry his opponent and meet the issue. With him there is none of the hesi- tancy a n d half- heartedness that often weakens a cause. On the other hand he is earnest, forciljle and direct, keep- ing the balance of attention of court and juror directed to the problems involved on his side. In a word, no e le ni e n t of weakness is per- mitted to creep in, and no impression given that he en- tertains any doubt concerning the final outcome. Mr. French has ni ad c successful issue in a large number of cases that were involved in deception, fraud a n d even forgery, many of which have be- come noteworth}'. His success before a jurj- in summing up is found in a remarkable faculty for grouping, explaining and arguing scattered and ap- parently conflicting testimony in a manner that, without attempt at oratory or figurative speech, is persuasive and effective. In a word, he is an all round lawyer, in coun- sel reliable, in preparation and trial of causes intense, and when questions of law- carry him to the full bench he is there found with untiring tenacity, searching ever\' corner for authority and every legal principle to sustain his cause. Mr. French is also an interesting and in- structive speaker, but, owing to the demands upon his HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. time ill his profession, appears hut seldom before the public. Mr. French gave the city several years of faithful and valuable service as a member of the board of education and represented Ward four in the constitutional conven- tion of 1889. He was appointed by Governor Goodale as one of the commissioners to revise the statutes of \ew Hampshire, but resigned before entering upon the work, not being able to see his way clear to devote the necessary time to it. Mr. French is president of the Nashua Trust company, a mem- ber of the First Congregation a 1 society and of Ancient York lodge, A. F. and A. M. With all else Mr. French is an enthusiastic sportsman. He is the owner, with Dr. R. F. McQues- ten, Dr. Bradford Allen, William H. Beasom, Charles J. Hamblett and others of a club- house in the wil- derness of Maine and thither at cer- tain seasons of the j'ear, with one or more of the gentlemen men- tioned, he goes for rest, recreation, and the pleasure that comes of fish- ing, hunting and roughing it. Mr. French was united in marriage at Milford, Dec. 24, 1879, with Sarah F. Burn- ham, daughter of D. S. and Harriet M. Burnham of that place. Four children have been born of their marriage : Ruth H., Robert A., Helen B., and George M. HENRY ARTHUR CUTTER. Henry A. Cutter was born in Peterborough, Oct. 27, 1857. He is a son of Edward S. and Janette (Swan) Cutter. (For ancestors see sketch of his father J. Mr. Cutter obtained his primary education in the schools of 409 Manchester, to which place his parents moved in 1864, and was graduated in the English High school in Boston in the class of 1875, and at the Boston Tniversity Law school, class of 1879. He was admitted to the bar March 19, 1880, at Concord, and to the bar of the United States circuit court Dec. 27, 1882. Mr. Cutter has been in partner- ship with liis father since his a.lmission to the profession. He is an attorney who has a thorough knowledgeof the law, who prepares his cases and presents them in a systematic and comprehen- sive manner, main- taininghisclients" interest with vigor and with clearness and force of argu- ment. Mr. Cutter has been quite an extensive traveler, having been in every state a n d territory in the union, made three ocean voyages across the .Atlantic and traveled over a great part of F.urope. In addi- tion to his law business he takes an active part in public affairs. He was for some time a trustee of the Mechanics' Sav- ings bank, and a director in the Security Trust company, and is also a director in the Peterborough railroad. It is to Mr. Cutter's credit that he organized the Nashua Board of Trade of which he was secretary three years, and which did some effective and val- uable work in lo- cating industries here. Hewasalso one of the organi- zers and promot- ers of the Masonic building, being secretary of the corporation. Mr. Cutter is a member of the First Congregational society, of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M., of which he was mas- ter in 1884 and 18S5, of Meridian Sun Royal Arch chapter, and of St. George commandery, K. T. He is also a mem- ber of the order of Sons of the American Revolutoin. Mr. Cutter was united in marriage Oct. 7, 1885 with. 4IO HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Katherine M. Greele\'. Mrs. Cutter is a direct descendant of Matthew Thornton, the signer of the Declaration of Independence. Her great grandfather was a Revolution- ary- soldier and was one of two from this section who were wounded at Bunker Hill. Her grandfather was Col. Joseph Greeley, who was a verj' successful man, and prominent in the affairs of Nashua in the early part of the century. He was one of those who started the Nashua Manufacturing company, was an incorporator of the In- dian Head National bank and its first president. Many other institutions owe their establisnient to him in part. Horace Greeley, the famous journalist, was related to the family. On the maternal side her ancestors are the Morrisons, Dinsmores and Nesmiths of Londonderry and Windham, families that have been conspicuous in the state since colonial times. The children of their marriage are : Janet, born Jan. 20, 1889; Madeleine, born Dec. 6, 1890. JOSEPH B. PARKER. Joseph B. Parker was born in Hollis, Sept. i. 1840. His career furnishes a forcible illustration of what a young man mav accomplish by perseverance and a determina- JOSEPH R. PARKER. tion to win success. He obtained a good common school education in his native town, but this did not satisfy his ambition. He therefore entered Dartmouth college and by making a manly struggle — sawing wood, taking care of a horse, at one time keeping a boarding-house with forty boarders, and also keeping a bookstore, succeeded in his purpose, and was graduated with the degree of B. A. in the class of 1869, and received the degree of A. M. in 1872. During his college days and after graduating he read law in the office of William H. Duncan. He came to Nashua in 1876, was admitted to the bar in 1877, and commenced the practice of his profession in Septem- ber of that year. Mr. Parker has done a large amount of business as a real estate agent and as agent of the Massa- chusetts Mutual P^ire Insurance company, besides taking good care of the interests of innumerable clients. He was united in mariage Feb. 8, 1882, with Emma L. Blake daughter of E. N. Blake of Woburn, Mass. He is a member of the First Congregational church. CHARLES J. HAMBLETT. Charles J. Hamblett, son of Judson A. and Marj' J. (Perkins) Hamblett, was born in Nashua, Jan. 31, 1862. He is a descendant on both the paternal and maternal side iii.\i;i.i> |. iiAMHi.irn. of Scotch-Irish ancestors who came from the north of Ireland and settled in Londonderry. Mr. Hamblett's parents moved to Milford shortly after the birth of their son and it was in the public schools of that town that he laid the foundation of his education. He afterwards became a student at the academy in Fran- cestown, at which place he completed his academic studies preparatory to taking up his profession. Mr. Hamblett then entered the law office of Judge Robert M. Wallace at Milford, where he read law several months. Later he read law and studied in the office of ex-United States Senator Bainbridge Wadleigh in Boston, and finally, after a full course of study, was graduated at the law school of the Bo.ston university. He was admitted to the New Hampshire bar in 1889 and at once opened an office in Nashua. Mr. Hamblett has always taken a very decided interest in public affairs. He served the state in 1887 as assistant clerk of the senate, and in 1889 as clerk. In 1891 , 1892 and 1893 he was city solicitor of Nashua and from 1894 to 1897, three years, was president of the common council of Nashua. Besides these conspicuous positions he has held other trusts, in private bodies and societies, in all of which he has won the admiration and esteem of his associates. Mr. Hamblett possesses good natural and acquired ability. He is a good lawyer and an earnest man in what- ever he undertakes. In politics he is a republican, and in every campaign since attaining his niajori;y he has, under the auspices of the state committee, addressed the people of the state upon pending issues. He is a brilliant HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 411 and forceful speaker whose services are always in ileniaml not alone in political campaigns, but as a Memorial Day orator and addresses upon widely different themes. Mr. Ilaniblett was united in marriage Oct. 4, 1894, with Georgie K. Stevens, daugliter of David and Cornelia (Sawtelle) Stevens of Nashua. Mrs. Hamblett is a de- scendant of an Knglish family that came to this country in early colonial days. One child, a daughter, has been 1)orn of their marriage. They attend the services of the First Congregational cliurch. GEORGE F. JACKSON. George F. Jackson was Ijorn at Canning, N. S., l''eb. i.), 1864. He is a son of James T. and Sarah R. (Smith) Jack- son. On the paternal side he is a descendant of William Jackson of Medford, N. S., whose father was a native of Lancashire, F'ng., and on the maternal side of James Smith of (_)ldtown, Me., his grandfather being William Smith of Windsor, N. S. His genealogy connects him with the Shaws, Aikins, Vaugns and Parmenters all prominent families in Nova Scotia, the Vaugns coming from London, Eng., and the others from Rhode Island. Mr. Jackson was educated in the Rice, Dwight and Lowell public schools of Boston, Mass., to which place his parents removed when he was a child. T'pon leaving school he entered the dry goods trade in a Boston house where he remained three years. He then accepted a posi- tion as travelling salesmen for a fancy goods and import- ing house and was on the road some more than four years. Tiring of travelling he came to Nashua and obtained employment in the mills of the Nashua Card and Glazed Paper company, where, Feb. 4, 1888, while at work on a plating mahine, he met with an accident by which he lost his right forearm. Shortly after his recovery he decided to read law and for that purpose entered the office of Capt. Henry B. Atherton, where he pursued the study- of law for two years. Then entering the Boston University school of law he received his technical training and two years later was graduated with the degree of LL. B., having taken the entire three years' course in two. Upon the following July he was examined at Concord for admission to the bar in this state, and after a searching examination of two entire days he was admitted as an attorney and counsellor at law, standing at the head of a class of thirteen candidates for admission. He imme- diately formed a co-partnership with Edward H. Wason, under the firm name of Wason & Jackson. He was elected city solicitor in 1897. r>- ^ ClKOlUiK !•'. I.XCKSON. I\Ir. Jackson is something more than a successful attor- nev. He is an active society man, being a member of John Hancock lodge, A. V. and A. M., Mount Vernon Royal Arch chapter, Roxbury Council of Royal and Select Masters and Joseph Warren comraandery of Knights Templar of Boston. He is a member of Penni- chuck lodge, I. O. O. F., Evening Star lodge, K. of P. and W'atananock Tribe of Red Men of Nashua, the Phi Delta Phi law fraternity and the Signia Alpha Epsilon college fraternity and was for five years a member of the RoxI)ury City guards. Company D, First regiment, Mas- sachusetts volunteer militia, and is at present a member of the Roxbury Artillery \'eteran association of Boston. Mr. Jackson was united in marriage Dec. 31, 1888, with Mabel L. Alexander, daughter of Don P. and Martha (Clement) Alexander of Nashua. 412 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. THE BENCH AND THE BAR. T!V E. S. CUTTER. IN THE early settlement of New England every town of any considerable importance, present or prospective, had among its inhabitants a member of the legal profession. The exigencies of the times seem to have demanded the aid of a resident lawyer immediately accessible for consulta- tion. The administration of the municipal affairs of the towns in those early times, the laying out and building of public highwaj-s, the settlement of disputed boundary lines between adjoining land owners, the conveyance of land titles among a people little accustomed to the rules and forms of law, and the enforcement of laws against criminal offences, taken in consideration of the lack of facilities for communication between one town and another, owing to the want of good roads, all combined to demand the presence and aid of a resident attorney ; and throughout New Hampshire from Massachusetts to the borders of Canada in those early times and down to the present century, in every village of any considerable size, could be seen the lawj^er's office located on some central street or square usually a small one-story wooden structure, in size about twenty by twenty-five feet, with a hipped roof, the door in front near one corner, with a lawyer's sign over it. Such was the typical lawyer's office in those early days. It was a center of influence and information for the country around, and thither came the farmers and the villagers with their questions of law, of politics, of economics and sometimes of theology, for the village "squire " was supposed to know almost every- thing on every subject, and "what he did not know" the old farmers used to say "wasn't worth knowing." The lawyers in those times were all or nearly all graduates of some one of our New England colleges, — in southern New Hampshire mosth' of Harvard University, — gentlemen of culture for those times, of broad practical scholarship and knowledge of affairs. They held the office of a justice of the peace at a time when that office was bestowed upon a few only and was considered an honor and a distinction, while at the present time, (1897), it is merely an office of business convenience. The influence of the legal profession in those formative times, scat- tered as were its members among the towns throughout the state in moulding and directing the municipal governments of the towns, those miniature republics which formed the bed-rock of the larger and more magnificent republics of the state and the nation, was salutary and invaluable; and the population of agricultural New England during the first half of the present century furnished the best population known in history for the support and maintenance of a republican form of government, the farmers residing on the hillsides and in the valleys owning the farms on which they lived, which with assiduous cultivation produced in abundance all the necessaries of life. Soon after the early settlements became permanently established on the banks of the Nashua river between Mine Falls and its confluence with the Merrimack river, con.stituting Indian Head village in Dumstable, as that village was fir.st termed, before Nashua was incorporated, Daniel Abbot, a young lawyer who had for a short time been practising his profession at Londonderry, left that place and came to Dunstable and opened a law office. He was the first lawyer settled within the confines of Nashua. He was born in Andover, Mass., Feb. 25, 1777 and was a son of Timothy and Sarah (Abbot) Abbot, one of the leading and most ancient families in that town and a lineal descen- dant from Cxeorge Abbot, one of its first .settlers. He was a graduate of Harvard University in the class of 1797,— studied for his profession first in the office of Ichabod Tucker in Haverhill, Mass., and finished his student course in the office of Thomas W. Thompson in Salisbury at that time, one of the leading lawyers in New Hampshire, was admitted to the bar in 1802 and soon after opened a law office in Londonderry, where he remained till the next year, 1803, when he removed to Dun.stable. The first law office occupied by Mr. Abbot in Dunstable was in the south part of the village, south of the "Harbor" as now known and near where the old meeting-house stood. Subsequently he occupied an office in a new building standing where the Whiting now stands, called "The Tontine," and later on he built a dwelling-house for himself and family on the north side of the square which bears his name and an office immediately east of it on the same square, which he con- tinued to occupy as a law office until his death. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 4,3 111 i,Si6 Henjaiiiiii 1". French coiiiiiienced the practice of hiw in Dunstable. Me was the son of Frederick and Grace ( Hlaiichard) French, born in Dunstable on the second day of October, 1791, a graduate of Dartmouth College in the class of 1812, studied law in the office of Charles H. Ath- ertoii ill Amherst, was admitted to the bar in 18 16 and immediately opened a law office in his native town. He was for many years a partner in the law practice with Daniel Abbot under the style of Abbot .\: French till 1831, when he received the appointment of agent of the Jackson company, then recently organized, which office he held for several years with great credit to himself and success to the manufacturing company. Afterwards he received the appointment of agent for the Boott Mills in Lowell, Ma.ss., to which place he then removed and there resided till his death, May 16, 1S53. Nov. 15, 18 19, he was united in marriage with Mary vSouthgate Iceland, of Saco, Maine, daughter of Hon. Joseph Lelaiid and sister of the wife of the late Dr. Nathan Ix)rd of Hanover, for many years president of Dartmouth College. Mr. French was a gentleman of scholarly atlainiiients, literary ta.ste and cultured manners, and was a leader in social life. As a lawyer he was well ver.sed in his profession, and his opinions on questions of law and his excellent judgment in matters of business commanded universal respect among his townsmen. He was elected a representative from his native town to the General Court in 1825, 1826 and i82y. Peter Clark, Jr., was in the practice of law in Nashua from 1833 to 1841. He was born in Lynde- borough April 29, 1810, son of Peter and Jane (Aiken) Clark, a graduate of Dartmouth College in the class of 1S29 ; studied law in the office of Hon. Edmund Parker in Amherst and at the New Haven Law School, was admitted to the bar in 1832 and first opened an office for the practice of law in Frances- town, where he remained one year and then removed to Dun.stable (Nashua). Mr. Clark was thoroughly versed in the law and took a high rank in his profession. He was a gentleman of fine lit- erary tasts, of popular address and superior business talent. His talent for general business tended to withdraw him from the more immediate practice of his profession and turned his attention to more active business affairs. He took a very active part in the building of the Concord railroad, and for several years and at the time of his death was the treasurer of the corporation. He was married on the twenty-eighth day of May, 1834, to Susan, the daughter of Nathaniel Lord of Kennebunkport, Maine, by whom he had four children. Mr. Clark died on the twenty-ninth day of May, 1841, at Nashua. Hon. Charles F. Gove was born at Goffstown, May 13, 1793, died at Nashua Oct. 21, 1856. He was a son of Dr. Jonathan and Polly (Dow) Gove. He was graduated at Dartmouth college in the class of 1817, read law in the office of Josiah Forsaith in his native town and at the Dane law school, and was graduated at the Harvard law school in 1820 with the degree of LL.B. He practiced in Goffstown till 1839, when he removed to Nashua. During his residence in Goff.sto\vn he served the town as clerk two years, was assistant clerk of the house of representatives in 1829, representative in the legislature in 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833 and 1834, and was a member of the .senate and its president in 1835. He was solicitor of Hillsborough county in 1834 and 1835, when he was appointed attorney- general of the state and served until 1842. He was circuit judge of the court of common jjleas from 1842 to 1843, and then became superintendent of the Nashua & Lowell railroad, which position he held until his death. He was a man of great energy of mind but unfortunately possessed a feeble constitution. He married, Sept. 22, 1844, Mary Kennedy, daughter of Ziba Gay of Nashua. General Aaron F. Stevens was born at Londonderry, now Derry, Aug. 9, 18 19; died at Nashua May ID, 1887. He was the only son of Capt. John F\ and Martha Stevens, both of whom were natives of Massachusetts. Captain Stevens, who had followed the sea for many years, settled at Londonderry shortly before the birth of his .son. Here he remained until 1828, when he removed to Manchester. Three years laterhis parents removed to Peterborough, where they remained until 1838, when they settled in Nashua. At Peterborough he worked in a factory under the management of Governor Steele, and during his residence there alternated between the mill and the public school. In the meantime the savings of the family enabled him to return to his native place and attend the Piukerton academy. About the time of his settlement in Nashua he learned the niachini.st's trade. He was, however, ambitious to fit himself for a profession, and one evening while attending the trial ^14 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. of a case in which the late Judge George Y. Saw^-er was counsel, he made up his mind that the law offered him a field in which he could hope to succeed. Shortl_v after he called on Judge vSawyer and unbosomed himself. Judge Sawyer, who had a keen insight into character, was favorably impressed with him, and while encouraging him in his desire, urged the necessity of obtaining more of an education than he possessed. For two or three years he toiled early and late at his trade, and, with the assistance of his sisters, attended the Nashua Literary institution, of which Proft David Crosby, who fitted scores of young men for useful and honorable careers, was principal. After making satisfactory progress in his studies, and after entering the office of Judge Sawyer in 1S42, he taught district school in several places. In 1845 he was admitted to the bar, and at once became a partner with Judge Sawyer. The young attorney, notwithstanding he was surrounded by giants in his profession — men who had the advantage of a collegiate education — rose rapidly in his profession, and was soon recognized as a man of learning, natural ability, and a lawyer capable to cope with the most successful members of the bar. His partnership continued until 185S, when. Judge Sawyer being debarred from practice by reason of being on the bench, he became a partner with the late Judge Aaron W. Sawyer, which continued until the war broke out, and was renewed at the close of the war, and again at the close of liis congressional career. His last partner was Judge E. E. Parker, now of the court of probate. General Stevens was engaged in the trial of many of the most intricate cases, both civil and criminal; he was county solicitor from 1856 to 1S61, and held the position of city solicitor of Nashua at different times as many more years. He was always thoroughly prepared for battle and deeply in earnest for his client. Although tenacious, he never invoked the impatience of the court or resorted to tricks, subterfuge or cunning, and he had a happj- faculty of placing himself on friendly relations with opposing witnesses and jurors. His pleas showed the .skillful tuition of the elder Judge vSawj-er, in that they were perfect in their oratorical deliver}-. Their honesty and freedom from cavil, and their courtesy to opponents always carried great weight with a jury. He invariably, like the elder Saw\-er remained a respectful distance from the panel, never descending to familiarity, common- place talk or truckling. In this way he came to be admired. When he was arguing the most ordinar)- case, a crowded room was no uncommon event. So much for the lawyer. As a soldier no man from New Hampshire civil life made a more honorable or patriotic record. When the cry to arms came he at once offered his services to the government, and was commissioned major in the First New Hampshire volunteers. His regiment took part in the movements at Harper's Ferry, but escaped battle. At the end of his enlistment, three months, he was honorably discharged. His patriotic impulses, however, would not allow him to remain at home, and so in the autumn of 1862 he accepted the colonelcy of the Thirteenth regiment New Hampshire volunteers, and followed the fortunes of that brave command until the close of the war. At Fredericksburg "he led his regiment into the vortex of death," says the New Hampshire reports, "moving forward in line of battle." Being repulsed, he and Colonel Donohoe of the Tenth New Hampshire regiment, re-formed their commands under a murderous fire with the intention of renewing the charge, but were ordered to retire. In the action at Suffolk he commanded a brigade that included his regiment and led the charge, "carrying the works at the point of the bayonet," capturing prisoners and guns. He was heavily engaged and performed heroic service at Walthall Road, at Swift Creek, at Kingsland Creek at Drury's Bluff, and was wounded in the hip by a spent ball in the desperate charge at Gaines farm, notwithstanding which he took part the two days following in the battle at Cold Harbor. In the attack on Petersburg, General Stevens was again a gallant, cautious and conspicuous leader. The Thirteenth captured the works, battery five and two hundred prisoners, and General Burnham said in his official report to General Brooks: " I desire, sir, particularly to bring to your favorable notice Colonel Aaron F. Stevens of the Thirteenth New Hampshire volunteers, both for his personal gallantry in charging the enemy's works and for the able manner in which he handled his regiment on that occasion. To him and his regiment the success which was achieved is due in a very great measure, and I take pleasure in recommending him for promotion." In the two days' movement that ended in the assault on Fort Harrison, Colonel Stevens commanded a brigade and was a conspicuous figure in the thickest of the fight, "receiving the attacks of the enemy in open ground." In the final movement, carrying the fort by storm, while moving forward at the head of his regiment and brigade, and when within a few yards of the fort, he fell severely wounded in the hip, and lay where HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 415 he fell until the tattered colors of his command, which had been shot into shreds during the action, were jjlanted upon the parapet and the victory was secure, when he was carried from the field. In December following he was, for gallant and meritorious service, breveted brigadier general. His wounds did not permit him to take part in the final movements about Richmond, although he was in ever\- engagement of his command. In this connection it is appropriate to mention that Ceneral Stevens was on the platform with his comrades of John G. Foster Post, G. .\. R., of which he was a member, on Memorial day, 1S85. George Bruce, major of the Thirteenth, was the orator. Said Major Bruce: "When we entered Richmond we mis.sed at the head of his command one who should have been there to share our triumphs; we missed one who in as gallant a charge as was made during the war, planted the tattered flag of his country nearer Richmond than it had been before during the four years' struggle, and who fell wountled in the fight. I need not name him here. \'ou all know him. You all know him — General vStevens." Every eye was dimmed with tears, and the general bent forward and wept like a child. "It was a scene in its touching simplicity," says the reporter of the meeting, "that will ne\-er be effaced from the memories of those who witnessed it." On Memorial daj', 1886, another touching scene was enacted. The procession made a detour, and upon approaching his residence the band pla\ed "Hail to the Chief," and halting, drew up in line, saluted the general, who stood upon his piazza and was so overcome with emotion that he was unable to speak. As he sank into his chair he said : " Let me take leave of my comrades," but his friends begged him not to speak, and told him that he would march with them many years. He saluted the veterans as they moved away. Tlie Grand Army ])o.st of Peterborough is named in honor of him — Aaron F. Stevens. Cieneral Stevens was for more than thirty years a conspicuous figure and trusted leader in the Republican party of New Hampshire. From the principles of this party he never for a moment de- parted. He believed in them, and whether in \-ictory or defeat, whether in the ranks, in congress or smarting because of not reaching the station which he felt due him liecause of his service to the state, he was true as .steel and ready to do yoman service by addressing the people on the issue. He was originally a Whig. He represented this party in the state legislature in 1S49 and 1S54, and as a dele- gate in 1852 to the convention at Baltimore that nominated General Scott for the presidency. In 1S53 and 1854 he was president of the common council of Nashua. He enrolled in the Republican party at its inception, and was elected to the legislature by it in 1S56 and 1S57. In 1866, following his service in the field, he was unanimously nomina-ed for congress and was elected the following March. He was re-elected for a second term in March, 186S, and was nominated, but defeated at the polls by a few votes, in 1871. He served on the committee on Revolutionarp claims, on na\-al affairs, and on treatment of Union prisoners. He cook a prominent part in many important debates, made several exhaustive speeches relative to naval affairs, and in February, 1870, he addressed the hou.se on "Grant's administration," in which he full.\- sustained the president and denounced repudiation and the expansion of the currency. From 1876 to i883-'84 he was a Repul)lican member of every state legislature, and uniformh- served on the committee on judiciary and other imjxirtant debates and discussions. In 1879 he lacked but two votes of the nomination, which was equivalent to an election, for United States senator, and in a long and heated contest for .senatorial honors in 1883, he was one of the candidates whose friends and admirers voted for to the last. In the winter of 1883, while at his winter home in Florida, he met with an accident which made it difficult for him to use his arm, and following the senatorial con- test his health failed, so that during the remainder of his life he was compelled to relinquish the ex- citement of political life. He was active in the courts, however, until December, 1885. His speeches, addresses and orations would fill volumes, while a page of this book print would hardly snflice to enumerate the important trusts which he has held. The Hillsboro bar, standing in .solemn silence, passed a .series of resolutions presented by Gen. Charles H. Burns, in which this eulogy appears: " In the death of General Stevens the bar of New Hampshire has lost one of its most eminent mem- bers and the state one of her most gallant and patriotic sons. Kind, courteous, true, able and honest, his life has been one of great u.sefulness, his example worthy of imitation, and his departure to a bet- ter land is preceded by a long and distinguished record of manly and heroic deeds." Gener'JJ Stevens was eminently a .self-made man, a man of the people. He was below no man, and bore himself as above no man — from a society standpoint — who was clean and honest. He lived ^i6 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. close to the pulse of the multitude, and was quick and accurate in judgment concerning what tlie masses were thinking about and whither public sentiment was drifting. In a word, he had certain and practical knowledge of men and things, where others had an impractical knowledge that comes of theorizing. He was a warm and generous friend, and if he had reason to distrust or dislike a man he treated him courteously and "let him alone." General vStevens attended the Congregational church, but was not a professing member. He was an honored member of Rising Sun lodge, A. V . and A. M., and of John G. Foster post, G. A. R. His last appearance at an important public meeting was at the General Grant memorial exercises at the City hall in Nashua. He prepared a series of elo- quent resolutions for that occasion, but, being in feeble health, they were read by one of his comrades. Dr. R. B. Prescott. The most fitting eulogy that can be spoken of him is the peroration of his last .set oration, delivered before his comrades of the Grand Army on a Memorial day a few years before his death : " Sleep, brave and gallant dead ! Sleep in peace. Sleep in your graves of glory. Yours is the repose of the warrior and patriot. No matter where your ashes rest, whether with kindred dust or beneath the star-lit turf of southern fields whereon you fell, the benediction of comrades and country shall fall iti bannered and flower\- tribute upon the green and grassy mounds that tell us where vou lie: your deeds and your memory emlmlmed in the hearts of the nation shall live in song and .story. No matter in what sphere of life in the days of peace you moved, that country shall cherish the proud knowledge that in the days of war and danger your step was firm and steady to the great connnand. Forward! and now hereafter yours shall be a national renown." There were many touching scenes in the closing days of General Stevens' career. A few months before he died, and while at his winter home at Greylook, Florida, his mind wandered, but even in his weakness, his loyalty to his comrades and his loved New Hampshire dominated his dreams. Again and again he was heading his old command at Fort Harrison. In such hours his features were animated with the excitement of battle and his voice was pitched to the lieight of command: "Forward!" he would exclaim, "Forward! Order up the reserve. Steady! The fight is stubborn, but we .shall win!" and when the delirium had passed he would urge Mrs. Stevens to take him home to his native hills. His wish was gratified. Mrs. vStevens accompanied him home, and while passing away he often remarked that he had no misgivings. He felt that he had championed the right cause and fought a good fight. His body was buried in the Nashua cemetery with military honors. General Stevens was united in marriage at the Methodist church at Naliant, Mass., May 19, 1861, to Adelaide M. Johnson of Boston, Mass. Mrs. .Stevens, who survives the general, followed the for- tunes of her husband in all his campaigns, and when the battle was on was as near him as her safety would permit. She nursed him and his comrades in field and hospital, and few women are equally loved and honored by a wider circle of friends and acquaintances. There were no children by their marriage. Benjamin F. Emerson was born in Hollis, July ,^, 1S06, died in Na.shua, Sept. 6, 1S84. He was a son of the Rev. Daniel and Esther ( Frothingham) limerson, and a descendant on the paternal side of Thomas Emerson, a baker, who came to Ipswich, Mass., before 1635 and was the ancestor of most of the name, many of whom ha^•e become well known in New England. His maternal ancestors, the Frothinghams, have been distinguished in Massachusetts in many generations. Mr. Emerson obtained his primary education in the schools of his native place and fitted for col- lege in various academies. He entered Dartmouth college in 1826 and remained two years. He then went to Union college, N. Y., where he graduated in the class of 1830. Mr. Emerson then read law in the office of B. M. Farlej- in Hollis and attended lectures at Harvard law school. In 1836, shortly after liis admission to the bar, he became a resident of Nashua and a partner of Aaron F. Sawyer. This partnership was dissolved in 1840 and from that time until his death he practiced b}' himself, his office being in the building on the north corner of Main and Fletcher streets. For more than a quar- ter of a century he gave his attention largely to matters before the probate court and had the largest and most successful practice in that line, (in which he was unsurpassed), of any man in the county. Mr. Emerson was an active man of affairs. He was one of the leading citizens in the town of Nash- ville, being a member of its board of selectmen in 1S52, when the first iron bridge was built o\-er the Nashua river to replace a wooden structure that was carried awaj' in the freshet of tha*" year. In 1859, he represented Ward One in the board of aldermen ; in i860, in the legislature ; ana'in 1876, in HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 41: the constitutional convention. He was a useful an.l reliable citizen who enjoyed the confidence and respect of the coniinunit>'. Mr. Emerson was twice married: first, with Ivliza Kendall ol Bedford, who died SejU. 26, 1S70; second, with Mrs. Caroline C. Morse of Nashua, who died March i 1S86. His children, two .sons', were by his first marriage : Benjamin K., born Dec. 20, 1843, professor of geology at .Amherst college! Charles H., born Oct. 11, 1S46, civil engineer, Nashua. Aaron P. Hughes was born in Windham May 7, 1815; died suddenly at Worcester, Mass., when returning from Washington to his home in Nashua, Feb. 23, 1864. His grandfather was a Scotch Presbyterian and emigrated to this country from England in the middle of the last century. His father was Capt. Barnet Hughes, a carpenter and widely known in Rockingham county. Both of his parents were members of the Presbyterian church and were remarkable for their native talents, and were well known and much respected in the community where they resided. Mr. Hughes obtained a common school education and learned the carpenter's trade of his father. He obtained a situation at Methuen, Mass., in the emjiloy of David Gillis, afterwards a prominent cotton manufacturer and resident of Nashua, and while employed in his trade unfortunately cut his arm with a chi.sel or .some other tool. The wound proved serious and he lost his arm. Being thus incapacitated to obtain a livelihood at mechanical jjursuits, he turned his attention to letters as a profession. He attended schools at the academies in fJerry and Hancock. He early distinguished himself as a declaimer, and while at Hancock was always at the head of his class. Completing his education at the last named place he entered the law oflfice of Aaron F. Sawyer in Nashua in 1842, and in 1846 was admitted to the bar. He then opened an office in Nashua, and, with occasional intervals, practiced in his profession until his death. He was a lawyer of acknowledged abilitv, and distinguished eminence as an advocate. In the first year of his political career he was an active and influential Whig, and as such was elected to represent the town of Nashua in the legislature. F'rom 1848 to 1852 he held the office of postmaster under Taylor's and F'illmore's administrations. Subsequently he dissolved his affiliation with the Whig party and joined the Democratic party, b>- which he was elected to represent Ward one in the legislature. ]\Ir. Hughes was the Democratic candidate for mayor against his brother-in- law, Aaron W. vSawyer, in i860, and was defeated by a few votes. He had an active, shrewd and far-seeing mind and with all was a public speaker of force, argumentative ability and persuasive eloquence. But life to Mr. Hughes was not made of law and politics. These were secondary considerations. He was an earnest and sincere Presl)yterian, like his ancestors before him, a teacher in the Sunday school and a man in whom philanthropy was a leading characteristic. IHs friends and acquaintances recognized this fact, and fjecause of it he had no enemies among those who were politically opposed to him. Mr. Hughes devoted a good share of his time to jiromoting the interests of plain, everj-daj^ people, and to freemasonry. He was a director in the l^ennichuck State bank of Nashua, first citv solicitor of Nashua in 1853 and 1854, held many positions of trust and procured the charter and founded the Nashua Savings bank, of which he was the treasurer from its organization until the time of his death. He was made a Ma.son in Rising .Sun lodge, and was its worshipful master in 1851, 1S52 and 1853, was a member of Meridian ,Sun Royal Arch chapter, a select master and knights temjilar, and by his worthiness had attained the highest eminence in the order, being a Scottish rite Mason of the thirty-second degree, and having one of the bodies of the consistory — Aaron P. Hughes lodge of perfection — named in honor of him. At the time of his death he was grand-commander of the grand consistory of New Hampshire, and illustrious second-lieutenant of the grand commandery of the grand consistory of the supreme chiefs of exalted masonry for the United States, their territories and dependencies. His funeral, which was held in the first edifice of the First Congregational church, was attended by the officers of all the grand l)odies of Masonry in the state, l)y the commanderies of Manchester and other places, by the blue lodges of southern New Hamiishire, and representatives from masonic bodies in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, Edward A. Raymond, whose name is borne by the consistory of the valley of Nashua, the only consistory in the .state, being among those present. The religious service, which was of a very impressive character, was conducted by Rev. Charles J. Hill, and the burial rite of the order was feelingly performed by William W. Bailey, worshipful 35 4i8 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. master of Rising Sun lodge. The body was buried in the Nashua cemetery, and all the members of the ancient order cast a sprig of the acacia upon the casket, the sj^mbol of their faith, and the tomb was closed. Mr. Hughes was united in marriage Nov. 17, 1845, with Charlotte L. Sawyer, daughter of Aaron F. and Hannah (Locke) Sawyer. ( For ancestors see sketch of her father). The children of their marriage are James A. D., born Sept. 6, 1846, graduated at Dartmouth college, i868, and at West Philadelphia Divinity school, 1S74, ordained in the ministry and pastor of the St. Andrews church, Philadelphia, married Emma A. Mieninger, 1S84; Aaron Porter, born Feb. 20, 1849, graduated at Dartmouth college, 1.S70: civil engineer, resides in Nashua. Hon. Bernard B. Whittemore, son of Bernard and Jane (Holmes) Whittemore, was born in Boston, May 15, 1S17, died at Cambridgeport, Mass., March 5, 1893. His paternal ancestors were natives of Hitchen, Hertfort county, Eng., Thon:as Whittemore being the first to settle in this coun- try, at Maiden, Mass., in 1641. His grandfather, Nathan Whittemore, a Revolutionary soldier, set- tled at Peterboro' in 1781, at which place both his parents were born. On the maternal side his ancestors came from Londonderry in the north of Ireland in 1740 and settled at Londonderry in this state. His grandfather, Nathan Holmes of Peterboro', was a Revolutionary soldier anil a prominent man in affairs of his town, Mr. Whittemore attended the puljlic schools of his native town and Mont X'ernon academy. He fitted for college at Phillips' E)xeter academ>' and entered Harvard college in the class of 1832, E. E. Hale, D. D., and Nathaniel E. Baker, afterwards go\-ernor of New Hampshire, being among his classmates. Mr. Whittemore graduated in 1839 and then read law in the law school of the same col- lege. He was admitted to the Hillsboro' bar in 1842, practiced a few years at Palmer, NLass., and Amherst, and then, in 1846, in connection with his brother, Francis P. Whittemore, purchased the Nashua Weekly Gazette, which he edited from that time to July i, 1889, meantime, in 1S72, founding and editing the Nashua Daily Gazette. Mr. Whittemore represented the district in the state senate in 1852 and 1853, and was the first Democratic candidate for mayor in 1853. He was the mayoralty- candidate of his party in 1854, 1864 and 1865. In i860 he represented his ward in the board of alder- men, and in 1861 was city treasurer. He served the county two or three teruis of five years each as coroner, was a trustee in the public library a good many j-ears, and from 1874 to 1877 associate jus- tice of the Nashua police court. Although bred to the law and serving a clientage during his active years, the great work of his life was performed in the newspaper profession. As a lawyer he was a safe adviser who seldom or never prosecuted in ojsen court : as an editor sharp, incisive and plain spoken. He served a generation in which more of personal controversy' was e.'ipected and demanded by party constituency than is admissable at the present time and served it faithfully . from the stand- point of his reasoning. Mr. Whittemore was a modest man and in his intercourse with his fellow- citizens kind, obliging and considerate. He was a Unitarian and a bachelor. Hon. Samuel T. Worcester, born in Hollis, Aug. 30, 1804, died in Nashua, Dec. 5, 1882. He was a son of Jesse and Sarah (Parker) Worcester and brother of Joseph E. Worcester, author of Worcester's dictionary. The Worcesters came of an old and distinguished family ; men who made their impress upon the laws of the land, who distinguished themselves in all the wars of the country, who have graced bench, bar and puljiit and walked in paths of honor in the mercantile and agricul- tural world. Judge Worcester was educated in the public schools of Hollis, in Peuibroke and Andover acade- mies, and was graduated in Harvard college in 1830. After leaving school he was principal for one year of an academy at Weymouth, Mass. He read law in the office of B. M. Farley at Hollis, was graduated at the Harvard law school in Cambridge, Mass., settled in Norwalk, Ohio, in 1835, and continued the practice of law there until 1867, when he removed to Nashua. Judge Worcester was a member of the Ohio senate in 1849 and 1850. In 1859 he was elected dis- trict judge of the Tenth Ohio judicial district, and, in i86i, while holding that office, was elected a member of congress, in which body he served at a critical period in the history of the country, and with credit to his constituents. In Nashua he was looked up to as one of the most distinguished of her citizens. He practiced his profession but little, being city solicitor in 1869 and 1870, but, on the other hand, found pleasure and contentment in efforts to advance the cause of education by serving HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H 419 the city as a ineniber of the board ul taucation. His publications were : 1S31, " Sequel to the Spell ing Book; " 1833, -Americau Primary Spelling Book ; " 1871, " Revised edition of Worcester's' Com- prehensive and Primary Dictionary;" 1871, - Old and New, or the School System of Ohio and Xew Hampshire Compared; " 1872, oration, " Bi-Centeimial of Old Dunstable and Nashua." This was a masterly production, of finished rhetorical language, and permeated with eloquent sentiment Hi's last publication— a monument to his memory— was " The History of Hollis." Among his posthumous papers, now in possession of the New Hampshire Historical society, is an exhaustive article conclu- sively showing that a majority of the troops engaged in the battle of Bunker Hill wen- furnished by New Hampshire. Judge Worcester, in religious matters, was a Swedenborgian. Judge Worcester was married May i;,, 1835, to Mary 1-. C, daughter of Samuel Wales of Stough- ton, ^^ass. Mrs. Worcester was a finely educated woman, and here, as in Ohio, was among the foremost in inauguraling and successfully carrying forward lecture courses and in contributing time and money to all charitable objects. She died in Nashua, April 29, 1874. There were no children by their marriage. Hon. Charles W. Hoitt was born in Newmarket, Oct. 26, 1847. He is a son of William K. A. and Sarah C. (Swain) Hoitt, and a descendant of John Hoyt, one of the original settlers of Salis- bury, Mass., who was born about 1610 in England. On the maternal side he is a descendant of Phineas Swain who served at Bunker Hill on the American side. Judge Hoitt attended the public schools at Dover and was fitted for college at Franklin academy in that city, and by a private tutor. He entered Dartmouth college in 1867, and was graduated in the class of 1871. During the autumn and winter of 1871 and 1872 he taught school at Sherborn, Mass. He read law in the office of Samuel M. Wheeler at Dover from February, 1872 to the latter part of August following, when he came to Nashua as ma.ster of the Mt. Pleasant .school. While under his care the school reached a high .standard of scholar.ship, and at the same time he introduced and enforced discipline — which before his time had not been satisfactory to the board of education or the parents of the district — that made the school one of the model ones of New England. In 1874 the board of education reluctantly accepted his resignation, and he became an usher in the Lincoln grammar school in Boston. Judge Hoitt had reason to believe that he had made a success of teaching, but having made up his mind some years before to enter the legal profession, and believing that procrastination was detri- mental to his interests in that direction, he resigned his ushership in Boston in October, 1875, and re- turned to Nashua and entered upon the study of law in the office of Stevens & Parker. He was admitted to the Hillsboro bar at the September term, 1877, of the supreme court sitting at Nashua. He was appointed clerk of the Nashua police court Jiil.\' 18, 1876, and held that position till Oct. i, 1S81, when he resigned. He was city solicitor in 1885, 18S6, 1887 and 1888, and April 25, 1889, he was appointed justice of the Nashua police court, which position he now holds. As an ad\-ocate. Judge Hoitt has taken high rank in his profession. His briefs and arguments are clearl\- drawn, and his summing up before a jury is earnest and persuasive. As justice of the municipal court, he evinces familiarity with the statute laws, impartialitN' in its ap]ilication and has a decided leaning to mercy. With all else he is a pleasing public speaker on political and secular themes. Judge Hoitt, however, has not given his attention wholly to teaching, the law and politics. He has been active in many directions. In 1872 and 1873 he was engrossing clerk of the legislature, and during eight yeras he served the people on the board of education, of which body he was the official clerk. He is a York rite mason and a member of St. George commandery, K. T., a Scottish rite mason and a member of Edward A. Raymond consistory, thirty-second degree, a meiiiljer of Penni- chuck lodge and Indian Head encampment, I. O. O. F., Watananock tribe of Red Men. in which order he has held the office of great sachem of the state. Governor Wentworth colony of Pilgrim Fathers, Eowell lodge of Elks, at Lowell, Mass., and the City Guards' Veteran association. Judge Hoitt is an Episcopalian. He was united in marriage Jan. 14, 1875, with Harriet Louise Gilman, daughter of Virgil C. and Sarah L- Gilman of Nashua. (For ancestors see sketch of her father.) Two children were born of their marriage; Richard Gilman, born Nov. i, 1875. died Oct. i, 1880; Robert Virgil, born Nov. 19, 1882, died Aug. 22, 1889. 420 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Eugene M. Bowman was born in Manchester, July 23, 1838. He is a son of Jonas B. and Ase- natli L. Bowman, and on the paternal side is ninth in descent from Nathaniel Bowman of Watertown, Mass., who came to America in 1636 from England, and on the maternal .side seventh in descent from Daniel Ladd who came to this country from England in 1633 and settled at vSalisbury, Mass., in 1837. Mr. Bowman received his education in the public schools of Manchester and at New Ipswich academy and Merrimack normal institute. He is a graduate of Albany law school, studied law with Herman Fo.ster and was admitted to the l)ar in 1859 in Hillsborough county. He married vSarah E. Parker in July, 1S5S. Mrs. Bowman is a daughter of Elkanah Phillips and Sarah (Corning) Parker of Merrimack, N. H., and is seventh in line of descent from Capt. James Parker who came to America from luigland in 163S and died in Groton, Mass., in 1701. Mr. Bow- man came to Nashua in 1873, where he has ever since resided. Although a lawyer by profession he has never practiced here, his time having been well occupied in other pursuits. He has held the position of city clerk for fifteen years, and other positions of trust, with honor and credit to himself and to the satisfaction of his fellow citizens. He has always taken a great interest in Nashua's wel- fare and is highly respected and esteemed as a citizen. Mr. Bowman is a veteran of the war of the Rebellion, having served in the .\rmy of the Potomac, and participated in all the battles in Virginia in 1862 and 1863; he was slightly wounded at the battle of Cedar Mountain in 1862. He attends the Pilgrim church. Lillian M., only child of Mr. and Mrs. Bowman, was born in 1859, and married Phineas Adams Hannnond, son of Dr. E. B. Hammond, of this city in 1884. One son, Roland Bowman, born July 26, 1887, is the result of their marriage. Edwin B. Gould was born in Hillsborough, Jan. 24, 1839. He is a son of Jonathan S. and Sabra (Booth) Gould. Mr. Gould is of Scotch descent on the paternal side and traces his lineage to the Goulds who settled in Topsfield, Mass., in 1620. On the maternal side he is a descendant of the Booths who were among the first settlers of his native place, people of industrious habits and sterling worth. Mr. Gould was educated in the public schools of Hillsborough, at Appleton academy in Mont Ver- non, where he graduated in the class of 1858, and at Kimball Union academy in Meriden, where he was a scholar in 1859. After graduating in Mont Vernon he taught school. Mr. Gould commenced reading law in the office of James F. Briggs at Hillsborough Bridge in i860, and concluded in the office of Francis M. Blood at Hillsborough Lower Village. He was admitted to the bar at the term of the supreme court held at Manchester in January, 1864, and shortly afterwards entered upon the practice of his profession at Suncook, where he remained nine j^ears. He moved to Lebanon in 1873, and in 1876 came to Nashua where he still continues in practice and to meet with good success. Mr. Gould has held a commission for several 5-ears as notary public and has been identified with affairs for the public weal. He attends the services of the Pilgrim church, is a member of Howard lodge, I. O. O. F., at Suncook, and Indian Head encampment of the same order at Nashua. He is also a chevalier in the uniformed rank of the order. Mr. Gould was united in marriage Nov. 18, 1868, with Eliza J. Kelsey of Nottingham, daughter of John and Elizabeth Kelsey of that place. There are no children by their marriage. Royal Dexter Barnes was born at Northfield, Mass., June 18, 1855. He was a son of Warren M. and Mar>- (Blodgett) Barnes of Litchfield, who removed to Litchfield when the subject of this sketch was a lad. Mr. Barnes was educated in the public schools of Litchfield and at Cro.sby's literary institute, Na.shua. He read law in the office of Sawyer & Sawyer, Jr., was admitted to the bar of Hillsborough county, and practiced in Na.shua until his death, which occurred Aug. 28, 1891. Mr. Barnes was a man of considerable natural ability, a well read lawyer, and had a large and lucrative practice at one time. He was a man of very generous impulses, with a large circle of friends. He was city solicitor for several years. Mr. Barnes married Idella E. Prescott, a daughter of Nathan O. and Lucy A. (Richardson) Prescott, March 13, 1878. Three children were born of their marriage: Royal Sumner, born June 19, 1879; Mabel Prescott, born Aug. 23, 1883; Alfred Dexter, born Sept. 8, 1889. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 421 Charles D. Parker was born in Nashua, Dec. 17, 1861. He was educated in the schools of his nalivL- city and graduated from the Nashua Literary institute, of which Prof. David Crosby was princiiKil. Mr. Parker attended h'rench's commercial college in Bo.ston and finally settled down to llie study of law in the olTice of Ceorge Y. Sawyer & Sawyer Junior. He completed his reading in the olTicc of Judge V.. E. Parker, and was graduated at the Boston university of law and admitted 1(1 the bar in 1SS6. Mr. Parker has made a gratifying success in his profes.sion and has a bright (lullook for the future. He was united in marriage Oct. 16, i.SSg, with Jennie A. Norris, daughter of William H. Norris of Holyoke, and has one child, Charles N., born May 23, icSgi. He represented his ward in the con- stitutional convention in 1889, and in the legislature in 1S90 and 1891. Mr. Parker is a member of the Manchester lodge, No. 146, lUks ; (irauite lodge, I. O. O. F".; Evening Star lodge, K. of P., of wliicli he is keeper of records and seals, and of Watananock tribe of Red Men in which he is a past sachem and an officer in the great council. His cheerful deportment among his fellow citizens is of a character that makes everybod\- his friend. Jeremiah J. Doyle was liorn in New Pioston, June 23, 1861. He is a siui of John and Julia (O'Neil) Doyle. Mr. Doyle obtained his education in the schools of Milford and Amherst, and be it said to his credit, there is no man in Hillsboro count\' who made a more manly struggle to better his condition or whose career more completely illustrates the possibilities within the reach of those who have courage and perseverance. He labored days and studied nights. He attended school when he could but he never for a day gave up his books, often poring over them by a dim light far into the night. At the age of eighteen he commenced teaching in a district school and for the next two years he was a schoolmaster of ability and popularity. Hax'ing made up his mind to study law he entered the office of George B. French in Nashua in 1 88 1, and here he applied himself to his task with the same earnestness and determination to succeed that had characterized his previous career. By practicing self-denial he was able to take a three >ears' course at the Boston university of law, and Aug. 2^, 18S4, a full month before he had com- pleted his last term in the institution, he took an examination at the law term of the supreme court at Concord and was admitted to the bar. He then opened an office in Nashua and by strict attention to the affairs of his clients, by continued study and industry he has forged his way to the front ranks of the profession and to recognition among the attorneys of the county as a foeman worthy of their steel. Mr. Doyle has also made an enviable record for himself outside of the legal profession. He has proved himself an earnest debater, a man of original ideas, as well as a clear and forcible advocate, and an able and energetic speaker on public occasions. Mr. Doyle represented Ward Five in the board of alderman in 1886 and 1887, and served two years as city solicitor. He was a member of the legis- lature in 1S87 and 1889, and in 1894, and was elected to represent Ward Nine in the same branch of the government in 1895 and 1896. As a member of this body, as when in the board of aldermen, he had an active and intelligent part. Willi all else Mr. Doyle is a .society man. He has served division No. 2, Ancient Order of Hibernians, as president ; has lieen one of the foremost temperance advocates in the city ; was a char- ter member and the first chief ranger of Court Indian Head, A. O. F., also was grand chief ranger of the Oraud Court of New Hamiishire ; .state president of the Ancient Order of Hibernians and dele- gate to the Omaha convention in 1892; member of the Oranite vState club (Manchester), and active in the affairs of the Church of St. Louis de Gonzague ; first delegate of Foresters to Brooklyn con- \entiear. He entered upon the practice of his profession immediately after his admission, and although he has given a share of his time to the affairs of the Nashua Building and Loan association, of which he is secretary and attor- ney, he has had a large and successful practice. He is energetic and earnest in his advocacy of a client's cause and popular with all with whom he is associated. Mr. Pease married, Jan. i, 1890, Linna B. F'lagg, daughter of W. H. Flagg of Lowell. She is an artist who ranks among the first in her profession. Their children are Eleanore, born April 16, 1891, Robert A., born Nov. 21, 1893, Theodore S., born April 7, 1.S95, and Dorothy, born Nov. 3, 1896. Mr. Pease is a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A M., and the First Congregational church. William J. McKay was born in Pembroke, Me., June 13, 1869. He is a son of Neil and Sarah (McKay) McKay, descendant of the old Scotch Camerons and Morrisons. He attended the public schools of his native place until he was fifteen years of age when, in 1884, following the death of his father, he became a resident of Nashua, attending the high school and graduating in the class of 1888. He then read law in the office of William W. Bailey, and in 1890 entered the Boston university law school, where he graduated with the degree of LL. B. in 1892. Mr. McKaj' is a self-made man. He has fought his way to the front single-handed and largely by teaching, having held the responsi- ble position of principal of a city evening school five 3'ears. He is a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M. Alvin J. Lucier was born in Nashua Jan. 6, 1869. He is a son of Paul and Elizabeth (Brennan) Lucier. His father came to Nashua from St. Damase, Can., about forty }ears ago. He attended the primar}- and grammar schools and was graduated at the Nashua high school in 1886. He then entered St. Hyacinth college in Canada where he was graduated in 1889. Mr. Lucier read law in the office of J. J. Doyle, attending the Boston law school and was admitted to the bar Jan. 31, 1891, at Concord. He then became a partner in the business of Mr. Doyle under the name of Doyle & Lucier. Mr. Lucier is a member of the church of St. Louis de Gonzague, where he has Iieen organi.st for several years. His brothers and sisters, as well as himself, are among the leading musicians of the city. In fact Mr. Lucier came very near choosing a musical career, but gave it up for the more congenial profession of the law. Mr. Lucier was united in marriage Oct. 8, 1895, with Katherine A. Doucet, daughter of Augustus F. Doucet, of Merrimac, Mass. They have one child, Alvin Augustus, born August 7, 1896. Edmund Parker was born in Jaffrey Feb. 7, 1783. He was a son of Abel and Edith (Jewett) Parker. He graduated at Dartmouth college in 1803, and read law first in the office of Samuel Dakin of Jaffrey, afterwards, and finishing, with David I^verett of Amherst, whom he succeeded in business. He represented Amherst in the legislature from the year 1813 to and including 1826, being speaker of the house in 1824, taking the place of Andrew Pierce, resigned. He was solicitor of Hillsborough county from 1825 to 1829, in which latter year he was appointed judge of probate, holding the office until 1835. He was a lawyer of high standing at the bar. Mr. Parker removed from Amherst to Nashua in 1836, where he was agent of the Jackson Manufacturing company. Hi^p ,)resented Nashua in the legislature for several terms, between the years 1849 and 1S54, and was a delegate to HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. ^,3 the constUmional convention of 1S50. He was president of the Nashua & Lowell corporation for a time. Jn(li;e Parker married Susan, daughter of Joseph Cutter of Jaffrey. in 1.S12. for his first wife. by whom he had three children. His second wife was Mrs. Sarah (Leland) Boynton, daughter of Joseph Leland of Saco, Maine. William liarrell was born in Wilton, July 2, i,S,:;6. He fitted for college at Appletou academy, Mont Wrnon. graduated at Harvard university in 1S59 and at Harvard law school in i,S6i, and soon after commenced practice in Nashua. He was a partner of H. B. Atherton, from 1866 to 1872. He was city solicitor and held other offices of honor and trust. He was elected solicitor for Hillsboro count>- in 1S71. Mr. Barrett was a man of superior knowledge and bore the reputation of a man ex- cellently well read in his profession. In 1876 he moved to St. PauL Minnesota, where he gained a high rei)utation as a lawyer. He died at vSt. Paul Sept, 14, 1888, and his remains were brought to Nashua where they were interred in the Nashua cemetery. Mr, Barrett was a thirty-third degree Mason and had been grand master of New Hamjjshire and attained high position in other masonic bodies. While in St. Paul, in 1888, he published a work on the C'.enealogy of the descendants of of Thomas Barrett, vSr., of Braintree, Mass, Mr. Barrett married Sarah IC, daughter of Christopher Page of Nashua, vSept. 24, 1861. Of this marriage were born two children, William, who survives him, and a daughter who died in childhood. James F. J. Otterson was born in Nashua in 1855. He is a son of James P. S. and A.seueth H. Otter.son. (For further genealogy .see sketch of J, D, Otterson in this book.) Mr. Otterson received his education in the common schools of his native place, graduating at the high school in 1875. He read law in the office of Stevens & Parker and graduated at Harvard universitv law school. After he was admitted to the bar about 1879, he practiced for a short time in Nashua and then removed to Marlborough, Mass., where he has ever since resided. He is now and has been for quite a number of years clerk of the Marlborough police court and is a lawyer of standing and reputation. Mr. Otterson attends the Lpiscopal church : he is unmarried, Leonard Freeman Burbank was born in Melrose, Mass., Nov. 21, 1859. He is a son of Leonard F;. and Frances A. Burbank, and, on the paternal side, a descendant from FUeaser Burbank, one of the original settlers of Bradford, Mass., and on the maternal side, from vSamuel \'arnum, who came from Dracott, England, in 1649, and was the first settler in Dracut, Mass., and whose .son John was the first white child born in the Merrimack river valley. Mr. Burbank came to Nashua with his father's family in i860. He was educated in the public schools of the city, graduating from the High school in the class of 1878. After graduation, he attended the law school in Boston university, and in the same year entered the law office of Stevens & Parker as a student. He w'as an excellent and painstaking student, and at the close of his term was admitted to practice as an attorney in the Hillsborough county bar in 18S1. Soon after being admitted he entered into practice in partnership with E. E. Parker. His partnership continued about one year and was dissolved by mutual consent. P'or several years after this Mr. Burbank practiced his profession alone, occupying an office in Goodrich block. He then moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he opened a law office and remained in practice a short time and then returned to Nashua. Since his return his tastes and inclinations — lying always in more artistic and literary lines than those afforded by the dry and dusty paths of the law, — have gradually divorced him from the active duties of his profession. Mr. Burbank is an exceedingly well read lawyer, and had he continued in active practice, had the qualities necessary to success. For the last few years he has been engaged in literary work, writing for newspapers and magazines, and with gratifying success and increasing popularity. Mr. Burbank has travelled considerably in his own country, and in 1893 made a tour of Klurope. He is a popular and active citizen and societv man. He attends the Unitarian church, is a mendjer of the \'esper Country club, the Nashua Golf club. Sons of the American Kc\-olution, and the Coon clul). He is uinnarried, Lyman Demerrette Cook was born in Sandwich. He is a son of John I), and F^lizabeth L. ( Perkins) Cook. He came to Nashua, wath his parents, while yet a lad, and passed through its schools, g ;luating in the high school in the class of 1878. He graduated from Dartmouth college in 1882, and later from the law school of I^oston universit_\-. In 1S87 he became a partner of Geo. 424 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. A. Ramsdell, in the practice of law in Nashua, with whom he remained for about three )-ears, when he determined to give up the practice of the law for the niinistr.y, and accordingly after the usual probation was installed as a clergyman in the Methodist Episcopal church in 1S91. He is now a member of the Northern New York conference of that church, and bears the reputation of being an eloquent and successful minister. Mr. Cook was married to Effie L. Smith, daughter of Riley D. and Elmira J. (Sargent) Smith of Nashua, March 31, 189 1. George Wilson Clyde was born at Dracut, Mass.. October 23, 1865. He is a son of Samuel W. and Hannah J. (Boles) Clyde of Hudson, coming therefrom Dracut in 1867. He was educated in the common schools of Hudson, is a graduate of Dean academy, Franklin, Mass., and took a special course of two jears at Tuft's college. He graduated at Boston university law school in 1894; was admitted to the bar in 1895, and soon after opened an ofhce in Nashua, where he is practicing at the present time. Mr. Clyde is a lawyer of good abilities, which argues well for a successful and bright career in his profession. He holds the position of judge of the Hudson police court and is also a member of the Hudson board of education. He takes an active interest in civil, political and social affairs and is a popular citizen. Mr. Clyde is an attendant at the Universalist church, and a member of Hudson lodge, 94, I. O O. F. He is unmarried. Henri T. Ledoux was born in .St. Albans, Vermont, Nov. 4, 1873, where he resided until Nov. 29, 1879, when he came to Nashua. He was educated in the public and parochial schools of Na.shua, St. Theresa classical college, vSt. Theresa, P. O., and Boston university law school. Mr. Eedoux has taken an active part as a young man in matters appertaining to the welfare of Nashua and its citizens, whose respect and esteem he enjoys. He was a member of the common council, from Ward Three, in 1895 and 1896, a representative to the general court in 1S97, and is also secretar}- of the Democratic city committee, a member of St. Francis Xavier's church — Catholic — the society of the Eeague of the Sacred Heart, Lafayette court, No. 440, C. O. F., organizer and first president of Les Montagnards club, and state chief ranger of the Catholic order of Foresters. Mr. Ledoux is a rising lawyer, and, although young in the profession, lias already a respectable clientage. He is unmarried. Walter E. Kittredge was born at Merrimack. He is a son of Walter and Anna C. (Fairfield) Kittredge who is a daughter of Benjamin Fairfield of New Boston. His father, who came to Merri- mack from Billerica, Mass., and who is now living at Reed's Ferry, is the author of many popular songs, among which may be mentioned "Tenting on the Old Camp Ground," which attained a na- tional reputation during the war of the Rebellion and is still popular. Mr. Kittredge was educated in the common schools of Merrimack and McGaw normal institute, and is a graduate of Dartmouth college, class of 1877. After his graduation he read law in the office of John A. Andrews of Manchester. He opened an ofhce in Nashua where he is now in practice. He attends the Congregational church. January 23, 1896, he married Addie L. Wilson, a daughter of Horace W. and J. (Burns) Wilson of Merrimack. One child, Annie I^., born Jan. 12, 1897, is the result of their marriage. Among the lawyers who have resided and practiced in Nashua for a short time, and who are either deceased or living and moving in other and distant fields, or have failed to furnish notes for sketches, and of whom time and space will allow only a brief mention, are William E. Carter, a son of Joel Carter of this city, who practiced here some time from 1857 to 1862. lulward A. Dana, origin unknown, a partner of G. Y. Sawyer for a short time about 1834. John W. Johnson. E C. Bates Smith, who came here from Worcester, Mass., in the seventies, and remained a short time, with his oihce in Beasom block; he married a daughter of M. A. Worcester. C. B. Tilden, a son of Eucius L. Tilden of this city, and brother of Mrs. George Gray, who has been for many years a successful patent lawyer in Washington, D. C. Samuel M. Wilcox, at one time a partner of the late Aaron P. Hughes, of whom it is said he was a good lawyer, and whose residence is now unkonwn to the writer. Fabius E. Elder, a quiet, unpretentious, gentlemanly man, who occupied rooms for a sh>ra^i me in the Telegraph block, in the seventies, and left for other fields and pastures new. William J. Nutt, a N /STORY Of NASHUA, iV. //. brother of the late George W. Nutt of this city; Mr. Nutt was horn in Nashua, studied law in the office of Charles R. Morrison, practiced here for a few years and died leaving no family, many years ago. Jes.se B. Twiss, who studied law with W. \V. Bailey, was admitted to the bar, had an oflfice in Beasom block, with R. D. Barnes, in the eighties for awhile, and finally removed to Jaffrey. James A. Leach, a son of Libeous Leach of this city, who studied with W. W. Bailey, and had an office in Telegraph block at the time of his decease, which occurred in the latter part of the eighties. Thomas D. Luce, the present popular clerk of the supreme court of this county, who came here from Man- chester. E. B. West, who was a partner of A. F. Stevens a while, and who left here about 1863 for Portsmouth. Lewis Smith, here in the fifties. Vfl Fl^ SACRED UEAUT I" A I!< >t 1 1 I AI. SCIIOOI,. 426 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. LUTHER ABBOT ROBY. Luther Abbot Roby was born in Old Dunstable (now Nashua), Oct. 24, 1814. He is a son of Simon and Betsey (Wheeler) Roby, and a descendant on the paternal side of Philip Abbot Roby, who was a soldier in the Revolu- tion and fought in the battles of Ticonderoga and Bunker Hill. On the maternal side he is a descendant of George Wheeler, who came from luigland in the very early days of the Massachu- setts colony and settled at Concord , Mass. Mr. Roby was educated in the public schools of his native town. At an early age he was activel)' en- gaged in boating between Nashua and Boston, via the M e r r i m a c river and the Mid- dlesex canal. He was the owner of several boats, which were con- stantly passing back and forth, and which afford- ed at that time the easiest and most convenient method of trans- portation of heavy merchandise. In this business he continued until the advent of the railroad, in 183S, made unprofital)le the further use of the canal, which was soon after abandoned. He then turned his entire atten- tion to the lumber business, espe- cially oak piling and ship timber, in which he has ever since stood pre-eminent in the Boston market. From this has developed a considerable financial interest in shipping. His success has been due to an untiring industry and the strictest integrity, which, with his invariable readi- ness to lend a hand to every worthy cause, has gained for him the peculiar confidence and esteem of all. He has never sought public office or allowed it to be thrust upon him, preferring to live as a private citizen, and finding full enjoyment in so doing; but, while avoiding active participancy in public affairs, as an office holder, he has I-UTIIEK .\BI50T KOBY always responded readily and willingly to all demands for promoting its material and moral prosperity. He de- parted from the general tenor of his life in allowing him- self to be elected a director of the First National bank at the time of its organization, and has so remained ever since. He has always been an attendant of the First Congregational church, and a large contributor to its moral and material support. Mr. Roby was united in marriage April 8, 1847, with Eliza Campbell, daughter of Capt. William and Margaret (Hughes) C a mp- bell of Windham. On the eighth day of .\pril of the present j-ear, 1897, occurred the fifti- eth anniversary of their wedding. The occasion „,^^ was a memora- " ^, able one to both Mr. Roby and his estimable wife, who celebrated it by a reception of their friends and acquaintances at their residence on East Pearl street. During the da}' and evening they were visited and congratulated b}' hundreds of prom- inent and repre- sentative men and women of Nashua and vicinity, and were also the re- cipients of many beautiful presents. The large atten- dance of citizens and friends on this occasion furnishes a most notable and remarkable proof of the respect and esteem in which Mr. Roby is held by his fellow citi- zens, both as a business man and a citizen. Three children were born of their marriage : Clara Marshall, Oct. 7, 1849, married Elbert Wheeler of Concord, Mass., June 22, 1875; Charles Abbot, Nov. 3, 1854, mar- ried Kate Allen Gates of Lowell, Mass., June 12, 1884; Lizzie Appleton, March 7, 1863, married William Dumond Swart of New York, Oct. 7, 1890. His grandchildren are Marion Gates, born May 6, 1885; Kathleen, born Feb. 12, 1S91 ; Luther .Abbot, born Nov. 11, 1894, children of Charles K. and Kate K. Roby. Elizabeth, born March 31, 1892, and William Rob}', born Jan. 7, 1894, children of William D. and Lizzie R. Swart. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 427 JOSIAH MOODY FLETCHER. Josiah M. Fletcher was lioni in Halifax, Mass., Jan. 14, 1828. He is a .son of John and Dolly M. (Johnson) Kletcher, ami a (lesceiidant in the seventh generation JO.SI.MI .MOOnV l-Ll.'rtllKK. from Robert Fletcher, 1630, whose descendants form the Fletcher family union that meets triennially, generally in Boston. His grandfather, Josiah Fletcher, was the builder of the first mill in Lowell, (1812). His father was a manufacturer of woolen goods in I.owell and at Halifax, Mass., being at one time superintendent of the Hurd mills in the first named place. The subject of this sketch came to Nashua in 1842, following the death of his father, and since that time his home has been here. Mr. Fletcher was educated in Lowell, where he entered the high school but did not remain long enough to graduate. His first work was that of a bobbin boy and notwithstanding the hardship and long hours, (from five in the morning till seven at night), he contrived to improve his education by attending an operatives' night school. At the age of sixteen he entered the bookstore of J. Buffum, in Beasom block, where he remained three years. During this time he edited a work called the "Golden Gift," which was stereotyped and editions printed in Portland, Boston and Connecticut at the same time. His next employment was that of surveyor of stone in Lowell. .\ little later he traveled in the South. and then returned to Nashua and became proprietor of the bookstore in which he had been a clerk. A year later, in December, 1848, he went to California and re- mained a year and is consecjuently a "forty-niner." Upon his return he purchased the controlling interest in The Ladies Wreath, a magazine published in New York, and published and partly edited it, for three years, retain- ing his residence and business interests in Nashua. In 1853 he published the Free Democrat, a campaign paper. After seven years as a bookseller, publisher, editor and manufacturer of specialties he gave up business for a time and traveled e.xtensisely through the West and South. Mr. Fletcher is one of the most versatile of men. His next enterprise was that of a manufacturer of furniture. He has formed as many as twenty partnerships and dur- ing the last ten years has been sole proprietor of the Fletcher- Webster Furniture company and Nashua Nov- elty works. His effort to promote the industrial interests of Nashua is shown in the fact that he was the first person in New F^ngland to manufacture metallic bird cages; among the first in the country to manufacture furniture by machinery ; first to manufacture carpet sweepers ; that he has manufactured soap and ink and sent out pedlers with Yankee notions, and has always been ready and willing to adopt and use the inventions of others, being the first person in Nashua to purchase and discover the utility of the sewing machine and typewriter. In fact, in all these things he has kept abreast of the times an', and has given to the world a century such as it never saw before, and will never see the like again. In 1825 most of the homes of the New England farmers contained a loom and most towns a card- ing and fulling mill for the manufacture of woolen goods, but the cotton mills had already begun to drive the linen looms out of the farmhouse. For half a century a factory system had been slowly growing in England, removing the loom from the cottage to the factory, and the cotter from the farm to the city. This factory system was to invade and conquer New England. The war of 1812-15 convinced the American people that their workshops and factories must be located where British gunboats could not interfere with their supplies, and that until such was the case they could not be an independent people. In 1815 this was a land of farmers. The farmhouses were full of l)right, energetic, ambitious, well-trained and educated young people, trained by circumstances to close economy, having great capacity for self-help (the mother of invention), but without especial mechanical instincts. They HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 43. were a host of free lances ready to attack tlie \vild lands of the west, or the great mechanical problems which confronted them in the east. Let us take a look at the Dunstable of 1822. We find a dam across the Nashua west of the bridge. At its north end stood the grist mill of James Patterson. At its .south end stood William Marshall's .saw mill. At the Harbor, and on the west side of the road and north of the brook, we find the saw and grist mill of Israel Hunt, Sr., where his sons John and Israel were workmen. On the .south side of the brook stood quite a pretentious three-story shop, occujjied by E. F. Ingalls as a l)lacksmith and iron-worker. This shop had a trip hammer, and he made axes, hatchets, hammers, the old fashioned heavy hoe with a ring for a handle, and such other iron work as was called for by the community. The scythe shop of Isaac March stood where tlie east mill now stands, and upon what was known as Dickerman's Location, just below the old Allds road bridge, was to be found the carding, fulling, pressing and dyeing shop of Enoch Dickerman. There was also a dam and shop below Dickerman's, occupied by Daniel Ingalls as a blacksmith shop, where he had a trip hammer and lathe. These shops supplied the wants of a limited community. If we look into the conditions that obtained at this time in Milford, Amherst, Hillsboro Bridge, Peterboro and kindred places, we find a restless .spirit of enterpri.se which would have resulted in numerous small mechanical centers of a higher order than the Dunstable of 1S25. Such places had begun to crystalize into the form indicated when the advent of the railway made great manufacturino- centers a possibility and largely concentrated the surplus energy of such places in cities like Nashua, Manchester and Lowell. In the winter of 1S21 loungers in the country stores of Dunstable heard stories of marvelous doings at Pawtucket falls. It was reported that "no end of money had been put into a cotton mill, and hundreds of working people were finding employment, trade was good, land was rising in value." The gossip had its influence upon certain Dunstable men, who had saved money and were waiting for a good chance to invest it. In 1822 an association was formed in Dunstable preliminar>- to incorporation, which purchased all lands between Mine falls and Main street, and in 1823 a charter was obtained by Daniel Abbot, Joseph Greeley, Moses Taylor, and others. The capital stock was fixed at §300,000, with the right to make it $1,000,000. This stock was divided into three hundred shares. B. F. French took thirty shares, J. K. and A. Greeley, tliirt>- shares, Moses Taylor, thirl\-six shares, Augustus Peabody of Salem, seventy-five shares, John Kendrick of Boston, fifteen shares, Daniel Webster, sixt>- shares. The stock was not all taken at first, and Daniel Webster never took the shares he subscribed for. The unsold shares were finally taken by Salem and Boston capitalists. The name adopted was the Nashua Manufacturing company. This company must have had on its board of directors some wise and far-seeing men to have planned the location and the surroundings of their mills and corporation houses so finely; or was it because land cost nothing, and, having plenty of room, things, somehow, came into shape themselves. Eben Runnells told the writer that when a l)oy he atteuiled an auction of land within the present city limits, and purchased the lot at six and a quarter cents per acre. The company first decided to locate the mills on the site they now occupy, bringing the water from Mine falls by canal. This canal was three miles long, fifty feet wide and ten feet deep, with a (all of thirty-six feet, and to dig it was a great enterprise for that day. As a matter of fact the dam was poorly built and equipped, the canal was a ditch, the entire plant was crude and not for a moment to be compared to the efllcient and fini.shed plant of our day. The growth of this plant and of its business methods fairly represents the mechanical and business growth of its day. The question of location must have been hard to decide. To us, of the present, it is plain, but let us wipe out all our railways, our city, and all our modern life, and the (luestiou would be hard to decide. The first building erected was a machine shop, located on the northeast corner of the present mill lot, upon the river bank. Work was begun in this shop in 1824, Ira Gay, superintendent. Col. William Boardman, engineer. Mill No. i was built in 1825 and went into operation in 1826. The first mill agent was Asher Benjamin, a prominent architect of Boston. ^36 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Mill No. I was one hundred and fifty-five by forty-five feet on the floor, and five stories high, with steep roof. It was bnilt of brick in a good and substantial manner. Many of those who became workers in the mill labored in its erection. Thomas \V. Gillis, who for so many years filled the agent's place, worked on the foundation with shovel and barrow. The company not only provided a mill for work, but they built homes and boarding-houses for the workers. They built and stocked a store for the sale of family supplies and a meeting-house for worship. They had an agent for the mill, and an agent for outside matters. For this last named position, they obtained a bright and intelligent clerk from the employ of Greenleaf & Co. of Boston, (a firm interested in the company) by the name of L. W. Noyes, a name familiar to all who know the history of Nashua. In 1827 Mill No. 2 was built and was in full operation in 1S2S. This mill was of the .same size as No. I, and six stories high. The.se two mills were run by breast wheels. In 1836 Mill No. 3, of the same .size as No. 2, was built, giving the company an aggregate of 32,000 spindles and seven hundred and ten looms, with the annual production of 9,300,000 yards annually; or of fourty-four yards of cloth a day from each loom. That is, the cotton was carded, spun and woven at the average rate of forty-four yards per loom; a product at least fifty times more than could be produced by hand labor. Mr. Benjamin was soon succeeded as agent by Ira Gay, the efficient superintendent, and, in 1835, Mr. Gay gave way for Thomas W. Gillis, who occupied this responsible place for eighteen years. Mr. Gillis' mechanical education was a product of these mills; his wonderful energy and great ability was a product of the New Hamp.shire hills. It was largely through his efforts that the mills were brought into an efficient working shape, and that a corps of capable helpers were trained to the work, making possible the advance in the art which has continued until our day. In 1844 Mill No. 4 was built, being of the same general size and design as the three previous mills. Mills Nos. 3 and 4 were run by turbine wheels. In 1853 Mr. Gillis gave place to Daniel Hussey as agent. This change was effected, not from lack of ability and energy on the part of Mr. Gillis — whose management had made the enterprise successful and profitable — but because the change in methods attending the growth of the business had made a change in management necessary. The four mills of that day had been, practically, worked sepa and independently of each other; each producing its own grade of work, and each having a .ate account in the books of the company. Economy required that these four mills become one, and under one overseer. The same was called for in the spinning, weaving, and all other departments of work. To bring about such a change effectually, there must be a change in the management, because the best of men become wedded to old ideas, and new men are required for an advance. In the summer of 1856 Mill No. i was burned. The fire took at noon, while the help were at dinner, except two women who were driven by the flames to the roof, from which, in their fright, they jumped and were killed. The mill was at once rebuilt. Gradually the .space between the mills was inclosed until a continuous building of one thousand feet in length was obtained, having twelve acres of floorage under one roof, '^'le mill is run by eight turbine wheels having 3,425 horse power. The engine and boiler house, whic. outside the factor}- proper, contains a 1,700 horse power engine and twelve boilers. On Basin street is located the building containing the office and the large building used as machine .shop and cloth room; six large storehouses, and a storehouse for cotton are included in the plant, also eighty-two tenement houses. Up to 1850 the help were all of New England origin. Many of the women who have graced our be.st homes and helped to give character to our city came to Nashua as mill girls. In 1869 Mr. Hussey resigned, to be followed by D. D. Crombie; he to be, in turn, succeeded by Oliver P. Hussey, who remained until his death, in 1875, when Rufus A. Maxfield assumed the duties. In 1886 E. M. Shaw was elected agent, to be followed in 1891 by William D. Cadwell, who is the present agent. No mills ever had better management than that of the Nashua Manufacturing company. Improvement and progress have been gradual and continuous. For many years its production was HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. //. 4,7 coarse and heavy cotton shirting and sheeting. It now produces over one hnn.hed kinds and grades i)f cotton flannels and bhinkets. From the first the mills have had constant employment, they never closed their gates but once, and that for only a short time, because of lack of work. This corpora- tion has a nionthl>- pay-roll of §40,000, and employs 1,500 hands. In May, 1825, Charles C. Haven and others, under the firm name of the Indian Head factories, bought the lower water privileges of the Nashua Manufacturing company and built their first mill the following year for the jiurpose of manufacturing woolen goods, Mr. Haven acting as agent. Lack of capital, enterprise, experience, or possibly all of these combined, soon brought the company to its end. Woolen manufacture calls for more and a greater variety of talent and skill than cotton. The wool must be wa.shed, dried and go through various manipulations, must be dyed, the cloth must have its nap raised and its surface sheared. It requires trained and skilled labor and tools adapted to the work, all of which were lacking. The company made black, blue and brown broadcloth for men's wear, and were unable to compete with ini])orled goods. In 1S30 the property passed into the hands of the Jackson company to be used as a cotton mill. This company represented a capital of $4.80,000. The name "Jackson" was unfortunate, political feeling ran so high as to prejudice the sale of goods under that name, with the result that the com- pany adopted the trade name of "Indian Head Mills," with a trade mark of an Indian's head, a mark now known and respected all over the world. As to this trade mark proper, composed of the rude sketch of an Indian's head in its war paint and feathers, it is a matter of interest to note its origin. After a skirmish between the men of Dun- stal)le on the south side of the river and the Indians on the north, and when the Indians had given up the contest and retired from the field, the rude sketch of an Indian's head was found carved on the tree as a defiance by the Indians. The location of the tree was near where the Jackson mills now stand. This gave the name to the location, and to the mills a trade mark better known in China than in America. It is singular that this crude defiance of a savage should become the symbol of an en- terprise which embodies results greater than the world had ever .seen at that day. In 1S35 the company had two mills one hundred and fifty-five by forty-seven feet, and five stories high. They ran ir.ooo spindles, three hundred and eighty-eight looms, and employed four hundred and seventeen females and eighty-seven males. Benjamin F. F'reuch, agent. M- "rench was not a manufacturer but a lawyer. By his wisdom and good management the mills wei .ght to a high standard for skill and for product. David Gillis was an efiicient manager under .V . rench. In 1832 Mr. French was followed by Judge Edmund Parker. He was a man beloved by all who knew him. Mr. Parker held the agent's place eleven years; Mr. Herrick, four years; H. T. Robbins, ten months; Walter White, one year; P. Lawton, two years: Benjamin Saunders, eleven years; and Oliver P. Hussey, four years. During all these years the capacity and efficiency of the plant was in- creasing. Mr. Saunders devoted much energy to beautifying the grounds of the mills and the various property belonging to the company. To his spirit of improvement, in the appearance of our sur- roundings, the city of Nashua is greatly indebted. In April, 187 1, William I). Cadwell, having served the Nashua Manufacturing company as superintendent for .some years, was elected agent. He filled ; place so well that in 1891 he was elected agent of the Na.shua Manufacturing com])any, and has held the position of agent for both companies to the present time. This company make a line of especially heavy goods adapted to the eastern market, very many of their goods being .sold in China. The fact that they have often to defend their trade mark from luigli.sh and Canadian pirates is a high compliment to the efficiency of the management and tlie quality of goods manufactured. William T. Spear, the efficient superintendent of the mills, has given much attention to the ex- amination of cotton fibre through the u.se of the microscope, and to utilizing the result obtained in this manner, bv the ai- was completely destroyed by fire in 1.S45. Before the fire was extinguished, the work of rebuilding was begun, this time of brick. The loss was $40,000, but the good character, aliility and pluck of the brothers enabled them to overcome the situation and replace their plant. They employed some one hundred and twenty-five hands. Their castings ranged from the lightest possible, to the heaviest sugar machinery. Later the Chelmsford foundry was incorporated with this under the name of Williams, Bird & Co. This was an unfortunate connection, resulting in the failure of the company, and the Williams brothers resumed business under the old name. It then passed into the hands of a stock company, but was finally bought by Charles Williams, who continued it until 1892, when he retired from business. His son Charles having died, and he having become unable to attend to affairs because of infirmities and age. the plant was sold to Roby &l Swart. The Nashua Iron and Steel works were first established Jan. 2, 1839, under the name of the Nashua Manufacturers and Mechanics association, the stock being divided into sixty shares of five hundred dollars each. The corporation was organized Sept. 20, 1845; Thomas Chase, president ; C. B. Fletcher, clerk : and the name changed to Nashua Iron company and the capital stocked raised to $100,000. In 1872 the name was changed to Nashua Iron and Steel compan}-, and the capital stock was raised to $500,000. The works began with one small shop on Hollis street, with three small hammers, and developed with great rapidity because of the expansion of all kinds of mechanical interests and the rapid growth of railways. The company soon developed the most powerful plant of its kind in New England. The works were under the superintendence of D. H. Dearborn for several .vears ; he was followed by Samuel K. Wellman. To fully realize the work this company has performed, and the nature of its progress, we must recall the fact that all railway iron, most wrought iron, and all steel was imported ; that the low grade steel, such as the Bessemer, which has in our day largely taken the place of wrought iron, had not appeared on the market. Indeed, the "Iron Age" had not materialized in America. The company's three small hamnrers soon became ten large hammers, and a Nasmith hanuner of ten tons was erected in 1863. Its small shop soon became .seven large shops, covering fifteen acres of land. Its works included a rolling mill for working scrap iron into bar iron, a Semmes-Martin steel furnace of 36,000 pounds capacit}', and a large machine shop on Hollis street for finishing work. The steel plant was put in working shape in 1866 under Superintendent Wellman. The furnace was the first of its kind built in America and marks an era in the steel manufacture of this country. It is a matter of interest to note that the huge masses of iron used as stoppers for the ports in the turret of the "Little Monitor," which did such noble service in Hampton Roads were forged in this .shop. The making of steel tires for the driving-wheels of locomotives has been for many years a specialty. Steamer shafts, stationary engines, forgings, and steel plate in the rough, and all kinds of heavy forgings are furnished by this company. It has an annual business of $750,000 and employs from one hundred and fifty to three hundred and fifty men at the present time. Aretas Blood of Man- chester is the manager. The grandfather of George W. Underbill, the founder of the Underbill bklge Tool company, made axes in Chester, New Hampshire, and his father started the same business on Haverhill street in Boston about 1820, where George W. learned the trade. He began business in Nashua in 1839 on Water street, with one man and a common blacksmith's kit, and fini.shed his work on a common grindstone until 1852. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 441 111 1852 Mr. Herrick, owner of the mill privileges now known as Edgeville, interested himself with Mr. Underhill and others and a company was formed, shops were bnilt and work Iiegun. The conipaiiy was incorporated in 1852; capital $60,000; George W. Underhill, superintendent. The works were located at the mouth of vSalmon brook on the line of the Nashua & Lowell railroad. The coinpain- showed great energy and push. They were prompt to secure and adopt all improvements in machinery and methods. They made edge tools, such as axes, hatchets, adzes, chisels, with an out- put of some #135,000 annually. John H. Gage was an active promoter of the company and the first president, and H. M. Goodrich the first treasurer. In 1857 C. B. Hill became treasurer, and in 1S66 the capital stock was raised to $8o,oco by an assessment upon the stock. Ill 1879 the entire plant of the Amoskeag Axe company was acquired, materially enlarging the business. Employment was given to one hundred skilled laborers with an output of 120,000 axes per year, besides other goods. A large export trade was maintained with South America and Australia. The enterprise was not a success financially. The property was sold to a tru.st; the machinery was removed to Douglass, Ma.ss., and the real estate passed into the hands of Koby 6t vSwart. The Nashua Lock company originated from a thought in the fertile brain of Samuel Shepard. All latches and locks were of the English type and make, and were secured upon the side of the door with a catch projecting from the door frame. Messrs. Shepard and Baldwin were makers of doors, and the thought came to Mr. Shepard that the lock could be placed in a mortise and so be enclo.sed within the material of the door. In 1832 Charles Gay made in a small way what is known as the "rotary grand lock." This fact may have set Shepard to thinking upon the subject of door locks. Some one was employed to exploit the idea and finally the door, sash and blind business was sold and a company formed in 1834 by Samuel vShepard and David Baldwin to make locks In 1835 L. W. Noyes bought Mr. Shepard's interest and the enterprise was pushed with energy. In 1853 Robert G. Livingstone of Boston became a partner, and salesrooms were opened in Boston. Sabine Traverse was superintendent for ten years. He was followed by Gilbert Hill for fifteen years. During this time the company employed some twenty-five men. In 1854 Mr. Baldwin died and was succeeded by J. W. Otterson, who became superintendent of the shop. Owing to lack of harmony in the management, to the withdrawal of funds by L. W. Noyes, and to the depression caused by the panic of 1857, it was thought best to reorganize the company, and in 1859, F. O. Monroe bought the entire interest for $33,000, giving his notes for the same. The first experimental work was done in the shop of Shepard & Baldwin at the north end of the Jackson compan3''s dam. The first shop was in the machine shop of the Nashua Manufacturing company on Water street. Later the company occupied a brick building on Water street near the foot of Washington street. In i860 the plant on Spring street known as " the Lock Shop" was built and the works were very much enlarged, with a corresponding output. In 1863 the company was incorporated; capital $60,000, and one hundred and fifty hands found emplovment, with a payroll of $6,000 per month. Mr. Monroe remained at the head of the business until 1872. For some years C. B. Hill of Nashua had been treasurer of the company and had charge of the salesrooms in Boston. The big fire of Boston wiped its entire P.oston stock out of existence. In 1872. after the fire, the control of the company passed into the hands of capitalists represented by H. (i. Bixby. These parties recognized the fact that a valuable enterjirise was slipping from the hands of the Nashua com- pany because of faulty tools and methods, and a gallant fight was made by them to regain supremacy in this line, but the fight was useless, the hold obtained by competitors was too strong, and it was found necessary for Na.shua to surrender her own child to others, because others had nourished the child Nashua had neglected. In 1853 Rollins, Gilman & Co., Joscphus Baldwin being a i)artner, began work in the shop just vacated by J. H. Gage & Co. in the Nashua Manufacturing company's shop on Water .street. Mr. Rollins came to Nashua from Manchester, where he had learned his trade, and had had charge of a machine shop owned by Josephus and Edwin Baldwin. In 1854 Gilman sold his interest to the company and the name of Geo. A. Rollins & Co. was assumed. In 1S63 Geo. W. Davis of Milford bought Baldwin's interest in the business and removed to Nashua, and the firm took the name of C.eo. W. Davis ^: Co. 442 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. In 1865 a large lot of land on the line of the Worcester & Nashua railroad was purchased and the shop now occupied by the conipau}- was Iniilt. The work up to this time was largely gun machinery and heavy tools. In 1867 a patent was secured for a steam-engine, and attention was turned toward the Iniilding of steam-engines. In 1879 the company dissolved and divided the property, including the lot, and the name of Geo. A. Rollins & Co. was again assumed. Jan. 23, 1892, the company was incorporated as the Rollins Engine company. The modern steam-engine is largely a result of improvements made by Sickles & Curtis of Provi- dence, R. I. Grasping the ideas suggested by these improved engines, Mr. Rollins began at once to improve and modify the detail of their construction until he has been able to produce an engine ap- proaching perfection. The first engine of the improved design is now doing good service in the state prison at Concord. For careful and finished workmanship no shop in town excels this. In 1879 Mr. Davis and Mr. Rollins divided the real estate and the machinery between them, Mr. Davis retaining the half located on Foundry .street, where he continued the manufacture of tools, shafting, mill-fittings and general job work until his decease in the winter of 1897. In the sunnner of 1863 R. T. Smith visited a farmer friend in Vermont. The farmer, with much pride, showed his mowing, and other labor-saving machines, with the remark that all he now lacked was a machine for shearing sheep. This chance remark was the germinal seed which resulted in the fine plant at the Harbor, known as the American Shearer Manufacturing companj-. Mr. Smith, upon his return to Na,shua, consulted J. K. Priest, an ingenious and skillful mechanic, and a series of experiments, with a view to produce a machine that would clip the hair or wool from animals, was entered upon. The first move was to make a tool having a stationary and a rotating cutter. This device was soon finished and worked finely as a fixture in a lathe. The workmen in the shop asked how the animal was to be brought to the cutter, and when told that the cutter, revolving at great speed and driven bj' power was to be held in the hand of an operator and passed freeh' over the body of the animal, they raised a shout of derision, for such a thing had never been done. Within one year a machine had been completed with a cutter revolving fifteen hundred times a minute that could be worked in any position or upon any plane when held in the hand, as readily as the ordinary sheep shears, and a sheep had been shorn with this machine in two minutes. The tool, as used, was a real advance in mechanical art. When shown at the Royal institute in London, "Engineering" said of it, "It is, for novelty and ingenuity, the gem of the exhibition." This device was the forerunner of the dental engine, boot and shoe burnishing machine, and others. The success of the machine was so marked that J. G. Blunt and William Earl became interested in the enterprise, and the American Shearer Manufacturing company was formed with equal owner- ship l)y the four partners, William Earl becoming business agent, and work was begun on fifty ma- chines. When these machines were finished, the unwelcome discover)- was made that the machine would shear sheep only in a hot day and this threw a wet blanket on the enterprise until a trial was had on horses, where the machine proved, not only a success, but a triumph, and the fifty machines were but a drop in the bucket of demand. The next two years were bus)- and profitable ones to the company and should have been the foundation of great wealth. But vicious business methods were adopted, and the company was soon involved in a maze of law suits and costs that threatened its de- struction. The advent of the baud-clipping machine saved the company. We venture to tell this story as an object lesson. The company had .sold five hundred machines, under contract to protect a certain territory for each machine, and were to receive a royalty for each horse clipped. Five hun- dred contracts, for which the company were responsible, were made with five hundred irresponsible men ; they soon found themselves in a bad box, and were saved by the advent of the hand machine. During the days of its great prosperity the company had divided all of its profits, amounting, in one (the best) year to four hundred per cent on all the capital invested. This short-sighted policy was a costly mistake. If this profit had been invested in a shop of first class tools, the proprietors would have become rich men and this enterprise a matter of greater pride to the city and state. In 1875 this company became incorporated. The hand-clipper had come to stay, and as a barber's clipper was coming into demand, the com- pany began to make hand machines. F'or six years the profits on the power machines were absorbed HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. WT, by losses on hand machines, and the company was just able to exist. In 18.S3 J. K. Priest bought the entire interest of the business except a few of Mr. Smith's shares, held by him so that he could act as president of the company and as a director. The works were first on Water street and afterwards on Foundry street. In 1887 Mr. Priest built the fine shop at the Harbor, now occupied by the American Shearer Manufacturing company, and began to improve his machinery and methods, with good results. In 1890 Dr. Fred Priest of Brooklyn, N. V., became associated with his father and has. by his enterprise and devotion to business, helped bring the company to "the fore" as the largest and most prosperous manufactory of its class in the world. It has helped to drive foreign comjietition out of the market, and sells thousands of machines in Europe. The company make hand and power clippers, horse clipping machines, power grooming machines, barber and toilet clippers, and have this last year put on the market the first grooming machine and the first aluminum clippers. They employ sixty hands, use one hundred horse steam power. The clipper business originated with this company. The possibility of making machines for sewing, and matters pertaining to their manufacture, were of great interest in the comparatively early history of Nashua. While this was not the birthplace of the inventor of the sewing machine or of the invention, it was in this city that Klias Howe spent two years of .struggle and privation, and it was at the Harbor that he at last perfected his machine and adapted it to work. While Howe invented a vital element in the .sewing machine, the practical machines adapted to every day work were i)erfccted by Singer, Grover & Baker, W'heeler &. Wil.son and others. Howe was not a practical man. In 1851 Thomas W. Gillis and a Mr. Taylor formed a company for making sewing machines, and began work in a .small way on Water street, and in 1852 built the shop, at the Harbor, on Main street, now occupied by the Vale Mills Manufacturing com- pany. This company had no conception of the great demand that was to arise for sewing machines. Their plan was to build Howe's perfected machine, a small single loop machine known as the Dorcas, and also one for Nickols & Bliss of Boston. Their main dependence for business was the Howe machine. The enterprise was a failure. Taylor removed to New York city and later he had machines Iniilt on Water street under contract by J. K. Prie.st. In 1856 J. & S. Chase came into a shop on Water street and built the Weed sewing machine and established a reputation for the same. Lack of capital prevented their pushing the business and it was removed to Hartford, Conn. The machines were made under contract for Whitney & Lyon of Boston. The firm passed through various changes as to partnership and was finally sold to the Weed Sewing Machine company in 1S66. In 1839 James Hartshorn removed his stove and tinware business from Milford to Nashua. In those days business was attended with difficulties; runners were not in the store daily, soliciting orders. Mr. Hartshorn purchased his stoves in Walpole, Mass., and was obliged to bring them to Nashua with his own team. At this time there was a small foundry at Amherst owned by the Wool- sons, who made a few stoves of cast iron and tin, which had at one time a limited sale. The idea of starting a stove foundry in Nashua appears to have originated with a brother of the Amherst Wool- sons, who lived in Claremont. He was a friend of Hartshorn, and strongly urged him to enter into the business, Hartshorn decided to try it, and took as a partner Winslow Ames of Mason, of the firm of vScripture & Ames. Mr. Ames brought to the firm sterling character, great business capacity and ability. He was one of "the giants that lived in those days." The firm name was Hartshorn & Ames, and they began business as founders on Water street in 185 1. Most, if not all, of the Amherst plant and help were removed to Nashua. It was a proud day for the new firm when the first stove of their make was set up, sold and delivered. The stove was put upon a wheelborrow; Deacon Hartshorn propelled the vehicle, while Mr. Ames kept its freight in place and preserved an equilibrium. In 1851 the company opened warerooms on Union street in Boston and the business grew a]>ace. In 1852 two young men were received into the firm, Timothy C. Whittemore and Mr. Blanchard. They remained with the company for a time but finally left because the terms of partnership forbade any member of the company from holding an interest in any outside business. In 1855 they built a large foundry and storerooms on Howard street, the same being now known as the rolling mill, and employed .some fifty men. They brought out new and improved designs in 444 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. stoves and prospered greatly. It is the misfortune of this business that the bulk of its sales come but once in a year, and that in the fall. During the summer of 1857 their orders kept their works crowded to the full capacity. In October of that year the panic struck this city, bringing desolation worse than that of a cyclone. This company had $100,000 charged on their books and could not col- lect a dollar. With the best character, with exceptional facilities for business, they were driven to the wall and were obliged to close the business. They were killed h\ success. It may be of interest to note that all of these bills were collected and all indebtedness of the company was paid. The firm of Flather & Company, composed of Joseph and William Flather, sustains a character for enterprise, good reliable workmanship, integrity and honorable dealing not second to any in our city. The product of their shop stands high in the American market, and large numbers of their lathes are found in England, France, Italy and Switzerland. The brothers are of English birth and brought from their native land a knowledge of their Inisi- ness and a great degree of persistency and Yorkshire pluck. Joseph learned his trade in Bradford, England, his native place; he also worked at Norwich. He, with his father, came to America on a sailing vessel in 1856 and landed at Philadelphia. Failing to find work the\- made their way to Har- pers Ferry, where he had an uncle. Here he found work in the United States armory, where he remained several months. He afterwards spent a short time in Zanesville, Ohio, when he returned to Harpers Ferry. In 1859 he came to work for Chase & Co. in Nashua on sewing machines, and later for J. K. Priest. During the war he worked on guns at Biiighampton and Yonkers, N. Y., Trenton, N. J., and at Bridgeport, Conn. In 1S65 Joseph and William invested their all in a plant for building and repairing oil machinery at Parkersburg, West \'irginia, and lost all they had, and in 1867 came back to Nashua, and with their good name bought the machine shop of J. K. Priest on Water street. For seven years they made no progress ; bad debts and general bad luck attended their efforts. In 1872 they removed to the watch factor\- and in 1873 built a shop on their present location which was burned in 1876. They rebuilt of brick. With this shop there came a season of prosperity. Gradually their business extended and additions were made to their shop and their tools, until their facilities for, and methods of manufacture are not surpassed. In 1890 they added a foundry to their plant. This company has confined itself strictly to the building of engine lathes, and to the idea of building the be.st possible lathe, they have devoted their skill and energ}', with a result of which our city is justly proud. The Flathers have given our cit}- another excellent example. They have educated their sons to become skilled mechanics, giving them the best technical education. It is an English saying that " tlie king never dies:" this firm acts upon the principle that the business enterprise they have founded is never to die; all that is individual will pass away, but the business, as a business, is to remain. Their shops are located on the Boston & Maine railroad at the Junction, and they have their own side track connecting their shop with the Boston & Maine railroad. The company use steam, forty horse power. The removal of the Nashua Watch company from the city, because of lack of funds to carry on its business, is a sore spot in our history. It was one of those great l)luuders which society will sometimes commit. The companj- was incorporated in June, 1859, with a capital of ^60,000, with \'. C. Oilman as president and L. W. Noyes as treasurer, and conunenced business in i860. The old Washington house, on Main street between Prospect and Bowers streets, was purchased and put in condition for a factory. A fine set of machines and tools were procured or built, all the exqusite dies and fine implements for making jewels, etc., were brought to perfection, and the best watch ever produced by machinery was perfected. This watch was called the "Nashua," and still bears that name on the list of the Waltham Watch company. The company had been ambitious to place the best possil)le watch on the market. To do this they had absorbed all their capital, their assets were their fine plant and one thousanil watches. The watches had not shown their good quality by actual service. At this juncture the War of the Rebellion broke out, and fine watches were at a discount. The one thousand watches were offered for $37,000, but could find no purchaser. (These same goods were afterwards sold liy the jnnchasers for $112,000. ) Such was the condition of things when the war brought an enormous demand for cheap watches for soldiers' use; the world was to see for the first time, an armv of soldiers carrving watches. This HISTORY OF NASH U. 4, N. //. ^^5 company had the tools, the dies, all that was rerjuired for makiiij,- a good, serviceable watch at a lunninal sum: the tide of fortune had turned in their favor, but alas, they had no available capital and wvrc (ibliued to sell the plant and stock to the Waltham Watch company, and bow themselves from the stage. The Co-operative Foundry originated with the Nashua Lock company and formed part of their works on Water street. When that com])any was sold to F. O. Monroe, in 1859,). I). Otterson. in liquidation of certain claims upon the old company, received this plant and business with a contract to do the casting for the Lock company. He occupied the foundry on Water street. In 1866 the works were removed into the excellent buildings on Foundry .street, and known as the Otterson foun- drv, and did a business of S5o.ooo a year. Upon the death of Mr. Otterson in iS.So, the business was undertaken by several parties with but small success. This poor success com])elled some of the most enterprising of the workmen to asso- ciate and form a co-operative foundry company. They became incorporated in 1881 and built a wooden building on Harbor avenue for their works. Before the new shop was ready for use they were enabled to procure a lea.se of the Otterson foundry and at the expiration of the lea.se to purchase the property. The specialty of the company is, and always has been, small and fine castings, and the comi)any take ])ride in both the (|uality and workmanshij) of its productions. The success of this co-operative enter])ri.se is a result of two important elements, the company was composed of working men. who knew little of business, and who. recognizing the fact, employed a good business man as agent and left him to conduct his department. The workmen also realized that they were working for themselves, that their faithfulness was to their own personal advantage and no shirk was harbored in the works for one moment. The continued success of this company shows that co-operation maybe successful, and shows the conditions by which success is attainable. In 1SS4 Mark Flather, a brother of Joseph and William Klather, began business and occupied part of the shop of the Rollins Engine company, for the building of planers. In this .shop he laid the foundation for a good business, he enlarged his plant, multiplied the number and improved the designs of planers manufactured by himself, and, in 1893, built the fine two-story brick shop on Crown street. This shop has a floorage of 11,500 feet and is especially adapted to his cla.ss of work. Early in 1895 he put in a railway crane, which enables him to handle heavy machines, and parts of machines, with facilit}' and ease. At the present time he employes twenty men. This com])any is incorporated. It uses a twenty-five horse power electric engine. William Highton & Sons, manufacturers of registers, ventilators, etc., began business in 187- on .Sudl)ury street, Boston. The firm consisted of William Highton and his sons, James and Marshall. Previous to this Mr. Highton had made registers for Moses Pond cS: Co. from his (High- ton's) patents. The firm began business in a small way. finishing the goods in their shop and jiro- curing the castings from the Nashua Lock company. In 187S James, the oldest son. died. In 1879 the business requiring larger quarters, it was removed to 55 Charlestown street. In 1887 Marshall died and the business was left on the shoulders of the now aged father. In this emergency Mr. Highton called into his service his .son-in-law, Enoch Shenton, the present general manager of the business, and gave him the position in the firm formerly occupied by his son Marshall. The following Jul\' William Highton died, and by recpiest in his will Mr. vShenton became manager of the works and agent for the heirs. From the start the business had steadily increased in volume and extent until larger (piarlers and better facilities were imperatively called for. The attention of the company was called to Nashua as affording good, if not the best, facilities for manufacture in New England, and in 1S89 the business located here. The lower story of the Nashua Lock company's building on Spring street was leased for two years, also store houses and japan rooms. The castings were made by the Co-operative Foun- dry company. Meantime a part of their goods were made in Boston. To encourage the company to locate in Nashua, the city exempted their works from taxation for ten years and the Indian Head bank gave such aid as to enable them to establish their plant, and still keep their product, both as to quantity and quality, uj) to their former standard. Land was purchased on the corner of Pond and Otterson streets and a building forty by eighty feet, two stories, with addi- tion twenty-two by twenty-four for japanning, was erected. This building was equipped with all the 446 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. latest improved machinery and appliances. In 1893 an addition of eighteen by twenty-four feet was made, also a plant for polishing and plating, and a department for a higher grade of finish. Jan. I, 1894, Enoch Shenton bought of the estate of William Highton the entire business with real estate, stock, tools, pattern and good will, and entered into partnership with A. Wilber Frost and continued the bu.siness under the firm name of William Highton & Sons, Mr. vShenton acting as gen- eral manager, and Mr. Frost as superintendent. During 1894 many new designs were added, and an oven was placed for baking white japan and the different bronzes by steam heat, giving superior results. The company make one hundred and fifty-five sizes of registers and ventilators besides borders and wall frames together with a variety of desi"-ns for each size. These goods receive all grades of finish from plain black and white to polished nickel and gilt. The trade is indebted to this company for many valuable improvements in this class of goods. A foundry forty-five by one hundred, a cupola building fifteen by twenty-four, and a safe storage room twenty-four by thirty are in process of erection. The Na.shua Steam Press and Boiler works, J. J. Crawford & Son, proprietors, was first located by Mr. Crawford on Foundry street in 1873. He occupied the shop now owned by G. W. Davis. In 1883 he removed to his present shop at the Nashua Junction, where he manufactures steam boilers, cylinders and tanks. His specialty is the hydraulic power press with hollow steam plates. At the corner of Hollis street and Harbor avenue is situated the pleasant quarters of the Nashua Saddlery Hardware company, manufacturers of Tabor's improved saddle-tree, water hooks and gen- eral saddlery hardware. The company was incorporated in 1889 with a capital of $50,000 , and holds numerous and valua- ble patents. In 1894 the company purcha.sed the saddlery part of the business of the Malleable Iron works of Rome, N. V. J. A. Merriman, selling agent, and J. S. Perry, superintendent of the Rome works, came to Nashua with the plant. Both these gentlemen have had large experience in their several departments. Mr. Tabor resigned his place as superintendent in 1894. The works run two electric engines, one of twent3'-five horse power and one of fifteen horse power. Their patented devices which originated in Nashua are the saddle-tree and jocky plate. Theyu.se the word "Nashua" as a trade mark on their goods. They employ from forty to fifty hands, with a pa}' roll of $2,000 per month and with an output of $125,000. In 1889 the promoter of the Na.shua Textile Machine company, William White, Jr., was at work for F^lather & Co. as a machinist. At the time he rented a small space in the machine shop of George H. Whitney, together with the use of tools, and employed a man to work over two old wool washing machines according to an idea he had in his mind. These machines were so far successful as to justify his leaving his job at Flather's and devoting himself to building wool washing machines. In May, 1890, he rented room and power of George W. Davis, and in August of 1890 he fitted up a room in I-^aton's bobbin factory with a few tools. In this shop he built several washing machines, constantly making improvements. In February, 1891, he removed to more commodious rooms in the lock shop on Spring street, where he perfected his feeding and cloth drying devices. In October of the same year he removed into his own shop on Harbor avenue. To l)egin with, Mr. White had a little money, some $1,000, a great capacity for work, unbounded pluck, and a somewhat hazy idea as to how his machines should be built. It will readily be seen that he would be imposed upon by his competitors in business, b)- those who sold him stock, and by most of those with whom he came in contact. He soon passed be- yond his financial depth, but such was the persistence of the man, his honest endeavors, his evident faith in his ultimate success, that he was able to get help, and finally he placed upon the market better, simpler and less costly washing and feeding machines than had been in use. At the same time he perfected other devices adapted to textile manufacture. All this was done under conditions which made success almost impossible, yet when the panic of 1893 struck the country, this shop was the only one in this vicinity that was so driven with orders as to be obliged to work evenings, and even then he was not able to meet his engagements to deliver goods. At present he employs eighteen hands. The Nashua Iron and Brass Foundry company was incorporated April i, 1890, by Amos C. Barstow, James H. Cutler, Charles H. Burke, Arthur Baker and Edward W. Dowd. They purchased the entire property of the Nashua I,ock company and began the manufacture of iron. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N If 44/ brass, and composition castings, specialties in cast metal, machine work, etc. For the past two years this company has been mannfacturing and placing on the market the Peerless adjustable school furniture for the inventor, G. A. Bobrick of Boston. About :,o,ooo sets have been .sold, principally in New England. The capital stock of the company is $50,000 and they employ about one hundred men. The present officers arc Charles H. Burke, president; A. P. Baker, treasurer; E. W. Dowd, superinten- dent. Besides the nmnufactory in Nashua the company has an office at 220 Franklin street, Boston. FURNITURh: MANUFACTURH. Nashua \'illage, when a part of Dunstable, began to assume some importance as a furniture centre. Manufacturing, however, was only done to a very limited extent by hand workmen. Up to 1840, so far as can now be ascertained, not more than two or three men worked in any one shop, and up to 1850 not more than four or five. In January, 1827, Blanchard & Coggin' had a cabinet warehouse "on the south side of Nashua river, in Nashua Village, Dunstable." Later in the year B. Blanchard advertised their business "in the shop formerly occupied by Blanchard & Coggin." These parties were probably together in 1826, and possibly in 1825. Mr. Blanchard soon disappeared as a furniture man, but Mr. Coggin, who was the notable John Coggin of later years, held on to the business in various .situations until his death in 188S. We find him, in the same year in which he dissolved connection with Mr. Blanchard, in company with Levi Roby. Their wareroom was "on the east side of the street, opposite J. R. Wiggin's store." They announce themselves as extensive dealers in that, and the next year, and probably continued together about three years. In 1830 Isaac vSpalding, in a flaming adverti.sement, gave notice of an extensive consignment of furniture. In a modest way Joel Carter adverti.sed furniture in 1831. In 1832 Williams & Carter advertised warerooms "in Greeley's building, opposite the Indian Head coffee house." Thomas Atwood & Sju also had a furniture wareroom in 1832, and we judge were successors to Williams ^: Carter. Atwood & Son dissolved in 1835 and were succeeded by Peabodx- & Rider, who removed to "No. i. Central building, (called also Wilson's building) next door to the bridge," in 1837. Late in 1834 John Coggin announced that he "had removed to the we.st side of Main street, a few rods south of the Nashua bridge." Somewhat later than this, Oliver P. Phillips appeared upon the scene, and April 12, 1839, advertised for "four or five first rate journeymen cabinet makers." We judge that Mr. Phillips continued the cabinet making business about fifteen years, sometimes at work for himself and sometimes for others. In 1840 "John Coggin & Co." had a manufacturing room in connection with their warerooms "in the first building south of the Na.shua bank." In November, 1841, Albert McKean and John Coggin, under the firm name of McKean & Coggin, advertised that they had bought the stock and taken the rooms formerly occupied by Merrill iv: Coggin, over McKean & Co.'s store, and offered a fine assortment of furniture for sale. August 3, 1843, vSanuiel Abliott ojiened furniture warerooms "in the railroad buildings, opposite the Central house." Late the same \ear he moved to "the old furniture stand over Gay's store." In 1S43 Phillips & vSenter were furniture dealers in the south store under the then Universalist church. The Phillips in the firm was probal)ly Oliver P. It does not appear that they were there long. In 1845 William D. Harris had a cabinet shop in Tha_\er's building, and for nmny years did more or less cabinet and cofhn work. McKean & Coggin were not long together. A year or two after the firm was formed Coggin ^: lusher succeeded them, and did business under the old First church. This firm dissolved in 1846, Mr. Fisher continuing the business. Soon after this Mr. Fisher died, and Coggin & Merrill took the business and continued it at the same stand about four years, when Mr. Merrill died. The firm soon became Coggin & Pierce, and continued so till about 1S60, when Mr. Coggin retired from it and took a store in Nutt's block and continued there aliout six years. He then moved into Parkinson's building, corner of Main and Pearl streets, and continued there about ten years, the most of the time being in company with George E. Farley, the firm being Coggin & Farlev, when Mr. Coggin retired and the firm became Geo. E. Farley & Bro., lasting 4_^8 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. about two years there, when the business was given up. Mr. Coggin then moved into a building of his own, 203 Main street, which he remodelled for the purpose. He died in 1888, and the business fell into the hands of T. F. Keegan, who ran it three or four years, when it was discontinued. Mr. Coggin had a long and honorable career as a furniture man, extending in Nashua from 1825 or 1826 to the time of his death. He learned his trade in Amherst. Being a practical man he had much to do with the development of the furniture business in Nashua. C. T. Ridgway, at present one of the oldest merchants in Nashua, tells how Mr. Coggin in long years ago trundled bedsteads up from the little mill at the Harbor in a hand cart, and at one time the Rev. Mr. Gage insisted on taking hold and helping and together they trundled the load uji to the village. vSuch furniture work as required turning was probably done at this mill. About 1S49 W. S. Atwood started the furniture business in Beasom block and soon after admitted Mr. Perley, the firm being Atwood & Perley. This was the beginning of a long line of furniture dealers, the succession being Fletcher & Farwell, Fletcher & Brown, Brown & Danforth, E. P. Brown & Co., (the company being J. W. Howard) Howard & Copp, J. W. Howard & Co., Howard & French, Howard, French & Heald, and now J. \V. Howard & Co. fn 1850 E. G. Sears started the bedstead making business on Water street. This was the first shop in Nashua where anything in the furniture line was made to any extent for the outside trade. At this time automatic turning lathes came into use and the old-fashioned cord bedsteads were evoluted out of existence, their place being taken by a newer style called cottage bedsteads. This shop represented the new era in this class of furniture work, and the plan of selling and shipping it to distant points. Mr. vSears continued it till 1857, when it was sold to Josephus Baldwin, and by him and his successor. Dr. F. B. Ayer, continued till about 1S77. Lewis Kimliall was the manager of the business after its sale by Sears till near its close, when Loring I-'arnsworth for awhile had charge of it. In 1853 Punkham & FHliott commenced the manufacture of looking-glass and picture frames. This was continued three years, during which time Mr. Elliott retired and A. H. Perkins took his place, _and for awhile .some furniture was manufactured in addition to their frames. In 1856 a firm was formed in addition to Fletcher & F'arwell's retail store, consisting of J. M. Fletcher, L. C. Farwell, A. H. Perkins and Christopher Whiting, under the firm name of Fletcher, Farwell & Co., and the business of manufacturing furniture was commenced b\' them on Water street in buildings owned by Josephus Baldwin. In a couple of years the business fell into the hands of Mr. Fletcher, who soon after formed a partnership with E. B. Parker of Thornton's Ferry, and it was moved to that place. Mr. Fletcher's interest there expired in 1866, and it was re-established by him in Nashua on East Hollis street in connection with Amos Webster, under the firm name of Fletcher iS: Webster. The building was a three story and basement one, thirty-five b>- one hundred feet, and the furniture business occupied the greater part of it. The business grew and these premises were soon too small for it. In 186S the firm erected a shop on the north side of Harbor pond, getting read}- for the next year. In i86g another .shop was erected and the firm moveil the furniture part of their business into these new quarters. About four years later a third building was added to the new plant, making, with sheds and attachments, and al)out two acres of land upon which they are situated, a roomy place of business, which has sometimes employed eighty hands. Soon after occupying their new quarters, L. C. Farwell was admitted into the firm and it became Fletcher, Webster & Co. The prosperity of the firm induced the formation of a stock compan>- in 1S68, which was duly incorporated under the laws of New Hampshire, taking the name of Fletcher & Webster Furniture Co., and has so continued till the present time. Mr. Fletcher was the first to start the business, and the last to hold on to it, all the other participants having retired, leaving him manager and proprietor. The goods manu- factured are centre tables, hall-stands, what-nots, folding cribs, swing and rocking cradles, umbrella stands, music racks, etc. About 1856 Hill & Magoon established the business of bedstead making, as an offshoot of the Sears establishment, and continued some six ^-ears. Their shop for a part, if not all of the time, was connected with a saw mill on West Hollis street, north of the cemetery, which was burned after standing a few years. They employed from five to ten hands. Some time during their existence Freeman E. Tupper invented a bedstead fastening, and for a while made bedsteads aLso, and in con- HISTORY OF NASflUA, N. II nection will, a retail store on Factory street called "Tapper's Museum," had something to do with the furniture business for a good many years, and has recentlv opened there again John Hale, on Water street, manufactured furniture to order, with one or two hands from .86. to 1864. T. H. Pinkham succeeded him and followed the same business about three years. Along in the fifties Alford Fisher commenced making refrigerators on Water street and continne.I the business ten or fifteen years. Hennon Dane .started a retail furniture store in connection with the auction business in 1S54 in Thayer's building. His son, H. F. Dane, succeeded him in 1X74 an.l continued the business in the same place till 1892, when it was removed to Water street and is at present located there. The Nashua Novelty works grew out of the bird cage business which was started in 1856 by Fletcher .S: Farwell, in addition to their furniture and other business. Over a year was spent in getting up machinery for it before a cage was made. It proved a successful venture. Mr. Farwell retired from it in 1858 and for three years it was carried on by Mr. Fletcher alone. During this time the manufacture of carpet sweepers was added to it. They were made under the Herrick patent, and were the first carpet sweepers made in the world. In 1861 Amos Webster was admitted to the busi- ness, and the firm became Fletcher & Webster. The business was gradually extended and made to include toys, novelties and furniture. About 1864 the business was removed from Beasoni hall, which had been its workroom, to the Gage, Murray & Co. card shop building on Kast Hollis street. In 1869 the business was divided. The furniture part was removed to the new quarters prepared for it on the north side of Harbor iioiid, and continued under the old name of Fletcher & Web.ster, while the part that was left behind, which soon became the Na.shua Novelty works, was continued there under the name of C. H. Hunt & Co.; Mr. Hunt coming in as a partner in that branch of the busi- ness, and managing it. About a year afterwards Mr. Webster sold out his interest in this concern to S. B. Richardson. Mr. Richardson soon retired and a new firm was formed to run the business consisting of J. M. Fletcher, C. H. Hunt, C. A. Knowlton and H. O. Atwood. In 1871 a commodi- ous new shop was erected for the works on the corner of Otterson and Pond streets. Soon after mov- ing into these new premises Mr. Hunt retired from the concern, and about two years afterwards Mr. Knowlton also retired, leaving only Messrs. Fletcher & Atwood. In 1882 Mr. Atwood also retired and the business has been in the hands of Mr. Fletcher since. The novelty, toy and juvenile features of the business have gradually been disjjlaced by heavier goods in the shape of church and theatre chairs, settees and folding chairs, woodenware articles, etc. An additional sho]i was built for the concern in 1882, on the opposite side of Otterson street, affording room for a substantial business in this special branch of furniture work. About 1878 S. I. Fo.x and a Mr. Gibson, the firm being Fox & Gibson, commenced the manu- facture of chamber suits in Small's block on Lowell street, but Mr. Gibson soon retired and left the business to Mr. Fox. In about a year he moved to the old watch factory building, corner of Main and Bower streets, and continued there till it was burned in November, 1S8;;, employing about fifty hands. He then moved into the buildings on Merrimack street known as Holt's batting works, and about the same time formed a partnershij) with .\. C. Ilalch. the linn being Fox & Hatch. They continued there about three and a half years when a fire swept through the works causing the pre- mises to be vacated. They then built a magnificent new shop on Broad street, about a mile up the Wilton track, forty-five by two hundred, with outbuildings, into which they moved in 1885. Soon after occupying their new premises, J. B. Law bought the interest which Mr. Fox had in the business and the new firm became the Nashua Furnitiire companx-. This continued till a fire consumed the building in Jul>-, 1889. This broke uji the firm, but Mr. Hatch, with great energy, rebuilt the entire plant even more substantially than before and continued the business there till August, 1892, when it was relinquished. The buildings were then taken for a box factory. Mr. Hatch went to Willini and is engaged in his old business there. About 1885 E. L. Shattuck, I'.. S. Knight and S. W. Mansfield commenced making centre tables and worked about a dozen hands. Their shop, after getting well under wav, was near Ponlock, but later it was remo\-ed to Water street, where it is now carried on. This bed has received many awards, including one at the World's Fair, and it is quite a feature for Nashua that the name of this bed has been so widely connected with it. The woven wire mattress Inisiness, now a Nashua institution, was started by J. M. Brown in Freemont in 1862. It was moved here and located in Small's block in 1892. In 1893 Thomas vSands became connected with it, and the firm name became The Sands & Brown Manufacturing company. In addition to woven wire goods, furniture has been added to its list of manufactured articles, and it promises to add much to Na.shua's importance as a furniture centre. The Maine Manufacturing company is a recent institution in Nashua. It was started in 1874 in Fairfield, Maine, by John E. Cotton. In 1881 I. Frank Stevens became his partner, and, the business HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H greatly prospering, they looked around for more favorable quarters. In 1894 they came to Nashua and purchased three and a half acres of land on Sanders street, including some of the Sanders property and erected two c.nunodious four-story buildings, one hundred and sixtv by fifty, into which they moved in Novendjcr, 1S94. They have conveniences for working about one hundred men. The bedding and mattress business, as a collateral of the furniture business, has had something of a showing m Xashua. .Vbout 1850 Thomas Tollman was in the business in Fisher's block, and later Holt and Jones were in it. The business resulted in their building quite extensive batting and bedding works on Merrimack .street. Mr. Jones retired after some fifteen vears' connection with it, and Henry Holt continued it until Iiis death about twenty years ago. E. B. Towne, Oilman Scripture and Ira Cross were afterwards concerned in it, but the works in a few years after Holt's death were abandoned for that business, and are now occupied by Porter Blanchard's Sons company in building their noted churns and dairy goods. These facts compri.se mainly the furniture history of Nashua for seventy years, though quite a number of other parties have appeared on the scene as retailers for a short time, and possibly as manufacturers to some extent. Ex-Mayor Sargent had a connection with the business at one time in company with Lorraine Giddings in the old postoffice building, and \i. B. Towne succeeded them. This business altogether ran three or four years. Warren F. Spalding, who afterwards became a bright and witty editor, made lounges and did upholstering in the rear upper rooms of the old postoffice premises. J. M. Perry was a quiet and unobtrusive man, and for many years did upholstering and repairing on Factory street. R. S. Bruce succeeded him. Patrick Conlon is also down as a dealer on Washington street, and A. L. Moore as a dealer in antique furniture on Canal street. Farrier &: Wilkinson were dealers in reed and rattan furniture at 203 Main street. Mr. Wilkinson bought out Mr. Farrier and continued the business alone for some time. Of the man\- reminiscences of the furniture business, few .seem so vi\id as the sayings of one old cabinetmaker, who, when bureaus with projection or serpentine fronts came into fashion, invariably referred to them as having injection fronts. The old cal)inetmakers made cofhns also, and it is said of this man that he was jealous of a new cabinetmaker who came into town. At the first funeral where a coffin made by the new man was used, our friend attended for a special inspection of it, and after- ward spoke of it as "the most illiterate coffin he ever saw." The practical use of the circular saw is ])Ut a little over a centur\- old, and the rotary jilaner came afterwards. Within the time over which we have gone, gauge, Weymouth, and back-knife lather, irregular moulders, band saws, dovetailing, carving, boring, grooving, sanding and other machines without number, have more than once revolutionized the furniture business. The irregular moulder itself, which was a New Hampshire invention, nearly made a new business of an old one. The writer was among the first to experiment with it, having built a wooden framed one about i860, upon which a good many got fingers cut off or badly lacerated, but, as the in\-entor said, "it didn't kill anybody." Even to the last accidents have continually hapjiened in using it. If you want to know how quickly some wood working machinery operates, you may realize it in the fact that a certain workman in a shop under the writer's supervision had a finger taken off by a machine and was not the first to find it out. A companion saw it fall and notified him of the fact before he realized it himself. Styles of furniture change almost as quickly, sometimes, as machinery works. The style from mahogany to black walnut changed in 1858, after a few premonitory symptoms, in about the twink- ling of an eye. It was not becau.se the latter was a handsomer wood, but because the invisible power of fashion issued an edict that it should be done. Since then new and old styles have been rolling over each other with an ever varying picture as to which was on top. As matters now stand, Nashua is the largest furniture centre in the state and may well be proud of such a distinction. It is a matter of interest to note that the first shop in the country set apart for building doors, sa.sh and blinds was a Nashua enterprise. The shop was located at the north end of the bridge on the west side of the street, and was without power. The proprietors were Samuel Shepard and David Baldwin. In this shop was .set up and worked the first mortising machine ever used. In 1834 the works were removed into a mill owned by the Jackson company, located at the north end of the dam, where powder was applied to their machinery. Prior to this time all builders made ,-, HISTORY or NASHUA, N. H. their own doors, etc., in their own shops; and when ready-made doors, sash and blinds, made in Na.shua, were .shown to the trade of Bo.ston by Mr. Benjamin, the architect, all but one of the build- ers refused to use the goods. In 1837 Mr. Shepard received a .silver medal from the American institute of New York for a planing machine of his own invention. In 1S41 Mr. .Shepard filled an order from Russia for planing, tonguing, grooving, beveling or moulding, mortising and sa.sh making machines. In 1846 the door, sash and blind part of the Inisiuess was sold to Howard & Combs, and the bal- ance to John D. Kimball. After purchasing Howard's share in the business, Combs sold to John and Samuel Crombie, who removed the business to the mill of John D. Kimball, which was burned in 1856. The same business was carried on in the Nashua Manufacturing company's shop b>- B. K. Cad- well, who sold to S. N. Wilson and Josephus Baldwin. They employed twenty hands and were thought to be prosperous, but the company became embarrassed and finally Wilson clandestinely left. The machinery was sold to George White and Chester Bullard, who ran the shop for .some three years when, in 185.S, the door, sash and Idind part of the business was sold to George S. Wilder, a con- tractor and builder, who sold to Nathan H. Foster in 1S69. This was practically the end of the enterprise. BOBBIN AND SHUTTLH WORKS. Josephus and Edwin Baldwin began the manufacture of bobbins in a small way in connection with a cotton mill in New Ipswich. Their father lived five miles south of Nashua on a farm, since known as the Highland farm, and had a small shop west of his house where he made boxes and used a wind mill supplemented by horse power. To this shop the brothers came in 1835 and made bobbins. Later on using a small steam eno-ine. Such was the germ which grew into the fine plant on Water street, bearing the name of "The Bobbin Shop." In 1836 this shop was burned and the works were removed to the machine shop of the Nashua Manufacturing company on Water street. In 1843 they were again burned out. The shop was re- built and the company .secured a ten years' lease of it. In 1848 Edwin Baldwin died and Josephus Baldwin conducted the business alone. To leave Josephus Baldwin out of a history of Nashua would lie like leaving Handet out of the play which bears his name. His bobbin shops were extensive, his employees were luimerous, the teams carting stock or finished goods were prominent on our streets. Was there a fire, his voice was first to give directions. He was a power for good in our city. The panic of 1857 embarrassed him greatly, his name was on so many notes and was the backbone of so many enterprises. In 1862 I'laton & Ayer bought the business. In 1867 the works were removed into their own shops on Water street. The lumber for their works was largely prepared at their mills at East Haverhill. At first the goods were delivered by a hand cart. The business grew so as to employ one hundred and sixty hands with a payroll of from $5,000 to $6,000 monthly, and the works covered three acres. In 1885 Mr. Eaton retired from the company, and the firm was known as the Nashua Bobbin & Shuttle company. In 1891 the fine business was gobbled up by a trust. In 1855 the Isaac Eaton company built their factory for making bobbins and shuttles on Charles street on the line of the W'ilton railroad, where they continued business until i8yi when they became victims of a trust. Roger Porter built a slu)p on HoUis street west, where for some years he manufactured an im- proved shuttle of his own invention. In 1S70 the firm now known as Gregg & Son was started by David and Daniel Gregg, who were engaged in the manufacture of doors, sash and blinds in Goffstown prior to 1870. At this time David Gregg fixed upon Nashua as the best shipping point in New Hampshire, and bought land below Crown hill at the Junction, and with his son, David A. Gregg, and W. W. Hoyt built the present main building of this establishment in 1871, under the firm name of Gregg, Hoyt & Co. In 1872 Mr. Hoyt retired and the business was carried on by David Gregg and David A. Gregg under the firm name of Gregg & Son. David Gregg died in i8,So, when his son-in-law, George S. Neville, HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 453 became a partner. In 1SS2 W. A. (iregg, son of David A. Clregg, became a partner in the nrni. In 1S83 Mr. Neville died and David A. Gregg and W. A. Gregg continued the business under the old firm name of Gregg & Son. For eleven years, a period of decided pro.sperily, the firm remained the same. In 1894 O. S. Hussey, son of the late Oliver V. Hussey, and L. (i. Neville, son of the late George vS. Neville, became partners in the company. We have seen in a previous article that Nashua was the birth i)lace of the manufacture of doors, .sash and blinds, and that the business, for various reasons, had failed of success. This firm, either because of better facilities, of improved methods, or because the time had come when the trade was ready to jiatronize such an establishment, has made a great success of the business. They have con- .stantly increased tlicir ])lant, improved their machinery, and have neglected no means for improving both the quality and (luanlity of their product. This company gives a fine illustration of the advan- tage of a concentration of forces to one definite end. The buildings are of l)rick, three-story and basement, one hundred and fifty feet by fifty feet, with engine hou.se, dry houses, etc., outside. In i8cS6 a large store house with rooms for glazing, painting and marbleizing was added to the plant, and in 1S91 the mill proper was extended by an addition of twenty-five feet on its south side. The company in 187 1 employed seventy-five hands, at present about one hundred and fifty. Five million feet of lumber are consumed annually, with a pay roll of $55,000 and an output of $250,000. The demand for goods has always been increasing. Prices have varied, being the best between 1880 and 1892. The price of lumber has .slowly risen. The company makes doors, sash, blinds, window frames, mantels, balustrades and inner finish of all kinds. As good pine lumber becomes scarce, white wood and the various hard woods have, to a degree, taken its place, while large quantities of North Carolina pine and of cypress have been, and are increasingly used. In the manufacture of veneered doors, black walnut has given place to quartered oak, ash, cherry, birch, mahogany, nia]ile and sycamoie. The company has been fortunate in the matter of fires, having suffered but twice from that cause and once from the flooding of their basement. In 1825 we find the saw mill of Israel Hunt, .Sr. , at the Harbor and that of W'illard Marshall at the north end of the old dam across the Nashua. After the building of the Jackson company's dam, a saw mill at its north end became an important factor in the lumber business. This mill was run by various parties, Roby & McQuesten, Pierce & McQuesten, Sargent & Cross, Cross & Tolles, and others. Many logs were brought to the river and floated to the mills. The pile of logs on the river bank, west of the bridge, and the boom extending down the river, is a memory of olden days. When the Jackson company's dam was rebuilt and the fishway was put in, this saw mill was done away with. Melendy Bros, built the mill on Ouincy street and in 187S sold to Cross & Tolles, who greatly enlarged and improved the property. J. D. Kimball had a saw mill on Franklin street which was burned in 1853. At one time there was a saw mill on West Hollis street, and Ililand Holt ran a saw mill for some years on the line of the Acton railroad. It was burned in 1889. At the present time we have the plants of Cross & Tolles, the Proctor Brothers, and Roby & Swart. F'ormany years Frederick Cha.se represented the lumber trade outside of the saw mills. His business was purchased and continued by F. D. Cook & Co. until it was merged in the F. D. Cook Lumber company. The Nashua Till C()nipan\- originated with Ivdwin White, who invented the first alarm money drawer. His patent bears the date of 1859. White sold his interest to Lund iS: Co., and in 1S71 Kendall & Wood became owners of the property, assuming the name of the Na.shua Till company. In 1880 E. O. Wood became sole proprietor and has conducted the business since that time alone. His factory is on Quincy street in the buildings of Cro.ss & Tolles. Mr. Wood has made many im- provements in money drawers and cash registers and has secured patents for the same. The American Fan company was started in 1866. One day during the sunmier of that year K. T. Smith chanced to be in the counting room of the Nashua Card and Glazed Paper comjiany, when Mr. Gilman asked him if he knew of any manufacturing enterprise that they could add to their business, saying that a new story could be built upon the ell of the factory. Mr. Smith spoke of the fact that all ladies' fans were imported and could be made in this country. Later the members of the card company induced Mr. Smith to take charge of such a shop. 454 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. This was a great mistake. The business was new antl nuist have its growth. The company had no stated capital. The management did not know how far the}- coukl safely go, and Mr. Smith did not have the right qualities to manage such a business. The goods made the first season paid a very large profit, and the business took a good start. For the second year a large importing house in New York undertook the sale of the goods, and placed so large an order as to necessitate greatly enlarging the plant. Material had to be procured which was new to the market, such as wood and cloth suitable for use, in large quantities. The orders were not placed until it was time to begin to deliver the goods, and the machinery had to be adapted to the requirements of the orders, with the result that goods could not be delivered in season, the shop had to run nights, and the company had to make discounts because of delays, so that the season's business was neither a success nor a failure. In 1868 the company was incorporated and passed into the hands of a board of directors. The shop was burned in 1869. The enterprise was a failure, but it should have been a success. The machinery was finely adapted for the work and had been mostly perfected for a high grade of work. The folding machines wove fans of cheap grades better than any on the market of high grades, the riveting machine, the gang saws, the multiple die, the cloth pasting machine, the self-feeding presses, all new, were well adapted to their work. Such was the success of the first year that three companies started as competitors. The next year the company had planned to raise the grade of its work. A gang of circular saws had been perfected for making sawed sticks to displace those of veneer, and a machine for finishing the sticks after they were sawed was nearly completed, and a machine for sawing the fan sticks into form had been planned and could have been built at small cost. These would have raised the grade of fans from one dollar a dozen to that of six dollars and twelve dollars a dozen, and would have made a great success of the enterprise. As it was, if the market had not been flooded all at once with cheap Japanese fans, the business would have secured a good footing. These Japanese fans drove all other cheap goods from the market. No longer ago than 1850 a traveler through the farming communit>- of Hollis would have noticed beside the pleasant farm-houses small shops evidently built for use. These shops, in which the farmer and his sons worked during the winters and stormy weather, were used for the manufacture of kegs, kits, and firkins. The.se articles were sent to Boston, first by canal boat and later b}' rail. This business being to the Hollis farmer the same as the loom in the house was to the Scotch and to the English crofter. With the advent of the railway came the day of concentrated energy and the building up of large plants to take the place of numerous small ones. Ira and Nathaniel H. Proctor, two young men of Hollis, saw the necessit}- of expanding their small shop and cramped conditions, and by hiring outside help, by purchasing wood lots for their lumber. They pushed the business as a business. They accomplished this end, which gradually increased until, in 1874, they removed their works to the William Merrill farm, south of the church, where they built .shops, at the same time employed men in different parts of the town, and continually increased their business. In 1880 they established a branch in Wilton, where thej' did a good business for ten years, some of the time employing twenty men. Their business having outgrown their facilities in Hollis, in 1881 they purchased several acres of land in Nashua and built a large steam mill, cooper shops, and storehouses, and greatly enlarged their business. In 1892 a branch factory was located in Jersey City, N. J., to supply their large trade in New York city. From time to time additions have been made to the mill, several large storehouses have been built, also twenty-one tenements have been erected for their workmen. Their business has steadily increased and improvements have been made until their plant covers an area of ten acres located on three side tracks of the Bo.ston & Maine railroad. At the present time their business facilities, located as they are in one of the best shipping points in the east, are not excelled by any manufactory of the kind in New England. In the spring of 1896 their plant on Hollis street was damaged by fire to the extent of about $12,000. George O. Sanders' saw mill and box factory, located on the banks of the Merrimack, north of the Hudson bridge, were quite extensive, and a large business was done. Work upon the plant was begun in 1882. In 1889 the mills were destroyed by fire, and were rebuilt at once. The principal business was making wooden boxes, box .shooks, sawing and dressing lumber and general lumber business. The works were again burned in 1890 and were not rebuilt. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 455 The White Mountain Freezer company, which manufactures ice cream freezers, is the largest establishment of the kind in the world. The company began business at Laconia in 1872, Thomas vSands being the proprietor and manager. The enterprise was a success from the start and greatly expanded its business until iSSi, when its manufactory was burned. Following the fire Mr. vSands cast about to find the best place in which to locate, where better railroad facilities could be obtained than at Laconia. After thoroughly canva.ssing the situation he decided upon Nashua. He accordingly purchased four' acres of land between the tracks of the Worcester ^: Na.shua and Nashua & Acton railroads, where he located his factories. The buildings include the main factory, which is two hundred by forty feet, storehouse two hundred by thirty-three feet, foundry and shop one hundred and fifty by fifty feet, store and boiler house, one hundred and seventy-five by twenty-six feet, with several buildings for drying, coopering, pattern making, etc. Mr. Sands carried on the business until 1888 when a corporate company was formed and he disposed of his entire interest. The company is organized with a paid-up capital of $100,000. Nearly every piece of machinery used in the business— and some of it is novel and intricate— was invented for, and the patents are owned by the company. The works are run by a Rollins en-ine of about one hundred and fifty horse power. The company takes all its material, except tin, in Uie raw, and from it manufactures the perfected article, and besides this does some special work m its foundry for other concerns, and also makes up orders for tubs and pails. The company does its business on thorough business principles under L. F. Thurber, its efficient treasurer. The company employs two hundred and fifty hands with an annual business of >4cx>,ooo. Its moiithlv pay-roll is $7,000. „ ■ , ^ . The Porter Blanchard's Sons company, whose works are located on Mernnmck street, «as oro-ani/ed bv Porter Blanchard in the year 1818. At that lime Mr. Blanchard had a small work shop in'concord,'at which place he made a few dozen churns a year. As his business grew he enlarged his factorv and increased his force of employees, and took his sons into partnership. The business con- tinued to increase and other lines of dairy and creamery apparatus were manufactured. In i8yo the entire plant at Concord was destroyed by fire, and the living member of the firm, (,eorge A. Blanch- ard upon looking into the matter of rebuilding, was invited by several Nashua gentlemen to locate in this citv whidi he finally decided to do. A stock company was formed ni 18,0 with a capital of «2sooo At the present time the company has about thirty men m US employ ^,. , , ^ ^ " The Blancha d churn is a household word among the farmers, and the sales of this churn have reached ,00 oco The Porter Blanchard's Sons company are daily making shipments, riot on y to eve^ pa;f oi this country, but their goods are sent to every civilized portion of the globe the.r bus.- neshavng increased over two hundred per cent in the past year. This concern has fitted up several ^reameriirand their specialties have in every case given perfect -^^^f -'^.^ ^j^'^^J-^.^ , men are the company's ofiicers : President. Thomas Sands; treasurer, L. F. Thurber , secretar> manager, Fred A. Davis general lumber business, both The firm of Robv & Swart was formed Maicli i, i.'^yo. ^ ao a gcu^i They immediatelv change.l it into a wood-working plant, -™- ^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^ ,,^.,j,.,,,. T,ey power of five hundred and fift^ horse power and ever> ^^ > v one h fdred men in their shop and Lraduallv enlarged unti, ^^^^^^^^^^ V:^::!^!^^^^ ^ and pay out in :ages are constantly increasing. They "^^ ^'^^'^ ,"'^'\Y .^^^ Robv & Swart consolidated their retail yard r,.:;-;:,';r«,rof;. 'r^or -.t.;,,..;;' :r"f »....>• .-' - -,0,,. .,.„. „, ■,■.,. I.-;,,^ Cook I.„ml,er company, with capital stock P-'" ■" " ^^^.o-' , ^ ., ,„„„i„, I„ ,s;4 !■:, O. Fifida l.ega„ work ■" «"" «> ^ ^ T,e ai.tli.. tin* cn.ploy until .S.S,. when he 456 HISTORY or NASHUA, N. H. man. For power he used a five-inch cylinder engine. He soon associated Mr. Harris with him in the business, and upon the death of Mr. Harris he bought the entire interest and ran the business alone. In 1890 he removed his business to Nashua and built his shop on the corner of Fifield and Taylor streets. It is forty-two by eighty feet, and two-story, with a one-story wing, forty-two by forty. The engine house is outside. He uses a twenty-five horse power engine and emplo3-s fourteen hands. The business is making wooden boxes, having interlocking corners, or other general wood work such as may be called for. In November, 1892, Charles A. Roby and William I). vSwart organized the Nashua Building company, under the firm name of Roby & Swart, with Mr. Roby as president and Mr. Swart as treasurer, to do contracting and building, which company has been successful in a marked degree. This company employs from forty to fift>- men most of the >-ear, and pays out in wages $25,000 to $30,000 annually. Asher Benjamin, a jn-ominent architect, was identified for some years with the early days of Nashua, and thi"Ough his pupil, Samuel Shepard, his influence extended for many years. His tastes were classic and were not especially adapted to the wants of a manufacturing town. The more notable example of his art and one of real excellence was the Olive street meeting-house. This house as seen from Main street, presented a fine Grecian front, crowned b}' a cupola of great beauty; with the hill as a ba.se, it was a most effective Ijit of art. The cupola on the old First church, and also that on the City Hall, and the front of the Unitarian church, bear marks of his taste and skill. The building trade has been carried on by numei'ous individuals and firms. Of late years the business has developed large firms and efficient methods. In 1853 one Clark had an office on the street as an architect. Since 1880 the rapid growth of our city has given opportunitx- for the display of skill and taste, such as had never obtained before. The shoe manufacturing business of Nashua was established in 1874 by Crain, Leiand ^t Moody. This firm moved from Manchester, and occupied the building owned by V. C. Gilman and which had been used as a watch factory and also as a hotel. As a hotel it was known as the Washington house. The firm of Crain, Iceland & Moody manufactured about 1200 pairs of shoes daily, and the business amounted to about $300,000 annually. They employed about two hundred persons. The product consisted of men's, boys' women's and children's shoes of a cheap grade, and was sold to the jobbing trade of the south and west. The first change in the firm was caused by the retirement of Mr. Iceland and the admittance of Mr. Rising of Boston, and the firm name was changed to Crain, Moody & Rising. This occurred in 1876. In the autumn of 1878 Mr. Moody retired and the business was continued by Mr. Crain and Mr. Rising under the firm name of Crain, Rising & Co. During these changes the volume and char- acter of the business was changed but little. In the spring of 1879, Frank E. Anderson, George E. Ander.son and F. W. Estabrook, all of whom had been connected, in responsible positions, with the firm previously mentioned, severed their connection with the business and formed a co-partnership under the firm name of Estabrook & Anderson Bros. They built a small factory, eighty by thirty-four, three and one-half stories high, on the land of the Worcester & Nashua railroad com- pany in the rear of the grain elevator of Seth D. Chandler, from whom they rented power to operate their plant. Their ■ , 'Sj. capital was very small, but they were encouraged ami aided ■«.'»,* > S I i s I " 1'.''' "i^uN- of the best citizens of Nashua, among whom may be mentioned J. W. White, Seth D. Chandler, Cross & Tolles, F. D. Cook & Co., Dr. E. B. Hammond and Mr. Parkinson. The vSecond National bank followed their usual polic}- of aiding home industries and was of great assistance for many years. The business was a success from the start. The first six months' business amounted to $70,000, the second to $80,000, and the third to $125,000, and during these eighteen months the capital of the firm was increased five-fold and it became independent of outside help. The business up to this time had been .so successful that it was thought best to try to increa.se it and W. H. Moody of the original OI,D noI.LIS STREE']' SHOE SHOP. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 457 nrm of Ciain, Leland 6t Moody, was admitted as a partner, ami the size of the factory was doubled. The firin name was changed to Moody. ICstabrook v\: Andersons, and the business was conducted under that name until IcSl/i when it was chan<,red to The I^slabrook .Vndrrson inmp.nu Mr \r.ini1v ivlirini;". In the meantime, during the summer of iSjy, the business of the old lirni of Crain, Rising iV Co. was removed to Westboro, Mass., and the factory occupied by them was afterwards destroyed by fire. Alter Mr. M()()d>- was admitted as a jiartner the business continued to be successful and to increase in volume, and in the fall of 18S5 it was decided to abandon the old factory and build a new plant with all the modern improvements. The i)lant was, however, constructed on the mill princii)le and was the first shoe factory in the ciuinlry to be so constructed. The buihiing was erected on the north side , B (k »- 0] i;iuuUtlU£Uj^:i: ESTARROOK-ANDKHSOX SHOE FACTOKV. [Palm Stufkt \-ikw.] of the Worcester & Nashua division of the Boston & Maine railroad, between Palm and Pine streets, and consisted of two wings, one one hundred and ninety-five by fifty, and the other one hundred and twenty-two by fifty. It was thought at the time of erection that this building would supply the room needed for the business for all time, but in 1.S90 it was found necessary to add another wing to the north end one hundred and ninety-five by sixty-five, and the whole building is now fully occupied and more room is needed. During these sixteen years the business has grown from a volume of Si 10,000 the first year to $2,000,000 at the present time, and as the value of goods has decreased very materially during this period, it is safe to say that the business of 1894 was twenty-five times as large as in 1S79. The daily output is 10.000 i>airs and is the largest out-put of any single factory in the world, and it is ])robable that no shoe factory in the country furnishes as steady employ- ment to its operatives. The number of its operatives is from nine hundred to one thou- sand. Theproduct isa cheap, serviceable shoe for men, boys, women, misses, and children, and being of a cheap grade, the nundier of em- ployees is less for the production than is re- quired for higher grade goods. It is. however, of a great advantage to make the cheaper grades, as they are worn by eighty to ninety per centof the people, and therefore the demand is greater, and in hard times the demand is rather larger than in good, as the the people have less money to spend. This was illustrated in the panic years of 1893 and 1894. "■'1^, M ' EST.XHUOOK-ANDKK.SON SHOE FACIOIiV. 458 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. when the business was the largest and most successful of any year since the business was started. During these years the methods of manufacturing have been revolutionized, and to-day there is prob- ably not a machine used that was in service at the time the business was started. It is probable that I, GOO operatives can to-day manufacture as many goods as double that number fifteen years ago. EST.MSltOOK AM)i:UM IN SIlOU FACTORY. | Pink Street \'ie\v.| The fine brick building of Brackett & Co., is a marked feature in the eye of most people who arrive in our city and of all who pass through it, and is an excellent exponent of our later day enterprise. The factory, which stands on East Mollis street, at the Nashua junction, was built in iSSS and is two hundred by fifty feet and five stories high. Its equipment is in all respects first-class. A model plant for turning out work of its kind as cheaply as the state of the art will admit. vSuch a plant looks like business, as if it had come to stay. It is in this respect so unlike many of the early enterprises of our city, which somehow had a temporars- look, as if a good wind would blow them away, as the wind of adversity did so many of them. The company makes men's, youths', and bo5's' shoes, and now employs two hundred and fifty hands as against one hundred and fifty hands at the beginning. Large additions are now being made. Their pay-roll is $12,500 with an output of $500,000. For power they use a one hundred horse power steam engine. Third, as to date, of the shoe manufactories of Nashua, stands the Nashua Boot and Shoe Manu- facturing company. It was incorporated in 1880 with a capital of $15,000 and was a Nashua enter- prise. The factory is on Allds road just east of the bridge, where its plant occupies a commanding position. It is under the able management of \V. S. Farnsworth. The steady enlargement of its plant and increased out-put of goods argues good business methods. The company manufactures men's, youths' and boys' shoes. They began with sixty hands, a pay roll of $2,250 monthly, and a business of $100,000 yearly. Their pay roll is now $7,000 monthly and an out-put of $300,000. A forty horse power steam engine furnishes the power and the}' employ two hundred and twenty-five hands. CARD AND PAPER MANUFACTURE. When w^e have in view, as an object lesson, a large, prosperous and ever increasing manufactur- ing business, one which has given employment to thousands at remunerative wages, it cannot be un- profitable to take a "look backward" to the inception of that business and to note how often men build better than they know. Under this head we will consider what is known as " The Nashua Card and Glazed Paper company." In 1848 Charles T. Gill, then keeping a book store and bindery at what is now 67 Main street, then under the old Nashua bank, said to O. D. Murray, then puldishing "The Oasis" in the room now occupied by W. W. Baile}- in the same building, "Murray, I wish I could make plaj-ing cards in some rapid way, for California is going to sweep ever}' pack from the east." Mr Murray, who had formulated a printing machine for laj-ing any number of colors on wall paper in rolls b}- a single HISTORY OF NASHUA, N H operation-a method now in miiversal use. but then done with blocks, a single color at a lime and by hand-spoke quickly : ■'tiill, lean do it!" Gathering various articles he demonstrated the feasi- bihty of printing all the colors used by a single manipulation. Mr. (iill said. "Work out your idea, and I will go into it. There is a fortune, and we might as well have it as anybody else." In due time Mr. Murray sought a machinist with his plans for printing machines, and rotary cullers, which he had devised for stripping and cutting the cards from the rolls of cardboard, when l.riiiled. That machinist was John H. Gage, then running a business on Water street. He looked the matter over and said : " Vou need a machinist, and I don't want you to make all the money. I will go into it with you." And he did. Subseciuently he said, "We all have business, but the building to be erected will need looking after, and my brother, who is out of business, would like the chance." And thus C. T. Gill, C. P. Gage. J. II. Gage and O. 1). Murray formed a partnership uiuler the firm name of Gill & Co. The building, under the superintciuknce of Charles P. Gage, went up apace, on the north side of Water street, near Main, while Mr. Murray sought the only manufacturer of cardboard in rolls in the United States, located in Rhode Island, and at the .same place contracted with calico engravers for the engraving of the copper rolls, at a cost of four hundred dollars each. The cardboard manufacturer proved to be a clergyman, who was greatly elated with the prospect of large sales. Incidentally he N.XSIIL'A C.\HD AND (iL.VZKD I'.M'lii! C().\ll".\\\ . |SoMt <.h mt lltLi-.j inquired as to what use the board was to be put. When informed, his eyes rolled in holy horror, and he peremptorily refused to furnish the board. This refusal of board for printing seemed a crusher; but having expended so much money, it seemed absolutely necessary to go on and work out the problem within themselves: and from this necessitx' grew the manufacture of cardboard, and, correlatively, glazed papers. Mr. Murray having sold out his printing interests, on the tenth of September. 1S49, the engine was started up, and the business has been in active operation to the present day. It so chanced that within a year from commencing the business, Mr. Gill tleceased. As no other member of the firm had any knowledge of the playing card market or any inclination to study it, that business dropped out without any printing having been done, and the big iron cylinder round which the rolls were to be arranged was thrust out doors to rust in the rains and snows of passing .seasons, while the copper rolls — perhaps expensive would be the proper term — were confiscated by some enterprising thief. 460 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Ill 1851 John H. Gage sold his interest in the Inisiness to \'irgil C. Gihnan, the firm being known as Gage, Murray & Co. The works were partially burned out soon after, and the old and needed new nrachinery was set up in a building, just completed by Josephus Baldwin, directly in the rear, now occupied by W. H. Campbell in the manufacture of paper boxes; while the company set about erecting a new factoiy building just west of Gage, Warner & Whitney's machine shop on Hollis street, taking the power from that shop. The business was very prosperous and profitable, and its expansion re<[uired increased room. While located on Hollis street, machinery for coloring in rolls was introduced, doing away with much sheet coloring by hand — a great revolution in the business. In 1857 Horace W. Gilman purchased a quarter interest in the business. In 1861 lack of room induced the company to purchase the extensive estate of the Nasliua Watch company of Wal- tham, Mass., reference to which may be found elsewhere in these pages. This was an enlargement I !Sqn!I!]!inlimnRP5innM'00Pl!nln«S^ K«»,»tf fF ^7 n? NASIIIIA CARD AND GLAZED PAPER COMl".\N'l"S F.\CTOI!V ON FU.WKI.IN STREET. greatly needed, and success was insured the company. In January, 1866, Gage and Murray sold their interest to \'. C. and H. W\ Gilman, who, with a brother, O. B. Grilman, under the firm name of Gil- man Brothers, continued the business. In 1869 O. B. Gilman deceased. In 1SS8 O. D. Murray ]nir- chased the interest of John F. Marsh in the Nasluia Cilazed Paper company, composed of Thomas P. Pierce, J. F. Marsh and George D. Murray, who were conducting business on Pearson's avenue, in the exteusive plant now vacant there, and took the firm name of Murray, Pierce & Co. In the meantime, a new company had materialized on Water street, known as the Eagle Card company, Stevens, Clement & Co., proprietors— subsequently run by Morrill & Co., H. T. Morrill and C. P. Gage. In 1869 Gilman Brothers and Murray, Pierce & Co. consolidated their works under the cor- porate name of the Nashua Card and Glazed Paper compan>-, the act having been secured by Gil- HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. //. 46, iiiai! Brothers from the les^ishiture. Soon after the coiiibiiialion of works on Pearson's avenue, the Ivagle Card company was purchased, and after running it a few months on Water street, everything was concentrated in the buiklings on the avenue. vSince then no attempt has been successfully made to start a new card shop. The company organized, all the members l>eing directors, by choice of (). I). .Murray, president, \'. C. C.ilman, treasurer; T. 1*. Pierce, clerk. In 1S72 V. C. Oilman .sold his stock to the company lor iiy 2, 000 and retired. The remaining four continued the close corporation, H. \V. Oilman being treasurer, until iS.Si, when the death of G. D. Murray brought to the public knowledge of the large per cents anniiall\ tli\ ided b\- the stockholders, — having been for several years thirty-five per cent on the Si5o,ooo capital, .\bout this time Mr. Murray, who held eight hundred and sixty-five shares, commenced selling at private sale and by auction, at a large premium, until ready purcha.sers had absorbed all his holdings, and in January, 1883, he retired from the business, having been actively identified with it for more than thirty-three years, — the last fourteen as president of the corporation. In 1S80 Col. T. P. Pierce, who for some years had largely taken charge of the manufacturing ilepartment, died. In 1888 H. (5. Bi.Nl)y secured control of the business, bringing anew element and new ideas into the management. Competition was becoming fierce, new methods and machines were being adopted in other factories and the time hail come when changes must be made if the bu.siness was to be held. Wisely or unwisely, a radical change was decided upon. With characteristic energy Mr. Bixb\- pushed the buikling of a new plant on I'ranklin street beside the railroad, where the factory, which is the pride of our cit\-, was erected, and in which was placed every device that human ingenuity could devise for the rapid and economical manipulating of the material used. As a result of this push and enterprise we have the largest and most perfectly equipped plant of its kind in the world. It may be of interest to note the changes that ha\e come in the cost of stock and in the price of the finished goods. At first bristol stock cost from thirty to thirty -five cents per pound; it is now si. x cents; common stock sixteen, now five; middle stock ten to twelve, now three. At finst colors were all imported and cost twice as much as the American colors now used. The price of finished goods has changed even more. P'inished papers that sold for forty dollars per ream are now sold for five dollars, and others that sold for twenty dollars per ream are sold for three dollars. The price of labor has douliled. It mav l)e of interest to know that mo.st of the tind)ers of the largest ship ever built in America, the four nmsled clipper ship, the Great Republic, were ])repared in the Nashua shi]) yard of Luther A. Roby, as well as the timbers of more than one of those ocean fiyers, the clipper .ships of which we were so proud. Mr. Roby has from the first taken stock and part ownership in vessels for which he (urni.shed the timbers, until it is literally true that his ships sail on every sea. At one time he was interested with George McOuesten in running the saw mill at the north end of the Jackson company's dam. .\. H. Dunlap came to Nashua in iS;,i and found employment in the Jack.son mills until failing health comi)elled him to leave the mills and seek other business. In 1849 he began the business of preparing small packages of garden .seeds in suitable form for retail. The business is peculiar in that the seeds to be sold should be fresh each year, and to secure this result it became necessary that all un.sold packages should be removed from the retail stores and a new and fresh supply furnished for the following year. To secure this end Mr. Dunlap employed traveling .salesmen, who, with horse and wagon, distributed assortments of seeds to the retail stores on sale, and gathered up the unsold remnants of packages and collected pay for the goods sold. Gradually the business extended .so as to include all of New Ham])shire and Vermont and a part of Canada. The head(|uarters for the business is in Dunlap's block, where a busy gang of help is to be found preparing and filling small packages. The company lakes especial pains to secure the best seeds, both as to (piality and kind. In 1846 appeared in the Telegraph the advertisement of a daguerrotype gallery in Boston and in 1849 Lane advertised to take pictures in Na.shua. We have not been able to fix the date of his ad- vent in Nashua as an artist. In 1849 he sold his business to vS. B. Richardson. In 1851 Haines had a saloon in town, and in 1852 J. M. Perry was taking pictures in Long block. He probably bought out Haines. The first photographs taken in Nashua were made by S. B. Richardson in 1853 or 1854. 462 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Among the names remembered in this connection are those of Miller, Johnson, Glenton, Austin, Lindsey, Read and others, professional artists. Among the amateur artists who have acquired great skill in the art. Dr. C. B. Hammond deserves honorable mention. Early in the history of Nashua, P. B. Putney made confectionery in a building which stood upon the site of the present Lowell railroad station. Jonas Kempton peddled for Putney until 1S44 when he purchased the business and remained in the same location until the fire of 1S4.S. He then took rooms in Hunt's bakery south of the Worcester & Nashua railroad and remained in that place until his removal to West Pearl street. In 1874 he sold his business to Charles Holman. Mr. Holman had been employed by Kempton for some years, had hired rooms in his factory and made a line of goods not made by Kempton, and in 1861 he opened an independent factory on Eldridge street, where in 1874 he was burned out. He then purchased Kempton's plant and remained there until 1882, when he leased a building on Main street of John A. Spalding. In 1883 he was again burned out. He then erected the brick block on Main street which bears his name, where he has since carried on the business. He has a practical knowledge of his trade, and, taking a broad view of the range and pos- sibilities of the situation, he has built up a fine business and plant which is a credit to our city, and furnishes another example of the result sure to follow enterprise when coupled with right business methods. In the early morning of Oct. 25, 1895, his entire plant was burned to the ground. The manufacture of bakers' goods, particularh- that of crackers, was first established in Nashua about 1820 at the Harbor on Main street, in a building now occupied as a dwelling by Mrs. David Dunn. Here vStephen Bates baked, the principal products of his labor being crackers, bread and "old fashioned gingerbread." With a small tile oven, heated with fagots, without machinery of any kind, Mr. Bates in a crude way made crackers. When his dough was mixed and ready, the women of the neighborhood, summoned by the blowing of the tin horn, rolled and cut the dough ready for the oven, and at the completion of the baking received their compensation in crackers. The late David Coombs, when a young man, drove Mr. Bates team to the adjoining towns. Ten years later Thomas Munroe, grandfather of F. O. Munroe of this city, Iniilt ovens in a building upon Main street, north of the residence of Charles Holman. Mr. Munroe was succeeded by Wyeth & .Stimpson, who a few years later, located ovens in a building upon Railroad square, where now stands the Whiting building. Here Joseph Upton, Abel Bowman and Seth D. Chandler successively carried on the baking business. In 1S49 Sylvester Winn Iniilt a bakery upon Mulberry street, where now stands the cracker bakery of Charles H. Burke, cracker machinery propelled by horse power was used. This business was purchased by S. I). Chandler, who closed his Railroad square bakery. Mr. Chandler continued the business at this location from 1855 to i860, when he disposed of his interest to James C. Smith. Mr. Smith, after remaining here for three years, put in ovens in the old card and glazed paper factory upon Hollis street. The business was largely increased and upon Mr. vSmith's decease in 1866 was purchased by the late Nahum W. Burke. This factory was burned in 1873. Mr. Burke formed a co-partnership with his son Charles H., under the name of N. W. Burke & Son, and purchased the old bakery upon Mulberry street, removing the same and building the commodious factory now owned by the C. H. Burke Baking compan}'. N. W. Burke died in 1SS3. Since this time the business has been conducted by Charles H. Burke, who has enlarged the plant, put in modern ovens, one of which, Rayney's patent revolving coal oven, is the largest in the state, having a baking capacity of thirty barrels of flour a day. Mr. Burke has kept abreast of the times, replacing his machinery with that of the latest designs, and with electric power and continuous baking ovens, has unsurpassed facilities for the manufacture of all bakers' goods. The advancement and improved methods of manufacturing in the baking business have mostly been brought out since i860, namely, rapid and continuous mechanical coal baking ovens over the old st^'le fagot and wood-heating ovens, as well as the time and labor saving improved mixing, rolling and cutting machinery over the old methods of slow hand work. In 1845 Thomas Chase began the business of selling flour, grain, lime and cement in the .store on Main street just south of the Worcester & Nashua railroad. Mr. Chase sold out to Hurlburt & Sackrider, and the business was conducted in their name for some years. In 1866 S. D. Chandler was induced to buy the store and business. Up to this time the facilities for handling the goods had been extremely crude; for instance, corn was taken from a car in baskets and passed into the store through the window and carried to the place of storage by hand. For meal the corn was put into HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 463 l)ag.s and sent half a mile away to be ground , then brought back to the store. vSeeing that it would not pay to do business in that way, Mr. Chandler in 1.S77 put in elevator machinery, and three runs of mill stones. He now removes the grain from the car to the bin by power and grinds his own corn, and delivers the grain to the hopper of the sets of stones by sluice and valve at will, and the meal is conveyed by power to its alloled i)Iace. The elevator capacity is 40,000 bushels of grain, or 3,000 barrels of Hour per day, grinding ca])acity 8,000 bu.shels per day. Eight men are employed. In iSbS Mr. Chandler bought of Thomas Chase the business of making cement sewer pipe, which had just been started l)y Chase & Willis in a small way, and has continued it to the present time. The pipe is made by a i>atented jirocess and has given good satisfaction for all pipe of, or below twenty-four inches in diameter. .\l first it was made only in warm weather, but since 1890, when the works were removed to the new building and grounds, the pipe has been made the year round. A diploma was given Mr. Chiuidkr in 186S by the New Hampshire state fair, and a bronze medal in 1875 by the New England fair. The Francestown Soapstone company was incorporated in 1865 with a capital of $150,000, which was increased to $300,000 four years later. They first located in Milford until the present shop at the Junction in Nashua was built. The (juarry is located at Francestown, and was worked in a small way by its owner as early as 1812, sending some years two hundred tons of stone to Boston. The property was for a time mostly owned and managed by David W. and Charles Gillis, but in May of 1S75 the control of the business passed into the hands of Charles Williams & Co., (of Manchester), who .secured the entire property of the company both at the (piarries and at the shops. The company also own the Hawks niountaiii quarry at Perkinsville, Vl. This company furnishes all manner of soapstone articles called for, from a hand warmer to the front of a palace. The works are extensive, covering 30,000 square feet and are well fitted up. A one hundred horse power steam engine is u.sed and a large force of hel]) is employed both at the factory and qnarr\-. In 1867 S. S. Davis began making boxes in Nashua. In those days the demand was limited and the methods and machinery were crude. In 1886 W. H. Campbell purchased the business. With the introduction of impro\ed machinery and a sup]dy of better stock at reduced price, there came a great expansion of the box business, requiring a large factory and extensive plant. The factory is on Water street in the brick building liack of Goodrich block. The annual business is some $40,000 with a pay roll of $1,000 monthly. ICmployment is given to about forty hands. The works are run \i\ an eight horse ])ower electric engine. The enterprise of Hall's hair renewer was started in a small way by R. P. Hall in Amherst. Mr. Hall prepared the mixture in his house and peddled it from door to door. In 1S61 Charles Gillis as- sociated himself with Mr. Hall and the enterprise was removed to its present location on High street. Acting upon the advice of Dr. Ayer of Lowell, E. A. Bigelow was employed as managing agent and large sums of money were spent in advertising the business. The success of the business was marked from the beginning. In 1864 Mr. Hall sold his interest for $75,000 and in 187 1 Mr. Gillis sold the entire business to Ayer & Co. of Lowell for $600,000. The company still sends large invoices of goods to all parts of the world. The compound used has always been a secret. \'a]ues lay entirel>- in the trade mark and patented label used by the company. Henry Knowles manufactured a hair restorer for some years with good success. In building up a city like Nashua the supply of stone for foundations, for curb stone, and other work is an important matter. For many years the .Shattuck ledge, owned by Z. Shattuck, furnished stone for nio.st of the buildings on the north side. About twenty-five years ago it was found dangerous to blast the rock in this ledge because hou.ses had been built .so near to it, in one instance a rock of one hundred pounds weight went crashing through the roof of a house on Granite street. "The ledge," so-called, is the ])ro])erty of the Nashua Manufacturing company, and the foundations of their mills were taken from it. In "the ledge" maybe found an unlimited quantity of stone. This ledge has been worked by various people who blasted the rocks and carried the fragments to the village. For some years Andrew Shattuck and a Mr. Lirsis operated it, to be followed by Capt. Daniel M. Fiske, Samuel Wright, Reuben and Alfred Godfrey, and Alfred Godfrey alone. In 1872 Weston & Stevens, who for two years had been working the Shattuck ledge, bought Alfred Godfrey's claim upon "the ledge" and the tools, and, in 1877. Charles W. Stevens became the sole proprietor of the rights under lease from the Nashua Manufacturing company, in whose hands it now remains. 464 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. At the time Weston & Stevens took the property', the stone for underpinning for our best houses came from Concord and Milford. Quarrymen and stone-cutters said the stone from the Nashua compauN-'s ledge couhl not be split or cut to an edge. Mr. .Stevens thought otherwise, and soon convinced them that "the ledge" would produce as good stone as could be obtained at Milford or Concord, and at greatly reduced prices. As a result of Mr. Stevens' enterprise we find under most of our modern houses fine foundation stone, adding greatly to the beauty of our city, and it is a matter of pride to be able to say, "This is Nashua stone prepared by Nashua workmen." In place of buying stone from other places, large quantities of finished stone are sent from Nashua to Pepperell, Clinton, Worcester, Framingham, and other places. Employment has been given to from twenty-five to forty men and from six to twenty horses. The amount of stone moved has been from 2,000 to 4,000 perch a year. In 1894 a side track was run from the Worcester & Nashua railway to the ledge, greatly increasing the value of the plant. The supply of .stone is practicall}' unlimited. The business of making mittens, gloves, etc., was begun in 1872 Ijy Mrs. J. P. Barber and was the beginning of the manufacture of such goods by machinery. From 1872 to 1882 the work was given out to families, and employment was given to about one hundred hands. In 1880 the knitting of silk mittens was commenced and goods placed upon the market. In 1882 a mill was erected. The business is mostly confined to knitting silk mittens and infants' underclothing. Thirty-five hands ai'e now employed. The work is always upon contract, the contractor furnishing the stock. Power cannot be used in this work. The climax heater, together with a hot and cold water supply sy.stem, is the invention of I. C. Richardson and is manufactured and placed in houses by C. B. Jackman. This hot water device has given great satisfaction and is the safest and most reliable method of hot and cold water supph' in use. The first heater was placed in 1SS5. In 1 88 1 O. W. Reed hii'ed his present shop on Mason street and began business for himself as a brass founder, where he has been prospered. The first electric engine used in Nashua was upon a trolley car used for cou\'e\ing finished goods from the cloth room to the press house by the Nashua Manufacturing company. This line was established in 1889 and has done efficient work ever since. The first electric engine was placed by the Nashua L,ight, Heat and Power company in the Gazette ofhce in 1889. The}- have now thirt>- four engines at work furnishing two hundred and seventy-five horse power. The time is not far dis- tant when all of our smaller shops will use the electric engine. »Still further, the electric engine will enable many small enterprises to flourisli that could not if dependent upon steam for power. The engine and the place it occupies is small. It is clean, is always ready for work or rest, as preferred, it can be placed in any room in any Iniilding, and is adapted to run a piano or a factory. A prominent industry, and one which has pro\-ed to be of great value in the large manufacturing cities of New Fngland, was introduced into this city in 1853, and known as the "Bee Hive Brand" roofing. The first structure of importance to be covered with this material was the large and fine block of stores and dwellings erected by the late Col. E. W. Noyes on Main street. Colonel Noyes, with his usual discernment, was the first in Nashua to adopt this improvement in the method of covering buildings, and showed his sagacity and foresight, as well as his confidence in the new material, by adopting it. His block had a roof surface of 13,419 square feet. His example was soon followeil by others, until manufacturing corporations, mechanical works, and many persons interested in real estate adopted it. The earlier progress in the work was made by the New England Felt Roofing works, but tlie\' soon found it necessary in the increased demand, to delegate the lousiness to others, and for many years C. T. vSpalding of this city conducted the business here, until declining health compelled him to withdraw. His successor, A. K. Woodbury, who has since associated with himself H. A. Albee, has for some years been engaged in the practical work of applying this material. His reputation for thoroughness and probity has won for him recognition, not onh in this city but elsewhere in the New England states. Small enterprises have from time to time sprung up in Nashua, some of which have remained to this day, but many of them have passed away. Notable among such was the twine mill of Alonzo Crane, in the east mill at the Harjjor, and the making of satinet in the same place. The pottery of Martin Crafts was located on the eastern side of Main street, north of the Acton railroad, and Crafts HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. ^65 lived in the cottage now standiii- on that location. Crafts began his works in i8.vS and continued the same some six years. He bronght his clay from Boston by boat. Many of our citizens tell of the time wlRii as boys they visited this shop and saw the workmen form the various articles on the wheel and then place them in the ovens for baking. The pencil factory of Aaron Heywood was located on Water street, where lead pencils were made, and from which were sold pencils of .so poor a grade that they could not be given away to-day. The method of making the,se goods was exceedingly primitive, and to one familiar with the present state of the art, it is a good illustration of the jjrogress of these years. The business was removed to Massachusetts. A clock factory was for a time a somewhat nourishing enteri)rise. L. W. Noyes was the ]iroprietor. The names of Wyman, Rogers & Cox, clockmakers, are familiar to the old inhabitants The shci]) was located in the rear of long block, Main street. The clocks were fine timepieces and are second to none to-day. Many of them are to be found in this neighborhood, and their owners have valuable reminders of the past as well as superior timepieces. The works were made of brass. The wheels were cast and finished on lathes, the teeth were cut by a gear cutter. The shop had no power and the lathes were run by foot. Of course they could not compete with those who made their clocks with proper tools and power. This was one of Nashua's lo.st opportunities. The work began in 1832 and was discontinued in 1.S3S. James Ridgway and his son Charles T. Ridgway were jewelers and makers of silver bowed .spectacles in .\ndierst. In his travels to and from Boston, for the sale of goods, the son saw the advantage of the rising village of Nashua, as an objective point for their business, and in 1.S34 they removed their shop to this place and occupied a store where Xutt's block now stands, known as Eayrs' block, — seventy-five dollars annual rent. Like the hand made clock, the hand made spectacles had to give place to machine made goods. Ivarly in the history of Nashua Thomas G. Banks made paper hangings in a small way in the basement of a liuilding occupying a part of the ground covered by the present tioodrich block. Here he mixed his colors and prepared and stamped his paper. This enterprise was short lived becau.se of cheap machine made and stamped papers. The shop was then used as a bowling alley, and Captain Banks put into the upper story a stock of paper hangings, making his store the headquarters for the police department, he being city mar.shal and police force all in one. In 1S46, before calling cards were in vogue, it was (juite the thing for friends to exchange cards with the address and motto upon them. A pupil of Professor Crosby conceived the bright idea of ornamenting these cards, and Charles T. (iill, an enterprising book .seller of that day, at once entered into the business, taking and disposing of all that could be jjroduced by the young artists engaged in the enterprise. This business was carried on for se\eral \ears and extended to the making of reward cards for school teachers' use. No one would e\er ha\e thought that matter-of-fact Nashua, with its practical money making inhabitants would have a .sentimental vein in its makeup, but such must have been the case for at one time there was a flourishing valentine manufactory in the city owned and managed by J. M. I-'letcher. The business was started in 1S50 and continued for ten years. It was located in Beasom hall. Mr. Fletcher gave it up to engage in the furniture business. James \V. Watts, a well known engraver, who was for many years associated with George W. Smith of Boston, at one time lived on Amherst street and there made the well known engravings of Lind.seer's "Challenge" and "The Sanctuary." His pictures were copies of the larger English engravings. In 1S43 J, I). Nutter had a shop for making church organs in Nashua. He made the original organ in the Pearl street church and possibly others in our churches. The works were removed to Brookfield, Vermont. A factory for making melodeons was located on Water street in what was later known as Mullen's building and in 1.S53 was opened by B. F. Tobin and employed twelve men. In 1857 it was the property of T. and Iv Sawyer, and gave employment to ten hands. The company made good instruments, but their capital and possibly their enterprise was too limited to meet the competition of large and rich concerns like Mason cS: Hamlin. The enterprise was given up just at the turning point in the melodeon business, when the form of the instrument known as the cabinet organ began to be 466 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. po]iular. The time of this change was the beginning of great prosperity in the business and we may safely conclude that if the company had met this crisis in their affairs with courage, they would have established a successful business in Nashua. When Col. Frank G. Noyes was a student at Williams he one day stepped into the little book- store just started in his father's new block to purchase a wallet. He wanted one very thin and light, such as was not to be found. Mr. Smith, the proprietor of the store, remarked that he should have to make him one, and, being in Boston a few days later, bought some extra fine turkey morocco, and made inquiries as to material used, etc., in making wallets. After his return he labored long and faithfully to build the desired wallet. The design, was good, the material was of the best, the book was soft and light, but the workmanship was not such as would encourage the art. The book was not placed on exhibition. This experiment was so much of a success that when a friend, John Hunt- ington became disabled for hard work, Mr. Smith helped him to enter into the making of wallets, and for some ten years he and his wife made the best wallets ever sold in the market. At this same time Mr. Smith had several hands at work making portfolios, and when the Civil War began, he made and sold great quantities of the.se goods for the soldiers' use. When what was known as "fractional currency " began to come into use, Mr. >Smith made what was known as a magic holder to carry it in. The demand for these goods was such that within a week fourteen hands were at work making them, and in three weeks the rush was over. Large box shops were setting their help to making them and they flooded the market. The profits to Mr. Smith for his ideas and three weeks' work was $500. As the premium on gold kept foreign made wallets away from the market, and as his help was organized for work, Mr. vSmith began to make wallets for the trade and for some years he made this a branch of his business. After the war the Copp brothers were engaged in the business of making wallets in cotniection with their bookstore. The brothers, Moses A. and Kendall F. Worcester were for some ^-ears extensively engaged in the compressed yeast business in what is known as the Greeley building. The business was removed to Worcester, Mass., in the seventies. A. M. Smith and I. C. Richard.son established a hoop-skirt manufacturing company in 1865. During the years when hoop skirts were in fashion this enterprise was quite successful. The factory was in the card shop on Pearson's avenue. C. P. Danforth was for a time engaged quite extensivel>- in the suspender manufacturing busi- ness. He began in 1865 and employed some thirty hands. L. H. Burbank also had a factory in Per- ham's block for making the same class of goods. Rufus Fitzgerald has conducted the business of leather belting in Nashua since i860. He first occupied the east end of the Jackson company's shoji. In 1S71 he located in his ]iresent quarters at the corner of Main and Park streets. In 1S52 John Mullen began weaving carpets in Merrimack where he did a good business. Owing to a quarrel with his landlord he removed to Nashua in 1859. He was fir.st located in an attic in the bobbin factor}^ but finally purchased and moved into the vacated melodeon factory on the river bank back of the present Goodrich block and carried on the business until the building was destroj^ed by fire in 1S74. In connection with his carpet works, John Mullen had a dye house on Water street. Edward Murgatroyd also had one on Front street which was for many years an institution for econo- mical Nashua, and it is continued to the present time by his successors. The Nashua Butt and Hardware company was organized to build butt hinges under the patent of George Moore and two patents of R. T. Smith. In i8y,^ the business was sold to the Reading, Pa., Hardware company. For many years John Ridge made files in a small way on Amherst street and in other shops. In 1892 John Ridge and John B. Grover began bu.siness under the name of the Nashua Rasp company at Edgeville. Mr. Grover soon bought the entire interest in the Inisiness, and in 1894 the works were closed. L. E. Burljank has been engaged in the manufacture of overalls for many years. His shop is located on Merrimack street. The first cigar factory in Nashua was started by O. P. Greenleaf, better known to the old citizen as "Dr. Olipod," in 1843, in a building known as Fuller's block, located where Merchants Exchange now stands. Mr. Greenleaf continued business in the same building until 1S4S. He afterwards HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 46- went into the hotel business at Hillsborough Bridge. Jonas Kempton started the cigar business in Nashua at 112 Pearl street (old numbers) where Campbell's paint shop now is, in 185S, in connection with his confectionery business. Mr. Kempton ran it about two years and sold out to Chapman & Cram. They moved from 112 Pearl street to under the old TTniversalist church, where Wheeler's clothing store now is. They then removed to Tutlle building, with store o)i street and factory in basement. They continued the business about three years, and dissolved partnership, H. J. Chapman succeeding A. B. Cram, and continuing the business a .short time. Moses L. Truell started in 1864 on Palm street where he continued one year, and then moved to the corner of Elm and Pearl streets, over what is now A. J. Blood & Co.'s store. He moved from there to the old post ofhce building on Pearson's avenue, where a partnership was formed with J. F. Dennahan. The business continued two years here, and was then moved to the ten-footers which stood where Ayer block now stands, and remained there until the ten-footers were torn down in 1891. In 1886 Mr. Dennahan died, Mr. Truell continuing the business alone. He moved to Greeley building April i, 1891, where he remained about seven months, removing to 10 Factory street, where he is still located. Charles Holman started in the cigar business about 1869 in a bjock which he Iniilt where his dwelling house now stands, at the corner of Main and Eldridge streets. This block was burned in 1871 and Mr. Holman removed to 112 Pearl street, at the old place where Mr. Kempton started in 1858, where he continued the business until 1873. T. J. Dowd moved his business here from Manchester in 1888, and started in the store now occupied by Marden & Mygatt on Pearl street. He removed his factory to the old brick school house on Pearl street in 1891, and .still continues at this location. C. M. Fairbanks started in 1890 at the junction of Merrimack and Manchester streets, and still continues at that location. \V. E. Keeley started in business in 1893 in the Chase building on VAm street, and in a short time removed to Tessier block on Pearl street, where he remained a short time, removing to Tremont block, 75 Pearl street, where he is now located. During all this time there were several others who started in the business and continued for a short period, namely: C. A. .Smith, Wm. Greenman, Andrew Conant, F. N. McKean, Charles Bowers, Preston 6t McKean, L,overiu & Shurtleif, Nathan Marcus, Geo. Foquitt, F. P. F'ellows, and J. N. Neman. For man}- years after the settlement of Dunstable there were no carriages, and con.sequently no harnesses, but there must have been those who made harnesses and the ruder and coarser kinds of wheel \ehicles before 1800. In 1825 there was a shop south of vSalmon brook for making and repairing carts and heavy wagons. A'arious individuals have maintained similar shops during all the years of the history of Nashua, but no concern has ri.sen to the dignity of a carriage manufactory. The making of harnesses has been a business of some importance, and different individuals have been identified with it. Notably Isaac Stiles, Marshall Farnsworth, Norman Fuller, Amasa Sanderson, and Woodward & Cory. For a manufacturing city the question of water power was, at the time of the beginning of this place, a matter of vital importance. Coal was but little used and its transportation was a serious matter. The water power from Mine falls first stimulated interest in manufacturing only of the small- est and rudest kind. The dam at Mine falls is partly a natural obstruction of the water course and partly artificial. The first dam was engineered by Col. William Boardman. It has been improved and modified several times since his day. The distance of the mills from the dam necessitates many ingenious devices for communicating the state of the water at the dam. The original dam of the Jackson company was built by Colonel Boardman. The second by a man known as " Boston Jack." The third and last by Pollard Wilson in 1878. Prior to this time there was one between Front and Water streets west of the Main street bridge. From the early days of Dunstable there have been dams on vSalmon Ijrook. The first of these was built in 1679 and probably stood some twenty or thirty rods above the bridge. It was used for running a saw mill. The upper and lower Vale Mills dams were rebuilt in 1883 by Pollard Wilson. He also built the upper Pennichuck dam the same year. At first the shops of Nashua were mainly to be found in the Nashua Manufacturing company's buildings on Water street. A few minor enterprises centered in the Jackson company's saw mill at the norUi end of its dam and others in the shop south of the brook at the Harbor. The big forge shops on Hollis street were looked upon as out of town. In 1852-3 a movement was made for better manufacturing facilities. Gage, Warner & Whitney built a fine plant on Hollis street, and Hartshorn & Ames on Howard street, to be followed later by other firms, until shops may be found occupying 468 HISTORY OF NASHUA. N. H. favorable localities all around the outskirts of the city upon our railroad lines. These shops are mainly, fine buildings, well adapted for permanency. The shoe manufacturers have shown commend- able enterprise in building and furnishing their several plants. Good substantial buildings with suit- able appointments indicate permanency, and have a real influence upon the prosperity of any enter- prise. It is an interesting fact that the first stock of goods offered to the public of old r)unstal:)le was drawn on a hand sled from vSalem. The stock consisted of axes, knives, needles, fish hooks, a keg of nails, another of rum, a quantity of salt fish, and twenty pounds of powder. In 182 1 there were five stores in Dunstable, all of them "country stores," carrying a small stock of the grosser sorts of all kinds of goods. The village was well located for trade. The central avenue from this state — the natural outlet for all "down east," towards the west, and of all the northwest towards the sea coa.st — passed through Dunstalile, making it then, as now, the strategic point for southern New Hampshire. One of the five stores was kept by Mr. Boynton at the centre, on the site of the Godfrey barn, one b}' Samuel Foster on the west side of Abbot square, at the top of the hill, one b}- Moses Foster just north of the First church, one by J. E. «& A. Greeley, south of the church, and one by the Hunts at the Harlior. At this time Dunstable in New Hampshire was at the head of good navigation on the river and the growing importance and prosperity of the New Hampshire and A'ermont towns made PENNICIUrCK WATER WORKS' I'l'Ml'I.VG STATION. this a convenient center for a growing trade. Most of tlie trade came from distant towns, some of the customers coming a hundred miles or more with loaded teams of produce and returning with a barrel of molasses, a quantity of codfish, a few bushels of salt, a bolt of cotton cloth, a few general gro- ceries, and, quite possibly, a keg of the ardent. These were the more distant customers, but the farmers from all the neighboring towns for twentx' miles around were sure to find their way to the stores on days when "it rained so hard that they could not work out of doors," bringing their wives and daughters to revel in the mysteries of dry goods and millinery and exchange lots of eggs, a crock of butter, etc., for the same. With the Iniilding of the mills came a host of small stores to- gether with a few pretentious dry goods stores. On the north side of Factor>- street " ten-footers " sprang up in a night and jostled each other in their crowding for room. The advent of the Concord railroad in 1S42 removed the Vermont and northern New Hampshire trade to Concord, giving the death blow to many of the general merchandise .stores, and hastening the day when .stores devoted to a single line of merchandise would prevail. The coming of Henry Norwell in 1857 marked the beginning of a new phase in trade: the modern "pay as you go" method, in which the capital is turned rapidly so that small profits now pay better than a large profit used to. HIS-JORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 469 We have seen that the Ridgways paid seventy-five dollars a year rent for a small store on the Nutt's Mock corner. In 1853 stores rented, on Factory street and on the west side of Main street, for from one hundred and fifty dollars to four hundred dollars per year. The rents in the new Union block on I'actory street were four hundred dollars per year. In 1853 Noyes block was built and a rent of fnc hundred dollars per store was recjuired. No one can realize the change wrought in the habits ol the people, in their ideas of expenditure, and consequently upon the condition and state of trade. The beginning of the Civil War found us jjrovincial, it left us cosnio]KjIitau ; it broadened our outlook and developed our energy. Men who remember Sumter, Bull Run, (Gettysburg, the surrender of Lee and the death of Lincoln, could not but expand, and this cx]>ansion of idea extended to manufacturing and trade. The war marked the beginning ol a new era in Nashua. vSuch blocks as Beasom, Howard, Masonic, Odd Fellows, .\yer and Whiting show what progress has been made in these lines. These buildings are an indication of the advanced ideas of trade. Perhaps we may safely say that no place in old Dunstable had such a charm for a certain class of its inhabitants as the hay market. Here horse jockeys congregated and gossip of the coarser kind was indulged in. This venerable institution consisted of a framed building covered by a peaked roof and boarded at its two ends, with open sides. FCxtending from beam to beam across the centre of this structure was a huge wooden shaft with bearings at its ends that engaged the beams. On this slialt, at one end, was secured a large wooden wheel. Over the rim of this wheel passed a rope, which engaged a roller turned by a crank placed below, within working distance of the ground. To the centre of this shaft was secured a chain and from the chain hung the huge iron beam of the steelyards. Beside this shaft was a platform on which the weights were kept and on which the operator stood. A load of hay or other commodity was driven so that its centre stood below the steelyards from which chains extended to the hubs of the wagon wheels and the load was lifted from the ground, b\- the revolution of the roller, by the crank, after which it was weighed. As the help that came to work in our mills was largely female, who came from homes on the New Hampshire hillsides and bought not only for their own use, but for their friends at home, we should naturalh- expect the dry goods business to be prominent. The names of Isaac Spalding, W. D. Beasom, Iv. S. (ioodnow. Reed & Slader. J. A. Wheat, M. W. Merrill, .\. .S: I". F. Kindiall, J. H. lUake and others stand prominent in the dry goods trade of the old times. Merchants, before the crisis of 1857, bought goods on six months' and sold goods to " respectable people" on time, with the result that the capital of the jobber was in the hands of the retailers, and that of the retailer in the hands of the people, and when credit was discredited all business was at a standstill. Such was the state of affairs in 1857, when the credit system was entirely ruined by the panic. The war in 1861 upset all prices and all jirevious business methods, and trade became organized on new principles. This change in business methods demoralized all lines of trade. But few of the old traders could, or did, come into line, and so made way for new men. In 1837 Henry Norwell opened his store in Noyes block and soon convinced the i)nblic that he came to sell, not to .store goods. In 1864 Norwell sold his business to William Taylor and Harry Norwell and became a member of the firm of Shepard, Norwell & Co. of Boston. Mr. Taylor proved himself a worthy successor of Mr. Norwell, and raised the standard of the business still higher. In 1869 Mr. Taylor .sold to Crawford & Anderson and established the firm of Taylor & Kilpatrick in Cleveland, Ohio. Crawford & Anderson sold to W. B. Wakelin. Crawford established a large business in New York city, and Anderson in Toledo, Ohio. Norwell, Taylor, Crawford, and Anderson were Scotchmen trained to business, and left Nashua to form four great dry goods houses in four of our great cities, l-ine, large and costly stores now give suitable rooms for large stocks of goods, such as those of Harry S. Norwell, Chamberlain, Patten & Co., and others. Vs we niioht expect, the first stores were largely groceries, carrying dry goods and sundries. Of such Nashua "has alwavs had a few notable houses, such as W. A. & N. McKean Reed .S: Slader, Isaac Spaldin- Kendrick .S: Tuttle, G. W. Perham, J. O. Blunt and other names too numerous to nuntion ThTs line of trade has not been so fluctuating as that of dry goods. It was not .so entirely demoralized bv the war. The tendency to large stores with fine assortments of goods has also invaded this line of trade and has given us seveiM especially good stores, such as those of C. R. Cotton, B. 470 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. S. Woods, George B. McQuesten, N. J. Alltoii and others. To give a full history of the grocery trade would require a volume. For some years after the advent of manufacturing the meat supplies came from the neighboring farms. Soon the killing of animals and sale of meat became a branch of business by itself, the meat being sold from covered wagons from door to door. Thomas Pearson, Sen., Morgan & Mooney, Whitford & Bowman, and the Latons, together with Crosby from Milford, bought and slaughtered and catered to the wants of our citizens in the direction of meat supplies. At an early date shops for the sale of meats and vegetables began to appear upon our streets, the dealers receiving their stock from the local butcher. In 1888 meats killed and packed in Chicago and brought east in refrigerator cars captured the market and drove the local butcher from the field. These western firms established agencies in the city from which dealers obtained their supplies. As to volume and value, the book business, that is, the selling of books, has never been a source of profit to any one in Nashua, but as an indicator of the intellectual growth of the community it rises to the highest place among the trading interests in our midst. Indeed, the book seller .stands, as an educator, shoulder to shoulder with the preacher or teacher. In 1826 W. A. Brown opened a printing office and published the first new.spaper, called the Nashua Constellation, and in connection with the office Brown opened a bookstore. As his paper was not burdened with matter of any kind, room is found in it for a full column advertisement of his book store. The list included bibles and hymn books, the balance were antiquated school books, books that five }-ears later could not have been given away, except the dictionary and Webster's speller. There was not one purely literary book in the list. Within a year Brown had two competitors in the book trade, William Wiggin and C. Page, besides at least two of the general merchandise stores advertised stocks of books. In 1830 Ignatius Bagley opened a book store and circulating library. At this time Na,shua was at the head of navigation and was the center of trade for all of central and western New Hampshire and a part of Vermont, and these stores represented the book trade of that large territory. The district schools were improving, the call for school books was large, the help in the mills acted as agent for their home friends and purchased books for their use. Besides publishing a paper and selling books. Brown dealt largely in lotteries, advertising them with other goods. In 1829 Andrew E. Thayer bought the Constellation and the book business of Brown and associated William Wiggin with him in the business. Evidently Thayer was the only man who had capital or ability sufficient to conduct the busine.ss ; he brought life and enterprise into the store. Three school books that revolutionized the district schools were published at this time, Olney's geography, Peter Parley's history and Adams' arithmetic. These live books displaced the old books entirely. Thayer also filled his .store with readable literature, with good stationerj' and stationer's fancj- goods, and made his store first-class. In 1830 he had a circulating library of six hundred volumes, with a sub- scription price of three dollars per year for new books, and one dollar and a half for old. In 1830 Wiggin retired from the business. In 1831 Thayer offered for sale 2,000 volumes of miscellaneous books, besides bibles and school books. It may be of intere.st to note that up to February, 1828, the Constellation (Gazette) was printed on hand-made pajjer and after that date it was printed on engine- made paper. C. Page appears to have held his own and makes a good showing in his advertisements. During the ten years between 1S30 and 1840 J. Buffom and C. T. Gill figure largely in the book busi- ness of Nashua. Buffom eventually removed to Cornhill, Boston, and Mr. Gill remained an active and enterprising element in the business until his death in 1849. Gradually the book stores were re- moved to the south side of the bridge. In 1853 there were two live book stores in Nashua. That of N. P. Greene, successor to C. T. Gill, who also did book binding, and Fletcher & Wilcox. Mr. Fletcher of this firm had held .some relation to a publishing house in New York. He attended the book auctions in New York and bought many books, such as the standard poets and histories, and sold them at auction in Nashua. For some years after the war Copp Brothers occupied a large place in the Nashua book trade. For a time, about 1850, when Phillips & Samson and others were issuing reprints of standard British writers and were selling the same at low prices, a great many books were sold in Nashua. From that time until the advent of the cheap paper covered books few books were .sold. For some years past great numbers of cheap reprints have been sold at a nominal price. There is a growing demand for new issues and for good literature. /I /STORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 471 In the early daj-s of New Kiiglaiul when the cloth for clothing was made in the home, a tailoress, or, if great style was wanted, a tailor was invited to the house and the cloth was cut and made up at home-. In those days tailors and shoe makers were men who found employment, not in shops, but in the homes of their customers. Of course this was not true in the larger towns. In 1826 we find .\ndrew Barr and John Hay in the clothing business. In 1S40 we find J. B. & H. J. Chapman, also C. H. Nutt and J. \V. Windus. In 1853 there were eleven firms in the clothing business in this city. Many of these were of the cla.ss then known as the "slop shops." As the ready-made shops began to produce better goods and styles, they drew hard upon the tailors, making it a somewhat uncertain business. Tlic first intimation to Ije found of ready-made clothing in Nashua is in 1828, when W. & C. W'atkin advertise ready-made pants, vests and spencers, evidently in limited assortment and quantity. 'I'he advent of the sewing machine made the ready-made clothing business a great success. The first attenqil nf the kind, on an extended scale, was l)egun in New York in 1835. The goods were placed in families to have the sewing done, and packages of goods were sent far and near into the country lo be made up by families. In 1853 the .sewing machine had begun to be a factor in the business, and 520,000,000 worth of readx-made clothing was produced that year in New York. The business has been well represented in Nashua by such firms as Martin & Co., Nelson Tuttle, A. K. Dodge, AN 01. I> Sllol' WINDOW. Runnells & Cha.se, and manv others. In 1S52 Mr. Warren had a shop for making ready-made clothing. In it he u.sed the t^rst working sewing machine sold in Nashua, lie removed the business to Lowell, Mass. Like the clothing trade, the boot and shoe tnule has been entirely changed in its methods. Readv-made shoes have almost displaced custom work, and the name boot does not convey the idea that it did fortv vears ago. Large factories now displace the shoemaker, giving us more comely shoes at a smaller price. The shoe trade has had on its list such names as Mark Adams, Q. A. Tirrell, N. P. Washburn, and a host of other honorable men. The first to use coal in Nashua for domestic purposes was J. M. Fletcher. He made his purchases in P.oston and it was brought to town in a baggage car. In the early fifties parlor stoves for burning coal came somewhat into use, but there were no regular coal dealers. The manufacturing companies furnished the coal bv wav of accommodation. White & Washburn were the pioneer dealers^and they practically controlled the business, bringing their coal from Salem, Mass. Naturally the Nashua cS: Worcester railroad wished to have a share in the profits of such a growing freight. They accordingly 47- HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. in i.Syo arranged with a j-oung and enterprising coal dealer of Worcester, George Phelps, who re- moved his office to Nashua, and brought his coal on their road. Coal has almost superseded the use of wood for fuel, and various men, and large and heavy firms have been engaged in the business. We have followed the course of mechanical events in Nashua for seventy years; we began with Dunstable, a sandy plain, we show to-day the beautiful city of Nashua. We began wtli untrained workmen, unsuitable tools, crude materials, the worst of methods. We had the vicious methods of European mechanics without their skill or training. For instance, each individual watch maker had his own peculiarities of make ; he fitted each part of the watch into its place in the watch then in hand and the parts so fitted were not expected to fit a similar place in another watch. The same was true of the parts of a lathe, steam engine, and of all other machines. Now with that method the modern factory system was impossible. Not only was this true, but the high price of labor and the cheap goods of America could not have obtained under such conditions. We are proud of Howe, Morse, Goodyear, Edison, and a host of other inventors who have made American mechanics famous. But the man to whom we are indebted for the great mechanical revolution which has ,so far blessed the world, by introducing true mechanical methods remains unknown and unhonored. In Windsor, N,\SnU.\ IM.XNUF.-VCTUUIXG COMP.VNY- Vermont, there is a small gun factory. In this factory originated the idea of making the individual parts of all guns of the same kind exactly alike, so that, from a great number of parts, guns could be assembled without refitting, each part fitting all other parts with which it was adapted to connect. The United States government was quick to see the advantage of this method and to adopt it, and we have seen that in 1S56 the British took measures to introduce the method into their arsenals. Other lines of mechanics were not slow to follow and adopt this method, the great sewing machine factories being notable instances. As a consequence, better machinists' tools were required. Automatic machinery was demanded, helps for exact measurements were called for, careful and exact workmen were wanted, and the intelligent draughtsman became a necessity. The advent of the watch factory in our city marked the beginning of a higher mechanical education with ns. Many of our older mechanics speak with pride of their experience in its shop. This, with training obtained in the gun shops during the war, raised the .standard of workmanship and laid the foundation of future success. The Nashua Manufacturing company has always set a good example in adopting improved machinery and methods, and it has always been a worthy example to our business firms. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 473 The example of our shoe shops has given us new conceptions of the power and advantage of systematic methods. Indeed, the shops make the stronger impression because their work is more easily understood. In the winter of 1887-8 the first serious attempt was made to introduce mechanical drawing in Nashua as a part of mechanical education. This was the most profitable ijivestment in the educational line ever made in our city. It marks an era in our mechanical life. Of late years many of our young men have given allention to a mechanical education of a high order, including a course at the school of Technology in Bo.ston, thus fitting themselves for places of higher trust. This is as it .should be, for there is always a call for such men. It is as true in mechanics as in any profession "that there is always room at the top." Skill and education combined with character never lacks eniplo\ nicnt. MINE FAI.I.S, N.\Slir,\ I!I\K1{. When we see the ])osition Nashua assumed as the mother of new enterprises, we wonder at results. Nashua shook the bush and other towns gathered the fruit. Why was this? It was because our business men were provincial and not cosmopolitan: it was because Nashua was simply an expansion of I)unstal)le; its views did not extend to the far west ; its centre was Hoston instead of New York. So much for the past and present, now for the future. The inventor and the exploiter are slowly becoming creatures of the past, their da\ is passing away. Most of what is called inventi( n lo-day is simply a new arrangement of old parts and ideas and is not, in the highest sense, invention. The manufacturer to be successful to-day must look upon the business as a permanency, one into which he is willing to put his money freely. He must secure the best machines and must 474 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. adopt the best methods. He must look upon his business as an inheritance to descend to his family, he must be both radical and conservative in that respect. Any history of Nashua that left the workers (men who work with their hands) out of considera- tion would not be complete. The first industrial workers of Nashua came from the farms of New Hampshire or from the small village shops where the farmer had his wagon repaired or his horse shod. The girls in the mills were educated Yankee girls, full of ambition and ready for work. It was the superior intelligence of the help, rather than their acquired skill, to which we are indeljted for results. A machinist of that day must l)e a "jack of all trades," he must do a little forging, a great deal of filing, must turn a lathe or planer. The conditions of his life had prepared him to do this with fair success. NASHUA INVENTIONS. We have attempted, in this article, to give a list of working machines that originated in Nashua, the better to give a true idea of Nashua's share in the mechanical development and progress of this mechanical age. We feel that the list is imperfect but we have done our best to secure and give such information ; some of the machines referred to may have been known and used before their invention in Nashua, and never patented, but were unknown to the Nashua inventors. Railwaj' spike machine. Ami George. Alarm money drawer, Edwin B. White. Spring spindle for shuttles, James Baldwin. Mortise lock, Samuel .Shepard. Mortising machine, Samuel Shepard. Automatic gear cutter, George Whitney. Dust ring for watches, B. D. Bingham. Horse nail machine, B. D. Bingham. Power shearing machine, R. T. Smith and J. K. Priest. Calender rolls, O. D. Murray. Non-heating friction rolls, O. D. Murray. Nailing machine, Samuel Shepard. Cloth cutting machine for bags, R. T. Smith. Music perforator, R. T. Smith. White mountain freezer, Thomas Sands. Hydraulic crane, Samuel K. and Samuel T. Welhnan Rollin's engine, George A. Rollins. Barber's clippers, J. K. Priest. .Automatic piano, R. T. Smith. Bag folder and cutter. R. T. Smith. Card board cutter, R. T. Smith. A power cable, J. K. Priest. Power embroidery machine, R. T. Smith. .Automatic for embroidery, R. T. Smith. Machine for cutting boxes, C. E. Clement. Bearers for printing press, C. E. Clement. Machine for folding fans,R. T. Smith. Gang circular saws, R. T. Smith. Multiple die, R. T. Smith. Machine for pasting two webs of cloth into one, R. T. Smith. Railway signals, John S. Lynam and George F. .Adams. Combined register and money drawer, E. O. Wood. Machine for cutting elastics for shoes, J. Norman Kendall. Machine for cutting stiffeuing for shoes, J. Norman Kendall. Cloth trimming machine, R. T. vSmith. Wool washer, William White. Wool feeding device, William White. Wool dryer, William White. Butt hinge riveting device, R. T. Smith. Saddle tree, O. S. Tabor. Butt Hinge, George Moore. Machine for making bird cages, J. il. Fletcher. Climax heater, I. C. Richardson. Fire escape, Cyrus Mitchell. Saunders' sprinkler. H. Saunders. Improvement in lathes, J. Flather. Improvement in keg planer, J. F^lather. Hot press plates, J. J. Crawford. Lock mortising machine, H. A. Holt.. Paper coloring machine, C. P. Gage. HISTORY OF XAS/ftrA, N. H. 475 r AARON KING. Aaron King was born in Palmer, Mass., June 22, 1818, died in Nashua, Oct. 3, 1888. He was a son of Isaac and Abby (Cutler) King, and a descendant of sturdy New- England stock whose worth and influence were reflected and ever apparent in his life and character. Mr. King was educated in the schools of his native town and at Monson academy at Monson, Mass., and at the academy at Westfield, Mass. He conuuenced life as a book-keeper for a finn in Connecti- cut. Later he be- came interested in railroads and ran the first passenger train over the Northern & New London road. lie remained ou that road as passenger conductor seven years, when he ac- cepted a similar position, 1852, oTi the Worcester S; Nashua road and removed to Nash- ua. His term of service on the last named road cover- ed a period of nine- teen years, and it is a fact beyond cavil that his courtesy and kindness were such that no pub- lic man was more highly regarded by the traveling public. About 1870 he became in- terested in the en- terprise then on foot to build the Nashua & Roches- ter road and was appointed con- struction agent, a ! position which he filledwith marked ability and to the entire satisfaction of the stockholders. The road was completed in 1875, and after that Mr. King was not specially active in business affairs, al- though he held the position of president of the London- derry Lithia .Spring Water company. lint Aaron King was a good deal more than a popular railroad man among his fellow-citizens. He was inter- ested in whatever interested the people and gave freely of his money and influence to make Nashua prosperous (^/^<^2^^?^zr?^ ^y^^^ and assure Nashuans whatever tended to make their lot in life happier had his sympathy and support. In 1875 he joined the Pearl Street Congregational church, and when that was united with the Olive .Street church, trans- ferred his membership to the new organization, the Pil- grim church, anil lived and 'ear, increased the par value to one hundred dollars, without payment of money by the stockholders, as stated in the act, in part compensation for the property rights and franchises of that corporation, acquired by its original capital and by the new capital contributed Ijy stockholders from time to time in earnings not heretofore divided. The Wilton railroad, extending from Nashua to Wilton, fifteen and forty-two one hundredths miles was chartered Dec. 28, 1844. It was constructed and opened for business to Amherst .Station in Novem- ber, 1848, to Milford in January, 1851, and to Wilton in December, 1852, at a cost of about $232,000, not including rolling stock. The delay in its construction was caused by those preferring other routes to the one selected, particularly h\ those who desired the road to go through Amherst village. The road was located after protracted litigation. It was never operated independently. It was op- erated by the Nashua & Lowell railroad corporation by contract to 1857, when it was leased to the Nashua & Lowell railroad corporation for twenty years. In 1872 a new lease of the road was made to the Nashua & Lowell railroad corporation for twent}- years, and in 1883 it was re-leased to the Boston & Lowell railroad corporation for ninety-nine years at a rental of seven per cent on its capital stock, then fixed at $242,000. In 1890 this lease was assigned to the Boston & Maine railroad corpor- ation and the rental increased to eight and one-half per cent on its capital stock. The Worcester, Nashua & Rochester railroad extends from Worcester, Mass., to Rochester, N. H., a distance of ninety-four and forty-eight one hundredths miles. The Worcester & Nashua railroad, extending from Worcester to Nashua, forty-five and sixty-nine one hundredths miles, was chartered in Massachusetts in 1842, and in New Hampshire in 1845, and it was constructed and opened for business to Nashua Dec. 18, 1848. The original cost of the road, including equipment, was $1,425,235 which was increased from time to time up to the time of its consolidation with the Nashua & Rochester to $2,543,920. The Nashua & Rochester railroad was chartered in 1S68, being a combination of two previous charters, the Portsmouth & Rochester and the Nashua & Epping, which had never been or- ganized. The road was con.structed and opened for business in 1874 from Na.shua to Rochester. Its cost was about $2,000,000, not including rolling stock. The city of Nashua took $200,000 of its capi- tal stock to aid its construction. On its completion it was leased to the Worcester & Nashua railroad corporation for fifty years at an annual rental of six per cent on the cost of its construction as repre- sented by its capital .stock and bonds. In 1883 the Worcester & Nashua and Nashua & Rochester railroad corporations were consolidated under the title of the Worcester, Nashua & Rochester rail- road corporation, having a capital stock of $3,099,800, and a bonded indebtedness of $1,662,000. In i886 the railroad was leased to the Boston & Maine railroad corporation at an annual rental of $250,000. The Nashua, Acton & Boston railroad, extending from Nashua to Acton, Mass., twenty and twenty-one one hundredths miles, was chartered by the Massachu.setts legislature in 1871 and by the New Hampshire legislature in 1872. It was constructed and opened for business in 1873. Its cost exceeded $1,000,000. The company issued $500,000 in stock and $500,000 in bonds, secured by a mortgage of the road. The projectors of the road intended it principally as a part of a rival line from Nashua to Boston by waj' of the Fitchburg road and expected to make it a success by the diver- sion of business from the line to Boston from Nashua by way of Lowell. The expectations were never realized. While the road was operated independently it did not pay operating expenses. The road was leased to the Concord railroad corporation for ten years from Jan. i, 1876, at an annual rental of $i 1,000 a year. Before the expiration of this lease the Concord railroad corporation pur- chased substantially all of the mortgage bonds at twenty-five cents on a dollar, foreclosed the mort- gage and obtained possession of and title to the road. As a railroad enterprise it never had any merit ; from the first it was a financial failure and it has been of little benefit to Nashua, particularly as com- pared with the large amount of Na.shua capital sunk in the enterprise. The Peterborough railroad, extending from Wilton to Greenfield, eleven miles, was chartered in 1872 and was constructed and opened for business Jan. i, 1S74. It was leased to the Nashua & Low- ell railroad corporation for twenty years from Oct. i, 1S73, at an annual rental of six per cent on the cost of its construction which was $588,950, not including gratuities. During the continuance of the lease the co.st of the construction above the capital stock, fixed at $385,000, was paid from the rental. Nashua gave a gratuity of $15,000 to aid in its construction, and April i, 1893, it was again HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. //. 483 r leased to the Boston & Lowell railroad corporation for ninety-three years at an animal rental of fon per cent on its capital stock fixed at $385,000. The Boston & Maine railroad corporation operates the road under an assignment of this lease. The Nashua Street Railway company was incorporated Aug. 14, 1885, John A Spalding, Henry Stearns, Isaac Eaton, Rufus A. Maxfield, William D. Cadwell, Webster P. Hussey, Q. A. Wood- ward, Royal D. Barnes and Charles Williams being the original members of the corporation and its first board of directors, with a capital stock of $50,000. The original laying out of the street railway was over Kinsley, Main and Canal streets to the Concord railroad station, of a narrow gauge railway, horse power being the motive power, the stables and car houses of the company being located at the head of Kinsley street. Q. A. Woodward was the first superintendent of the railway. In 1 886 the company leased and improved a large tract of land at the Harbor, then known as Barker's park, later called Lawndale garden, and a line was extended thereto from Kinsley street through the southerly portion of Main street. Later lines were laid out through Hanover, West Hollis, Palm and Pearl streets, through East Pearl .street to Crown hill, also over Concord and Amherst streets. In 1889 George H. Knowles was made president and general manager of the road, continuing in that office until 1894, when the controlling interest was purchased by Massachusetts capitalists, and power having been granted by the legislature, the road was re-organized and re-constructed as a standard gauge electric street railway, under the supervision of P. P*. Sullivan, manager of the Low- ell and Suburban street railway company, and lines were extended through Hudson to Lowell, Mass. By act of the legislature of 1896 the companj- was authorized to lease its road to the Lowell and Suburban street railway, which company now controls and manages the service in Nashua through P. F. Sullivan, general manager, and a local assistant manager. 7): 7r 0^ 484 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. ORREN CHENEY MOORE. Hon. Orren Cheney Moore was born at New Hampton, N. H., Aug. lo, 1S39. He was one of eleven children of Jonathan Holmes Moore and his wife, Hannah Van Sleep- er, a native of Bristol. His mother was of English and Knickerbocker descent and his father was a lineal de- scendant of John and Janet Moor, Scotch-Irish emigrants, who settled in Londonderry, about 1721. It is interesting to trace the ancestry of so well-known a public man. The emigrant ancestor was undoubted!}' the John Muarwho was one of the signers of the ad- dress to Governor Shute, in 17 18, ex- pressing a desire to remove from the north of Ire- land to New Eng- land if sufficient encouragement be given, and he was also the John Moor whose name stands first on the schedule of the proprietors of Londonderry, an- nexed to the char- ter granted by Governor Shute in June, 1722. They came from the county of Antrim. At least two of their children were born in Ire- land, Deacon Wil- liam Moor, born in 1718, who with his Inotlier, Cul. Daniel Moor, born in 1730, afterwards settled in Bedford, and Elizabeth who married Na- thaniel Holmes. She was the great- grandmother o f Francis P. Whit- temore, the late Bernard B. Whit- temore and of Judge Nathaniel Holmes of Cambridge, from whose correspondence many facts concerning his ancestry were obtained. The emigrant's wife, Janet Moor, was called "Jenny Flavel " because, as it was said, she was a great reader of the works of Flavel, a learned Puritan divine ; it is quite possible, however, that her maiden name was Flavel. Their son, Robert Moore, born in 1726, was one of Capt. John Mitchell's scouts or " Londonderry troopers " at the age of eighteen, in 1744, and on Sept. i, 1775, was ap- pointed lieutenant-colonel of Col. Samuel Hobart's regi- ment of the New Hampshire continental line. It is orrp;n' ciiexev mooke. mentioned in the records of the committee of safety of the date of Aug. 3, 1778, that leave was given to Doctor Gove of New Boston (probably an armj- surgeon) to visit as a ph)-sician Col. Robert Moore of Londonderry, whose death occurred in the October following. His home- stead, deeded to him by his father, lately called the Jen- ness place, now owned by Cummings W. Price, is on the road from Derrj- Lower Village to Chester in the English Range in Londonderry, and about half a mile northwest of Beaver pond. The emigrant John Moor died Jan. 24, 1774, and Colonel Robert and his sister Elizabeth (Moor) Holmes were co- administrators of his estate. Two of Mrs. Holmes' sons, John and Jonathan, married daughters of Col. Robert. His mother, Janet, died March S, 1776, and Colonel Robert, who died in October, 1778, lies buried by the side of his father and mother in L o n d o n d e rry. His youngest son, Robert, born in Londonderry, Sept. 20, 1769, died Aug. 16, 1803, aged 44. He married Jenny Rolfe, who was born in New- buryport, Mass., Sept. 22, 1771, and died Feb. 6, 1852, aged 81. She was a descendant of Rev. Benjamin Rolfe, who was killed by the In- dians at Haver- hill, ."Vug. 29, 1708. Their son, the father of the sub- ject of this sketch, was born at the family homestead on Shirley Hill in Goffstown in June, 1802, and was named Jonathan Holmes Moore after his uncle. Both parents of Orren died in Manchester, the mother, Aug. 3, 1858, and the father, Nov. 12, 1869. In 1846, when he was only seven years old, his father and mother removed to Manchester from Hebron. The father having met with financial reverses, the son entered the Manchester mills as a mule boy when only eleven years old. Later he became a student in the North Grammar school on Spring street. Here he spent four years, three of which he was under the guid- ance of Prof. Moses T. Brown, later of Tufts college. Leaving Manchester the lad went to Ilolderness to work HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 485 in a paper mill owned by George Mitchell, who married his oldest sister, Lucia Van Moore, working half the night and half the day and devoting his afternoons to study in the High school under Rev. D. C. Frost. Among his schoolmates here he met Nancy Webster Thompson, who six years later, Nov. 29, i860, became his wife. She was the daughter of John Hayes Thompson and his wife, Charlotte Baker, and sister of the late Maj. .\i Baker Thompson, for many years secretary of state of New Hampshire. The father and four of his sous were in the war for the suppression of the Rebellion. He was of the familyof Ebenezer Thompson, New Hampshire's first sec- retary of state. Mrs. Moore's father died at Hilton Head of malarial fever in 1862, while acting as commissary of the Third New Hampshire regiment. Mrs. Thompson's grandfather, Samuel Baker, and his father, Joseph Baker, both served in the French and Indian Wars. Mr. Moore's brother. I'rederick \. Moore, was publish- ing the La Crosse Democrat, so Orren, leaving Holder- ness when he was sixteen, went to Wisconsin to learn the printer's trade with his brother. He remained with him about three years and subsequently was employed at Madison and in Jefferson City, Mo. The path of a jour- neyman printer is not always strewn with roses and the writer well recollects the amusing account which Mr. Moore once gave him of his experience about this time when out of work. Finding nothing to do at the case, without a particle of false pride, he bought an ax and went to chopping. But his early training had not fitted him for that exercise and he soou relinquished it for something better. Returning to his native state, on account of the illness of his mother, he was employed as foreman on the Daily American in Manchester until that paper was united with the Mirror. While residing there he was chosen clerk of the common council and represented Ward F'our in the legislature in 1863 and 1864. He assisted in raising a company for the Union arnij- in which he would have been commissioned but for unfortunate nearsighted- ness. In April, 1864, he was employed as editor of the New Hampshire Telegraph, then a weeklj' paper pub- lished by the heirs of Albin Beard and he conducted that newspaper until it was sold b)' the proprietors. For a short period thereafter he served as register of probate for Hillsborough county taking up his residence in .\mherst for that purpose, and when the records were removed to Nashua he agaiu resumed his residence in this city. In 1867 he purchased the interest of C. V. Dearborn in the partnership of Dearborn & Berry, then owning the Telegraph, and Feb. i, 1869, Mr. Berry withdrew and a partnership was formed with C. M. Langlcy of Lowell. .\ month later, March I, 1869, through the persistent and untiring efforts of Mr. Moore, the publication of the Daily Telegraph, the first daily newspaper ever published in Nashua, was begun. In 1878 he bought Mr. Langley's interest in the paper and remained sole proprietor until the organization of the Telegraph Pulilishing company in 1887. In 1870 and again in 1872 he was elected state printer. In 1S71 Jlr. Moore erected the Telegraph building on the corner of Main and Temple streets which has ever .since been the home of the Telegraph. For nearly a quarter of a century Mr. Moore spoke every day to the people of this city through the editorial columns of his paper. A journalist writing for the daily press must form and express his views and opinions on current events without any extended deliberation. If he is active and aggressive under such circumstances he would be more than human not to make mistakes. No doubt Mr". Moore sometimes made such mistakes. His first impressions might not always be identical with his ripe conclusions. But in the discussion of many matters he made no mistakes. His advocacy of the ten hour law, for example, was convincing and effectual. He thought ten hours a day was long enough for women and little children to be yoked up to a machine and compelled to keep time with it in our great manufactories. He knew from experience the iniquity of longer hours ; his sym- pathies were with the honest toilers and to his quick per- ception fat dividends to mill owners could never offset the dwarfed minds and enfeebled bodies that might be occa- sioned by loo long hours of continuous hard labor. His editorials on the subject were clear, pointed and courage- ous. If he lost the support of wealthy corporations by his course, he retained his own self-respect and secured the gratitude of the people whom he faithfully served. His support of temperance and his opposition to lotter- ies were alike fearless and convincing. He would rather remain a poor man than grow rich from the proceeds of advertising liquors or lotteries. In a great measure through his efforts Nashua voted for constitutional pro- hibition. If a wealthy corporation sought by the issue of watered stock to put a new and perpetual blanket mort- gage upon the homes and industries of a community and thus reduce the members of that community to a condi- tion of servitude his facile pen was quick to unmask the fraiid. .All the people may not have been able to rec- ognize or appreciate his efforts on their behalf, but the wrong-doers had no difficulty in seeing the error of their ways when illumined by his pen, whether they mended them or not. He championed the cause of the people to a successful issue against the arbitrary course of the foreign insurance companies upon the valued policy question, and argued that if those companies chose to withdraw from the state, as they threatened to do, New Hampshire could provide her own insurance. This prediction was abundantly veri- fied by the event. Mr. Moore's opposition to the consolidation of all the great railroads of the state under one management was persistent and for a while at least effectual. Through the columns of his paper and in the halls of legislation he did all in his power to prevent such an aggregation of corpo- rate capital. He realized the danger to the liberties of a small state which such a soulless and remorseless com- bination might cause. He feared it would prove a politi- cal engine before which both of the great political parties of the state would have to bow. He foresaw that such a power, enthroned under the guise of law to carry out its own mercenary ends, would dictate who shouhl be the candidates of the party which for the time being should be in the ascendancy, not only in the state but in the towns and cities as well, and when those candidates were elected he foresaw that their master would dictate all their legislative action, and their appointments to every office. The unblushing bribery of 1887, which he un- 486 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. masked in the legislature, he knew was but the surface indication of worse to come, when jury boxes would be tampered with, legislators and city councils bribed and corrupted and the very fountains of justice poisoned at their source. He foresaw and deprecated it all and for a while was able to stay the torrent of watered stock, brib- ery and corruption, which threatened to deluge the state. Since his decease nobody, unless it be Senator Chandler in the Concord Monitor, has cared to wage the unequal warfare. Mr. Moore made his paper wholesome and clean. It could be taken into the household without first examining its contents. He was no follower of the so-called new journalism. He had no salacious morsels to purvey to a prurient or morbid public, either iu his advertisements, news items or editorials, and his pages never contained a directory to either the saloons or disorderly houses of the city. He complimented his readers by assuming that they did not want such information. Every really good work, every deserving charity, every honest reform found in Mr. Moore and his paper a hearty and earnest advocate. Everything which he believed would be for the interest of the people of Nashua, he favored with no uncertain voice. Not every advertiser could buy a place in his columus, and his editorial opin- ions were never for sale. His readers knew he was not mercenary and therefore had confideuce in him and his paper. He was a great editor and on a wider field would have achieved a national reputation. Mr. Moore always took an interest in public affairs and was ready to perform his duty as a citizen. He served on the board of education, was four times elected to the legislature from Nashua, and in 1878 was chosen senator for two years. In 1877 he served upon the tax commission and many of his suggestions were enacted into law. In 1884 he was appointed chairman of the railroad commis- sion by Governor Hale, and for three years he served the state in that capacity. His services were in great demand as a political speaker, and he took a part in every campaign Ijeginning in 1872, often speaking in Maine, Massachusetts and Vermont, and in 1880 he assisted in the campaign in West Virginia. On one occasion having spoken from the same platform with James G. Blaine, that great statesman evidently surprised at his masterly presentation of the issue, sud- denly turned to him and inquired : " From what college were you graduated, Mr. Moore? " "I am a graduate of the printing office, sir," was his quick and characteristic reply. Although Mr. Moore was denied the advantages of a college training, his recognized ability was of so high an order that in 1887 he received the honorary degree of A. M. from Dartmouth college. Mr. Moore was a Republican in politics and the Tele- graph, with which his name will always be associated, was Republican from the date of the organization of that party. He was elected chairman of the Republican state committee Aug. 7, 1872. In 1888 he was elected by the Republicans to represent the Second New Hampshire district in the fifty-first congress. He served on the Pa- cific railroad committee, the District of Columbia com- mittee and the committee on the enrollment of bills. Among his public speeches were "The Revision of the Rules," "Tariff Revision," "The Anti-Lotterv Bill," "The Competitive Principle in the Civil Service," and the "Record of the Fifty-First Congress." Mr. Moore as a child attended the Methodist church with his parents, later the Unitarian, and on coming to Nashua attended the Olive Street (Congregationalist ) church, now the Pilgrim church, and subsequently the Episcopal church. He was an Odd Fellow, and in his address, which was delivered at the laying of the corner stone of the Odd Fellows building in Nashua, he made this public declaration of his faith. He said, "I have the profoundest faith in the brotherhood of man, in the principles of religious toleration and in the perpetuity of republican institutions on this continent. Religious toleration is the corner-stone of the American consti- tution. In the evolution of human society, no other discovery was ever made like that. It has been the trans- fusion of the blood of the cross into the creeds of man. Before it superstition has fled; wars have ceased; cruel- ties, calamities and crimes unspeakable no longer rack societj- or disturb the state. Under the sway of religious toleration religion is no longer a hate but a blessing, and among the civilizing agencies at work in the world it is now one of the sweetest and best. Planted on the rock of the brotherhood of man, and in obedience to law, both human and divine, we need no superabundance of faith to believe that out of a diversity of nationalities shall come one nationality, and among many creeds the future will still maintain the highest creed, which leaves to all men and women the rational and undisturbed worship of God according to the dictates of their own conscience." Mr. Moore died of cerebro-spinal sclerosis at his home in Nashua, May 12, 1893. On his visit home over the holidays in December, 1889, he had an attack of the grip and in Januar}-, 1890, he returned to his post in Washing- ton before he had fully recovered. In fact, he was so weak that he fainted at the station when about to set out on the journey. The first indications which he noticed of the disease that was to prove fatal was a numbness of the hands in the fall of 1890. In the spring of 1S91 he seemed to be improving in health and at that time he delivered three public addresses at short intervals, one at the lay- ing of the corner-stone of the Odd Fellows' building, a political speech at Lynn and an address before the New Hampshire club in Boston. These speeches on widely different topics delivered in quick succession without the use of notes proved too severe a tax upon his physical resources, and he soon began to fail in strength. During his illness up to within five days of his death he retained full charge of his business, receiving detailed reports and giving explicit directions every da\', and he retained his faculties to the last. Sept. 5, 1892, he had a severe attack of lumbago and was never afterwards able to walk. Every- thing possible was done for his comfort and recovery. In Nashua he was treated by Dr. E. F. McQuesten and in Philadelphia, where he was in the hospital accompanied b}- Mrs. Moore from November, 1892, to Feb. 22, 1893, he was under the professional care of Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, but medical skill, the most eminent, proved of no avail to stay the progress of the fatal disease. He left, surviving, his widow and one child, Gertrude Cornelia, born in Manchester, Sept. 24, 1861. M^. fitly UjL>-vc> . HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. II. CHARl.HS PINCKNHV UANhORTH. Charles V. Daiifortli, son of Tiniolhy ami Hridget ( Blaiichard) DanforUi, was born in Milford, Sept. i6, 1S12, died in Nashua, Oct. 19, 1893. Mr. Danforlh was a CllARI.E.S PJxNCKNEY DANFOKTII descendant, both paternally and maternally, of the first settlers of southern New Hampshire. He was educated in the public schools of his native place and later acquired a wide range of practical knowledge by diligent study and intuitive observation. Early in life he settled in Nashua, and in 1838 purchased the Nashua Gazette, which he managed and edited several years. During his active career he was postmaster of Nashua four years and sheriff of Hillsborough county four years. In 1871 he repre- sented Ward One in the board of aldermen and afterwards two terms in the legislature. His business later in life was that of a manufacturer, being proprietor of the Eagle Suspender company. At the time of his death he was engaged in writing a series of papers (which were being printed in the Gazette and reprinted in pamphlet form), reviewing the political history of the country from the administration of President Jackson to the present time. Mr. Danforth was a line specimen of the old time cour- teous gentleman in whose presence every one felt at ease. He was well informed on a large number of themes of which he had made special study, and was an easy and graceful writer who eschewed verbiage and stated his points with clearness and force. To Nashua and her best interests he was ever loyal, and in the things that per- tained to good living his influence was heartily given. He was a t'niversalist. Mr. Uanforth was united in mar- riage Sept. 15, 1840, with Nancy Hutchins Pierce, daugh- ter of Joshua, 3d, and Dolly (Hutchins) Pierce of Nashua. Mrs. Danforth was a grand-daughter of Col. Gordon Hutchins of Concord, who was wounded in the battle of Runker Hill, subsequently received his commission from Cieorge Washington and was in the army until the close of the Revolutionary War. Three children were born to them: Charles lilanchard Danforth. May 29, 1841, for many years city editor of the Boston Herald, married Frances E. .^dams. died in Boston Jan. 15, 1890; Frank Pierce Danforth, born March 5, 1846, died Dec. 21, 1861 ; Abby llulrhins Danforth, liorn Dec. 2, 1853, died Utl. ;, 1872. Mrs. Danforth died in 1893. CHAKLHS SARGHNT BUSSELL. Charles S. Russell was born at Holliston, Mass., Nov. 19. 18.10. lie is a son of John S. lUissclI, who was a son of Edniond Bussell, one of four brothers who were among the earliest settlers of Wilniot and other towns in New Hami)shire. The Bnssells were men of sturdy habits and blameless lives, frugal, in;li was Ijoni at Gray, JIc, July 14, 1840. He is a son of John Keniiey and Ellen I.unt ( I.ib- bey) Clouffh, who became residents of Meredith, his father's native place, in 1842. His immigrant ancestor on the paternal side, Daniel Clou^h, came to America from Scotland about the middle of the eighteenth century and settled at Whitefield. Of his large family, Oliver Clongh, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, became a resi- dent of Henuiker, at which place he enlisted i n the Third New Hamp- shire regiment, commanded by Col. Alexander Scammell, and en- dured the dangers, hardships and pri- vations of the Rev- olutionarj' War. He was a pension- er of the govern- ment, and died at Meredith, Nov. 27, 1847. On the ma- ternal side he is a direct descendant in the eighth gen- eration from John Libbey, who was born in England in 1602, came to America iu 1630, settled at Scarbo- ro. Me., died in 1682, and was (see history of the Lib- bey family) the progenitor of the L i b b e y s of New- England. Mr. Clongh was educated in the public schools of Meredith and in Rev. Hosea yuim- b y ' s academic school at that place. .\t the age of sixteen years he sought his fortune in Boston, and from 1856 to i860 was errand boy and clerk in a jewelry store. From i860 to 1869 he was the salesman of the Cape Cod tilass company on Milk street, Hoston. During his residence in Boston he was an active member of the Mer- cantile Library association, in which he served seven years as a director and chairman of its committee on dramatic, declamation and musical entertainments, being a good share of the time a student in the association's evening school, editor of its pajier, The Tete-a-Tete, and a contributor to other publications. He was also the first secretary of the Park Street Church Literary associa- wii.i.i.vM ()i.i\ i;i; I i.oi (.11. tion and its third i)rcsident. The glass company with which he was connected having failed, and closed its business, he came to Nashua, and from that lime to May, 1892, was city editor of the Nashua Daily Telegraph. Eollowiug his withdrawal from the Telegraph he became staff-correspondent of the New Hampshire (Daily) Re- pul)lican, and, in September of the same year, its politi- cal editor, which position he held until the jiaper sus- pended publication in l-'cbruary, 1893. In f)ctol.er, 1895. Mr. Clough purchased the conlrnlling stock of the Nash- ua Daily Gazette, and in November, 1895, changed its name to Nashua Daily I>ress. He also changed its politicsanrl policy. In January, 1S96, the company be- came insolvent and its publica- tions were sus- pended. Publica- tion of the Nashua Daily Press was resumed May 20, 1896. Mr. Clough and his family are now. May, 1897, sole proprietors of the plant, and he is managing editor of the paper as he has been of every issue to this date. Mr. Clough has been a busy man in other fields of endeavor besides those nientioneil. lie wrote steadily for the Boston Journal, as corres- pondent under the non -de- plume of Nashoonon. twen- ty-two 5ears, antl contributed to va- rious newspapers an- &^ Willis of Congress street, Boston. I am not clear whether they did business under the name of 'The New England Type foundry,' but, if not, their establishment — I feel quite certain — assumed the above name not long after or perhaps before we purchased the outfit for the Nashua office. "All I know of Nashua may be found in her written histor}-. I was attracted there while look- ing around for a place to commence a printing office in connection with a newspaper. I thought that that locality appeared to me to possess exceptionally flattering prospects. I believed that the abundant water power at her command could not fail to bring capital and business there — that the town would rapidly increase in population and wealth. My anticipations of the grand career that awaited her have been exceeded more than a thousand fold. " I have but a very dim recollection of the place, as it ap])eared in 1S26. I remember the tavern where I boarded and lodged, near our office, but I cannot recall the name of the landlord. I made only two or three acquaintances, for I was constantly occupied every hour, day and evening, nblican. and was recipient of the shrievalty of Hills- borough county for a term of five years. Mr. Danforth was very courtly in manner, and was ever a popular citizen of Nashua. Aug. 28, 1845, Mr. Danforth disposed of the Gazette plant to William H. Hewes, a New Hampshire man, and the i.ssue of that date contained the farewell of the departing, and the introductorv article of the coming editor. April 23, 1846, Mr. Hewes, on account of failing health, sold out to William H. Hutterfield of Gilmanton N. H., formerlv of the Lowell Advertiser and Patriot: and the imprint contained the name of William H. Gilmore as printer. In a few months Mr. Kutterfield left the narrow field for a wider one as editor of the New Hamp.shire Patriot. December 3, 1846, Mr. Butterfield retired, having sold to B. B. & F. P. Whittemore, proprietors; B B Whittemore, editor. With the advent of the Whittemores the multitudinous changes, which had seemed inherent in the plant, ceased, and for the period of lorty-three years the Nashua Gazette continued its even course. Bernard B. Whittemore (see chapter on Bench and Bar> was a Harvard graduate of .839; admitted to Hillsborough county bar in 1S42; practiced in Amherst, Nashua, and Palmer, Mass. He 4' liir HOlf^E BFILDIIVC;. I THE SiibstTilx-rs noiilil iiiloi'in X\\v l*iibli«' a) lai Inli.'il llui. liaMii:: .ill Ihi' tnnlih.^ .l.inMl lr.,i„ \\ .,1. i I' , ;,i.I, ln<.'ril...l \\m\ > arr [>rf|iiir.-.l. iiiul rORlk, :| \ arriinlmi: In .il) (lie wiriniis nrclrrs of .\nliilrrtiirr. .iil;iplt-il to liiiildini;.! of (.'vt-ry rfcscriplion. Sc I and .-ilso siiilfd lo all tlir varicly of (asle^ and ciislimi* of roiinlry villages. « > Thcv "ill also do the following: Piecr Work, viz:— 5g 3J All ki.»K„Vl)„..r~.\; n Kramer; W, , Fratn.-> ;in,l S„>l,. of , ,. , , .1, m , „, ; «„ Re dow Bluid- and KoMii.:; SI,ol(.rs: 1>;,i,imI " orl, "f .dl l.oid,; Clrir > l"i...s,.l itir li.a islordrr; r,«, and 1'iiI|hI^ miIl.I 1.. xanons Cliai. li... They will also Teiiiioii aii«\ Hortice Doors and Sash, ;]| for any ulio may favor (la in vMlh llirir (aslnia. iTin- li \»\wy aial . In a|.. i* tlian .an i.. don.' l.y linod. They will also Plane, Joint, 'I'oiiarne and Groove % BOARDS, in lli.- ninsl maiinrr. and iMlli -r. al .livpal. 1.. All ill.' al,..v.' lli.y villi .1 Ii. v..nal.l.- tf nils so as to mak.' it an ol.j. . t lor in-opl.- I., .i.'tn.' In.in a ilistanr. neatest SM vvilb a niliiul They will also exeeute Plans and DratviiiKs in the » itest manner for all kinds of Bnddiniis, ..r |ian- ..f n..il.lini;s. ..f « o.„l. Ilri, k. ..r St ^ 'rv pan of tlie finislinie. in.i SIIEPHERI Nashua Village, May 20, 1S.14. " "' * SA2-S-S^S-S-S'5'W?'?*?^f'5"?*5^ AN oi-D advkimisp:mkxt. 498 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. was an amiable man, quiet, reticent and studious. His advice in legal matters was highly prized. His editorials were scholarly in diction, and from his standpoint bore the impress of sincerity. In politics his democracy was rather ultra than otherwise; while in all things else he was very conserva- tive. During the nearly half century incumbency of the Whittemores, the Gazette was always issued in a neat and tasty dress, the work of the junior member. September 5, 1872, the Daih^ Gazette first saw the light. This was a venture which had long been considered, as a measure to meet the assaults of an opposing daily from the Telegraph office, which had occupied the field some three years. It was something of a struggle, but it lived and prospered and became a /rt/V accompli. As time aged the editor, and his step became less elastic, his party friends thought the paper less robust than the times demanded. Seeking to effect a change, a corporation of the leading members of the party was formed, and a purchase made by sale of stock. June 22, 1889, articles of incorporation as "Gazette Press company" were filed by the following named gentlemen; J. H. Tolles (see biography), F. A. Dearborn, D. A. Gregg, E. P. Brown (see biography), J. H. Vickery, W. W. Bailey (see biography), F. A. McKean, C. H. Burke, (see biography) F. G. Noyes (see biography), C. S. Bussell (see biography), B. B. Whittemore, E. H. Everett. The corporators organized by choosing W. W. Bailey, president; F. A. Dearborn, clerk; C. S. Bu.ssell, trea.surer; W. W. Bailey, D. A. Gregg, C. H. Burke, J. H. Tolles, E. P. Brown, J. H. Vickery, C. S. Bussell, board of directors. The capital stock was $10,000. C. S. Bussell was elected managing editor; and having later resigned the treasurership, E. P. Brown was elected as his successor. Subsequently owing to other lousiness relations, Mr. Bussell withdrew from the editorship, and G. W. Fowler (see biography) was elected to succeed him. July I, 1889, the Gazette Press company took possession of the Gazette property, and on that day the issue was under its auspices, and contained the farewell words of one who had communed with his readers forty-three years consecutively. Mr. Whittemore retired with a competence. Under its corporate management, with the infusion of new and young blood, the Gazette carried on the political warfare with renewed vigor, and its assaults were felt all along the line of its opponents. It was frank and outspoken in its utterances, bold in its charges, sought the offensive more than the defensive, and most certainly had the courage of its convictions. The "Gazette Press company," as then organized, consisted of George \V. F"owler, managing editor; A. W. Greeley, associate editor ; A. A. Flinn, reporter; board of directors: \V. W.Bailey, president; George W. Fowler, treasurer; D. A. Gregg, James H. Tolles, A. W. Greele}-. Mr. Fowler was local correspondent of the Boston Herald. It must not be suppo.sed that all the honor accruing from the publication of a daih' paper inheres in the editor, but it must be divided with the news gatherers, reporters, and city editor. Charles S. Bussell, (see biography) who impersonally filled a column in the Manchester Dail}' Union, did more to hold the large number of readers in Nashua than all the other editors and writers in the staff, assisting in the Gazette reportorial work as well. October 14, 1895, the conti'olling stock of the Gazette Press company was purchased by W. O. Clough and C. T. Cornish. These gentlemen assumed the plant and its newspapers, conducting the latter as independent in politics. November 9, 1895, apjjeared this announcement : " The last Dail\' Gazette. Good bye. This is the last issue. From this day forth the Nashua Daily Gazette is a back numlier. * * * * * Having faithfully served a constituency, in victory and defeat, for nearly a quarter of a century, it has earned a right to hope, in parting company with its readers, that whatever has been good and com- mendable in its career will be kindl}' remembered, while whatever has .seemed unjust — for newspapers but reflect the doings of the day, with its passions as well as its commonplaces — will be speedilj' forgotten." Change presses hard upon the heel of change in this, the oldest printing office in Nashua, for Nov. II, 1895, the following appeared under the editorial head of "Nashua Daily Press, jnililislied by 'The Gazette Press company,' William O. Clough, managing editor; Chester T. Cornish, business manager: — "The Nashua Daily Press makes its debut without boasting. Those employed upon it are 'old hands at the bellows,' and such know that conceit and unkept promises count for nothing in the HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. ^99 newspaper world. They know, too, that what this connnunitv wants of » local newspaper is the news. If the Press gives that fairly, without prejndice, it may hope to succeed, other^vise it must fail. The news, therefore, will be our first care. Having made good this promise, it will devote so much of Its space as remains-after taking care of its advertising patrons-to the discussion of matters of public moment. •The editor realizes from long experience that he cannot hope to please everybodv, and, knowing this, will be compelled to deal with all matters in deference to his own judgment. In doing so he will endeavor to be fair and just, more of a promise it is not necessarv to make. The local news will be collected under the supervision of C. S. Russell, long and favorably known as a local writer, a.ssisted by Harvey E. Taylor, a young Nashuaii who Jias had considerable experience in the work in other places, and the management bespeak for them the usual favors and accommodation of the public. Besides this it will have a woman's department, edited by Charlotte M. Cornish. The management solicits items of news and comment from its lady readers, and while they cannot promise to publish without amendment or alteration, they can assure them that their news and suggestions will be appreciated and utilized as far as their importance and space will permit. Address Woman's Department, Press Office. "With this brief announcement the Press is launched. What its career is to be is problematical. It had high hopes and generous words of encouragement. If it fails, it will be through no lack of enterprise or effort. If it succeeds, it will be its constant endeavor to merit the confidence of the people and honor the city of Nashua." In January, i8g6, the pecuniary affairs of the company were shown to be involved; the company was voted into insolvency, and publication suspended on the twenty-fourth of that month. A few months later the plant was purchased by J. Alonzo Greene and re-established as an out and out Republican plant. May 20, 1896, with Mr. Clough as managing editor, and Mr. Corni-sh as business manager. It has met with good success. At the time of this writing it is under the ownership and management of the two gentlemen last mentioned. April 14, 1832. Bard & Trow commenced the publication of the " Nashua Herald ; " S. J. Bard, editor; J. F. Troy, printer. The prospectus concludes as follows: "Our purpose is now before the public. It is briefly this, to make our paper a fountain of useful information and an organ of the truth. We offer our proposals to our fellow-citizens of every party, sect, profession and employment, promising not always to say what thej- may think true or expedient, but not intentionally to mislead them, or Lcoiuid llicir fccluigs, or ii?i/>air their iiitcres/s." In the salutatory Dr. Bard says: "It follows as a matter of course, that, in the .selection of national rulers, we prefer those whose views upon these important subjects, correspond with our own. But it does not follow that we as individuals, or as journalists, must necessarily engage in indiscrimi- nate hostility to the present or any future administration; or an et|ually blind and absurd support of its rivals and opposers." From the al)Ove it is fair to conclude that Mr. Bard of the Herald did not mean to run his bark upon the shoals that had wrecked Mr. Thayer's inde])endeiice in the Gazette, and that the "fountain of useful information" had failed in three short months. July II, 1832, Mr. Bard steps off the journalistic stage in the following, which is the only editorial: "The proprietor of this paper has determined from a variety of considerations to discon- tinue it. Those in this vicinity who are interested would oblige us by calling immediately. Arrangements will be made for the accommodation of those at a distance." October 20, 1832, Alfred Beard commenced the publication of a new venture in the form of a newspaper, and named it "New Hampshire Telegrajih." Terms, one dollar and fifty cents in advance— two dollars at the end of the year. It claimed to support the National Keiniblican party, and would "aim at Consi.stency, Decision, Independence;" promising to "support, by all just and honorable means, the cau.se of Henry Clay, the American System, the Constitution, and the Union of the states." In those early days, relying upon a sparse population for sujjport, with the field already occupied, it required no little courage to set up a printing press in opposition to one already established. Mr. Beard was of fine personal appearance, and soon became at rapport with the citizens of the villa"-e. He advocated the principles of his party with much vigor and ability. A few years 500 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. of arduous labor as printer, publisher, and editor, made inroads upon his health, and he fell by the wayside, a victim of consumption, dying April i8, 1839. In 1836 Albin Beard, (see biography) a twin brother, but quite unlike in physical appearance, a reporter on a Boston daily, came to Nashua as associate editor, and, after the death of his brother A ^ A SK TELEGRAPH BUILDING. became sole editor and proprietor, and so continued for more than thirtv-one years dyincr Sept 16 1862, at the age of fifty-four years. ' - o i- . Albin Beard, while somewhat exacting with his employes, in his social intercourse was most gemal, and always full of pleasantries. The Telegraph became the vehicle of a great deal of quaint- ness, which was oft quoted by contemporaries, and thus became a widely known journal Mr Beard HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 50, while very tenacious of his opinions, did not become a very aggressive politician, aiming rather to make his paper a pleasant visitor in all families, at the same time asserting his staKvartism as a Whig and a Republican, but not offensively so. After the death of Albin Heard, liis famih carricl ..n tin- publication of the Telegraph, employing several persons to supply the editorials. November i, 1862, Henry B. Atherton (see biography) a.ssumed the duties ' on its managerial staff, necessitating an expenditure of funds far exceeding its receipts with the inevitable result easily foreseen. The New Hampshire Republican was an eight-page morning daily, a model of neatness, and its editorial management was universally approbated by the friends of the venture, while it gave to its patrons a much earlier service of telegraphic news, as well as the happenings of a local character, all served with the early breakfast. May 31, 1892, the first number was issued and its " leader " declared : "The New Hamp.shire Republican is in response to a demand of the Republicans of the state for a morning daily newspaper. It is the result of the enterpri.se and push of Nashua citizens and of the liberality of Republicans of all .sections of the state. It occupies a field that brings it into rivalry with no other Republican newspa])er of New Hampshire, and it asks the encouragement and snpi)ort of all. It is the pioneer of its party in work already well done by the Manchester Union for the Democracy. Its stockholders are active and leading Republicans scattered all through New Hampshire, who have no other interest in its establishment than the advancement of Republican principles. They are tried and true Republicans who have helped maintain the ascendancy of their party in the state and nation, and they are unflinching in their fealty to that organization which is represented on our statute books by all that is progressive in legislation. They are energetic men who in their respective communities have fought the battles of the party, giving of their time and means to secure its victories, and this is their latest contribution. * » * » The Repul)lican is to be impersonal in its management, having no selfish purpo.se to promote, and the personal ends of no man to subserve. In its comment on the actions of individuals it will endeavor to be fair and unbiased, considerate of all and abusive of none. Its columns will be open 504 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. to the temperate discussion of all public questions, and closed to no courteous reply to its opinions." The promises were indeed praiseworthy, and the early collapse was only in line with the oft quoted aphorism, "The good die young." In spite of all adages, the world is not liable to be depopulated, nor the newspaper field to become fallow. This attempt to establish a morning daily, with the adjuncts furnished, was a notable incident; and the loss of capital and prestige will doubtless curb the ambition of like minded persons in Na.shua for many years to come ; yet a similar publication is greatly needed in this growing city. In September, 1892, the staff was reconstructed by making Edward O. Lord, business manager, and William O. Clough, associate and political editor; and Oct. i Chester T. Cornish became city editor, and Harry E. Back was made telegraph and night editor. vSept. i state correspondence was added to the duties of the managing and associate editors. February 18, 1893, at an annual meeting adjoitrned from the third Thursday of January, the following named gentlemen were elected directors for the ensuing year: Joseph Shattuck, P'rank E. Anderson, Charles J. Hamblett, (see biography) Frank W. Maynard, William B. Wakelin, Milton A. Taylor, E. H. Wason. Clerk, Webster P. Hns.sey. The directors chose William B. Wakelin, clerk; Milton A. Taylor, treasurer; Joseph Shattuck, president. Those directors who had residences outside of Nashua were replaced by those who could readily attend meetings of the board, thus facilitating business. The publication was regularly continued until Feb. 11. 1S93, when a notice, under the editorial head, signed by the clerk, W. P. Hussey, appeared, the first and oidy declaration to the public of its demise. It was as follows: "The adjourned annual meeting of the New Hampshire Press association will be held at the office of C. J. Hamblett, Beasom block, Nashua, on Thursday, Feb. 16, at eight o'clock, p. 11., to ratif}' the action of the directors, acting as a committee of the stockholders to dispose of the plant, and for the transaction of any other business that may legally come before the meeting." The onlv editorial announcement, which meant much to the stockholders, was "Good bye." This was followed by a plea for a good word for the deceased — " />(■ tiioiinis nil nisi bonum." Thus quietly passed this newspaper meteor. It became known that negotiations had long been carried on with the Telegraph Publishing company for the purchase of the Republican plant, which finally resulted in its absorption. Thus the Telegraph became possessor of a fine and complete outfit. Of the collocation of editors, proprietors, publishers, and printers connected with the various newspapers which have been projected in Dunstable and Nashua during the seventy years under consideration, the writer is able to sa^' that he had personal knowledge of each and all, and since 1834, when he joined the ranks, personal acquaintance. The work, therefore, has been largely reminiscent, and limited space alone compels a curtailment of much that might be written. The endeavor has been to be truthful and just in all characterizations. They were, but are onh' memories now: — W. A. Brown, of the Constellation; S. J. Bard, of Nashua Herald; Alfred Beard, of Telegraph; William H. Butterfield, of Gazette; Albin Beard, of Telegraph; R. W. Berry, of Telegraph; J. C. Crosman, of Constellation; William H. Dinsmore, of Gazette; C. V. Dearborn, of Telegraph; Charles P. Danforth, of Gazette; William H. Gilmore, of Gazette; Henry C. Gra}-, of Granite State Register; William H. Hewes, of Gazette; Israel Hunt, Jr., of Gazette; Horatio Kimball, of Oasis; Charles Lamson, of Oasis; Paul Morrill, of Gazette; Orren C. Moore, of Telegraph; S. Homer Noyes, of Oasis. Thomas Pearson, of Harrison Eagle; Augustus I. vSawtell, of Oasis; Andrew E. Thayer, of Gazette; J. F. Trow, of Nashua Herald; W. Wiggin, of Constellation; G. A. White, of Telegraph; M. W. Willis, of Oasis; B. B. Whittemore, of Gazette. O. D. Murray, of the Oasis.* •^ * Mr. Murray died February 23, i8g6. The foregoing chapter is the last work of his pen. His biography appears on another page. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 505 JEREMIAH WILSON WHITE. Jeremiah W. \Vliite was burn at PittsfieUl, Sept. 16, 1821, died at Nasliua, July 22, 1892. He was a son of Jeremiah and Elizabeth (Jones) White. His ancestors were of Scotch origin, and sturdy, energetic and enterpris- ing farmers among the first settlers of the Suncook valley. Mr. Wliite was educated in the public schools of his native town and at ritlsfield academy, where he was a student two and a half years. At the age of seventeen he left home and entered upon a mercantile career in a drug store in Boston. At the same time he stud- ied medicine until qualified for pro- fessional practice. This knowledge was of great ser- vice to him in his later life in busi- ness as a druggist, and because of it he was generally known as Doctor White. Mr. White came to X a s h u a in i S45 and es tablished himself in the drug and coal business in a store at the corner of Main and Factory streets where he remained twenty- four years, until the Merchants' ex- change building was erected, when he moved to the store at the corner of Main and High streets, where he continued as pro- prietor till shortly before his death. During the Civil War Mr. White was appointed by Jay Cooke government agent for Nashua and vicinity and the loans he negotiated greatly aided the National administration. Mr. White was a busy and energetic man outside of the business which he established and controlled. In 1876 he founded the Second National bank of which he was presi- dent until compelled by ill health to relinquish its cares. The same year he became prominently identifiela/.ed Paper company and the White Mountain I-'reezcr i'oni|)any. He was also interested in the Nashua Light, Heat and Power company. I n a word Mr. While was essentially a business man, "a hard, [indefatiga- ble worker who inspired all about h i m w i t h conli- ilence, and whose judgment was con- sul ted by men in all circumstances and conditions of life. By economy, hard and constant work and sagacious l)usiness moves, he amassed a large fortune. Mr. White gave the Pittsfield acad- emy, where he was a student, ^5,000. He also gave f 10,- 000 towards the construction of the chapel of the First Cong rega t ional church, and re- membered those w ho ha d b e e n faithful to his in- terests in like manner. K friend has said of him : "Mr. White liter- ikui;mi.\ii wii.sDN w 111 f 1: , . •' ally made his own way in the world. His tastes were simple, but refined. Mr. White was united in marriage July 5, 1846, with Caroline G., eldest daughter of Caleb Merrill, a leailing lawyer of Pittsfield. Of their children, the eldest, Caro- line Wilson, died in infancy; the son, James Wilson White, born June 10, 1849, died in Florida. Jan. 27, 1876. Mrs. White died suddenly of apoplexy in 1880. In April, 1881, JSIr. White was married the second time, to Mrs. Ann M. Prichard of Bradford, Vt., an educated and ac- complished lady, and the sister of his first wife, who sur- vives him. 5o6 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. SOLOMON SPALDING. Hon. Solomou Spalding was born at Merrimack July 20, 1811. He is a son of Solomon and Martha (McCluer) Spalding, and a descendant of Edward Spalden who came to this country from Spalding, a town in Lincoln- shire, England, in 1630 or 1633. and located at Braintree, Mass., where his first wife and his daughter died a few years later. In 1645, with thirty-two others, he petitioned the colonial authorities for a tract of land upon which to settle, and, the petition being granted, became one of the pioneers of Chelmsford, Mass. By his second wife, Rachael, family name not given (see .Spalding me- morial published in 1872), he had four sons and one daughter. Of his grandsons, Samuel and Henry, born at Chelmsford , set- tled in Merrimack. Samuel was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, the Spald- ings of England from whom the Spaldens, Spald- ings and Spauld- ings of America trace their lineage to the middle ages. The significance of the name is " shoulder-strik- er." They were noted for their prowess in battle, when men fought hand to hand; they had a coat-of-arms and were promi- nent in the coun- cils of feudal kings. Their de- scendants have held high stations the world over, and in this country havebecomeprom- inent in peace and war, in church and state, in the pro- fessions and call- ings in which men engage for a livelihood. Captain Spalding was educated in the public schools of his native place. He came to Nashua in 1828 and entered the grocery store of Hugh Jameson on the north side of the river, which was then the business section of the town. He worked as a clerk for Mr. Jameson three or four years and then bought him out and embarked in business for himself. He dealt in general merchandise, and after being in business about five years, John Reed SOI^O.MO.N .sPAI.DINi; was in partnership with him from 1836 to 1846, when he began to enlarge in the department of flour and grain, which finally became his exclusive business. He sold out to Henry Stearns in 1873, and in 1880 took up bank- ing, in which he still continues active, being president of the New Hampshire Banking company and Guaranty Savings bank from 1S85 till the present time, an institu- tion that owes its high standard largely to his financial and executive a1)ility. In fact Captain Spalding has been a leader, as well as pioneer in Nashua, and meets, as he has earned, the good will of the public and the friend- ship of those with whom he has been associated. In 1835 Captain Spalding built a residence in what wasthen, literally, the woods, but which has since become Orange street and one of the most attractive thoroughfares in the city. It was tlie first brick house built by any i n d i V i d u a 1 i n Nashua, and he has lived in it fifty- nine years. Cap- tain Spalding has had much to do in public affairs and has been faithful to every trust. He was one of the leading spirits in forming the Nash- ua Artillery com- pany, in which he served in subordi- nate positions and as commander. On the night of June 16, 1841, he en- camped with the company on Bun- ker Hill, and as- sisted the men in taking their field- piece to the lop of the monument, where, the cap- stone not having been put in place, a salute was fired. In the years that Nashville existed as a town, Captain Spalding was one of the most active participants in its affairs. He served on its Iioard of selectmen, and was one of a few whose advice was sought in all public matters. Captain Spald- ing has also been a public spirited man in the affairs of the city of Nashua. He has served several years as a member of the board of assessors and was justice of the police court from 1873 to 1876. He is president of the Wilton railroad companj' at the present time and trustee HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 507 of an educational inslilution located at Andover, which is supported by contril)utions from people of this aii for settlement a vast area of land some of which was very fertile, some moderately so, and some which could only be cultivated by irrigation. The business of making loans beyond the Mis.sissippi river for a time was carried on by individuals resident in that section and large numbers of profitable and se- cure investments made. Eastern people were pleased to be able to get good real estate security and from seven to ten per cent, interest, and a deniaiul for such loans increased until inveslnient companies were organized east and west to do a business upon a large scale by its agents and servants, which be- fore had been carried on by individuals who were able to make a personal inspection of the property offered for a loan. These companies commenced by making loans in the older and l>etter sections of the west where good loans were obtainable and easily disposed of to eastern investors and t)aiiking institutions. These loans proved to be what had been anticipated of them, and the iiive.stmeiit companies, taking from ten to twelve per cent, from the borrowers, could easily guarantee and pay .seven or eight per cent, to the purchaser of the loans. The business proved so profitable that competition became very brisk and in cour.se of time loans were made in all parts of the west apparently without much regard to the security taken. Parties were induced by the investment companies to buy land in western Kansas and Nebraska and those sections of the country where crops cannot be raised without the aid of irrigation. The loan coniiianies would furnish the money to make the purchase and in many ca.ses take a mortgage for the full purchase price. Mo.st of the companies issued what are known as debent- ure bonds, that is, the direct bonds or obligations of the company, secured by an amount of real estate equal or in excess of the face of the bonds or debentures. The companies also made large loans in aid of enterprises established for gas works, water works, electric light works, and other enterprises altogether beyond the demands of the country in which they were located. The com- panies also made loans to a large amount upon the personal notes and obligations of individuals and 512 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. corporations in the same sections of the country and placed these notes and obligations in the hands of eastern banks and individuals to a very large amount. Of course everything in the west depended upon good annual crops. A large crop with no failures, for the ten years preceding 1893, might have averted what has proved to be a great calamity, but averaging the crops in these states where most of the loans were made, from 18S7 to 1892 inclusive, not more than one-half a good crop was raised : that is, the farmers in the west, living upon land mortgaged to the parties in the east had, during those six years, what amounted to one crop in two years. The failure of crops of course affected the abilitv of town and city borrowers indirectly, as Imdly as the farmers, and, upon the opening of the year 189^, the interest upon western loans of all kinds was in default to an alarming extent. The same was true of many private and not a few public corporations. When it became evident in the summer of 1893 that a stringency in the money market was immi- nent, eastern capitalists, large and small, including a large number of banking institutions, refused to renew the short time paper and other loans guaranteed by western investment companies, and millions of paper went to protest. The lack of confidence in many investment companies had become fixed at an earlier date, but a much larger numb2r were in good standing until the summer of 1893 ; but the panic showed unmistakably the inability of these western investment companies to carry the burdens they had assumed ; failure after failure followed, until this particular class of corporations has become a thing of the past. Not only have the stockholders in the various companies suffered a total loss, but the direct and indirect obligations of these companies have not been met. New Hampshire was a large investor in western securities through these companies, and, in common with other towns and cities in the state, Nashua suffered its share of losses. The writer of this article has taken some pains to make an estimate of the losses to Nashua people and institutions by reasons of this western loan craze, and places the same at two millions and a half. The city has, however, with this exception and the disaster attendant upon the building of the Acton railroad, been free from financial misfor- tunes, and on the whole has had a most prosperous career during the many years of its corporate existence, and to-day the credit of the city, its corporations, and of its business men is of the highest character. The history of the baidcing institutions of a town or city is in no small degree the histor}- of the financial interests of the place. In the following brief review of the banks which have for sixty years served the people of Nashua, the names of a large number of citizens prominent in business matters during the same time appear. If to any it may seem a waste of valuable space to devote several pages to lists of bank officials, let it be remembered that in no other way can the memory of these servants of the public, these workers in the building of our prosperous city, be so well preserved^. The year 1835 marks an important era in the history of Old Dunstable, or modern Nashua. The old Nashua bank, the first in town, was chartered by the state and organized at that time. The first president was Daniel Abbot. John M. Hunt served the 1)ank as cashier during the thirty years of its existence. The capital of the bank was $100,000. Its business came from all parts of Hillsborough county. Its second president was Isaac Spalding. It is a matter of common report that the bank never lost a dollar upon any loan. The bank was located in E.xchange building on Main street near the bridge. The directors at the beginning of the enterprise were : — Daniel Abbot, president ; Jesse Bowers, Jesse Esty, Zebediah Shattuck, James Pierce and Isaac Spalding. In 1865, after an honorable record, the managers of the bank, many of whom were well advanced in j-ears, and not caring to reorganize as a national bank, decided to wind up the bu.sinessof the insti- tution. The officers of the bank at the close of business were : — Isaac Spalding, president ; John M. Hunt, cashier; directors, Isaac Spalding, Zebediah Shattuck, James Pierce, Ebenezer Dearborn, Clark C. Boutwell, Perley Dodge and Edward Spalding. The Indian Head National bank was incorporated as a state bank in 1851 and converted into a national bank in 1865. Its place of business until the early part of the year 1894 was in the depot building of the Nashua & Lowell railroad. Its banking house is now located in Whiting building, where it has ample accommodation for its business, including safety deposit vaults for the accommo- dation of its customers. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. .,3 Its first board of 'Hrectors was made up as follows :-Joseph Greeley. William I). Beaso.n, Josiah G. Graves, Thomas W. Gilhs, John H. Gage, John Reed and Francis Winch Its capital at the time of organization was $100,000. At the present time it is ?, 20,000. During an existence of nearly half a century the following residents of Nashua have .ser^•ed the bank as presi- dents :-Joseph Greeley, for two years : William D. Beasom, seventeen years; Calvin H Hill eleven years; Kdward Spalding, seven years; George Stark, one year; Charles H. Campbell, three" years- David A. Gregg, (in ofi^ce), three years. Cashiers ;-Albert McKean, sixteen vears ; John g' Kim- ball, eight years ; Frank A. McKean, twenty years; Ira F. Harris, now in office ; John B. TiUotson assistant cashier. The following is the present board of directors :— David A.Gregg, William h' Beasom, Virgil C. Gilman, James II. Tolles, William W.Bailey, Horace C. Phaneuf, William 1 I'lather. ^ ' The Peniiichuck bank was chartered by the the state and commenced business in the second .story of Noyes block in 1855. Its capital was #100,000. The directors of the bank at the time of itsorgan- ization were —Aaron W. Sawyer, president ; Alfred Greeley, Charles F.Gove, Aaron P. Hughes, I.srael Hunt, Henry J. Chapman and Charles H. Campbell. Harrison Hobson, cashier. At the end of ten years profitable business the stockholders, having received annual dividends averaging nine per cent., decided not to organize under the national banking act, but to go out of business. At the time the affairs of the bank were closed the following citizens made up its board of directors :— Aaron W.Sawyer, president; Henry J. Chapman, Bernard 1!. Wliittemore, Hiram M. Goodrich, Alfred Greeley, Luther H. Clement, Charles P. Gage. Harrison Hobson, cashier. Mr. Hobson did all the work in the bank for the first .seven years of its existence. After that he received some assistance from his daughter. According to Mr. Mobson's recollection he was not absent from town during the first seven years of his service. The First National bank was organized June 4, 1863, with a capital of Sioo,oco. It was located in the second story of Nutt's block and there remained for a period of four years. In 1S67 the substantial banking house which it now occupies was erected on land purchased of Col. L. W. Noyes. It has a Corliss burglar proof safe of the latest pattern and other modern business appointments. Its first board of directors consisted of the following citizens: Thomas Chase, Edward H. Spalding, Charles H. Nutt, Edward P. Fanerson and Luther A. Roby. Thomas Chase served as president eight years; Edward H. Spalding, three years; lildward P. lunerson, eight years; and George A. Ramsdell, thirteen years. John A. Spalding was cashier from the organization of the bank to Januar}', 1S95, when he was succeeded by his son, William Ii. Spalding. John A. Spald- ing's term of office exceeded that of any cashier at any time connected with the Nashua banks. As vice-president he still gives his entire time to the interests of the bank. The present directors are George A. Ramsdell, president: John A. Spalding, vice-president; Luther a Roby, Charles Holman, Solon S. Whithed, Charles H. Burns and Jo.seph W. Howard. The Second National bank commenced business March i, 1875, with a capital of $100,000, which was afterwards increased to $150,000. Its location has been from the beginning in Merchants' l^xchange, where it is the owner of quarters ample enough for its extensive business, and furnished with all modern improvements in the matter of safes and vaults. Jeremiah W. White, Charles Williams, George H. Whitney, Samuel K. Wellman. William D. Cadwell, Seth D. Chandler, and FZvan B. Hammond composed its first board of directors. Jeremiah W. White was president of the bank from the date of its organization until Feb. 23, 1892, when he was succeeded by F'rederick W. l{stabrook, now in office. Cornelius \'. Dearborn was cashier until January 14, 1876, when he was succeeded by F'rederick A. F-aton, the present cashier. The present board of officers is made up as follows: Directors, Frederick W. li.stabrook, presi- dent: Seth D. Chandler, Charles H. Burke, Lester F. Thurber, Walter A. Lovering, Fayette S. Sargent and Albert Shedd. Frederick A. Eaton, cashier. Joseph L. Clough, assistant-cashier. At an early day in the history of our cotton manufacturing companies a savings bank depart- ment was established in each of the corporations as an incentive to the operatives to save their earnings. There was but little formality about the business; the regular counting-room force doing the necessary work, and the corporation guaranteeing the safety of the deposit. Five per cent interest was allowed; no depositor was allowed to have more than five hundred dollars in the hands .,, ///STORY OF NASHUA, N. H. of the corporation. The savings bank department was continued until about the time of the organization of the first savings bank in town. The savings deposits in the hands of the Nashua company at one time amounted to $44,000 and in the Jackson company to $18,000. The finst regular savings bank in Nashua was chartered and ommenced business in 1.S54, relieving the corporations of the self-imposed burden of caring for the savings of their employes. Its corporate name was the Nashua Savings bank, and it has had a continuous existence until the present time. Its first board of trustees was made up as follows: Edmund Parker, president: Josephus Baldwin, George Y. Sawyer, Thomas Chase, Henry Parkinson, Caleb J. Emery, Augustus G. Reed, Harrison Hobson, Franklin Munroe, Israel Hunt, Frank Fletcher, Edward Spalding and Aaron P. Hughes. Its first treasurer was Aaron P. Hughes, who filled the office ten years. He was succeeded by Dr. Edward Spalding, who served thirteen years, and he, in turn, by Virgil C. Gilman, who filled the position eighteen years and was succeeded by George F. Andrews in May, 1895. The following well known citizens have acted as president of the bank : Edmund Parker, two years; Edward vSpalding, eight years: Isaac Spalding, nine years: Clark C. Boutwell, five years; William W. Bailey, seven years: Joseph W. Howard, now in office. The amount of deposits as shown by the last bank commissioners' report was $2,666,713.93. The bank was located at the time of its organization in Exchange building, afterwards in Telegraph block. It now has ample accommodations in Odd Fellows building. The trustees of the bank at the present time are Joseph W. Howard, Charles H. Campbell, Charles J. Hamblett, George W. Currier, George H. Alley, James H. Tolles, George B. McQuesten, Charles H. Burke and Charles W. Stevens. The City Guaranty Savings liank was chartered as a mutual savings bank in 1S63, re-chartered as a guaranty savings bank in 1891, with a guaranty fund of $65,000. Its location from the beginning has been in the second story of the First National bank building. The following well known citizens composed its first board of trustees: Thomas Chase, Benjamin F". F^merson, Benjamin vSaunders, Albert McKean, John G. Blunt, Matthew Barr, Euther A. Roby, Thomas J. Eaton, Daniel Hussey, Edward H. Spalding, John Reed, Hiram T. Morrill and Charles H. Nutt. Its presidents have been Thomas Chase, Edward P. Emerson, Luther A. Roby, Stephen D. Greeley, Charles H. Burns. The treasurers have been Edward H. vSpalding, lilbridge P. Brown and George A. Ramsdell. The deposits as shown by the last report of the bank commissioners were $432,750.75. Its present board of directors is compo.sed of the following gentlemen: Charles H. Burns, president; George A. Ramsdell, treasurer; trustees, Charles H. Burns, George F. Wilber, George B. McQuesten, W. B. Rotch, Luther A. Roby, Edward O. Blunt, D. A. Fletcher, Daniel T. Buttrick, George A. Ramsdell, Mark R. Buxton, James M. Swallow, Andrew N. Shepard, Franklin M. Winn, John A. Spalding and James H. Reed. The Mechanics Savings bank was incorporated in 1S69, with the following board of trustees: Henry Parkinson, Dana Sargent, Charles P. Gage, Allen Wilson, Benjamin P. Moore, Israel Hunt, Daniel F. Runnells, George H. Whitney, John D. Chandler, Seth D. Chandler, J. Abbott Marsh and Samuel Greelej'. Cornelius V. Dearborn, treasurer. It was located for a few years in the County Record building. Upon the organization of the Second National bank this savings bank was removed to the banking rooms of that institution. On account of heavy losses from Western investments the bank is now ( 1897) in the hands of a receiver, who has already paid to depositors thirty per cent of their claims. The New Hampshire Banking company commenced business May i, 1880, and was one of the first guaranty savings banks established in the state. It has a guarant}' fund of $125,000. Business was commenced in very modest quarters in the one story building north of the Main street bridge. It remained in this location over thirteen years, until Novendser, 1893, when it removed to its present commodious quarters in Whiting building. The first board of trustees was composed of Hiram T. Morrill, Solomon Spalding, Archibald H. Dunlap, David O. Smith, Edward Hardy, George W. Davis, Albert A. Rotch, Charles H. Nutt, HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 3,- Webster P. Hussey, lu.gene F. Wl.iincy. Hiram T. Morrill was elected president and John C, Kimball, treasurer. Mr. Kimball remaine.l treasurer until the later part of .886. when he was succeeded by William A. Parley. The present officers of the institution are : Trustees, Solomon Spalding, Edward Hardy David O. Smith, George Phelps, Solon S. Whithed, Charles Holman, Jam^s H. Dunlap. E. F. Mcgueslen Charles F. Tessier, and Clarence L. Trow. Solomon Spalding, president. William A. Farley! treasurer. The amount of deposits, as shown by the last report of the bank commissioners, was $1. 077, 439- H- The Security Trust company was organized in 1889 with a capital of §200,000. Its spacious l)anking rooms are located in Masonic temple and are provided with the most modern conveniences, including safety depo.sit vaults for the accommodation of customers and others. In addition to its general banking business, it has a savings bank department, in which the deposits, as shown by the last bank commissioners' report, amounted to $386,496.67. The following gentlemen compo.sed its first board of directors: David A. Gregg, Frank E. Anderson, George A. Rollins, Edward (). P.liinl, Francis Coggin, Allen Wilson, Lester F. Thurber, George B. Clifford, Fayette S. Sargent, (ieorge E. Anderson, E. A. Hayley, lUbert Wheeler, Henry A. Cutter and J. E. Clifford. Since its organization David A. Gregg has ser\-ed as president, and Fayette S. Sargent as treasurer. Its present board of directors, 1897, is made up as follows: Lester F. Thurber, George A. Rollins, Horace C. Phaneuf, Frank E. Anderson, George B. Clifford, Fayette S. Sargent, David A. Gregg, D. E. Proctor, Frank \V. Mayuard, E. H. Wasou and V.. (). Wood. The Nashua Trust company was incorporated in 1889, and commenced business in Februarv, 1890, with a capital of $150,000. Its banking rooms, centrally located in McQue.sten block, have all conveniences for doing a large banking business. In addition to its general banking business it has a savings bank department. The amount of savings bank deposits as shown by the last report of the bank commissioners was $138,479.32. Its first board of directors was made up as follows: Frank Jones, Henry O. Kent, Oscar C. Hatch, George E. Gage, George \'an Dyke, Eugene V. McQuesten, George H. Knowles, A. \V. Newell, E. A. Smith, F'reeman Higgins, James H. Tilton, E. M. Shaw, R. H. Cheney, Charles F. Eastman, Milton A. Taylor, Frank P. Maynard and Sherburne R. Merrill. F^'rank Jones, the first president of the company, served in that capacity until January, 1892. when he was succeeded by George B. F'rench, who still holds the office. John P. Goggin has filled the position of treasurer since the company's organization. The present board of directors, 1897, is composed of the following gentlemen: President. George B. French, John H. Clark, John A. F^isher, Arthur P. Baker, Eugene F'. McQuesten, William S. Norwell, R. H. Chenej-, George E. Gage, Webster P. Hussey, William D. Swart, Moses W. Webber, Augu.stus W. vShea, Elijah M. Shaw, I". R. Prie.st, and John P. Goggin, treasurer. >Z^£l. ^A.^^_y 5i6 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. STILMAN SAMUEL DAVIS. Stilinau S. Davis was born in Dunstable, Mass., Oct. 14, 1S26, died in Nashua May 26, 1886. He was a son of Dea. Mial and Lucy (Hutchins) Davis. His immigrant ancestor on the paternal side, Barnabas Davis, came to this country from Tewksbury, Eng., in STILMAN SAMUEL DAVIS. 1635, and settled at Charlestown, Mass., and eventually owned a good share of the laud now composing Charles- town, Mass., receiving the deed from the original Mr. Bunker. On the maternal side he was a descendant of Scotch-Irish ancestors. Mr. Davis was educated in the public schools of his native place and at the Nashua Literary institution of which David Crosby was principal. He came to Nashua to reside when he was seventeen years of age, and for a number of years followed the occupation of a wood- turner and cabinet-maker. His first venture for himself was in the soap manufacturing business, for which he erected a commodious building on Front street on the site of the Howard Furniture company's warehouse. The enterprise was a success, but for all that he gave it up and bought the M. D. Knowlton paper-box manufactory'. By introducing moderu machinery and systematic meth- ods he built up a large and profitable business and con- tinued in it, although suffering one or two heavy losses from fire, until his death, after which it was sold to William H. Campbell, who conducts it at the present time. Mr Davis was a Nashuan who responded with alacrity to every public demand made upon his time, and who was always to be found in the foremost ranks of those who were endeavoring to aid their fellow-men and make Nashua an ideal city. He represented Ward One in the common council in 1855, but, his time being so occupied with other affairs, declined further political honors, including a nomination as representative. He served the country four years during the war as paymaster in the navy, being in the Mississippi river squadron and under fire in several of its severest engagements. Fol- lowing the war he settled the affairs of the Cutting Machine company and resumed his business. Mr. Davis was a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M., Meridian Sun Royal .Arch chapter. Granite lodge, I. O. O. F., of which he was noble grand three years, and, 1853, of the grand lodge of the same order of the state, of which, 1857, he was grand master and grand repre- sentative to the Sovereign grand lodge of the United States. He was also a member of John G. Foster post, G. ^. R., the Knights of Honor and Sovereigns of Industry. In 1870 Mr. Davis became a member of Nashua lodge, K. of P., and February, 1871, he was elected grand chancellor of the grand lodge of New Hampshire, which office he held two years, meanwhile representing it in 1871 in the supreme lodge. His energy and execu- tive ability attracted attention and commandeil the respect of the members of the order, and when, in 1874, owing largely to disaffection in Southern and Western jurisdictions, it was a serious question whether it was to live or die, he was elected supreme chancellor of the order throughout the world. Mr. Davis was a persuasive speaker, conservative in his views, a peace-maker and a thorough organizer, and therefore the field before him gave him the opportunity' of his life. He held the office four 3'ears (being re-elected in 1876), during which time he visited the lodges in every state and territory and in Canada, made appeals for harmony, settled all differ- ences, organized new bodies, made masterlj' reports, and put the order on its feet and gave it the prosperity and high standing it enjoys to-dav'. That he accomplished all this and laid the order under obligations to him was abundantly shown by more than 2500 of its members who came from near and remote places to attend his obsequies. Mr. Davis was a member of the First Baptist church. He served it many years on the prudential committee as its clerk, and, being a good singer, as chorister. His demise was sudden. Mrs. Davis had been dangerously ill for some time and he had been confined to the house with palpitation of the heart — she died at early candlelight, and, fifteen minutes later, while contemplating his loss and overcome with sorrow, he sank into a chair and expired. Their funeral took place at the Baptist church, and they were buried in one grave in the presence of the largest gathering of the people and secret order men ever assembled in the city. Mrs. Davis' maiden name was Alvina C. Swallow; born Dec. 30, 1828; married Nov. 15, 1848. She was a daughter of Bera Swallow of Tyngsboro, Mass. Two sons were born to them : Stilman Eugene, born Feb. 13, 1850, who married Martha L. Hutchins of Carlisle, Mass.; Frank E., born Aug. 13, 1862, married Jan. 24, 1883, .Amy E. Green of Nashua; Mary Bradley, adopted, graduated Smith's college, married October, 1895, Arthur L. Franks of Manchester. PATRICK BARRY. Patrick Barr}', son of Welsh and Mary (O'Brien) Bar- ry, was born in County Leitrim, Ireland, Feb. 2, 1837. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. //. He was educated in the public schools of his native place and came to America, Aug. 8, 1853. He went to work as a farm hand on the old Daniel Webster place at Marsh- field, Mass., and remained there until 1858. He then went west and remained almut a year. In October, 1S59, I'-MKiLK r,Ai;i;\. he came to Nashua and durini; the next year was employed by John M. Flanders as a carpeuter. The succeeding year was spent on a farm in Hollis ; then two years in the employ of the Nashua Iron and Steel company and two years in Otterson's foundry, where he learned the moulder's trade. In October, 1863, he was drafted into the army, but, for reasons which were satisfactorily ex- plained at that time, he furnished a substitute, for which he willingh' gave up every dollar he possessed. He worked in Hudson at chopping wood, and at Wilton for the Boston & IvOwell railroad, where he had a paying contract to fit wood for locomotives and used horse power machines. In 1868 he returned to Nashua, and during the next four years was employed at the works of the Fraucestow-n Soapstone company. His next shift, for, as will be noted, Mr. Barry is a versatile man, was to the Nashua Fire department as a driver ; then to the police department, where he served four years and won the reputation of being one of the shrewdest and most suc- cessful detectives of criminals in New England. In iSfig he formed a co-partnership with John H. Vickery, under the name of Barry & Vickery, and embarked in the coal business. The Nashua Coal company, in which he is interested, is, with the former business of J. W. White, the successor of the firm. Mr. Barry, who has secured a competency for old age, is now engaged in taking care of his real estate and attending to his business as an under- taker, he being the oldest in that line in New Hampshire. He is a man who appreciates the humorous side of life and contributes to the goodfellowship of Nasliuans, is ever ready to lend a helping hand in celebrations and donates from his means to the causes that appeal for help. Mr. Barry has served Ward Five one term in the common council and two terms in the legislature. He is a director in the Nashua Building and Loan association. 5'7 the Nasliua board of trade, the Nashua Coal company an^'-i^'fi2lt^yk^ ^^'^'^ known Nashua Copperhead was ■ -^ ^"^^^i^ <:4hiz: ^f.Jy^^^A^ l^'-r->y,i^^■^.^c exulting over the defeat; when Oliver M. Sawyer, familiarly known as " Salty Sawyer," made issue tell- T^i. .^^y>^^ *^ ^*. // *xSvr A tV. ^ ff e^iy ft r- A' /.. 'i^: ry e^ e^ f-l^at'i^, ^^n'^r-r-icT'^^t /-A-,^. r-i^ZZi-r^^^O', t.-** O-^y ^ *^ -e-^ifr^f .~^^-^^ ^ Q-. -^"^^t^ ^fxy ^'t'^i ing him he should by rights have his head knocked from his shoulders, and his loyal blood rising to the boiling point he added, " I believe I will do it," and suiting the action to the word, with his strong right fist laid Copperhead in the dust with a broken nose and bleeding face. City Marshal Banks was appealed to to arrest Sawyer for assault. Colonel Banks listened to the complainant's story and patting him upon the shoulder he said, "My friend, your complaint is entered at the wrong place. You should go South with your trouble where you evidently belong." In the list of lieutenant-colonels ^ c;^^ '^/'^■"•^^ of the regiment Nashua was well ,/ 6 i^-A {^^}f,^,j/eUciL. represented by Moses Hunt, brother ^ of Gen. Israel Hunt, having been "^^n^ttT/^A/^^ /a^/A c-^Zl promoted from captain of the Ivighth ^mmmm^^^ (. company. George Tuttle was lieu- , ^^ 1^ tenant-colonel in 1839. Colonel Tul- ^./& ^ifyi'y ^^^ yZ. t^/Z^r ^ ;^,^^^^ \^ jjg ^^.j^j, brother of Nelson Tuttle. Franklin hletcher succeeded Colonel Tuttle. It appears from the records that Isaac J. Fox .served as lieutenant-colonel from December, 1848 to 1856. Daniel M. Fi.ske was appointed beutenant-colonel, Januarv 4 1856 Colonel Fiske, more familiarly known as Captain Fiske, was a well-known military character in Nashua for many years. His life and money were spent in cultivating his tastes in th.s direction. He was a fine horseman and always owned a fine horse for military parades. Captain Fiske served in the Eighth N. H. regiment during the war. TohnH Gage was major of the Fifth regiment in .856, and 1858 was commissioned as colonel. He was for man; vears one of Nashua's leading business men, being senior member of the firm of Gage Warner & Whitnev, manufacturers of machinery on Hollis street near the Worcester railroad passenger station. Colonel Gage was killed by the accidental discharge of a sporting rifle, about 1863. 526 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Charles H. Nutt (see biography) was quarter-master of the regiment from 1841 to 1S45. The records also show that he was adjutant of the regiment in 1841. Samuel Tuck was adjutant of the regiment in 1856. Adjutant Tuck was for many years in the millinery business in Noyes block. Among the surgeons of the regiment we find Dr. Ebenezer Dearborn (see biography), who was appointed April 15, 1824. Doctor Dearborn lived at the head of Park street, corner of Olive, where his old homestead now stands. Dr. Josiah G. Graves (see biography) was appointed surgeon in 1S38. Doctor Graves became one of Nashua's eminent physicians. Dr. Edward Spalding (see biography) was surgeon of the regiment from 1841 to 1845. Doctor .Spalding in later years became the recognized leading citizen of Nashua, accumulating a large property, dispensing it with a liberal hand in any worthy charit}'. He died in 1895. Dr. L. F. lyocke (see biography) was appointed surgeon September 9, 1830. Doctor Locke subsequently turned his attention to dentistrj^ and became one of the leading dentists of Nashua, having an office in Fishers' building. Main street. Dr. E. B. Hammond (see biography), Dr. E. A. Colburn (see biograph}) are of record as surgeons' mates, and became prominent physicians of Nashua in after years. The onerous position of paymaster was held by Alfred Greeley in 1816. Alfreil Greeley was the original owner of the Greelej' farm on Concord street, bequeathed by his son J. Thornton Greeley to the city of Nashua. Alfred Greeley was succeeded as paymaster by Samuel Greeley in 1823, and Jackson Greeley in 1840. Evidently the Greeley family were in high favor at court. The old artillery company organized in 18 18 maintained its organization in varying condition until about the year 1835, when it had become run down and almost extinct. It was at this period that Perley Foster, father of Maj.-Gen. John G. Foster (see biography), and vSoIomon Spalding (see biography) gave it new life by a complete re-organization. It was their purpose to make the organization the best artillery company in New England, and that the}- succeeded is well attested by the flattering reports upon their every appearance for many years. The principal event of their service seems to have been their march to Boston, and the part taken in the anni\-ersary celebration of the battle of Bunker Hill, 1842. Earh' on the morning of June 15 the company left the village of Nashua for Boston: the com- pau)- consisting of seventy men uniformed in blue, with gilt trimmings, each man armed with a sword of the old Roman pattern ; two si.x-pound brass field pieces, known as the Napoleon gun, which had been made expressly for their company at the Alger Foundry company in South Boston, together with two caissons, each piece and each caisson drawn hx two horses gailj- decorated, all making a brilliant and imposing display. The march to Boston via Old Concord was a series of ovations through the villages en route. Captain Spalding in narrating this event incidentally remarks, that the march was more of a ride, eighty horses being required to transport the batter)-, men, guns, caissons, and necessary commissary stores. The commissar}', wet and dry, being no small part of the outfit. As the column approached a village, by a well drilled manceuvre, the entire company were, in an incredible short time, dis- mounted from the comfortable seats in their carriages and were in line of march, which was well maintained until the compau}- was well out of the village. This manceuvre, it is said, was executed even upon the approach to country schoolhouses, that Young America should get no false impressions of real soldiers upon line of march. Arriving at Old Concord the company went into camp on the old battle ground of 1776. Here they were entertained right royally Ijy the good people of Concord. From Concord the company marched into Boston, dispensing with their private carriages. In Boston the company attracted marked attention, by the complete equipment of the battery, the remarkably brilliant uniforms and general soldierly bearing of the men. Upon Bunker Hill this seventeenth day of June, New Hampshire carried off the honors of the day, as did New Hampshire at the battle which the children of their worthy sires were this day celebrating. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N H 527 If New Hampshire can justly claim the honors of lU.nker Hill, i„ having more than one-half of the men enKased on the American side, Nashua can take to herself the distinction of succeeding Old Dunstahic ,n the honor of having more men in the battle than any other town in the state After long years of delay an.l many vicissitudes, the monument was now con.plete, except the crowninu cap stone. 1„ the celebration of the day New Hampshire was given an important part, and the old Nashua artillery were the worthy representatives of their state. One of the guns of their battery being dismounted, was taken to the top of the monument, and there belched forth a national salute proclaiming to the world m no uncertain sound, the great truth that the monument here reared and completed would (or all time mark the spot where liberty for the world had its birth. The exercises being ended, the company again took up its march for New Hampshire. This was the crowning glory of the old artillery company. It maintained a successful organization for ten years after this date, attending many musters and man\- parades. Among the officers of the artillery company were Phineas Adams, commissioned lieutenant August 15, 1837, promoted to captain Jan. 31, 1839. Captain Adams became a prominent and wealthy citizen; for many years he was landlord of the old Central house on Railroad scpiare, upon the present site of the I.aton house. He died about the year 1855. He was the father of Mrs. IC. B. Hammond and ol Phineas Adams, Jr., a prominent citizen of Manche.ster well known to Nashua citizens. Ignatius Bagley was first lieutenant of the company in 1839, and again commissioned to the same rank in 1841. He was with his company in their trip to Boston. Lieutenant Bagley was in the meat business on Railroad square. The gun house of this company was near the Shattuck ledge on Summer street. The finst record of the second company dated from 1815. Alexander Eayrs was commissioned captain Dec. 19, 1815; Joseph Swallow, Dec. 16, 1S16: Samuel Foster, April 20, 1819: vStephen Bates, Dec. 13, 1822; Israel Hunt, Jr., June 14, 1824. This company appears to have been the military cradle of (piite a luimber of Nashua's militia heroes. Israel Hunt, Jr., was first commissioned as ensign in this company in 1822 from the rank of sergeant. His military ambition won for him rapid promotion. This company also was the primary military .school of Col. George Bowers (see biography ). the hereof two wars, who.se record will be found upon other pages of this history, and of Col. Thomas (',. Banks, Capt. Daniel M. l'"iske, Jacob Hall, Capt. C. P. Danforth {.see biography), Jesse Bowers (see biography), Steidien Kendrick, Jeremiah P. Davis, all becoming prominent citizens of Nashua. This company was disbanded in 1831 and reorganized in 1834 under Thomas G. Banks, captain, and Daniel M. Fiske, ensign. The last record we find of the second company is in 1840, when it may be presumed the com])any ceased to exist. The eighth company. Fifth regiment, also had a conspicuous place in the military establishment from the year 181S and to the year 1841. It was in this organization that Moses Hunt commenced his military life, holding the position of captain from 1820 to 1832, lieing promoted to major of the regiment June i, 1832, and to lieutenant-colonel Jan. 16, 1836. Moses Hunt was a brother of Gen. Israel Hunt. Franklin Foster was commissioned captain of the comiiaiiy June 1, 1832. He lived on Fletcher street for man}- years and carried on the business of wheelwright in the building on the corner of Main and Fletcher streets on the present site of Dunlap block. Solomon Spalding, Jr., was in command of the eighth company from April 3, 1833, to April 27, 1S35, when Isaac P. Morgan became captain. Morgan was the brother of Sumner Morgan, living on North I-'lm street. Daniel M. Fiske was al.so a captain from A))ril 21, 1836, to Sept. 15, 1837, when Samuel Merrill was com- missioned captain. Saimiel I. Mackiiis succeeded Merrill and James Roby became captain March 4, 1841. Roby was the brother of David Roby who, until his recent death, occupied the old family homestead on Amherst road. The lieutenants were Benjamin F'arley, 181S; Noah Jewett, 1824; Benjamin Pool, Jr., 1S24; Noah P.Goodhue, 1S26; Richard Dole. Jr., 1S33; Kbenezer Converse, 1837; Samuel Matthews, 1841. The first company of the Fifth regiment was organized about the year 1823 and commanded successively by John Ivpis, Jr., Noah Lund, Pascal Fletcher, brother of the venerable Mrs. Bowers, who at the present writing, at the age of over ninety years, is often seen upon our streets riding with her daughter, Mrs. F'. A. McKean. Captain Fletcher was one of Nashua's early lumber merchants. 528 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. He was succeeded in tlie conimaiul of the first company bj- Josephus Baldwin, March iS, 1830. Josephus Baldwin became the first niaj-or of the city of Nashua. He was one of the foremost of the energetic men of Nashua for more than thirty years, and did very much for his town in many ways. He established and built up to large proportions a bobbin and shuttle business on Water street. His homestead stood upon the present site of Ayers block on Main street until the year 1891. A more extended sketch of his life will be found in this volume. Edward Baldwin succeeded his brother Josephus to the command of this company in 1832, and he in the same year by William Adams- Captain Adams was a well-known landlord of the Pearl street hotel, the name of the house being subsequently changed to Tremont house. The lieutenants of this company were Samuel Roby, brother of Luther Roby; Sherabiah Hunt, brother of Gen. Israel Hunt. Joseph Knowlton was commissioned to the command of this company in 1833 and after two years' service retired from the pomp and glory of the military to his cobbler shop on South Central street. Hiram Wilkins suc- ceeded Knowlton. Mr. Wilkins was a stable keeper on Railroad square. Amos Wheeler, Jr., was the last lieutenant of the company of record, being commissioned March 9, 1S41. Of the achieve- ments of the first company, history and tradition tell us not, and the oldest of its members have long since gone to their reward. The Grenadiers, organized in 1824, became one of the crack organizations of the regiment. That it was one of the pets of the town is evident from the following extract from the Nashua Weekly Telegraph of June 28, 1828: "The ladies of Nashua Village will, on the 4th of Jul\', 1828, a-t 11 o'clock .\. jr., present to the Nashua Grenadiers a military standard. Those ladies who have subscribed for that object are respectfully invited to assemble at the house of Capt. Asa Buntin at 10 o'clock. Citizens are invited to participate in the exercises of the day. A dinner will be provided for the occasion. Tickets may be had at the Bar of Mr. Joel Fisher's Inn and at the stores of Messrs. D. & E). S. Goodnow and I,. W. Noyes. R(.)bp;rt Andeksox, \ Committee B. L. M.\CK, of L. W. NoYKS, ' Arrangements. "July 4, 1828, the following will be the order of the day at this village : "The Dunstable Cadets and Nashua Grenadiers will parade at 1 1 o'clock on the common in front of Messrs. D. & E. S. Goodnow's store. The ladies will meet at Capt. Asa Buntin's house at 10 o'clock. At II they will be conducted to the common when a standard will be presented. "Immediately after the ceremony the procession will form in the following order to hear the performances at the meeting-house of the Rev. Mr. Nott. Military Escort. Music. Marshal of the Day. HT 1 1 I Rev. Clergy, &c. I ,, , , Marshal. ^-' Marshal. ( Com. of Arrangements. ' Marshal. Eadies. Marshal. Marshal. Citizens and Strangers. Marshal. Captain Mack, Grand Marshal. Independent companies of Dunstable Cadets, commanded by Captain. Nashua Grenadiers, commanded by Captain Banks." The captains of the Grenadiers were succes.sively Alpha Richardson, Jonathan R. Wiggin, Thomas G. Banks, Charles Cunnuings, William Adams, Jonathan R. Wiggin, Frederick Dyke and Peleg S. Tompkins. The uniform of the company was blue coat, duck pants, dark plume in soft hat. The company was disbanded in 1832. The military organizations of Nashua under command of Colonel Banks had the honor of acting as escort to President Jackson upon his visit to the old town of Dunstable in 1833. The short time allowed, after ascertaining that the distinguished visitor would stop for an hour or two, did not give time for elaborate plans for show, but all were glad to be favored by a visit from HISTORY OF NASiniA, N. H. 529 the chief magistrate, and all, without distinction of party, were readv to do him honor. The leading citizens of the town at that time were Jesse Howers, Daniel Abbot, Charles i\. Atherton, Moody D. Lovevvell, William Hoardmaii, Jesse Esty, Benjamin F. French, Israel and John M. Hunt, Mo.ses Tyler, .Stephen Kendrick, Silas Butterfield, Christopher Paige, Franklin Foster, John Flagg, Frank- lin Munroe, William I,und, Isaac Spalding, Leonard W. Noyes, Hugh Jameson, I'erley Foster, Joseph, Ivzekiel and Alfred Greeley and many others not named. The plan for the reception which was carried out was for the military, with ajtavalcade of some forty citizens, to meet the president and party at the state line about five miles below Nashua Village. The presidential party consisted of President Jackson, Martin Van Buren, then secretay of slate, and the members of the cabinet. The escort left the village about eight o'clock in the morning and returned about ten with their guests, stopping at the Washington house, on the present site of Noyes block, which was then the best adapted to the purpo.se, and from its convenient portico our visitors were .seen. The female operatives in the mills of both our corporations were invited to take part in the festivities, and all the young ladies of our village were included, and a special recjuest made that all who could conveniently do so should dress in white with blue sashes. The number in white and blue was between two and three hundred, they being given the foremost rank after the military, and were followed by a large iiumher of ladies and gentlemen, together with representatives of the different trades and industries of the thriving village. The ojieralives in the mills were then the Yankee girls of New Hampshire, N'ermont and Maine. There were no foreigners in the town. The place of gathering of the military and other participants for their organization and march was Abbot square. The influx of people from adjoining towns made a large crowd, which was organized ready for its march when the expected visitors reached the Washington house, ami was in readiness for the procession to pass in review. Upon the approach of the column, the party was welcomed with the booming of cannon from the time they appeared at the top of the hill north of the harbor till they reached the Washington house and long after. After due arrangements were made for the visitors on the portico of the Washington house, the Abbot square procession started, passing in review of the chief magistrate, and countermarching back in front of the Washington house, and there foiniing in line. The time fixed for the departure was twelve o'clock. The people, seeking the best ])ositions to see the president as he left the town, made for the north side of the bridge as that seemed to be the favorable spot to arrange themsehes for the best \iew as the\- went \\\> the hill on the wa\' tothecajii- tal of the state. The hill was then steep and sandy, the l)ridge at that time being some twenty-five feet lower than now, which made the hill much steeper on both sides of the river, and the military company and men representing our \arious industries, with handsaws, shovels, banners, etc., were in the line, and a large crowd extended far up the hill, eager to see the guests as they de]>arted. A barouche, with six white horses dri\en by one of our best " ribbon holders." Joel Concay. was .soon in sight with the distinguished party on board. No man ever waved a salute more gracefully than General Jack.son but the speed of the horses which took them out of town gave him but little opportunity to wave his graceful good-bye. The runaway .speed was caused by the hurrahing, the waving of flags, swinging of handsaws and other demoii.strations, as the horses reached the north end of the bridge. The driver lost control of his horses any further than to try and keej) them headed up the hill in the direction of Concord, the place they wanted to reach. The hill and rising ground be- yond served to take the wind of his horses, so he got them under control, but not till after they were through and beyond the crowd, which reached from the bridge to Abbot square. The fir-st rifle company, organized Jan. 14, 1S25, comijiised .some of the first men of the town. Charles Richardson was the first commander, holding the captaincy until 1828, when he was suc- ceeded by Charles G. Atherton, a prominent lawyer of the village and who became United States senator. A sketch of his life will be found among the biographies in this volume. Among the cap- tains commanding the company were Alexander H. Converse, George W. Fletcher, Sewal G. Mack, Luther Towns, Levi Curtis and Elbridge G.Hardy. Charles P. Danforth, one of the best known citizens of Nashua for more than sixty years, was lieutenant of the company from 1832 to 1834. The company was disbanded about the year 1840. ^3 530 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. The Nashua Guards, a company famous in its da}' throughout the state for its excellence, was organized Sept. lo, 1834. Capt. Thomas G. Banks was its first commander. Captain Banks was succeeded by George Bowers in 1840, Mark Putnam in 1843, Charles T. Gill in 1846 ; Capt. Thomas G. Banks, Jr., now of Waltham, Mass., commanded the company in 1S47, Noah J. Harris in 1S49, and Joel Colburn in 1851. Mr. Colburn followed the business of a painter, living on the banks of the Nashua river on Pearson's avenue on the present site of the old card shop. Among the lieutenants in this company were Oliver Phillips and Caleb I. Emery. Oliver Phillips was for many years a well- known citizen of Nashua, at one time owner of an oyster saloon in one of the small ten-foot buildings on the corner of Main and Park streets, where about i860 he built a three-story frame building, occu- pying the larger part for his saloon and a billiard room in the second story. This building was burned in 1868 in the extensive fire which swept down the east side of Main street to the bridge and then as far as Goodrich block on the west side. On the site of his old building he built the pres- ent post office building which is still owned b}- his widow and son, who at the present writing reside at the old homestead on Park street. Caleb I. Emery was the son of Caleb J. Emery, who was a suc- cessful dealer in wet groceries on the corner of Pearl and Elm streets. Lieutenant Emery subse- quently became pa}'ma.ster in the United States nav)', holding his position through the War of the Rebellion and for fifteen or twenty years after. He was a man of strong character, vigorous in the use of the English language, but kind of heart and companionable. He died about the year 1885. The other lieutenants of the company succeeding were Noah J. Harris, Charles Crowley, Henry J. Shattuck, James R. Campbell and E. C. Farwell. E. C. Farwell became a prominent merchant and manufacturer of Nashua. James H. Blake, the well-known dry goods man, Mark Putnam, of the Nashua Manufacturing company, James Cochran and Euke Putnam held the office of ensign at dif- ferent periods from 1840 to 1851. The uniform of the Guards was a blue coat with buff trimmings, brass buttons, and red cap with white feather plumes. The company ceased to exist in 1852. Another of the military companies of which Nashua was proud was the Lafayette Light Infantry. It had a short but brilliant career, it was organized in 1S39 with George Tuttle as captain, Fordice M. Stimp.son, first lieutenant, Hiram D. Leavitt, ensign. In the following year it was Captain Stimpson, Lieut. A. H. Dunlap and Ensign Nelson Tuttle. A. H. Dunlap became the successful seedsman. Nelson Tuttle acquired a large property and died in the year 1895. John H. Gage was commissioned captain in 1841. Albin Beard (see biography) was lieutenant and Samuel Wright, ensign. The uniform of this company was .somewhat amazing. It was purchased of the Boston Lancers and of course was just right and up to date. The hat was of a brilliant red, shaped like a druggist's mortar, with red and white plumes; coat of sky blue with white trimmings and buttons of brass, and white pants. The guns of this company, as well as of all military companies at this time, and for some years later, were the flintlock, smooth bore musket. This company was the first to occupy the armory, so called, in the town house, now the City Hall building. The company was disbanded in 1842. The third company, light infantry, was organized April 19, 1841, with John H. Gage as captain, Albin Beard, lieutenant, and Sanuiel Wright, ensign. In 1842 Lieutenant Beard resigned. Samuel F. Wright was promoted to lieutenant and Oliver Blodgett was appointed ensign. The last year of its existence vSamuel Wright was commissioned captain, John H. Gage resigning, Oliver Blodgett, lieutenant, and Franklin Munroe became ensign. Of the distinguished exploits of this company, if an}', history and tradition are silent. A companj' known as the fourth company, light infantry, Columbian Grays, was organized May 7, 1846. Isaac Fox, captain, Albin Beard, lieutenant. January 31, 1849, Albin Beard was promoted to captain and J. Thornton Greeley appointed lieutenant. J. Thornton Greeley was the son of Col. Jo.seph Greeley and the donor to the city for public use of the farm on Concord street known as the Greeley farm. Benjamin T. Peaslee was clerk of the company. Mr. Pea.slee then occupied the west half of the house which, at the time of writing, is the property of the Armory association, next west of the Armory, on Canal street. The armory of the Columbian Grays was in Thayers hall, a building known at the present time as the Watananock house. In the spring of 1842, in the minds of the ambitious military men of Nashua, the public good demanded re-enforcements to the militia of the village, and authority was asked for and granted for the organization of another company and under the leadership of the irrepressible Daniel M. Fiske ; HISTORY OF KASm/A, N. H. 53, the company was formed and known as the eleventh company, Washington Light (luards, seventy- five men, rank and fde. The armory in the attic of the town house now became a busy place. Nearly every evening \\\ the week it was occupied by one or more of the five military com])anies, for drill business and fun. The officers of the conii)any were Capt. Daniel M. Fiske, Lieut. John M. I' landers and l^nsign Henry \\ Adams. Lieutenant Flanders was one of Nashua's successful contractors and l)uilders Ii\ ing till the year 1875. There were frequent changes among the officers of the company during the eight years of its exi.stence. Of the officers not before named were George W. Holt, David P. Barber, Kdward M. Smith, Samuel T. Sawyer, Elijah T. Page, John Kaldwin, R. (i. I'sher, and Anthony Walker. The " Union Artillery," a company of forty or fifty lads whose ages would average about fifteen, was organized in the spring or early summer of 1847 or 1848. Their first public parade was made in June, when their soldierly deportment and perfection in drill attracted the attention of the older military gentlemen of Nashua and Nashville, who immediately adopted the juvenile corps by taking it into and treating it as a part of the military family of the two towns. The first officers were Capt. H. F. George, First Lieutenant Hiram Smart, Ensign Charles R. McClary. Lieutenant Smart was shortly afterwards succeeded by Henr> M. Davis, who is now living and engaged in the freight department of the Boston & Maine railroad. On the fourth of July following this fir.st parade, the corps was presented with a beautiful silk banner by the girls employed on the Nashua corporation. This banner was received at the steps of the town hall, being presented by Miss Mary Moore of Hillsborough, N. H., and accepted by the commander of the corps, after which the young ladies were escorted in a body to the Central house, in Nashville, where a collation and festivities were indulged in till the close of the daj'. Many of the military men of that day were guests, among whom were .\tljutant-General Peasly of the state, who was so well pleased with the little corps that he privately told Captain George that he had twentjf-four cadet rifles and a brass four pounder field-piece in the state arsenal, then at Portsmouth, which he could have, and gave in.structions how to proceed to get them. These arms were afterwards obtained, which were a decided improvement o\er the small iron cannon and a few small swords with which the_\' had been armed. C. C. Danforth succeeded Captain (ieorge to the conunand of the company, E. P. Co]>i) succeeding Davis as first lieutenant. Captain Danforth subseciuently became one of the leading citizens of Concord, where he resides at the present time. Lieutenant Co])]i was brother of Col. E. J. Copp. He removed early in the fifties to Madison, Wis., where he is now one of its oldest and most respected citizens. The company- in its early experience was indebted to Cai)t. Thomas Banks, Jr., for his ser\-ices a drill master and instructor. This company- existed about three years. A cavalry company known as the Granite State Lancers was organized in the fall of 1850, led by the intrepid Thomas G. Banks and the enthusiastic Daniel M. Fiske. All that is known of its history is soon told. We know that it lived, and in a few short weeks it died. Why its career was so short we know not. Probably, from the dying out of the military spirit of the public, the necessary support was not forthcoming. From 1850 to 1856 the military ardor of Nashua seems to have been at a low ebb. The following is from the Nashua Telegraph of Jan. 5, 1856: "Capt. Thomas G. Banks has been appointed colonel of the bloody Fifth regiment. New Hampshire militia. The martial spirit has died out almost entirely among our young men. There is not, to our knowledge, a company in the state pos.sessing real efficiency and discipline. All that remains of the military .spirit is to be found in the bo.som of the veterans like Captain Banks. We almost have some hope of the militia of the state; if there is a spark of life in it he would kindle it to a flame, and we don't know but he will galvanize the defunct institution into life." The field and staff officers and non-commissioned staff of the Fifth regiment under the organiza- tion made in April, 1856, were all Na.shua men. Colonel, Thomas G. Banks; lieutenant-colonel. Daniel M. Fi.ske ; major, John H. Gage; adjutant, Samuel Tuck; quartermaster, A. H. Dunlap ; paymaster, George H. Whitney: ([uartermaster-sergeant, Samuel F. Crombie; sergeant-major. Jo.seph Andrews; drum major, Franklin Munroe; fife major, Silas Brackett ; .surgeon, Dr. W. A. Tracy; surgeon's mate, Dr. E. Colburn ; chaplain, N. W. Willis. 532 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Mention lias already been made of many of the above-mentioned officers. Paymaster George H. Whitney (see biography) has but recently died. Joseph F. Andrews, the sergeant-major of the reo-iment, was a contractor and builder. He built and lived until his decease in 1885, in the brick house on Main street next south of Holman's block. The house was recently purchased and torn down by S. D. Chandler. Major Andrews' reputation as a skillful builder was well-known throughout the state. He was for some years successful, but in building the state house at Concord the contract price was his ruin, lender a high sense of honor, which was ever characteristic of him, he deter- mined to fulfill his contract, and it was done, but under great financial pressure, borrowing many thousands of dollars to complete the work. This laid upon him a load under which he struggled for the remainder of his life. Entering the war in 1S62, he was commissioned major of the New Hamp- shire cavalry and proved himself as brave in war as he was in peace. Through three years of war, fighting the battles of his country, he showed the heroism born of true patriotism in the .struggle for the right. Although he died without wealth, who shall say that his life was not a success in the highest sense? A company that became famous for the number of its members who went into the War of the Rebellion was the Granite State Cadets, organized in i860. The uniform was cadet gray with black trimmings and white epaulets, Russian dogskin hat trimmed with liraided white cord and white pompon with red top. The first officers were George Bowers, captain; George H. Whitney and Jonathan Parkhurst, first lieutenants; B. Frank Kendrick and Otis Munroe, second lieutenants; Luther M. Wright, orderly sergeant. On the departure of Captain Bowers for the seat of war. Captain Wright was commissioned to the command of the company. Among the members of the company were C. D. Copp, D. W. King, R. O. Greenleaf, J. Q. A. Warren, Tyler M. Shattuck, Q. A. Woodward, George S. Bayers, George H. Whitney, J. H. Dunlap, Edward Parker, M. A. Taylor, W. F. York, T. H. Wood, Charles Burnham, J. B. White, D. J. Flanders, E. P. Brown, C. A. Hall, J. M. Sanborn, L. W. Hall, J. M. Adams, John Spalding, Alfred Beard, H. M. Blake, A. B. Buswell, Julius F. Gage, W. M. Bowman, L. W. Goodrich, B. C. Buttrick, Wilder M. Gates, Thomas Nottage, E. B. Plummer, George D. Verder, J. G. Fifield, C. A. Hutchinson, A. W. vShepard, W. S. Richardson, Jack Willard, George Stearns, George Edgecomb, George H. Taggart, A. T. Young, C. W. Spalding, E. P. Mclntire, M. H. Farnsworth, L. B. Ball, Silas Brackett, J. B. Eaton, C. C. Gove, Charles Lund, J. J. Shattuck. A large proportion of the company enlisted for the war and did gallant service in the defense of their country, many of them holding conunissions of various rank. Capt. George Bowers became the popular Colonel Bowers of the Thirteenth New Hampshire regiment. 1). W. King, commissioned as first lieutenant in the Eighth New Hampshire volunteers, was promoted for gallantry to lieutenant- colonel of his regiment. C. D. Copp did gallant service in the Ninth New Hampshire regiment, first as lieutenant and the last two years as captain in command of the color company of his regiment. For deeds of special bravery few if any during the entire war excelled those for which he received from congress a medal of honor. J. O. A. Warren was a captain in the Eighth regiment and fell upon one of the battlefields of Louisiana. Capt. T. M. vShattuck was also a brave soldier of the same regiment. Charles Burnham and D. J. Flanders both served in the Third regiment as com- missioned officers. L. M. Wright, George Eayrs and Edward Parker all served with credit. The Nashua Telegraph of Oct. 13, i860, has the following notice of the company's first appearance ; "No company ever made a more successful first appearance than the Granite State Cadets on Saturday last (Oct. 6, i860). When it is considered that there has been no military here for these many years, and the spirit that used to keep alive four or five military companies in this cit\- had entirely died out, their success is remarkable. They appeared with full ranks and acquitted them- selves like old soldiers; their marching would have done credit to an old company. Captain Bowers has attended most assiduously to their drill, and his zeal has been seconded not only by his associate officers but every member of the company has exhibited a determination to make a company which should be an honor to the city. The company is composed of men that will do honor to any station, and becoming soldiers, they are in no danger of forgetting that a true soldier is a true gentleman. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 533 They were accompanied by the Gerniaiiia band of Hoston, whose charming music excited the admiration of all listeners. "The company dined at the Pearl Street house with a few invited guests among our citizens from whom they received the heartiest encomiums for their success in organizing so fine a corps, as well as for their fine appearance and excellent drill. In point of lieauty and com])leteness of uniform and equipment, they rival the best companies in the large cities, and will e(iual them in discipline at an early day." The company continued its organization until 1S65, taking part in the President Lin- coln funeral ceremonies at Concord. vSoon after this tlie company was di.shanded. On Thursday, Oct. 1 1, 1.S60, the militia of the state went into camp at Nashua on the grounds of the Greeley farm on the Concord road about f)ne mile from the city. The field was on the level green near the Concord railroad. The Telegraj)!! of Oct. 13, 1S60, has the following report of the muster : " Thursday, the first day of the state encampment, 'Camp C.oodwin.' dawned bright and beauti- ful, and after the .stir of the day before, the streets ap]>eared unusually quiet, until the trains begun to bring in the militia and their attendant hosts, and the noise of sonorous bands breathing martial sounds awaked the stillness oi tlii.- hour. The scene reminded us of a muster morning in the palmy days of the ' Bloody F'ifth.' The troops were ordered to api)ear on Railroad square but the line was formed at the camp by Adjt. C. V.. Paige with ])romptness and put in working trim. The command was assumed by Col. John H. Gage and tlie business of the day proceeded with at once. The line consisted of the following corps : " The liattalian of Amoskeag W-lerans, Col. T. T. Abl)()tt, with Dignam's cornet band, with une hundred guns, occupied the right of the line and made a splendid display. "The McCutcheon Guards of New London, Capt. A.J. Sargent, with field music, thirty-three rifles, was a well disciplined corps. Captain vSargent was an officer in the Mexican War. " The Minute Guard of Manchester, Capt. J. M. Bruce, with Barwick's drum corps, thirty-six guns. "The Granite State Cadets of Nashua, Capt. (jeorge Bowers, with Baldwin's cornet band of Manchester, forty-two guns. Of the elegance and excellence of this company we have spoken else- where. " The Lafayette Artillery of Lyndeborough, Capt. J. H. Tarbell, with field music, forty swords. This company is the only company in the state which has maintained its organization ever since the disbandment of the militia and it conseciuenth' has advantages over all others. "The City Phalanx of Portsmouth, Capt. W. O. Sides, with the Portsmouth cornet band, forty guns. This company with their handsome uniform and bearskins, under an efficient officer, made a very fine appearance. " The Sullivan Guards of Exeter, Capt. Charles H. Bell, with the Exeter cornet band, forty mus- kets. Captain Bell was an excellent officer and the company was well drilled. Their uniform was of cadet grey, very like the cadets. "The Abbott Guards of Manchester, Capt. William Knowltou, field music, thirty-four guns. "Hollis Phalanx, Capt. George P. Greeley, Brookline brass band, forty-two guns, grey coats, black pants. Considering its brief organization it appeared remarkably well. " The Canaan Grenadiers of Canaan, Capt. Jacob Peters, field music, thirty-two guns. This com- pany has also been organized several years and was well drilled. " The Union Volunteers of Danville, Capt. D. D. Currier, with field music, thirty-two guns. " The Peterborough Light Infantry, Capt. C. A. Wheeler. "The regiment of Governor's Horse Guards, Col. George Stark, commander, with Mall's band of Boston, on their fine stud of white horses, closed the line on the left. They mustered one hundred sabres and made a splendid appearance. Company A, Col. John H. George: company B, Lieut. J. F. Andrews, commanding. The regimental officers were as follows: Colonel, John H.Gage of Nashua: lieutenant-colonel, A. F. Stevens of Nashua; major, Gilbert Wadleigh of Milford : adju- tant, Charles E. Paige of Na.shua : quartermaster, William P. Ainsworth of Nashua : paymaster, W. R. Wallace of Milfonl : sergeant-major, William Barrett of Nashua: quartermaster-sergeant, D, B. Fiske of Nashua. 534 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. " In the afternoon the troops were inspected by Adjutant-General J. C. Abbott. General Abbott was accompanied by a staff appointed for the occasion consisting of Col. Otis Wright of Nashua, Col. Gilbert Hills of Amherst and Col. I. W. Farmer of Manchester. "The first day's exercises closed to the entire satisfaction of all concerned and it may be set down as a perfect success. The most perfect order prevailed in the encampment during the day and night. The crowd in attendance was very large but generally very orderly. " It may seem strange but it is true that the companies exhibited a far better degree of drill than was seen on the New Hampshire line in its palmiest military days. Then, when ever3^body trained, the drill was a kind of traditionary concern, some smart fellow, with a showy, dashing stjle, at the head of a companj', was copied by all other companies in his neighborhood, and so we had a drill that had not the first principle of military science about it. This all died out with the militia itself and when it was revived the officers had to go to the books and none of the ridiculous nonsense of the old times has come up with it. " The performances of the muster closed last (Friday) evening and all that we could sa\- of the first day is to be more than said of the second. The muster has been a perfect success throughout. The general orders of the day were fully and most successfully carried out. The governor, attended by his suite, Brigadier-General Butler of the Massachusetts volunteer militia and his staff, Adjutant- General Schouler of Massachusetts, and Adjutant-General Abbott of this citj-, with his staff reviewed the troops. We repeat what we said in our first edition that we never saw so fine a military display in the state in the palmiest days of the militia. The drill was generally excellent and the marching in review was as steady as that of veterans. The Boston Ancient and Honorable Artillery and the L,owell Mechanics' Phalanx were a pleasant feature of the day and including them there were probably more than a thousand men under arms. They were received on Railroad square by a detachment consisting of the Amoskeag \'eterans and Granite State Cadets and escorted to the encampment. It would be impossible to select one company for special commendation when all did so well. We can- not, however, help saying that the Amoskeag Veterans attracted great attention for their large num- bers, their discipline and the peculiaritj- and richness of their uniform. The Cadets of this city excited the admiration of all militar)' men for the perfection of their drill. The Horse Guards, per- haps it is not too much to say, was the most prominent point of attraction and elicited the praise of all. "During the encampment Governor Goodwin has made his quarters at the residence of General Stark, who on Thursday- evening threw open his doors and a very large number of our citizens paid their respects to our excellent governor and his family; Major Rej-nolds of the navy yard, with his lady. Captain Winder of the United States army, with his lady, and Captain Tracy, who has recently returned from long service in Utah, with his lady, Mr. Dwight and his family, were also among the distinguished persons who honored the occasion with their presence besides very large numbers of distinguished gentlemen in political and social life. "Most sincerely do we congratulate the military men who have spent their time and money so freely to get up this display, upon their perfect success not only as a military display but for the perfection of the arrangements for its successful carrying out, in all respects. We know that many people, who remember the disgraceful scenes of by-gone days, had misgivings in relation to it. But the men who controlled it determined that no such scenes should be present here, and aided by Colonel Banks, our chief of police, they were eminently successful. In the first place, all ardent spirits were excluded from the quarters and nobody was allowed to sell the stuff near tlie field. The result was that, although the crowd in attendance exceeded all previous occasions in Na.shua, it is the testimony of all that a more orderly crowd was never .seen. The police department had taken the pains to have present detachments of the detective force from Boston and other cities, but we are gratified to know that there was so little occasion for their services. " We believe gambling was well suppressed in the neighborhood, though we understand that in the city there were some arrangements made for it. "We were gratified to notice the interest taken in the encampment by all clas.ses of our citizens without exception, and are tenfold more gratified that there was so little to offend the taste or .senti- ments of anyone. The exercises closed by a grand ball of the Ancient and Honorable Artillerv HISTORY OF NASHUA, IV. //. 5^55 at Franklin hall. The hall had been very elegantly decorated (or the occasion by some of our citizens." The military chapter of this history would be incomplete without a reference to the Governor's Horse Guards, for no military organization in this or any other stale embraced so large a portion of the most prominent men in the professional as well as the Inisiness life and activities throughout the entire state, and none ever came into notoriety with such a bound and attained such a reputation during the brief term of its existence. The Governor's Hor.se Guards were incorporated in 1H59. The first meeting of the grantees was held in the council chamber in Concord Nov. 10, iS5y. There were present the following grantees: John H. George, A. Herbert Hellows, Benjamin Grover, William Walker, Josiah B. Sanborn and Edward H. Rollins of Concord, Adjt.-Gen. Joseph C. Abbott of Manchester and George Stark of Nashua. Thirty associates were elected at this meeting, among whom were John H. Gage, William 1'. Ainsworlh, William F. Greeley and Dr. James H. Greeley of Nashua. Subsequently the following from Nashua were elected: H. T. Morrill, \'. C. Gilman, J. F. Andrews, Cieorge W. Underbill, Rev. Martin W. Willis, Charles P. Gage, .Samuel Tuck, Thomas P. Pierce, Norman Fuller, Cieorge H. Gillis, Samuel C. Cronibie, Jolm N. Hall, .Samuel Chase, Samuel F. Wright, Gilman .Scripture, George Bowers, Charles Williams, Charles Iv. Paige, Luther H. Clement, William Barrett, Thomas G. Banks, Isaac H. Marshall, Isaac Ivaton, Frank A. McKean, Alford Fisher, Henry Parkinson, S. .S. Davis and O. A. Woodbury. At the next meeting, the battalion was increased by seventy-seven accessions, among whom were David Gillis and Dr. J. G. Ciraves of Nashua. Jan. 11, i860, George Stark was elected colonel. The battalion was divided into four companies. A, B, C and D. Company B, composed mostly of Nashua men, as it was first organized, was officered as follows: captain, John H. Gage; first lieutenant, Bainbridge Wadleigh, Milford ; second lieutenant, Joseph F. Andrews. The first escort duty was performed June 7, i860, at the inauguration of Gov. Ichabod Goodwin; and the well known character of the men composing the guards as well as their elegant uniforms and equipments, contributed to make it an occasion of more than ordinary interest. Hall's band of Boston furnished the music. A fine picture of the event appeared in Frank Leslie's paper. The next event of special interest occurred at Nashua, and is explained by the following order: L. S. St.vtk oi- Nkw H.vjipshire, \ Adjut.xnt Generai.'.s Office, Concord, Sept. i, i860. I General Order No. 4. To Colonel George Stark, Commander of the Governor's Horse Guards. The commander-in-chief, with a view to promote improvement in the military of the state, has ordered an encampment at Nashua on the eleventh and twelfth of October next. He hereby orders that your corps parade on Railroad square in Nashua at ten o'clock a. m., on the eleventh day of October, and there await further orders. The corps will appear fully armed and equipped, as required by law. By command of His Ivxcellency, IciiAiion Goodwin, Governor and Commander-in-Chief. JosEi'ii C. AiiiiOTT, Adjutant General. The Guards met in accordance with this order and performed escort duty for the governor and staff during the encampment of the state militia on the grounds of the Greeley farm on Concord street, as has been elsewhere described in this work. Among its Nashua officers on this occasion were Dr. James B. Greeley, surgeon, and Franklin Munroe, drum major. The Guards performed escort duty at the inauguration of Gov. Nathaniel S. Berry, June 6, 186,. and again at his second inauguration June 5, ..S62, and at each of the inaugurations of Gov. Joseph A Gilmore June 4, i86^ and June 2, 1864. at which latter occasion (Governor Andrews and staff of Massachusetts were present. October .4, .864, they were ordered into camp at Manchester. Among the officers elected at their annual encampment June .3. 1S64. was V. C. Oilman, captain of com- panv B. Captain Gilman was afterwards elected major of the battalion. The next and last parade was June 8, 1865, being the inauguration of Gov.-elect Frederick Snu th. The corps proceeded to the residence of Governor Gilmore, where he and Ins staff were 536 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. received into column, from thence the march was continued down Main to West street, where Gov.- elect Frederick Smyth was received, who was accompanied from Manchester by the Amoskeag Veterans, under command of Col. Chandler E. Potter. At the conclusion of the inauguration ceremonies the corps, dismounted, formed and proceeded with the govornor, the state officials and distinguished guests to the Eagle hotel, where the annual dinner was served. The corps sustained its well earned reputation for efficiency and hospitality, so that its sun did not go down in obscnrit}'. Company B, compo.sed chiefly of Nashua gentlemen, took especial pride in perfecting its drill, its sabre exercise and graceful appearance in the saddle, many of its members having attended an evening riding school in Boston Wednesday evenings, returning on the theatre train, reaching home at one-thirty A. Ji. They also procured a French instructor in sabre exercise, who gave a lesson at the close of the riding lesson, and very soon enabled his class to go through the sabre exercise very creditablx". Dec. 20, icS65, an adjourned meeting of the Guards was held at Phenix hall, Conc(nd, to hear the report of a committee appointed at a pre\-ious meeting "to consider the matter of enlisting the corps under the law of 1862." The records fail to show any report of this committee, but they do show a resolution pa.ssed, suspending all parades and levees in the future, unless ordered by the governor, until certain contingencies in the wa\' of financial matters, etc., had been met and provided for by the state. April 24, 1879, the last meeting of the Guards was held at Concord, upon the call of Col. Henry O. Kent. George Stark (see biography) was connnissioned brigadier-general of the New Hampshire militia in 185S and assigned to the command of the third brigade, second division. He held this command until June, 1861. He was in command of the volunteer troops organized for the war stationed at Portsmouth, from May 2 to June 21, 1861. General Stark was a natural soldier, Ijorn to command, well equijiped in ability and experience to do service for his country and state upon the battlefield. The circumstances that prevented him from going to the front was the regret of the loyal citizens of Nashua and throughout the state. After the war he became one of the best known railroad managers of the country. He died in Nashua in 1S92. Albin Beard was appointed brigade major under General Stark. Major Beard had been identi- fied with the militia for many years, holding various grades of rank. He was the well-known, able editor of the Nashua Telegraph for more than forty years. He used a pointed pen as well as the sword in the interest of his town and state. He did valuable service in strengthening the military spirit and patriotism of Nashua. He was active in all public affairs, a great worker ; in these days he would have been called a hustler of the most hustling type. (A full biographical sketch appears in this volume. ) The Nashua Light Guards was organized in 1S66 by D. J. Flanders as captain, Lemuel j\L Jack- man as first lieutenant, James A. Cobb, second lieutenant. Lieutenant Cobb succeeded Captain Flanders in 1868. Lieutenant Jackman resigning his position, Charles T. Southwick succeeded him. L. S. Woodliury was commissioned second lieutenant, Aug. 31, 1868. The company was disbanded in 1869. The Nashua Light Guards was the onl^- company in existence for more than ten years after the war. The military spirit of the public seemed to be seeking a rest from the intense excitement of the days of war's alarms. The men who went to the front and experienced the ser- vice of real soldiers in the grim work of death on the battlefields from Bull Run to Ajipomattox had little enthusiasm for holiday parade of play soldiers. This was a natural condition of the public mind. Four years of bloodshed and of sorrow over the loss of beloved ones whose lives had paid the price of liberty and the glory of our country had made peace the boon most desired. For nearly ten years the pomp and glory of the military of Nashua was a thing of the past. By the legislature of 1878 a change in the military laws of the state was enacted changing the name of the militia to " the national guard of New Hampshire." The necessity for a more complete formation of the military of the state had begun to be recognized and a revival of the military spirit to find expression. In the fall of 1877 a military company was organized under the name of the Nashua City Guards and fifty-eight of the brightest and best young men of Nashua were enrolled as members. The com- pany was first assigned to the First regiment. New Hampshire militia, Col. John J. Dillon. In the re-organization of the military under the name of the New Hampshire National Guard, April i, 1878, HISTORY OF NASHUA. N. J/. 537 the company was transferred to the Second regiment, Col. D. M. White commanding. The credit of the inception and work of organizing this company is due almost wholly to George W . Hadger. a veteran soldier and one of Nashua's best known and most public spirited citizens. He secured the names to the enrollment and the organization having been completed Mr. Hadger solicited funds for the purchase of arms for the company, raising nearly $1,000 for this puqw.se. The first meeting of this company, and the meetings for nearly a year subsequently, were in the old armory in the attic of the City Hall building. In 1869 the Grand Army hall in Laton building. Railroad square, was used for a drill room, and room on the second floor of the same building occupied for property room. The officers elected at the first meeting, and commissioned on the twenty-third day of October, 1S77, were Elbridge J. Copp (see biography), captain; Augustus D. Ayling, first lieutenant ; William I.. Hall, second lieutenant. Captain Copp and Lieutenant Ayling were veterans of the war, both having served more than three years and both in the capacity of adjutant for the last year or more of their service. The finst served in the Third New Hampshire volunteers, and the last named in the Twenty- fourth Massachusetts volunteers. If any military company more than another deserved the suj)i)orl of the ])ublic the Nashua City Guards were surely entitled to this distinction. The days and nights of its members were given to drill for weeks and months. Climbing laboriously the long winding stairs into the old armory in the City Hall attic night after night for drill was not thought too great a task. The most rigid discipline was from the first insisted upon; there was but one standard set by the officers of the company and that was perfection of drill and discipline. The men in the coini)any generalh- recognized the necessity of thorough discipline and cheerfully rendered implicit obedience. The real nulitary espti/ du corps was, from the first, characteristic of this company. I'pon entering the armory the members taking on, voluntarily, the character of a soldier, left behind them their identity as citizens. This extreme punctiliousness, however, was at first objected to by some few of the company but the result achieved and progress made soon brought all into line and they gave their hearty support and co-operation in this method of making a real military conqiany. The writer, who was in a position to know, does not hesitate to say, unreservedly, that never was there a more representative compan_\- of young citizens in Nashua or in the .state ; nor one which gave more enthusi- asm to the work or succeeded in a higher degree in perfecting and maintaining a model military organ- ization. The Nashua City Guards probably attained as near to the high standard of regular troops in drill and discipline as an>- military company ever organized in the country. For years under the systematic inspection and markings of the inspector-general of the state this company stood at the head of all other organizations. July i, 1S79, Captain Copp was promoted to major of the .Second regiment, subsequently to lieutenant-colonel, and later to the colonelcy of the regiment. Lieutenant Ayling succeeded Captain Copp in command of the company, holding the position till July 25, 1879, when he became adjutant-general of the state. This position he has held to the present time. General Ayling was well equipped for the position to which he was appointed in natural ability and experience. He has gracefully and efficiently filled the office of adjutant-general and chief of the governor's staff for nearly twenty years. To him the state is greatly indebted for the efliciency of the national guard today. His method of conducting the business of his department has been strictly military and punctilious. He believes not only in the spirit of the military law, but in the letter of the law as well. He has a full conception of the meaning of military discipline, but he demands of others only that which he exacts of himself, .\lfred Iv. Hunt was appointed second lieutenant Feb. 5, 1879, and promoted to first lieutenant July i, 1879. He was commissioned cajitain July 25 of the same year. Captain Hunt was a very efficient and jwpular commander. The company fully sustained its high .standard under his comnuuul. He brought with him into the company a valuable experience from his military training as an officer in the military battalion in the .school of technology in Bo.ston. At the time of his connection with the City Guards his business was that of chemist at the works of the Nashua Iron and Sleel company. Removing from Nashua to Pittsburg, I'a., he l)ecame eminently successful in his business. William H. Cheever was commissioned second lieutenant of the company, July i, 1S79, and pro- moted to first lieutenant, July 25. of the .same year. Lieutenant Cheever had proved himself a valu- able member of the company, rising from the ranks through the various grades of corporal, sergeant, orderly .^ergeant, to that of lieutenant, always the model soldier, grasping with ease the principles of military drill and discipline. He did an important part in placing the Na.shua City Guards at the ^,.S HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. head of the military organizations of the state. In 1SS4 Lieutenant Cheever was appointed major and assistant inspector-general on the staff of Gen. D. M. White. In December, 1885, he was com- missioned by Governor Currier inspector of rifle practice. This branch of the service had not been given the attention that its importance demanded. Major Cheever's conception of the needs of the military service very .soon brought practical results through his systematic and vigorous methods, a practical sy.stem of rifle practice was established which has since been in use, and has placed the New Hampshire military in the front rank of sharpshooters of the national guard of the country. May 3, 1881, Jason E. Tolles was commissioned captain of the Nashua City Guards. Captain Tolles had ri.sen from the ranks and was the last commanding officer of the company. Captain Tolles was commissioned adjutant of the vSecond regiment, July i, 1884 ; promoted to major, May 5, 1885, and to lientenant-colonel, Aug. 5, 1887, and to colonel of the regiment, Aug. 31, 1S94, having held all ranks from that of private in the City Guards, and proved himself to be a popular and efficient offi- cer, ahva\s the courteous soldier and gentleman, and never over-confident of his own abilities. The writer when captain commanding the City Guards thought he saw in Private Tolles the requisite material for an officer and offered him the position of corporal. This offer was at first declined by Mr. Tolles who expressed himself as fearing that he would not be able to fill the position. At the present writing he is mayor of the city of Nashua and also has the honor of commanding one of the finest regiments of the national guard in the country and will undoubtedly wear the star of the brig- adier in the service of his state before the end of his military service. Andrew J. Tuck was appointed second lieutenant of the City Guards July 25, 1879. He had pre- viously held the position of hospital steward of the Second regiment. Lieutenant Tuck's connection with the military was not of long duration but during his service he was always found at his post, always soldierly and efficient. He has been for some years and is at the present time in the insur- ance and real estate business. The first year of the company's organization a muster of the Second regiment under the com- mand of Col. D. M. White was held at Nashua. The camp ground was at Fairmount heights. The Nashua City Guards, Capt. E. J. Copp commanding, assumed the responsibility of all arrangements for camp and providing rations for the five hundred men of the regiment during the three days' en- campment. This, as may be understood, was a contract of no small proportions, but the company, with the hearty co-operation of citizens, proved equal to the emergenc)-, fully sustaining the reputa- tion Nashua has ever held for hospitality. The work of providing the immense amount of food was sj'stematically organized and carried forward to success. Committees were appointed for each ward for soliciting food from house to house and for providing for the delivery of same at the camp at the proper time. The whole city became interested in the work and very few refusals were met b}- the boys on the committee for soliciting. Bread, beans, meats, doughnuts, pies and cakes, literall}' by the cartload, were dispatched to the camp-ground during the three days of the camp. Two large tents hired for the occasion from Boston were erected with a cook-house built between the two for the commissary department. One tent was for the men, the other for the officers of the regiment and the guests. Under the direction of George W. Badger, the chief commissary of the camp, this most interesting feature of the camp was a great success. The second daj' of the encampment Governor Cheney, Adjutant-General Head, Mayor Williams and many prominent citizens were guests at dinner. One chief feature of the dinner, in the recollection of the writer, was two roast pigs in all the beauty of their corporeity, with all the usual culinary fixings. That the occasion was one of great enjoy- ment for everyone present goes without saying. This camp was a great event in the history of the Nashua City Guards and is one of the pleasantest recollections of the members of the company. The crowning glory of the military service of the City Guards was the memorable trip to York- town, October, 1881, in participation in the centennial celebration by the thirteen original states of the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. The appropriation by the legislature of our state provided for the sending of the governor and his staff, and a battalion of three companies with field officers, .staff and baud. The selection of the companies was from those of highest standing as determined by the report of the inspector-general. The companies .selected were the Nashua City Guards, Co. F, Capt. J. E. Tolles, Second regiment; Co. K, Captain Tetley, Third regiment, and the Strafford Guards of Dover, Captain Demeritt, First regiment. The commanding officer selected was Lieut. -Col. E. J. Copp of the Second regiment. Preparations for the trip were made in detail by General Ayling and HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 539 CdloiR-l Copp. A side-wheel steamer belonging to the Stoninglou line was chartered and arrange- ments made for the embarking of the command at Providence. R.I. A contract was made with Hop- kins & Sears, caterers, of Providence, for the important office of supplying the inner man. It is said tliat thnni;_;li the stomach and good digestion come happiness; then, surely, our caterers were not responsible for any unhappiness of the New Hampshire boys on this trip. Through the courtesy and at the suggestion of Crovernor Bell, Colonel Copp issued invitations for a limited nund)er of citi- zens to join the expedition. Quite a number of Nashua citizens accepted the invitation. Among those who enjoyed this memorable trip were Dr. S. (). Dearborn, Cieorge V. Andrews and William H. Reed. Nashua was represented upon (Governor Hell's staff by (leneral Ayling, adjutant-general, and Gen. pnbert Wheeler, inspector-general. Upon arriving in Providence the New Hampshire battalion was met by the ofTicers of the Rhode Island military drawn up in line on Monument stpiare. From here the New Hamp.shire military were escorted to the new and elegant building of the \'eteran association of Providence, where a royal reception and Ijanqnet was tendered them. Governor Littlefield of Rhode Island made a sjieech of welcome and Governor Bell made a reply that for appropriateness and finished rhetoric could not be excelled. Every New Hampshire man present was proud of the governor of their state. Although entirel}' unexpected, Governor Bell's speech was a model of excellence; he appeared a living encyclopedia of facts of history, citing New Hamp.shire's and Rhode Island's joint services in the Wars of the Revolution and the Rebellion, where Rhode Island and New Hampshire regiments fought side by side, and of the services of the distinguished sons of Rhode Island with those of our own New Hampshire. After the banquet the battalion marched to the wharf where the steamer Francis lay waiting with steam up. All on board, about five v. m., the vessel was steaming down the river. Sunday morning found the expedition well on its way out on the broad Atlantic out of sight of land, a new experience for most of the New Hampshire lads. There was a smooth sea but a treacherous swell ; the day was beautiful for those who could get on their sea legs, but the grandeur of the mighty deep and the beauty of the daj- had no charms for many of those on board. Many a brave man went down that day and night under that terrible malady, seasickness, the commanding officer of the expedition leading the whole command in the intensity of his wretchedness. The services held that Sunday morning on the deck of the steamer by Chaplain Powers was attended by a select few. Monday morning Cape Charles was sighted, and ere long Fortress Monroe came into view, the captain of the vessel taking the ship up along the shore off the historic but now obsolete fortress. The sight was an interesting one to the younger generation of soldier boys, whose knowledge of the war in which it took so prominent a part was from their school books or the stories of their fathers. Soon the steamer was in the still waters of the York river where .sea sickness was forgotten and happiness reigned. After a beautiful ride up the river, Vorktown was reached about four p. m., Monday. The old town that had gone to sleep after the last gun of the Civil War had ceased reverberating, was now alive, and the scenes of war days re-enacted. War .ships with bristling guns and transports, gay with bunting and alive with soldiers of another generation filled the harbor. The flags of France, England and Germany floated over their representative war shijjs anchored alongside those of a fleet of our own navy, the entire North Atlantic .scpiadron. Camj) had been established near the Moore house, the scene of the surrender of Cornwallis. The celebration, covering a period of three days, was a rare exjierience for our New Hampshire soldiery. Representing one of the thirteen original .states, they felt the inspiration of the hour, and well filled the position to which they had been a.ssigned. After the ceremony of laying the corner- stone of the monument, the closing event of the celebration was a grand review of the military by the president and cabinet and the foreign embassy representative of the Lafayettes, the Rochambeaus and the von Steubens. That Nashua and the state had reason to be proud of their military is attested by the universal prai.sS given by officers high in rank and by the press generally. Upon the review, after passing the reviewing stand. General Hancock despatched a mounted aid to inquire what troops these were; returning with the information to the reviewing stand the aid was again sent to the h<.;ad of the column of the New Hamp.shire contingent, and, saluting the commander, said, "General Hancock's compliments, and he reque.sts your presence at the banquet this afternoon on 540 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. board the flag ship \"andalia to be given to the foreign embassy." Colonel Copp replied, " Say to General Hancock 1 thank him for this compliment to the military of New Hampshire." The following is taken from the official organ of the army and navy, the "Army and Navy Journal : " "The Granite State, first on the list of the thirteen originals, contributed a battalion of three companies, twenty full files, equipped in a handsome blue uniform, under Lieut. -Col. E. J. Copp of the Second regiment, state troops. These companies were selected as the very best in the state, and well they fulfilled their mission. They passed in solid front receiving round after round of applause. It is said tliat good goods are made up in small parcels, and here was an exemplification of the old adage, for the New Hampshire battalion though small received a place second to none in the passage." The command embarked on the steamer Francis, Thursday afternoon, for home. A head wind anil a rolling sea made the return voyage a repetition of the outward passage; sea-sickness was general and no little alarm prevailed among the more timid of those on board. Many of the party adjusted life preservers and prepared themselves for the worst, fully believing that the ship and all on board would go to the bottom of the sea. Providence was reached in safety about noon on Saturday and soon all were en route by rail for home. The citizens of Nashua, from the organization of the company to the end, took pride in giving to the City Guards their united support. Its honorary membership included more than one hundred of the leading citizens of the city. The social features were no small part of the strength of the com- pany, as indeed it must be in all volunteer military organizations in time of peace. The "annual concert and ball" of the Nashua City Guards became the social event of the city, patronized by the fashion and wealth of Nashua. The companj' was disbanded at the end of its five years' service. An attempt was made to continue the organization as an independent military company for social purposes. The social features, however, crystalized into a club known as the City Guards Veteran association, the military part soon dropping out and disappearing. Company I, Foster Rifles, Second regiment, was organized in the spring of 1879. The companj- was named in honor of Gen. John G. Fo.ster, Nashua's most illustrious soldier. James A. Cobb was commissioned captain, Edward H. Parmenter, first lieutenant, and Judson A. Sawyer, second lieu- tenant, April 3, 1879. From the first inception and organization of the company, these three officers exhibited an enthusiasm and devotion to their duties rarely excelled. They were all veteran soldiers of the war of 1861. Experience has demonstrated that the ideal militia officer is one who has seen actual service and retains his military enthusiasm in the ranks of the militia. With these conditions in this organization there could be no other result than a most excellent military company. It has retained its organization to the present day ; and through all the years it has maintained the high standing it first attained. Each annual inspection by the inspector-general finds the company in the same excellent condition, although there have been many changes among the officers and in the ranks the same military enthusiasm and company pride continues to exist. An inspection by the inspector- general of to-day is quite a different thing from that of the old inspections of the militia days. It means something more than a superficial examination of the company. It now means a rigid, critical examination of every detail in the soldier, the uniform, arms and equipment, as well as the drill and discipline of the company. Fir.st, the general appearance of officers and men in line, the position of the soldier in detail, from the angle of each foot to the elevation of the chin, poise of the head and direction of the eyes, the exact position of the arms and hands and fingers in clasping their sword or rifle, and on to the manual of arms and evolution of the company. It is not too much to say of this company that it is not excelled by any other organization in the state. Company I has also carried off the honors in rifle practice and sharpshooting for several successive years ; Lieutenant Degnan taking the prize gold medal at every competitive rifle practice for the past ten years, and holding the regimental and state badges. The company holds all trophies offered by the state for marksmanship and sharpshooting. The armory of this company was for .several years in the Perham building, corner of Canal and Orange streets, occupying the third floor. In 1890 the company moved into the new and elegant quarters in the armory on Canal street. Lieutenant Parmenter was promoted to captain, Sept. I, 1884. Lieutenant Sawyer resigning, E.H. Saunders was commissioned first lieutenant and C. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 54, E. Lawrence, second lieutenant, June 6, 1885. Willis H. Goodspeed was comniissioiied captain. William R. Seaman, first lieutenant, and F. H. Thompson, second lieutenant. May 25, iSyo. Feb. 5, 1895, Captain Goodspeed was promoted to major and Lieutenant Thompson commissioned captain. The company has an honorary membership of about one hundred of Nashua's business men who take pleasure in giving to the company their support. The annual ball in February and clambake in September, attended largely by its honorary membership, have been a social su.r.s^ tln..ngh all the years of its organization. Company C. vSecond regiment, N. II. X. G., was organized April 23, 18S7. Capt. James A. Cobb was first elected captain, C. T. Lund, first lieutenant, and E. C. Emerson, second lieutenant. Cap- tain Cobb and Lieutenant I.und resigning May 25 of the same year, E. H. Saunders was commis- sioned captain and H. S. Stevens first lieutenant and W. H. Livingston second lieutenant. The other officers of this company succeeding were W. I. L. Elliott, captain, who was succeeded Nov. 24, 1S96, by Ernest S. Woods, who is in command of the company at the present time, Charles A. Poff, first lieutenant. Thomas J. Dane, second lieutenant. This company al.so became quite efficient in rifle practice, H. V. Gains winning a prize medal, and among the best shots were Captain F^lliott, E. J. Stanton, H. F. Long, George H. Conant and J. (). Laton. Company K, Second regiment, known as the Tolles Light Infantry, the last company organized in Nashua to the present time, also occupies the armory on Canal street. W. I. Blanchard, a wide- awake and popular young physician, was nominated and commissioned its first captain. He was pro- moted to major of the Second regiment May 16, 1893, being succeeded by C. E. Faxon in command of the company. Samuel S. Spaulding was commissioned first lieutenant and Arthur Iv. Bowers second lieutenant. Each having resigned they have been succeeded by Arthur G. Shattuck and Charles H. Barker. Captain Faxon's first military service was as sergeant-major of the Second regiment. His efficiency soon won for him promotion to the position of adjutant of the regiment, serving in this capacity till June 5, 1889, the term of his commission expiring at that time. Gen. J. N. Patterson succeeding to the command of the regiment selected Adjutant Faxon as assistant inspector-general with the rank of major. Upon Colonel Copp's promotion to the command of the .Second regiment, the headquarters of the regiment were establi.shed at Nashua. The following Xasliuans were appointed upon the staff of the colonel commanding: Adjutant, Jason E. Tolles; (luarlerniaster, George 1'. Kimball; surgeon, Dr. Charles C. F^llis ; chaplain, Rev. George W. Grover ; paymaster, Charles A. Roby. Upon subsequent promotion of Adjutant Tolles, William li. Spalding was connnissioned adjutant. After holding the position for about one year and upon leaving for Europe, Adjutant Spalding resigned his commission. In 1887 he was appointed upon the staff of Governor Sawyer with the rank of colonel. Colonel Spalding at the present time is cashier of the First National bank. Quarterma.ster Kimball proved to be a very efficient officer, in an important and difficult position. Chaplain Grover was a mo.st popular spiritual adviser, and an enthusiastic officer. He served through his full term of five years. At the time of his appointment and for .some years after, he was pa.storof the Pilgrim church. A brilliant man. a scholar and a i)ul])it orator of a high order. Paymaster Roby is a .son of Luther A. Roby, and is one of Nashua's bright young business men. In 1880 an encampment of the Second regiment was held at Peterboro. This was the last of the regimental camps. In 18S1 a brigade camp ground was established at Concord, upon the fair grounds upon the east side of the Merrimack river. These grounds were subse(iuenlly purchased by the state, enlarged and improved, and at the present time are equalled by few states in the country. Here the annual encampment of the entire state troops is holden. The several Nashua military coinpanies go into camp annually. Tt is the event of the whole year. It is here that the year's experience and instruc- tion is exemplified. The discipline of the encampments of to-day is vastly improved over that of the old militia days, yet it is the writer's observation that too much license is permitted and in too many instances military disciplin*^' is made subordinate to good-fellowship and social pleasure. I'pon military di.scipline depends the life and usefulness of the military organization. 5^2 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. While it is not the proNince of the historian to assume the role of critic, he remarks in passing that the jealous eye of the public should be, and is, upon the morale of the military establishment, as a disciplined military body under efficient officers at all times and conditions for efficient service — and this condition is only possible through discipline — the National Guard is of the first importance ; but without discipline, and as an ornamental appendage for social enjoyment, it becomes too expen- sive a luxury to be supported by a tax burdened people. The hi.story of the military of Nashua without a record of the building of the Nashua armory as a home for the military would be incomplete. Its need had long been apparent. The annual appro- priations by the legislature is insufficient to meet the wants of the military of the state and it is to the several cities and towns that the people must look for co-operation. The direct benefit to the city or town in which the military is located gives to such organizations a claim for support fi'om the city or town and it has become a recognized principle with the state that the city or town that would or could not furnish suitable armory accommodations has no claim upon the state for maintaining there a mili- tary organization. The Nashua companies had for years been without suitable armories and it had been upon the hope of having better quarters that the organizations had been kept alive. The time had now come when definite action must be taken or the military of Nashua would be a thing of the past. With what success the matter was carried forward the writer will leave for others to put upon record. The following relative to the building of the armory is from the Nashua Daily Telegraph : " Before the first day of January, iScjr, will be dedicated in this cit>' the finest armory erected by a private corporation in the United vStates. A credit alike to its promoters, to the city, the state and the national guard of New Hampshire. "This week the carpenters will finish their labors, then the painters will have the run of the building for a couple of weeks, and then, the grand dedication and military ball will take place on a date in the latter part of this month yet to be determined upon. " Two years ago the idea first suggested itself to Col. E. J. Cnpp, the commanding officer of the Second regiment, N. H. N. G., that the Nashua militia should have a home for themselves that should l)e a credit to themselves and the city. The companies were then as now insufficiently quar- tered. A meeting was called in the court room by Colonel Copp early in the .spring of 1889. It had been preceded by several letters in this paper written by this same gentleman urging the necessity of an armor\- in this city. Several meetings were held they finally resulting in June, 1889, of the Nashua Arniorv association being formed with Col. K. j. Copp as president: the directors, J. A. vSpalding, C. II. Burke, J. H. Dunlap and C. A. Rob\-, the latter being also clerk and treasurer. "There was considerable delay in the selecting of a site for the proposed armory, and several plans were submitted to the association before the present excellent site on Canal street, and the plans now being carried out, were decided upon. From one cause or another beyond the control of the committee in charge, work has been delayed and the dedication, which was confidently expected to occur early in the fall, has not yet been fully decided upon. " From the first the brunt of the w' matured, include dedication exer- cises and a grand military ball. The exercises will take place in the afternoon and the ball in the evening. Among those who will be invited are Gov. D. H. Goodell and staft, the entire militia of the state, prominent military men of this and adjoining states and many other prominent men. It has not yet been decided upon who will make all the addresses but previous to the exercises, it is proba- ble that the finest military parade seen here since the dedication of the soldiers' monument will be made through the principal streets. In the evening the military ball in the drill shed is expected to eclipse anything of the kind ever witnessed in this city. The ball will be an invitation affair. After the dedication the companies will at once take charge of their headquarters. " The building itself is in the style of the old feudal castles, less familiarly known in this country than across the water. Its excellent site on the top of a slight slope, with ample ground., in front, add much to the charm the outside has to passers-by. The building, the only one in the city of its HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 3^3 peculiar style, rises three stories in the front, with irregular roof, above a basement half above the ground. The head house is built of cobble stone and brick with single and triple arched stone sur- rounded windows. The wide, arched main entrance is in the center, the walk leading directly from the street to it. It will be the finest entrance in any building in Nashua. Directly to the east ri.ses the octagon tower of brick, fifty feet high in three stories. The tower will be surmounted by a forty foot flag staff, from which ' Old Glory ' will float much of the time. There are entrances on the east and west sides of the drill sheds, and from Grove street into the basement of the head house. The outside dimensions of the head hou.se are seventy feet long by thirty feet deep, and those of the drill shed are fifty by ninety feet. The appearance of the out.side is novel, unique and in perfect harmony with the purjiose for which the building is to be devoted. ■' lUit it is not until one passes inside the armory that the full effect of the beautiful and conveni- ent headquarters that will hereafter be the home of Nashua's military can be realized. The outside promises much and the inside more than fulfills the expectations. " Passing through the ample-sized double cypress doors, panelled with the only bull's eye glass probably in use in the state, one steps into an ample hallway which will be handsomely tinted and lighted by an elegant chandelier. At the immediate left is the conveniently arranged ticket office. To the west of this is the general headquarters which will also be used as ladies' room. It is an ample-sized room with a single and triple arch windows that give a fine view southward. At the west end of the heachiuarters is a handsome oak mantel abo\e tiles of sea green. The entrance is a double doorway with heavy cypress doors. A small door to the left of the main doorway leads to the ladies' dressing room. At the extreme west end of the head house is the serving room, with a dumb waiter running from the kitchen in the basement. Xe.xt east by the stairway is the cloak room. At the right of the main entrance a doorway leads into the tower, which is taken up with winding stairs that lead from the basement to the band room in Ihe third story. By these stairs the rooms on the second and third floor and basement can be reached without entering the main floor bexond the entrance. Just to the north of the tower room is the reception and reading room with a double door leading into the hallway. Opposite the door is a large fireplace with handsome tiles and surmounted with a hea\'y oak mantel. The room will l)e richly furnished. "A double doorway opposite the main entrance opens into the drill shed, the finest one in the state. In its ninety feet of length and fitt\- of width iIkic is not a single pillar to obstruct the move- ments of the soldiers or dancers. On the south side is an am])le balcony for the nuisicians and on the west a stage sixteen by thirty feet. To the tip of the roof it is forty feet, and it is sujiported by five arched bases, over the floor and two half ones at each end. The floor is birch, and probably the finest in the city. The walls will be tinted and painted in liarmonious colors, and it will be the finest dance and drill hall in the city. Kach of the local cominuiies will drill there one night in each week, to be hereafter selected. " An easy winding flight of stairs, with heavy banisters, leads to the second floor where are the companies' suites of rooms. There are three suites, each of two rooms, with double tloors l)etween, and ample arched windows, giving a fine view of the surrounding country. The smaller of the two rooms in each suite is for the officers, and the larger for the privates. When the double doors are thrown back it practically makes one large room of the two. On the gla.ss panels of the main door of each suite will be painted the company's name that occupies it. The center suite, looking directly over Canal street, has already been selected by the Foster Rifles as its heachiuarters. and will be fitted up in the mo.st expensive and luxurious style seen in any jniblic rooms in this city. Company C has not as yet selected its headquarters. At the west end of the stairs is the gentlemen's dressing room. At the right of head of the stairs is the entrance to the tower leading to the ample-sized sightly band room on the third floor. That will be occupied by the Second regiment band. At the west side of the room a short .stairway leads to the roof, practically an exterior roof balcony. There in o])en air the band will rehearse on summer evenings. "The ba.sement is an enormous one and all of it will be utilized. .\t the foot of the tower stairs is the Gatling gun room with a wide opening on Grove street. Next north is the armorer's room in which will be fitted up a work bench for the repairs of guns, etc., and which also contains an ammu- nition va">'iwith an iron door. Then the pool room, for the exclusive use of members, will have a fine table. Behind this are two large company store rooms. Directly under the entrance is the 544 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. boiler room, fitted up with a thirty liorse power boiler. Beyond is a generous sized lavatory with marble wash bowls, etc. The kitchen is at the extreme southwest corner and will be generously fitted up with stoves, sink, closets, dumb waiter and all conveniences. "The rifle range in the center of the basement, shooting to a solid rock wall at the west end, is seventy feet long and eight wide. A bowling alley will also be built in the same place later. These, like the pool room, will be for the exclusive use of the companies and stockholders. The larger part of the rear of the basement will be occupied by storage room which will be to rent, the entrance being on trrove street. "The building is a model of its kind, sulistantiall\- and elegantl\- built. Tiie timbers are all of the best of southern pine. The armory will be lighted by gas and electricity and heated by steam. The stone masonry was done b>- Thomas Kelly ; brick work, E. G. Spalding; pi]nng and plumbing, F. O. Ray; carpenter work, H. A. Holt. All have done excellent work. "The armory will be for the exclusive use of the members of the two local companies, band, and stockholders of the association They will be allowed the liberties of the public rooms, including the reading rooms, at all times, subject to the rules of the association. The hall will also be let for dances, etc., as the association deems proper. "Nashua has reason to feel proud of the architectural beauty of the armors'; of the future home of its military companies that is not equaled in the state and of the public spirit of the chief promoters of the association which made the armorv a fact." IIIK AU.MORY. Ms- HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 545 FRbtMAN SNOW ROGKRS. 1 1(111 I'lLciiian S. Rogers was bom at Dana, Mass., May 7, iSov ilifil at Nasluia, I"fl). 7, 1S80. lie was a son of FKEKMAN SNOW UOOEKS. lilkaniiali and Tainziu (Snow) Rogers and descendant of early settlers of the Massachusetts colony. Mr. Rogers attended the schools of his native town and after that acquired a liberal business and general educa- tion by private study and observation. The active years of his life were spent in the manufacture of palni-lcaf hats. He was located at different periods of his early career at Dana, Ilardwick and Petersham, Mass. In 1846 he located on Merrimack street in this city, in a liuildiiig on the site of the churn factory, where he pursued the business with marked success. lie was a man of the peo- ple. His sterling character, unquestioned integrity, unbiased judgment and executive ability gave him the confidence of the public, and with the added fact that he had served in the Massachusetts general court while a resident of that state, resulted in a demand for his ser- vices in the first and second common councils. In 1855. and again in 1S56, he was elected mayor, and both his administrations were marked with careful and prudent management of municipal affairs and the accomplishment of several permanent improvements. He was a member of the I'niversalist church and for many years a deacon in the Nashua society. Mr. Rogers was twice married : I'irst with V.\\/.:\ Clark, daughter of Hardin and Triphena Clark of Petersham, Mass., by which marriage five children were born : Hardin Clark, boru April 13, 1828, married Kllen Hastings of Petersham, Mass.. died at Hyde Park, Mass., Sept. 7, 1880; Klizabeth, born Jan. 4. 1830, married Albert U. Taylor of Nashua; Henry, born Sept. 14, "831, tlied at sea Aug. II, 1856; Clementine, born Nov. 27, 1832, died March 23, 1833; Sylvester, born Jan. 3, 1837, married Susan Tay- lor of Nashua, killed at the second battle of Hull Run Aug. 29, 1862. Mrs. Rogers died in 1844. Mr. Rogers- second marriage, Sept. 16, 1845, was with I.ydiaS. Haskell, daughter of Charles II. and Damaris (I'lagg) Haskell of Sliulesbury, Mass., who died at Nashua Aug. 19. 1885. Two children were born of tliis marriage; Charles l-'rce- nian, born in Nashua, May 13, 1848, married Mrs. Joseph- ine Camfil of Nashua, .\ug. 21, 1885: Caroline I'rances, born at Nashua, .\ug. 9, 1851, married John K. Hall of Nashua. .Sept. 19. 1872. THOMAS WOCbSTbK GILLIS. Hon. Thomas W. Cillis was born in Decring in 1806. died at Milford in 18S6. He was a son of John and Han- nah (Aiken) Gillis. Mr. C.illis was of Scotch-Irish descent both paternally and maternally, the names of his immigrant ancestors being among the first in the London- derry seltlenient as may be verified in the history of that place. Mr. Gillis was educated in the schools of the district where he was born and was a good specimen of the self- made men of his generation. He came to Nashua in 1828 and by dint of courage and capacity rose from a picker- boy to the agency of the mills of the Nashua Manufactur- ing company, which position he held from 1835 to 1S53. During this term he acted for two years as agent of the .Souhegan mills at Milfonl and was a director and pari owner in iron works at Paterson, N. J., and Knoxville, Tcnn. In the last year mentioned he was chosen presi- dent of the Nashua Gaslight company and became agent of the Vale mills. In 1859 he went to Wheeling, \V. Va., where he built cotton mills which he operatcil about two years. He then built mills at Circleville, Ohio, which he operated till 1873, when, in the financial crisis of that ts i iihi\i\> wiiciMi-.ii r.ii.i.is. vear, fortune deserted him and he returned to New Hampshire and spent the rest of his life at Milford. Mr. Gillis was one of Nashua's first citizens. H<- " •- -^ 546 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. man of strict religious principles, generous and progres- sive. Among the benefits which he conferred upon the people of his time was the Pearl street Congregational church, in which he was the moving spirit, and to the erection of the edifice in which it worshiped (now known as the Uuiversalist church) he contributed more than |3,ooo. He also was closely identified with the fire depart- ment and one of the old hand engines bore the name of "T. W. Gillis." In 1857 ''^ ^'^'^ elected niaj^or. His administration of municipal affairs was marked with the same care and intelligence he bestowed upon his business and private affairs, and is now recalled by old citizens as one of the best of the first decade of the city history Mr. Gillis was united in marriage in 1830 with Rhoda Fuller, daughter of Dr. Robert Fuller of Milford, who died in 1831. His second marriage, 1835, was with Eliza- beth C. French, daughter of .Stephen French of Bedford. One son was born by his first marriage : John Fuller, born Aug. 3, 1S31, died October, 1861 ; by his second marriage, Rhoda F;., born May 24, 1838, married John \V. Hutchin- son in 1874; Mary Moore, born April 7, 1842, married I,- F. Warner in 1870; Sarah ICittredge, born June 2, 1847, married Carl E. Knight of Milford in 1873. ALBIN BEARD. Hon. Albin Beard was born in Nelson, Feb. 28, 1808, twin brother of Alfred Beard, died in Nashua, .Sept. 16, 1862. .M.BIN niiAiiD. He was a son of Asa and Lucy (Goodnow) Beard and a grandson of David Beard, a prominent man in the affairs of Cheshire county. Mr. Beard obtained his education in the common schools of Nelson, and from his father, who was at one lime a school teacher, and learned the printers' trade in the offices of George Hough in Concord and the Sentinel at Keene. He was employed for a few years as a journey- man on the Columbian Sentinel of Boston, and devoted his spare time to writing articles for the newspapers pub- lished by his twin brother. In 1836 he came to Nashua and associated himself with his brother Alfred in the editing and publishing of the New Hampshire Telegrapli. Following the death of his brother in 1839, he became sole editor and proprietor of the Telegraph and so con- tinueil until his death. He was a clear and forcible writer with a keen appreciation of the humorous, and made for the Telegraph a reputation second to none in the state. (See history of the Telegraph.) During Mr. Beard's active career he was one of the first citizens of Nashua and Nashville in all things pertaining to the public weal. In his early manhood he was enthusi- astic in military matters. He was a member of the Lafayette Light Infantry and afterwards captain of the Columbian Grays. In 1840 and 1841 he represented the town of Nashua in the legislature and in 1846 and 1847 he was a member of the same body from Nashville. In 1848, 1849 and 1850 he was a member of the board of superin- tending school committee of Nashville, and in all these years he was one of the strong men who promoted the interests of the Whig party. Mr. Beard labored unceas- ingly to dispel the ill feeling between the two towns, and when a city charter was obtained Ward One elected him to represent the people in the first board of alder- men. He was re-elected in 1854, and in 1858 and again in 1859 he was called to the mayoralty. As chief magistrate of the city he harmonized many conflicting interests and instituted and completed improvements that left him on the top wave of popularity at the close of his administra- tion. When the Republican party, the principles of which he advocated from its inception, came into power in 1861, Abraham Lincoln commissioned him postmaster of Nashua, which office he held at the time of his death. Mr. Beard was an upright and progressive citizen, gener- ous in all his dealings, and a worker in season and out of season in his business and in efforts to advance the inter- ests of Nashua. He was a prominent member of the l^nitarian society, which he served several years as clerk, and had quite a reputation as a vocalist and for nearly a quarter of a centur)' conducted the music of the church. Mr. Beard was united in marriage May i , 1832, with Julia .A.. Crooker, daughter of Maj. Turner and Mary ( Young) Crooker. Mr. Crooker was a son of Japhet and Lydia (Turner) Crooker. Mrs. Crooker was a daughter of Dr. John and Rebecca Young. Four children were born of their marriage: Alfred, born in Boston, I'eb, 23, 1833, died at the same place April 18, 1833; Julia Amanda, born in Boston, April 20, 1836, married June 22, 1861, Gen. Wheelock Graves Veazey (late commander-in-chief of the Grand Army, and judge of the supreme court of Vermont and afterwards a member of the interstate com- merce commission); Lucy Josette, born in Nashua, Jan. 17. 1841, married Oct. 19, 1864, Arthur Bingham of Nashua; .\lfred, born in Nashua, Dec. 24, 1842, married, Aug. 13, 1S63, Lvicy E. Howard of Nashua, died in Lowell, May 6, 1894. HIRAM TENNEY MORRILL. Hon. Hiram T. Morrill was born at Weare, May 22, 1S15, died at Nashua, July 7, 1885. He obtained a common school education and beyond that was a self-taught and self-made man. His early life was spent upon a farm at Weathersfield, Vt. When he attained his majority he invested his savings in a farm which he soon after sold advantageously. With his increased capital he purchased the stage route between Alstead and Charlestown, and by careful management, soon after added to it other lines HISTORY Of A'AS//f;,i, jV. //. and fiiiallv controlled lUt- Forest line, from Nashua to Charlestovvn. In about 1850 the advent of railroads called a halt in staging and made it evident to him that a change in his entcr])rise was necessary. Accordingly he sold out ])art of his interest and founded an exi)ress business between Wilton and Hoston, under the (irni name of Morrill & Co. This firm and business, with the exception of a few years' interim, continued till Jan. i, 1882, when it was sold out to the .\mcrican Express conipanj-. During his active career of more than forty years in Nashua, he was honored with many and laborious posi- tions of trust, and he filled all of them with entire credit to himself. He was an active member of the old state militia, and held many commissions. He was the war mayor of Nashua in i,S62 and i,S6;„ and the amount of ^ IIIU.XM ri.NM-.\ MOKlill.l.. work which he did in those troublesome times, his wise precautions to preserve the peace and uphold the general government, his gratuitous service in hours of danger and sorrow, journeys at his own expense to the battle- field, caring for Nashua's wounded, burying her dead and providing for widows and orphans, are worthy to be recorded among the sacrifices and the brave deeds of the heroes, who, having perfect faith in the justice of their cause and a determination to do a man's whole duty in bringing about the final triumph of the federal arms, stood by the ship of state and Abraham Lincoln in every emergency that arose. That a self-made man, from humble beginnings, should be able to do this should be the very pride of our institutions. Colonel Morrill was elected commissioner of Hills- borough county three times and served seven years. He was a member of the legislature in 1858, 1859 and 1883, :i>id, at the time of his death, was senator from the seventeenth or Nashua district. He was president of the New Hampshire Hanking company, and an active citizen who was ever ready to do his part in any enterprise to advance the interests of the city, and he gave to the poor and every good cause that appeale.l to him with a lavisli hand. In tlie social affairs of life he was the most genial and sunny temperament, always at ease and always entertaining. He was a member of Rising Sun lo-lge, A. !•. and A. M., Meridian Sun Royal Arch cha].ter, St. George coninian|)iness here and hereafter with more zeal and liberality. Ilis contribution in 1870 to rebuild the First church, the original edifice having been destroyed by fire, was |io,rK)0, while his gift to the liuildiug fund for the magnificent edifice erected on Lowell street in 1893 and 1S9.1 was the second largest of the contributions. Dr. Spalding was a willing servant in alt the departments of church activities. He was presi- dent of the New Hampshire Bible society from i860 until his death, a Sunday school teacher, a promoter of mis- sions, chairman of conventions and zealous in promoting all good works calculated to advance the standard of right living and bless the homes of the people. Morethan this no man in Nashua of his generation efore Nashua was incorporated as a city he belonged to the fire department, was foreman of the Nashua company's engine company ami chief of the department. Mr. Otterson held a good many positions of honor and Irnst and assisted several industries upon their feet. He rep- resented his ward in the legislature with ability during two sessions and in 1868 and 1870 was mayor of the city. Mr. Otterson was one of the founders of the I'earl street Congregational church, and no man connected with it was more generous in its support or more constant and loyal to all its missions. He gave it financial support, without which it could not have sustained itself, and when it became necessary to close its doors he was sor- rowful, and yet, true man that he was. he united with its successor the Pilgrim church. Mr. Otterson was a mem- ber of Granite lodge, I. O. O. I-., and was one of the truly good and generous men of Nashua, who performeil every duty of life with conscientious fidelity, and left an unblemished record in all things. Mr. Otterson was twice marrie. 24, 1S21, died at Nashua, March 7, 1895. He was a sou of Jesse and Rebecca (Newell) Whitney, who became residents of Nashua in 1826. His ancestors, both palern.il and maternal, were of Fnglish origin and early settlers in the colony of Massachusetts Hay. Mr. Whitney was educateprenliced himself to John H. Cage for three years to learn the machinists' trade. After completing his trade he went to New York City. He tarried there but a short time. Returning to New Hampshire, 1842, he obtained employ- ment in the machine shop of the ;\nioskeng company at Manchester, where he remained nine months. His next move was to Nashua, and here he remained. Mr. Whit- ney went to work fr)r his old employer, Mr. Cage. 1843, MS foreman, and continued in that position until the winter of 1852, when, with David A. <".. Warner, he became a partner in the business, the firm name being Cage, Warner ^t Whitney. The new firm, owing to the fact that the business had outgrown the buildings on Water street, built a large shop on Hollis street. The firm prospered. It employed a large number of men and was widely known. In 1862 Mr. Cage, the senior partner, was accidentally killed at I'ranklin by the ilischarge of a shotgun which he was removing from a wagon. The firm was then re-r)rganizeil under the name of Warner & Whitney, and so continued until 1S73. when upon the death of Mr. Warner, Mr. Whiliiej- became sole projiric- tor, and managed the business until his death. It was not alone, however, in the manufacturing inter- ests of Nashua that Mr. Whitney was prominent and progressive. He took a conspicuous part in her military and civil affairs. In 1S42 he identified himself with the (.Koiti.K II. \vlll^^■|■;^. I,afayette Light infantry, and from that lime to 185S was active in many of the numerous companies of those days, holding a first lieutenant's commission in the Granite 554 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. State Cadets. He was also quartermaster of tlie Fifth regiment, New Hampshire infantry, in 1858, and an officer in the Cadets until about 1862, when the company dis- banded and most of the men enlisted in the cause of their country. To this honorable record it should be added that Mr. Whitney represented his ward in the legislature in 1S55 and 1856, served in the board of alder- men in 1857 and 1858, and was chosen mayor by the Republican party in 1S75 by a large majority. Mr. Whit- ney served the city in 1886 ou the board of assessors. He was a member of tlie Pilgrim Congregational church, Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M., Meridian Sun Royal Arch chapter, St. George comnianderj-, K. T., and Edward A. Raymond consistory, 32d degree, also of Granite lodge, I. O. O. F. Mr. Whitney was united in marriage April 25, 1844, with Susan G. Stickne}-, daughter of Luther A. and Ruth CHARLES WILLIAMS. Hon. Charles Williams was born at Easton, Mass., Aug. I, 1816, died at NasHua, May 19, 1894. Richard Williams, his first American ancestor, was born at Glamorganshire, Wales, as early as 1599. He came to this country in 1632 and settled at Taunton, Mass., in 1637. He has been called the "Father of Taunton." His wife, F'rancis Dighton, was born in Somersetshire, England. She was a sister to the first wife of Governor Endicott. (See History of Bristol county). He was deputy to the gen- eral court of Plymouth in Taunton in 1646, 1648, 1650, 1 65 1 and several subsequent years, and was first ou the list of those who made the south purchase (Dighton); also of those who made the north purchase which in- cluded Easton, Norton, Mansfield and a part of Attle- 1)orough. Both history and tradition link this line of the llESIDENCK OF MRS. CHARLES \\ 1 1,I.I.\MS. (Glover) Stickney, and of their seven children three have died: George F., born at Nashua Nov. 2, 1846, married Elthea Davis, Nov. 15, 1871; Charles H., born at Nashua June 22, 1851, married, first, Lizzie J. Genther of Waldboro, Me., second, Anna F. Fisher of Nashua; Alice G., born at Nashua, Sept. 26, 1853, married William H. Sexton, Sept. 27, 1881 ; Eugene P., born at Nashua, Nov. 28, 1855, married Sept. 26, 1883, Elizabeth L. Jobert, died Nov. 19, 1887, and, second, Myra B^ White, in April. 1891 ; Clarence R., born at Nashua, July 24, 1849, died Oct. 8, 1868; Willis I., born at Nashua, March 21, 1848, died June 10, 1848; Susan May, born at Nashua, Dec. 23, 1859, and died Jan. 2, i860. Williams genealogy to that of Oliver Cromwell, the protector, who was also a descendant of Richard Williams of Glamorganshire, Wales. His name was Williams, known in history as "Cromwell alias Williams," the assumed name of Cromwell being taken from his mater- nal uncle, Thomas Cromwell, who held the portfolio of state to Henry VI 11., and who made him an heir. Roger Williams was also of the same line. He outlived the Plymouth government and died at Taunton, Mass., 1692, leaving nine children. His estate is still in the posses- sion of his descendant. The direct descent fror.i Richard Williams of Taunton is as follows: Benjamin, the sixth son, settled at Easton, Josiah settled at Bridgewater; Seth, HISTORY OF j\ASUUA, A'. //. 555 tlie greal-Krandfather of Mr. Williams, was born at Bridgewater, May 21, 1722, settled at Eastoii, 1740, married Susannah Forbes, May 21, 1750, born at Bridgewater, May 26, 1732. Edward Williams, his grandfather, born at Eastou, Jan. 28, 1751, married Sarah I,othrop, born at Bridgewater, November, 1755, married Dec. 3, 1772; he still retained the homestead where Lieut. Seth Williams, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born Jan. 29, 1776, died November, 1851. He was a tanner by trade and took i''"'- '" ''"^' "'••'' "^ 1S12. lie married Sarah Mitchael in iScki. She was a daughter of Colonel Mitch- ael of Bridgewater, Mass., an active man in the Revo- lutionary War and for many years a member of the leg- islature from Eas- ton He lived near the homestead. They had eight children, Charles, the subject of this sketch, being the third son. Mr. Williams received a rudi- mentary educa- tion in the district school of his native place and spent his Ijoyhood on his father's farm. His business career commenced at eighteen, when he apprenticed him- self to the Easton Iron works four years, his compen- sation being twen- ty-five dollars for the first year, fifty dollars for the second, seventy- five dollars for the third, and one hundred and twen- ty-five dollars for the fourth. The financial crisis of 1837 embar- rassed the iron business, and Mr. Williams went west and located at Springfield, HI., but at the end of two years returneresenled it in the sovereign /ftmfm^ ' \ f!li\|AMl\ I'l.KTfllKH. In grand lodge in 1871 and 1872. In religious matters he is a T'niversalist. Mr. Fletcher is a man of ideas, and in the lodge or before the public is never at a loss to clotlie these ideas so as to make their significance plain and forcible. In fact he is a self-made, self-reliant man whose career shows what may be accomplished by study ami application. Mr. I'letcher was united in marriage in 1859 with Parmelia Ingram, ilaughter of Roswell and I. aura (rratt) Ingram of Nashua and a descemlant of Samuel Ingram and Richard I'ratt. There were four children of their marriage, all born in Nashua: Frank M., born Deo. 24, 1859, graduated at Nashua high school, class of 1881, died Jan. 25, 1885; I.aura Helle, boru April 29, 1864; .\gnes, born Dec. 4, 1870, died April, 1S74; Rosalind, born Dec. 4, 1870, married O. C. Cole of liridgeporl. Conn., Oct. 30, i8()0. ALFRHD METCALF NORTON. ■ Hon. .Mfred M. Norton was born at dreenland, .April 13, 1822, died at Nashua, July 13. 1892. He was a son of 558 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Daniel J. and Mar_v (Marstou) Norton. His paternal ancestors were of English origin, and among the early settlers of the territory roundabout Dover. His maternal grandfather was Thomas Marston, who married Mary White. Both families were among the first people of their section, active and influential in social circles and public affairs. Mr. Norton was educated in the common schools of his native place and graduated at Brackett academy .\pril i, 1851. He entered the service of the Boston Gaslight company, where, by industry and perseverance, he mastered every de- tail of the business and was rapidly advanced from one position to another until he became recognized as one of the expert gas engineers of New England. In 1853 he became man- ager of the gas works at Dover, where he remained seven years. He then became em- ployed at the gas works in East Bos- ton, and in 1861 became the com- pany's manager, a position he held until he came to Nashua in 1S74, making thirteen years in the service of that company. He held the re- sponsiljle position of engineer and manager of the Nashua Light, Heat and Power company from the date last men- tioned until his death, and for sev- eral years was treasurer of the company. During his administration the gas company's plant was remodeled, enlarged, new buildings were erected, modern inventions and methods adopted and the price of gas to consumers reduced nearly one-half. It will thus be seen that Mr. Norton spent forty years of his life in the manufacture of gas, and that during thirty-eight years of this time he was a manager. In 1883 and 1884 Mr. Norton served the city in the office of mayor, and although elected and re-elected by a parti- san political organization, it is greatly to his credit that he gave the city a non-partisan administration both in his appointments and in the demand for improvements. AI.FKED METLALF NORTON. There was nothing small or hollow-hearted in .\lfred ]\I. Norton in any association or business transaction of life. He was commanding in stature, perfect in physical pro- portions, democratic in social life, conservative in judg- ment, faithful to every trust, and had the complete confidence of the people. Mayor Norton built the Canal street iron bridge, completed undertakings begun by former administrations, and incepted and carried forward other improvements that have been of vast importance to the public. Following this service to the city his party desired to nominate him for senator, well knowing that his popularity would insure his election , but he declined the honor. Mr. Norton was made a Free Mason in Strafford lodge at Dover, and was knighted in Wil- liam Park man c o m m a u d e r y , Knights Templar, at East Boston. He affiliated with the local bodies, and, by reason of his commanding stature, marched at the head of the column in St. George command- ery whenever that body appeared in public. Mr. Norton was united in marriage at Gonic, July 13, 1859, with Leona E. Foster, daugh- ter of Nathan and Sally (Gilson) Fos- ter. Mr. Foster was born at Nor- way, Me., April 9, 1795, died at Nor- way, Me., Jan. 19, 1S37; Mrs. Foster wasborn atGroton , Mass., Dec. 30, I79i,died at Nash- ua, July 13, 1SS2. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Norton are : Mary f;., born June 17, i860, at Reading, Mass.; Julia L., born Oct. 12, 1861, at Boston, Mass., married Albert J. McKean of Nashua, April 23, 18S9; Harry Austin, born Dec. 13, 1863, at Boston, married Katherine Gallinger of Concord, Oct. 10, 1888; Leone S., born Feb. 8, 1866, at Boston, married Frank H. Ivers of Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 8, 1S84; Fred W., born at Boston, Nov. 17, 1868, mar- ried Almira Mercy Whithed of Nashua, Oct. 24, 1894; Paul T., born at Boston, June 4, 1870; Arthur E., born at Boston, Dec. g, 1871 ; Walter I"., born at Boston, Oct. 20, 1873. JIISTORY or NASHUA, N. II. JOHN AUGUSTINE SPAI.hlNG. 559 IIiui. John A. SpaUIiiiK was born in Wilton, May 29, 1837. lie is a son of Moses and Anna II. (Kimball) Spalding. The name appears early in the middle ages of English History when battles were fought hand to hand (see "Spalding Memorial," published in 1872), and a coat-of arms was deemed essential to honor. There is a town in Lincolnshire, Rng., bearing the name, and it is from that place that luUvaril Spaldon (the name being written Spalding and Spaulding in the next and suc- ceeding genera- tions") emigrated to this country in 1630 or 1631. He settled at Brain- tree, Mass., where his first wife ami daughter died. In 1645 his name aj)- pears among thir- ty-two petitioners for a tract of land for the purpose of a settlement, and subseqjient rec- ords show that, in 1655, he be- came one of the incorporators of Chelmsford, Mass., named after Chelmsford, Eng- land. The family name of his second wife, Racliael, is not given in the records of that day, but the line- age is successively traced through seven generations to the subject of this sketch. The descendants of this pioneer, like that of many another early settler, are scattered through- out the union. They have held, and still hold, prominent places in the professions, in the mercantile and monetarj' world, in manufacturing industries and all the occupations in which men are employed for a liveli- hood . Mr. Spalding was educated in the district schools of his native town and at the Nashua Literary institution, of which I'rof. David Crosby was the founder and jirinci- pal. From 1S50 to 1856 he was a clerk in the clothing store of his "irother, Capt. William R. .Spalding, at Law- rence, Mass. In the last j'ear mentioned, lieing then in his nineteenth year, he came to Nashua and engaged iu lOlIN .\li;i .M INK .SI'. \I. DING. the same line of trade for himself. lie continue.! in the business with good success until 1S62, when the l-irsl National bank was founded and he was chosen cashier a position he held, with credit to himself and the entire confidence of the community, until January, 1895. thirty- two years, when he rcsignero- fessions, the mer- cantile world and the general occu- pations of men. On the maternal side he is a de- scendant of David Lewis of l'"rances- lowii, of wlioni honorable mention is maile under ilate of 1764 in Coch- ran's history of that pl.ace. Mr. llurke came to Nashua with his parents in iS56and was eilucated in our puldic schools. During his minor- i t y h e was em- ployed in his father's bakery, and shortly after attaining his ma- jority he liecame a a partner in the linsiness, the firm name being N. \V. Burke & Son. His father died in 18,83, ""<• since that time he has conducted the business alone, having added new machinery from time to time, increasing the output and keeping abreast of the times. Mr. Burke is one of the most reliable and busy business men in Nashua, and besides the management of his bakery is presiot square, and he added the Arling- ton street school - house and the Court street police station to the needed and per- manent improve- ments of the city. He also improved the sewerage system, sidewalks, streets and highways and devoted his time unstintedly to the public service, and to the inci- dental things that convenience the people and give a city an important uanie abroad. Mr. Burke was appointed ou the Nashua police commission in 1891 by Gov. Hiram A. Tuttle, and re -appointed by Gov. John B. Smith for a term ending in 1899. He is clerk of the board and highly regarded by his associates and those who have business with the department. It is not alone iu the business and political world that CII.VKI.HS 11. BUKKE. Mr. Burke has been an active citizen. He has shown praiseworthy interest in church, educational, social and benevolent organizations and has done his part in pro- moting the interests of each. He is a member of the Universalist church and its treasurer for the past fifteen years, and served the Ballou association as its president, taking part in its entertainments and encour- aging its members to lives of usefulness. Mr. Burke is a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and -A. M., and of Edward .•\. Raymond consistory 32d degree; also of I'en- nichuck lodge, I. O. O. F., of which he is past grand, of Indian Head encampment of which he is past ])atriarch, and E v e n i u g Star lodge, K. of P., of which he is past chancellor. He is an honorary mem- ber of the New Hampshire Vete- rans' association, a deserved com- pliment paid him for his patriotic service in build- ing the monument to the memory of Nashua's veter- ans, and a former meui1)er of the Citv Guards club. :\Ir. Burke w-as united iu mar- riage Sept. 7, 1S76, with Asenath D. Spalding, daugh- ter of Hosea B. and Dorcas (Mar- shall) Spalding of Merrimack. (For genealogy see sketch of Solo- m on .S p a 1 d i n g, Mrs. Burke's pa- ternal ancestry be- ing practically the sanie.^ They have one child, Tena, born at Nashua, Dec. 25, i88g. WIl.LIAM H. BEASOM. Hon. William H. Beasom was born in Nashua, at the homestead on Main street where he now resides, Aug. 17, 1S61. He is a son of William D. and Jane N. (Boardmau) Beasom. (For ancestors see sketch of his father.) Mr. Beasom was educated in the public schools of his native city, and, with the exception of five years spent iu California, Colorado and Nebraska, has alwaj-s had his home here. His business is that of a manufacturer. He was treasurer of the Uuderhill Edge Tool company from HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. If. 563 18S6 till its ])laiit anil business were sold lo the American Axe company in 1891, and the Nashua Sa])kiiis, four years by Solomon SpaMing & Co., and eighteen months by Seth I). Chandler. In 1869 he bought oul the general store of Hopkins & Ramsey, anil in 1874 w 11.1.1 \Mn II \I I. sold out to C. C. Shattuck & Co.. for whom he wascleik for the next two years. Jan. 1. 1S76, he bought a half interest in the business, which assumed the name of 564 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Shattuck & Hall. Mr. Sliattuck -withdrew in 1886 and since then Mr. Hall has continued the business by him- self. Aside from business Mr. Hall has been interested in public improvements and other things that inure to the advancement of the interest of the city and individuals. In 1872 and 1S73 he was a member of the common coun- cil, and in 1874 deputy sheriff of the county. In 1892 he was elected mayor of Nashua, and his administration of the municipal government during the year 1893 was marked by the completion of the Amherst street school- house and the erection of the Amherst street fire engine house, one of the finest buildings of its kind in the state. He inaugurated and carried forward to completion sev- eral other improvements, and made a cleau record that will stand the test of time and be a source of pride to his descendants. Mr. Hall attends the Universalist church and is a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. 1". and A. M. Mr. Hall was united in marriage Nov. 28, i85o, with Jane F. A. Howard, daughter of Benjamin and Pliebe (Damon) Howard of Hinghain, Mass. They have one sou, Frank W. Hall, born at Nashua, June 3, 1874. THOMAS SANDS. Ilun. Thomas Sands was l)orn at St. Albans, Me., Julj- 4, 1833. In 1840 the government appointed his father, Hiram Sands, supervisor of the construction of Fort Smith, Ark., and the family removed to that place. The fort, being located on the line of the Choctaw Indian ter- ritory, was remote from educational advantages and con- sequently his schooling came from parental instruction and general observation. Five years later he became a resident of Cambridge, Mass., where he attended a gram- mar school two terms. At the age of fourteen he appren- ticed himself for three years to the Davenport Bridges and Kirk I^ocomotive manufacturers. During this time he exhibited marked inventive talent, among the things pro- duced by his brains and hands Ijeingthe first roller skate. His next place of employment was with the Moss & Osborn Steam Engine company in Boston. While there he invented Sands' brick-making machine. He produced several of these machines and successfully operated them, after which he located a mauufactory at St. Johnsbury, Vt., and traveled extensively for the purpose of intro- ducing them among brick makers. In 1853 he set up one of his machines within a stone's throw of the capitol at Washington and invited the senators and congressmen to witness its workings. The result was the sale of the patent for $25,000. Mr. Sands' next place of emploj'ment was with the Singer Sewing Machine company in Boston. He remained with the company a short time, when, by mere chance, he became acquainted with a manufacturer of reed organs. The result was he apprenticed himself for the remainder of his minority to M. O. Nichols of Boston, and before his term of service ended he invented a pipe organ in the shape of the present grand piano, which he patented. During this time he became a self-taught organist and was engaged at three dollars a week to play in churches. Leaving Mr. Nichols he formed a co-partnership with John P. Lindsey, the object being to manufacture organs. The venture was not successful and the partnership was terminated in 1856. Mr. Liudsey continued the business and established shops in Lacouia, and Mr. Sands was in his employ as superintendent until 1857, when the enter- prise was abandoned. Thrown again upon his own resources he invented a card printing press, which was the inception of the proof press now in general use. He traded this machine, before it was patented, for land in South Reading, Mass. His next venture was a partnership with a Mr. Prince for the purpose of manufact ring brick. They furnished the contract of brick for the construction of the Franklin street schoolhouse at Manchester. Prince failed in 1867 after filling several contracts, but the young inventor, although a lo.ser, was not easily discouraged. He returned to Laconia and entered the employ of Gardner Cook — a manufacturer of sash, doors and blinds — for the purpose of manufacturing his invention known as the spring TIIOMA.S SAND.S. needle for hosiery. Mr. .Sands refused an offer of $10,000 for the patent, but put this invention against |io,ooo capi- tal, and with S. T. Thomas went into the business under the name of the Sands Needle company. He continued in the business until 1S70, when he sold out. The next product of Mr. .Sands' active brain is known as the White Mountain ice cream freezer. He established a manufac- tory at I,aconia and was on the top wave of success, when, in 1881, his works were destro)'ed by fire. A new factory was established in Nashua and was successfully managed by Mr. Sands until 1889, when he sold his interest to a syndicate for a large sum of money. It is one of the flourishing industries of the city at the present time. Mr. Sands now, on account of his health, physicians informing him that he would not live very long if he con- tinued the mental strain he was under, retired tempora- HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. S'-'.S rily from the activities and cares of mainifacturiiiK inter- ests. Me invested his money largely in real estate ami took life easy. Tlie habits of a life time, however, could not be overcome. He felt unsettled, and consequently he liecame interested with others in hioating the manufac- tory of the nianchard Churn comjiany in Nashua. lie is pre.sident of the company at the present time, and has been interested, financially and otherwise, in the Sands & Brown manufacturing company, a concern that manu- factures woven wire sprinsr beds, the l)usiiiess of which he was instrumen- tal in bringiui; to Nashua. Mr. Sands' close application to bus- iness has not pre- vented him from taking an active part in the affairs that concern the welfare of his country .lud the c o ni m unities where he has re- sided. He was an original anti-slav- ery man, and, in his younger days, when a resident of Boston, was count- e d among the belligerents who resisted the return of Anthony Burns to slavery. Satiir- day, June 2, 1S54, he even went so far as to partici- pate in the hazard- ous effort to break down the doors of the court house where the fugitive was confined, and while the excite- ment was at white heat w'as supposed to have discharged firearms which killed Blanchard. He has clung tena- ciously all his life to the principles of hisyoutli.aud isan outspoken and fearless advocate of whatever he believes to be for the best interests of the public. Public office holding has not been his aim or purpose in life. He has many times refused to be a candidate, and not till he was relieved of the cares of business would he permit his friends to use his name for the office of mayor of Nashua. He was the candidate of the Republican party in 1892, and re-nominated by acclamation in 1893, and in the last named }-ear was elected for the municipal year, [894. Mr. Sands made some substantial and satisfactory improve- ments upon the streets and highways; he was instru- JO.SKl'lI \\ IIU\V.\I!I), mental in the purchasing of Nashua's first ron.l ninchiiie. and in every way showed a practical knowledge of roa.l making. In fad he instituted many improvements in the departments of the public service and filled llie chair and performed the .hities of the chief executive of the city with credit to himself. -^s a citizen, since his residence iu Nashua, Mr. Samls has occupied a high and honorable position in the esti- mation of his fellow citizens. He has lieen active not only in doing zealously and willingly all that he could for the advancc- ineiit of tlie city's interests and the welfare of thegen- eral public, but has also respond- ed liberally to jirivate aod public charities. Mr. Samls is a York .Mason and a Scottish Rite Ma- son of the 32d degree, a niember and past grand of W i n n i |)iseogee lodge, I. (). O. I-., I.aconia. a Knight of Pythias, and a member of the In- dependent Order of the o I d e n Cross. lie is also a musical director of the I'liitarian choir and active iu minor societies. Mr. Sands has been twice mar- ried. His first wife was Elizabeth C, daughter of Col. S. I). Johnson of Bed- ford. P'ive chil- dren were born to them, the only survivor of whom is Lizzie I., wife of Kriiest .\. Morgan. Mrs. Sands died in 1S88. His second marriage was with Mrs. l.izzic M.. Russell, widow of Joseph K. Russell of Laconia, at Nashua, October 6, 1890. JOSEPH WOODBURY HOWARD. Hon. Joseph W. Howard was born at Washington, Nov. 22, 1844. He is a son of Iw.ra P. and Mary (Trow) Howard. Mr. Howard was educated in the public schools of his native place, at Tubbs' I'nioii academy at Washington and at the academy at New London. I'poii leaving school he returned to his home in Washington. A little later he was engaged in business for aliout a year in 566 HISTORY or NASHUA, N. H. Manchester. In 1S67 Mr. Howard came to Nasliiia and entered the furniture store of E. P. Brown, becoming for a partner in the business shortly after and so continuing a nunilier of years. Upon the dissolution of the firm he formed a co-partnership with Capt. C. D. Copp, under the firm name of Howard & Copp, and continued the business. This firm was dissolved after two or three years of successful business, and Charles H. I'rench became his partner under the firm name of Howard S: French. Still later the firm was changed by the admis- sion of David Heald of Milford to Howard, French & Heald. This firm had a manufactory at Milford in addi- tion to its manufactory in Nashua, and did a very large wholesale business. It was dissolved in January, 1S94, French X: Heald assuming control of the Milford branch and Mr. Howard becoming sole proprietor of the busi- ness in Nashua, in which he still continues. Mr. Howard's enterprise is of the kind that is not easilj- discouraged or embarrassed by adversity. Fire of the most destructive character has followed him with a persistency that would wreck a less hopeful and deter- mined man. His retail department was totally destro3'ed while located in the old Beasom block ; his manufactory in the Greeley buildings on Lowell street was badly damaged, his manufactory in the old Washington house and its annex on Main street was wholly consumed, as was his manufactory and storehouse on Front street. At other times he has suffered from less destructive fires, the last being the burning of the upholstery department of his business on Front street. Notwithstanding these discouragements he has steadil)' rebuilt, and increased his capacity for business and at the present time, in addition to his local business, is president and manager of the Howard Furniture company, organized in 1892, which has a large manufactory at Wilton and a store- house and salesroom on Front street, Nashua. Few if any of the active men of to-day have done more in help- ing onward the progress of the city in the past twenty- five years. He was half owner with his father in building Howard block, and has rendered pecuniary and otlier assistance to other equally important enterprises, includ- ing the Masonic temple and Odd Fellows block. But it is not alone in business that Mr. Howard's induence has been felt in the things that make a live city. He has takeii a conspicuous part in pu1)lic affairs, and, being a man in whom the people place implicit confi- dence, has held uearl)- every office within the gift of his ward and the city. After serving Ward One on the board of selectmen, he represented it in the common council in 1877 and 1878, and in the lioard of aldermen in 1879 and iSSo, and has served the city on the board of education twelve years. He was a member of the legislature of 1887 and 1888, in which the great railroad fight occurred, and represented the district in the senate of 1893 and 1894, performing his duty to the state in a conscientious mauner and winning the approval of his con.stitueuts to the degree that caused them to insist on his candidacj- for the mayoralty in 1894. In the social world Mr. Howard has been equally con- spicuous. He is a Universalist and a liberal contributor to the needs of that denomination in Nashua; a member of Rising Sun lodge, A. F. and A. M., Meridian Sun Royal Arch chapter, Israel Hunt council, St. George commandej"y, K. T., and Edward A. Raymond con- sistory, 32d degree. He is a Knight of Pythias and an Odd F'ellow, in the last order being president of the Iniilding association that owns Odd Fellows block, and a member of the City Guards club. He is also a member of the board of trustees of the Nashua Savings bank and a director in the First National bank, besides holding similar positions of trust in several other city institu- tions. In a word he is a very busy man and an influen- tial factor in the industrial, municipal and social life of Nashua. Mr. Howard was united in marriage Aug. 27, 1868, with Naucy J. Hasseltou, daugliter of Joel aud Mary (Herrick) Hesselton of Wilton. Three children have been born of their marriage : Charles Woodbury, born Oct. 28, 1869. married Blanche L. Baldwin, 1894; I-'rauk Barrett, born Sept. 20, 1871 ; Mary Ilasselton, born Aug. 14, 1876. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. //. 567 MUNICIPAL. THI: Civil, GOVERNMKNT OF THH TOWNSHIPS OH DUNSTABI.K. Ol.l) DUNSTABLH. Nashua, Nashville and thh City of Nashua. !!v \v. <). ci.()i(;ii. TWV. practical-miiiikd student who entertains a purpose to contribute to llie connnon stock ot knowledge relative to the men— their civil government and their achievements— who were ]irominent in public stations in the townships of Dunstable, Old Dunstable, Nashua. Nash- ville and the City of Nashua in past decades, finds himself somewhat end)arrassed at the ver}- outset of his task. He discovers when searching old records, comparing citations aurinciple, tenacious in their individual rights, and strict in matters of di.sci- pline. They were Puritans : dissenters. They recognized no man as master and j>aid only such deference to the king as was compulsory. In fact, while they tacitly gave their consent to be gov- erned, so far as the affairs of state were concerned, they governed themselves in communities. Their system of government, as developed in this country, was not, as many persons believe, moulded from British customs. It was the result of necessity, each step in its advance having been taken to meet the demands of an increased population. In early times public affairs were con.sidered and passed upon by the whole body of freemen, but the frequent attendance upon town meetings by widely scat- tered settlers became burdensome, and hence certain ])ersons were selected to act for a stated time. their authority being "to order the affairs of the town." This was the origin of the board of select- men. Other town offices were " set up " to meet growing demands. Here, then, is the beginning of local civil government. UUNSTABLF UNDHK ITS FIRST CHARTFR. The objective point for those who would know more of the municipality is the townships of which it is the successor. As early as 1650 the general court of Massachusetts granted tracts of land in the Merrimack valley to actual settlers and to others who would agree to pay a nominal tax. These tracts or farms, were located as extending from Chelmsford along the banks of the Merrimack and Souhegan rivers. In 1655 settlers began to arrive-Jonathan Tyng being the f^rst-an.l a few years later 167^,, their number having increased so that they felt the "need of accommodation" (the legal right to establish local government, impose taxes and settle a minister) they petitioned the general court of Massachusetts for a charter. This petition was signed by Thomas Kdwards Thomas Wheeler, senior, Thomas Brattle, Jonathan Tyng and twenty-two others. The prayer of the peti- tioners was granted Oct. 16, 1673. (old style.) It containe.l the usual conditions of the times: "that 568 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Five Hundred acres of Upland and Meadow be laved out for Publick use and tliat they jiroceed in setting up ye Plantation as to finish it out," (i. e., procure such number of settlers as would sujiport a minister, clear, break up, fence, l)uild houses and live in them), "within three years, and maintayne and able Orthodox minister.'' The charter, which did not give the town a name, was duly accepted and an organization perfected. They named the new borough Dunstable (in compliment to Marj- Tyng, mother of Jonathan Tyng, who came from Dunstable, Eng.) and entered into a compact fixing the methods by which they would Ije governed. There are no consecutive records of their minor transactions. The\' met, as occasion required, in farm houses and on May i6, 1674, voted to build a meeting-house between Salmon brook and the house of Lieutenant Wheeler. The next A'ear, 1675, King Phillip's war broke out and the incursions upon the settlement so scattered the inhabitants (Jonathan T\ng, onl\', remaining) that this vote became inoperative. Three years later, iri7,S, peace having been restored, the people returned to their homes and the meeting house was Iniilt. It was a rude affair compared with the church edifices of to-day and can better be imagined than described. In 1679 the delayed conditions of the charter were " finished out " with thirty families, and the future made secure by the settlement of Rev. Thomas Weld. Their affairs then ran in a smooth channel for a number of years. In i6,Sy a revolution ha\ing occurred in Great liritain and James II. being deposed, they chose John Waldo, Cornelius Waldo and Robert Parris to represent them in a conven- tion, held in Boston, "for assuming the government." The convention was, in spirit and purpo.se, a declaration of inalienable rights and thus a forerunner of American independence. In 1692 Jonathan Tyng and Thomas Henchman were their representatives. The)- murmured at the expense — legisla- tors being paid at that time by the town instead of the state as now — and, discovering that they were not compelled by law to be represented, voted "not to send." The settlers had now enjoyed about ten years of peaceful life. Their dream of pro.sperity, how- ever, was rudely broken. King William's war broke out and many of their wisest and best men were slain, and they were again forced to flee for their lives. Oueen Anne's war followed in its train, and finally those who remained were compelled, under the lead of John Lovewell, to give battle to the merciless savages whose depredations had reduced them to poverty and compelled them in 1701 and again in 1704, to apply to the colonial treasurer for aid, tv\'enty pounds being granted them each time. The story of those twenty-five j^ears of hardship, the record of the deeds of bravery of those who defended wives and children, their suffering, their experiences in the wilderness, the tragic death of Weld, Lovewell and a score of others is a story of romantic interest and is simpl}- mentioned here to preserve continuity. Peace came at last, and in 17 11 the broken-hearted and impoverished settlers, who had been living in garrisons the greater part of the time for twenty-five years, could number but thirteen families, a total of eighty-six persons. But they had courage and looked to the future with a determined purpose to regain all and more than they had lost. Local government had meantime fallen into disuse, and for some time following the last date nothing of striking importance is noted in their records. They built roads and bridges, paid their just proportion for keeping the highways of the town and those south of them in repair, l)uilt a boom across the river, glazed the meeting-house appointed Joseph French coffin-maker, and " constructed " a town boat, 1728, for " fording the Merri- mack," probably at Little's .station, now South Nashua, for the purpose of communicating with their neighbors on the territory now known as Hudson. It must not be understood, however, that the early settlers of Dunstable were oblivious of the doings of the general government. Far from it. They kept a watchful eye on all that was transpiring, and the only reason that can be assigned for their failure to participate is found in their pecuniary embarrassments. That they were opposed to "heredity rule" and determined to assert their inde- pendence is susceptible of proof though the fact that, notwithstanding their method gave ofhence, they insisted on choosing a grand juryman as early as 1723 and continued their practice. It is also shown in the fact that for more than fifty years after receiving their charter they neglected — although frequently reminded by agents of the government— to establish a public school. They maintained that their people were too widely scattered to make a school advisable and that for all purposes for which they had any use for book knowledge they were able to give instruction in their homes. They taught their children reading, mathematics and penman.ship, and it is not too much to say that they proved competent teachers. In 1730, however, the adjoining towns cau.sed them to be indicted, whereupon they raised ten pounds and employed a teacher one season. They felt, however, that they HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 569 were being imposed upon and lapsed into the old way. No further attempt was made to coerce them. The years that followed before the town was divided, by reason of the settlement of the boundary line dispute between Massachusetts and New Hampshire, were years of comparative plentv. They culti- vated their farms, paid their taxes— the total amount for all town purposes, including the minister's salary, being from two hundred and fifty dollars to four hundred dollars a year— kept their highways in repair and sought forgetfulness of past misfortunes. A few disturbing affairs of public momeiil. however, crept in upon them. The first of these was a proposition to purchase the ministerial farm of Rev. Mr. Ki(hlcr :is a parsonage. There were a good many dissenters to this proposition and also a hitch as to whom the deed should be made. Considerable hard feeling was engendered and threats were made to apply to the general court for redress, but happily the cloud j.assed without a serious storm. The second disturbing subject related to the meeting-house. It "was out of repair and not dccciU." The (|Ucstion to be .settled was "would the town build a decent meeting-house or rectify and iiand the old one." It was voted to build. A year of vexatious wrangling followed. It was then decided to build "about four rods westward of where the meeting-house now stands," whereupon nineteen per.sons entered a protest. They declared that the location was unjn.st, and were so earnest in their opposition that the matter was held in abeyance nearly two years. In 17.^4 the (juarrel was renewed, and when those who favored the location heretofore named were about to carry out the provision of the vote of the town an invitation was received to ap])ear before the general assembly and make answer to the remonstrance of John Kendall and others. The subsequent records of the town are lo.st, hence the "sense of the voters" cannot be stated. It is evident, however, from the facts that the meeting-hou.se was not t)uill until 173S, that there were many hot di.scussions aiul much ill-feeling engendered. On the completion of the meeting house another controversy, the result of the five years' unfriendliness, arose. The inhabitants of the westerly side of the town and the northerly side of Groton petitioned to be set off as a separate townshi|>. The petitioners rei)resented that owing to the distance — from six to ten miles — they were deprived of preaching, and, for this, and other reasons, they desired a distinct township. The people of the easterly' part of the town resisted to the bitter end, which came Dec. 28, 1739, at which time the general court of Ma.ssaclnisetts acted affirmatively upon the petition. The success of the.se petitioners aroused the people of the western portion of the town. They brought forward a similar complaint, and, after considerable debate and sundry protests from the settlers near the Merrimack river, they were finally empowered to "set up" a parish under the name of We.st Dunstable. They had authority only to employ a minister: in all else they remained a part of Dunstable while it remained under Massachusetts' jurisdiction. Hriefly told* from imperfect records, the foregoing statements contain the essential facts relative to the estab- ishment of local government over the territory now governed in part under the charter of the city of Nashua. Before making a further .summary of the affairs of the civil governments of which Nashua is a successor mention .should be made concerning the ownership of the territory. The town of Dunstable, as has been shown, entered upon a new era of prosperity early in the eighteenth century. Deserted farms were being tilled by new settlers, a minister. Rev. Josiah Swan, had been secured, and. the plantation having increa.sed to fifty families, prosperity had evidently come to stay. The new comli- tions that confronted the original grantees and their heirs, together with the fact that the town had .some years before fixed the population at eighty families, aroused ihcm to the necessity of protecting their interests in the "common and undivided land." They caused a legal warrant to be poste' acres upon the same plain, ujion Salmon brook southward." The land on the north side of the river was granted to the Boston Artil- lery company Oct. 11, 1673, a few days before the Dunstable charter was signed. The boundary was as follows: " Or.e thousand acres on the north side of the Nashway river, at the intersection with the Merrimack, extending along the north side of said river about one and a half miles, and on the Nashway to Spectacle meadow, about two miles." In these three descriptions is found the original ownership of the major part of the territory now embraced in the thickly settled part of Nashua. Col. Joseph Blanchard purchased, about the middle of the eighteenth century, the interest of the Artillery company and later sold it to actual settlers. The land on the south side of the river was di.sposed of in the same way, and in 1816 the original proprietors closed their accounts. A few years later the Nashua Manufacturing company became the purchaser of a large tract, and since then the list of ownership has enlarged — most of the territory described being now in house lots. DUNSTABLE UNDER A NEW HAMPSHIRE CHARTER. In 1 741 a new state line — over which there had been a controversy for a good many years — was established between Massachusetts and New Hampshire. This line divided the town nearlj- in the middle, "leaving in Massachusetts," says Judge Worcester, "the part of the old town now in Tyngs- borough and Dunstable in that state and a narrow gore from the old parish of West Dunstable, now in Pepperell, and severing from Groton a small triangular tract now in the south part of Nashua along the state line." The division came as a surprise upon the inhabitants of all parts of the town. They had seen their territory diminishing in extent from time to time — Nottingham, now Hudson, having been set off in 1732, Souhegan East, later Rumford and now Merrimack, in 1733, Amherst and Litchfield in 1734 — and they felt the last blow keenly. They argued that the)' had been unfairly dealt with and claimed — at the same time declaring that under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts they were secure in their methods of local government — they had grave doubts about their standing under the jurisdiction of New Hampshire. Moreover, their kindred, their history, their business interests and their church were in Massachusetts. The more they brooded over the situation the more disgusted, discouraged, and homesick they became. In fact their grievances became so magnified that nearly five years elapsed before they were sufficiently reconciled to apply for a new charter, and even then they would not have humbled themselves had not other settlements in the town insisted on another division and on l)eing set off. The issue was actually forced upon them. No alternative remained but to act or lose their identity. After much vain strife the>' consented to make application to the royal governor, Benning Wentworth, for a charter re-establishing the township. Col. Joseph Blanchard was chosen agent of the town for that purpose, and April 4, 1746, it was obtained. Another grievance came with it; new towns had been set up and their territory thus again diminished. Nor was this all. Although Dunstable was the original settlement the charters of Mon.son, Merrimack and Hollis were given precedence in date. Ten days later, however — notwithstanding their discomfiture — a legal meeting of "all those (lualified to vote" was held at the hou.se of Jonathan Lovewell, when the charter was accepted and the following officers chosen: Jonathan Lovewell, town clerk: Jonathan Lovewell, Thomas Harwood and Thomas Patch, selectmen; Joseph Blanchard, treasurer; Jonathan Snow, tithing-master; Thomas Allds, Elnathan Blood and Thomas Killicut, field-driver; Ephriam Lund and Samuel Keeny, fence- viewers ; William Lund, Gideon Howe and Joseph Butterfield, hog con.stables. It was voted that future meetings be called by the selectmen and then the meeting was HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 5-, adjourned. In the records of this meeting the adjective "ohl." as a prefix to the name of the town. is used for the first time, the evident purpose being to emphasize their priority over the other Dun- stable and the towns whose charter antedated theirs. At a subsequent meeting it was voted to pay Colonel Blanchard thirty pounds, old tenor, expenses for obtaining a charter.* It will be observed that in this concise summary is given the circumstances under which the charter was <.l)tained, the price paid, and the first legal government, under the laws of New Hampshire, estal>Iished over the territory now governed under the charter of the city of Nashua, together with the first officers, and the fact made clear that the inhabitants were not in a frame of mind calculated to lead to generous dealings among themselves or with neighboring towns. A list of the officers of the town during the hundred years that follow, together with anything like a complete sunnnary of the business transacted, is not practicable. It is enough to know that the men who controlled imblic affairs in tho.se days were not unlike the public servants of the present time. They had their sharp differences of opinion and were more or less jealous of each other. In fact the records show that they were often hopelessly divided on matters of local policy and were just as tenacious and uncompromising in whatever they deemed their rights, individually and collectively, as are the people of this generation. The truth of these statements— and, if this asser\'ation seems harsh, the reader must remember that their e.xalted patriotism, devoted husbandry and religious zeal are set forth in other chapters, this chapter presenting more especially the view that is "of the earth earthy " — are borne out by the tone and temper of the .second and sub.sequent meetings of the town. It was there, at the second meeting. May 10, that a bitter controversy arose over the minister, over the payment of the just amount of salary due him for services rendered when they were a part of the other Dunstable, and also over the location — most readers will find it difficult to suppress a smile — of their one public building, a meeting-house. These troubles — the second mentioned of which lasted seventeen 3'ears — will be better understood when considered in separate paragraphs. For some reason that is not made clear in the records the town was about equally divided in favor and against Rev. Josiah Swan. As a whole the voters were desirous that his ministry over them should come to an abrupt end, and it is quite evident that a heated debate took place and that party feeling ran high. Finally a committee w^as chosen "to wait on Rev. Josiah Swan to know his demands on the town and report the same to the meeting." The committee reported that "the demands on the inhabitants, on both sides of the province line, what was old Dunstable was two hundred pounds, old tenor, for his salary for the past year." The only answer made by the meeting was a vote to excuse from the payment of any part of this sum those not residing under the old charter, and also that the committee "treat with Rev. Mr. Swan and see if they can come to an agree- ment with him to perform the office of gospel minister in this town and if they can they agree with him so long as they think proper not exceeding said term." It does not appear that the committee agreed with Mr. Swan. At an adjourned meeting Sept. 29, ' ' it was proposed that Rev. Josiah Swan's salary be raised and assessed according to contract and voted in the negative," and "voted in the affirmative that the place of preaching be at Deacon Jonathan French's house." Their grievance against Mr. Swan had now become of a belligerent character. They discussed it in stormy detail, and Oct. 15 "voted that Noah John.son, Thomas Harwood and Jonathan Snow go to Rev. Mr. Swan and see if he had any demands on this town and if he has to see upon what terms he will acquit this town and ask a dismission of the church here, and that they hear his proposal and make jjroposals to him to settle affairs." Two days later another meeting was held at which the committee reported that Rev. Mr. Swan "desires six weeks in which to make up his mind as to the terms on which he would withdraw." Voted to grant his request and "to hire .some person to preach six weeks." Nov. 28, the six weeks having elapsed, the town met again. The committee, which found Mr. Swan obdurate, reported that "the Rev. Josiah Swan's terms are if the town would give him three hunopulatioii and they refused to be placated or comforted. Both sides were determined and belligerent, and, s(j the records relate, March 13, 1749. " the warrant for the meeting was taken away by violence." The selectmen certified a new warrant, but no business of importance was transacted. In fact the town would neither settle with the builders of the meeting-house, pay for preaching, form a parish associa- tion with the neighl)oring towns, call a minister or meet in the meeting-house, and for seven years. until Oct. 15, 1774, the meetings were held at farm houses as had been the custom before it was built. The ])eople were not only angry with each other, but, as subse<|uent events show, with the i)eople of other towns, and that their anger did not cease for several years is abundantly proven by their record : Jan. 15, 1750: " \'oted that the peojde of Nottingham and Dunstable, Mass., upon pledging to to pay a just proportion of the tax to support a minister ( their reiiuest being before the meeting in writing) may attend public worship in the meeting-house in this town," whereupon Jonathan I.ove- well, Noah Johnson, Samuel Whiting and others entered a written ])rote.st, and here the matter ended. In the meantime the inhabitants of "One Pine Hill" were uneasy, discomforted and a source of constant irritation and vexation. They would not vole to hire preaching and they again jietitioned to be set off to Hollis. March 25, 1751 : Voted that the request of the i)eople of "One Pine Hill " ( their jietition having been di.scussed) be denied and that "the place of Publick Worshij) be at the meeting-hou.se built by Jonathan Lovewell, Noah John.son and others until the town see fit to alter it." April 15, 1752: Voted to decline an invitation to forma parish reunion with i)eoi)le of Dun- stable, Mass. "In these troubles," says Judge Worcester, "it was very natural that the kindly sympathies of the good people of Hollis should have been strongly with the settler at "One Pine Hill." The 574 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. records of the town show that as early as Oct. 26, 1747, Hollis voted " to request of Dunstable the People of One Pine Hill with their Lands be set off to Hollis," but this request was not hospitably entertained. All concerned were obdurate. Dec. 21, 1753: "Voted the place whereon to set up a meeting-house for Public Worship on Lord's day be at the crotch of the road as near as can be with convenience near the house where Jona- than Lovewell now dwells: " also " Voted that the old meeting-house be took down, moved and set up on the place this night voted and that the same be forthwith don." March 5, 1754: " \'oted that the old meeting-house be fitted, raised and furnished as well as it was before it was took down at the place agreed upon for that use and that the pew ground below the same as was put to that use before the house was took down, and the pews sold at publick vandue ; " and also " \'oted to excuse 'One Pine Hill ' people from all charges in fitting, raising and furnishing the old meeting-house," to which last concession seventeen voters entered a protest which has the effect of annulment. The people of "One Pine Hill " were now vexed beyond measure, and, it would seem, the peo- ple of Hollis were giving them aid and comfort. The former addressed a new petition to their towns- men reiiuesting to be set off and the latter voted " to joyne 'One Pine Hill ' People, so called, to get them set off from Dunstable to be annexed to Hollis." The town of Dunstable discussed their requests March 8, 1756, and peremptorily denied them. Sept. 27, 1757 : "\'oled that nothing more be done about furnishing the meeting-house at pres- ent ; " also " \'oted to hire Klias Smith to preach," whereupon John Allds and Jeremiah Colburn protested in writing that Smith ilid n(_)t adhere to Westminster confession and they were Presbyterians. * * * * * "" Nine others protested that the meeting was illegal and that Smith's "preaching is contrary to our profession," while seven contented themselves with " protesting that the meeting- was illegal ; " and it was "Voted that the town would not Incourage the settlement of Elias vSmith." Nov. 27. 1758; " It was proposed whether the peojde of 'One Pine Hill' .should be excused or released from paying anything towards the support of the Gospel and it was voted in the negative" — and fourteen persons signed a protest against settling Josiah Colburn and a committee was appointed to find out why he was dismissed from his last place. (The conunittee reported at a subsequent meet- ing that " it was to ease the taxpayers," and he was thereupon hired.) Meanwhile the people of One Pine Hill were not appeased. They renewed their demand to be set off, and Dec. 18, 1758, "it was proposed to give consent for their set off to Hollis for one thousand pounds." This proposition was voted down, and then it was voted that "the people of One Pine Hill are uneasy and to make it easy move the meeting-hou.se to the center of the town." A comnuttee was appointed to talk the matter over with the grieved jieople and the conunittee reported that "the people of Pine Hill would not be content nor joyne in .settleing a minister, neither consent to hear one sermon," and thereupon the vote to move the meeting-house was rescinded. F'inally it was " voted to settle Mr. Colburn and give Pine Hill the full part of preaching according to their tax in any place in Dun.stable they might choose." Even this proposition did not heal the wound. At the annual meeting of the town, March 19, 1759, the strife was renewed and waxed so warm that Thomas Lund accused the moderator, Jonathan Lovewell, of "allowing persons to vote who have no right." The meeting was then in no mood for business and so promptly adjourned. The people, however, could not rest easy. On April 23 they met again, and, after discussing a proposition to set off the people of One Pine Hill, voted in the negative. They also refused to set off John Willoby's one hundred and thirty acre farm. The Pine Hill people, so much in earnest were they, again ajspealed to Hollis for aid and sympathy. Hollis responded with a gift of fifty pounds, and thereupon — to the number of fifteen, eighteen including the selectmen of Hollis — they petitioned the governor and council for relief. Their petition recited their grievances. The town of Dun- stable upon being notified voted not to set off the land, and appointed Col. Joseph Blanchard, then a member of the governor's council, Zaccheus Lovewell and Joseph French agents of the town to oppose the petition. This conunittee evidently put on war paint. It reported: HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. //. 575 "Wee are sencible that this vexatious IVliliou is stirred up and encouraj,'ed by Mollis purely to prevent Justice to their Western Inhabitants which they forsee will obtain unless they Cloak it by Ruining Dunstable. •• What Oenius gave them front to mutter out this Motly Petition it is iJiflTicult to guess. " The petition of Holies and the petetioners are totally Groundle.ss Wherefore we pray that the petition may be dismissed." The petition was dismissed, and it is said, .says Judge Worcester, " in answer to a like petition a few years later, that when it was found that Duii.stable would answer it the petitioners were afraid or ashamed to appear in defense." The battle was renewed in 1760. The town of I >unsial)le, however, made an effort to pacify the Pine Hill people. It was voted Oct. 6 "to move the meeting-house to a place just and equal: " and again Nov. 10 that "the place for a meeting-hou.se is about one hmulred rods westerly from Lund's bridge .so called by a pine tree marked F on the southerly .side of the road that leads to Thomas Haley land;" and also "to set of John Willoby's farm to Holies." Hut no compromise would be entertained by One Pine Hill people. They petitioned again, and went so far as to offer Dunstable /i,5io for permission to be set off. The town not only declined the offer but voted Nov. 24 to reconsider its former vote to move the house and fifty-si.x pouutls for "fixing it up." As if this were not enough to break the hearts of their belligerent fellow-citizens they voted Aug. t,, lyfii, to change the creed of the town from Presbyterian to Congregational, and Oct. 19, 1761, that " no part of Pine Hill be set off to Holies." The One Pine Hill people, however, with the aid of IloUis, were good fighters. They would not let go their hold. In 1 763 they again .sought relief through the governor and council. In this petition they enlarged upon their grievance and informed the authorities that ; " vSoon after Dunstable was Incorporated they got into Parlys about .Settling .Mr. IJird. Ivach Party Courted Pine Hills Assistance, promising to vote them off to Holies as soon as the matter was settled ; and so Pine Hill was fed on Sugar Plums for a number of years, till at length Dunstable cast off the mask and now appears in their True Colors " " * ' So that their opposition must arise from some other quarter to keep us as whips to drive out every minister that comes among them, for they are always divided and which side we take must carry the day." Dunstable voted to continue the defense and appointed a committee. This committee gave as good as had been received. It said in part : " The complaint is groundless and unreasonable. As to the meeting-house it was owin."- to themselves (the location), for many of them voted to have it where it is and none of them against it. They so acted and voted for fear it might be moved to a place more ju.st and equal and so they be prevented from being set off to Holies. As in time ])ast so they are now stirred uj) by Holies People and so could it now be obtained to break up and ruin two towns (meaning Dunstahle and Mon.son), it may be hereafter something of a cover to hide the ini(iuity of Holies and helj) the private interests of mercenar}- persons but can't possably promote the Public Good or help the Interests of these Towns." The case was argued before the general court and that body was convinced that One Pine Hill and its inhabitants ought no longer to remain a part of Dunstable. An act, .setting them off, was passed Dec. 13, 1763, and thus ended one of the longest and most tenacious town quarrels in the history of New England. The peo])le of Dunstable subinilted (|uietly to their defeat antl for a time gave their attention to other matters. The\ voted, March 4, 1765, that "the account of Capt. Nehemiah Lovewell, for opposing One Pine Hill and other service done for the town, amounting to sixty-one pounds, old tenor, be allowed," and June 6 that "Jonathan Lovewell be allowed ten shillings for getting the case depending with Thomas Fessenden continued." At an adjourned meeting one pound five shillings was voted to Mr. Lovewell " for going to Portsmouth to answer Fessenden." Fe.s.senden had preached for the town and it had declined to pay. The only recorded transactions of the town during the next seven years that lia\e an\- special interest to the jieople of to-day are found in the following condensed excerps ; Oct. 6, 1767, voted to excu.se persons of other ])ersuasions from pa_\- tax to sui>port Rev. Mr. Kidder," and at the same meeting, "\'oted not to give leave to remove any of the windows of the meeting house, and not to excuse any person of different persuasion from paying to supi)ort the minister," then reconsidered, and 5 76 HISTORY OF NASHUA. N. H. "Voted to excuse those who brought a certificate from the minister that they were of a different persuasion." May 5, 1770: "Voted to pay Joseph Whiting for opening and sweeping the meeting-house six shillings for one year." During these years the relation between Dunstable and Hollis was a good deal strained. The people of Dunstable had grievances that time could not heal. They were jealous of Hollis because the charter of that town ante-dated theirs, and moreover the fact that the people of that town had meddled in their quarrel with the families at One Pine Hill still rankled in their bosoms. In short, they were determined to punish their adversary on the first opportunity that offered. The opportunity came at last. It seems that for many years — in fact while they were yet under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts — the question of a Ijridge over the Nashua river at a place called Lawrence mills, since known as Runnell's falls, had been agitated. The town of Dunstable had pursued a waiting policy. It had successfully dodged the issue. Hollis meanwhile had resorted to all sorts of schemes to build the desired bridge. In 1751 it voted to help build it; in 1756 it pleaded with Dunstable through an authorized committee but obtained no satisfaction; in 1760 it petitioned the general court for a lottery to raise the necessary money, and in 1759 and again in 1761 it called on Dunstable to join with it. Dunstable did not heed the call. Its vote was " in the negative," which is evidence of the sentiments heretofore attributed to her people. Then the town of Hollis, upon being informed of tile indifference of the people of Dun.stable. built a Ijridge, being aided with "money subscribed out of town." In 1765 the bridge having probably been carried away in a .spring freshet, Hollis rebuilt and repaired it at a cost of eight hundred pounds. Though "often requested" Dunstable gave no aid and there the matter rested until March, 1772, when Hollis voted to appoint a committee to "ask for and recover of Dun.stable a share of the cost with power to prosecute if necessary;" the committee also had power "to treat with Dunstable relative to setting off to Hollis the farms of Daniel Merrell, K1)enezer Jaquith and Thomas Jaquith — these families being nearer the meeting- house in Hollis than to that in Dunstaljle and disposed to contribute to the maintenance of the bridge." Dunstable also appointed a committee. On the report, whether verbal or written is not stated in the records, Dunstable voted at a legal meeting held June 15, 1772, "that they would not do any- thing towards building a bridge over the Nashua river at or near Jaquith's mills ; " also voted " tliat they would not annex the land of Daniel Merrel, Ivbenezer Jaquith and Thomas Jaquith in Dunstable, lying on the Nashua river, to the town of Hollis." This curt answer no doubt nettled the people of Hollis, but for all that they did not find it necessary to prosecute. On the other hand they bided their time with patience and six months later ajipointed another committee. This committee had no better success than the first, for it seems b\' the Dunstable records of Feb. i, 1773, the town voted, on a propositon to set off the farms of Merrel and Jaquiths, five hundred acres, " that it would not agree." Just at this time it was discovered by someone "learned in the law" that Jaquith's mills were not in either town. There was a defect in the line and neither Hollis nor Dunstable was compelled to main- tain a bridge. The wise men of Old Dun.stable now saw their " way out of the woods." The loss of five hundred acres was as nothing compared with the cost of Ijuilding a Ijridge antl keeping it in re- pair for all time to come, and so in a legal meeting held P'eb. i, 1773, it was voted "to set off the farms of Merrel and the two Jaquiths to the town of Hollis upon conditions that the town of Dun- stable be forever excused from any future co.st to effect the same or building a bridge at the Nashua river." Hollis accepted the terms and in May, the same year, the general court legalized the trans- action. Before passing from the eventful period in which the transactions narrated occurred it will be interesting to note that in .several j)articnlars the civil government of the eighteenth century was not unlike that with which the people of the nineteenth are familiar. " The poor are always with you " was as true then as now and the undercurrent of purpose to avoid " town charges " the same. The methods of " ye olden tymes," however, was more peremptory and somewhat harsher, as will be seen by the following warrant, which is one of several of like purport spread upon the records ; "Province of ) To Thomas Cowen, constable of the Town of Dunstable in the Province of New New Hampshire. I Hampshire. Greeting. "Whereas, Benja Furbush and Mary his wife and three Children under age which is kept in their family viz Phebe Sneling and Asa vSneling and Lucy vSneling and John Downs and Mary his HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. ^-y wife a small Child vi/. Jane Maxwell all laU- ficm a Place called Souhegan Kast in said Province all poor persons and neither freeholders or Inhai)itanls of the Town by Law have come in to this Town to House Keei)inK and to Dwell and at present are residents in a House of Mr. James Gordons with- out any consent of the Town or selectmen and have resided for Twenty four days last past in this Town which they have no Legal Right to do Now then for that they might not become Chargable to the Town you arc hereby commanded in his Majestys Name forthwith to Notifie and warn the said persons and every one of them that they and each of them Depart out of this Town within fourteen days next Coming at their Perril and see that you make return of this Warrant and the time of the said persons Ivntering and being Warned as aforesaid unto the Court of (Quarter Sessions of the peace of the Province aforesaid. JON.VTII.VN LOVEWEI.!,, 1 o i ^ ^ j^r ( Selectmen. TlIOM.V.S H.VRWOOD, I " Dated at Dunstable the thirteenth day of June .\nno Domini 1746. "A true copy pr Jox.VTii.\.\ LovKWKi.i. Clerk." The official return uiicni this warrant, if any was made, is not recorded, but it is presumed that Con.stable Cowen did his duty and that these poor persons were summarily ejected from the town. This cruel system, however, did not protect the town treasury, for it is recorded a few years later that the poor among them had to be provided for. The following is a true copy : " Voted that the Poor of this Town be .set up at \'andue and be struck off to the lowest bidder for a term of one year the .selectmen having the wright to remove them when they think best Ivdward Turrel bid off James Robbins at forty-six cents per week Daniel Lund bill off Mary Kenny for Miss Lund at one hundred and forty cents pr week Abraham Hale, Jr bid off Mary Kennys child at thirty- eight cents pr week Nathan Fi.sk bid off Dorothy Purkins and is to keej) her clothes as good as they are now and keep her clear of Cost from the Town." Local quarrels and dissensions, and di.sputes with neighboring towns, ended with the settlement of the Jaquith bridge controversy with Hollis, and in the years that followed they gave freely of their time, money and blood to establish the independence of the colonies. The cause was near their hearts. They were patriots — loyal and true to the Continental army — and no sacrifice or hardship disheartened them. The narrative of events in which they were moving factors is given in another chapter of this work. All therefore that is pertinent in this connection to the civil government of the town is a few interesting and instructive extracts, orthography corrected, from the records: Sept. 13, 1774 : " Voted eighteen pounds, six shillings, lawful money, to procure ammunition; " al.so, " voted three pounds to Jonathan Lovewell for going to Portsmouth to petition for liberty to send a representative, and for going to Exeter to join in choice of Delegates for a General Congress." Jan. 9, 1775: "Voted that Jonathan Lovewell, Jo.seph Eayrs and Robert Fletcher be cho.sen deputies of the town to meet deputies of other towns to choose delegates to represent the Province in Continental Congress to be held in Philadelphia, May lo; " also "Voted that Samuel Roby, Jonathan Lovewell, Joseph Ivayrs, Benjamin Smith and Josejih Wright be a connnittee to see that the result of the late Continental Congress be carried into ])ractice and that all persons in this town conform to it." March 6, 1775: " \'oted that Capt. Benjamin French, Jonathan Blanchard and John .Sears be added to the committee to see that the result of the Continental Congress " etc.; also, "voted to i)eti- tion the General assembl\- to be excused from paying Provincial tax until given the privilege of representation." April 3, 1775 : " \'oted that there be a school-house built in each of the several school districts, (there were five districts), in the town of Dunstable and that there be a committee of three from each district to fix upon certain places, and procure it for their .school-hou.ses, having regard for distance, and if either committee cannot agree on a place for the house then all of the connnittee, or a majority, shall go and find a certain place for that district and that each di.strict have a proportional part of money to build with according as they pay taxes » * « shall agree to build a school- house by the first day of October, 1775;" also voted "that eighty pounds, lawful money, be rai.sed for building said school-houses." May 7, 1776 : " Voted to pay Dea. Thomas Ty the Governor. A few days after a second election was held and Hale returned by the sheriff, and at once obtained his seat without further objection." The outcome was unsatisfactory to both towns and it does not appear that they affiliated, politi- cally, afterwards. A few years later Dunstable renewed its request for single representation, and, the privilege being granted, Jonathan Blanchard was chosen to represent the town. Noah Lovewell represented the town in 1777 and i77^>; William Hunt, 1781; Benjamin I-"rench, 1782, no record for 1782: Frederick French, 1793, 1795, 1797, 1803, 1805 and 1806; Noah L,ovewell, 1794, 1796 and 1802. The number of votes b}' which the early representatives of the town were elected to office are not recorded. An idea of the number of freemen who were qualified to take part in public deliberations, however, may be gathered from the following, among the first with figures attached, for presidential electors, Dec. 15, 1785, when Gen. Benjamin Bellows, Gen. Moses Dow, John Dudley and Eben Thomp- son had twenty-nine each, Timothy Farrar, twenty-eight, and Timothy Taylor, one, the last presuma- bly the voter's error in writing his ballot. At the second presidential election, Aug. 27, 1792, but twen- ty-two votes were cast, the small number probably being due to busy season with farmers. Six years later, March, 1800, the total vote of the town as recorded for governor was seventy-six, of which John Taylor Gilman had seventy-three and Timothy Walker, three. Further than this, to the close of the century, the records show but little of interest. The people met annually in March and at other times when town affairs demanded their attention. They elected officers kept a watchful eye on the schools (which is a reminder that the first mention of a school on the territory now the city proper was at "Indian Head," and that this designation of locality occurs but once in the records), paid the minis- ter's salary, made appropriations, laid out highways, ordered roads and bridges repaired, sold the poor by auction, lived in peace among themselves and in ostensible friendship with Hollis and other neighboring towns. That they built iijion substantial foundations, and that their virtues far out- shone their faults, is in evidence in the benificent civil government — nut alone of Nashua, but of all the cities and towns of the state — which Idesses mankind to-day and is pledged for the future. INDIAN HEAD VILLAGE— NASHUA VILLAGE. At the Ijeginning of the present century the settlement on the territory now endjraced in the thickly settled portion of the city proper was called Indian Head \-ilIage. The Iniililings were mostly on land contiguous to what is now known as Railroad square, and north antl south of this point was practically a barren wilderness.* Pul)lic affairs, however, were still conducted under the charter of Dixnstable and so continuetl until 1837. The population of the whole town was 862 persons. Thomas French was town clerk, and Thomas French, Theodore Frencli and David Fiske .selectmen, and so far as anything appears in the records the people were at peace among themselves and all the world besides. The Ijusiness transactetl at the annual town meeting in i8co and [or many years afterwards was mostly of a routine character. It was voted that the town be defaulted in an action brought by Rev. Joseph Kidder, and also to sell for thirteen shillings the oak tree near the meeting-house. In November, 1802, it was \-oted to hire William Patrick to preach during the ensuing winter. In 1803 one hundred and twenty-nine votes were cast for governor, a post office was established at the Harbor and the place began to take on the enterprise that has characterized it to this day. The same year the town voted a call to Mr. Patrick at four hundred ilollars for a settlement and three hundretl dollars a year salary, the conditions being that he should withdraw at any time when two-thirds of the voters became dissatisfied and that he .should return the amount granted as a settlement if he left without the consent of the town. In 1804 the Middlesex canal was opened. In 1805 Daniel Abbot was to carry on a lawsuit against the town of Acworth, and sold the town pew to Francis Davidson for one j-ear for five dollars and fifty cents. In 1806 on hulependence day, at the suggestion of Daniel AblKit in an oration at the celebration of the opening of the canal, the village took on the name of Nashua village. Jan. 29, 1807, voted to settle Joseph Briggs at two hundred and fifty dollars for a settlement and five hundred dollars salary. In 1808 voted twenty-five cents bounty for old crows and *A more complete description is given in the revised edition of Fox's history, which is incorporated in this work. HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 5s i nine cents for young crows. It will llius be seen that so far as the civil government is concerned an era of good feeling, enterprise and prosperity began with the century. At a meeting of the town, held April 17, 1807, it was stated that the old meeting-house was out of repair and it was proposed to vote to see if the town would rebuild " on such a place as a disinter- ested committee from out of town should say was convenient for the town, provided free of expense to the town or that the pew ground should build it." The vote stood thirty-one in favor of the proposi- tion and forty-nine against it. It is evident, from the fact that two or three other votes are recorded relative to the subject, that con.siderable di.scussion followed. The outcome was a vote to choose a committee of three to "see where a meeting-house should be built and to hire preaching." The meeting was adjourned to May 10, when it was voted to ".set the meeting-house on Cummings Pol- lard's field, west of the place where it now stands, provided it can be done free of expen.se," and a committee of three was appointed to draw plans. Mr. Pollard offered the land as a gift. Another meeting was held May 29, when it was voted to accept the plans presented by the committee and request Willard Marshall to give a jjiece of land adjoining the land accepted from Mr. Pollard, for a common. Mr. Marshall gracefully acceded to the request. It was then voted to sell pews according to numbers on the plan and close a contract with anybody who could be found who would build for the sum thus pledged, the builders to have the rest of the pew ground. Willard Marshall, Thomas French and Daniel Abbot were chosen building committee. It is probable that no one desired to make such a contract, for, Aug. 2.S, the town reconsidered all votes relative to a meeting-house and dropped the subject. The only item of interest in town affairs in 1810 was a vote to pay fifty dollars for a singing school. The old subject came up again, however, at a special meeting on Jan. 12, 181 1, when the (juestion, " Will },-ou build a meeting-house in this town?" was decided in the affirmative by a vote of forty-two to eight, and two committee.? — one to locate the same and the other to receive proposals — were chosen. These connnittees reported May 11, and it was voted that the site be near the pound place on land of Willard Marshall and that five acres of land, on both sides of the road, be secured for a common*. John Lund, Thomas French, Daniel Abbot, Samuel Preston and Willard Marshall were chosen to plan the building. It was then voted to pay pew owners five dollars each for the right to dispose of the old meeting-house, and to appropriate one hundred dollars to hire Rev. Joseph Kidder to preach such length of time as he thought proper for that amount. At an adjourned meeting James T. Lund proposed to build "a town meeting-house for five hundred dollars and the old hou.se and to complete the same one year from Septenrber." His proposal was accepted and Thomas French, Thomas Lund, Jr., William F. Boynton, Daniel Abbot and Israel Hunt were appointed building committee. Aug. II, a meeting was held at Jesse Estey's stable when it was voted to build fifty-two feet wide, sixty feet in length and leave it to the committee which will be best, to have pillars or portico or to have it boarded up and clapboarded." John Epes and John Whittle were added to the committee. Aug. 2, 1812, the town voted one hundred and twenty dollars for a bell, provided the same amount was sub- scribed by the people, and fifteen dollars for lightning rods. Oct. 2, voted twenty-two dollars and fifty cents towards paj'ing for the bell, to purchase pew number two for the minister, to hire a man to ring the bell, to accept the report of the building committee and to make arrangements for a dedica- tion. The dedication occurred Nov. 4, the sermon lieing preached by Rev. Humphrey Moore, I). I)., of Milford. It will thus be seen that the second jniblic liuilding in Old Dunstal)le was located and built without the usual friction that accompanies such undertakings. During the twent3'-fi\-e years that followed nothing occurred to disturb the peace and (|uict of the people. Prosperity attended them. The Nashua and Jackson conqianies' canals and mills, two or three important bridges, several church edifices and many dwelling-houses were built, newspapers were established, the poor sold annually at auction, and many resources of wealth developed. A brief sunnnary, however, of a few of the transactions of the town will not be found uninteresting. In 181,^ Rev. Ebenezer Peck Sperry was settled at three hundred dollars for a settlement and five hundred dollars salary, and it was voted to pa>' five dollars a month to men in the army, in addition to the gov- ernment jiav. In 1815 it was voted to make up the pay of all volunteers to fifteen dollars jier month : •Thu ineetiug-house was luiiU on this site, which is occupied :il Ihis liiiu- li\ Ililaiul A. Holt's iluc-lliiiij-housi-, his carriatre-housc staniliii" over the old foundatioii. 582 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. to appropriate $1,000 for schools and have the bell rung at twelve, noon, nine in the evening and on all public days. The first hearse was purchased by the town in 1822 and a house built for the same. In 1824 the town voted on the question, " Whether the shire town should be Amherst or Mont Ver- non," one hundred and ninety to four in favor of the former : also voted to pay teu cents an hour for labor on the highways. In 1826 the first firewards were appointed, and it was voted " not to pay Not- tingham twelve dollars for burying William Phillips." Under date of April 27, 1827, the selectmen, Stephen Kendrick, Eleazer F. Ingalls and Caleb Pearson, complained to Clifton Claggett, judge of probate, "that Simon L. Phelps, by excessive drinking, idleness and vicious habits doth waste, spend and lessen his estate and so neglect his business as to expose himself and family to want and suffering ; " therefore they desired a guardian appointed. This was the usual method of dealing for manv years afterward witli those who drank to excess. It is mentioned here from the fact that it is the first case of the kind upon the town records. The first town report ordered spread upon the records was for the year 1829. The first printed report was by the selectmen of Nashua in 1837, the same being a summary of the affairs of 1836, the last year the town was known as Dunstable. It is interesting to note in this connection that the legal existence of Old Dunstable covered a period of ninety-one years ; that in the beginning the total amount of money raised by taxation was about two hundred and fifty dollars, and at the end $12,903.63 ; that the debt — and overdraft the last year by reason of rebuilding the Main street bridge, which was necessitated by the construction of the Jackson company's dam — was $3,282.32. It is also an interesting fact that the inhabitants had increased from about sixty families of rising three hundred persons to 2,105 males, 2,960 females, a total of 5,056; total number of scholars from sixty, approximately, to 1,256. That the people of Old Dun.stable were patriots who gave freely of their blood and treasure to establish American independence there is abundant evidence. Their country was their pride and they celebrated its natal day in an enthusiastic manner. The last general celebration in the old town took place July 4, 1835. The Declaration of Independence was read b^- Benjamin F. French, and an oration delivered by John Louis Clark. The civic procession, marshalled by Col. Thomas G. Banks, and escorted by the Nashua Guards, Capt. Charles T. Gill, must have been a brilliant sight, for in line were the female operatives of the mills, clothed in white, and thirty-four of the survivors of the War of the Revolution. The venerable patriots, supported by staves and crutches, joined the pro- cession at the Indian Head coffee house and marched through the route to the oval, (then a shad}' grove in Factory street), where the literary exercises were held. The list is as follows; Jonathan Woodward, Dunstable, Mass., 96; James Crossman, Mason, 92; Isaac Wright, Dun- stable, Mass., 81 ; Joshua Pierce, Hudson, 71; Joshua Palmer, Dunstable, 73; Thaddeus Wilson, Dunstable, 70; Eleazer Fisk, Dunstable, 75; Nathaniel Merrill, Medford, 72; John Odall, Merri- mack, 73 ; Daniel Bailey, Hollis, 80; Seth Cutter, Pelham, 77 ; Isaac Marshall, Dunstable, 76; Jacob March, Londonderry, 75 ; Daniel Anderson, Londonderry, 78 ; Jacob Nutting, Londonderry, 88 ; Phinehas Holden, Brookline, 70; Silas Howard, Milford, 78; Ephraim Goss, Amherst, 69 ; Robert- son Lakin, Amher.st, 72 ; Timothy Randall, Amherst, 72 ; Nathan F'isk, Dunstable, 71 ; Israel Hunt, Dunstable, 77 ; Joseph Greeley, Hollis, 78 ; Benjamin vSprague, Bedford, 83 ; Jonas Woods, Dun- stable, 76 ; William French, Dunstable, Mass., S3; Jonas French, Dunstable, Mass., 77; Edmund Tenney, Pelham, 79 ; Hugh Moone, Amherst, 69 ; Col. Solomon White, Roxbury, 81 ; John Field, Mei-rimack, 80 ; Joseph Crosby, Amherst, 82 ; Lot Spalding, Hollis, 73 ; Thomas Cheney, Derry, 80. The connnittee of arrangements for this crowning event in the history of Old Dunstable — for it was then foreshadowed that the name was to be changed to Nashua — were David Gillis, Albert McKean, William P. Abbot, Mark W. Merrill and William P. Newell; the assistant marshals, Har- vey F. Courser and John Flagg ; the committee to prepare toasts, John M. Hunt, George Y. vSaw\er and John Eayrs. Dinner was served at the Washington house and the survivors of the Revolution were the only guests. It was a great event. Old Dunstable was represented in the legislature in 1801, 1803 and 1804 (the names of those prior to this date being given, in this chapter, in closing the eighteenth century) by Theodore French ; 1802, Noah Lovewell ; 1807, Zaccheus Lovewell ; 1810, iSn, 1812 and 1821, Daniel Abbot ; 1815, Timothy Taylor ; 1816 to 1824, Jesse Bowers; 1825 to 1829, Benjamin F. French ; 1826, Benja- min F. French and Eleazer F. Ingalls; 1S27, Eleazer F. Ingalls and William Boardman ; 1828, Lsrael Hunt, Jr. and Moody D. Lovewell; 1829, Benjamin F. French and James Osgood; 1830, Moody D. HISTORY OA NASHUA, N. H. 583 Lovewell and Charles G. Atherton ; 1831, James Osgood and Josiah Fletcher (died before taking his seat); 1832, Ivleazer V. Ingalls and Robert Anderson; 1833, Charles G. Atherton and Moody D. Lovewell; 1834 and 1835, Moody D. Lovewell, Charles G. Atherton and Zebediah Shattuck ; 1836, Charles G. Atherton, Ik-njaniin L. Jones and Zebediah .Shattnck. THE TOWNSHIP OF NASHUA. The reader will ha\c noted that in the thirty years preceding affairs now under consideration Nashua \-illage had grown from a sparse settlement to the central jioint of business and population. For more than twenty years ol this period merchants and the public generally had suffered inconven- ience by reason of two Dunstables side by side. Travelers were confused, and mail matter and merchandise often went astray. Under these conditions it seemed a necessity for one of the towns to .seek a change of name. The people both sides of the line were unwilling to make the change. Tho.se residing in New Hampshire felt that they had the best claim. The first settlement was here. Its honorable history in peace and war, its traditions and associations were mostly theirs, and they were loth to give them up. The people of "'t'other Dunstable" entertained the same view, and although often requested to take another name — its leading citizens tacitly agreeing at one time to be known as Massapoag — they steadily procrastinated. The situation became annoying, and finally, at a town meeting held in the early autumn of 1836, the selectmen were instructed to apjilv to the legislature for relief. The selectmen — John Eayrs, Perlej' Foster and Eleazer Barrett — carried out the instructions of the town in good faith by obtaining the following enactment: Be it enacted by the .senate and house of representatives in general court convened: That the town of Dunstable in the county of Hillsborough shall, from and after the thirty-first day of December in the j-ear of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, be called and known in law h\ the name of Nashua. Approved Dec. 8, 1836. Ls.v.vc Hill, Governor. The new town started off with a debt of $3,819.19. Its annual appropriation, including $3,000 for schools, was about $13,000. The meetings of the town were held in churches, and, as was unan- imously agreed, the crying need of the town was a town house. The matter was talked up among the citizens in an informal way, and, at a meeting held Oct. 29, 1838, discussed for determined action. Finally, on motion of Aaron F. Sawyer, it was voted expedient to remove the old South meeting- house — the house which was dedicated in 18 12 — to some convenient site in Nashua village, and Jesse Bowers, Jacob Hall, Elijah Colburn, George Y. Sawyer and James Patterson were chosen a committee to see about the expense and a location. At the same meeting the selectmen were instructed to confer with owners of the pews, take into consideration ownership of the bell, ascertain probable amount of damages and report back. At a subsequent meeting the selectmen reported that thej- had conferred with the pew holders and that thirty-four could be equitably settled with, three refused to assent and two wanted further time ; that the bell belonged to the house and the house belonged to the town. George Y. Sawyer reported for the special committee. He stated — the report being here condensed — that several citizens had made propositions to sell lots to the town and that the commitee had thought it expedient to give the proprietor of the lot selected ownership of the basement of the building for stores — owner of land to lay the foundation, set underpining and place stone steps at the doors. Thomas Chase made the most liberal terms for his lot, corner of Main and Pearl streets, and the committee had made a contract with him subject to the approval of the town. The report of the committee — mild as it appears on the records — proved the entering wedge of a controversy that lasted fifteen years, and to some extent handicapped for many years more the growth and prosperity of the city. In fact it was the history of the old Dunstable meeting-house quarrel repeated and intensified. The residents of the north side of the river declared that they were not represented on the committee. They averred that the location was unjust, called attention to the fact that Railroad square was the hub, and inasmu-ch as they were the heaviest taxpayers, and for many other reasons, including the convenience of the public, their wish to have the town house located among them should be respected. The residents on the south side of the ri\er were ecjually emphatic in expressing their views. They claimed that they were actuated by the purest of motives; they were looking to the future, and, finall\-, when goaded to extravagance of language, they informed 5^4 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. their dissatisfied fellow-citizens that "they would not onl>- locate the building to suit their own convenience, hut that they would compel them to help pay for it." No further action was taken at this time. The meeting adjourned and the subject Ijecame a town topic, engendering ill feeling to the extent that there was very little social intercourse between the people on the north and south sides of the river during the winter that followed: At the annual town meeting March 25, 1839, it was resolved that "a committee be appointed to in<|uire into the subject of removing the old vSouth meeting-hon.se and remodeling it so as to make a convenient town hou.se, and also the subject of building a new town house, estimate the expense of each subject separately and all other matters connected therewith." Charles F. Gove, George Y. Sawyer, Israel Hunt, Jr., George Tuttle, Aaron C. Bagley and John Crombie were reported as a committee. This action precipitated another heated discussion in which former arguments were repeated and "fuel added to the fire." The south-siders, however, hesitated about carrying out their programme. They were ably led by Mr. Saw}'er and had the requisite number of votes to accomplish their scheme, but the belligerent opposition of Daniel Abbot, Charles F. Gove, Charles J. Fox and a score of other north-siders deterred them from action. The records of the town for the next two years make no mention of a report from the committee. They are silent on the subject, and the newspapers of that day throw no light on the controversy. It is certain though that both sides were active and quarrelsome and determined that overtures of peace should not be entertained or concessions made. Thus matters stood for two years, the enmit\- increasing in bitterness; families becoming divided and the outside world looking and wondering what next. In fact the situation, as recited by an old resident, was a constant discomfort to the mind, a disturbance to mercantile affairs, an affliction to the churches and a bar to social good fellowship. But few people would cross the river to attend places of public worship or for any other purpose when not absolutely necessary, they would not dance on each others territory and it was next door to treason to trade with each other. This phase of the wrangle la.sted two j-ears, the north-siders meantime subscribing about $4,700 for the purchase of the site on which Greeley block now stands, and offering to deed it as a gift to the town, or, if more acceptable, they would purcha.se and deed free of expense the lot on which Whiting block now stands. The offer was spurned and they were again informed that the house would be built on the south side of the river and they would be compelled to help pay for it. Thus matters stood on March 5, 1842, when the opponents met in town meeting, in the Olive Street church edifice, and precipitated a fight for the supremacy. Of that battle royal there is no abstract report in existence. George Y. Sawyer, then in the beginning of his career, one of the ablest debaters in New Hampshire, led the south-siders. Israel Hunt, Jr., and Leonard W. Noyes gave him prompt and efficient support, while less conspicuous citizens contributed their views. The gist of their arguments was that the tendency of growth in villages and cities was southward, that the great mills were on the .south side of the river and in time the plain (heretofore mentioned as Watanenock neck) would be thickly populated, hence the desirability of selecting a site that would become central in the near future. The north-siders were led by Charles F. Gove, Daniel Abbot and Charles J. Fox, three able men, assisted by William Boardman, Josiah G. Graves and others. These gentlemen repeated arguments heretofore indicated and affirmed that if they must cross the river to attend town meeting, the old South meeting-house was as satisfactory as an}- place south of the bridge. More- over, they would present the town with the lot at the head of Main street or at the corner of Franklin street, and Rev. Andrew E. Thayer, a substantial north-sider who had taken an active part in the discussion, offered to give a lot eighty-three feet front and one hundred feet deep on Main street, seventeen rods north of the bridge. "The discussion," says one of the newspapers of that day, "lasted nearly a day and a half, and it was decided by a vote of five hundred and eighty-two to three hundred and ninet\--six that it should be on the south side of the river, between Pearl street and the bridge." (The outcome of this discussion and decision is gi\-en under the head: The Township of Nashville). The official records of this exciting meeting are very brief. On the first day the town voted "to build a town house and approjiriate $10,000 for that purpose," no mention being made of the site. The resolution that was discussed on the two subsequent daj'S, and which, being passed, divided the town, was: "that a committee be appointed to negotiate for and purchase a lot of land for a town house, which lot shall be situated in the village between the Nashua ri\-er on the north and Pearl / f /STORY OF NASHUA, N. If. 5S5 street 011 the smith," and lolhiwiiii; its ])assage Mr. Sawyer was authorized to carry out llie will of the town, and Leonard W. Noyes, Thomas Chase, Israel Hunt, Jr., Samuel Shepherd, who was the arcliitect of the building, and Franklin l^'Ietcher were cho.sen as a building conunittee. The records show that these gentlemen were selected because their sjinpathies and residences were on the south side, the first committee named being rejected because one or two north-siders were named upon it. The meeting adjourned in bad temper, the hostility of the north-siders being of the mo.st unconi- proniising character. A few weeks later it was discox-ered that S 10,000 would not jnirchase the lot selected — the same that the City Hall building now .stands upon and that building being the identical structure of 1842 — and complete the undertaking, and conseor vSawyer declined to be a candidate for re-election. At the annual election in March, 1861, the struggle for the supremacy between political parties — due in a great measure to conditions heretofore stated — in the choice of a chief magistrate was more than usually animated. The candidates were Isaac Spalding, George Bowers (see biography) and Franklin Munroe. The friends of the last two mentioned candidates were belligerently active and the result of the ballot on the first day was: Munroe eight hundred and sixty-two. Bowers eight hundred and fifty-one, Spalding twenty-two, scattering eight, no choice. On the second day Colonel Bowers received eight hundred and seventy-four votes to eight hundred and fifty-five for Mr. Munroe, and was declared elected and duly inaugurated. The country was on the verge of civil war, and therefore no consideration could be given to the things that tend to local growth. It was enough, as viewed by taxpayers, to pay current bills and hold the machinery of government intact. Maxor Bowers' political affiliation at that time was with the party in the ranks of which were men who. to say the least, sympathized with those who had taken up arms against the government. These men endeavored in many ways to so influence his official conduct as to defeat the state in recruiting men for the defence of national honor, but, be it said to his everlasting credit, being a soldier who had followed the flag through stubborn battles to the halls of the Montezumas, his patriotism was such that he performed all the duties of his office on a plane above reproach. But few local improvements were made during his administration. Nothing was desired or expected. It was i|uite enough to pay economical current expenses. The office of mayor in the decade of years under consideration was nut in any sense a bed of roses. On the other hand it was hedged about with thorns to the degree that it required a brave and energetic man to perform the duties. The sentiment of the Republican party in 1862 crystalized in favor of Hiram T. Morrill. Colonel Morrill declined but was finally persuaded to allow his name to 592 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. be used. He was iioniiiiated. Mayor Bowers had every reason in the world to expect the people to indorse his administration and therefore sought and secured a renomination, and that too in spite of the opposition of party leaders whose wish to distress the general government he had vigorously declined to favor. The result was not unexpected. Mayor Bowers' offended party associates refrained from voting the mayoralty ticket and Colonel Morrill was accordingly elected, the vote being Bowers seven hundred and sixty-four, Morril seven hundred and ninety-eight. Mayor Bowers, however, did not "sulk in his tent." He was too much of a patriot to be guilty of conduct unbecoming his record in war and peace, and so a few months later, disregarding party ties, he buckled on his sword and went to the front line of battle as lieutenant-colonel. It should be added in justice to his memory — the smoke of the conflict having cleared away — that his administration of local affairs stands out as a bright oasis in a desert. Ma3'or Morrill was re-elected in 1863, George Stark being his opponent and the vote standing, Morrill eight hundred and forty-nine, Stark seven hundred and sixty-six. Mayor Morrill's first administration was not unlike that of his predecessor in office. He practiced such economy as was possible, and yet made liberal provision for the families of those citizens who were in the army, assisted and encouraged recruiting and kept wise supervision over city affairs. His second administration was beset with many perplexing problems and annoyed by unfortunate partisan influences. Both boards were tied, the aldermen being five and the common council ten of each party, and party passion in the ascendant Following the adjournment of the joint convention in which the oath of office was administered and the inaugural address delivered, these bodies retired to their respective chambers. In the council Theodore H. Wood was conceded the presidency by a vote of eio-hteen to two for Henry Holt. Then came a struggle over the election of clerk. The candi- dates were Frank A. McKean and Jacob D. March. Eighty ballots were taken, when one of McKean's supporters failed to vote and March was declared elected. Meanwhile the mayor and aldermen transacted the usual routine business necessary to complete their organization, and, it being evident that the council was at logger-heads, adjourned to two o'clock the same day. At the hour mentioned five of the aldermen were purpo.sely absent. The animus was to prevent a quorum. Between one and two hours were spent in waiting, during which time Aldermen David Crosby absented himself subject to recall, and Mayor Morrill and one other alderman temporarily left the room. The board finally adjourned to seven o'clock on the evening of the same day. At that hour the five aldermen were still absent, whereupon Mayor Morrill made his appointments and they were confirmed by the five aldermen present. The board then met in convention with the common council and elected John G. Kimball city clerk. An issue was immediately raised. The outgoing city clerk, Isaac H. Marshall, refused to give up the books or open the vault. He, and his partj' associates, maintained that, inasmuch as there was no quorum of the aldermen, and because of the absence, temporarily, of the mayor and two aldermen in the afternoon, the election of Mr. Kimball was illegal, and durino- the succeeding three months maintained this attitude to the great hindrance of public business. These clerks. Mayor Morrill recognizing Kimball, occupied separate desks in the office^ and it is said were on unfriendly terms and armed. Meantime relief was sought through the supreme court, and in June (see New Hampshire reports, volume seven, page four hundred and sixty-five) a decision was rendered as follows: " When, by statute, the day of meeting of the mayor and aldermen and common council is fixed for a prescribed duty, one-half the aldermen cannot defeat a legal election by absenting themselves; they are bound to be present at all times when the board is in session till an election is made, and if recess or adjournment is made are bound to take notice." Mr. Kimball, therefore, and other officers, who.se legal appointment depended on the decision of the court, prevailed and business was resumed. But Mayor Morrill's trials did not begin nor end with the affair recorded. There came a call during his administration for men to fill the depleted ranks of the army. A draft was ordered ; disloyal citizens threatened resistance, and rioting and bloodshed were imminent. Prudence dictated that measures be taken to preserve the peace should violence lie resorted to. Accordingly arms were secretly procured and stored at midnight in the armor\- over the City Hall, ammunition was hidden in the city vault and picked men notified to assemble at the stroke of the bell or sound of the drum. Happily, drastic measures were not needed to subdue the passion of the opponents of the government. Mayor Morrill had other burdens to bear besides those mentioned. Regiments of soldiers passing through the city on their way to the seat of war were HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 593 welcomed, fed and given final gods^peed as they left the state; the sick and wounded who returned were cared for, and when great battles were fought, like Gettysburg, he hurried to the front at his own expense to succor suffering Nashuans, see that the dead were buried and those unfit to continue longer in the service provided with transportation to their homes. Aside from these patriotic acts he gave his time unstintedly, to the neglect of his business, in supervising the affairs of the city and the furtherance of necessary improvements. No task, however arduous, discouraged him, and no duty was evaded or left unperformed. All that the patriotic people of Nashua ought to do was done, and the good name of the city thereby preserved. Previous to this time alarms of fire were given by shout- ing and by church and factory bells. Isaac Eaton, chief of the fire department, in his report for 1863, reconnnended the purchase of a bell to be hung in the City Hall tower. The councils of 1864 acted affirmatively on the recommendation, and the steel bell now in use on the building was procured by Mayor Morrill and Chief I'Daton at an expense, including incidentals and hanging, of about nine hundred dollars. During Mayor Morrill's first term there was expended, by special appropriation, $23,126 in aid of soldiers' families and $20,700 bounty for substitutes in the army; during his second term $23,839 aid, and $91,000 bounty, which sums were subsequently reimbursed to the city by the state. The candidates for the mayoralty in 1S64 were Matthew Harr and Ivdward Spalding. The ballot resulted in the choice of the latter by a vote of nine hundreil and fifty-two to six hundred and eighty- two. The Civil War was now the one absorbing theme of public solicitation. The wisest had no conception of the exigencies of the morrow; doubters as to the final result were everywhere ])resent; patriots could only hope, watch, wait and declare their faith that the final victory would be with the North. Under these distressing conditions all the energies of Mayor vSpalding, besides a judicious expenditure of the public funds to keep streets and highways in repair and oversee dei)artnient affairs, were necessarily devoted to strengthening the general government by obtaining enlistments for the army and providing for the families of the men in the field. This he did, despite bitter opposition, in a manner that won the admiration of all who counted no sacrifice too great to be made for country. Mayor Spalding expended, by .special appropriation, $85,000 in payment of bounties and $20,447 in providing for the women and children of soldiers. His administration endured with patience and fortitude many of the hardships incidental to the period, and deservedly ranks with that of its immediate predecessor. In 1865 \'irgil C. Oilman and Bernard B. Whittemore were the mayoralty candidates. Whitte- niore, editor of the Nashua Gazette, received six hundred and two votes and Gilman eight hundred and forty-eight. The condition of public affairs, as heretofore recited had not improved. The Federal armies were being reinforced ; the hour of deliverance or defeat was near at hand ; the people were nervous and irritable ; the office of chief magistrate of a city a most unenviable position. Mayor Gilman's first care was provision for the dependents of the men at the front and securing volunteers to fill the depleted ranks. This accomplished, and the victor\' a few weeks later at Appo- mato.x certifying that the war had ceased, he felt notwithstanding the increased debt and the oppo- sition of timid taxpayers that something should be done to promote the general welfare of the city. The first thing to be considered was the erection of a county record building. The affirmative must prevail or the records would be removed from Amherst to Manchester instead of Nashua. Public sentiment was divided, notwith.standing which Mayor Gilman secured a special appropriation of $20,000, which was subsequently increased to $25,000, and erected the building now occupied for the purpose indicated. The wisdom of his judgment has not been questioned since his retirement from office. Besides what has been heretofore mentioned Maj-or Gilman put gas fixtures, chandeliers and settees into the City Hall, straightened Amherst street, which formerly ran over the southern portion of Edgewood cemetery, and filled the gully at that point. He also straightened Concord street north from Stark street, and filled a valley that w'as a great hindrance to travel. These and other improve- ments marked the dawn of a new era that the searcher of records discovers five years later. Of a special appropriation for bounties Mayor Gilman spent $10,443. Among the notable events of his administration was the welcoming home of the la,st battalion of New Hampshire troops. It was com- posed of the Tenth and Thirteenth regiments. Tables were spread on Abbot square — the place from which these commands took their final departure for the seat of war — a large concourse of people, many of whom were from the surrounding towns, was present. Mayor Gilman's address, which was 47 594 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. printed in the newspapers of that day, was delivered on, or near, the spot on which the soldiers' and sailors' monument stands. Surely his administration deserves a conspicuous place in the civil history of the city. The candidates for the mayoralty in 1866 and 1867 were James L,. Pierce and Gilman Scripture ; the ballot. Pierce six hundred and twenty-three and seven hundred and twenty-four respectively, and Scripture eight hundred and eighteen and eight hundred and seventy-three. Mayor Scripture was deterred from contemplated improvements by the cry of retrenchment and the judgment of his councils. They, the aldermen and couucilmen, believed that the financial condition of the country did not warrant special appropriations. In fact the face difference in value between paper promises to pay and the gold standard was such that a waiting policy seemed advisable. Mayor Scripture — as the result of the burning of the city farm buildings — recommended strengthening the fire apparatus, and to that end purchased the fir.st steam fire engine, Torrent, and horses for the department. James H. Reed, a few years later a member of the board of engineers, was the first foreman under the new order of things, and Tyler M. Shattuck the first engineer. Mayor vScripture's management of other departments and city affairs in general was prudent and satisfactory to those of his fellow-citizens who were satisfied with the privileges of an overgrown village. That, personally, he was one of the most popular maj'ors of the decade is within the memory of many who are living to-day. The loyal administration of Mayor George Bowers in the troublesome days of 1861, recollection of the circumstances under which he was denied popular endorsement in 1862, together with the fact that he had performed gallant .service in the Civil War and since then had been identified with the party that prevailed in the last year mentioned, gave him high standing in the community and moved friends and admirers to seek an honorable place for him in local history. Accordingly in 186S he was conceded the mayoralty nomination. James L. Pierce was the opposing candidate and the vote stood: Pierce nine hundred and sixt3'-five, Bowers 1,090. Mayor Bowers' second administration was as popular as his first. He built the city vault, an iron safe being in use before this date, improved highways and bridges, repaired school houses and managed the various departments upon an economical basis. Mayor Bowers now felt that the city of his birth had made the amende honorable. He wished to retire from public life, and therefore declined renomination. At this period in the history of Nashua, as viewed from a progressive standpoint, affairs were practically at a standstill. The places of more than a thousand young men who had fallen out of the ranks during the Civil War had been but partially filled, business blocks and dwelling houses were simply landmarks of the old village, manufactories — owing in part to fluctuations of the currency — had not become settled upon a secure basis, and therefore the immediate future looked unpromising. To these discouraging conditions was added the knowledge that there was a slight falling off in the population, and the hard fact that if hope of escape from decay and degeneration was to be enter- tained, many too long delayed improvements must be made and new avenues of trade opened. Among the men who believed in the future of Nashua was Orren C. Moore. In the face of these obstacles he founded the Nashua Daily Telegraph, and in editorials and speeches infused new life and new hope into city affairs. With persuasive energy he advocated the things that have come to pass and thus laid future generations under obligation to him. The nominees for the maj'oralty in 1869 were James L. Pierce, who received seven hundred and twenty-seven votes, and Jotham D. Otterson, 1,015. Maj'or Otterson proved the right man for the emergency. He was approachable, practical and thoroughly impressed with the necessity of laying new fountlations, and to this end devoted pretty much all his time. During the two years he held the office (for he was elected in 1870 over Dana vSargent by a vote of nine hundred and fifteen to eight hundred and fifty-one) he rebuilt the Main street bridge, built the central fire engine house on Olive street at a co.st of $40,000, constructed a mammoth sewer through Main street, and incepted other improvements that were realized through his successors. In the autumn of 1869 fire destroyed a temporary engine house, standing on the site of the present police station, and with it the steam fire engine. The engine was rebuilt at Manchester and a few months later, April 16, 1870, the First Congregational church edifice and contiguous property on Main street, from Park street to Pearson avenue was destroyed. During the conflagration help was asked from Manchester and nobly responded to, and Tyler M. Shattuck, a veteran fireman and a brave soldier who had retired from the service with the rank of captain, won the enduring gratitude of the citizens as engineer of the steam HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 595 engine. The machine was stationed on the bridge, and during manj- anxious hours was worked to the degree that lier smokestack was red with heat and the situation so appalling that few people dared venture within fifty yards of the place. The loss was rising $70,000, insurance $46,000. Beasom and Noyes l)locks were badly damaged by fire the same year, and Henry Holt's batting mill on Merrimack street totally destroyed, which, with less disa.strous fires, made a total loss of nearly $130,000. The situation plainly indicated the need of another steamer, and Mayor Otterson, notwith- standing the murmurs of those who always make it a part of their I)usiness to censure an adminis- tration, purchased another engine, Niagara, and made a liberal addition to the supply of hose. The expenditures of his two years increased the city debt and grumblers were not a few, but for all that time has shown the wisdom of his judgment antl iin])arlial history does him justice. It was not alone (^FiRt Stations.} in the things mentioned that Mayor Otterson set the pace that has developed into the Nashua of to-day. It was during his first term in oflice that the projectors of the Nashua i\: Rochester railroad solicited the aid of the city. The proposition was that Nashua should take $200,000 worth of bonds, redeemable in twenty j-ears, upon which interest was to be guaranteed, thus insuring its construction. The councils and public sentiment were about equally divided. The wisest financiers hesitated. Mayor Otterson favored the project. Editor Moore threw the influence of his newspaper into the breach in support of the proposition and the .struggle began in earnest. It was argued that the construction of the road would give Nashua superior shipping facilities, that it was a beginning that would make it one of the business centres of New England; that it was the one thing needed to develop southern New Hampshire and finally that growth and prosperity depended upon this kind of enterprise. The opponents of the road took counsel of their fears, but after a long and weary contest — the common council being ably and affirmatively led by its president, Eugene F. Whitnej- — the resolution was carried. Subsequent administrations issued city bonds with which to procure the amount of money thus pledged. The road was built and a few j-ears later the city disposed of its 596 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. bonds without loss. In this transaction as in others heretofore mentioned, time has vindicated the course of Mayor Otterson. He declined a third nomination. The decade of ^-ears here closing showed a debt of $195,950, city property $193,890, population 10,553 (a falling off of one hundred and twenty-two from i860), voters 2,483, valuation, unwarrantably inflated for the purpose of taxation, $5,146,734- In 1871 the candidates were Oilman .Scripture and Dana .Sargent. The people made choice of Mr. Sargent, his vote being nine hundred and sixty-eight to eight hundred and ninety-four for ex- Mayor Scripture. Mayor Sargent, like his immediate predecessor, believed Nashua's future depended on a mighty infusion of enterprise. He was of those who were heartily out of patience with the men who cried a halt, and possessed the moral courage necessary to continue the work so auspiciously beo'un by Mayor Otterson. Among the crying needs of the day was a school hou.se at Mount Pleasant. He joined hands with Editor Moore, ex-Ma>-or Spalding and Francis B. Ayer, M. D., (political opponents) in an effort to induce the state to locate the normal school upon the lot, and, with others, offered to assist the undertaking from his private purse. When it became evident that the proposition had miscarried he recommended an appropriation of $30,000 towards the erection of a new building, and although opposed by conservative citizens succeeded in securing that amount. The house was built and dedicated while he was yet in office. Another important policy of his administration was developed through a resolution requesting the representatives in the legislature to procure the passage of a special act authorizing exemption from taxation for a period of five or ten years of industries by a two-thirds vote of the council. The desired legislation was obtained mainly through the effort of Editor Moore, and on Jan. 31, 1872, Mayor Sargent signed the first resolution passed by authority thus given. The exemption was in favor of Oregg & Hoyt, and the result, as witnessed in 1895, is the sash, door and blind business, and, indirectly, the peopling of Crown Hill. Having accomplished this undertaking his farseeing vision evolved the future. It was a plain proposition to his mind that eventually the city would need a tract of land in that vicinity, and he argued that the time to purchase was when it could be obtained at a nominal price. A majority of his council agreed with him and the result was the city acquired the land on Arlington street, now occupied by a modern school and engine house, for $2,000. He also bought for $9,000, the territory embraced in the North Common, the avenue on the north side of which was subsequently named in his honor, and secured a vote appropriating five hundred dollars in aid of those w'ho were suffering by reason of the Chicago fire. Mayor Sargent made a careful study of the needs of the cit>- and managed its department affairs with such gratifying success that when he retired from office the news- papers and progressive citizens said many kind things of him. He was re-nominated, but failed of re-election through the opposition of voters who failed to comprehend the significance of the new order of things. The men who opposed the re-election of Mayor Sargent in 1872 very soon discovered that in the choice of Seth D. Chandler — who had 1,067 votes to 1,039 for Sargent — the executive chair of the city was again filled by a magistrate whose face was turned toward the future. Mayor Chandler's first and great care was the disposal of the city bonds to procure funds with which to meet the city's pledge of $200,000 to the stock of the Nashua & Rochester railroad, a measure which, as a member of the common council in 1869, he had advocated as a feeder to the trade and industrial interests of Nashua, and which he had again supported when in the board of aldermen in 187 1, in a resolution completing the terms of the subscription. He placed bonds to the amount of about $68,000 and in other ways rendered invaluable service to the enterprise. More than this, and in consonance with the policy he had successfully advocated during his career as a city official, he influenced the councils to vote a gratuity of $15,000 to the Peterboro' railroad, to secure the extension of the Wilton railroad to Greenfield. The result was a through line to Keene and beyond, and the realization of the benefits foreshadowed in the resolution of May 14, 1869, authorizing aid to the Nashua & Rochester railroad. In addition to these important transactions Ma\'or Chandler called for and obtained $12,000 with which to complete the Mount Pleasant school house and grade the lot. He also continued the work, in the face of opposition and with aid of committees from the churches, of disinterring the bodies in the Spring street cemetery, thus removing from a busy center an unused burial place and preparing the lot for the magnificent high school building erected under the supervision of succeeding admin- istrations. Mayor Chandler bonded a floating debt that had been necessarily created by predecessors, HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 597 wlio, like himself, were deteriiiined on rising above the environments of a decaying village, spent #3.500 in making the Canal street iron l)ri(lge safe for travel, and conducted the routine affairs of the city on business princij)lcs. During his administration the city sustained heavy losses by fire, the most disastrous being (April 30) the rolling mill of the Nashua Iron and Steel company, $50,000, and at the same time Worcester & Nashua railroad, |;2o,ooo. The year he served the city as its chief magistrate was rich with measures that tended to advance its prosperity and help make it what it is to-day, the second city in the state. Mayor Chandler, on account of large business interests that needed his time and attention, declined to be a candidate for re-election. The mayoralty candidates in 1873 were Josiah M. Fletcher, one hundred and ten votes; Hiram T. Morrill, eight hundred and twenty; Frank A. McKean, nine hundred and seventy-seven; 1874, Fletcher, one hundred and forty-two; Morrill, seven hundred and seventy-seven; McKean, 1,130. The bi-centennial of Dunstable was celebrated during Mayor McKean's first administration. It was an event of much significance, and that it was observed with becoming spirit and to the lasting credit of Nashua is due in a great measure to the indefatigable lal)or of Ma\or McKean. A mammoth tent was pitched on the Nashua company's square, (since utilized for a store house), the civic oration was delivered In Judge -Samuel T. Worcester and the ecclesiastical discourse bj* Prof. John Weslej* Churchill. Other exercises were had befitting the occasion. The matter of a soldiers' monument was agitated but nothing came of it. Mayor McKean continued the work of jireparing the Spring street cemetery lot for a school house, and built and finished the Harbor school house on Lake street at a cost of about $10,000. During his second administration he laid the corner-stone of the high school building, contracted with John M. Flanders for its erection, and expended, approximatelv, $63,000 tow-ards completing the undertaking. The losses by fire in Mayor McKean's first vear aggregated $60,000: Reuben Godfrey's residence $4,000, Warner & Whitney's shop and office $4,000, bakery building on Hollis street, occupied by Nahum W. Burke, two fires, $20,000, Charles Holman's confectionery manufactory corner Main and lUdridge streets, $i8,oco. These misfortunes, added to the record of 1S72, caused the fire underwriters to contemplate an advance in rates. Mayor McKean and his council concluded that the purchase of another steam engine would result in a saving of money for the taxpayers, and therefore added Indian Head, number three, which was held as a reserve until put into commission at Crown Hill. His administration graded the Mount Pleasant school house lot and put in a bank wall at an expense of about $1,000, and, in the face of much opposition, laid the first stone pavement (between the Main street bridge and Water street) in the city, the latter improvement being more especially due to the persistent effort of Aldermen William D. Cadwell, Daniel M. .Smith and Ross C. Duffy. The city finances were satisfactorily conducted and his administrations are credited as progressive and in consonance with the demand of those who were building for the future. In 1875 Thomas P. Pierce and George H. Whitney were the candidates, the ballot resulting in the choice of the latter by a vote of 1,225 to 1,171. Mayor Whitney completed the high school building at a cost of about $30,000, and remodeled the old high school building on Main street for grammar school purposes. These expenditures, together with a heavy verdict (between $5,000 and $6,000) rendered against the city in a suit for highway damages, necessitated curtailment in other directions and consequently Mayor W'hitne)- was forced to forego some of the improvements sug- gested in his inaugural address. All departments, however, were faithfully managed, and the steady advance on lines marked out in 1870 kept in mind. Mayor Whitney, a courteous, modest, conscien- tious man, who naturally sought escape from the hurly-burly of public life, declined a renomination. The candidates in the centennial year and again in 1877 were Gilman C. .Shattuck and Charles Williams: 1876, vShattuck, 1,193; ^^'iIlianls, 1,236; 1877, Shattuck, 1,099; \\'illiams, 1,291. The general feeling at this time was that the cit}- debt should be reduced before undertaking other needed improvements. Moreover, public attention was centered on the exposition at Philadelphia and the populace desired an Independence Day celebration worthy of the cit\'. Mayor Williams lent his influence to the latter proposition and the Fourth of that 3ear was accordingly made memorable in the annals of Nashua. Gen. Aaron F". Stevens marshalled the civic procession, and among his aids were heroes of the Civil War whom the citizens delighted to honor. The programme inlcuded a burlesciue parade, sports, band concerts, balloon ascension, fire-works, etc. It was also during Mayor Williams' administration that President Hayes and members of his cabinet were royally welcomed 598 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. and entertained, Col. Thomas P. Pierce, a soldier of the Mexican and Civil Wars, graciously performing the duties of chief marshal and master of ceremonies. Maj'or Williams cut down a hill at the harbor and graded and improved Main street at that point. He made many other minor improvements and conducted the financial affairs of the city prudently. In fact it may be said that his administration met the approval of the people. In 1S78 Nashua witnessed one of the most exciting and bitterest political campaigns in her histor}'. A citizen, Frank A. McKean, was nominated for governor. His political associates were active and determined to carry the city. The opposing party, which had maintained a local majority the three previous years, was quite as determined to prevent such a result. The battle became fierce. The Democratic partj' which supported McKean, nominated William H. Cook for mayor. The Republican party, when assembled in city convention, discovered that it was composed of two factions, one demanding a candidate pledged to the strict enforcement of the prohibitory liquor law and the other content with less radical measures. The result of the ballot was a surprise. Clark M. Langley but for the scattering votes, would have been nominated. The second ballot resulted in the nomina- tion of Charles Holman. The out-and-out prohibitionists were offended. They declared they had been unfairly defeated, and, at a meeting held a few evenings later, nominated Langley as a third candidate. Under these conditions part)' passion was in the ascendent and argument in the direction of mending matters of no avail. The result of the ballot was lyangley, one hundred and twenty-four, Holman, 1,112, Cook, 1,215; the board of aldermen Democratic and the common council tied. That Mayor Cook — owing to the tie, party animosity and a rumor that a certain Democratic member would vote for a Republican for city clerk — was embarrassed from the very outset of his administration was apparent. The first ballot for city clerk showed a total of one more vote than the convention was entitled to ca.st and was declared void. Immediateh' a claim was set up that it was a trick to discover the situation. Mayor Cook smoothed the troubled waters as much as possible and ordered a second ballot, which resulted in the choice of a member of his own party. Threats were freely made for several days afterwards that an appeal would be taken to the supreme court, but nothing came of it. Following the adjournment of the inaugural convention another struggle for the supremacy occurred in organizing the council. The candidates were William R. McMillan and Frank D. Cook. Ballot- ing was begun about twelve o'clock and continued until some time the following da)'. Each candi- date had eleven votes. Some of the members of the council were prostrated by the poisonous atmos- phere of the room, some by the limitations of nature and others by sustained excitement. Lunches, easy chairs and cot beds were provided during the night, and many part)- followers remained about the vestibule to give courage and advice to their respective representatives. The dead-lock was finally broken on the two hundred and sixth ballot in favor of Mr. Cook, one of the opposing party refraining from voting. Nor was this all of the troubles of Mayor Cook's administration. The leaders of his party feared that some of the aldermen were pledged to vote for a Republican for other city officers, and, that detection might follow, devised a three-cornered pasteboard ticket and placed watchers over their members to see that they deposited the same in the ballot box. They also used colored tickets and other devices much to the chagrin and discouragement of Mayor Cook, who was over-ruled and made a target for the quips of the newspapers. The unfairness with which Mayor Cook was treated did not end here. An act was coached through the legislature in June changing the day of election from March to November, thus reducing his term of office to seven months. The consensus of opinion after party passion had subsided was, and still is, that Mayor Cook was not fairly treated by either party. He was handicapped and unable to accomplish undertakings that he knew were for the best interests of the city. He did, however, all an honest man may do in conduct- ing departments upon an economical basis and left l)ehind him a record that, under all the circum- stances, should not be looked upon as unworthy of comparison with those of other ma>'ors who served the city in troublesome times. The canvass preceding the November election in 187S demonstrated that the third party adherents who supported Langley in March were determined on reviving the old issue. They nominated Coleman W. Murch, while the democrats supported Frederic Kelsey and the republi- cans Charles Holman. The ballot disclosed; Murch, one hundred and nineteen; Kelsey, nine hundred and thirty-three. Holman, 1,285. Mayor Holman and his associates in the government for 1879 were inaugurated without dissension and the affairs of the city resumed the even tenor of their ///S/'OA'}- OF NASHUA, N. H. 599 way. During liis first adniinislralioii a tronbk-sonic ([uestioii arose relative to the interest on the Nashua & Rochester railroad stock held by the city. .Six per cent was guaranteed by the Worcester & Nashua railroad. The Nashua cS: Rochester road cost in the neighborhood of S8oo,ooo more than the engineer's estimate. The financial condition of the Worcester & Nashua company was such — its stock, by reason of the excess of interest it was compelled to pay under the terms of the guarantj- having depreciated from one hundred and thirty dollars to eighteen dollars — that there was inuninent danger of bankruptcy unless relief was afforded by a reduction of interest to three per cent. The facts were given out in an official synopsis of the railroad company's books, and Mayor Holman, before taking action in the matter, secured the services of an expert accountant and verified the statement. Meanwhile the newspapers and many citizens of influence had openly declared that if affirmative action was taken Mayor Holman's jiolitical career was ended. It was, considering that he was com-inced that to hold fast to the original contract was to force the road into bankruptcy and CriV l-AiiM AXI) UOlSIi ()[■■ fOKUIiCTION. entail heavy loss upon the citv, a most trying situation. Mayor Holman, however, disregarded all threats and acted upon his judgment. He led his councils to grant the reduction, and since then it has been an indisputaVile fact that his action relieved the embarrassment of the road — the stock quickly advancing from eighteen dollars to si.xt\-five dollars per share — so that in the end Nashua was enabled to dispose of its stock at par, and many individual stockholders who held their certificates till a few months later realized from ten to thirty per cent advance. In other affairs it was deemed expedient, considering the pul)lic debt, and in compliance with the majoritx' sentiment of the tax- payers, to forego all im])ro\-ements not imperative and apply the strictest business jirinciples to all departments. By so doing a most satisfactory exhibit was made. Despite the threats that had been made, Mayor Holman was re-nominated the following year and received nine hundred and seventy- eight votes to se\-en hundred and thirty-seven for Quincy A. Woodward and fifty-one for Thomas Melend\-. The onl\- friction experienced during his second administration was at the \-ery beginning, and came about through di\-ision of supi)ort in the choice of city marshal. The candidates were Willard C. Tolles, Horace S. Ashley and William O. Clough. On the twenty-.second ballot the vote 6oo til STORY OF NASHUA, N. H. was tied between Clough and Ashley, when the mayor gave the casting vote to the former. Mayor Holnian conducted the affairs of the city during his second term on practically the same lines as his first. He macadamized Main and Canal streets, made needed improvements at the Mount Pleasant school house and house of correction, met all the city liabilities inside of the annual appropriation, and at the same time reduced the cit)- debt about 5^10,000. It was a very satisfactory .showing and credit- able to his financial and executive ability. The total city debt at the close of this decade, less $220,400 loaned on account Nashua & Rochester railroad, was $243,340; valuation, $8,940,480; city property, including school houses, $635,176; population, 13,397; voters, 3,014. At the annual election in 1880 the ma3'oralty candidates were Josiali M. Fletcher, Frank A. McKean and Benjamin Fletcher, Jr. The vote stood: J. M. Fletcher, fort)'-one; McKean, 1,174: B. Fletcher, 1,383; in 1S81, Alfred M. Norton, eight hundred and thirtj'-uine ; Fletcher, eight hundred and ninety. Both administrations of Mayor Fletcher ( 1881 and 1882) were alike a credit to himself and the city. He did a vast amount of work that had become indespensable by reason of the growth of the city in the previous decade, and dispensed with sundry antiquated sy.stems that had become sources of annoyance. Mayor Fletcher perfected the hydrant S3-steni, and greath' added to the HUDSON IRO.V BRIDGE— LOW AND HIGH WATER. efficiency of the fire department. His administration built that part of the Hudson iron bridge belonging to Nashua at a co.st of $10,209; and the O'Donnell school house on Chandler .street at an expense, including fixtures, of about $10,000: purchased the lot on which the police station is erected (a wise and prudent forethought as it turned out) for $6,683; improved the City Hall building, constructed new sewers and extended old ones, and made additions to the stone paving in streets. The improvements credited to Mayor Fletcher's administration were absolute necessities, and yet, the city debt and the outspoken opposition of many influential taxpayers being taken into account, it required more than ordinary courage to carry them forward to completion. Besides making the improvements mentioned he kept a careful oversight over departmental expenditures and conducted city affairs on business principles, thus reducing the city debt $12,300 in 1881 and $6,851 in 1882, a total in two years of $19,151. This was indeed a gratifying exhibit. Mayor Fletcher proved a chief magistrate of courage and independent judgment equal to the demand of the times, and so became sponsor for two of the most satisfactory administrations of the generations he served. The mayoralty elections in November, 1882 and 1883, resulted in the choice of Alfred M. Norton. The vote stood, first year, James H. Dunlap, 1,150; Norton, 1,283; .second year, Isaac Eaton, 1,002; HISTORY OF NASHirA, A^ //. 6oi Norton, i.iSj. Mayor Norton's two adniinislralioiis, 18.S3 and 1SS4, were helpful to the growth and prosperity of the city. In his first year he coni])lete(l the new hydrant system inaugurated by Mayor Fletcher at an expense of about five hundred dollars, enlarged the South Common, S2,2co ; introduced water into the cemeteries, seven hundred dollars; purchased a hose carriage, seven hundred dollars; hose, $i,4Sy; and remodeled the interior of the City Hall building — which to this time was a relic of antiijuity — a' the sale of the stock of the former. Accumulated interest and the amount required to be annually added would swell the total far beyond the requirements of the city in 1892, when the bonds became due for which the sinking fund was created. Moreover the payment to the c\\.y from the city of the amount of coupons on bonds redeemed but not yet matured was a method of doing business that should be abandoned. In fine he recommended that all money not required to meet the city obligations at maturity of bonds in 1S92 be applied in payment of all the then outstanding script, notes and bonds due prior to that date. The bonds held by the tru.stees of the sinking fund amounted to $61,500, and a resolution was recommended and passed authorizing their cancellation, and ordering them filed with the matured debt of the city; also another resolution authorizing the discontinuance of the annual appropriation of the $7,062 to be added to the sinking fund. Many of the opponents of this new order of things looked upon the proposition as rank heresy and threatened his impeachment if the scheme was carried out. Mayor Tolles, however, were not alone in his views. Ex-Mayor Edward Spalding and several other of the leading financiers said he was right, and with this backing, and in the determined spirit of a positive man, he made an issue in the city council, which was politically arrayed against him, and, after a protracted struggle in which there was little HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 603 or no exhibition of temper, carried Iiis jioiiit, thus coiniiiittint; huth political parties to the proposition ami silencing those who had threatened imi)eachment. The policy thus ado])ted proved a relief of about 550,000, during the period of this administration, which the people would have been obliged to li(|uidate by direct tax. Having opened the way to a continuance of the improvements begun and contemplated, the authorized appropriation for an electric fire alarm was made. lie was, nevertheless, confronted hy l)er])lexing conditions. The amount ($6,000) was insufficient for the undertaking, citizens were angry liecause of the erection of unsightly poles and the necessary trimming of shade trees, and not a few were distressed in mind because of what they were pleased to mention as an unnecessary outlay. Mayor Tolles dodged the grumblers as best he could and gave his attention to the business in hand. He found that the New England Telegrapli and Telephone com])any was seeking the right of way in the city, and, althougli it was a hard bargain for the concern, he made a contract by which it l)ecame bound, in consideration of right of way, to furnish and maintain poles, cross-arms, and pins ujion which the city should have perpetual right for fire alarm wires. The result was the completion of the system at a slight cost above the appropriation and a large annual saving. Mayor Tolles con- tinued the work on the mammoth sewer —introducing for the first time in Na.sliua an excavating machine that saved hundreds of dollars — and completed it during his last administration at a total cost, including Mayor Spalding's expenditures, of about #50,000. Another appreciable improvement was in connection with the cemeteries. He recommended and secured the appointment of superintendents and during his first year reset a large number of fallen gravestones, cleared out unsightly undergrowth, graded paths, and, during the following years, erected needed chapels at Woodlawn and Edgewood. In May, 1886, the subject of electric lights for the public streets was introduced in the board of aldermen, and immediately it became evident that there was to be a formidable opposition to the measure. Mayor Tolles, being a stockholder and officer in the Nashua Electric Eight company, was now between two fires, his own and the city's interests. He stated as much and pledged that if it were deemed advisable to light the city with electricity the contracts should be as reasonable as in other cities or the award be made to the lowest bidder, the Nashua Gas Light company being the local competitor of the compau)- he represented. The discussions that followed were long and tedious, resolution after resolution failed of passage, experts were called, public hearings were given in which the Gas company participated, and the subject held in abe^-ance for months. Finally the Electric company put up several lamps on trial and sustained the same at its own expense for a number of months, and Feb. 27, 1887, a two years' contract was made for one hundred and eight arc lights at $7,000 a year. Opposition then ceased and surely few if any citizens would now vote to return to the old method of lighting. Still another improvement and unquestionably one of the best in the past quarter of a century was on Canal street. The street was narrow between Chandler street and the bridge, and during the greater part of the year a slough through which it was difficult for heavily loaded teams to pass. The Jackson company offered to give land from the yards in front of its blocks upon the condition that the city set back the fence and rebuild the sidewalk. Considering that the street must be paved if the improvement were to be made, the undertaking was one of great moment. Mayor Tolles and his board carefully considered the proposition and studied the needs of the future. It was wisely determined that it should be accepted even at the risk of increasing the jniljlic debt, and to this decision is due the fact that the street is now one of the most attractive in the city. Like all other improvements it had the opjiosition of those who are always in sorrow over public expenditures. It was made, however, without additional debt. Mayor Tolles cut down and graded Concord street from between Hall's avenue and Stark street to the hill beyond — thus bringing into the market house lots on the streets on either side and inducing people to build dwelling houses that have atlded materially to the taxable property of the locality — and enlarged (nearly to completion) the county record building. He sold the city's practically worthless gravel pit on Granite street and house lots on Sargent's avenue for about $5,000: added a fraction more than ten acres of land to the Edgewood cemetery for $1,600; re-numbered all the houses in the city, put a flag-staff ujion the City Hall building and purchased a flag (the first owned by the city, and which the local newspajiers had been demanding for years) and introduced the weather signal service. 6o4 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Ill 1887 Iiidepeiideiice Day was celebrated as never before in town or city history. Col. William H. D. Cochrane was the chief marshal and the procession included local and invited companies of the National Guard, fire companies, and among the then new features in this locality, a division of trades exhibits. Gov. Charles H. vSa\V3'er and his staff, with other distinguished citizens of the state, honored the occasion and witnessed the balloon ascension, sports and fireworks. It was also during Mayor Tolles' administration that the French international convention of Union St. Jean Baptiste societies (which he welcomed in a fitting address) was held in Nashua, a magnificent civic procession being one of the features. During his last term of office the subject of a .soldiers' monument was agitated by the citizens. Nov. 13, 18S8, the aldermen considered a resolution appropriating $12,000 for this purpose and also locating the monument on the Railroad square oval. It was amended to $10,000 and passed. The common council amended it to $12,000 and " in front of Greeley building." The public was undecided as to location and engaged in hot discussion relating thereto in public meetings, therefore the aldermen referred the wliole matter to the incoming ailministration. The general expenditures during the three years Mayor Tolles served the city in the executive chair, which included the purchase of a stone crusher, were economically managed and satisfactory exhibit made. In the summer and autumn of his last year the residents of Crown Hill demanded a school house. The suggestion was made that the Pearl street school house be removed to a convenient site, but Mavor Tolles and his board rightly declared that such a course, inasmuch as the house was in no particular suited to the needs of the district or consistent with future growth, was inexpedient, and therefore, as their last important oiTicial act, passed a resolution authorizing the incoming council to appropriate $25,000 for the erection of the building that now adorns the lot on Arlington street. That Mayor Tolles made improvements that have stood, and shall continue to stand the test of time no citizen will attempt to gainsay. He gave unstintedly of his time to the public service, he endured without a murmur the harsh criticism of those who could not understand his motives, and bore him- self courteously under all circumstances. More cannot be expected of any man. The mayoralty candidates at the annual election in iSSS were John H. Goodale, who received thirty-two votes, Edward O. Blunt, 1,621, Charles H. Burke, 1,760. In 1889, Nathan O. Prescott, nineteen; Charles T. Lund, 1,487; Burke, 1,599. Mayor Burke ( administrations of 18S9 and 1890) was confronted by the mooted question, "whether or not the work of making Nashua an up to date city should continue, or, yielding to the clamor of an influential minority, all improvements should cease." He wisely chose to continue, and among his first acts — meanwhile meeting with consider- able opposition — he secured the authorized appropriation for building the school house at Crown Hill, and, near the close of his second term, turned over to the city the building on Arlington street, the total cost being about $34,000. Another long delayed (and it may be added often promised) under- taking was the erection of a soldiers' and sailors' monument. Favorable public sentiment had been aroused during the administration of his predecessor, and, although that class of citizens who invari- ably scold over public expenditures were clamorous for another postponement. Mayor Burke believed that considering Nashua was twenty-five years behind other cities in honoring the men who had fought the battles of the Republic it was high time to make amends. The majority of his council was like-minded and accordingly $12,000 was appropriated. Abbot square selected as a compromise and satisfactory site, and the corner stone laid by the Grand Army of the Republic, Milton A. Taylor chief marshal, on Memorial Day, 1889, a magnificent procession of veteran soldiers and sailors, under escort of the local companies of the National Guard, being present and participating in the exercises, Col. Frank G. Noyes delivering an oration. The monument was completed during the next few months and Oct. 15, the same year, dedicated by the state department, Grand Army of the Republic, Col. lUbridge J. Copp, chief marshal. The event marks one of the grandest events in local history. The city was radiant with flags, bunting and banners. Thousands of the veteran soldiers and sailors of New Hampshire, with comrades from other states, headed by bands of music and drum corps, and escorted by military companies and secret organizations, paraded the streets, children of the public schools (grouped for that purpose) sang patriotic hymns, the state officers of the Grand Army performed the dedicatory service of that order, Mayor Burke and others made stirring addresses and Gen. Charles H. Burns delivered a classic oration. The opponents of the undertaking were silenced and no words other than of gratitude to Maj'or Burke and his associates have since been spoken. Mayor Burke completed improvements to the county record building, the total expense being about HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 605 $2,500 : strengthened the fire department by adding a chemical engine and outfit at a cost of $3,000; remodeled the central fire station (making nearly the entire excavation under it) at an expenditure of $4,500; built and established the Quincy street fire station, $3,000; enlarged the city tomb and Woodlawn cemetery (purchasing land on Kinsley street) at a cost of about $5,000; made alterations and improvements in the City Hall building, (putting in new steam boilers and modern doors and windows) $2,500; built a nuunmolh sewer from Railroad square to the North Common, $27,000 ; laid more sewer pipe and edge stone than any of his predecessors ; completed paving Canal street to Kail- road square, $6,000 ; macadamized several streets; received the Hunt lecture fund ; established the office of city engineer ; secured an annual appropriation for the militia which encouraged building the armory on Canal street, and carefully guarded minor interests. The foregoing is not all by any means that stands to the credit of Mayor Burke's administration. P'or many years the newspapers, courts and cit\' ofiicials had been inveighing against the police station ( in the basement of the City Hall building) and demanding that something in the interests of humanity be done about it. Mayor Burke gave the naatter very serious consideration, although there was considerable opposition to the .STAHK S(i_U.\RE. proposed outlay, secured an appropriation and built the model 1)uilding which adorns Court street and satisfies the demands of the times. The building cost upwards of $30,000. Mayor Burke entertained President Harrison on the occasion of his visit to Nashua, and performed many other courteous acts that reflected credit upon himself and the niunicipalit\- he represented. He devoted the major part of his time to the affairs of the city and impartial history must declare that the work he accomplished grandly comjileted the new Nashua that Kditor Moore and Ma\-or Olterson laid the foundation of in 1870. The population at the close of this decade was 19,311; \aIuation, $10,445,038; voters, 4,684 ; city debt, $339,074 ; city property, $691,033. The mayoralty candidates in 1890 were Frank D. Cook, twenty-four votes: Walter B. Chase, 1,670; William H. Beasom, 1,896. In 1891, John Cross, fifty-four; Williams Hall, r.490; Beasom, 1,731. Mayor Beasom (administrations of 1891 and 1892) believed with a majority of both political parties that the police and fire departments should be taken out of politics, h'rom the inauguration of the first city government the efficiency of both had been somewhat luindica])pe(i with changes that occurred among officers with the change of administrations. The time had come to make tenure of office in these departments subject to good behavior and Mayor Beasom took the initiative to accom- plish this ])nr])ose. He wrote the original draft of tlie legislative act authorizing the fire commission 6o6 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. and urged its passage, aud was also interested in the legislation that secured the police commission : the first commissioners of the former being his appointees : the commissioners of the latter being by the o-overnor and council. The consensus of public opinion is that both commissions have resulted in radical reforms that have been beneficial to the peace, dignity and protection of the city. Mayor Beasoni also recommended the appointment of a police matron (making the finst appointment in 1891 ) and the purchase of an ambulance, which was added to the service a few months later. His first administration built the Arlington street engine house at an expense of about $6,000; purchased a new hook and ladder truck, $1,900; enclosed the park at the junction of Concord and Manchester streets with a dressed stone curb, $2,800; constructed the stone bridge on Allds street over Salmon brook, about $7,000 ; liquidated arrearages on contracts for building the police station, $12,939 : and the soldiers' and sailors' monument, $4,062 ; besides introducing assessors' maps, which were com- pleted in 1892. A few weeks following his second inauguration his health failed and he was there- fore compelled to relinquish the executive chair. Alderman Charles E. Faxon was elected acting mayor by the board of aldermen, and performed the duties of mayor the rest of the term. Improve- ments incepted in 1891 were continued and the expenditures that resulted in Commercial street authorized, an agreement being entered into by which the Worcester, Nashua & Rochester railroad bore the major part of the expense. Some marked improvements were made upon highways and bridges, the grade raised on the north side of the Main street bridge, greatly to the convenience of the public, and a resolution passed authorizing an appropriation to build a school house on Amherst street, plans for which had been made in 1891, and a location decided upon. Acting Mayor Faxon had many difficult problems to deal with but for all that conducted municipal affairs in a creditable manner. Mayor Beasom resumed the chair of office at the close of the year and welcomed and qualified his successor, a custom that has prevailed since the adoption of the city charter. At the annual election in 1892 the candidates were Thomas Sands aud Williams Hall, the latter being elected by a vote 1,787 to 1,778. A recount was had but the result was not changed. When Mavor Hall (administration of 1893) came to the executive chair he found the public mind greatly disturbed over the choice of a site for a public library building. He used with the public and his council everv possible argument and endeavored to harmonize conflicting interests and desires, and was at all times ready to obey the order of the court, but despite the utmost he could do public senti- ment could not be placated nor his official associates induced to settle the vexed question. (A more extended statement relative to this unfortunate controversy is given at the close of this chapter. ) Mayor Hall accomplished many undertakings that were of va.st importance to the public. He purchased land of the Jackson company for the purpose of widening Amory street, and the improve- ment in that thoroughfare, which includes the pavement, made it possible to lay the track of the electric railway and at the same time permit abundant egress from the freight house of the Boston & Maine railroad. Mayor Hall extended the Ward One main sewer (as provided by a special appro- priation of $15,000) from Greeley street, through Merrimack, Abbot, Manchester, Halls, Webster, Stark and Concord streets to the brow of the hill beyond, building of brick nearly three-fourths of the distance and continuing with Akron pipe. His enterprise had the approval of the people bene- fitted, many of whom expressed to him their personal gratitude. The Amherst street school house, to build which an appropriation was authorized by the preceeding administration and for which ways and means were provided by Mayor Hall's administration, was built during his term of office, and, although a committee of the government of 1892 held over, was given his personal attention. The cost was about $18,600. He also built the Amherst street fire engine house (one of the finest in the state, and in which every citizen takes an honest pride) at an expense, including land, of about $38,000. Mayor Hall built a sewer from the base of Commercial street to the Nashua river, paved Commercial and Hudson streets, and straightened, filled and in man}- ways improved Concord street from the old Ferry road to the Pennichuck brook. He also rendered all the aid in his power to the establishment of the Cit}' Emergency hospital, using his influence to secure an appropriation of $2,000, which amount, added to the gift of citizens, made the realization of this long needed institu- tion possible. One of the most important acts of Mayor Hall's administration relates to the finance. He found a floating debt of $125,000 and issued cit}- bonds, due in 1913, in payment. The sale of the bonds was the most favorable to the city of any in its history: a sure indication that the "out-side world" now looked upon Nashua as a modern and enterprising city, the credit of which is in a great HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 607 measure due to the positive and far seeing men who performed the duties of its chief magistrate during its reconstructive i>eriod. In issuing the bonds mentioned Mayor Hall took the wise precau- tion — a business method which his successors will no doubt follow — of establishing a sinking fund, to which $6,000 is to be added annually, to meet the city's obligation at maturity. The routine affairs of the\arious departments were faithfully managed during the year, and Mayor Hall retired from the office with the credit of an able and progressive administration. The candidates for the mayoralt)' in 1893 were Josiah M. Fletcher. se\-enty ; Thomas Sands, 1,544: William A. Gregg, 1,575. The annoyances incidental to the introduction of the Australian ballot system were such that a recount of the votes, as in the previous year, was demanded. The result was Fletcher, seventy; Gregg, 1,596; Sands, 1,603, and the finding was confirmed by the supreme court. Mayor Sands contemplated making necessarj- improvements upon highways, macadamizing certain streets and curtailing as far as possible the general expenses of the govern- RMInoalls 97. SCIIOOI. HorSKS, KKKI ted in iSiyO.i,;. ment. All things considered it was a task allended with some disadxantages, conspicuous among which were a dozen or more pending lawsuits to recover damages for injuries on the highways and which, by reason of a change in the laws of the state it was desirable to have settled at an early day. He was a busy man about the courts for a long time and in the end his administration was compelled to pay out for counsel fees and adverse verdicts nearly $14,000. This with other extraordinary expenditures increased the incidental account $17,000 over the appropriation. It was an unfortunate condition of affairs, and, the rate of taxation having been fixed at a minimum for the purpose of lessening the hardships of merchants and manufacturers who were troubled because of the financial condition of the country, nothing could be done to mend the situation. Mayor Sands, however, met the changed conditions of affairs with courage and decision, lie purchased a combination truck for the fire department for $2,200, hose $1,400 and a ho.se wagon five hundred aiul fifteen dollars; improved fire engines at an expense of $2,100, bought a road machine for $3,700, and paid outstand- ing bills for paving stone, contracted for before he came into office, amounting to nearly $10,000, 6o8 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. arrearages on Amherst street engine house $i4,oco, and for the support of the I-'niergency liospital, $2,500. Many of these demands were a surprise and a source of worriment to him. Notwithstanding the difficulties summarized he macadamized Hollis street, greatly improved many other streets and highways, supervised the departments and insisted that all their expenses should be economical. Taking into account the many disadvantages Ma>or Sands labored under his administration deserves, as it receives, the approval of the people. In 1894 the election l)eing now for a term of two years, the candidates for the mayoralty were John Cro.ss, twenty-eight; Eugene F. McQuesten, 1.630; Joseph W. Howard, 2,051. Mayor Howard ( 1895 and 1896) had many hard problems to solve. The taxpayers were insistent in their demand that the expenses of the city government should be lessened, and yet public necessity demanded improvements. It was a difficult task to satisfy both. Mayor Howard, however, succeeded in a large degree in meeting public expectations. Under his administration the Main street bridge was widened and strengthened, a new bridge was built at Fairmount, the Hunt library site was condemned under the law of eminent domain and became the property of the city, modern school houses were built at Belvidere (Bridge street), at Palm street, and many minor and important improvements made, including paving streets and other work incidental to changing the street railway from horse to electric power. The total valuation of the city at the outgoing of his administration as exhibited by the official reports was $13,452,845; total liabilities, less sinking fund, to cancel bonds at maturity, $575,078.85; valuation of city property, as shown by inventory. $579,825.44; total number of polls, 5,746; population (estimated), 24,000. At the municipal election in 1896, the mayoralty candidates were William D. Swart, 1,754; Jason E. Tolles, 2,318. Mayor Tolles' administration (1897 and 1898) dedicated the school house built by the preceding administration. It is in the midst of putting into practice reforms demanded by taxpayers, and promises economy in expenditures, which, by reason of the demands of a growing city, could not be made by his predecessors in office and still keep the municipality abreast of a progressive age. That Ma3'or Tolles, and his successors in the office of chief magistrate of Nashua, will do all that in them is to proclaim to the world that the gate city of New Hampshire is to continue in growth and prosperity and maintain her proud position as one of the leading commercial and industrial centres of New England need not be emphasized here. Nashua is to have a pros- perous future. Mayors: 1853 and 1854, Josephus Baldwin ; 1855 and 1856, Freeman S. Rogers; 1857, Thomas W. Gillis ; 1858 and 1859, Albin Beard; i860, Aaron W. Sawyer; 1861 and 1868, George Bowers; 1862 and 1863, Hiram T. Morrill; 1864, Edward Spalding; 1865, Virgil C. Oilman; 1866 and 1867, Gihnan Scripture; 1869 and 1870, Jotham D. Otterson ; 1871, Dana Sargent; 1872, Seth D. Chandler; 1873 and 1874, Frank A. McKean; 1875, George H. Whitney; 1876 and 1877, Charles Williams; 1878, William H. Cook; 1879 and 1880, Charles Holmau ; 1881 aud 1882, Benjamin Fletcher, Jr.; 1883 and 1884, Alfred M. Norton; 1885, John A. Spalding; 1886, 1887 and 1888, James H. Tolles; 1889 and 1890, Charles H. Burke; 1891 and 1892, William H. Beasom ; 1893, Williams Hall; 1894, Thomas Sands; 1895 and 1896, Joseph W. Howard; 1897, Jason E. Tolles. Presidents of the common councils: 1853 and 1854, Aaron F. Sawyer; 1855 and 1856, David A. G. Warner; 1857, Ivory Harmon; 1858, George L. White; 1859 and i860, Josiah M. Fletcher; 1861 Jonathan Parkhurst ; 1862, Jacob D. March; 1863, Theodore H. Wood; 1864, Henry Holt; 1865, Mark R. Buxton ; 1866, George Turner (resigned), James E. Kent ; 1867, Charles D. Copp (resigned), John M. Flanders; 1868, William P. Buel ; 1868, Benjamin Fletcher, Jr.; 1870, Eugene F'. Whitney ; 1871, Eugene W. Johnson; 1872, Thomas H. Pinkham; 1873, Loriiig Farnsworth ; 1874, Timothy B. Crowley: 1S75, Edgar B. Burke; 1876, James H. Dunlap; 1S77, Alfred Chase; 1878, F'rank D. Cook; 1879, James A. Merrill; 1880 and 1881, Charles W. Stevens ; 1882, Guy W. Latham (resigned ), Joshua W. Hunt ; 1883, Isaac C. Johnson ; 1884, Charles E. Cummings ; 1885, Charles R. McQues- ten ; 1886, Albert H. Bailey; 1889, Henry P. Whitney; 1890, Frank P. Rideout ; 1891, Fletcher W. Burnham ; 1892, Eester F. Thurber ; 1893, Frank L. Kimball; 1894, William D. Swart; 1895 and 1896, Charles J. Hamblett ; 1897, Edward H. Wason. City clerks : 1853 to 1857, Edward P. Emerson ; 1857 to 1863, Isaac H. Marshall ; 1863 to 1867, John G. Kimball; 1867 to 1874, George H. Taggard ; 1874, Ralph A. Arnold ; 1875, George H. Tag- gard ; 1876, Ralph A. Arnold; 1S77, George H. Hatch (resigned), Eugene M.Bowman; 1878, Randolph W.Farley; 1879 to 1884, Eugene M. Bowman; 1884, Ralph A. Arnold; 1885 to 1889, HISTORY or NASHUA, N. //. 609 Eugene M. Howman : iSSy aiul iScjo, Charles S. lUissell ; iSyi lo 1896, Kugeiie M. Houiiian, to whom the writer of this chapter acknowledges his indebtedness for many courtesies, and also for time spent in assisting him in searcliing records ; 1.S96 and 1897, Oeorge F. Smith. Clerks of the common council : 1S53 and 1.S54, William P. Ainsworth ; 1S55 and 1856, Henry O. Winch; 185710 1S60, Charles H. Sackrider (resigned), George Swain: i86i, Theodore H. Wood; 1862 to 1872, Jacob D. March (died in office), Ceorge Swain; 1873, George Swain; 1874, Henry H.' Davis; 1875, W. F. Pinkliam ; 1876 to 1888, John II. Chapman; 1888 to 1889, George F:. Danforth, 1889, now serving.' The police court, jjoHcc department, fire department and city library are incidental in the municipal history, but neither have cumulative facts that are of special bearing in the civil government, and therefore are here treated in brief summary. Prior to the date of the city charter court was held by any justice of the peace who could be induced to sit. Either Isaac Spalding or Israel Hunt, Jr., was usually called. With the charter a regular court was instituted and General Hunt was appointed justice. He served until 1856 and was followed by Thomas Pearson who resigned in 1862. lulward P. Ivmer.son served as ju.stice from 1862 to 1874, Solomon Spalding from 1874 to i,S76, James P. Fassett from 1876 till his death in 1889, when HAiNU lUii. Charles W. Hoitt, the present justice, was commissioned. The associate justices have been Isaac Spalding, Henry Parkinson, Bernard B. Whittemore, George H. Taylor, Clark M. Langley and William O. Clough, the present incumbent, commissioned in 1878. The clerks have been Augustine F. Long, Cliarles W. Hoitt, Fred T. Morrill, George E. Conlon, James H. Willoughby and Martin Fitzpatrick, Jr. A new police department was also organized under the charter. It has experienced many changes and was formerly between the upper and nether mill-stones of politics. .Since 1891 it has been controlled by a commission appointed by the governor and council. Theli.stof marshals, (chiefs of the department) is as follows : 1853 to 1855, Ignatius Bagley ; 1855 and a portion of 1856, Isaac F'aton ; 1856, William White ; 1857 to 1867 — with the exception of 1861, when Samuel Tuck held the office — and again in 1875, Thomas G. Banks ; 1S68 to 187 1, wdien he resigned, Charles M. Robinson ; Elbridge P. Brown completed Robinson's unexpired term and held the office in 1874; 1872 and 1873, Salnia H. Murdough ; 1S76 to 1880, with the exception of seven months in 1878, w^hen Timothj' B. Crowle)- was marshal. William O. Clough ; 1880 to 1884 and in 1885 and 1886, James H. Hunt ; 1884 and 1S87 to 1891, Willard C. Tolles ; i8yi, the present incumbent. The department consists of *A complete list of city officers from 185,^ to the present time, includini; rejiresentatives in the legislature, would make quite a volume of itself and therefore it is deemed inexpedient to publish the same in this connection. ■4S 6io HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. a marshal, deputy marshal, captain, sergeant, inspector, turnkey, sixteen patrolmen and a reserve force of sixt}' men. The fire department, like other departments mentioned, has been through many and radical changes. It has, however, always maintained a good name for efficiency and been officered and manned by the best citizens. Since 189 1 it has been "out of politics " and governed bv a commis- sion elected by the city councils. Its chiefs under the city charter have been : 1853 to 1855, Josephus Baldwin, the first mayor; 1855 to 1857, Franklin Munroe ; 1857 to 1858 and 1870 and 1871 Lac Eaton; 1868 and 1869, Edgar B. Burke; 1872, 1878 and 1879, Benjamin Fletcher, Jr.; 187/to 1876 Qumcy A. Woodward; 1876, 1877, 1880 to 1884, Frank A. Barney; 18S4 to 1891, Charles H Whit' ney ,1891, present chief, George O. Osborne. The department has four steamers, four ho,se carriages two hook and ladder trucks, two chemicals, twenty horses and ninety-four men. ' STEAM FIRE ENGINE NUMBER FOUR Mary^'p Ssfe^Hanf "/t^?' T' '°""''' '^' ^"^'^ ^^ ^^"^ ^^'^ ^'^ '^^^^^'^^ ^'^^y E- Shepherd, Mary P. Fiske, Hattie E. Richardson, Sarah W. Kendall, Mary E. Hunt, Mary E Law and their associates. As early as 1830 Rev. Andrew E. Thayer established a circulat ng ibrao^ to Ita n book from which a fee of from two to four dollars a year was charged. It contained at one th 11 os^^ Iten^um r^l^rr^^ established a private organization ^ith corporate powers kLras Athenseum. A weekly fee was charged. It had about 1,300 volumes and althou<.h its usefulness was conceded by its patrons it did not meet the demands of the increasing inhab tints of the iy This fact was recognized by Orren C. Moore, editor of the Telegraph, who suggested to the Ead s'' abil JHf ; ^°"f ^'-^" organization that had done patriotic work'during thet^ivi War-the des r- abihty of a levee for the purpose of raising funds with which to establish a free public library The OnT"riereiirof%tVir'"^^ '^^' f ^"' -'^ -''^^ ^-^ ^^^" ^-^ ^^-- -^^^ upon fffirinativlu h^v: ber; :e was hel :r C^rnan T ""'" ;fV--^— ^ °^ the ladies whose names a pro. Of L hundred .J^^t. l^. ^.^r^.r, ^^ ^ ^^ ///.V/VVvT OF NASHUA, N. //. 6ii of eighty-seven volumes of desirable books. To this the Atheiueuiii library was added, and the whole offered as a gift to the city upon condition that $i,ooo be expLMided annually for its supjjort and development. The gift and condition were accepted in July, the same year, seven trustees appointed and the library located in the south room, second story, of the county record building, where it remained until 1892, when it was removed to more commodious cpiarters in Odd Fellows building, Temple street, where it is now located. The city, much to its credit, has kept faith with the founders, and prominent citizens have shown commendable spirit by donating to it many standard works and miscellaneous publications. Some years ago Daniel Hussey, for many years identified with the manufacturing interests of the city, devised a legacy of $50,000, payable upon the death of his widow, for a library building, which legacy is a consideration of the future. At the present writing the library has a small but convenient reading room, contains about 14,000 books, and is regularly supplied with magazines and the latest publications. It is a singular coincidence that the civil history of Nashua— at the point where this work necessarily leaves it— ends as in the beginning of Old Dunstable, with a controversy over the location of a public building. In the autumn of 1892 Mary A. Hunt and her daughter. Mary E. Hunt, gave the city $50,000 with which to erect a public building to be known as the "John M. Hunt Memorial Library building." The gift was upon condition that the city purchase a lot of land to be selected by the tru.stees of the library, acting with a committee of the city councils. The gift was accepted under the conditions named and the joint committee unanimou.sly agreed upon the Greeley lot, .so called, at the head of Main street, on Railroad .square, at $35,000, made report accordingly and with- drew. The site chosen was satisfactory to the people of the first three wards and unsatisfactory to a majority of the residents of the other six wards. A heated controversy and discussion followed in which much bad feeling was engendered. The objectors claimed that the location was remote from the center of the population, that the growth of the city was southward, and that sinister motives were shown, while the survivors of 1838-53 declared over and over again that it was an unwarranted revival of the old quarrel that resulted in the township of Nashville. Others stumbled over the cost and not a few inveighed against the proposed building as unnecessary and ex])ensive luxury. Those who favored the scheme were derided as out-spoken in bitter condemnation of the attitude of their dissatisfied fellow-citizens, and as pacificators who would allay public feeling by making it clear by facts and figures that the site was practically the centre of the residences of the patrons of the library. They claimed that justice demanded that at least one ornamental public building should be on the north side of the river, and, moreover, it was the street railway centre. Arguments failed ; the city councils disagreed ; a syndicate purchased the lot and demanded $5,000 more than the price stipu- lated, which amount was pledged by citizens of the north side ; the supreme court was appealed to, and wiien it rendered a decision that the lot must be purchased by the city the councils took the risk of being in contempt by refusing to act. Meantime the donors became disturbed, and, feeling that they had precipitated a controversv' and were also uncivilly treated requested, through the court, the annulment of their contract with the city and the return of their gift. The evidence on this feature of the controversy was presented to Chief Justice Doe and Justice Blodgett in June, 1895, and in October, following, a decision was rendered denying the request and ordering the city to procure the lot selected by its authorized committee and proceed to carr}- out the original contract. Mayor How- ard at once opened negotiations with the syndicate owners, but, being unable to agree upon the purchase price, the lot was legally condemned by the city councils and taken under the law of eminent domain. At the time of this writing, July, 1897, ^^'^^ indications are that there will be a year or more before the John M. Hunt Memorial library building is erected as originally designed by the donors of the funds for that purpose, and that all the bitterness engendered bj- the controversy will have passed away. Here ends the chapter on the civil government of the townships of Dunstable, Old Dunstable, Nashua, Nashville, and the city of Nashua. What the future is to be no man can foretell. It can only be hoped that quarrels and dissensions \\\\\ cease ; that the mistakes of the past wnll be avoided; that the good work of developing all its resources may go steadily forward, so that happiness and prosperity may attend the generations yet to be born. 6i2 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. SOCIETIES AND CLUBS. BY HENRY A. CUTTKR. THE societies and clubs of a place are indicative in a way, of the character and tastes of the people. And the influence of such organizations work for the good or bad, and mould the thoughts and actions of communities. The benefits of organizations along the lines of active charities, or in the consideration of abstract moral principles, or in the promotion of good fellowship is obvious. Such, practically, are the purposes of the various associations which have been organized and maintained by our citizens. It is safe to say that Nashua has supported more organizations of the various kinds specified than any other city of its size in the state. At the same time, the home life, which is the most powerful factor of the integrity of any community, has not been neglected, as it is apt to be, whenever the outside influences are as .strong as they are, and have been, in a cosmopolitan city like Nashua. There are numerous organizations, which, being allied to either the church, the military, or to life insurance and other business ventures, will not be presented in the limits of this chapter, which treats mainly of such bodies as are social, or quasi-social in their main characteristics. There have been bodies formed for mere temporary purposes which have not had any effect upon the people, and they can hardly be treated of historically. There have been other associations whose objects have been of a purely private nature, and in which the public generally has no interest. A survey of our past .social condition shows "the club" to be of comparatively late origin. Hitherto we find nothing that is analagous to it. The people formerly, instead of forming clubs, received their friends at their homes, and depended more upon church sociables, and lecture courses for their entertainment. In the dispensation of charity they acted to a greater extent independently of each other. Unity of action seems to be a principle that the last and the present generation have extended into every phase of life. Sociological matters have apparently followed the trend of political power and become more centralized. An article upon this subject portrays a present status solelj-. The pioneer of organizations which are semi-social in their character is the Masonic lodge, and the oldest Masonic body of Nashua is Rising Sun lodge, number 39, A. F. and A. M., which was instituted on the thirteenth day of June, 1822, under a dispensation from the grand lodge of the state of New Hampshire, Joshua Darling, grand master. Willard Marshall, Ephraim Blanchard, and John Lund were the prime movers in securing its organization. The first meeting was held June 26, 1822, and Ephraim Blanchard was elected its first master. Oct. 15 of that year there was a public consecration in the "meeting-house," and Thomas W. Phillips of Boston delivered the oration. This meeting-house stood near the Harbor burial ground. The following is a list of its senior ofhcers, — the master, with the years of service: Ephraim Blanchard, 1822, 1823; Alfred Greeley, 1824, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1854; Israel Hunt, Jr., 1825, 1826, 1833, 1834, 1S35, 1845, 1846; John M. Hunt, 1827; Stephen W. Balcome, 1828; Col. Leonard W. No}'es, 1829: William Boardman, 1S30: Luther Ballard, 1831, 1832; Jacob Hall, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842: Dr. Elijah Colburn, 1843, 1844; Thomas Pearson, i860: George A. Rollins, 1861: William W. Bailey, 1862, 1863; Thomas J. Rockwood, 1864, 1865; Charles E. Paige, 1866: William Barrett, 1867: Edward Parker, 1868; Henry M. Davis, 1869: Frank A. McKean, 1870; Dr. Oliver A. Woodbury, 1871, 1872: Dr. George W. Currier, 1873, 1876: Henry A. Marsh, 1874, 1S75; Mark R. Buxton, 1877, 1878, 1879: John A. Grater, 1880, 1883; Ralph A. Arnold, 1881 ; Col. William H. D. Cochrane, 1882: Henry A. Cutter, 1884, 1885; George R. Pierce, 1886, 1887; George A. Underhill, 1888, 1889; Warren G. Howe, 1890: John H.Clark, 1891, 1892; James H. Blake, 1893, 1894: Edward H. Wason, 1895, 1896. It will be seen that prominent men of the place, lawyers, doctors, merchants and others have been leaders in this body. During its life of three quarters of a century it has had various lodge rooms; it originally held its meetings in a dwelling at the Harbor. It has since occupied rooms in the old Greeley building, in the old Exchange building, and for over twenty years it occupied the third floor of Nutt's building. Jan. 21, 1890, it held its first meeting in Masonic temple. J/JSTORV OF NASHUA, /V. II. 613 It or.n'iuii/.ed with Init few iiiembers, and it has <^rown to Ijc the second largest lodge in the state, with a nienihershii) of nearly three hundred. It has niaintainecl a high rank niasonicallj- in the state, and some of its members have been the senior officer of the grand lodge of the state of New- Hampshire. Frank A. McKean, Cieorge \V. Currier antl Henry A. Marsh have occupied that position. George W. Currier has also attained a like distinction in the grand chapter, and in the grand comniandery of Knight's Templar. The position of eminent grand commander has also been held liy Milton A. Taylor, John H. Clark and Henry A. Marsh. The influential and business men of the town and cit>' have been members of Rising Sun lodge. It has a sizable charity fund, which has been well managed and safely invested. Its long life and present condition attests its fitness to its environment, and gives promise of an indefinite period of usefulness amongst us. Judge Charles F. Gove bequeathed to the lodge a tomb in the old Nashua cemetery, in which his remains now repose. Ancient York lodge, number 89, A. F. and A. M., was first organized under a dispensation granted by the grand lodge, Ma\- 19, 1870. May 18, 1871, it accjuired a charter. Its charter members were Edward Parker, Dana Sargent, Albert H. Saunders, Benjamin Fletcher, Jr., Martin \'. B. Greene, Leonard C. Farwell, and George W. Moore. The following is a list of the masters, with the years of their service: Edward Parker, 1S70: Albert H. Saunders, 1871; Martin V. B. Greene, 1872: Herman V. Dane, 1873, 1874; Joshua W. Hunt, 1875: Addison W. Knight, 1876, 1877; George E. Spalding, 1S78; George B. Bowler, 1879, 1880; Sidney H. Favor, 1885, 1S86; Joseph Shattuck, 1887: Frank W. Adams, 1888. 18S9; Hendrick B. Gordon, 1890, 1891 ; Edward O. Fifield, 1893, 1894; Edward P. Graham, 1895, 1896. This lodge has a membership of one hundred and sixty-four. The fact that it has attained a membership of large size in a comparatively short time proves its po]nilarit\-. In 1827 a dispensation was granted to establish Meridian .Sun Ro}al Arch chapter, number y, in Nashua, but the charter was not granted until Sept. i, 182S. This body has had a flourishing existence, and now has a membenship of two hundred and twenty-five companions. William Board- man was the first senior officer, and Edward O. Fifield is the present incumbent of that chair. Israel Hunt council, number 8, R. and S. M., was chartered Feb. 27, 1873, with Daniel R. Marshall, Aaron King, John C. Knowles, John D. Chandler, Oliver H. Phillips, Charles H. Fosdick, Isaac Eaton, William Barrett, Thomas Pearson, William S. Atwood, Silas S. Drew and Artemua Knight, as charter members. The first senior officer was William O. Clongh. Its meinliership is about one hundred and fifty. Jan. 16, 1867, Hiram T. Morrill, John M. Sanborn, Oliver H. Phillips, Alfred Greeley, Thomas Pearson, Stillnian Chase, Aaron King, Dana Sargent, William S. Atwood, Daniel R. Marshall, William Barrett, George H. Gillis, William H. H. Hinds, and Joa. H. Nottage petitioned the grand comniandery of New Hampshire for a dispensation to establish a commandery in Nashua, and in consequence a dispensation was granted and the first conclave of St. George commandery. Knights Templar, was held F"eb. 6, 1867. A charter was subsequently granted Sept. 29, 1868. William Barrett was the first eminent commander, and George Frank Hammond is the present eminent commander. This body has had a prosperous existence since its establishment. The men who go to make up the activity of the lower Ma.sonic bodies, to a great extent, are to be credited with the success of this body. It has a membership of about one hundred and seventy-five knights, who are mostly citizens of Nashua. It is one of the most popular societies in our midst. June 19, 1863, the national grand body of 33d degree Masons granted a charter to Aaron P. Hughes, Aaron King, Oliver H. Phillips, Alfred Greeley, Israel Hunt, William Barrett, Oliver A. Woodbury, Isaac Ivaton, Joseph A. Gihnore, Natt Head, and twenty-two others to form a grand consistory for the state of New Hampshire. Aaron P. Hughes was the first senior grand officer. June 7, 1864, charters were granted to form the subordinate bodies, with the following titles: Aaron P. Hughes lodge of Perfection: Oriental council. Princes of Jerusalem: vSt. George chapter of Rose Croix: Edward A. Raymond consistory. James P. vS. Otterson was the first senior officer of the lodge; Henry B. Atherton was the first senior officer of the council; Hiram D. Woods was the first senior officer of the chapter, and William Barrett was the first senior officer of the consistory. The growth in this branch of Masonry was somewhat slow until about 1883, since which time the membershi]) has increased \-ery rapidlx'. Nashua, until very recently, has lieen the only ])Iacc in 6 14 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. the state where these degrees were conferred. The membership in the consistory is about five hundred and seventy-five. Connected with the Masonic bodies, although in the nature of a business enterprise, is the Masonic Building association, which in this chapter it may be well to recognize. This is a corporation, chartered May i6, 1889. It owes its inception chiefly to Dr. George W. Currier, who conceived the idea, and with the co-operation of such men as W. D. Cadwell, George E. Anderson, George R. Pierce, Dr. George A. Underbill, Joseph Shattuck, George A. Rollins, Rev. Henry B. Smith, Henry A. Cutter, the building was completed. Nearly every Mason in the city responded in taking at least one share of the $50,000 capital. The corner stone was laid Sept. 14, i88g, by the grand lodge of New Hampshire, George W. Currier, M. W. G. M. The organ was purchased by a voluntary subscription amounting to $1,800, which was pledged in a single evening. Mrs. Aaron King, Mrs. John M. Hunt and Mrs. G. Warren Greene added one hundred dollars each to that fund. The building was dedicated Jan. 21, 1891. Rev. E. C. Bolles, D. D., of New York, delivered the oration in the afternoon. A banquet was had in the theatre at six o'clock, J. Tyler Hicks & Co. of Boston being the caterers. At eight o'clock a reception was held. At nine o'clock a musical entertainment took place in the lodge room, the Mendelssohn male quartette, Howard M. Dow, organist, and Miss L. E. Dow, vocalist, being the talent. Afterwards dancing in the banquet hall concluded the day. All the Masonic bodies occupy the third and fourth floors of the Masonic temple. Each body elects a trustee, and that body of trustees rent the apartments of the Masonic Building association and adjust the rents among the various occupants, and have general charge of the quarters. Odd Fellowship has had a thriving existence since its first institution in Nashua. The oldest body in the state is found here. Granite lodge, number i, I. O. O. F., was instituted Sept. 11, 1843, and it was chartered Sept. 16, 1844. The charter members were O. D. Murray, C. T. Ridgway, David Philbrick, Charles T. Gill, Edward P. Emerson, Edwin P. Hill and others. David Philbrick was the first noble grand. It has had over one thousand members. It was first located in the old Exchange building, afterwards it occupied a part of Noyes block, then in Telegraph building, in Goodrich building and finally, when the I. O. O. F. temple was built, it removed into that magnificent building where it has lodge room accommodations second to none in the country. Pennichuck lodge, number.44, I- O- O- F-. was chartered Aug. iS, 1859. Its charter members were Leonard C. Farwell, Samuel K. Wellman, Edward P. Emerson, Franklin Munroe, John M. Sanborn, Jacob D. March, Ezra Davis and C. C. C. Hill. Olive Branch lodge, number i. Daughters of Rebekah, was instituted Nov. 16, 1886. Its charter members were George E. Bagley, Norman E. Bragg, Arthur M. Davis, George E. Danforth, Menzel P. French, Charles A. Goldthwait and others. Nashoonon encampment, numlier i, was instituted May 9, 1844, and was chartered Aug. 15, 184S. Its charter members were David Philbrick, Rev. C. L. Arnold, O. D. Murray, C. T. Ridgway, B. D. Bingham, Jon. A. Hosmer anil others. This is the oldest encampment in the state. Indian Head encampment, number 20, was chartered Jan. 14, 1873. Prominent among its charter members were Btnjamin Fletcher, Albert Beard, William S. Atwood, H. F. Dane, A. P. Hendrick and W. E. Taggart. Patriarchs Militant, Canton A, number 9, was chartered under this title May 29, 1890. Odd Fellows who were prominent in securing its institution were Jason E. Tolles, Charles H. Dunlap, William M. Wilkins, Horace S. Ashley, James H. Reed and John A. Fisher and others. This has been a very popular and active body and at present has a membership of over one hundred. Mem- bers of the two encampments had, previous to the date of the charter of the canton, maintained an organization as a uniformed rank since Oct. 7, 1879. R. M. Blanchard was the first captain. Even before that date they had drilled as a military compau}-. They attended the dedication of the Odd Fellows temple in Boston, with M. G. Wilson as captain. They were the first company of uniformed Odd Fellows in Boston. The needs of the Odd Fellows of Nashua demanding better accommodations, a number of Odd Fellows, who realized the success which had attended the efforts of the Masons in building the Masonic temple, called a meeting of the Odd Fellows of Nashua and formed a corporation under the HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 615 statutes. This corporation was chartered Feb. 9, 1891, with a capital stock of $75,000. It was organized with J. W. Howard, president; Frederick Eaton, treasurer: George E. Danforth, clerk. The directors inunediatels- took the matter in hand and secured one of the best corner lots on Main street. With the support of the fraternity behind tlieni, tlie building soon became an assured thing. The laying of the corner stone of the Odd Fellows building with imposing ceremonies occurred May 14, 1S91. The procession consisted of various cantons and lodges from the adjacent towns and from many distant jdaces. It was under the marshalshij) of Gen. Charles W. Stevens. The build- ings along the line of march were profusely decorated, aiul the city had the ai)pearance of a fete day. The ceremonies were performed according to the ritual of the order by Canton A. nund)er 9. An oration was delivered by ex-congressman O. C. Moore, which presented a picture of the city as it will appear with its new building contrasted with its appearance half a century ago. It was listened to with marketl attention by a vast throng which filled the contiguous streets. A banquet to over six hundred in the Gilman card shop on Pearson avenue was served at six o'clock. A grand ball at the Nashua theatre in the evening concluded the festivities of a most eventful day in the annals of Nashua. The dedication was a menujrable event. April 26, 1892, is a marked day in the history of the order, and initiated a new era in Odd Fellowship for Nashua. Favored by a Vjeautiful day, and at a time of year when all nature was propitious, the beautiful building was consecrated to the work of benevolence and good deeds of the noble order of Odd I'"ellows. During the forenoon the local bodies were bus}- escorting visiting lodges and fraters to the various places of entertainment. In the afternoon a procession of over one thousand Odd Fellows in line proceeded from the old lodge rooms to the new edifice where the work was performed in full form by Granite lodge, number i, Rufus S. Bruce, N. G. The music was furnished by the Ariel quartette, E. O. Wood, J. M. Blakey, G. E. Danforth and H. L. Sanderson. A bountiful and elaborate banquet was served in the City Hall at six o'clock, Tanner of Haverhill being the caterer. H. S. Ashley was chairman of the banquet committee. Gen. C. W. Stevens sat at the head of the table, with the governor, H. A. Tuttle, at his right hand, who with other eminent guests graced the occasion. Over four hundred plates w^ere laid. This most joyous and ever to be remembered day terminated with a dance and that apartment, which is to be the scene of many future happy and gladsome gatherings, was tested to its fullest capacity. The Knights of Pythias have three subordinate lodges here: — Nashua lodge, number 5, instituted Maj' 9, 1870; Evening Star lodge, number 35, instituted March 4, 1890; and Rathbone Sisters, Nashua Star Temple, number 4, besides the uniformed rank, S. S. Davis division, number 2. The secret order has had a flourishing existence. The late S. S.Davis was at one time the senior national grand officer. There are man>' other societies, a mere enumeration of which will suffice to show to what extent our citizens believe in a combination of effort. Improved Order of Red Men, Independent Order of Good Templars, Patrons of Husbandry, Ancient Order of Foresters, American Legion of Honor, Ancient Order of Hibernians, Ancient Order of United Workmen, Daughters of Liberty, Knights and Ladies of Honor, Knights of Honor, Order of United American Mechanics, Brotherhood of Engineers, Order of United Friends, Order of the World, United Order of the Golden Cross, United Order of the Pilgrim Fathers, Circle Montcalm, Union St. Jean Baptiste, Ligue Du Sacre Coeur, Knights of Columbus and others. The societies are of comparitively late origin, and have achieved success. They have a secret ritualistic work, in which the general public is not interested, but the .social atmosphere which sur- rounds that work begets a spirit of goodfellowship, which has wrought the citizens together in other undertakings, and has tended to make us more one people in .strife with the outer world. Certain of these societies have kindly responded to the invitation of the writer to furnish data in regard to themselves. John G. Foster post, nund)er 7, G. A. R., was chartered Feb. 24, 1868. It owes its existence in a large measure, if to any one person more than another, to the efforts of the late Col. George Bowers. He was its first commander. The charter members were Col. George liowers, Capt. Henry B. Ather- ton, Maj. Timothy B. Crowley, Col. Dana W. King, Maj. Richard O. Greenleaf, Tyler M. Shattnck, Elmer A. llaskins, Noah T. Joy, Moses E. Wilkins and I-:iijah R. Wilkins. Matthew T. Benton was the department commander at that time. 6i6 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. Its first meeting was held in Beasom building, and then in succession it occupied the third floor of old Exchange building, the attic floor of the Cit.v Hall, the third floor of the Countj- building, the third floor of Laton building on Railroad square, and in 1894 it acquired the Park street chapel, where it has now exceptionally fine quarters. Its membership is now over two hundred veterans. It has been distinguished by having had three of its members department commanders. Alvin S. Eaton, Col. George Bowers and Col. Frank G. Noyes have served in that capacity with credit to themselves and to the post. One of the most important events in its history was the erection of the soldiers' monument. It is to the credit of the organization that such a monument graces one of the public squares of our city. The idea was first conceived in the hal! of the post, a committee was appointed to ask the assistance of the city in the furtherance of the plan. For a great many years previous to any definite action being taken, by the post, this question had been stirring the minds of the veterans. The matter was carried before the cit}' government, and an appropriation of $12,000 was secured. A building com- mittee of five from the city government, with Cliarles H. Burke, mayor, chairman, and three from the post, Col. Frank G. Noyes, Gen. Charles \V. vStevens and Dr. Royal B. Prescott was appointed. This committee advertised for plans, and thirty-six were submitted, from which a choice was to be made. Those selected were by T. M. Perry, and the contract was awarded to Frederick & Field of Quincy, Mass. The corner stone was laid by the grand lodge of the state of New Hampshire, George W. Currier, M. W. G. M., May 30, 1889. On the afternoon of that day a procession — Milton A. Taylor, chief marshal — was formed on Main street and marched to Abbot square. The procession consisted of a battalion of the militia under command of Maj. Jason E. Tolles, companies I and C, the Nashua High vSchool cadets, vSons of Veterans, two steamers, Pennicliuck hose, and Union Hook and Ladder companies of the Nashua fire department. Canton A, P. M., Knights of the Sherwood Forest, Ancient Order of HiVteniians, Union >St. Jean Baptiste society, »St. George commandery, K. T., Triiiit\' commandery, K. T., of Manchester, Mt. Horeb commandery, K. T., of Concord, grand conunandery, grand lodge, A. V . and A. M., city government in carriages. The exercises consisted of opening" address by the mayor, Capt. E). M. Shaw spoke in behalf of the post. The formal cere- mony on the part of the grand lodge was performed. Col. F. G. Noyes delivered an eloquent oration, kindled the memories of the surviving veterans, and touched the heart of the large audience which had crowded into the square, where many of the boys of '62 had spoken a last good-bj-e to their friends and begun their journey to the front. Benediction by Rev. H. B. Smith, R. W. grand chap- lain, closed the service. The architect of the monument was T. M. Perry of Quincy, Mass. The model of the bronze sailor was made by S. J. O'Kelley, sculptor, of Boston, and that of the soldier was by C. Buberl, sculj^tor, of New York. Among the various articles deposited under the corner- stone was a list of Nashua's 1,355 soldiers and sailors who served in the War of the Rebellion. The monument was dedicated Oct. 15, 18S9. A procession which eclipsed all prior processions in the history of Nashua, under the marshalship of Col. E. J. Copp, was formed on Main and adjacent streets. It was composed of eleven companies from the state militia, Manchester and Nashua High School companies, Amoskeag Veterans, state officials, Gov. David H. Goodell, John G. Foster post number 7, John G. Foster post, number 163, of F'ramingham, Mass., and thirty-seven other posts from various places in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, Sons of Veterans, A. O. H., U. St. Jean Baptiste society, city government, invited guests, consisting of distinguished veterans, and the New- Hampshire delegation in congress. The ritualistic dedicatory exercises of the G. A. R. were per- formed by post number 7, under lead of Deputy Commander James F. Grimes of Hillsborough. Gen. Charles H. Burns of Wilton delivered the oration in a most impressive way, and brought forth very beautifully the lessons which the monument teaches. Among the various organizations of this city there is one, wliich, from the benevolent work it has done and the patriotism it has inculcated, fully deserves recognition. This is the Woman's Relief corps, number 30, auxiliary to post number 7. Corps 30 was instituted April 2, 1885, with a mem- bership of fifty-five. Its first president was Mrs. Nancy W. Moore. Much depends at the beginning of a society upon the choice of officers. In this respect Mrs. Moore was eminently fitted forthe place as will be .seen from the fact that at the end of the year the membership had increased to one hundred and twenty-four members. For several years it remained the largest in the department, and has always been among the first in the ei^ciency of its work and especially in the amount given for insroRY or nashi/a, n. //. 617 charity. Duriiio- the first ten years it expended for relief $i ,91 1 .83. Since then $315.56, making a total since organization of ^'^2, 227.39. It contributed largely to the furni.shing of the Soldiers' Home at Tilton. Mrs. Moore in iSSSwas elected department president of New Hampshire, and in her annual report S])oke of the necessity of a soldiers' home in this state and recommended that, if the project for one which was on foot should materialize, the various corps of the department should furnish it. Through her influence a fair was held at the vShirley Hill hou.se in August, 1889, for the benefit of a soldiers' home, tlie proceeds to be given to John G. Foster corps 30 for that purpose. The fair realized ninety-one dollars and to this was added the sum raised by the corps from the pub- lication of a newspaper. As a result the Nashua corps soon had two hundred and twenty-seven dol- lars toward furnishing the home, part of which was raised before the site for the soldiers' home had been selected. The reception room and office were entirely furnished by the corps at an expense of alxnit four hundred and fifty dollars. Generous contributions were made for this purpose to the corps by residents of Nashua. The corps also materially contributed for the relief of the Johnstown suf- ferers, opening headijuarters at City Hall, where, a,ssisted by the citizens, it prepared clothing and packed boxes which were sent to Johuslowu at an estimated value of about $2, coo. The corps also furnished a room at the F^mergency hospital. Its presidents have been Mrs. Nancy W. Moore, Mrs. Sarah \\. Kunnells, Miss Kate M. Thayer, Mrs. Anna T. Olmstead, Mrs. M. Augusta Graham, Mrs. Helen S. Willoughby and Mrs. Etta M. Chase, the latter being president this year. The corps now numbers two hundred and thirteen members. As each Memorial Day comes they keep in sacred remembrance the deeds of our dead heroes b}' placing upon their graves the flowers of spring, and are ever ready to assist in caring for the helpless and needy ones left by them. Of the purely local charities, and one which stands at the head because of its success, is the Nashua Protestant Home for Aged Women. This institution was incorporated by a special act of the legislature June 2, 1S77, Mrs. A. M. Stevens, Mrs. Fannie \V. Sawyer, Mrs. J. N. Beasom, Miss Sarah \V. Kendall and others were the incorporators. Its name shows the exact purpose of incorpo- ration. It has been supi)orted by donations, bequests, and funds obtained from dinners, fairs and entertainments. Owing to the excellent way that its finances have been managed by the treasurer, Miss Kendall, it now has a property not far from $25,000, mostly in real estate. It first occupied a house on Chestnut street, afterwards on Kinsley street, but in 1892 it built a very commodious and comfortable building in the rear of the Kinsley street house, on Walnut street. Twenty-nine aged women have taken advantage of this institution, and have been enabled to spend their last days con- tentedly and comfortably. Independent Order of Good Templars, Harmony lodge number 1 1 1, was chartered June 17, 1S74. Among the grantees appear the names of James M. Wilkins, J. E. Walker, George H. Rollins, Henry L. Redfield, Warren G. Howe, Rufus D. Andrews, and others. Patrons of Husbandrj-, Nashua Grange, number 13, was chartered March 17, i,SS6, but it has had an organization since Dec. 22, 1873. United Order of the Golden Cross has two subordinate bodies located here: Merrimack River commaudery, number 43, was established through the endeavors of C. A. Batchelder, Dr. C. S. Col- lins, N. S. Whitman, C. W. Murch, P. F. Eaton, F". \'. Marshall and others in August, 1S79. Nashua commander}-, number 98, was chartered April 23, 1880. Prominent charter members being Dr. E. F. McQuesten, T. H. Pinkham, N. O. Prescott, M. F. Sprague, C. C. Cameron and R. M. Sawyer. The national grand treasurer, John D. Swain, for many years past has been a resident of our city. United Order of Pilgrim Fathers, Governor Wentworth colony, w^as established Nov. 4, 18S6, with I'Vank G. Thurston, George li. Wheat, Dr. C. S. Rouusevel, lidward W. Dowd, B. A. Pease, Elmer W. liaton and others as charter members. Knights of Honor of the World, Centennial lodge, number 251, w^as granted a charter vSept. 5, 1876. As charter members a])pear. among the names of others, the following well-known citizens : Dr. G. W. Currier, E. S. Knight, R. M. Hlanchard, C. 15. Jackman, Charles II. Collins, and the late S. S. Davis. Knights and Ladies of Honor, No. 350, was created Aug. 31, iSSo. J. !•'. Barnes, G. W. Moore, B. B. Otis, J. P. Howe, Americus Shattuck, A. S. Clark ap])ear with others as grantees. 6i8 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. In the line of charities, and in a field that has not been pre-empted by the good people of Nashua, lies the work of an organization of young ladies known as the Good Cheer societ}'. Their work is to visit the sick, and to comfort those unfortunates bj' carrying them fruit, flowers and delicacies, by words of good cheer, by bright smiles and sympathetic looks, and by expressions of confidence in their return of health. This beautiful idea was originated by Mrs. B. A. Pease (nee Flagg), Mrs. Eliza- beth Buddy (nee Spalding), now of Texas, Mrs. E. M. Gilman (nee Wallace), now of Springfield, Mass., and Miss Elizabeth Flather. Their first meeting was held in the fall of 1883, at the house of Miss May Wallace (Mrs. E. M. Gilman), and, besides the above there were present Miss Jane E. Thayer, Miss Helen Lane, Miss Fanny J. Lane (now Mrs. C. F. Coburn of Lowell, Mass.,) Miss Clara Stetson (now Mrs. H. C. Parker of Woburn, Ma.ss.,) Miss Munn and Mi.ss Gorman. The original officers were Miss Spalding, president; Miss Flagg, vice-president; Miss Stetson, secretarj^ and treasurer. The society has since increased its membership to twent)--five at which number it is limited. These young ladies, who were eminently fitted to their mission, began their good work and thej', and their successors, have carried it on unremittingly. A proper recognition of this very commend- able charity has been accorded them, and they have persisted in what to many might seem to be a disagreeable task, but which to them has been a pleasure, and they have been rewarded with an appreciation on the part of those to whom they have been, in fact, ministering angels. This charity has been sustained by the young ladies by the proceeds of lawn parties, teas, danc- ing parties, dramatic entertainments, etc., which they have verj- ingeniously managed. On the morning of Jan. i, 1886, these young ladies issued a woman's edition of The telegraph, realizing a handsome sum from the sales and advertisements. They have extended their work by contributing to the poor, as well as the sick, the necessities of life. They have also acquired a fund. At the estab- lishment of the Emergency hospital on Spring street they furnished two rooms. The importance of having a woman's club in Nashua had been for some time considered, and on May 29, 1896, Mrs. E. F. McQuesten invited to her home a limited number of interested women to take some action in the matter. The outcome of this meeting was the organization of The Nashaway Woman's club with the following officers: President, Mrs. O. C. Moore; first vice-president, Mrs. Enoch Powell; second vice-president, Mrs. E. F. McQuesten; secretary, Mrs. Albert N. Flinn ; treasurer. Miss Lucy F. Thayer; directors, Mrs. John F. Stark, Mrs. John H. Barr, Mrs. S. S. Whithed, Mrs. J. A. Spalding, Mrs. Frank H. McQuesten, Mrs. Edward F. Knight. The first year's work has exceeded the expectations of its most sanguine members. The classes in art, literature, current events and music have been most interesting and instructive. The very efficient chairman of each class has put a great deal of time and thought into the work of preparing programmes for the meetings, and their efforts were crowned with great success. The amount of talent developed in the membership has been most gratifying. The club since its inception has been so successful that it promises growth and the widening of its influence as the years go by. Among the many clubs supported by gentlemen, there is but one — the Guards club — whose long continued existence and whose large membership warrants its appearance as an historical fact. When the state militia was organized in 1878, a company was raised in Nashua, with Col. E. J. Copp as its first captain, which company was known as the Nashua City Guards. This was company F, Second regiment, N. H. N. G. It was composed of young men who were in the front rank socially and in a business waj-. This company achieved distinction and many of its members became promi- nent in the military affairs of the state. Its first captain became colonel of the regiment, and its second captain became the adjutant-general of the state (Gen. A. D. Ayling), Col. Jason E. Tolles became colonel of the regiment, Maj. W. H. Cheever, Maj. F. L. Kimball, Col. Charles H. Dunlap of the governor's staff, and Capt. C. A. Roby were also members of this company. Ties were formed in the drill room and on the muster field which the boys were loath to discontinue when the term of their enlistment expired in 1883. So that in that year, Jason E. Tolles, Charles H. Dunlap, Frank L- Kim- Vnill, Charles A. Roby, Elmer W. Eaton, Frank O. Raj- and others organized a social club. From this nucleus the present association sprung. It first occupied a single room in the Laton building on Railroad square. Men who had no connection with the old company were admitted. The next year well appointed rooms in the old Beasom building became their home. This building was completely destroyed by fire in February, 1886, and the club lost everything that it possessed. For a few HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. 619 n.nUhs it occupied temporarily the rooms of the old Historical society on the third floor of Tele- graph building. Upon the erection of Howard building quarters were there provided font. The entire third floor of Ayer's building was leased in 1891 and arranged as the club desired, and the rooms were finished and furnished as befitted a club of its character. It increased rapidly m mem- bership and the military spirit was lost by the larger number of its non-military members. In 1894 the verv appropriate, but rather cumbersome name which had adorned the club-Tie Nashua City Guards Veteran association-was .shortened into its present cognomen. Inder this title the iollv times which had permeated the life of the old company were not lost to sight Its mainte- nance has demonstrated the fact that our business men believe in the maxim that all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." The building of a dub house has been seriously discussed, and will be a realitv in the not distant future. -^ 1 ; 1, Chief'among the literary societies and one that has made an impress upon the community which warrants a permanent record made for it is the Fortnightly club, which is an organisation ^o-" literary and social improvement an- '^^^'^ \^,^.^J range o topics, some of them requiring much learning and patient research ^^ hile nearly a third of the subjects are distinctivelv literary, many are social and practical, a good number scientific, some eLcatfonal others historic-relating especially to local history-and others devoted to the fine arts an to obse vatious in travel. Three papers generally are presented at each meeting the principal o e treating broadly of the subject for the evening, the other two considering special topics relating "tl e fo^' *''''"" °' ''"<' >~"'"'S '"■1 «->"hy Miss Sttsan Sherman, re elar-fan" he sj: "f °"- f" '*'"'~" """"""^ andassistan, i. <.ne largely to the.'r patie,,fa"fh- .dly'er, 'd;,':,::' t'^J Z^tl^fr """ 'I' T' '°^'°"'= i~'r:»7:i?.s:\-t:.^:::,;^™rerr'-"?--"" evening in Mr. Sylvester's parlor in ThXn 'r I .■ '^^^ ^""^ ^"^'^^ ^- Sylvester, met one house.'plans for which Urf r: e ted J ^1 ^^^^^ ^^ ^'^^^^^^^^y ^^ meeting a small boat house. The boat house was to be nrinHn. 1 f i ' '"' ^"'' """'^ °^ ^he Nashua dve lectors. G. A. Svlvest : ectedT d n'of'tl^rt:'"""" "^ '°''^- "^' ^""^^ °^^'"^^ ^^^ ^^^ P^ sion it was decided that a committee cons st"* o S '''''^'''^'y -g-"-tion, and after much discus- who would go into the sche e w th the de f T""' ''°"'' ''^^^'"■" " ^^^^^ ^^^ others there might'be found thirty ofi^ gent en n wh^l '^ V'^''''^'' "'' '' was suggested that the next meeting the reports showed hat i Z f^ ^ '"P^"'' '""^^^ "" organization. At allowing at least ^f one hu^lred ^mb^rs for the d^ "'"^ ""'"^"' ' '""" '^ ^^"^^ "P°" ^ ^^'^ ratii:t Lt:^r:^:b:;.::zr;^:r:uhi:;:^::r^'z" ^^^^^ - ^--^ - ^ --- and other athletic sports to promote ,,h.:Z , f' encouragement of boating and interested in rowing and canoe'; "rNrslu:: ' " ""' ""' '"^'^^ ' ''''''' "^ ^^^'^"^^ --"^^ ^'-- The incorporators were G. A. Sylvester E S Hill T m ri i t tt . Greeley, W. P. Hovey, F. W. Mavnard, F. W." Hatfh E H Watr'T, fi f"'"' ''" ^^ ''^ corporation was held Tulv q iSo. in ti,. . ^ ' ' ^- ^- Wa.son. The first meeting of this A. Sylvester, presidtit V S Hil " 1 "I/"'"' ''' '''^'' ""^ '''' ^°''°^^''"S °«^-- ^^-^ed: G. were adopted Ld the folirwing";idit:ri offit^s rd'eT. t B^laSf \ i ^^""^T^"" .^"^^ ''-'^ treasurer; F. W. Maynard, J B Crowlev Ilr I !!'" ^ "■'>• '^"''"""'='" ■ "^^ * Hatch. George W. Campbell; eapt.in. "'' "'"' ^^ °- """'«■ J' "^ '-'1"'=«. directors: avaiiirsu:';o;uSit''T;™h'ri;'i'.d'''''''VM' 7""'"'" '°«="'" '"o «•-■■*< <>» - Man.,,aet„ri,,g company la^;d ,::;:Tet^;-L't^:lrMf,X,:- -,:;;:- HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. ^'^' The membership is limited to one hundred. The present otlicers are r ., • -1 .^ T R iv„„l,-v secretary E. K. Johnson, treasurer : L. (.t. Neviue. »^. i.. EQ TTill ^•iop-nresulent ' • n. (^ro\vie\ . sclh-ijin > *-<• *•■ j , ,i . • 'I'l,. . D. iiiii, ^ ice picsiiiciii. , J. - , „ ,• n w ( nmnlii-U cautain. 1 lie land in its enclosure and laid out tennis and croquet grounds. Including private has a flotilla of fourteen and additions are constantly being made. It is estimated that there are^including both ^^^^^"^ ^^,^^^^^:2^. .as organized 1. Nashua at the present tn.e. There^ r;:2:^tt e bei^^.^^:: hundred and ten, and it has Sept. 1, .894: reorganized in Ma>, ^«96, prese t ^ The ofhcers are A. H. Jones, lately compMed^nd IS o^uppnga^ Nashua Cycle club .as organized n. president ; Ahin J. Lucier. clerk r Greelev building on Railroad square. It May, 1896. At the present tniie is '^^^^'f^'^^^'^'^l^'^^.X,,, p.estdent; Fred Whittemore, has a membership of about one hundred. Ofticeis. 15. 1.. ^'^icner, 1 ., , r A R Teach secretary Frank L. Mottrani, treasurer. A. Noble, C. of \V. 1.,, f„.r, rHx-isions in the citv. Division number S:mvr;r;l.:^"jaL.'s:.:,T;,;:'Vice-,„e»,e,,.: :o,.. J^ S,„„..„. reCO,.i.,g «c..»0-: W.,„.,.. H Phippard, financial secretary; Thomas Burns, treasurer. Th.,„ns Diggins. v:ce.pre,ide,„ : 0'"»'» ^>'" •- 7,^:;;'';;;LT; dl' 1 L mos; »cc..s,u, .„... i..„K,.t. This order has a large membership of the lush citizens ana ntit secret organizations of the city. has had a successful ex steic vice-president; Thomas Talbot, recording secretary ; E.N. J. B. Phaneuf, president; J. v_. Lormier, \ice picsiuc „rga„i«d March ,, .896. I.B officers .re Dr, H^ H^ Ur.v.ere. pre. dent , H.„r, H. Lefelnre, prLide.,. : A. R. S.lves.er, secretar, ; O.ea. O. Des^.n.p. re r • ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ _____ . T.;e E...- No» ^ f,:7,\:X'To tf . o B rtr. "uT,.U,.g o„ Mai., ».ree., „-..ere U „a, fitted lir:.;.::.:;:. cZ,,,oL..s,.:ltr:. I,» o»cer. arc T,.o,„., C„r.di„c, „re.dc„t : He,,,, Parad.sc, vice-president; Joseph Tivnan, secretary and treasurer. ■ ,-, , ^ The Order o United American Mechanics is represented by Eagle council , number 2, was instUute^l The Order 01 UiuteaAmeicd rtc nfficers are C E Cummngs, councilor ; John H. ,„„e .o, ,8„. »».'-'"'-»";;-;^^'™:7 , ^ ,ct'c at, -^Car.es »";„., treasure,. T„is ?tr7d:;.3'e-;i.,'sre; \>!,;r'„t;,;cM, ;-'»'-;;,--::r:K'T^,^„S7r.s,:r: ir re?;^-j;;H^:::,r- s. rs,rrt;:;'see:s:^n:.. . o.„„eNreas.,r „. ■ The old.t„„e hrc,,,.., arc represented h, Nashua at the preset ti,„e ^ »;3"-"»" -'!;,! Nashua Vetera.. Firc.e.fs >-™'i""->'-'V:rc,;"::r. c"' 1 'as 'r.,*,":,,"" o, ahout o.,e president; H. E. Woods, secretary; M. L- 1 uiell, treasurer. hundred. ^-2 HISTORY OF NASHUA, N. H. The Ballou association is a society of young people connected with the Universalist church It IS soc:aI and benevolent :n its nature. Its officers are Walter H. Clement, presided clrie L Walker, v-,ce-pres:de:U ; Harry F. McClure, secretary; Edward E. Nelson, treasurer ' ^■ The Kmghts of Columbus, Nashua council, „un,ber 131, was organized April 21 x8gs It is a social and benevolent order. Present officers : J. J. Dovle srand knight ■ H r Pu / . grand knight; John H. Field, chancellor; Alvin /. l.ucier; /::;;! et tan GeotToTts^rer' Associated with John G. Foster post, GAR is T O 4 Wa.r., The Union Veteran's union, is represented in the citv hv tliP r^i n r, auartermastpr- r M^ xj^.f.., i- . . .. , ^ ^- "-"Junurs, surgeon . Lliarles McGrearor VkTc^ifoux O G N H "r; r^ ''"'""' '"*"'' ^'^^P^^'"^ ^^>-" «• Webster, O.^D.- New HamS'^e. '"^'°"' "" '' '''' "•^'""^^- '^^ '--' ^''^P-^--^ commander fo; .--u-^^Zuf^ ■9o BC- 2 4. ■is o, -^ ^°-n^. .40* ^ ^0' '^^ /.. >P-^^. '> •^<- s\^ ^> /X ^^^* ^'% -^^ /\. ^;'^»^' ^'\ ^ :° /\ ^ -^=-0^ .-^O. <'^ J- '^c^'^m' ^' "'^. ^"^ '^^^5^\o^ ^^-^^^V^ ^ -'^^^ "°o /^ V. .;; y-v ♦.'o* ^ y*" .;**■% . '^ .-Mi^ ^^ ^^ .:Sfe^ 'o V" "^..- ^i-. a"* -.. '•*-- ^-.4^' i>%. 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