JOHNSON'S ENGLISH DICTIONARY, AS IMPROVED BY TODD, ABRIDGED BY CHALMERS; WITH WALKER'S PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY, COMBINED: TO WHICH IS ADDED. WALKER'S KEY CLASSIC L PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK, LATIN, AND SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. PHILADELPHIA: BLISHED BY KIMBER & SHARPLESS, No. 50, NORTH FOURTH STREET. 1 841. ?E1 >5 an act, entitled, An Acv for the encouragement c" learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books to the authors and pro- prietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned; and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of de- signing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." JNO. V. DAVIS, Clerk of the Distict of Massachusetts. STEREOTYPED AT THE BOSTON TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY. EXPLANATION OF THE MARKS AND ABBREVIATIONS MADE USE OF IN THIS DICTIONARY, AND OF THE PLAN OF THE WORK. 1. THE asterisk (*), annexed to a word, denotes that it is not to be found in Dr. Johnson's Dictionary, but that it has been added by Mr. Todd. 2. The section (§), annexed to a word, indicates that it is distinguished, by Dr. Johnson or Mr. Todd, as a primitive word, by being printed, in the large Dictionary, in larger letters than the other words, which are regarded as derivatives. 3. The obelisk (f ), annexed to a word, denotes that it is not to be found in the collection of either Dr. Johnson or Mr. Todd, but that it has been taken from Mr. Walker's Dictionary. 4. Ob. J., placed at the end of the definition of a word, denotes that the word is declared by Dr. Johnson to be obsolete, or not in use. 5. Ob. T. is used in the same manner as the above, with regard to all that portion of the words added by Mr. Todd, which he pronounces to be obsolete, or not in use. 6. Mr. Chalmers's Abridgement of Mr. Todd's edition of Dr. Johnson's Dictionary is given entire, with occasional additions from Johnson and Todd. 7. The pronunciation of all the words found in Walker's Critical Pronoun cing Dictionary, is given as it stands in that work. 8. The pronunciation of the words which are not found in Walker's Dictionary, and which comprise almost all those to which an asterisk is annex- ed, and a considerable number of the others, has been added by the Editor, according to Walker's Principles, so far as those Principles could be applied. 9. Walker's Principles ofFvos. Collis, tumulus, lo- cus in piano editior. Horn. II. b. v. 811. can 61 rig -po~d- ooiQe -6\cog ai-cia ko\wvti. Ubi authori brevium scho- iiorum koAcowj exp. tSitos eig v\*,os av^um, yeu\o(pos Nap, to take a nap. Dormire, condormiscere. Cym, heppian. A. S. hnoeppan. Quod postremum videri potest desumptum ex icviipas, obscuritas, tenebrae: nihil enirn aeque solet conciliare somnum, quam caliginosa profunda noctis obscuritas. ' Stammerer, Balbus, bkesus. Goth. Stamms. A. b. j-rjamep, prjamuri. D. stam. B. stameler. Su. stam- i ma. Isl. stamr. Sunt a oTwpv\Civ vel druawAXav, nim- f ia. loquacitate alios offendere ; quod impedite loquentes [ libent'issime garrire soleant : vel quod aliis nimii semper i videantur, etiam parcissime loquentes. Dr. JOHNSON'S PREFACE. xxi were unnecessary or exuberant ; but have received those which by different writers havo been differently formed, as viscid and viscidity, viscous and viscosity. Compounded or double words I have seldom noted, ex- cept when they obtain a signification different from that which the components have in their simple state. Thus, higuwaymait, woodman, and hursecnurscr, require an ex- planation ; but of thiejlike or couchdrivcr no notice was needed, because the primitives contain the meaning of the compounds. Words arbitrarily formed by a constant and settled analogy, like diminutive adjectives in ish, as greenish, bluish ; adverbs in ly, as dully, openly ; substantives in ness, as vilencss, faultiness ; were less diligently sought. and sometimes have been omitted, when 1 had no authority that invited me to insert them ; not that they are not genuine and regular offsprings of English roots, but be- cause their relation to the primitive being always the same, their significations cannot be mistaken. The verbal nouns in ing, such as the keeping of the i castle, the leading of the army, are always neglected, or placed only to illustrate the sense of the verb, except when j they signify things as well as actions, and have therefore a plural number, as dwelling, living ; or have an abso- lute and abstract signification, as colouring, painting, learning. The participles are likewise omitted, unless, by signify- ing rather habit or quality than action, they take the nature of adjectives ; as a thinking man, a man of prudence ; a pacing horse, a horse that can pace: these I have ven- tured to call participial adjectives. But neither are these always inserted, because they are commonly to be under- stood, without any danger of mistake, by consulting the verb. Obsolete words are admitted, when they are found in authors not obsolete, or when tbey have any force or beau- ty that may deserve revival. As composition is one of the chief characteristicks of a j language, I have endeavoured to make some reparation for j the universal negligence of my predecessors, by inserting ' great numbers of compounded words, as may be found under after, fore, new, night, fair, and many more. These, numerous a-s they are, might be multiplied, but , that use and curiosity are here satisfied, and the frame of our language and modes of our combination amply dis- covered. Of some forms of composition, such as that by which re is prefixed to note repetition, and un to signify contra- riety or privation, all the examples cannot be accumu- lated, because the use of these particles, if not wholly arbitrary, is so little limited, that they are hourly affixed to new words, as occasion requires, or is imagined to re- quire them. There is another kind of composition, more frequent in ou\" language than perhaps in any other, from which arises to foreigners the greatest difficulty. We modify the signification of many words by a particle subjoined, as to come off, to escape by a fetch ; to fall on, to attack ; to fail off, to apostatize ; to break off, to stop abruptly ; to bear out, to justify; to fall in, to comply ; to give over, to cease ; to set off to embellish ; to set in, to begin a continual tenour; to set out, to begin a course or jour- ney; to take off, to copy ; with innumerable expressions of the same kind, of which some appear wildly irregular, being so far distant from the sense of the simple words, that no sagacity will be able to trace the steps by which they arrived at the present use. These I have noted with great care ; and, though I cannot flatter myself that the collection is complete, I believe 1 have so fa'r assisted the students of our language, that this kind of phraseology will be no longer insuperable, and the combinations of verbs and particles, by chance omitted, will be easily ex- plained by comparison with those that may be found. Many words yet stand supported only by the name of Bailey, Ainsworth, Phillips, or the contracted Diet, for Dictionaries subjoined; of these I am not always certain that they are read in any book but the works of lexicog- raphers. Of such i have omitted many, because I had nerer read them ; and many I have inserted, because they may perhaps exist, though they have escaped my notice": they are, however, to be yet considered as resting only upon the credit of former "dictionaries. Others, which I considered as useful, or known to be proper, though I could not at present support them by authorities, I have Raftered to stand upon my own attestation, claiming the same privilege with my predecessors, of being sometimes credited without proof. The words, thus selected and disposed, are grammati- cally considered ; they are referred to the different parts of speech ; traced, when they are irregularly inflected, through their various terminations; and illustrated by observations, not indeed of great or striking importance. frequently to fasten, is the Explanation ; in which I can- not hope to satisfy those, who are, perhaps, not inclined to be pleased, since I havo not always been ablo to satisfy myself. To interpret a language by itself is very diffi- cult; many words cannot be explained by synonymes, bo- cause the idea signified by them has not more than one appellation-; nor by paraphrase, because simple ideas j cannot be described. When the nature of tilings is un- known, or the notion unsettled and indefinite, ami various in various minds, the words by which such notions are conveyed, or such things denoted, will be ambiguous and perplexed. And such is the fate of hapless lexicography, that not only darkness, but light, impedes and distresses it ; things may be not only too little, but too much known, to be happily illustrated. To explain, requires the use of terms less abstruse than that which is to be explained, and such terms cannot always be found ; for, as nothing can be proved but by supposing something intuitively known, and evident without proof, so nothing can be de- fined but uy the use of words too plain to admit a defi- nition. Other words there are, of which the sense is too subtle and evanescent to be fixed in a paraphrase; such are aW those which are by the grammarians termed expletives, and, in dead languages, are suffered to pass for empty sounds, of no other use than to fill a verse, or to modulate a period, but which are easily perceived in living tongues to have power and emphasis, though it be sometimes such as no other form of expression can convey. My labour has likewise been much increased by a class of verbs too frequent in the English language, of which the signification is so loose and general, the use so vague and indeterminate, and the senses detorted so widely from the first idea, that it is hard to trace them through the maze of variation, to catch them on the brink of utter in- anity, to circumscribe them by any limitations, or inter- pret them by any words of distinct and settled meaning: such are bear, break, come, cast, full, get, give, do, put, set, go, run, make, take, turn, throw. If of these the whole power is not accurately delivered, it must be re- membered, that, while our language is yet living, and va- riable by the caprice of every one that speaks it, theso words are hourly shifting their relations, and can no more be ascertained in a dictionary, than a grove, in the agita- tion of a storm, can be accurately delineated from its pic- ture in the water. The particles are among all nations applied with so great latitude, that they are not easily reducible under any regular scheme of explication ; this difficulty is not less, nor perhaps greater, in English than in other lan- guages. I have laboured them with diligence, I hope with success ; such at least as can be expected in a task, which no man, however learned or sagacious, has yet been able to perform. Some words there are which I cannot explain, because I do not understand them : these might have been omitted very often with little inconvenience, but I would not so far indulge my vanity as to decline this confession : for, when Tully owns himself ignorant whether lessus, in the Twelve Tables, means a. funeral song, or mourning gar- ment ; and Aristotle doubts whether ovpevs, in the Iliad, signifies a mule, or muleteer, I may surely, without shame, leave some obscurities to happier industry or fu- ture information. The rigour of interpretative lexicography requires that the explanation, and the word explained, should be al- ways reciprocal ; this I have always endeavoured, but could not always attain. Words are seldom exactly sy- nonymous ; a new term was not introduced, but because the former was thought inadequate ; names, therefore, have often many ideas, but few ideas have many names. It was then necessary to use the proximate word ; for the deficiency of single terms can very seldom be supplied by circumlocution ; nor is the inconvenience great of such mutilated interpretations, because the sense may easily be collected entire from the examples. In every word of extensive use, it was requisite to mark the progress of its meaning, and show by what gradations of intermediate sense it has passed from its primitive to its remote and accidental signification ; so that every foregoing explanation should tend to that which follows, and the series be regularly concatenated from the first no- tion to the last. This is specious, but not always practicable; kindred senses may be so interwoven, that the perplexity cannot be disentangled, nor any reason be assigned why one should be ranged before the other. When the radical idea branch- es out into parallel ramifications, how can a consecutive series be formed of senses in their nature collateral? The shades of meaning sometimes pass imperceptibly into each ! other ; so that, though on one sido they apparently differ, , ! yet it is impossible to mark the point of contact. Ideas separately considered, but necessary to the elucidation ! of the same race, though not exactly alike, are sometimes of our language, and hitherto neglected or forgotten by ! so little different, that no words can express the dissi- J'inglish grammarians. militude, though the mind easily perceives it, when they J hat part of my work, on which I expect malignity most 1 1 are exhibit*! together; and sometimes there is such a XX11 Dr. JOHNSON'S PREFACE confusion of acceptations, that discernment is wearied, and distinction puzzled, and perseverance herself hur- ries to an end, by crowding together what she cannot separate. These complaints of difficulty will, by those that have .lever considered words beyond their popular use, be thought only the jargon of a man willing to magnify his labours, and procure veneration to his studies by involu- tion and obscurity. But every art is obscure to those that have not learned it: this uncertainty of terms, and com- mixture of ideas, is well known to those who have joined philosophy with grammar; and if I have not expressed them very clearly, it must be remembered that J am speak- ing of that which words are insufficient to explain. The original sense of words is often driven out of use by their metaphorical acceptations, yet must be inserted lor the sake of a regular origination. Thus I know not whether ardour is used for material heat, or whether fiugrant, in English, ever signifies the same with burn- ing : yet such are the primitive ideas of these words, which arc therefore set first, though without examples. that the figurative senses may be comrnodiously deduced^ .Such is the exuberance of signification which many words have obtained, that it was scarcely possible to col- lect all their senses ; sometimes the meaning of deriva- tives must be sought in the mother term, and sometimes deficient explanations of the primitive may be supplied in the train of derivation. In any case of doubter difficulty, it will be always proper to examine all the words of the same race ; for 3ome words are slightly passed over to avoid repetition, some admitted easier and clearer ex- planation than others, and all will be better understood, as they are considered in greater variety of structures and relations. Al! the interpretations of words are not written with the same skill, or the same happiness : things, equally easy in themselves, are not all equally easy to any single mind. Every writer of a long work commits errours, where there lppcars neither ambiguity to mislead, nor obscurity to confound him ; and, in a search like this, many felicities of expression will be casually overlooked, many convenient parallels will be forgotten, and many particulars will ad- mit improvement from a mind utterly unequal to the whole performance. But many seeming faults are to be imputed rather to the nature of the undertaking, than the negligence of the performer. Thus some explanations are unavoidably re- ciprocal or circular, as hind, the female of the stag; ■slarr, the, male of the hind: sometimes easier words are jhanged into harder, as burial into sepulture or inter- ment, drier into desiccative, dryness into siccity or arid- ity, fit into paroxysm ; for the easiest word, whatever it be, can never be translated into one more easy. But easi- ness and difficulty are merely relative ; and, if the pres- ent prevalence of our language should invite foreign- ers to this Dictionary, many will be assisted by those words which now seem only to increase or produce obscurity. For this reason I have endeavoured frequent- ly to join a Teutonick or Roman interpretation, as to cheer, to gladden, or exhilarate, that every learner of English may be assisted by his own tongue. The solution of all difficulties, and the supply of all de- fects, must be sought in the examples subjoined to the various senses of each word, and ranged according to the time of their authors. When first I collected these authorities, I was desirous that every quotation should be useful to some other end than the illustration of a word: I therefore extracted from philosophers principles of science ; from historians remarkable facts ; from chymists complete processes ; from divines striking exhortations ; and from poets beau- tiful descriptions. Such is design, while it is yet at a distance from execution. When the time called upon me to range this accumulation of elegance and wisdom into an alphabetical series, I soon discovered that, the bulk of my volumes would fright away the student, and was forced to depart from my scheme of including all that was pleasing or useful in English literature, and reduce my i^anscripts very often to clusters of words in which scarce- ly any meaning is retained : thus, to the weariness of copy- ing I was condemned to add the vexation of expunging. Some passages I have yet spared, which may relieve the labour of verbal searches, and intersperse with verdure and flowers the dusty deserts of barren philology. The examples, thus mutilated, are no longer to be con- sidered as conveying the sentiments or doctrine of their authors: the word for the sake of which they are inserted, with all its appendant clauses, has been carefully pre- served ; but it may sometimes happen, by hasty detrunca- tion, that the general tendency of the sentence may be changed : the divine may desert his tenets, or the phi- .osopher his system. Some of the examples have been taken from writers who were never mentioned as masters of elegance or models of style ; but words must be sought where they are used ; and in what pages, eminent for purity, can terms of manu- facture or agriculture be found? Many quotations serve no other purpose than that of proving the bare existence of words, and are therefore selected with less scrupulous- ness than those which are to teach their structures and relations. .My purpose was to admit no testimony of living an thors, that I might not be misled by partiality, and that none of my contemporaries might have reason to com- plain ; nor have i departed from this resolution, but when some performance of uncommon excellence excited my veneration, when my memory supplied me from late books with an example that was wanting, or when my heart, in the tenderness of friendship, solicited admission for a fa- vourite name. So far have I been from any care to grace my pages with modern decorations, that 1 have studiously endeav- oured to collect examples and authorities from the writers before the liestoration, whose works I regard as the wells of English undefiled, as the pure sources of genuine dic- tion. Our language, for almost a century, has, by the concurrence of many causes, been gradually departing from its original Teutonick character, and deviating to- ward a Gallick structure and phraseology, from which it ought to be our endeavour to recall it, by making our an- cient volumes the ground work of style, admitting among the additions of later times only such as may supply real deficiencies ; such as are readily adopted by the genius of our tongue, and incorporate easily with our native idioms. But as every language has a time of rudeness antece- dent to perfection, as well as of false refinement and de- clension, I have been cautious lest my zeal for antiquity might drive ine into times too remote, and crowd my book with words now no longer understood. 1 have fixed Sid- ney's work for the boundary, beyond which I make few excursions. From the authors, which rose in the time of Elizabeth, a speech might be formed adequate to all the purposes of use and elegance. If the language of the- ology were extracted from Hooker and the translation of the Bible; the terms of natural knowledge from Bacon; the phrases of policy, war, and navigation, from Raleigh ; the dialect of poetry and fiction from Spenser and Sidney ; and the diction of common life from Shakspeare, few ideas would be lost to mankind, for want of English words, in which they might be expressed. It is not sufficient that a word is found, unless it be so combined as that its meaning is apparently determined by the tract and tenour of the sentence ; such passages I have therefore chosen; and when it happened that any author gave a definition of a term, or such an explanation as is equivalent to a definition, I have placed his authority as a supplement to my own, without regard to the chron- ological order that is otherwise observed. Some words, indeed, stand unsupported by any authori- ty ; but they are commonly derivative nouns or adverbs, formed from their primitives by regular and constant analogy, or names of things seldom occurring in books, or words of which I have reason to doubt the existence. There is more danger of censure from the multiplicity than paucity of examples ; authorities will sometimes seem to have been accumulated without necessity or use, and perhaps some will be found, which might, without loss, have been omjtted. But a work of this kind is not hastily to be charged with superfluities: those quotations, which to careless or unskilful perusers, appear only to repeat the same sense, will often exhibit, to a more accu- rate examiner, diversities of significations', or, at least, af- ford different shades of the same meaning : one will show the word applied to persons, another to things : one will express an ill, another a good, and a third a neutral sense ; one will prove the expression genuine from an ancient author, another will show it elegant from a modern ; a doubtful authority is corroborated by another of more credit; an ambiguous sentence is ascertained by a pas- sage clear and determinate; the word, how often soever repeated, appears with new associates and in different combinations, and every quotation contributes something to the stability or enlargement of the language. When words are used equivocally, I receive them in either sense ; when they are metaphorical, I adopt them in their primitive acceptation. I have sometimes, though rarely, yielded to the tempta tion of exhibiting a genealogy of sentiments, by showing how one author copied the thoughts and diction of an other: such quotations are indeed little more than repe- titions, which might justly be censured, did they not gratify the mind, by affording a kind of intellectual his- tory. The various syntactical structures occurring in the examples have been carefully noted ; the license or neg- ligence, with which many words have been hitherto u^ed, has made our style capricious and indeterminate : when the different combinations of the same word are exhibited together, the preference is readily given to propriety, and I have often endeavoured to direct the choice. Thus I have laboured, by settling the orthography dis- Dr. JOHNSONS PREFACE. xxin playing the analogy, regulating the structures, and ascer-n That many terms of art and manufacture are omitted, turning the signification of English words, to perform all the parts of a faithful lexicographer: hut I have not always executed my own scheme, or satisfied my own ex- pectations. The work, whatever proof's of diligence and attention it may exhibit, is yet capable of many improve- ments: the orthography which I recommend is still con- trovertible ; the etymology which I adopt is uncertain, and perhaps frequently erroneous ; the explanations are sometimes too much contracted, and sometimes too much '■ diffused ; the significations are distinguished rather with subtilty than skill, and the attention is harassed with unnecessary minuteness. The examples are too often injudiciously truncated, and perhaps sometimes, I hope very rarely, alleged in a mis- taken sense ; for in making this collection 1 trusted more I must bo frankly acknowledged ; but for this defect I may boldly allege that it was unavoidable: 1 could not visit caverns to learn the miner's language, nor take a voyage to perfect my skill in the dialect of navigation, nor visit the warehouses of merchants, and shops of artificers, to gain the names of wares, tools, and operations, of which no mention is found in books: what favourable accident, or easy inquiry, brought within my reach, has not been neglected ; but it had been a hopeless labour to glean up words, by courting living information, and contesting with the suilenness of one, and the roughness of another. To furnish the academicians deila Crusca with word3 of this kind, a series of comedies called la Fiera, or the Fair, was professedly written by Buonarotti ; but I had no such assistant, and therefore was content to want to memory than, in a state of disquiet aud embarrass- >| what they must have wanted likewise, had they not luck- nv?nt. memory can contain ; and purposed to supply at the : j ily been so supplied. review what was left incomplete in the first transcription. |! "Nor are all w-ords, which are not found in the vocabu- Many terms appropriated to particular occupations. |j lary, to be lamented as omissions. Of the laborious and though necessary and significant, are undoubtedly omit- !• mercantile part of the people, the diction is, in a great ted ; and of the words most studiously considered and !; measure, casual and mutable; many of their terms are exemplified, many senses have escaped observation. ii formed for some temporary or local convenience, and, Yet these failures, however frequent, may admit exten- j though current at certain times and places, are in others uation and apology. To have attempted much is always || utterly unknown. This fugitive cant, which is always in laudable, even when the enterprise is above the strength i a state of increase or decay, cannot be regarded as any that undertakes it. To rest below his own aim is incident j ! part of the durable materials of a language, and therefore to every one whose fancy is active, and whose views are \ i must be suffered to perish with other things unworthy of comprehensive j nor is any man satisfied with himself !| preservation, because he has done much, but because he can conceive little. When first I engaged in this work, I resolved to leave neither words nor tilings unexamined, and pleased myself with a prospect of the hours which I should revel away in feasts of literature, with the obscure recesses of Care will sometimes betray to the appearance of negli- gence. He that is catching opportunities which seldom occur, will suffer those to pass by unregarded, which he expects hourly to return ; he that is searching for rare and remote things, will neglect those that are obvious and northern learning which I should enter and ransack, the I j familiar: thus many of the most common and cursory treasures with which 1 expected every search into those h words have been inserted with little illustration, because, authorities, I forbore to copy those which to occur whenever they were wanted. It neglected mines to reward my labour, and the triumph jj in gathering the authorities, I forbore to copy those which with which [ should display my acquisitions to mankind. • 1 1 thought likely to occur whenever they were wanted. It E>, ~' en I had thus inquired into "the original of words. I re- j j is remarkable "that, in reviewing my collection, I found ed to show, likewise, my attention to things ; to pierce || the word S: xa unexemplified. bus it happens, that in things difficult there is danger from ignorance, and in things easy from confidence ; tho mind, afraid of greatness and disdainful of littleness, hastily withdraws herself from painful searches, and passes with scornful rapidity over tasks not adequate to her powers ; sometimes too secure for caution, and again too anxious for vigorous effort ; sometimes idle in a plain ?atb, and sometimes distracted in labyrinths, and dissi- Ull— '1 »>ill/^ LliCIC tXl C IUUUJ UlllliO IU V\s UVUl/j ^U-V/ii -11J.UOI- U^ U.i~ im- jj lowed its share of time and labour, in the proportion only mts, i which it bears to the whole ; nor can it be expected, that Wi sol deep into every science, to inquire the nature of every substance of which I inserted the name, to limit every j idea by a definition strictly logical, and exhibit every pro- daction of art or nature in aa accurate description, that my book might be in place of all ether dictionaries wheth- er appellative or technical. But these were the dreams of a poet, doomed at last to wake a lexicographer. I soon found that it is too late to look for instruments, when the work calls for execution: and that whatever abilities j pated by different intentions. I bad brought to my task, with those I must finally per- 1 1 A largo work is difficult because it is Airge, even though form it. To deliberate whenever I doubted, to inquire 'all its party might singly be performed with facility; whenever I was ignorant, would have protracted the un- ] f where there are many things to be done, each must be al- dertaking without end, and, perhaps, without much provement ; for I did not find by my first experimer that what 1 had not of my own was easily to be obtained : \ \ the stones, which form the dome of a temple, should be I saw that one inquiry only gave occasion to another, that 1 j squared and polished like the diamond of a ring. book referred to book, that to search was not always to | Of the event of this work, for which, having Taboured it find, and to find was not always to be informed ; and'thus j! with so much application, I cannot but have some degree to pursue perfection was, like the first inhabitants of Ar- |; of parental fondness, it is natural to form conjectures, cadia. to chase the sun, which, when they had reached jj Those who have been persuaded to think well of my the hill where he seemed to rest, was still beheld at the I design, will require that it should fix our language, and same distance from them. nput a stop to those alterations which time and chance I then contracted my design, determining to confide in j! have hitherto been suffered to make in it without oppo- myself, and no longer to solicit auxiliaries, which pro- '! sition. With this consequence I will confess that I flat- duced more encumbrance than assistance ; by this I ob- 1! tered myself for a while ; but now begin to fear that I taiocd at least one advantage, tiiat I set limits to my work, M have indulged expectation which neither reason nor ex- which would in time be ended, though not completed, I j perience can justify. When we see men grow old and die Despondency has never so far prevailed as to depress ||at a certain time one after another, from century to cen- me to negligence ; some faults will at last appear to be | tury, -we laugh at the elixir that promises to prolong life, the effects of anxious diligence and persevering activity. !i to a thousand years ; and with equal justice may the Iexi- The nice and subtle ramifications of meaning were not j'cographer be derided, who, being able to produce no ex- easily avoided by a mind intent upon accuracy, and con- !i ample of a nation that has preserved their words and vinced of the necessity of disentangling combinations, and i ; phrases from mutability, shall imagine that his dictiona- separating similitudes. Many of the distinctions, which 1 1 ry can embalm his language, and secure it from corruption to common readers appear useless and idle, will be found l| and decay; that it is in his power to change sublunary na- real and important hymen versed in the school of phi-Jjture, and clear the world at once from folly, vanity, and loscphy, without which no dictionary can ever be accu-j; affectation. rately compiled, or skilfully examined. I With this hope, however, academies have been insti- Some senses, nowever, there are, which, though not the 1 j tuted, to guard the avenues^of their languages, to retain same, are yet so nearly allied, that they are often con- jj fugitives, and repulse intruders ; but their vigilance and founded. Most men think indistinctly, and therefore ii activity have hitherto been vain ; sounds are~too volatile cannot speak with exactness ; and consequently some ex- ' j and subtile for legal restraints ; to enchain syllables, and to amples might be indifferently put to either signification : lash the wind, are equally the undertakes of pride, un- th.i uncertainty is not to be imputed to me, who do not i| willing to measure its desires by its strength. The French "brm but register the language; who do not teach men I [language has visibly changed under the Inspection of the low they should think, but relate how they have hitherto j; academy; the style of Amelot's translation of father expressed their thoughts. 1 , p au l is observed by Le Courayer to be un peu passe ,■ and The imperfect sense of some examples I lamented, but no Italian will maintain, that the dietion of any modern •jould not remedy, and hope they will be compensated bv 'writer is not perceptibly different from that of"Boccac«, innumerable passages selected with propriety, and pre- I Machiavel, or Caro. served with exactness ; some shining with sparks of!) Total and sudden transformations of a language seldom imagination, and some replete with treasures of wisdom, j! happen; conquests and migratiens are now very rare; lhc orthography and etymology, though imperfect, are jbut there are other causes of change, which, thoug'h slow not imperfect for want of care, but because care will not||in their operation, and invisible in their progress, are, always be successful, and recollection or information come 1 perhaps, as much superiour to human resistance, as the too late for use. Ii revolutions of the sky, or iatumescence of the tide. Cos*- XXIV Dr. JOHNSON'S PREFACE. merce, however necessary, however lucrative, as it de- praves the manners, corrupts the language : they that have frequent intercourse with strangers, to whom they en- deavour to accommodate themselves, must in time learn a mingled dialect, like the jargon which serves the traf- fickers on the Mediterranean and Indian coasts. This will not always he confined to the exchange, the ware- nouae, or the port, but will be communicated by degrees ■.o other ranks of the people, and be at last incorporated with the current speech. There are likewise internal causes equally forcible. The language most likely to continue long without altera- tion, would be that of a nation raised a little, and but a little, above barbarity, secluded from strangers, and total- ly employed in procuring the conveniences of life ; either without books, or, like some of the Mahometan countries, with very few: men thus busied and unlearned, having only such words as common use requires, would perhaps .ong continue to express the same notions by the same signs. But no such constancy can be expecled in a people polished by arts, and classed by subordination, where one part of the community is sustained and accommodated by the labour of the other. Those, who have much leisure to think, will always be enlarging the stock of ideas ; and every increase of knowledge, whether real or fancied, will produce new words, or combinations of words. When the mind is unchained from necessity, it will range after convenience; when it is left at large in the fields of spec- ulation, it will shift opinions ; as any custom is disused, the words that expressed it must perish with it ; as any opinion grows popular, it will innovate speech in the same proportion as it alters practice. As by the cultivation of various sciences a language is amplified, it will be more furnished with words deflected from their original sense: the geometrician will talk of a courtier's zenith, or the eccentrick virtue of a wild hero; and the physician of sanguine expectations and phleg- matick delays. Copiousness of speech will give oppor- tunities to capricious choice, by which some words will be preferred, and others degraded; vicissitudes of fashion will enforce the use of new, or extend the signification of known terms. The tropes of poetry will make hourly encroachments, and the metaphorical will become the cur- rent sense : pronunciation will be varied by levity or igno- rance, and the pen must at length comply with the tongue ; illiterate writers will, at one time or other, by publick in- fatuation, rise into renown, who, not knowing the original import of words, will use them with colloquial licentious- ness, confound distinction, and forget propriety. As po- liteness increases, some expressions will be considered as too gross and vulgar for the delicate, others as too formal and ceremonious for the gay and airy ; new phrases are therefore adopted, which must, for the same reasons, be in time dismissed. Swift, in his petty treatise on the English language, allows that new words must sometimes be introduced, but proposes that none should be suffered to become obsolete. But what makes a word obsolete more than general agreement to forbear it ? and how shall it be continued, when it conveys an offensive idea, or re- called again into the mouths of mankind, when it has once become unfami'iar by disuse, and unpleasing by un- familiarity? There is another cause of alteration, more prevalent than any other, which yet, in the present state of the world, cannot be obviated. A mixture of two languages will produce a third distinct from both ; and they will always be mixed, where the chief part of education, and the most conspicuous accomplishment, is skill in ancient or in foreign tongues. He that has long cultivated another language, will find its words and combinations crowd upon his memory; and haste and negligence, refinement and affectation, will obtrude borrowed terms and exotick expressions. The great pest of speech is frequency of translation. N& book was ever turned from one language into another, without imparting something of its native idiom; this is the most mischievous and comprehensive innovation ; single words may enter by thousands, and the fabrick of the tongue continue the same ; but new phraseology changes much at once j it alters not the single stones of the building, but the order of the columns. If an academy should be established for the cultivation of our style, which I, who can never wish to see dependence multi- plied, hope the spirit of English liberty will hinder or de- stroy, let them, instead of compiling grammars and dic- tionaries, endeavour, with all their influence, to stop the license of translators, whose idleness and ignorance, if it be suffered to proceed, will reduce us to babble a dialect of France. If the changes that we fear be thus irresistible, what remains but to acquiesce with siionce as in the other in- surmountable distresses of humanity ? It remains that we retard what we cannot repel, that we palliate what we cannot cure. Life may be lengthened by care, though death cannot be ultimately defeated: tongues, like gov- ernments, have a natural tendency to degeneration ; wo have long preserved our constitution, let us make some struggles for our language. In hope of giving longevity to that which its own na- ture forbids to be immortal, I have devoted this book, tho labour of years, to the honour of my country, that wc may no longer yield the palm of philology, without a contest to the nations of the continent. The chief glory of every people arises from its authors: whether I shall add any thing by my own writings to the reputation of English lit- erature, must be left to time: much of my life has been lost under the pressures of disease ; much has been trifled away; and much has always been spent in provision for the day that was passing over me: but. I shall not think my employment useless or ignoble, if, by my assistance, foreign nations and distant ages gain access to the prop- agators of knowledge, and understand the teachers of truth ; if my labours afford light to the repositories of science, and add celebrity to Bacon, to Hooker, to Milton, and to Boyle. When I am animated by this wish, I look with pleasure on my book, however defective, and deliver it to the world with the spirit of a man that has endeavoured well. That it will immediately become popular, I have not promised to myself: a few wild blunders, and risible absurdities, from which no work of sueh multiplicity was ever free, may for a time furnish folly with laughter, and harden ignorance in contempt ; but useful diligence will at last prevail, and there never can be wanting some who dis- tinguish desert; who will consider that no dictionary of a living tongue ever can be perfect, since, while it is has- tening to publication, some wcrds are budding, and some falling away ; that a whole life cannot be spent upon syn- tax and etymology, and that even a whole life would not be sufficient ; that he, whose design includes whatever language can express, must often speak of what he does not understand; that a writer will sometimes be hurried by eagerness to the end, and sometimes faint with weari- ness under a task, which Scaliger compares to the labours of the anvil and the mine; that what is obvious i3 not always known, and what is known is not always present; that sudden fits of inadvertency will surprise vigilance, slight avocations will seduce attention, and casual eclipses of the mind will darken learning ; and that the writer shall often in vain trace his memory, at the moment of need, for that which yesterday he knew with intuitive readiness, and which will come uncalled into his thoughts to-morrow. In this work, when it shall be found that much is omit- ted, let it not bo forgotten that much likewise is per- formed ; and though no book was ever spared out of ten- derness to the author, and the world is little solicitous to know whence proceeded the faults of that which it con- demns ; yet it may gratify curiosity to inform it, that the English Dictionary was written with little assistance of the learned, and without any patronage of the great ; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of ac- ademick bowers, but amid inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow. It may repress the triumph of malignant criticism to observe, that, if our language is not here fully displayed, I have only failed in an attempt which no human powers have hitherto completed. If the lexicons of ancient tongues, now immutably fixed, and com- prised in a few volumes, be yet, after the toil of successive ages, inadequate and delusive ; if the aggregated knowl- edge and co-operating diligence of the Italian academi- cians did not secure them from the censure of Beni ; if the imbodied criticks of France, when fifty years had been spent upon their work, were obliged to change its econo my, and give their second edition another form, — I may surely be contented without the praise of perfection, which if I could obtain, in this gloom of solitude, what would it avail me ? I have protracted my work tilt most of those, whom 1 wished to please, have sunk into the grave and success and miscarriage are empty sounds : I therefore dismiss it with frigid tranquillity, having little to fear 01 hope from censure or from praise. TODD'S ADVERTISEMENT TO HIS FIRST EDITION OF JOHNSON'S DICTIONARY. THE Dictionary of Dr. Johnson has been rightly pro- nounced a wonderful achievement of genius and labour. Y»t Dr. Johnson admitted, that, in forming it, he had not satisfied his own expectations ; and, after a revision of it, he replied to a *fricnd, who had sent him additions too late to be inserted, that, if many readers had been as judicious, as diligent, and as communicative, the Dictionary would have been better. He probably, therefore, would not have seorned an augmentation or correction, though offered by one of less attainments than his friend, if offered with due respect. This consideration supports, in some degree, the mind of the present editor. For, though he feels all the diffi- dence which most men would feel in occasionally ques- tioning the authority of Dr. Johnson, he is induced to hope, that the warmest admirers of that incomparable man will not disparage the industry which he himself might perhaps have countenanced. The fruits, such as they are, of the present editor's em- ployment, will be found in an abundant supply of words, which have hitherto been omitted ; in a rectification of many, which etymology, in particular, requires ; and in exemplifying several, which are without illustration. These words are often the property of authors, the " fvery dust of whose writings is gold ;" of Pearson and of Harrow, whose names might very frequently have graced the pages of a national Dictionary ; of Bacon and Raleigh, of Jere- my Taylor, of Milton, and Hammond, and Hall, and many others, whose words indeed have largely, but of which the stock is not exhausted, conveyed, in the example, " Jsome elegance of language, or some precept of prudence or piety." These words commend to notice many writers, ! also, who have been unjustly neglected or slightly exam- ! ined; men, who have taught with energy the lessons of i human life, and who have explored with accuracy the j source of" ^English undefiled." The poet, as well as the i philosopher, of elder limes, will here sanction some ex- ! pressions, which, from their sound or significance, deserve j to be rescued from oblivion. Indeed, without recourse to ! such assistance, much valuable ore must still be buried in the mine ; the structure of words must sometimes remain j undiscovered; and the coinage of many forcible terms be Btill unguardedly |jimputed to the moderns. It is an opinion of IFDryden, that the English language arrived to its highest perfection in Beaumont and Fletch- er ; and that " the words, which have since been taken in, are rather superfluous than ornamental." Few writers , have afforded, to the present editor, so many passages of illustration as these dramatists. But it will be found, that our language has certainly derived new graces from many succeeding authors. "** Words are the people's ; yet there is a choice of them | to be made." For this reason, the present editor has de- ; clined to admit many into the Dictionary ; especially what are merely licenses of old comedy, and what was the fan- * The Reverend Mr. Bagshaw, of Bromley College. This answer is in Boswell's Life of Johnson. Additions and corrections, which had been made by this gentleman, have been intrusted to the present editor; of which, as well as of other communications, made to him with great liberality and without solicitation, he will, in the Intro- duction to this work, give an explicit account. t Bentley, of Bishop Pearson. Dissert, on Phalaris. t Johnson's Plan of an English Dictionary. $ Spenser. || Burnet objected against Milton, that he had coined many new and rough words ; which is so far from being the case, that, if the remark of the old commentator on Spenser may be applied, " the words are not only English, but also used of most excellent authors and most famous poets." Addison also has charged Milton with the coin- age of what had long been current. IT In his Essay on Dramatick Poesy. ** B. Jonson's Discoveries. tastical cant during the great rebellion. Nor has he made an indiscriminate collection of our archaisms. With words from such sources, his pages might have been in- creased an hundred-fold. But he has not neglected the notice of some expressions, even in authors of little fame, which exhibit what in better writers might be sought in vain, and by which an interesting custom, or a valuable provincial phrase, is sometimes illustrated. As he thus differs in opinion from those, who cannot allow the omission of any word in the language; so he has not been disposed to follow the advice of others, who would expunge innumerable words which Dr. Johnson has admitted. He has proposed to expunge none ; except in a few instances, where no such word, it will be found, in reality exists. In disturbing the etymology, and very rarely the def- inition, or in adding to either, his meaning has been to accommodate the reader, without violating the order of the original work ; and therefore he has not placed the emendation at a distance from its object, or continued the mistake which it has been his endeavour to rectify. Words, thus altered, whether in a great or small degree, will be known by the typographical mark which follows them ; and to others, which have hitherto wanted even a single instance of illustration ; as well as to some, which present an example from a ffprose-writer as well as a poet, or which are confirmed by a proof of higher authority than what is given : the same distinction is affixed. To the words newly produced another mark is subjoined. Among these, adverbs in ly, substantives in ness, and verbal nouns in ing, have been introduced without imitating the parsi- mony with which they have hitherto been exhibited! Nor will appellatives, derived from proper names, be thought intruders ; since they have sometimes acquired a meaning so unconnected with their origin, as to demand explana- tion ; and appellatives of a more general nature are agree- able to the regulation of Dr. Johnson himself, who admits a Pagan, though he has rejected a Quaker. Of some mistaken references, or imperfect citations, which Dr. Johnson has given, the rectification is without specifick notice ; and of such improvements the number, no doubt, might have been much enlarged. But to note minutely all "his extracts, would be perhaps a difficulty almost as insurmountable as to correct every mistake. The editions of his Dictionary have been compared ; and there are many curious variations, especially from the first. That of his last revision, " JJin which he expunged some superfluities and corrected some mistakes, scattering here and there a remark," has been principally regarded; but not without attention to that, which has given a few posthumous additions. That the value of the citations may bedulyaopreciated, the present editor intends to offer some notices of the au- thors cited ; which will also chronologically, as well as critically, illustrate the history Gf our language. And that history of the language, which has been given by Dr. Johnson, will bo augmented with many curious and some hitherto inedited materials. And now, admitting that Dr. Johnson's Dictionary is not without defect, let it be considered that a work of this kind must necessarily be defective ; that in dictionaries, more than in other books, faults will be committed ; be- cause, as the great lexicographer has said, he who makes them must often write of what he does not understand. With him, however, rests the entire merit of a Plan, which other labourers in lexicography must regard with admira- tion and gratitude, however unable, individually, to com- plete it. Thus the aim at universality, which Dr. Ash, since the publication of Johnson's Dictionary, has shown in his ex- tensive and useful Vocabulary, has however failed in ft Agreeably to the Plan of Dr. Johnson. Xt The letter, stating this, is preserved in Boswell's Life of Johnson. XXVI TODD'S ADVERTISEMENT, AND INTRODUCTION. some particulars? ; ami yet wants many storlir.fr words. Nor lias the Supplement of Mr. Mason to the great work of Johnson been received with much regard. For ho professes, that he has little knowledge of i hose languages, w ithoul which etymological criticism can- not be employed, lie lias drawn from obscurity many colloquial licenses, indeed, but comparatively lew ex- pressions of dignity. Where he has been serviceable, it has been a pleasure to incorporate his labours. He had doubtless some talents for research: but he has lowered them by perpetually insulting the memory of Johnson, whom he brands with "nniddiness of in- tellect." Not such have been ihe exertions of the Reverend Mr. Boucher; of which a specimen has been given to the pubiick in the first letter of the alphabet, and which abundantly, as well as most learnedly, shows how much remains to be done, in order to have a perfect view of the English language. The proprietors of this work have, with unsolicited kindness, procured, for the present editor's inspection, the papers of the late Mr. Home Tooke. and his copy of Johnson's Dictionary, with some marginal remarks : the late Mr. Hernshall's interleaved but slightly noted copy of the same ; and the late Mr. Eyre's copy, with additional references in the margin. But these have yielded no great harvest of intelligence. What has been gained will be more fully detailed, with other obligations to his friends, from whom he must not here omit to mention that he has received some re- marks of the late Mr. Malone, in the general Intro- duction to this work. After all, what the present editor has done he con- siders but as dust in the balance, when weighed against the work of Dr. Johnson. He is content, if his countrymen shall admit, that he has contributed somewhat towards that which many hands will not exhaust ; that his efforts, though imperfect, are not useless. And if any should severely insist, that he ought to have preserved so much caution through the work, as rarely t-> sink into negligence; and to have obtained so much knowledge of all its parts, as seldom to *faj] by ignorance ; he has only to hope, that their frequent disappointment may be consoled by the fol- lowing words : " | He that endureth no faults in men's writings must only read his own, wherein, for tfee most part, all appeareth white. Quotation, mistakes, inadvertency, expedition, and human lapses, may make not only moles, but warts, in learned authors ; who, notwithstanding, being judged by the capital I matter, admit not of disparagement." JSug. 1. 18144 H. J. TODD. * See Dr. Johnson's Plan of an English Dictionary. t Sir Thomas Brown's Christian Morals, p. ii. § 2. t [The publication of this edition was completed in | 1818.— Editor.] TODD'S INTRODUCTION TO HIS FIRST EDITION OF JOHNSON'S DICTIONARY. The nature and design of the additions and altera- tions, which are made in the present publication of Dr. Johnson's Dictionary, are explained in the pre- ceding Advertisement, tt remains to specify my obli- gations to others, in the preparation of the work ; and to introduce to the reader's notice such other circum- stances, connected with the progress of it, as it be- comes me to state. The first, and in my own opinion the most impor- tant, obligation which I have to acknowledge, is to James Boiwell, Esq. of the Middle Temple, the son of the biographer of Johnson, the friend of the late Ed- mond Malone, and a zealous promoter of the cause of literature. Among the valuable books of Mr. Malone, consigned to the care of Mr. Boswell, there was a copy of Dr. Johnson's Dictionary, interleaved, and bound in three volumes, in which Mr. Malone had " inserted a great number of additional words and | examples omitted by Johnson." With the frankness, which distinguishes the real lover of learning, Mr. Boswell sent these volumes to me, of the existence of which I had not before known ; allowing me, at the same time, to extract any of the observations, which Mr. Malone had made, for the purpose of the present work. The accuracy and diligence of Mr. Malone could not but render the business of examining his volumes very pleasing; nor fail to afford abundant service towards the labour in which I was employed. His statement, at the beginning of the first of the vo- lumes, is this : " 1052 manuscript remarks in the three volumes of this most valuable Dictionary: for the greater part I am answerable : those, to which D. is subscribed, were written by Samuel Dyer."— Of these additional words and examples, a large number is taken from the works of Bishop Hall in particular, and from those of other writers in the reigns of Elizabeth and her successor ; most of which, in the course of my studies, had been long since selected also by myself; the fitness of which for my design, I was therefore proud to find corroborated by the judgement of Mr. Malone. That I have omitted many of his additions, I will not conceal ; that I have, in particular cases, expressly summoned him to my aid, will be obvious : and that he would not have disdained the manner in which I have adopted any of hisimprovements, I am persuaded. To the President and Fellows of Sion College, I am next to say, that, in like manner, lam indebted for an unsolicited offer of the use of Dr. Johnson's Dictionary, belonging to their library ; in the margins of which, re- ferences to authors for examples where several words have none, and also some new words with examples, are pointed out by the late Rev. Mr. Bagshaw, of Broirrley, one of the friends of Dr. Johnson. But they are principally mere references, in number about 600, and chiefly to our theological writers ; of which some agree with examples cited by Mr. Malone or myself, and some with others which have appeared in Mr. Mason's Supplement to Dr. Johnson's Dictionary. Etymological remarks are rarely found among these proofs of'Mr. Bagshaw's diligence. By the perusal of the whole, however, I have been much gratified, as well as often confirmed in matters which had before excited hesitation. For the sight of an interleaved copy of Dr. Johnson's" Dictionary, which belonged to the late Rev. Mr. Hen- shall, I have been obliged to Messrs. Longman and Co., booksellers. The copy is formed into four volumes: that, which ends with the letter C, contains the most of his fanciful, however learned, annotations : the rest are thinly sown with remarks. I am not aware of having derived any advantage from this favour. From the same gentlemen' I received another copy of the Dictionary, filled with marginal remarks by the late Rev. Mr. Eyre. Though these remarks, like Mr. Bagshaw's, are mostly references ; and though they are references principally to recent publications, as reviews and magazines, of which, at the beginning of the book, Mr. Eyre gives a list ; as plays and novels, also, of our own days; one cannot but admire the indefatigable industry of the scholiast, in crowding the margins with words or sentences, intended (I should suppose in very many instances) rather for future consideration, than for decided addition. Had the same attention been paid to our old authors, the labour of Mr. Eyre would have been invaluable. Probably, not having access to many writers of this description, Mr. Eyre availed himself of the less useful information within his reach ; and bestowed acute, as well as diligent, in- vestigation upon objects not always deserving it. Sometimes, though rarely, he has given a citation from a book of elder times ; a citation generally admissible. The writer of a future dictionary may, perhaps, often betake himself to this storehouse of information. What I have scrupled to adopt may, at no distant pe- riod, demand, on increasing authority, admission into an English dictionary ; and eccentrick terms, whish have been employed by questionable writers to express common conceptions, may perhaps lose their novelty, or their quaintness, in sage and solemn usage. There remains to be expressed another obliga- tion to these gentlemen for the use of several books and papers, which were the property of the late Mr. Home Tooke. Of these in due or- der. The first has been a copy of Dr. Johnson's Dic- tionary in two folio volumes, with marginal notes ; in which there are not fifty that can be of service to any lexicographer, (as I perhaps rnistakingly conceive,) who is in possession of the Diversions of Purley. This TODD'S INTRODUCTION. copy had been purchased at the sale of Mr. Tookivs library, and is said to have been intended, by the pur- chaser, to be the basis of a new English dictionary. By the purchaser, however, it was consigned to Messrs. Longman oc Co.'; and the publick will with me lament, thai any intention should have been impeded, of Which tlie furtherance might at once have. crushed my hum- ble attempt. At the beginning of this copy there are the names of some authors entered ; on the Preface there arc some remarks, not of the most liberal charac- ter ; and to the History of the Language, and to the Grammar, there is no'addition of importance. The Hermes of Mr. Harris, another of Mr. Tooke's books, [j abounding with his notes of haughtiest mood, has been | of no use whatever to my purpose. His folio copy of Beaumont and Fletcher* with words marked in the margins, (an employment in which he was assisted by \ j a distinguished living character,) has been of great ! | service to me; being the same edition as that from which my own remarks had been formed, and thus, by easy reference, confirming my choice with respect to j dubious expressions, as well as pointing out others, which I had overpassed. The Gothic and Saxon Dic- tionary of Lye, edited by Mr. Manning, was also among j the printed volumes of Mr. Tooke intrusted to me ; j upon which the manuscript remarks afforded no intel- j ligence of consequence. I come next to the observa- 1 tions upon our language, which Mr. Tooke left in manuscript books; at least such as I have examined. These were fifteen quarto books, containing the words of Dr. Johnson's Dictionary in regular order, with some additions, more particularly adverbs and substantives derived from adjectives ; but without example, or other notice than the mere entry of the word. This employ- ment occasionally suggested to me the introduction of such words into the dictionary, especially when I could support them by example. And therefore to this em- ployment of Mr. Tooke I gladly acknowledge myself indebted. Six quarto books, containing words ar- ranged according to terminations, as in and, ard, ed, est, &c, have been without use to me, however they might have been intended for some valuable purpose by Mr. Tooke. Of a quarto, entitled Roots, which are Latin verbs, with English words stated to be derived from them, I found no occasion to avail myself. In another, entitled Gothick Roots, consisting of not many written pages, there was little to be observed, which was not already in Lye. Out of three quartos, enti- tled Index Expurgatorius. or a list of such words as Mr. Tooke would have discharged from Dr. Johnson's Dictionary, I have made no selection : some, which he rejects, being supported by no mean authority; and some, being local, deserving to be retained. I think that in the letter A the arbitrary abolitions amount to about 800. Besides these books, there was a great variety of cards, upon which were written termina- tions entered in the quarto volumes, and other in- tended verbal arrangements. There was also one set, denouncing certain words as false English,* and ar- ranged according to terminations, which I have printed at the close of this Dictionary; both as it is a speci- men of the employment which I have been describing, and as a criticism rarely to be questioned.— Such is the account of the papers, left by Mr. Tooke, which I have seen ; which indicated, I think, that he had once intended to compile an English dictionary. If more had been left to show that he had other illustrations to offer, not dissimilar to those which his Diversions of Purley had communicated, his friends would surely not have suffered them to slumber in inglorious silence. For that work, in which he has so acutely illustrated an ancient system, he has the thanks of every sound I philologist; though it has been well remarked, that he has not laid in it, as he imagined, the foundation for future philosophers. , I am now to oft'er my thanks to the Rev. Archdeacon Churton, and the Rev. J. B. Blakeway ; by whose re- marks, communicated without solicitation, and with- out conditions, 1 have been, in several instances, ma- terially assisted : to John Nichols, Esq. for the perusal of papers, illustrating our language, which were writ- ten by the late Dr. Pegge, and which offered, though mostly interwoven into his own publications, a glean- ing or two to be gathered: to Roger Wilbraham, Esq. for the use of some uncommon books in his possession and for some pertinent observations: and to Martin Whish, Esq. of whose attention, though directing me [* The list of words pronounced by Mr. Tooke to be "false English," Dr. Johnson's "History of the En- glish Language," and his " Grammar of the English Tongue," are not contained in this Dictionary ; but the " List of Authors," is inserted at the end of the volume. —Editor.] not seldom to what my own researches had also marked, I cannot express too grateful a sense, when I consider the largeness of the communications, and the liheralitj with which they were made. Some notices have been sent by others, whose good intentions I respect, in number and importance too inconsiderable to require further acknowledgement. Nor have I been without obligation, in the progress of my employment, to criticisms which wanted, as well as to those which possessed, the writer's name ; in which, on the one hand, much wit has been employed upon what are justly termed my feeble exertions; and, on the other, indignation has hurled its thunderbolts at my pre- sumption ; in which pretended illustrations and detec- tions of mistake (penned in the bewitching hours of self-delusion) have been also proposed : which, upon examination, have only discovered how liable we all are to be deceived, and how much it behoves the maker or augmenter of a dictionary not always to rely im- plicitly upon proffered kindness, nor wholly to disre- gard the oppositions of sportive, or malicious inge- nuity. That there may soon be new makers of an English dictionary, it is warrantable to conjecture, knowing, as I do, that other gentlemen have bestowed attention upon the subject ; the incorporation of whose services, not altogether free from conditions, it was beyond my power, if it had been my wish, after my plan was formed, to make. The treasures which now remain in their own management, iindispersed, may therefore, if the owners choose, be laid before the publick, with- out intermixture, and without omission. The *History of the English Language I have aug- mented with some new materials. To the *Grammar I have added Notes,- which are principally illustrative of orthography, and of the etymological system so powerfully recalled to modern notice by Mr. Tooke ; to which 'are subjoined the grammatical remarks of Mr. Tyrwhitt upon our ancient language. For the convenience of the volumes the Grammar has its place in the last. After it follows a *List of Authors; of whom many perhaps might be considered too obscure to have been formerly cited in the Dictionary, if it could be denied, in the words of Johnson, that " f the riches of the English tongue are much greater than they are commonly supposed; that many useful and valuable books lie" buried in shops and libraries un- known and unexamined, unless some lucky compiler opens them by chance, and finds an easy spoil of wit and learning." Of old authors, as of old words, let no i one make too hasty a rejection. Sarcasm may expose its impotence, as well as ignorance, in arraigning either; unaccustomed to observe that from the one '(the partially ; ' unknown and unexamined") our best I writers have occasionally not disdained to draw wis- dom; and that witli the other they have warranted : the use of terms, which the jeer of modern hypercriti- jcism would discard. It may be easy, though it is not l " t pleasant without scurrility," if I may use Sir Na- jthaniel's phrase, to present both words and sentences, j with the juxtaposition of a quaint title, in a manner ! so detached as to excite no favourable opinion of the J book, or rather to destroy all belief that, it possesses any power of conveying knowledge. I might have j omitted some citations from modern writers. But the ^ canons yet remain to be promulged, by which the ex- tremes of opposite tastes are to be settled. The pre- icise period, at which antiquity is to be regarded as a rule, is not yet determined: the standard'§one inclines j to remove to the distance of a century and a half; I another may. with as good reason, fix it three centu- 1 ries backwards ; and another six.' May we then ex- i pect decision upon these points from a society for re- ining the language, and fixing its standard? Alas! ; Johnson himself has told us, that " !|the edicts of an i English Academy would probably be read by many I only that they might be sure to disobey them!" i For the paucity of curious or satisfactory informa- i tion, which my additions and alterations exhibit, and j for the abundance of inaccuracies and faults which have escaped my care. I may not, I hope, solicit the j pardon of the candid reader in vain. I should indeed ! have been thrown into irrecoverable confusion and ! dismay, in reconsidering what I have done, if, for an i humble attendant, also, there were not consolation iu j the words of the master, which first accompanied the fourth edition of his Dictionary : — " Many are the works of human industry, which to begin and finish are hardly granted to the same man. t Idler, No. 91. J Love's Lab. Lost. § Campbell, Philos. of Rhetorick. ji Life of Roscommon. TODD'S INTRODUCTION, AND ADVERTISEMENT. XXV 111 He that undertakes to compile a dictionary, under- takes that, which, if it comprehends the full extent of his design, he knows himself unable to perform. Yet his labours, though deficient, may be *useful, and, With the hope of this inferiour praise, he must incite his activity, and solace his weariness. " Perfection is unattainable, but nearer and nearer approaches may be made; and, finding my Dictionary about to be reprinted, I have endeavoured, by a revi- Bal, to make it less reprehensible. I will not deny, that I found many parts requiring emendation, and many more capable of improvement. Many faults I have corrected, some superfluities I have taken away, and some deficiencies 1 have supplied. I have method- ized some parts that were disordered, and illuminated some that were obscure. Yet the changes or additions bear a very small proportion to the whole. The critick * " Dans la derniere seance de l'Academie, il [Vol- taire] parla fort long-temps et avec la plus grande chaleur sur 1' utilite d' un nouveau Dictionnaire concu a peu pres sur la meme plan que celui della Crusc'a, ou celui de Johnson:' Grimm, Mem. torn. ii. will now have less to object, but the student who has bought any of the former copies need not repent; h« will not, without nice collation, perceive how they differ ; and usefulness seldom depends upon little things. " For negligence or deficience, I have perhaps not need of more apology than the nature of the work will furnish. I have left that inaccurate which never was made exact, and that imperfect which never was com- pleted." — Of the present augmented edition of Dr. Johnson's Dictionary the proprietors, as I am informed, intend to publish, as soon as possible, in the octavo size, an abridgement; in which I have respectfully, and for unanswerable reasons, declined any concern what- ever. And I now relinquish altogether the labours of the lexicography, with the hope that my omissions and imperfections may stimulate the accurate and the judicious so to form a dictionary of our language, as not to subject it to any of the animadversions which will be made on my attempt. HENRY JOHN TODD. May 29, 1818. TODD'S ADVERTISEMENT TO HIS SECOND EDITION, PUBLISHED IN 1827, The Dictionary of Dr. Johnson, with my additions, having been acceptable to the publick, a reimpression of it has been required. I have, in consequence, been asked to render any assistance to the reimpression which might be in my power. What I have been able to do has been done with cheerfulness, in gratitude for the reception of my former extensive labours. Re- moved by my present residence from the easy reach of that abundance of books, and conversation of men of letters, which then aided my inquiries, I yet have of- fered (though in number together not more, perhaps, than between two and three thousand) some emenda- tions and some new words. These have been the fruits of leisure in a retired situation ; and for these, with the exception of a few remarks from one learned friend, I have been indebted almost wholly to books in my own collection. Additions, indeed, have been suggested, in separate forms, to my first edition of this Dictionary by other gentlemen. Of such labours I am quite sure that I could have no right to avail myself further than by a correction of a very few pardonable errours ; and, with respect to opinions in which they may have been pleased to differ from me, I do not think myself re- quired to answer them. May these learned persons he more useful than I can be. Still they will find that much is yet to be done. " * Daily both new words," as an ancient lexicographer well observes, " are in- vented, and books still found that make a new supply of old" Our many excellent writers, during the reigns * Florio's World of Words, Ital. and Eng. Pref. 1598. of Elizabeth and James the First, will yet abundantly exemplify the latter part of this remark. And to the selection of examples, as well as to etymology, and to definition, and to orthography, and to accentuation, the industry and judgement of many yet remain to be directed, divided, as they ought to be, into distinct stu- dies, ere we can hope to see a beautiful whole, a stand- ard of pure and exact phraseology. Our provincial- isms, too, solicit especial notice; as I have found by a residence of six years in the north of England, which has occasioned the introduction into the following pages of more northern phrases than are in the former edition ; in the description of which I am generally confirmed by the entertaining and useful Glossaries of the Craven Dialect and of Mr. Brockett, published within the last three years; and to them I always re- fer with pleasure. To the very curious Glossary, also, of Cheshire Words, by my learned friend, Roger Wil» braham, Esq. I have been much indebted. The recent Collection of Suffolk Words, by Major Moor, has like- wise occasionally strengthened an observation. The same may be said of West Country Words, published in 1825 by Mr. Jennings ; to whose candour, in his re- mark upon the first edition of this Dictionary, (in which he suggests improvement and addition that must, however, be the work of many, I repeat, and not of an individual,) I am also obliged; for he says, " that, although the work will still admit of consider- able addition and improvement, it contains, in his judgement, the greatest mass of information on the subject of our own language at present extant." Feb. 12, 1827. H. J. T. WALKER'S PREFACE TO HIS PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY. FEW subjects have of late years more employed the pens of every class of criticks, than the improvement of the English language. The greatest abilities in the na- tion have been exerted in cultivating and reforming it ; nor have a thousand minor criticks been wanting to add their mite of amendment to their native tongue. John- son, whose large mind and just taste made him capable of enriching and adorning the language with original composition, has condescended to the drudgery of disen- tangling, explaining, and arranging it, and left a lasting monument of his ability, labour, and patience: and Dr. Lowth, the politest scholar of the age, has veiled his su- periority in his short Introduction to English Grammar. The ponderous folio has gravely vindicated the rights of analogy; and the light, ephemeral sheet of news has cor- rected errours in grammar, as well as in politicks, by slyly marking them in Italicks. Nor has the improvement stopped here. While John- son and Lowth have been insensibly operating on the or- thography and construction of our language, its pronun- ciation has not been neglected. The importance of a consistent and regular pronunciation was too obvious to be overlooked ; and the want of this consistency and reg- Hlarity has induced several ingenious men to endeavour at a reformation ; who, by exhibiting the regularities of pronunciation, and pointing out its analogies, have re- claimed some words that were not irrecoverably fixed in a wrong sound, and prevented others from being pervert- ed by ignorance or caprice. Among those writers who deserve the first praise on this subject is Mr. Elphinston ; who, in his Principles of the English Language, has reduced the chaos to a sys- tem; and, by a deep investigation of the analogies of our tongue, has laid the foundation of a just and regular pro- nunciation. After Wm| Dr. Kenrick contributed a portion of im- provement by his Rhetorical Dictionary; in which the words are divided into syllables as they are pronounced, and figures placed over the vowels, to indicate their dif- ferent sounds. But this gentleman has rendered his dic- tionary extremely imperfect, by entirely omitting a great number of words of doubtful and difficult pronunciation —those very words for which a dictionary of this kind would be most consulted. To him succeeded Mr. Sheridan, who not only divided the words into syllables, and placed figures over the vow- els as Dr. Kenrick had done, but, by spelling these sylla- bles as they are pronounced, seemed to complete the idea of a pronouncing dictionary, and to leave but little ex- pectation of future improvement. It must, indeed, be confessed, that Mr. Sheridan's dictionary is greatly supe- riour to every other that preceded it ; and his method of conveying the suund of words, by spelling them as they are pronounced, is highly rational and useful. But here sincerity obliges me to stop. The numerous instances I have given of impropriety, inconsistency, and want of ac- quaintance with the analogies of the language, sufficient- ly show how imperfect* I think his dictionary is upon the whole, and what ample room was left for attempting another, that might better answer the purpose of a guide to pronunciation. The last writer on this subject is Mr. Nares, who, in his Elements of Orthoepy, has shown a clearness of method, and an extent of observation, which deserve the highest encomiums. His preface alone proves him an elegant writer, as well as a philosophica, observer of an- guage: and his Alphabetical Index, referring near five thousand words to the rules for. pronouncing them, is a new and useful method of treating the subject : but he seems, on many occasions, to have mistaken the best usage, and to have paid too little attention to the first principles of pronunciation. * See Principles, No. 124, 126, 129.386.454,462,479, 480, 530; and the words Assume, Collect, Covetous, Don- ative, Ephemera, Satiety, &c, and the inseparable prep- osition dis. Thus I have ventured to give my opinion of my rivals and competitors, and I hope without envy or self-conceit. Perhaps it would have been policy in me to have been si- lent on this head, for fear of putting the publick in mind that others have written on the subject as well as my- self: but this is a narrow policy, which, under the colour of tenderness to others, is calculated to raise ourselves at their expense. A writer, who is conscious he deserves the attention of the publick, (and unless he is thus con- scious he ought not to write,) must not only wish to be compared with those who have gone before him, but will promote the comparison, by informing his readers what others have done, and on what he founds his pretensions to a preference; and, if this be done with fairness and without acrimony, it can be no more inconsistent with modesty, than it is with honesty and plain dealing. The work I have offered on the subject has, I hope, added something to the publick stock: it not only exhib- its the principles of pronunciation on a more extensive plan than others have done, divides the words into sylla- bles, and marks the sounds of the vowels, like Dr. Ken- rick, spells the words as they are pronounced, like Mr. Sheridan, and directs the inspector to the rule by the word, like Mr. Nares ; but, where words are subject to dif- ferent pronunciations, it shows the reasons from analogy for each, produces authorities for one side and the other, and points out the pronunciation which is preferable. In short, I have endeavoured to unite the science of Mr. El- phinston, the method of Mr. Nares, and the general utili- ty of Mr. Sheridan ; and, to add to these advantages, have given critical observations on such words as are subject to a diversity of pronunciation, and have invited the in- spector to decide according to analogy and the best usage. But to all works of this kind there lies a formidable objection ; which is, that the pronunciation of a language is necessarily indefinite and fugitive, and that all t.;deav- ours to delineate or settle it are in vain. Dr. Johnson, in his grammar prefixed to his dictionary, says: " Most of the writers of English grammar have given long tables of words pronounced otherwise than they are written, and seem not sufficiently to have considered, that, of English, as of all living tongues, there is a double pronun- ciation ; one cursory and colloquial, the other regular and solemn. The cursory pronunciation is always vague and uncertain, being made different in different mouths, by negligence, unskilfulness, or affectation. The solemn pronunciation, though by no means immutable and per- manent, is yet always less remote from the orthography, and less liable to capricious innovation. They have, however, generally formed their tables according to the cursory speech of those with whom they happened to converse, and, concluding that the whole nation combines to vitiate language in one manner, have often established the jargon of the lowest of the people as the model of speech. For pronunciation, the best general rule is, to consider those as the most elegant speakers, who deviate least from the written words." Without any derogation from the character of Dr. Johnson, it may be asserted, that in these observations we do not perceive that justness and accuracy of think- ing, for which he is so remarkable. It would be dcing great injustice to him, to suppose that he meant to ex- clude ail possibility of conveying the actual pronuncia tion of many words that depart manifestly from their or | thography, or of those that are written alike, and pro- nounced differently, and inversely. He has marked these differences with great propriety himself, in many placeg of his dictionary; and it is to be regretted that he did not extend these remarks farther. It is impossible, there- fore, he could suppose, that, because the almost imper- ceptible glances of colloquial pronunciation were not to be caught and described by the pen, that the very per- ceptible difference between the initial accented syllables of money and monitor, or the final unaccented syllables of finite and infinite, could not be sufficiently marked upon paper. Cannot we show that cellar, a vault, an 1 WALKERS PREFACE. seller, one who sells, have exactly the same sound > or that the monosyllabic full and the first syllable of ful- minate are sounded differently, because there are some words in which solemnity will authorize a different shade of pronunciation from familiarity .' Besides, that collo- quial pronunciation which is perfect is so much the lan- guage of solemn speaking, that, perhaps, there is no more difference than between the same picture painted to be viewed near and at a distance. The symmetry in both is exactly the same; and the distinction lies only in the col- ouring. The English language, in this respect, seems to have a great superiority over the French, which pronoun- ces many letters in the poctick and solemn style, that are wholly silent in the prosaick and familiar. But if a solemn and familiar pronunciation really exists in our language, is it not the business of a grammarian to mark both 1 And, if he cannot point out the precise sound of unaccented syllables, (for these only are liable to obscuri- ty,) he may, at least, give those sounds which approach the nearest, and by this means become a little more use- ful than those who so liberally leave every thing to the ear and taste of the speaker. The truth is, Dr. Johnson seems to have had a confused idea of the distinctness and indistinctness with which, on solemn or familiar occasions, we sometimes pronounce I the unaccented vowels; and, with respect to these, it must be owned, that his remarks are not entirely without foun- dation. The English language, with respect to its pro- nunciation, is evidently divisible into accented and unac- cented sounds. The accented syllables, by being pro- j nounced with greater force than the unaccented, have | their vowels as clearly and distinctly sounded as any j given note in musick; while the unaccented vowels, for I want of the stress, are apt to slide into an obscurity of j sound, which, though sufficiently distinguishable to the [ ear, cannot be so definitely marked out to the eye by other sounds as those vowels that are under the accent. I Thus some of the vowels, when neither under the accent, i nor closed by a consonant, have a longer or a shorter, an opener or a closer sound, according to the solemnity or familiarity, the deliberation or rapidity of our delivery. This will be perceived in the sound of the e in emotion,*- j of the o in obedience, and of the u in monument. In the hasty pronunciation of common speaking, the c in emo- tion is often shortened, as if spelt im-mo-tion ; the o in obedience shortened and obscured, as if written ub-be-de- j ence ; and the u in monument changed into e, as if writ- ten mon-ne-ment ; while the deliberate and elegant sound ■tf these vowels is the long open sound they have, when tlie accent is on them, in equal, over, and tinit ; but a, when unaccented, seems to have no such diversity; it has fenerally a short, obscure sound, whether ending a sylla- ! le or closed by p? consonant. Thus the a in able has its j definite and distinct sound ; but the same letter in tolera- ile\ goes into an obscure, indefinite sound approaching the short u ; nor can any solemnity or deliberation give it the long open sound it has in the first word. Thus, by distinguishing vowels into their accented and unaccented sounds, we are enabled to see clearly what Dr. Johnson saw but obscurely; and by this distinction entirely to answer the objection. Equally indefinite and uncertain is his general rule, that those are to be considered as the most elegant speakers who deviate least from the written words. It is certain, where custom is equal, this ought to take place ; and if the whole body of respectable English speakers were equally divided in their pronunciation of the word busy, one half pronouncing it bew-ze,\ and the other half biz-ie, that the former ought to be accounted the most elegant speakers ; but, till this is the case, the latter pro- nunciation, though a gross deviation from orthography, will still be esteemed the most elegant. Dr. Johnson's general rule, therefore, can only take place where custom j has not plainly decided; but, unfortunately for the Eng- lish language, its orthography and pronunciation are so widely different, that Dr. Watts and Dr. Jones lay it down as a maxim in their Treatises on Spelling, that all words, which cau be sounded different ways, must be written according to that sound which is most distant from the true pronunciation; and consequently, in such a language, a Pronouncing Dictionary must be of essential use. But still it may be objected to such an undertaking, that the fluctuation of pronunciation is so great as to render all attempts to settle it useless. What will it avail us, it may be said, to know the pronunciation of the present day, if, in a few years, it will be altered ? And how are we to know even what the present pronunciation is, when the same words are often differently pronounced by different speakers, and those perhaps of equal numbers and reputation! To this it may be answered, that the fluctuation of our language, with respect to its pronun- ciation, seems to have been greatly exaggerated.^ Except a very few single words, which are generally noticed in the following dictionary, and the words where e comes before r, followed by another consonant, as merchant, service, &c, the pronunciation of the language is proba- bly in the same state in which it was a century ago ; and, had the same attention been then paid to it as now, it is not likely even that change would have happened. Tho same may be observed of those words which are differ ently pronounced by different speakers : if the analogies of the language had been better understood, it is scarcely conceivable that so many words in polite usage would have a diversity of pronunciation, which is at once so ridiculous and embarrassing ; nay, perhaps it may bo with confidence asserted, that if the analogies of tlip lan- guage were sufficiently known, and so near at hand as to be applicable on inspection to every word, that not only many words which are wavering between contrary usages would be settled in their true sound, but that many words, which are fixed by custom to an improper pronun- ciation, would, by degrees, grow regular and analogical , and those which are so already would be secured in their purity, by a knowledge of their regularity and analogy. But the utility of a work of this kind is not confined to those parts of language where the impropriety is gross and palpable; besides such imperfections in pronuncia- tion as disgust every ear not accustomed to them, there are a thousand insensible deviations, in the more minute parts of language, as the unaccented syllables may be called, which do not strike the ear so forcibly as to mark any direct impropriety in particular words, but occasion only such a general imperfection as gives a bad impres- * See the words Collect, Command, Despatch, Domes- tick, Efface, Occasion. t Principles, No. 88, 545. % Principles, No. 178. § The old and new 'At0Jj , with all the various dialects, must have occasioned infinite irregularity in the pronun- ciation of the Greek tongue; and, if we may judge of the Latin pronunciation by the ancient inscriptions, it was little less various and "irregular than the Greek. Aulus Gellius tells us, that Nigidius, a grammarian who lived a little more than a century before him, acuted the first syllable of Valeri ; but, says he, "si quis nunc Valeriuni appellans in casu vocandi secundum id prseceptum Kigi- dii acuerit primam, non aberit quin rideatur." — Whoever now should place the accent on the first syllable of Vale- rius, when a vocative case, according to the precept of Nigidius, would set every body a laughing. Even that highly polished language, the French, if we may believe a writer in the Encyc!opedie,is little less irregular in this respect than our own. " II est arrive," says he, "par les alterations qui se suc- cedent rapidement dans la maniere de prononcer, et les corrections qui s'introduisent lentement dans la maniere d'ecrire, que' la prononciation et l'ecriture ne marchent point ensemble, et que quoiqu'il y ait chez les peuples les plus polices de l'Europe, des societes d'hommes de lettres charges des les moderer, des les accorder, et des les rap- procher de la meme ligne, elles se trouvent enfin a une distance inconcevable; ensorte que de deux choses doiu l'une n'a ete imaginee dans son origine, que pour repre- sentor lidelement l'autre, celle-ci ne differe guere rrioina de celle-la, que la portrait de la meme personne peinte dans deux ages tres-eloignes. Enfin Pinconvenient s'esi I accru a un tel exces qu'on n'ose plus yremedier. On | prononce une langue, on cent une autre: et 1'on s'accbu- tume tcllcment pendant le reste de la vie a cette bisarrerie qui a fait verser tant de larmes dans l'enfance, que si Ton renoncoit a. sa mauvaise orthographe pour une plus voisine de la prononciation, on ne reconnoitrolt plus la langue parlee sous cette nouvelle combinaison de characteres S'il y en a qui ne pourroient se succeder sans une granda fatigue pour l'organe, ou ils ne se rencontront point, ou ils ne durent pas. lis sont echappes de la langue par l'euphonie, cette loi puissante, qui agit continuellement et universellement sans egard pour l'etymologie et ses defenseurs, et qui tend sans intermission a amener des etres qui ont les memes organes, le meme idiome, les memes mouvemens prescrits, a-peu-pres a la meme pro-v nonciation. Les causes dont Taction n'est point inter rompue, deviennent toujours les plus fortes avec les terns, quelque foibles qu'elles soicnt en elles-memes, et il n'y a presque pas une seule voyelle, une seule diphthongue, une seule consonne dont la valeur soit tellement constante, que l'euphonie n'en puisse disposer, sok en alterant ie son, soit en le supprimant." I shall not decide upon the justness of these complaints, but must observe, that a worse picture could scarcely be drawn of the English, or the most barbarous language of Europe. Indeed, a degree of versatility seems involved in the very nature of language, and is one of those evils left by Providence for man to correct: a love of order, and the utility of regularity, will always incline him to con- fine this versatility within as narrow bounds as possible. WALKER'S PREFACE. sion upon the whole. Speakers with these imperfections puss very well in common conversation ; but when they are required to pronounce with emphasis, and for that purpose to be more distinct and definite in their utter- ance, here their ear fails them : they have been accustom- ed only to loose, cursory speaking, and, for want of firm- ness of pronunciation, are like those painters who draw the muscular exertions of the human body without any knowledge of anatomy. This is one reason, perhaps, why we find the elocution of so few people agreeable when they read or speak to an assembly, while so few offend us by their utterance in common conversation. A thousand faults lie concealed in a miniature, which a microscope brings to view ; and it is only by pronouncing on a larger scale, as publick speaking may be called, that we prove the propriety of our elocution. As, therefore, there are certain deviations from analogy which are not at any rate tolerable, there are others which only, as it were, tarnish the pronunciation, and make it less brilliant and agreeable. There are few who have turned their thoughts on this subject, without observing that they sometimes pronounce the same word or syllable in a different man- ner ; and, as neither of these manners offends the ear, they are at a loss to which they shall give the preference ; but, as one must necessarily be more agreeable to the analogy of the language than the other, a display of these analo- gies, in a dictionary of this kind, will immediately remove this uncertainty; and in this view of the variety we shall discover a fitness in one mode of speaking, which will give a firmness and security to our pronunciation, from a confidence that it is founded on reason, and the general tendency of the language. See Principles, No. 530, 547, 551, &c. But, alas ! reasoning on language, however well found- ed, may be all overturned by a single quotation from Horace : " Quem penes arbitrium est, et jus et norma loquendi." This, it must be owned, is a succinct way of ending the controversy; and, by virtue of this argument, we may be- come criticks in language, without the trouble of study- ing it : not that I would be thought, in the most distant manner, to deny that custom is the sovereign arbiter of language; far from it. I acknowledge its authority, and know there is no appeal from it. I wish only to dispute, where this arbiter lias not decided ; for, if once custom speak out, however absurdly, I sincerely acquiesce in its sentence. But what is this custom, to which we must so implicit- ly submit '. Is it the usage of the multitude of speakers, whether good or bad .' This has never been asserted by the most sanguine abettors of its authority. Is it the usage of the studious in schools and colleges, with those of the learned professions, or that of those who, from their elevated birth or station, give laws to the refine- ments and elegancies of a court >. To confine propriety 1o the latter, which is too often the case, seems an injury lo the former ; who, from their very profession, appear to have a natural right to a share, at least, in the legislation of language, if not to an absolute sovereignty. The pol- ished attendants on a throne are as apt to depart from simplicity in language, as in dress and manners ; and novelty, instead of custom, is too often the jus et norma loquendi of a court. Perhaps an attentive observation will lead us to con- clude, that the usage which ought to direct us is neither of these we have been enumerating, taken singly, but a sort of compound ratio of all three. Neither a finical pronunciation of the court, nor a pedantick GraBcism of the schools, will be denominated respectable usage, till a cer- tain number of the general mass of speakers have acknowledged them ; nor will a multitude of common speakers authorize any pronunciation which is reprobat- ed by the learned and polite. As those sounds, therefore, which are the most general ly received among the learned and polite, as well as tl£ bulk of speakers, are the most legitimate, we may con- clude that a majority of two of these states ought always to concur, in order to constitute what is called good usage. But though custom, when general, is commonly well understood, there are several states and degrees of it which are exceedingly obscure and equivocal ; and the only method of knowing the extent of custom in these cases seems to be an inspection of those dictionaries which professedly treat of pronunciation. We have now so many works of this kind, that the general current of custom, with respect to the sound of words, may be col- lected from them with almost as much certainty as the general sense of words from Johnson. An exhibition of the opinions of orthoepists about the sound of words always appeared to me a very lational method of deter- mining what is called custom. This method I hgve adopted in the following work; and, if I have sometimes dissented from the majority, it has been either from a persuasion of being better informed of what was/ the' actual custom of speaking, or from a partiality to the evident analogies of the language. And here I must entreat the candid reader to make every reasonable allowance for the freedom with which 1 have criticised other writers on this subject, and particu- larly Mr. Sheridan. As a man, a' gentleman, and a scholar, I knew BIr. Sheridan, and respected him; and think every lover of elocution owes him a tribute of thanks for his unwearied addresses to the publick, to rouse them to the study of the delivery of their native tongue. But this tribute, however just, does not exempt him from examination. His credit with the world neces- sarily subjects him to animadversion, because the errours of such a writer are dangerous in proportion to his repu- tation : this has made me zealous to remark his inaccura- cies, but not without giving my reasons ; nor have I ever taken advantage of such faults as may be called inadver- tencies.* On the same principles I have ventured to criticise Dr. Johnson,! whose friendship and advice I was honoured with, whose memory I love, and whose intellec- tual powers impress me with something like religious veneration and awe. I do not pretend to be exempt from faults myself. In a work like the present, it would be a miracle to escape them; nor have I the least idea of de- ciding, as judge, in a case of so much delicacy and im- portance as the pronunciation of a whole people ; I have only assumed the part of an advocate to plead the cause of consistency and analogy; and, where custom is either silent or dubious, to tempt the lovers of their language to incline to the, side of propriety : so that my design is principally to give a kind of history of pronunciation, and a register of its present state ; and, where the author- ities of dictionaries or speakers are found to differ, to give such a display of the analogies of the language as may enable every inspector to decide for himself. With respect to the explanation of words, except in very few instances, I have scrupulously followed Dr. Johnson. His Dictionary has been deemed lawful plun- der by every subsequent lexicographer ; and so servilely has it been copied, that such words as he must have omit- ted merely by mistake, as predilection, respectable, descriptive, sulky, inimical, interference, and many others, are neither in Mr. Sheridan's, Dr. Kenrick's, nor several other dictionaries. * The inspector will be pleased to take notice, that my observations on Mr. Sheridan's dictionary relate to the first edition, published in his life-time, and the sec- ond, some time after his death ; whatever alterations may have been made by his subsequent editors, I am totally unacquainted with. t See Scirrhus. Rase, &c. WALKER'S ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FOURTH EDITION OF HIS DICTIONARY, THE rapid sale of the third edition of this Dictionary II eal'ed upon me for a fourth, at a time of life, and in a ! state of health, little compatible with the drudgery and I attention necessary for the execution of it : but, as I ox- 1 1 pected such a call, I was not unmindful of whatever might tend to render it still more worthy of the accept- I anceof the publick; and therefore collected many words, | Which, though not found in dictionaries, were constantly j to be met with in polite and literary conversation, and j which were well deserving of a place in the language as I soon as written authorities could be produced for them. Some of these authorities I have produced, and have left others to the attention of those who have more leisure and better health. In the midst of the impression of the present work, I met with Mason's Supplement to John- son, and found several words worthy of insertion, but have carefully acknowledged the obligation : and take this opportunity of thanking that gentleman for the ben- efit I have derived from his Supplement, which I think, if continued, admirably calculated for the improvement and stability of the language. But, as the great object of the present Dictionary was pronunciation, I was very solicitous to be as accurate as possible on this point, and therefore neglected no oppor- tunity of informing myself where I was in the least doubt- ful, and of correcting myself where there was the least shadow of an errour. These occasions, however, were not very numerous. To a man born, as I was, within a few miles of the capital, living in the capital almost my whole Jife, and exercising myself there in publick speak- ing for many years ; to such a person, if to any one, the true pronunciation of the language must be very familiar: and to this familiarity I am indebted for the security I have felt in deciding upon the sounds of several syllables, which nothing but an infantine pronunciation could de- termine. If I may borrow an allusion from musick, I might observe, that there is a certain tune in every lan- guage, to which the ear of a native is set, and which often decides on the preferable pronunciation, though entirely ignorant of the reasons for it. But this vernacular instinct, as it reay be called, has been seconded by a careful investigation of the analogies of the language. Accent and quantity, the great effi- j cients of pronunciation, are seldom mistaken by people of education in the capital: but the great bulk of the na- I tion, and those who form the most important part of it, j are without these advantages, and therefore want such a | guide to direct them as is here offered. Even polite and 1 literary people, who speak only from the ear, will find ' that this organ will, in a thousand instances, prove but a j very uncertain guide, without a knowledge of those prin- I cipfes by which the ear itself is insensibly directed, and j which, having their origin in the nature of language, j operate with steadiness and regularity in the midst of the ! ficklest affectation and caprice. It can scarcely be sup- I posed that the most experienced speaker has heard every woid in the language, and the whole circle of sciences, pronounced exactly as it ought to be : and, if this be the case, he must sometimes have recourse to the principles j of pronunciation, when his ear is either uninformed or | unfaithful. These principles are those general laws of j articulation which determine the character, and fix the j boundaries of every language; as in every 'system of speaking, however irregular, the organs must necessarily fall into some common mode of enunciation, or the pur- pose of Providence in the gift of speech would be abso- lutely defeated. These laws, like every other object of | philosophical inquiry, are only to be traced by an atten- tive observation and enumeration of particulars; and, when these particulars are sufficiently numerous to form a general rule, an axiom in pronunciation is acquired. By an accumulation of these axioms, and an analogical comparison of them with each other, we discover the de- viations of language where custom has varied, and the only clew to guide us where custom is either indetermi- nate or obscure. Thus, by a view of the words ending in ity cr ety, I find the accent invariably placed on the preceding sylla ble, as in diver'sity, congru'ity, &.c. On a closer inspec tion, I find every vowel in this antepenultimate syllable, when no consonant intervenes, pronounced long, as deity, pi 1 ety, &c. ; a nearer observation shows me, that, if a con- sonant intervene, every vowel in this syllable but u con- tracts itself, and is pronounced short, as severHty, curios- ity, impunity, &c, and therefore that chastity and obscenity ought to be pronounced with the penultimate vowel short, and not as in chaste and obscene, as we fre- quently hear them. I find, too, that even u contracts itself before two consonants, as cur'vity, tacitur j nity, &c, and that scarcity and rarity (for whose irregularity good reasons may be given) are the only exceptions to this rule throughout the language. And thus we have a series of near seven hundred words, the accentuation of which, as well as the quantity of the accented vowel, are reduced to two or three simple rules. The same uniformity of accentuation and quantity may be observed in the first syllable of those words which have the accent, on the third, as dem-on-stra'-tion, dim-i- nu'-tion, lu-cu-bra'-tion,* &c, where we evidently per- ceive a stress on the first syllable shortening every vowel but u, and this in every word throughout the language, except where two consonants follow the w, as in cur^in- lin'-e-ar ; or where two vowels follow the consonant that succeeds any other vowel in the first syllable, as de-vi-a - tion; or, lastly, where the word is evidently of our own composition, as re-coa-vey 1 .• but as u in the first syllable of a word, having the accent on the third, has the same tendency to length and openness a3 was observable when it preceded the termination ity, I find it necessary to separ- ate it from the consonant in bu-ty-ra'-ceous, which I have never heard pronounced, as well as in lu-cu-bra'-tion, which I have, and this from no pretended agreement with the quantity of the Latin words these are derived from; for, in the former word, the u is doubtful : but, from the general system of quantity I see adopted in English pro- nunciation, this only will direct an English ear with cer- tainty; for. though we may sometimes place the accent on words we borrow from the Greek or Latin on the same syllable as in those languages, as acu'men, elegi'ack, &c. ; nay, though we sometimes adopt the accent of the origin- al with every word of the same termination we derive from it, as assidu'ity, vidu'ity, &c; yet the quantity of the accented vowel is so often contrary to that of the Latin and Greek, that not a shadow of a rule can be drawn, in this point, from these languages to ours.j Thus, in the letter in question, in the Latin accumulo, dubius. tumor, &c, the first u is every where short ; but in the English words accumulate, dubious, tumeur, every where long. Nuptiatis, murmur, turbulentus, &c, where the u in the first syllable in Latin is long, we as constant- ly pronounce it short in nuptial, murmur, turbulent, &c. Nor, indeed, can we wonder that a different economy of quantity is observable in the ancient and modern lan- guages, as, in the former, two consonants almost always lengthen the preceding vowel, and in the latter as con- stantly shorten it. Thus, without arguing in a vicious circle, we find, that, as a division of the generality of words as they are actually pronounced, gives us the gen- eral laws of syllabication, so these laws, once understood, direct us in the division of such words as we have never heard actually pronounced, and consequently to the true pronunciation of them. For these operations, like cause and effect, reflect mutually a light on each other, and prove, that, by nicely observing the path which custom in language has once taken, we can more than guess at the line she must keep in a similar case, where her foot- steps are not quite so discernible. So true is the obser- vation of Scaliger: Ita omnibus in rebus certissima ra~ tione sibi ipsa respondet natura. De causis Ling. Lat. * See Principles, No. 524, 527, 530. f See Principles, No. 544, 545. RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY THE NATIVES OF IRELAND, IN ORDER TO OBTAIN A JUST PRONUNCIATION OF ENGLISH. AS Mr. Sheridan was a native of Ireland, and had the best opportunities of understanding those peculiarities of pronunciation which obtain there, I shall extract his ob- servations on that subject as the best general direction, and add a few of ray own, by way of supplement, which, I hope, will render "this article of instruction still more complete. The reader will be pleased to take notice, that, as I have made a different arrangement of the vowels, and I have adopted a notation different from Mr. Sheridan, I am obliged to make use of different figures to mark the vowels, but still such as perfectly correspond to his. "The chief mistakes, made by the Irish in pronounc- ing English, lie, for the most part, in the sounds of the two first vowels, a and e; the former being generally sounded a by the Irish, as in the word bar, in most words where it is pronounced a, as in day, by the English. Thus the Irish say, patron, matron, the vowel a. having the same sound as in the word father 5 while the English pronounce them as if written paytron, rnaytron. The following rule, strictly attended to, will rectify this mis- take through the whole language : — '• When the vowel a finishes a syllable, and has the ac- cent on it, it is invariably pronounced a. [day] by the English. To this rule there are but three exceptions in the whole language, to be found in the words father, papa, mamma. The Irish may think also the word rather an exception, as well as father ; and so it would appear to be in their manner of pronouncing it rather, laying the accent on the vowel a ; but, in the English pro- nunciation, the consonant th is taken into the first sylla- ble, as, rath'-er, which makes the difference. " Whenever a consonant follows the vowel a in the same syllable, and the accent is on the consonant, the vowel a has always its fourth sound, as hat, man : as also the same sound lengthened when it precedes the letter r, as far, bar, though the accent be on the vowel ;. as, likewise, when it precedes Im, as balm, psalm. The Irish, ignorant of this latter exception, pronounce all words of that structure as if they were written hawm, psawm, quawm, cawm, fectation of Latinity was adopted, it is no wonder it should extend beyond its principles, and shorten several vowels in English, because they were short in the origi- nal Latin; and in this manner, perhaps, might the diver- sity between the quantity of the English and the Scotch pronunciation arise. (542) (543 ) See Drama. WALKER'S RULES FOR THE NATIVES OF SCOTLAND, &c. With respect to the quality of the vowels, it may be observed, that the inhabitants of Scotland are apt to pro- nounce the a like aw, where the English give it the slen- der sound: thus Satan is pronounced Sairtan, and fatal, fawtal. It may he remarked too, that the Scotch give this sound to the a preceded by w, according to the gen- era! rule, without attending to the exceptions, Princi- ples, No. S8 ; and thus, instead of making wax, waft, and twang, rhyme with tax, shaft, and hang, they pronounce them so as to rhyme with box, soft, and song. The short e in bed, fed, red, &c, borders too much upon the English sound of a in bad, lad, mad, &c, and the short i in bid, lid, rid, too much on the English sound of e in bed. led, red. To correct this errour, it would be useful to collect the long and short sounds of these vowels, and to pro- nounce the long ones first, and to shorten them by de- grees till they are perfectly short; at the same time pre- serving the radical sound of the vowel in both. Thus the correspondent long sounds to the e in bed, fed, red, are bade, fade, rade ; and that of the short i in bid, lid, rid, are head, lead, read ; and the former of these classes will naturally lead the ear to the true sound of the latter, the only difference lying in the quantity. The short o in not, lodge, got, &c, is apt to slide into the short u, as if the words were written nut, ludge, gut, &c. To rectify this, it should be remembered, that this o is the short sound of aw, and ought to have the radical sound of the deep a in ball. Thus the radical sound corresponding to the o in not, cot, sot, is found in naught, caught, sought, &.c; and these long sounds, like the former, should be abbreviated into the short ones. But what will tend greatly to clear the difficulty will be, to remember that only those words which are "collected in the Principles, No. 165, have the o sounded like short u when the accent is upon it : and with respect to the u in bull, full, pull, &c, it may be observed, that the pronunciation peculiar to the English is only found in the words enumerated, Principles, No. 174. In addition to what has been said, it may be observed, that oo in food, mood, moon, soon, &c, which ought always to have a long sound, is generally shortened in Scotland to that middle sound of the u in bull : and it must be re- membered, that wool, icood, good, hood, stood, foot, are the only words where this sound of oo ought to take place. The accentuation, both in Scotland and Ireland, (if by accentuation we mean the stress, and not the kind of stress,) is so much the same as that of England, that I cannot recollect many words in which they differ. In- deed, if it were not so, the versification of each country would he different: for as English verse is formed by ac- cent or stress, if this accent or stress were upon different syllables in different countries, what is verse in England would not be verse in Scotland or Ireland; and this°suffi- ciently shows how very indefinitely the word accent is generally used. Mr. Elphinston, who must be allowed to be a compe- tent judge in this case, tells us, that in Scotland they pronounce silence, bias, canvass, sentence, trvLmph, com- f6rt, solace, construe, rescue, respite, govern, harass, ransack, cancel, with the accent on the last syllable, in- stead of the first. To this list may be added' the word menace, which they pronounce as if written men ass ; and, though they place the accent on the last syllable of canal, like the English, they broaden the a in the last syllable, as if the word were spelt canaml. It may be farther ob- served, that they place an accent on the comparative adverb as, in the phrases as much, as little, as many, as great, &lc, while the English, except in some very partic- ular emphatical cases, lay no stress on this word, but pronounce these phrase? like words of two or three sylla- bles, without any accent on the first. But, besides the mispronunciation of single words, there is a tone of voice with which these words are accompani- ed, that distinguishes a native of Ireland or Scotland, as much as an improper sound of the letters. This is vul- garly, and, if it doe.s not mean stress only, but the kind of stress, I think, not improperly, called the accent.* For, though there is an asperity in the Irish dialect, and a drawl in the Scotch, independent of the slides or inflec- tions they make use of, yet it may with confidence be af- firmed, that much of the peculiarity which distinguishes these dialects may be reduced to a predominant use of one of these slides. Let any one, who has sufficiently studied the speaking voice to distinguish the slides, observe the pronunciation of an Irishman and a Scotchman, who have much of the dialect of their country, and he will find that the former abounds with the falling, and the latter with the rising inflection ;f and, if this is the case, a teacher, if he understands these slides, ought to direct * See this more fully exemplified in Elements of Elo- cution, vol. ii. page 13. t Or rather the rising circumflex. For an explanation of this inflection, see Rhetorical Grammar, third edition page 79. ' his instruction so as to remedy the imperfection. But a» avoiding the wrong, and seizing the light at the same ins"ant, is, perhaps, too great a task for human powes, I would advise a native of Ireland, who has much of the accent, to pronounce almost all his words, and end all his sentences, with the rising slide; and a Scotchman, in the same manner, to use the falling inflection: this will, in some measure, counteract the natural propensity, and bids fairer for bringing the pupil to that nearly euual mixture of both slides, which distinguishes the English speaker, than endeavouring at first to catch the agreeable variety. For this purpose the teacher ought to pronounce all the single words in the lesson with the falling inflec tion to a Scotchman, and with the rising to an Irishman; and should frequently give the pauses in a sentence the same inflections to each of these pupils, where he would vary them to a native of England. Bui while the human voice remains unstudied, there is littlo expectation that this distinction of the slides should be applied to these useful purposes. Besides a peculiarity of inflection, which I take to be a falling circumflex, directly opposite to that of the Scotch, the Welsh pronounce the sharp consonants and aspira tions instead of the flat. (See Principles, No. 29,41.) Thus for big they say pick ; for blood, ploot ; and for good, coot. Instead of virtue and vice, they say firtue ke the adjec- tive tico : here the oo has a squeezed sound, occasioned bv contracting the mouth, so as to make the lips nearly touch each other; and this makes it, like the i and u, not so much a double vowel, as a sound between a vowel and a consonant. Classification of Vowels and Consonants. 11. Vowels and consonants being thus defined, it will be necessary, in the next place, to arrange them into such classes as their similitudes and specifick differences seem to require. 12. Letters, therefore, are naturally divisible into vow- els and consonants. 13 The vowels are, a, e, i, o, u, and'z/ and w when end- ing a syllable. 14 The consonants are, b, c, d,f, g, h, j, k, I, m, v, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z, and y and w when beginning a syllable. 15. The vowels may be subdivided into such as are sim- ple and pure, and into such as are compound and im- pure. The simple or pure vowels are such as require only one conformation of the organs to form them, and no motion in the organs while forming. 16. The compound or impure vowel? are such as require more than one conformation of the organs to form them, and a motion in the organs while forming. These ob- servations premised, we may call the following scheme An Analogical Table of the Vowels. a pa-pcr. a fa-ther a wa-ter, v or ^ y e me-tre, / ,™JT « o no-ble oo coo, V mple or pure owels. ti-tle, cy-dcr, lu-cid, pow-er, compound or impure vowel; Diphthongs and Triphthongs enumerated. 17. Two vowels forming but one syllable are generally called a diphthong, and three a triphthong: these are mansuetude languid, buy, aye (forever.) eau beauty, eon plenteous, ieu adieu, iew view, oeu manoeuvre. the following. ae Caisar, ai ao au aw aim, gaol, taught, law, ay ea ee say, clean, reed, ei eo eu tCoT 3 o "a II IJ ew jewel, cy they, ia poniard, ie friend, in passion, oa coat, oe economy, oi voice, oo moon, ou found, ow now, Consonants enumerated and distinguished into Classes. 18. The consonants are divisible into mute3, semi-vow els, and liquids. 19. The mutes are such as emit no sound without a vowel, as b, p, t, d, k, and c and g hard. 20. The semi-vowels are such as emit a sound without the concurrence of a vowel, as, /, v, s, z, x, g soft, or j. 21. The liquids are such as flow into, or unite easily with the mutes, as I, m, n, r. 22. But, besides these, there is another classification of the consonants, of great importance to a just idea of the nature of the letters, and that is, into such as are sharp or flat, and simple or aspirated. 23. The sharp consonants are, p,f, t, s, k, c hard. 24. The flat consonants are, b, v, d, z, g hard. 25. The simple consonants are those which have always the sound of one letter unmixed with others, as, b, p,f, r, k, g hard, and g soft, or j. 26. The mixed or aspirated consonants are those which have sometimes a hiss or aspiration joined with them, which mingles with the letter, and alters its sound, as t ia motion, d in soldier, s in mission, and z in autre. 27. There is another distinction of consonants arising either from the seat of their formation, or from those or- gans which are chiefly employed in forming them. The i best distinction of this kind seems to be that which di vides them into labials, dentals, gutturals, and nasals. 28. The labials are, b, p,f, v. The dentals are, t, d, s, z, and soft g or j. The gutturals are k, q, c hard, and g hard The nasals are, m, ?(, and ns. 29. These several properties of the consonants mav be exhibited at one view in the following table, which may be called An Analogical Table of the Consonants. \ Sharp, p, pomp ) , ,. F]zt, b,bomb ( la , Sharp,/, if > ? as *\ JFlat,;,*/ ) h 1 uldm Mute labials Hissing labials Mute dentals Sharp, t, tat Flat.d, dad j Sharp, s, say \ Flat, z, as { Sharp, cth, death \ Flat, the, scythe i Sharp, k, kick \ Flat, g hard, gag Dento-guttural or nasal ng, hang. Hissing dentals Lisping dentals Gutturals 30. Vowels and consonants being thus defined and ar- ranged, v i are the better enabled to enter v.i on an in- quiry into their different powers, as they are differently combined with each other. But previous to this, that nothing may be %vanting to form a just idea of the first principles of pronunciation, it may not be improper to show the organick formation of each letter. Organick Formation of the Letters. 31. Though I think every mechanical account of the or- ganick formation of the letters rather curious than useful, yet, that nothing which can be presented to the eye may be wanting to inform the ear. 1 shall in this follow those who have been at the pains to trace every letter to its seat, and make us, as it were, touch the sounds we arti- culate. Organick Formation of the Voiccls. 32. It will be necessary to observe, that t'. ■.■re are three loi g sounds of the letter a, which are formed by a greater or less expansion of the internal parts of the mouth. 33. The German a heard in ball, wall, &c. is formed by etch edge or j esh, passion ezhe, vision dento- nasal liquid n dental liquid I guttural liquid r a strong and grave expression of the breath through the mouth, which is open nearly in a circular form, while the tongue, contracting itself to the root, as if to make way for the sound, almost rests upon the under jaw. 34. The Italian a, heard in father, closes the mouth a Uttle more than the German a ; and by raising the lower jaw, widening the tongue, and advancing it a little nearer to the lips, renders its sound less hollow and deep. 35. The slender a, or that heard in lane, is formed in the mouth still higher than the last; and in pronouncing it. the lips, as if to give it a slender sound, dilate their aperture horizontally; while the tongue, to assist this narrow emission of breath, widens itself to the checks, raises itself nearer the palate, and by these means a lesa hollow sound than either of the former is produced. 36. The e in e-qual is formed by dilating the tongue a little more, and advancing it nearer to the palate and the lips, which produces the slenderest vowel in the language ; for the tongue is, in the formation of this letter, as close to the palate as possible, without touching it ; as the mo- ment the tongue touches the palate, the squeezed sound of is, in thee ana meet is formed, which, by its description, must p:irtake of the sound of the consonant ?/. 37. The i in i-dol is formed by uniting the sound of the Italian a in father and the e in e-qual and pronouncing OF THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF THE VOWELS. 13 them as closely together as possible. See Directions to Foreigners, at. Die beginning of tbis book. 38. The o in o-pen is formed by nearly the same posi- tion of the organs as the a in wa-te.r ; hut the tongue is advanced a little more into the middle of the mouth, the lips are protruded, and form a round aperture like the form of the letter, and the voice is not so deep in the niout b as when a is formed, but advances to the middle or hollow of the mouth. 39. The u in u-nit is formed by uniting the squeezed sound cc to a simple vowel sound, heard in n-oo and coo ; the oo in these words is formed by protruding the lips a little more than in o, forming' a smaller aperture Wfith them, and, instead of swelling the voice in the middle of the mouth, bringing it as forward as possible to the lips. 40. F final in try is formed like i : and w final in now, like the oo, which has just been described. In this view of the crganick formation of the vowels we find that a, e, and o, are the only simple or pure vowels: tltat i is a diphthong, and that it is a semi- consonant. If we were inclined to contrive a scale for measuring the breadth or narrowness, or, as others term it, the openness or closeness of the vowels, we might begin with e open, as Mr. Elphinston calls it, and which he announces to be the closest of all the vocal powers. In the pronunciation of this letter we find the aperture of the mouth extended sn each side ; the lips almost closed, and the sound issuing horizontally. The slender a in waste opens the mouth a little wider. The a in father opens the mouth still more without contracting the corners. The German a heard in wall, not only opens the mouth wider than the former a, but contracts the corners of the mouth so as to make the aperture approach nearer to a circle, while the o opens the mouth still more, and contracts the corners so as to make it the os rotundum, a picture of the letter it sounds. If, therefore, the other vowels were, like o, to take their forms from the aperture of the mouth in pronouncing them, the German a ought necessarily to have a figure as nearly approaching the o inform as it dees in sound; that is, it ought to have that elliptical form which approaches nearest to the circle ; as the a of the Italians, and that of the English in father, ought to form ovals, in exact pro- portion to the breadth of their sounds ; the English a in idOstc ought to have a narrower oval; the e in the ought to have the curve of a parabola, and the squeezed sound of ee in seen a right line; or to reduce these lines to solids, the o would be a perfect globe, the German a an oblate spheroid like the figure of the earth, the Italian a like an egg, the English slender a a Dutch skittle, thee a rolling-pin. and the double e a cylinder. Organick Formation of the Consonants. 41. The best method of showing the organick formation of the consonants will be, to class them into such pairs as they naturally fall into, and then, by describing one, we shall nearly describe its fellow; by which means the labour will be lessened, and the nature of the consonants better perceived. The consonants that fall into pairs are the following : / sh th zh dh ch chair j jail. 42. Holder, who wrote the most elaborately and philo- lophically upon this subject, tells us, in his Elements of Speech, that when we only whisper we cannot distinguish the first rank of these letters from the second. It is cer- tain the difference between them is very nice; the upper letters seeming to have only a smarter, brisker appulse of the organs than the lower ; which may not improperly be distinguished by sharp and flat. The most marking dis- tinction between them will be found to be a sort of guttu- ral murmur, which precedes the latter letters when we wish to pronounce them forcibly, but not the former. Thus if we close the lips, and put the fingers on them to keep them shut, and strive to pronounce the p, no sound at all will be heard : but in striving to pronounce the b we shall find a murmuring sound from the throat, which seems the commencement of the letter; and if we do but stop the breath by the appulse of the organs, in order to pronounce with greater force, the same may be observed of tne rest of the letters. 43. This difference in the formation of these consonants may be more distinctly perceived in the 5 and z than in any other' of the letters; the former is sounded by the simple issue of the breath between the teeth, without any vibration of it in the throat, and may be called a hiss- ing sound ; while the latter cannot be formed without ge- nerating a sound in the throat, which may be called a vo- cal sound. The upper rank of letters, therefore, may be called breathing consonants; and the lower, vocal ones. 44. These observations premised, we may proceed to describe the organick formation of each letter. 45 P and B are formed by closing the lips till the breath is collected, and then letting it issuo by forming the vowel e. 46. F and V aro formed by pressing the upper tooth upon the under lip, and sounding the vowel e before tee former and after the latter of these letters. 47. T and D are formed by pressing the tip of the tongue to the gums of the upper teeth, and then separat- ing them, by pronouncing the vowel c. 48. Sand VL are formed by placing the tongue in the same position as in 7'and D, but not so close to the gums, as to stop the breath: a space is left between the tong io and the palate for the breath to issue, which forms the hissing and buzzing sound of these letters. 49. SH heard in mission, and zh in evasion, are formed in the same scat of sound as s and z ; but in the former the tongue is drawn a little inwards, and at a somewhat greater distance from the palate, which occasions a fuller effusion of breath from the hollow of the mouth, than in the latter, which are formed nearer to the teeth. 50. THin think, and the same letters in that, are form- ed by protruding the tongue between the fore teeth, press- ing it against the upper teeth, and at the same time en- deavouring to sound the s or z ; the former letter to sound th in think, and the latter to sound th in that. 51. K and Q hard are formed by pressing the middle of the tongue to the roof of the mouth near the throat, and separating them a little smartly to form the first, and more gently to form the last of these letters. 52. CH in chair, and J in jail, are formed by pressing t to sh, and d to zh. 53. M is formed by closing the lips, as in P and B, and letting the voice issue by the nose. 54. JV'is formed by resting the tongue in the same posi- tion as in T or D, and breathing through the nose, with the mouth open. 55. L is formed by nearly the same position of the or- gans as t and d, but more with the tip of the tongue, which is brought a little forwarder to the teeth, while the breath issues from the mouth. 55. R is formed by placing the tongue nearly in the po- I sition of t, but at such a distance from the palate as suf- fers it to jar against it, when the breath is propelled from the throat to the mouth. 57. JVG in ring, sing, &c. is formed in the same seat of sound as hard g ; but while the middle of the tongue presses the roof of the mouth, as in O, the voice passes principally through the nose, as in JV. 58. Y consonant is formed by placing the organs in the position of e, and squeezing the tongue against the roof of the mouth, which produces ee, which is equivalent to initial y. (36.) 59. /^consonant is formed by placing the organs in the position of oo, described under u, and closing the lips a little more, in order to propel the breath upon the suc- ceeding vowel which it articulates. 60. In this sketch of the formation and distribution of the consonants, it is curious to observe on how few radi- cal principles the almost infinite variety of combination in language depends. It is with some degree of wonder we perceive that the slightest aspiration, the almost in- sensible inflection of nearly similar sounds, often generate the most different and opposite meanings. In this view of nature, as in every other, we find uniformity and vari- ety very conspicuous. The single fiat, at first impressed on the chaos, seems to operate on languages; which, from the simplicity and paucity of their principles, and the extent and power of their combinations, prove the goodness, wisdom, and omnipotence of their origin. 61. This analogical association of sounds is not only curious, but useful : it gives us a comprehensive view o*" the powers of the letters; and, from the small number that are radically different, enables us to see the rules on ! which their varieties depend : it discovers to us the genius j and propensities of several languages and dialects, and, | when authority is silent, enables us to decide agreeably j to analogy. j 62. The vowels, diphthongs, and consonants, thus enu merated and defined, before we proceed to ascertain their different powers, as they are differently associated with each other, it may be necessary to give some account of those distinctions of sound in the same vowels which ex- press their quantity as long or short, or their quality as open or close, or slender and broad. This will appear t he more necessary, as these distinctions so frequently occur in describing the sounds of the vowels, and as they a re not unfrequently used with too little precision by most writers on the subject. Of the, Quantity and Quality of the Vowels. 63. The first distinction of sound that seems to obtrude ! itself upon us when we utter the vowels, is a long and a ! short sound according to the greater or less duration of | time taken up in pronouncing them. This distinction is | so obvious as to have been adopted in all languages, and is | that to which we annex clearer ideas than to any other ' 14 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER A. and though the short sounds of some vowels have not in our language oeen classed with sufficient accuracy with their parent long ones, yet this has bred but little confu- sion, as vowels long and short are always sufficiently dis- tinguishable ; and the nice appropriation of short sounds to their specifick long ones is not necessary to our convey- ing what sound we mean, when the letter to which we apply these sounds is known, and its power agreed upon. 64. The next distinction of vowels into their specifick sounds, which seems to be the aaost generally adopted, is that which arises from the different apertures of the mouth in forming them. It is certainly very natural, when we nave so many more simple sounds than we have characters by which to express them, to distinguish them by that which seems their organick definition ; and we ac- cordingly find vowels denominated by the French, ouvert and fermi ; by the Italians, aperto and chiuso ; and by the English open and shut. 65. But whatever propriety there may be in the use of these terms in other languages, it is certain they must be used with caution in English, for fear of confounding them with long and short. Dr. Johnson and other gram- marians call the a in father the open a .- which may, in- deed, distinguish it from the slender a in paper ; but not from the broad a in water, which is still more open. Each of these letters has a short sound, winch may be called a shut sound ; but the long sound cannot be so properly denominated open as more or less broad ; that is, the a in paper, the slender sound ; the a in father, the broadish or middle sound ; and the a in water, the broad sound. The same may be observed of the o. This letter has three long sounds, heard in move, note, nor ,■ which graduate from slender to broadish, and broad, like the a. The i also in mine may be called the broad i, and that in ma- chine the slender i ; though each of them is equally long ; and though these vowels that are long may be said to be more or less open according to the different apertures of the mouth in forming them, yet the short vowels cannot be said to be more or less shut; for as short always im- plies shut (except in verse.) though long does not always imply open, we must be careful not to confound long and open, and close and shut, when we speak of the quantity and quality of the vowels. The truth of it is, all vowels either terminate a syllable, or are united with a conso- nant. In the first case, if the accent be on the syllable, the vowel is long, though it may not be open : in the se- cond case, where a syllable is terminated by a consonant, except that consonant be r, whether the accent be on the syllable or not, the vowel has its short sound, which, j compared with its long one, may be called shut ; but as no vowel can be said to be shut that is not joined to a conso- nant, all vowels that end syllables may be said to be open, whether the accent be on them or not. (550) (551.) 66. But though the terms long and short, as applied to vowels, are pretty generally understood, an accurate ear will easily perceive that these terms do not always mean the long and short sounds of the respective vowels to which they are applied ; for if we choose to be directed by the ear in denominating vowels long or short, we must certainly give these appellations to those sounds only which have exactly the same radical tone, and differ only in the long or short emission of that tone. Thus measur- ing the sounds of the vowels by this scale, we shall find that the long i and y have properly no short sounds but such as seem essentially distinct from their long ones ; and that the short sound of these vowels is no other than the short sound of e, which is the latter letter in the compo- sition of these diphthongs. (37.) 67. The, same want of correspondence in classing the long and short vowels we find in a, e, o, and u ; for as the e in theme does not find its short sound in the same letter in them, but in the i in him ; so the e in them must de- scend a step lower into the province of a for its long sound in tame. The a in carry is not the short sound of the a in care, but of that in car, father, See. as the short broad sound of the a in want is the true abbreviation of that in | •wall. The sound of o in don, gone, &c. is exactly corre-| spondent to the a in swan, and finds its long sound in the a in wall, or the diphthong aw in dawn, lawn, &c. ; while the short sound of the o in tone is nearly that of the same letter in ton, (a weight,) and corresponding with what is generally called the short sound of u in tun, gun, &c. as the long sound of u in pule must find its short sound in the u in pull, bull, &c. ; for this vowel, like the i and y, being a diphthong, its short sound is formed from the lat- ter part of the letter equivalent to double o, as the word pule, if spelled according to the sound, might be written peoole. 68 Another observation preparatory to a consideration of the various sounds of the vowels and consonants seems to be the influence of the accent; as the accent or stress which is laid upon certain syllables has so obvious an effect upon the sounds of the letters, that unless we take accent into the account, it will be impossible to rea- son rightly upon the proper pronunciation of the Elements of speech. Of the Influence of Jlcccnt on the Sounds of the Letters. 69. It may be first observed, that the exertion of th« organs of speech necessary to produce the accent or stress, has an obvious tendency to preserve the letters in their pure and uniform sound, while the relaxation or feeble- ness which succeeds the accent as naturally suffers the letters to slide into a somewhat different sound a little* easier to the organs of pronunciation. Thus the first a in cabbage is pronounced distinctly with the true sound of that letter, while the second a goes into an obscure sound bordering on the i short, the slenderest of all sounds ; so that cabbage and village have the a in the last syllable scarcely distinguishable from the e and i in the last syl lables of college and vestige. 70. In the same manner the a, e, i, o, and y, coming before r in a final unaccented syllable, go into an obscure sound so nearly approaching to the short u, that if the ac- cent were carefully kept upon the first syllables of liar, Her, elixir, mayor, martyr, &cc. these words, without any perceptible change in the sound of their last syllables, might all be written and pronounced, liur, liar, eli.cur, mayur, martur, &c. 71. The consonants also are no less altered in their sound by the position of the accent than the vowels. The k and s in the composition of x, when the accent is on them, in exercise, execute, &c. preserve their strong pure sound ; but when the accent i3 on the second syllable, in exact, exonerate, &c. these letters slide into tne duller and weaker sounds of g and z, which are easier to the organs of pronunciation. Hence not only the soft c and s go into sh, but even the t before a diphthong slides into the same letters when the stress is on the preceding sylla- ble. Thus in society and satiety the c and t preserve their pure sound, because the syllables ci and ti have the accent on them ; but in social and satiate, these syllables come after the stress, and, from the feebleness of their situ- ation, naturally fall into the shorter and easier sound, as if written soshial and sashiate. See the word Sa- tiety. 72. A has three long sounds and two short one3. 73. The first sound of the first letter in our alphabet is that which among the English is its name. (See the letter A at the beginning of the Dictionary.) This is what is called by most grammarians its slender sound (35) (65:) we find it in the words lade, spade, trade, &c. In the diph- thong ai we have exactly the same sound of this letter, as in pain, gain, stain, &c. and sometimes in the diph- thong ea, as bear, stcear, pear, &c. ; nay, twice we find it, contrary to every rule of pronunciation, in the words where and there, and once in the anomalous diphthong ao in gaol. It exactly corresponds to the sound of the French e in the beginning of the words itre and the. 74. The long slender a is generally produced by a silent e at the end of the syllable, which e not only keeps one single intervening consonant from shortening the preced- ing vowel, but sometimes two; thus we find the mute e makes of rag, rage, and very improperly keeps the a open even in range, change, &c. (See Change ;) hat, with the mute e becomes hate, and the a continues open, and, per- haps, somewhat longer in haste, waste, paste, &tc. though it must be confessed this seems the privilege only of a ; for the other vowels contract before the consonants ng in revenge, cringe, plunge ; and the ste in our language is preceded by no other vowel but this. Every consonant but n shortens every vowel but a, when soft g and e silent succeed ; as bilge, badge, hina-e, sponge, &c. 75. Hence we may e'stablisn this general rule: A has the long, open, slender sound, when followed by a single consonant, and e mute, as lade, made, fade, &c. The only exceptions seem to be, have, are, gape, and bade, the past time of to bid. 76. A has the same sound, when ending an accented syllable, as pa-per, ta-per, spec-ta-tor. The only excep- tions are fa-ther, master, wa-ter. 77. As the short sound of the long slender a is not found under the same character, but in the short e (as may be perceived by comparing mate and met) (67,) we pro- ceed to delineate the second sound of this vowel, which is that heard in father, and is called by some the open sound (34;) but this can never distinguish it from the deeper sound of the a in all, ball, &c. which is still more open: by some it is styled the middle sound of a, as be- tween the a in pale, and that in wull .- it answers nearly to the Italian a in Toscano, Romano, <&c. or to the final a in the naturalized Greek words, papa and mamma ; and in baa ; the word adopted in almost all languages to ex- press the cry of sheep. We seldom find the long sound of this letter in our language, except in monosyllables ending with r, as far, tar, mar, &.c. and in the word father. There are certain words from the Latin, Italian, and Spanish languages, such as lumbago, bravado, torna- DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER A. \b to, camisado, farrago, &c which are sometimes heard with this sound of a ; but except in bravo, heard chiefly fit the Theatres, the English sound of a is preferable in all these words. 78. The long sound of the middle or Italian a is always found before r in monosyllables, as car, far, mar, &c. be- fore the liquids lin ; whether the latter only be pronounc- ed, as in psalm, or both, as in psalmist ; sometimes before if, and Ice, as calf, half, calve, halve, salve, &c. ; and, last- ly, before the sharp aspirated dental th in bath, path, lath, &c. and in the word father , this sound of the a was for- merly more than at present found before the nasal liquid n, especially when succeeded by c,t, or d,a.s dance, glance, lance, France, chance, prance, grant, plant, slant, slan- der, !i. The i is short in cucurbitc, ingenite, definite, in- definite, infinite, hypocrite, favourite, requisite, pre-requi- site, perquisite, exquisiff,, apposite, and opposite. Hetora- I elite has the /. long in Sheridan, but short in Kenrick. ; The former is, in my opinion, the best pronunciation, | (see the word in the Dictionary ;) but ite, in what may be called a gentile termination, has the i always long, as in , Ilicite, Samnite, cosmopolite, bedlamite, &.c. 157. The termination ive, when the accent is on it. i* always long, us in hive, except in the two ve.ibs give, lice, and their compounds, giving, living, &c. ; for the adjec- tive live, as a live animal, has the i long, and rhymes with strive ; so have the adjective and adverb, lively, and livelily .- the noun livelihood follows the same ana- logy; but the adjective live-long, as the live-long day, has the i short, as in the verb. When the accent Is not on the i in this termination it, is always short, as sportive, plaintive, &c. rhyming with give (150,) except the word be a gentile, as Argive. 158. All the other adjectives and substantives of this termination, when the accent is not on it, have the i in- variably short, as offensive, defensive, &c. The i in salique is short, as if written sallick, but long in oblique, rhyming with pike, strike, - : but nothing tends -more to tar- nish and vulgarize the pronunciation than this short and obscure sound of the unaccented u. It may, indeed, be observed, that there is scarcely any thing more distin- guishes a person of mean and good education than the pronunciation of the unaccented vowels, (547) (558.) WV>u vowels are under the accent, the prince, and the lowest of the people in the metropolis, with very few ex- ceptions, pronounce them in the same manner; but the unaccented vowels in the mouth of the former have a distinct, open, and specilick sound, while the latter often totally sink them, or change them into some other sound. Those, therefore, who wish to pronounce elegantly, must be particularly attentive to the unaccented vowels ; as a neat pronunciation of these forms one of the greatest beauties of speaking. Y final. 180. Y final, either in a word or syllable, is a pure vowet, and has exactly the same sound as i would have in the same situation. For this reason, printers, who have been the great correctors of our orthography, have substituted the i in its stead, on account of the too great frequency of this letter in the English language. That y final is a vowel, is universally acknowledged; nor need we any other proof of it than its long sound, when followed by e mute, as in thyme, rhyme, &c. or ending a syllable with the accent upon it, as, buying, cyder, &c. : this may be called its first vowel sound. 181. The second sound of the vowel y is its short sound, heard in system, syntax, &c. Irregular and Unaccented Sounds. 182. The unaccented sound of this letter at the end of a syllable, like that of i in the same situation, is always like the first sound of e: thus vanity, pleurisy, &x. if sound alone were consulted, might be written vanitee, pleurisee, : for savoy, a plant, has the accent on the second syllable; but'tha called, is heard ia now, how, bow, (a mark of respect,) || diphthong in both is pronounced in the same manner. DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF UA, UE, UI, UO, UY, UOY, AND OF B AND C. 29 UA. UO. 33 . When the a in this diphthong is pronounced, the a has the power of w, which unites botli into one syllable : thus antiquate, antiquary, assuage, persuade, equal, lan- guage, &c. are pronounced antikwate, antikwary, as- swage, «&c. 332. The u in this diphthong is silent, in guard, guar- dian, guarantee, and piquant ; pronounced gard,gardian, garantcc, and pickant. (92.) 333. In Mantua, the town of Italy, both vowels are heard distinctly. The same may be observed of the habit so called: but in mantuamaker vulgarity has sunk the a, and made it mantu.rn.aker. The same vulgarity at first, but now sanctioned by universal custom, has sunk both letters in victuals, and its compounds victualling, and vic- tualler, pronounced, vittles, vitlling, and vittler. See Jlantua. UE. 334. This diphthong, like ua, when it forms only one syllable, and both letters are pronounced, has thew sound- ed like zo ; as consuetude, desuetude, and mansuetude, which are pronounced conswetude, deswetude, and man- swctude. Thus conquest is pronounced according to the j general rule, as if written conkwest ; but the verb to con- quer has unaccountably deviated into conker, particularly upon the stage. This errour, however, seems not to be so rooted in the general ear as to be above correction ; and analogy undoubtedly demands conkwer. 335. "This diphthong, when in a final syllable, sinks the e, as clue, cue, due, blue, glue, hue, flue, rite, sue, true, mue, accrue, ensue, endue, imbue, imbrue, pursue, subdue, perdue, argue, residue, avenue, revenue, con- tinue, retinue, construe, statue, tissue, issue, virtue, value, ague ; in all these words, whether the accent be on the diphthong ue or not, it is pronounced like long open u, ex- cept in words wher^ the r comes before u ; in this case it is sounded like oo. When the accent is not on this diphthong, as in the latter portion of these words from argue, it "is apt to be feebly and indistinctly pronounced, and therefore care ought to be taken to sound it as if these words were written argeio, resideio, ught to be the case: for here, in- stead of thou strength'n'st or strength 1 n , d , st, thou quick'n'st or quick'n'd'st, we ought to pronounce, thou strength' nest or strength' nedst, thou quick'nest or quirk' nedst. which are sufficiently harsh of all con- science. (Se^ N T o. 405.) But to compensate for these Gothick sounds, which, however, are not without their use. our language is full of the smoothest and most sonorous terminations of the Greeks and Romans. 360. By the forego-' lg rule of contraction: arising from th a very nature of the letters, we see the absurdity of substituting the t for ed, when the verb ends in a sharp consonant ; for, when the pronunciation cannot be mistaken it is folly to alter the orthography ; thua the Distressed Mother, the title of a tragedy, needs not to be written Distrest Mother, as we generally find it, because, though we write it in the former manner, it must necessarily be pronounced in the latter. 361. By this rule, too, we may see the impropriety of writing blest for blessed, when a participle. " Blest in thy genius, in thy love too blest." — Pope. But when the word blessed is an adjective, it ought always to be pronounced, even in the most familiar conversation, in two syllables, as this is a blessed day, the blessed thistle, &c. 362. This word, with learned, cursed, and winged, are the only participial adjectives which are constantly pro- nounced in two syllables, where the participles are pro- nounced in one: thus a learned man, a cursed thing, a toinged horse, preserve the ed in a distinct syllable ; while the same words, when verbs, as he learned to write, he cursed the day, they winged their flight, are heard in one syllable, as if written learnd, curst, and zoingd : the d in cursed changing to t, from its following the sharp consonant s. (35d.) 363. Poetry, however, (which has been one great cause of improper orthography,) assumes the privilege of using these words, when adjectives, either as mono- syllables or dissyllables ; but correct prose rigidly ex- acts the pronunciation of ed in these words, when adjectives, as a distinct syllable. The ed in aged and winged, always make a distinct syllable, as an aged, man ; the winged courser : but when this word is compounded with another, the ed does not form a syllable, as a full-ag'd horse, a sheath-wing'd fowl. 364. It is, perhaps, worthy of notice, that when ad- jectives are changed into adverbs by the addition of the termination ly, we often find the participial ter- mination ed preserved long and distinct, even in those very words where it was contracted when used ad- jectively: thus though we always hear confessed, pro- fessed, designed, &.c. we as constantly hear con-fess- ed-ly, pro-fess-ed-ly, de-si gn-ed-ly, &;c. The same may be observed of the following list of words, which by the assistance of the Rhyming Dictionary, I am en- abled to give as, perhaps, the only words in the lan- | guage in which the ed is pronounced as a distinct syllable in the adverb, where it is contracted in the participial adjective : Forcedly, enforcedly, unveiled- ly, deformedly, feignedly, unfeignedly, discernedly, resignedly, refinedly, restrainedly, concernedly, un- concernedly, discernedly, undiscernedly, preparedly, assuredly, advisedly, dispersedly, diffusedly, confused- ly, unperceivedly, resolvedly, deservedly, undeservedly, reservedly, unreservedly, avowedly, perplexedly, fix- edly, amazedly. 355. To this catalogue, may be added several ab- stract substantives formed from participles in ed : which ed makes a distinct syllable in the former, though not in the latter, thus : numbedness, bleared- ness, preparedness, assuredness, diseasedness, advised- ness, reposedness, composedness, indisposedness, diffus- cdness, confusedness, distressed ness, resolvedness, re- servedness, perplexedness, fixedness, amazedness, have ed pronounced distinctly. 356. The adjectives naked, wicked, picked, (pointed.) hooked, crooked, forked, tusked, tressed, and wretched, are not derived from verbs, and are therefore pro- nounced in two syllables. The same may be observ- ed of scabbed, crabbed, chubbed, stubbed, shagged, snag- fed, ragged, cragged, scrubbed, dogged, rugged, scrag- ged, hawked, jagged ; to which we may add the so- lemn pronunciation of stiffnecked ; and these, when formed into nouns by the addition of ness, preserve the ed in a distinct syllable, as icickcdness, scabbed- ness, raggedncss, &.c. 367. Passed, in the sense of beyond, becomes a pre- position, and may allowably be written past, as past twelve o'clock •. but when an adjective, though it is pronounced in one syllable, it ought to be written with two, as passed pleasures are present pain : this I know is contrary to usage ; but usage is, in this case, contrary to good sense, and the settled analogy of the language. 368. It needs scarcely be observed, that when the verb ends in t or d, the ed in the past time and participle has the d pronounced with its own sound, and always forms an additional syllable, 33 landed, matted. &c. otherwise the final d could not be pro- nounced at all. 369. And here perhaps it may not be useless to take notice of the very imperfect and confused idea that is given in Lovvth's grammar, of what are calh DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS F AND G. 31 ec contracted verbs, such ^s snatcht, checkt, snapt, mixt. dwelt, and past, for snatc ad, checked, snapped, mixed, dwelled, and passed. To these are added, those that end in l,m, and n, or p, after a diphthong ; which either shorten the diphthong, or change it into a single vowel ; and in- stead of ed, take t only for the preterit, as dealt, dreamt, meant, felt, slept, crept ; and these are said to be consi- dered not as irregular, but contracted only. Now, nothing can be clearer, than that verbs of a very different kind are here huddled together as of the same. Snatched, checked, snapped, mixed, and passed, are not irregular at all ; if they are ever written snaicht, checkt, snapt, mixt, and past, it is from pure ignorance of analogy, and not considering that if they were written with e<£~unless we were to pronounce it as a distinct syllable, contrary to the most settled usage of the language, the pronuncia- tion, from the very nature of the letters, must be the same. It is very different with dwelled ; here, as a li- quid, and not a sharp mute, ends the verb, d might be pronounced without going into t, just as well as in felVd, the participle of to fell (to cut down trees.) Here then we find custom has determined an irregularity, which cannot be altered, without violence to the language ; dwell ma.y be truly called an irregular verb, and dwelt the preterit and participle. 370. The same may be observed of deal, dream, mean, feel, weep, sleep, and creep. It is certain we can pro- nounce d after the four first of these words, as well as in sealed, screamed, cleaned, and reeled ; but custom has not only annexed t to the preterit of these verbs, but has changed the long diphthongal sound into a short one ; they are therefore doubly irregular. Weep, sleep, and creep, would not have required t to form their preterits, any more than peeped, and steeped ; but custom, which has shortened the diphthong in the former words,- vsry naturally annexed t as the simplest method of conveying the sound. 371. The only two words which occasion some doubt about classing them are, to learn and to spell. The vulgar (who are no contemptible guides on this occasion) ; pronounce them in the preterit learnt and spelt ; but as « and I will readily admit of d after them, it seems more i correct to favour a tendency to regularity, both in writing j and spea'king, which the literary world has given into, by spelling them learned and spelled, and pronouncing ■ them learned, and spelVd .- thus earned, the preterit of to earn, has been recovered from the vulgar earnt, and i made a perfect rhyme to discerned. 372. To these observations may be added, that, in such irregular verbs as have the present, the preterit, and par- j ticiple the same, as cast, cost, cut, &c. the second person | singular of the preterit of these verbs takes ed before the \ est, as / cast, or did cast ; Thou castedst, or didst cast, &.c. for if this were not the case, the second person of the I preterit might be mistaken for the second person of the present tense. 373. I have been led insensibly to these observations by their connexion with pronunciation ; and if the reader should think them too remote from the subject, I must | beg his pardon, and resume my remarks on the sound of the letter d. 374. The vulgar drop this letter in ordinary, and ex- traordinary, and make them orhiary and extr 'or 'nary ; but this is a gross abbreviation ; the best pronunciation is sufficiently short, which is ord'nary, and extr'ord'nary -. the first in three and the last in four syllables ; but so- lemn speaking preserves the i, and makes the latter word consist of five syllables, as if written extraordinary. 375. Our ancestors, feeling the necessity of showing the quantity of a vowel followed by ge, when it was to be short, inserted d, as wedge, ridge, badge, Sec. The same reason induced them to write colledge, and alledge. with the d ; but modern reformers, to the great injury of the language, have expelled the d, and left the vowel to | shift for itself; because there is no d in the Latin words ! from which these are derived. 376. D, like t, to which it is so nearly related, when it comes after the accent, either primary or secondary, (522,) and is followed by the diphthong ie, io, ia, or eou, slides into gzh, or the consonant j : thus soldier is universally and justly pronounced as if written sol-jer ; grandeur, gran-jeur; and verdure, (where it must be remembered that u is a diphthong.) ver-jure : and, for the same reason. education is elegantly pronounced ed-jucation. But duke and reduce, pronounced juke and re-juce, where the ac- cent is after the d, cannot be too much reprobated. 377. F has its pure sound in often, off, &c. but, in th^ ,, preposition of, slides into its near relation v, as if written \ \ ov. But when this preposition is in composition at the! end of a word, the/ becomes pure; thus, though well sound of singly ov, we pronounce it as if the/ were dou- j j ble in whereof 1 1 378. There is a strong tendency to change the /into v in some words, which confounds the plural number and the genitive case : thus we often hear of a wive's join- ture, a calve's head, and houze rent, for wife's jointure, a calf's head, and house rent. G. 379. G, like C, has two sounds, a hard and a soft one .' it is hard before a, o,u, I, and r, as game, gone, gull, glo- ry, grandeur. Gael is the only exception ; now more commonly written jail. (212.) 380. G before e and i is sometimes hard and sometimes soft : it is generally soft before words of Greek, Latin, or French original, and hard before words from the Saxon. These latter, forming by far the smaller number, may be considered as exceptions. 381. G is hard before e, in gear, geek, geese, geld, gelt, gelding, get, gew-gaw, shagged, snagged, rag- ged, cragged,, scragged, dogged, rugged, dagger, swag- ger, stagger, trigger, dogger, pettifogger, tiger, au- ger, eager, meager, anger, finger, linger, conger, longer, stronger, younger, longest, strongest, youngest The last six of these words are generally pronounced in Ireland, so as to let the g remain in its nasal sound without articulating the succeeding vowel : thus longer (more long) is so pronounced as to sound exactly like the noun a long-er (one who longs or wishes for a thing ); the same may be observed of the rest. That the pronunciation of Ireland is analogical, appears from the same pronunciation of g in string-y, spring-y, full of ; strings and springs ; and wronger and icrongest, for more | and most wrong. But though resting the g in the nasal j sound, without articulating the succeeding vowel, is j absolutely necessary in verbal nouns derived from verbs ending in ing, as singer, oringer, slinger, Szc. pronounced I sing-er, bring-er, sling-er, 38 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS T, V, W, X, Y, AND Z. gy of ihe language in this case. Is it not absurd to hesi- tate a moment at writing all the verbs with the e final; This is a departure froiu our great lexicographer, which he himself would approve, as nothing but inadvertency could have led him into thie unmeaning irregularity. — It may not he improper to observe here, that those sub- stantives which in the singular end with th sharp adopt the th flat in the plural, as path, paths ; bath, baths, &c. Such a propensity is there to slide into the flat sound of s, that we frequently hear this sound in the genitive case, as JWy mice's portion, for my wife's portion. In the same manner we hear of paying so much for home-rent and taxes, instead of house-rent and taxes ; and shopkeepers tell us they have goods of all prizes, instead of all prices. Nay, some go so far as to pronounce the plural of truth, truius ; but this must be carefully avoided. 468. Th is hard in the middle of words, either when it precedes or follows a consonant, as panther, nepenthe, orthodox, orthography, orthoepy, thwart, athwart, cthnick, misanthrope, philanthropy, &c. except brethren, farthing, farther, northern, worthy, burthen, murther, where the th is flat; but the two last words are better written bur- den and murder. 469. Th between two vowels is generally soft in words purely English, as father, feather, heathen, hither, thither, ■whither, whether, either, neither, weather, wether, wither, gather, together, pother, mother. 470. Th between two vowels, in words from the learn- ed languages, is generally hard, as apathy, sympathy, an- tipathy, Athens, atheist, authentick, author, authority, athirst, cathartick, cathedral, catholick, catheter, ether, ethicks, lethargy, Lethe, leviathan, litharge, lithotomy, mathesis, mathematicks, method, pathetick, plethora, polymathy, prothonotary, anathema, amethyst, theatre, amphitheatre, apothecary, apotheosis. All. Th is sometimes pronounced like simple t, as Thomas, thyme, Thames, asthma, phthisis, phthisick, phthisical, and is silent in twelfthtide, pronounced twelf- tide. T silent. 472. Tis silent when preceded by s, and followed by the abbreviated terminations en and le, as hasten, chasten, fasten, listen, glisten, christen, moisten, which are pro- nounced as if written hace'n, chace r n, &c. ; in bursten the t is heard : so castle, nestle, trestle, wrestle, thistle, whistle, epistle, bristle, gristle, jostle, apostle, throstle, bustle, justle, rustle, are pronounced as if written cassle, nessle, &c. ; in pestle, the t is pronounced; in often, fasten, and soften, the t is silent, and at the end of several words from the French, as trait, gout, (taste,) eclat. In the first of these words the t begins to be pronounced ; in the last, it has been sometimes heard ; but in the second, never. Toupet is more frequently written toupee, and is therefore not irregular. In billet-doux the t is silent, as well as in hautboy. The same silence of t may be ob- served in the English words, Christmas, chestnut, mort- gage, ostler, bankruptcy, and in the second syllable of mistletoe. In currant and currants the t is always mute. See Nos. 102, 103, 405. V. 473. Vis flat /, and bears the same relation to it as b does to p, d to t, hard g to k, and z to s (41.) It is never irregular: and if ever silent, it is in the word twelvemonth, where both that letter and the e, are, in colloquial pro- nunciation, generally dropped, as if written tweVmonth. W initial. 474. That id at the beginning of a word is a consonant, has been proved already. (9) (59.) It is always silent before r, as in wrack, wrangle, wrap, wrath, wreak, wreath, wreck, wren, wrench, wrest, wrestle, wretch, ■wriggle, wright, wring, wrinkle, wrist, write, writhe, wrong, wrought, wry, awry, bewray, and before h and the vowel o, when long, as whole, who, &c. pronounced hole, hoo, I not on it, and the following syllable having the accent begins with a vowel, as exert, example, exist, &-c. pro- nounced errzert, egzamplc, egzist., &.c. The same sound may be observed if h follow, as in exhibit, exhale, &lc. pro- nounced egzhibit, egzhale ; but if the secondary accent be on the x, al in the polysyllable exhibition, exhalation, &c. this- letter is then sharp, as in exercise (71 ;) but in com- pound words where the primitive ends in x, this letter re- tains its primitive sound, as fixation, taxation, vexation, vexatious, relaxation, &c. ; to which we may arid the sim- ples in our language, doxology and proximity; so that this propensity of x to become egz, seems confined to the inseparable preposition. 479. X, like s, is aspirated, or takes the sound of h after it, only when the accent is before it. Hence the difference between luxury and luxurious; anxious aiul anxiety : in the true pronunciation of which words, nothing will direct us but recurring to first principles. It was observed that 5 is never aspirated, or pronounced like sh, but when the accent is on the preceding syllable (450;) and that when the accent is on the succeeding vowel, though the s frequently is pronounced like z, it is never sounded z/t •• from which premises we may conclude, that luxury and luxurious, ought to be pronounced luck- shury and lugzurious, and not lug-zho-ryus, as Mr. She- ridan spells it. The same errour runs through his pro- nunciation of all the compounds, luxuriance, luxuriant, luxuriate, &c. which unquestionably ought to be pro- nounced lug-zu-ri-ance, lug-zu-ri-ant, lug-zu-ri-ate, &c. in four syllables, and not in three only, as they are divided in his Dictionary. 480. The same principles will lead us to decide in the words anxious and anxiety .- as the accent is before the x in the first word, it is naturally divisible into ank-sious, and as naturally pronounced ank-shus ; but as the accent is after the x in the second word, and the hissing sound cannot be aspirated (456,) it must necessarily be pro- nounced ang-ziety. But Mr. Sheridan, without any re- gard to the component letters of these words, or the dif- ferent position of the accent, has not only spelled them without aspiration, but without letting the s, in the com- position of the last word, go into z ; tor thus they stand in his Dictionary: ank-syus, ank-si-e-ty. (456.) 481. The letter x, at the beginning of words, goes into z, as Xerxes, Xenophon, &c. pronounced Zerkses, Zeno- phon, &c. ; it is silent at the end of the French billet-doux, and pronounced like s in beaux ; often and better written beaus. Y initial. 482. Y, as a consonant, has always the same sound ; and this has been sufficiently described in ascertaining its real character (40) ; when it is a vowel at the end of a word or syllable with the accent upon it, it is sounded exactly like the first sound of i, as cy-der, ty-rant, re-ply. &lc; but at the end of a word or syllable, without the ac- cent, it is pronounced like the first sound of e as liberty t fury, tenderly, &c. 483. Z is the flat s, and bears the same relation to it as b does to p, d to t, hard g to k, and v to/. Its common name is izzard, which Dr. Johnson explains into s hard ; if, however, this be the meaning, it is a gross misnomer: for the z is not the hard, but the soft s .■* but as it has a less sharp, and therefore not so audible a sound, it is not impossible but it may mean s surd. Zed, borrowed from the French, is the more fashionable name of this letter ; but, in my opinion, not to be admitted, because the names of the betters ought to have no diversity. 484. Z, like s, goes into aspiration before a diphthong, or a diphthongal vowel after the accent, as is heard ii» vizier, glazier, grazier, &c. pronounced vizh-i-er, glazh- * Professor Ward, speaking of the reason for doubling the s at the end of words, says, "s doubled retains its proper force, which, when single at the end of words, is softened into z, as his, hiss." And Dr. Wallis tolls us, that it is almost certain when a noun has s hard in the last, syllable, and becomes a verb, that in the latter case the .9 becomes soft, as a house is pronounced with tha hard s, and to house with the s soft. OF THE NATURE OF ACCENT. 39 i-er, graih-i-er, &c. The same may be observed of azure, razitre &c. 485. Z is silent in the French word rendezvous ; and is pronounced in the Italian manner, as if t were before it, in mezzotinto, as if written metzotinto. Thus have we endeavoured to exhibit a just idea of the principles of. pronunciation, both with respect to single letters, and their various combinations into syllables and words. The attentive reader must have observed how much the sounds of the letters vary, as they are differently associated, and how much the pronunciation of these as- sociations depends upon the position of the accent. This is a point of the utmost importance, and a want of attend- ing to it has betrayed several ingenious men into the grossest absurdities. This will more fully appear in the observations on accent, which is the next point to be considered. OF THE NATURE OF ACCENT. 486. The accent of the ancients is the opprobrium of modern criticism. Nothing can show more evidently the fallibility of the human faculties than the total ignorance we are in at present of the nature of the Latin and Greek accent.* This would be still more surprising if a phe- nomenon of a similar kind did not daily present itself to our view. The accent of the English language, which is constantly sounding in our ears, and every moment open to investigation, seems as much a mystery as that accent which is removed almost two thousand years from our view. Obscurity, perplexity, and confusion, run through every treatise on the subject, and nothing could be so hopeless as an attempt to explain it, did not a circum- tance present itself, which at once accounts for the con- fusion, and affords a clew to lead us out of it. 487. Not one writer on accent has given us such a de- finition of the voice as acquaints us with its essential properties: they speak of high and low, loud and soft, quick and slow, but they never once mention that striking property which distinguishes speaking from singing sounds, and which, from its sliding from high to low, and from low to high, may not improperly be called the inflec- tion of the voice. No wonder, when writers left this out of the account, that they should blunder about the nature of accent ; it was impossible they should do otherwise ; so partial an idea of the speaking voice must necessarily lead them into errour. But let us once divide the voice into its rising and falling inflections, the obscurity va- nishes, and accent becomes as intelligible as any other part of language. 438. Keeping this distinction in view, let us compare the accented syllable with others, and we shall rind this general conclusion may be drawn: "The accented sylla- ble is always louder than the rest: but when it has the rising inflection, it is higher than the preceding, and lower than the succeeding syllable; and when it has the falling inflection, it is pronounced higher as well as louder than the other syllables, either preceding or succeeding." The only exception to this rule is : " when the accent is on the last syllable of a word which has no emphasis, and which is the concluding word of a discourse." Those who wish to see this clearly demonstrated, may consult Elements of Elocution, second edition, page 181. On the present occasion it will be sufficient to observe, that the stress we call accent is as well understood as is necessary for the pronunciation of single words, which is the object of this treatise; and therefore, considering accent merely as stress, we shall proceed to make some remarks on its proper position in a word, and endeavour to detect some errours in the use and application of it. Tlie different Positions oftlie English Accent. 489. Accent, in its very nature, implies a comparison with other syllables less forcible : hence we may conclude that monosyllables, properly speaking, have no accent : when they are combined with other monosyllables and form a phrase, the stress which is laid upon one, in pre- ference to others, is called emphasis. As emphasis evi- dently points out the most significant word in a sentence, so, where other reasons do not forbid, the accent always dwells with greatest force on that part of the word which, from its importance, the hearer has always the greatest occasion to observe: and this is necessarily the root, or body of the word. But as harmony of termination fre- quently attracts the accent from the root to the branches of words, so the first and most natural law of accentua- tion seems to operate less in fixing the stress than any of the other. Our own Saxon terminations, indeed, with perfect uniformity, leave the principal part of the word in quiet possession of what seems its lawful property (501;) but Latin and Greek terminations, of which our * See Observations on the Greek and Latin Accent and Quantity, at the end of the Key to the Classical Pronun- ciation of Greek, Latin, and Scripture Proper Names. language is full, assume a right of preserving their ori- ginal accent, and subjecting many of the words they bestow upon us, to their own classical laws. 490. Accent, therefore, seems to be regulated, in a great measure, by etymology. In words from the Saxon, the accent is generally on the root; in words from the learned languages, it is generally on the termination; and if to these we add the different accent we lay on some words, to distinguish them from others, we seem tr> have the three great principles of accentuation ; namely, the radical, the terminational, and the distinctive. Accent on Dissyllables. 491. Every word of two syllables has necessarily one of them accented, and but one. It is true, for the sake of emphasis, we sometimes lay an equal stress upon two successive syllables, as di-rect, some-times ; but when these words are pronounced alone, they have never more than one accent. For want of attending to this distinc- tion, some writers have roundly asserted, that many dis- syllables have two accents, such as convoy, concourse, discord, shipwreck : in which, and similar instances, they confound the distinctness, with which the latter syl- lables are necessarily pronounced, with accentual force; though nothing can be more different. Let us pronounce the last syllable of the noun torment as distinctly as we please, it will still be very different with respect to force from the same syllaole in the verb to torment, where the accent is on it; and if we do but carefully watch our pronunciation, the same difference will appear in every word of two syllables throughout the language. The word Amen is the only word which is pronounced with two consecutive accents when alone. 492. There is a peculiarity of accentuation in certain words of two syllables, which are both nouns and verbs, that is not unworthy of notice ; the nouns having the ac- cent en the first syllable, and the verbs on the last. Tiiis seems an instinctive effort in the language (if the expres- sion will be allowed rne) to compensate in some measure for the want of different terminations for these different parts of speech.* The words which admit of this diver- sity of accent, are the following : Nouns. Verbs. Nouns. Verbs. abject to abject descant to descant absent to absent digest. to digest abstract to abstract essay to essay accent to accent export to export affix to affix extract to extract assign to assign exile to exile augment to augment ferment to ferment bombard to bombard frequent to frequent cement to cement import to import colleague to colleague incense to incense collect to collect insult to insult compact to compact object to object compound to compound perfume to perfume compress to compress permit to permit concert to concert prefix to prefix concrete to concrete premise to premise conduct to conduct presage to presage confine to confine present to present conflict to conflict produce to produce conserve to conserve project to project consort to consort protest to protest contest to contest rebel to rebel contract to contract record to record contrast to contrast refuse to refuse convent to convent subject to subject converse to converse survey to survey convert to convert torment to torment convict to convict traject to traject convoy to convoy transfer to transfer desert to desert transport to transport discount to discount attribute to attribute. 493. To this analogy, some speakers are endeavouring to reduce the word contents ; which, when it signifies the matter contained in a book, is often heard with the accent on the first syllable : but though this pronunciation serves o distinguish words which are different in signification, and to give, in some measure, a difference of form to the * It is not improbable that the verb, by receiving a par- ticipial termination, has inclined us to pronounce that part of speech with an accent nearer the end than we do the noun: for though we can without any difficulty pro- nounce the verb with the accent on the noun, we cannot so easily pronounce the participle and the adverb formed from it with that accent : thus we can pronounce to transport with the accent on the first syllable; but not so easily transporting and transportingly. This is a solid reason for the distinction, and ought to induce us where we can to observe it. A s&pulchre and to sepulchre seem 1 to require it. See the word. 40 ACCENT ON DISSYLLABLES, TRISYLLABLES, AND POLYSYLLABLES, noun and verb, in which our tongue is remarkably defi- cient, still it is doubtful whether this distinction be of any real advantage to the language. See Boisl. This diversity of accentuation seems to have place in some compound verbs. See Counterbalance and the subsequent words. 494. Sometimes words have a different accent, as they aro adjectives or substantives. Substantives. August, the month compact champaign, wine ixile, banishment gallant, a lover instinct invalid Levant, a place minute, of time supine, in grammar Adjectives. august, noble compact champaign, open exile, small gallant, bold instinct invalid levant, eastern minute, small supine, indolent. 495. Sometimes the same parts of speech have a dif- ferent accent to mark a difference of signification. to cdnjure, to practise magick; to conjure, to entreat desert, a wilderness desert, merit bitlfet, a blow buffet, a cupboard sinister, insidious sinister, the left side. 496. In this analogy some speakers pronounce the word Concordance with the accent on the first syllable, when it signifies a dictionary of the Bible ; and with the accent on the second, when it signifies agreement: but besides that, there is not the same reason for distinguish- ing nouns from each other, as there is nouns from verbs ; the accent on the first syllable of the word Concordance gives a harshness and poverty to its sound, which ought to be avoided. 497. But though the different accentuation of nouns and verbs of the same form does not extend so far as might be expected, it is certain, that in words of two syl- lables, where the noun and verb are of different forms, there is an evident tendency in the language to place the accent upon the first syllable of the noun, and on the last of the verb. Hence the nouns outrage, upstart, and up- roar, have the accent on the first syllable ; and the verbs to uplift, to uphold, and to outstrip, on the last. 498. This analogy will appear still more evident if we attend to the accent of those nouns and verbs which are compounded of two words. Every dissyllable compound- ed of words which, taken separately, have a meaning, maybe deemed a qualified substantive; and that word which qualifies or describes the other, is that which most distinguishes it, and consequently is that which ought to have the accent : accordingly we find that inkhorn, out- rage, chairman, freehold, sand-box, book-case, pen-knife, have the accent on the first syllable, which is the speci- fying part of the word; while gainsay, foresee, overlook, undersell, have the accent on the last syllable, which is the least distinguishing part of the word. This rule, however, is, either by the caprice of custom, or the love ©f harmony, frequently violated, but is sufficiently exten- sive to mark the general tendency of the language. Akeaside brings the verb to comment under this analogy: " The sober zeal "Of age, commenting on prodigious things." Pleasures of the Imagination. And Milton in the same manner the verb to commerce ; " And looks commercing with the skies, u Thy rapt soul sitting in thine eyes. II Penseroso. 499. Something very analogous to this we find in the nouns we verbalize, by changing the s sharp of the noun into the s flat, or z of the verb (437,) as a use, and to use ; where we may remark, that when the word in both parts of speech is a monosyllable, and so not under the laws of accent, the verb, however, claims the privilege of length- ening the sound of the consonant, when it can, as well as when it cannot, prolong the accentuation: thus we not only find grass altered to graze, brass to braze, glass to glaze, price to prize, breath to breathe, &c. but the c or s sharp altered to the 5 flat in advice to advise, excuse to excuse, device to devise, &c. The noun adopting the sharp hissing sound, and the verb the soft buzzing one, without transferring the accent from one syllable to another. The vulgar extend this analogy to the noun practice, and the verb to practise, pronouncing the first with the i short and the c like sharp s, as if written prac- tiss, and the last with the t long and the s like z, as if written practize : but correct speakers pronounce the verb like the noun ; that is, as if written practiss. The noun prophecy and the verb to prophesy follow this ana- logy, only by writing the uoun with the c and the verb l with the s, and without any difference of sound, except pronouncing the y in the first like e, and in the last like i long ; where we may still discover n trace of the tendency to the barytone pronunciation in the noun, and the oxy- | tone in the verb. (467.) See the words. j 500. This seems to be the favourite tendency of Eng- | lish verbs; and where we find it crossed, it is generally in those formed from nouns, rather than the contrary : agreeably to this, Dr. Johnson has observed, that though nouns have often the accent on the latter, yet verbs have it seldom on the former syllable : those nouns which, in the common order of language, must hare preceded the verbs, often transmit this accent tc the verbs they form, and inversely: thus the noun water must have preceded the verb to water, as the verb to correspond must have preceded the noun correspondent ; and to pursue must claim priority to pursuit. So that we may conclude whenever verbs deviate from this rule, it is seldom by chance, and generally in those words only where a supe- riour Jaw of accent takes place. Accent on Trisyllables. 501. As words increase in syllables, the more easily is their accent known. Nouns sometimes acquire a syllable by becoming plural; adjectives increase a syllable by be- ing compared ; and verbs, by altering their tense, or be- coming participles: adjectives become adverbs, by adding ly to them ; and prepositions precede nouns or verbs with- out altering the accent of the word to which they are prefixed : so that when once the accent of dissyllables is known, those polysyllables, whose terminations are per- fectly English, have likewise their accent invariably set- tled. Thus lion becomes lioness; poet, poetess; polite becomes politer, or politely, or even politclier .• mischief, mischievous ; happy, happiness ; nay, lioness becomes lionesses; mischief, mischievousness ; and service, ser- viceable, serviceableness, serviceably, and unserviccably, without disturbing the accent, either on account of the prepositive un, or the subjunctives able, ably, and ableness. 502. Hence we may perceive the glaring absurdity which prevails even in the first circles ; that of pronounc- ing the plural of princess, and even the singular, with the accent on the second syllable, like success and successes ; for we might just as well say, dutchess and dutchesses, as princess and princesses ; nor would a correct ear be les3 hurt with the latter than with the former. 503. So few verbs of three syllables follow the analogy observable in those of two, that of protracting the accent to the last syllable, that this ueconomy seems peculiar to dissyllables ; many verbs, indeed, of three syllables are compounded of a preposition of two syllables : and then, according to the primary law of formation, and not the secondary of distinction, we may esteem them radical, and not distinctive: such are contradict, intercede, su- persede, contraband, circumscribe, superscribe, &c. while | the generality of words ending in the verbal terminations ise and ize, retain the accent of the simple, as criticise, tyrannize, modernize, &cc: and the whole tribe of trisyl- lable verbs in ate, very few excepted, refuse the accent on the last syllable : but words of three syllables often take their accent from the learned languages from which they are derived ; and this makes it necessary to inquire how far English accent is regulated by that of the Gre&k and Latin. On the Influence of the Greek and Latin Accent, on the Accent of English Pohj syllables. (a) As our language borrows so largely from the learned languages, it is not wonderful that its pronuncia- tion should be in some measure influenced by them. The rule for placing the Greek accent was, indeed, essentially different from that of the Latin; but words from the Greek, coming to us through the Latin, are often so wuch latinized as to lose their original accent, and to fall into that of the Latin; and it is the Latin accent which we must chiefly regard, as that which influences our own. (b) The first general rule that may be laid down is, that when words come to us whole from the Greek or Latin, the same accent ought to be preserved as in the original: thus horizon, sonorous, decorum, dictator, gla- diator, mediator, delator, spectator, adulator, Sec. preserve the penultimate accent of the original; and yet the ante- penultimate tendency of our language has placed the accent on the first syllable of orator, senator, auditor, cicatrix, plethora, &c. in opposition to the Latin pronun- I ciation of these words, and would have infallibly done j the same by abdomen, bitumen, and acumen, if the learned !i had not stepped in to rescue these classical words from ji the invasion of the Gothick accent, and to preserve the |j stress inviolably on the second syllable: nor has even the Ij interposition of two consonants been always able to keep jj the accent from mounting up to the antepenultimate syl- j lable, as we may see in minister, sinister, character, &c: ! and this may be said to be the favourite accent of our H language. See Miscellany. ACCENT ON POLYSYLLABLES. 41 (c) But, notwithstanding this prevalence of the ante- penultimate accent, the general rule still holds good ; and more particularly in words a little removed from common usage, sucli as terms in the arts and sciences: these are generally of Greek original ; but, coming to us through the Latin, most commonly contract the Latin accent, when adopted into our language. This will ap- 1>ear plainly by the following lists : and, first, let us se- ed some where the Greek aud Latin accents coincide : plethora, ir\i]9u>pa, metablsis, periiiiacig, emphasis, ip.u)Gis, avavTojiwuis, a/jiaiipwcns, aKodioHJis, fi£7afji6psig, cwdpOpioaig, vvvoixdiixji;, yirptpuais, 6apa(pt[iu)| frequently heard with the accent on trie antepenultimate pronounced long, though short in the Latin word dubtus : ,' syllable, ought, if possible, to be reduced to regularity the same may be observed of the e and o in medium and ij Words ending in scencc have uniformly the accent on the emporium : and the first i in delirium, and the first e in ji penultimate syllable, as quiescence, reminiscence, tec. ; delicate, are pronounced short in English, according to [j concupiscence, which has the accent on the antcpenulti- our own analogy, (507,) though these letters are long in jniatc, is the only exception. the liMm delirium and dellcatus. For the quantity of ij 511. In the same manner, if we take a view of the English dissyllables derived from the Greek and Latin, j words ending in ity. we find the accent invariably placed j on the preceding syllable, as in diversity, congruity. Sec, I On a closer inspection we find every vowel in this ante- j penultimate syllable, when no consonant intervenes, pro- i nounced long as deity, pietu. tec. A nearer inspection 504. We have seen that the Saxon terminations, re- \\ shows us, that, if a consonant precede this termination, gardless of harmony, always leave the accent where they jj the preceding accented vowel is short, except it be u, as found it. let the adventitious syllables be ever so nurae- | severity, curiosity, impunity, &c. : we find too. that even See Syllabication, No. 543, 544, tec. Ttrmincdional Accent. rous. The Saxons, attentive chiefly to sense, preserved the same simplicity in the accentuation, as in the compo- sition of their words ; and if sense were the only object of language, it must be confessed that our ancestors were, in this respect, superiour to the Greeks and Ro- mans. What method could so rigidly preserve, and so ; u contracts itself before two consonants, as in currity, taciturnity, ice. and that scarcity and rarity (signifying ' uncommonness: for rarity, thinness, has the a short,) are j the only exceptions to this rule throughout the language. ; The same observations arc applicable to words ending in if)/, as justify, clarify, tec. The only words where the strongly convey the sense of words, as that which always jj antepenultimate accent in words of this termination left the accent on the root, where the principal meaning l|does not shorten the vowel, are glorify and notify. The of the word undoubtedly lies i But the necessities of hu- fl v in these words is always long, like the first sound of i ; man nature require, that our thoughts should not only be i and both accent and quantity are the same when these conveyed with force, but with ease; to give language its i words take the additional syllable able, as justifiable, due efTect, it must be agreeable as well as forceful : and j Warefiable. tec. (183.) the ear must be addressed while we are informing the J| 512. To these may be added the numerous class of mind. Here, then, terminational accent, the musick i words ending in arous, erous, and orous, as barbarous, vo- of language, interposes; corrects the discordant, and 1 1 ciferous. and humorous ; all which have the accent on the strengthens the feeble sounds; removes the difficulty of |i antepenultimate syllable, except canorous and sonorous , pronunciation which arises from placing the accent on j! which some unlucky scholar happening to pronounce initial syllables, and brings the force gently down to the H with the accent on the penultimate syllable, in order to latter part of the word, where a cadence is formed, on the ' " principles of harmony and proportion. 505. To form an idea of the influence of termination upon accent, it will be sufficient to observe, that words which have ei, ia, ie. io, eou, in their termination, always have the accent on the preceding syllable: thus atheist I show their derivation from the Latin adjectives, canorns I and soncrus, they stand like strangers amidst a crowd of | similar words, and are sure to betray a mere English [scholar into a wrong pronunciation. j To polysyllables in these terminations might be added those in ative, atpry, ctive, tec: words ending in ativt alien, regalia, ambrosia, tec. the numerous terminations ijcan never have the accent on the penultimate syllable, if in ion, ian, tec. as gradation, promotion, confusion. Io- \\ j there is a higher syllable to place it on, except in the gician. physician, tec. those in ious. as harmonious, abste- ji word creative : and when this is the case, as it is seldom miousjjkc. those in eous, da outrageous, advantageous, .otherwise, the accent seems to rest on the root of the tec. These may not improperly be styled semi-conso- i j word ; or on that syllable which has the accent on the nant diphthongs. (196.) j noun, adjective, or verb, with which the word in ative 506. The only exceptions to this rule are one word in j J corresponds ; thus copulative, estimative, alterative, See. tack, as elegiaek, which has the accent on the f, and the I follow the verbs to copulate, to estimate, to alter, Sec following words in iacal, as prosodiacal. cardiacal. hefi- [(When derivation does not operate to fix the accent, a acal, genethliacal, maniacal, demoniacal, ammoniacal, ij double consonant will attract it to the antepenultimate I syllable, as appellative ; and two consonants have some- jj times this power, in opposition to derivation, as adversa- * Ben Jonson seems to have had a faint idea of this coincidence, where he says, " all verbs coming from the Latin, either of the supine or otherwise, hold the accent it is found in the first person present, of those Latin tive and argumentative, from adverse and argument. In- dicative and interrogative, are likewise exceptions, as they do not follow the verbs to indicate and interrogate .- verbs, as animo. animate, celebro, celebrate; except | [but as they are grammatical terms, they seem to have words compounded of facio, as Uqur.-facio. I'nucfy ; and j. taken their accent from the secondary accent we some of statuo, as constituo, constitute" English Grammar, ij times give to the Latin words indicativus and interro Of the extent and justness of these observations, the criti- ji gativus (see the word Academy.) Words ending in ary, cal reader will be the best judge. jl ery, or ory, have generally the accent on the root of the ENCLIT1CAL ACCENT 45 word ; which, if it consists of three syllables, must neces- sarily be accented on the first, as contrary, treachery, factory, &c. ; if of four or five, the accent is generally on that syllable which has the accent in the related or kin- dred words ; thus expostulatory has the accent on the same radical syllable as expostulate ; and congratulato- ry as congratulate : interrogatory and derogatory are exceptions here, as in the termination ative ; and if^fl- cifico.tory, sacrificatory* significatory, vesicatory, &c. havo not the accent on the first syllable, it seems to arise from the aversion we seem to have at placing even the secondary accent on the antepenultimate a, (which we should be very apt to do if the principal accent were on the first syllable.) and the difficulty there would be in pronouncing such long_ words with so many unaccented syllables at the end, if we were to lay the accent on the first. Words ending in ctive have the accent regularly on the penultimate syllable, except adjective, which, like indicative, being a grammatical word, seems to have taken its accent from the secondary stress of the Latin adjectivus (see Academy ;) and every word ending in tive, preceded by a consonant, has the accent on the pe- nultimate syllable likewise, e-xcept substantive ; and, perhaps, for the reason just given. After all, it must be owned, that words ending in ative and atory are the most irregular and desultory of any in the language ; as they are generally accented very far from the end, they are the most difficult to pronounce ; and therefore, when- ever usage will permit, we should incline the stress as much as possible to the latter syllables: thus refractory ought never to have the accent on the first syllable ; but refectory, with the accent on the first, is a school term, and, like substantive, adjective, indicative, and interro- gative, must be left in quiet possession of their Latin secondary accent. Enclitical Accent. 513. I have ventured to give the name of enclitical to the accent of certain words, whose terminations are formed of such words as seem to lose their own accent, and throw it back on the last syllable of the word with which they coalesce, such as theology, orthography, &c. The readiness with which these words take the antepe- nultimate accent, the agreeable (low of sound to the ear, and the unity it preserves in the sense, are sufficient proofs of the propriety of placing the accent on this syl- lable, if custom were ambiguous. I do not remember to have heard the accent disputed in any word ending in ology ; but orthography is not unfrequently pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, like orthodoxy. The temptation we are under to discover our knowledge of the component parts of words, is very apt to draw us into this pronunciation ; but as those words which are derived from the Greek, and are compounded of \oyoi. have universally given into this enclitical accentuation, no good reason appears for preventing a similar pronun- ciation in those compounded ofypacpu), as, by placing the accent on the antepenultimate syllable, the word is much more fluent and agreeable to the ear. It is certain, how- ever, that at first sight the most plausible reasoning in the world seems to lie against this accentuation. When we place the accent on f he first syllable, say our oppo- nents, we give a kind or subordinate stress to the third syllable graph : by which means the word is divided into its primitives opOo? and ypatyw, and those distinct ideas it contains are preserved, which must necessarily be con- founded by the contrary mode; and that pronunciation of compounds, say they, must certainly be the best which best preserves the import of the simples. 514. Nothing can be more specious than this reason- ing, till we look a little higher than language, and con- sider its object; we shall then discover, that, in uniting two words under one accent, so as to form one compound term, we do but imitate the superiour ojterations of the mind, which, in order to collect and convey knowledge, unites several simple ideas into one complex one. "The end of language," says Mr. Locke, " is by short sounds to signify with case and despatch general conceptions, wherein not only abundance of particulars are contained, but also a great variety of independent ideas are collect- ed into one complex one, and that which holds these dif- ferent parts together in the unity of one complex idea, is the word we annex to it." For, as Mr. Locke continues, 11 Men, in framing ideas, seek more the convenience of * These words ought certainly to be accented alike ; and accordingly we find Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Barclay, and Mr. Smith, place the accent on the second syllable; but though Fenning accents significatory in the same manner, he places the accent on the antepenulti- mate of pacificatory ; and Kenrick likewise accents the second syllable of significatory, but the first of pacifica- tory ; the other orthoepists who have not got th«se words have avoided these inconsistencies. language, and quick despatch by short and comprehensive} signs, than the true and precise nature of things ; and therefore, he who has made a complex idea of a body with life, sense, and motion, with a faculty of reason joined to it, need but use the short monosyllable, man, to express all particulars that correspond to that complex idea." So it may be subjoined, that, in framing words for the purpose of immediate communication, the end of this communication is best answered by such a pronun- | ciation as unites simples into one compound, and at the same time renders the compound as much a simple as possible: but it is evident that this is done by no modo of accentuation so well as that which places the accent on the antepenultimate syllable of the words theology, orthography ; and therefore that this accentuation, without insisting on its superiour harmony, must best answer the great end of language. (328.) 515. This teadency in our language to simplify com- pounds, is sufficiently evident in that numerous catalogue of words, where we find the long vowel of the simple changed into a short one in the compound, and by this means losing much of its original import to the ear : thus breakfast, shepherd, vineyard, meadow, shadow, zealous, hearken, valley, cleanse, cleanly (neat,) forehead, wil- derness, bewilder, kindred, hinder, knowledge, darling, fearful, pleasant, pleasure, whitster, whitleather, seam- stress, stealth, wealth, health, wisdom, wizard, parent- age, lineage, children, pasty, gosling, collier, holiday, Christmas, jjichaelmas, windlass, cripple, hinder, strip- ling, starling, housewife, husband, primer, peascod, fieldfare, birth from bear, dearth from dear, weary from wear, and many others, entirely lose the sound of tha simple in their compound or derivative. 516. The long i in white, when a simple, is almost universally changed into a short one in proper names, as Whitchurch, Whitefield, Whitbread, Whitlock, Whita- ker, &c. for, cempendiousness and despatch being next in importance to perspicuity, when there is no danger of mistake, it is no wonder that the organs should fail into the shortest and easiest sounds. 517. It must, however, be observed, that this tendency to unite simples into a compound, by placing an accent exactly where the two words coalesce, is still subservi- ent to the laws of harmony. The Greek word Sokcio. which signifies to opine, and from which the last sylla- bles of orthodoxy are derived, was never a general sub- junctive word, like XoyoS and ypacpu ! and, even if it had been so, the assemblage of consonants in the letter x would have prevented the ear from admitting an accent on the syllable immediately preceding, as the x would, by this means, become difficult to pronounce. Placing the accent, therefore, on the first syllable of orthodoxy, j gives the organs an opportunity of laying a secondary stress upon the third, which enables them to pronounce the whole with distinctness and fluency: thus Galaxy and Cachexy, havir-g the accent on the first syllable, are I very difficult to pronounce ; but this difficulty is remov- ed by placing the accent a syllable higher in the words apoplexy, atamxy, and anorexy. 518. But the numerous classes of words that so readily adopt this enclitical accent, sufficiently prove it to be i agreeable to the genius of our pronunciation. This will more evidently appear by adducing examples. Words in the following terminations have always the accent on that syllable where the two parts unite, that is, on tbo antepenultimate syllable: In logy, as apology, ambilogy, genealogy, &c. In graphy, as geography, orthography, historiogra- phy, &c. In phagus, as sarcophagus, ichthyophagus, andropha - gus, &.C. In loquy, as obloquy, soliloquy, ventriloquy, &c In strophe, as catastrophe, apostrophe, anastrophe, &e In meter, as geometer, barometer, thermometer, &c. In gonal, as diagonal, octagonal, polygonal, &c In vorous, as carnivorous, granivorous, piscivorous, &c. In ferous, as bacciferous, cocciferous, somniferous, Sec. In fluous, as superfluous, mellifluous, fellifluous, &.c. Influent, as mellifluent, circumfluent, interfluent, &c In vomous, as ignivomous,Jlammivomous, &c. In parous, as viviparous, oviparous, deiparous, &«. In cracy, as theocracy, aristocracy, democracy, &e. In gony, as theonning of a syllable." Introduction to Kng. Oram, page 7. 542. In this view of syllabication, we consider it only as the picture of actual pronunciation ; but may we not consider it as directed likewise by some laws of its own ! laws, which arise out of the very nature of enunciation, and the specifick qualities of the letters I These laws cer- tainly direct us to separate double consonants, and such as are uncombinable from the incoalescence of their sounds: and if such a separation will not paint the true sound of the word, we may be certain that such sound is unnatural, and has arisen from caprice : thus the words chamber, Cambridge, and cambrick, must be divided at the letter m ; and as this letter, by terminating the sylla- ble, according to the settled rules of pronunciation, short- ens the vowel, the general pronunciation given to these words must be absurd, and contrary to the first principles of the language. Angel,* ancient, danger, manger, and ranger, are under the same predicament ; but the pauci- ty of words of this kind, so far from weakening the gene- ral rule, strengthens it. See Change. 543. By an induction which demonstrates the shorten- ing power of the antepenultimate accent, has been shown j the propriety of uniting the consonant to the vowel in the first syllable of demonstration, lamentation, propagation, &c. : we thus decide upon the quantity of these vowels, w'nich are so uncertain in our best dictionaries ; and may we not hope, by a similar induction, and with the first principles of language in view, to decide the true, genu- ine, and analogical sound of some words of another kind, which waver between different pronunciations I The an- tepenultimate accent has unquestionably a shortening power ; and I have not the smallest doubt that the penul- timate accent has a lengthening power; that is, if our own words, and words borrowed from other languages, of two syllables, with but one consonant in the middle, had been left to the general ear, the accent on the first sylla- ble would have infallibly lengthened the first vowel. A strong presumption of this arises from our pronunciation of all Latin dissyllables in this manner, without any re- gard to the quantity of the original, (see Drama,) and the ancient practice of doubling the consonant when preced- ed by a single vowel in the participial terminations, as to begin, beginning, to regret, regretted .- and I believe it may be confidently affirmed, that words of two syllables from the Latin, with but one consonant in the middle, would always have had the first vowel long, if a pedan- tick imitation of Latin quantity had not prevented it. (See Drama.) Let an Englishman, with only an English education, be put to pronounce zephyr, and he will, with- out hesitation, pronounce the e long, as in zenith •. if you tell him the e is pronounced short in the Latin zephyrus, which makes it short in English, and he should happen to ask you the Latin quantity of the first syllable of Com- tek, mimick, solace, &c, your answer would be a con- tradiction to your rule. — What irrefragably proves this to be the genuine analogy of English quantity, is the different quantity we give a Latin word of two syllables when in the nominative, and when in an oblique case : thus in the first syllable of sidus and nomen, which ought to be long, and of miser and onus, which ought to be short, we equally use the common long sound of the vow- els : but in the oblique cases, sideris, nominis, miseri, oneris,&.c, we use quite another sound, and that a short one; and this analogy runs through the whole English pronunciation of the learned languages. (533) (535.) 544. But the small dependence of the English quantity on that of the Latin will be best seen by a selection of words of two syllables, v/ith the accent on the first, and but one consonant in the middle, and comparing them with the Latin words from which they are derived. * It is highly probable, that, in Ben Jonson's time, the a in this word was pronounced as in an, bince he classes it, to show the short sound of a, with art, act, and apple. —Grammar English dissyllables which have but one c&nsonanl, of a mute and liquid in the middle, and have tlv.jirs syllable accented, contrasted with the L.xtin woras Jrom which they are derived, marked with tleir respective quantities. Words in which the first vowel in both languages is long pica, pica. penal, posnalis drama, drama. final, ftaalis. labra, labra, labra. spinal, spinalis uydra, hydna. trlnai, trlnus. era, sera. noral, hora. strata, strata. choral, thSra. Icon, ilKWV. floral, floralis. stipend, stlpendium. nasal, nasiis. notice, notitia. fatal, fat?.lis. fragrance, fragro. natal, natalis. license, llcentia. vital, vltalis. credence, credentia. naval, navalis. female, fmmina. rival, rlvalis. edile, ffidllis. oval, ovalis. feline, fellnus. Idol, Idolum. rasure, rasura. grecism, graeclsmus. fibre, flbra, f ibra. pagan, pagan us. metre, ( metrum, met -omen, omen. I rum. siren, siren. nature, natura. siphon, cityuv, siphon placate, placatus. colon, Ktthov, colon. primate, prlmatus. demon, daemon. climate, cllma. halo, halo. llbrate, llbratus. solo, solo vibrate, vlbro, vibro. tyro, tiro. private, prlvatus. solar, s5laris. cerate. ceratus. lazar, lazarus. finite, flnltus. sober, sSbrius. levite, levlta. tiger, tlgris, tigris native, nativus. ether, aether. motive, motlvus. oker, u>xpa. votive, votlvus. mlmer, mini us. vocal, vocllis. caper, capparis. predal, prajda. viper, vlpera. regal, regalis. pretor, prator. legal, legalis. llmous, llmSsus. flavour, flavus. spinous, splnosus. feces, faeces. v!nou3, vinos us manes, manes. orebrous, creber. Iris, Iris. fetus, foetus. crisis, Kpicis, crisis edict, edlctum. gratis, gratis. secret, sscretus. egress, egressus. fibre, flbra, flbra regress, ( regressus. \ regressus. fragrant, cogent, fragrans. cogens. tigress, tlgris, tigris. moment, momentum rebus, rebus. ponent, ponons. bolus, bolus, bolus. digest, sub. dlgestus. precept, prasceptum. llenus. r'flux ( refluxus. plenist, ' \ refluxus. papist, papa. trSphy, { tlOpllfBll.M. climax, climax. ( trophaeum reflex, < reflexus. chely, che'.e. ( reflexus. spiny, spina. prefix, praefixum. chary, earns.. phenix, phoenix. query, quaere. matrix, matrix. glory, gloria. varix, varix. . st °ry> hlstoria. syrinx, syrinx, avpiv\. Words in which the same vowel is short in both la« gua^es : magick, magic us. sabino, sabini. tragick, tragicus. famine, fames. logick, logica. rapine, raplna. colick, colicu=. patine, patina. chrcnick, chronicus. tribune, tribunus. lyrick, lyricus. stature, statura. rabid, rabidus. refuse, refusus. acid, acidus. palate, palatum. placid, placidus. senate, senatus. rigid, rigidus. agate, achates. calid, calidus. tribute, tributio. valid, valid us. minute, minutus. gelid, gelidus. statute, statutus. olid, olid us. value, valor. solid, solidus. statue, statiia. timid, timidus. monarch, monarcha. rapid, rapidus. stomach, stomachus sapid, sapidus. epoch, epocVia. vapid, vapidus. polish, poiitus. tepid, tepid us. famish, fames. nitid, nitidus. perish, perlo. second, secundus. parish, parochia. decade, decus. ravish, rapio. SYLLABICATION. 47 .ngthod. Palace, 5mice, chalice, mfOfce, anise, image, refuge, adage, aloe, gracile, docile, agile, fragile, febriie, globule. macule, platane, basil, cavil, devil, atom, sophism.^ mlnum, alum, ebon, platin, robin, cumin, latin, cavin, savin, column, dragon, canon, cavern, tavern, saturn, vicar, scholar, slaver, proper, zephyr, liquor, vigour, mc'thodua. palatium. amictus. Calix. militia. anlsum. imago. refiigium. adagium. aloe. gracilis. docilis. agllis. fragllis. t febrilis, ( febrilis. globulus. macula, platanus. basllicum. cavillor. diabolus. atomus. sophlsma. minus. aliimen. ebenus. platlna. rublcula. cuminum. latinus. cavea. sabina. columna. draco. canon. caverna. taberna. saturnus. vlcarius. scholaris. saliva. prcprlus. zephyru3. liquor. vigor. corinth, epick, tdnick, conick, topick, tropick, cynick, statick, critick, metal, rebel, model, camel, chapel, novel, & sterile, rigour, valour. colour, tenour, dolour, honour, aloes, relict, prophet, comet, planet, tenet, tapet, habit, plaeit, tacit, adit, vomit, merit, talent, patent, 3ub. modest, forest, nephew, sinew, money, study, corinthus. epicus. tonicns. conicus. toplcus. tropicus. cynlcus. staticus. crltlcus. metallurn. rebel lo. modulus. camelus. capella. novellus. sigillum. vigil i a. stsrllis. rigor. valor. color. tenor. dolor. honor. aloes. relictus. propheta. cometa. planSta. teneo. tapes. habitus. pladtum. tacltus. adltus. vomo. meritum. talentum. pateo. modestus. forestum. nepos. sinuo. moneta. studium. Words in which the same vowel is short in English, and long in Latin : clvick, , mimick, ethiek. ; t-ibid, , iri-id, squalid, • acrid, ! arid, j florid, rorid, ■ fetid, livid, vivid, ; facund, : . fecund, I prebend, ; solace, j; preface, : pumice, penance, j florence, • province, | produce, j flahile, ;; debile. i granule, I promise, I; ceruse, ji leper, :| primer, ;j proffer, Ij river, [j sever, jj clamour, j! cthicks, j! crasis, ji proce=3, I spirits, ji traject, I' project, product, credit, civicus. mlmicus. ))dlKt}. tabidus. -frigldus. squalidus. acer. aridus. floridus. rorldus. fotidus. llvldus. vividus. facundus, fcecundus. prsebenda. scl mm. Words in which the same vowel i3 long in English, and short it Latin : praeratio. pumex. pccna. florentia. provincia. productio. fiabllis. debllis. granulum. promitto. ceriissa. lepra, lepn primiiius. profero. rivus. separo. clamor. crasis. processus. splritus. trajcctus. projectus. productus. creditus. legate, lagatus. granate, graiiatus. granite, granatus.. spinach, spln5.chia. radish, radix. planish, planus. vanish, vanesco. finish, flnio. punish, punio. flourish, tiorio. nourish, nut no. comick, couueus. coral, coraliiurn. moral, moralis. tramel, ^rama civil, Divllis linen, llnum seven, septem. florin, florentia. resin, resina. rosin, resin a. matin, maiutinas. solemn, solSmnis. felcD, feionia. melon, melo. lemons, ilmones. echo, echo, >1X&- bishop, eplscopus. profit, prSflcio. limit, llmltatio. spirit, splritus. visit, vlsltd. pedant, pa?daneus. clement, clcmens. cement, ca?mentum. present, preesens. protest, protestor. 11! v, liiium. filly, fllla. very, vero. city, civltas. privy, prlvus. tumid, coma, quota, tripod, sequence, cadence, silence. trochee, satire, vacate, cavate, dative, triumph, focal, local,' gregal, choral, nival, label, libel, serum, forum, lapis, basis, phasis, schesis, thesis, tripos, focus, crocus, modus, genus, elnus, garous, scabrous, notus, Epact, roset, vacant, secant, vagrant, tyrant, blatant, nutant, tumldus. coma. quota. trlpus. sequentia. cadens. sllentium. monas. trochaeus. satyra. VaCO. cavo. dativus. trlumphas. focus. Ibealis. gregalis. chorus. nivalis. labellum. llbellus. serum. forum. lapis. basis. (7^£(7if,schesi Oecis, thesis. tr!po3. focus. crocus. modus. genus. sinus. garum. scaber. notus. i-a.KTai. rosa. vScans. secans. vagus. tyrannus. blaterans. natans. satan, hymen, trident, trlgon, nGero, hSro, polar, paper, vipour, fever, fragor, rigour, ichor, achor, sapor, ttpor, favour, labour, odour, trernour, vapour, pedal, petal, recent, decent, regent, 3 client, silent, parent, patent, adj. latent, potent, gerent, vlrent, frequent, sequent, sacrist, locust, phalanx, aoex, calix, helix, pharynx, larynx, onyx, satan. hymen. tridens. trlgon. nlger. heros. polaris. papyrus. vapor. febris, fGbris. fragor. rigor. iX[°P' acbor. sapor. tepor. favor. labor. odor. tremor. vapor. pedalis. petalum. recens. decens. regens. cliens. sllentium. parens. pateo. latens. potens. gerens. vlrens. frequens. sequens. sacer. locusta. phalanx. apex. calix. SAif. (pdpvy!;. onyx. 545. In this \-iew of the Latin and English quantity, we see how uncertain it is to argue from the former to the latter; for, though the Latin" accent is frequently a rule for placing the English accent, as in words derived whole from that language, as abdomen, acumen, &c. (503.) or preserving the same number of syllables, as in impudent, elegant, from impudens, elegans, . In this, as in many other cases of delicacy, we may be allowed to prove what is right by first proving what is wrong. Every ear would be hurt, if the first syllables of opinion and opulence were pro- nounced exactly alike; op-in-ion would be as different from o-pin-ion, as o-pu-lence from op-u-lence, and conse- quently a different syllabication ought to be adopted ; but, as opulence is rightly divided into op-u-lence, opinion must be divided into o-pin-ion ; that is, the o must be necessarily separated from the p, as in o-pen ; for, as was before observed, every vowel pronounced alone has its open sound, as nothing but its junction with a consonant can shut it, and consequently unaccented vowels, not ne- cessarily joined to a consonant, are always open: there- fore, without violating the fundamental laws of pronun- ciation, opinion must necessarily be divided into o-pin- ion, and not op-in ion, and the o pronounced as in the word open, and not as in opulence .- which was the thing to be proved. 551. If these reasons are valid with respect to the "owel in question, they have the same force with respect to every other vowel not shut by a consonant throughout the language. That the vowels in this situation are actually open, we may easily perceive by observing that vowel, which, from its diphthongal and semi-consonant sound, is less liable to suffer by obscure pronunciation than any other. The letter u, in this situation, always preserves itself full and open, as we may observe in utili- ty, lucubration, Sec The o, the most open of ail the sim- ple vowels, has the same tendency in obedience, opaque, position, Sec, the e in the first syllable of event, in the second of delegate, the first and third of evangelist, in the second of gayety, nicety, Sec, the a in the first of abate, and the second of probable, Sec, and the i in nullity. This unaccented letter being no more than e, and this sound, when long, corresponding exactly with its short sound, which is not the case with any of the other vow- els, (65) (66,) the difference between the long and short, or open and shut sound of this letter, is less perceptible than in any other : yet we may easily perceive, that a delicate pronunciation evidently leaves it open when un- accented in indivisibility, as this svord would not be justly pronounced if the i in every syllable were closed by a consonant, as if divided into in-div-is-ib-il-it-y : the first, third, and fifth syllables, would, indeed, be justly pronounced according to this division, as these have all accentual force, which shuts this vowel, and joins it to the succeeding consonant ; but in the second, fourth, and sixth syllables, there is no such force, and consequently it must remain open and unconnected with the conso- nant ; though, as was before observed, the long and short sound of tins vowel are so near each other, that the dif- ference is less perceived than in the rest. Every ear would be displeased at such a pronunciation as is indicat- ed by ut-til-lit-y, luc-cub-bra-tion, op-pin-ion, pos-ition, ev-vent, ev-van-gel-ist, o.b-bate, prob-bab-ble,Sec; but, for exactly the same reasons, that the vowels out of the stress ought to be kept open in these words, the slender i must be kept open in the same situation in the word in- di-vis-i-bil-i-ty, and every similar word in the language.* 552. From all this it will necessarily follow, that the eustom adopted by the ancients and moderns of joining the single consonant to the latter vowel in syllabication, when investigating the unknown sound of a word, has its foundation in reason and good sense: that the only rea- son why vowels are short and shut, is their junction with a consonant; so those that are not joined to conso- nants, when we are not speaking metrically, cannot be said to be either short or shut: and that, as all accented * It is plain that Mr. Sheridan considered the unac- cented vowel i, whether ending a syllable or joined to the succeeding consonant, as standing for the same sound ; for we see him sometimes making use of one division, and sometimes of another: thus he divides the word di-ver- si-ty with the i terminating the penultimate syllable, and u-ni-ver-sit-y with the same i united to the consonant. The same variety takes place in the words di-vis-i-bil-i- ty and in-di-vis-i-bil-it-y ; while Dr. Kenrick divides all worda of this termination regularly in the former manner. ' vowels, when final, or pronounced alone, have their open sound, so those vowels that are alone, or final in a sylla- [ ble, must necessarily retain their open sound likewise, i as nothing but uniting instantaneously with the succeed- I ing consonant can shut them: and, though nothing but a j delicate ear will direct us to the degree of openness with I which we must pronounce the first unaccented o in do- cility, domestick, potential, proceed, monastick, monoto- ny, Sec, we may be assured that it is exactly under the same predicament, with respect to sound, in all these words ; and, as they can never be pronounced short and shut, as if written dossility, dommestick, Sec, vithout hurting the dullest ear ; so the e in event, evangelist, Sec, and the i in the third syllable of utility, and in the se- cond, fourth, and sixth of indivisibility, can never be sounded as if joined to the consonant without offendin» every delicate ear, and overturning the first principles of pronunciation. 553. The only considerable exception to this general rule of syllabication, which determines the sound of the unaccented vowels, is when e succeeds the accent, and is followed by r, as in literal, general, misery, Sec, which can never be pronounced lit-e-ral, gen-e-ral, mis-e-ry, Sec, without the appearance of affectation. In this situa- tion, we find the r corrupts the sound of the e, as it does that of every other vowel when in a final, unaccented syl- lable. For, this consonant being nothing more than a jar, it unavoidably mixes with the e in this situation, and reduces it to the obscure sound of short u, (418,) a sound to which the other unaccented vowels before r have sometimes so evident a tendency. 554. An obscure idea of the principles of syllabication just laid down, and the contradiction to them perceived in this exception, has made most of our orthocpists ex- tremely wavering and uncertain in their division of words into syllables, when the unaccented e has preceded r, where we not only find them differing from each other but sometimes even from themselves : Sheridan. Kenrick. Scott. Perry. miz-ur-ubl, mis-e-ra-bl, mis-er-a-ble, miz-zur-y, mis-er-y, mis-e-ry, mis-e-ry, sur-dihur-y, sur-ge-ry, sur-ge-ry, surg-e-ry. sor-cer-y, sor-ce-ry, sor-ce-ry, sor-ce-ry, rob-bur-y, rob-ber-y, rob-be-ry fore-jer-y, for-ge-ry, for-ge-ry, forg-e-ry t slace-er-y, sla-ve-ry, sla-ve-ry, sla-ve-nj, na-vur-y, kna-ve-ry, kna-ve-ry, knav-e-ry, bra-vur-y, bra-ve-ry, brav-e-ry, cook-er-y, cook-e-ry, cook-e-ry, rook-ur-y, rook-er-y, rook-e-ry, rook-e-ry, im-midth-ry, im-a-ger-y, im-a-ger-y, im-a-ge-ry, fium-mur-y, fium-mer-y, Jlum-ma-ry, flum-mer-y, mum-mur-y, mum-mer-y, mum-me-ry, mum-me-ry, mur-dur-ur, mur-der-er, mur-der-er, nmr-dur-us mur-der-ous, mur-der-ous, fine-ur-y, fi-ne-ry, fine-ry, gun-nur-y, gun-ner-y, gun-ne-ry, gun-ue-ry, dan-je-rus, dan-ger-us, dan-ger-ous, dan-ger-ous vo-s.if-cr-us, vo-cif-e-rous, vo-cif-er-ous, vo-cif-e-rous, som-nif-fer- som-nif-e-rus, som-nif-er- som-nif-e- us, oils, rous, nu-rwer-us, nu-me-rous, nu-me-rous, nu-me-rous, in-nu-mur-us, in-nu-7ne-rous,in-nu-tn e-rous, pros-per-us, ' pros-per-ous, pros-per-ous, im-pros-pur- un-pros-per- un-pros-per- us, ous, ous, ut-ter-ebl, ut-ter-a-blc, ut-ter-a-ble, un-ut-ter-ebl, un-ut-ter-a-ble,un-ut-ter-a-ble 555. I have been the more copious in my collection of these varieties, that I might not appear to have taken the advantage of any oversight or mistake of the press : nor is it any wonder, when the principles of syllabication so strongly incline us to leave the vowel e, like the other vowels, open before a single consonant ; and the ear so decidedly tells us, that this letter is not always open when preceded by the accent, and followed by r, — it is no wonder, I say, that a writer should be perplexed, and that he should sometimes incline to one side, and sometimes to the other. I am conscious I have not always been free from this inconsistency myself. The examples, there- fore, which I have selected, will, I hope, fully justify me in the syllabication I have adopted ; which is, that of sometimes separating the e from the r in this situation, and sometimes not. When solemn and deliberate speak- ing has seemed to admit of lengthening the e, I have sometimes made it endethe syllable; when this was not the case, I have sometimes joined it to the r: thus, as e in the penultimate syllable of incarcerate, reverberate, Sec, seems, in solemn speaking, to admit of a small de- gree of length and distinctness, it ends a syllable; but as no solemnity of pronunciation seems to admit of the same length and openness of the e in tolerate, deliberate, Sec, it is united with r, and sounded in the notation by short m. It ought, however, to be carefully observed, 50 TABLE OF SIMPLE AND DIPHTHONGAL VOWELS. that, though the e in this situation is sometimes separat- ed from the r, there is no speaking., however deliberate and solemn, that will not admit of uniting it tor, and pronouncing it like short u, without offending the nicest and most critical ear. 556. It must also be noted, that this alteration of the sound of e before r is only when it follows the accent, either primary or secondary, (52-2) (530;) for, when it is in the first syllable of a word, though unaccented, it keeps its true sound: thus, though the e is pronounced like U in alter, altera t ion, &c, yet in perfection, terrifick, &c, this letter is as pure as when the accent is on it in ■perfect, terrible, &c. 557. Something like the corruption of the sound of unaccented c before r, we may perceive in the colloquial pronunciation of the vowel a in the same situation; and accordingly we find our best orthoe'pists differ in their notation of this letter: thus memory, memorable, immem- orable, memorably, memorize, have the o pronounced like short u by Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott; and memoran- dum with the o as in open ; while Dr. Kenrick gives the o in all these words the sound it has in the conjunction or. Mr. Sheridan marks the unaccented o in corporal, corporate, and corporation, like the o in open; but Mr. Scott pronounces this o in corporal, corporate, and cor- poration, like short u, and the satrw5 letter in incorporate \ and incorporation like Mr. Sheridan; and Dr. Kenrick like the o in the former instances. Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott are uniform in their pronunciation of the same vowel like short u in armour, armorer, armory, pillory, suasory, pcrsmsory, allegory, compulsory, cursory, and predatory ; while Dr. Kenrick pronounces the o in ar- mour and armory liko the o in open, and the same letter in pillory, allegory, and cursory, like the o in or, nor, &c. This diversity among good judges can arise from nothing but the same uncertainty of the sound of thia letter that we have just observed of the e ; but, if we narrowly watch our pronunciation, we shall find that the unaccented o may be opened and lengthened, in deliberate speaking, without hurting the ear, which is not always tire case withe; and this has induced me generally f o separate the o from the succeeding r, when immediately following the accent ; though 1 am sensible that the rur pidity of colloquial speaking often reduces it to short u without offending the ear: but, when the o is removed more than one syllable from the accent, the most delibe- rate speaking generally lets it slide into the other vowel ; for- which reason I have commonly marked it in this manner. See Command. 55S. It may, perhaps, appear to some of my readers?, that too much time has beeu spent upon these nice dis- tinctions of sound, in which judges themselves are found to disagree: but, when we consider how many syllables in the language are unaccented, and that these syllables are those in which the peculiar delicacy of the pronuncia- tion of natives consists ; when we reflect on the necessity of having as distinct and permanent sounds as possible, to which we may refer these fleeting and evanescent ones, we shall not look upon an attempt to arrest and investi- gate them as a useless part of philology. 559. A TABLE of tlie SIMPLE and DIPHTHONGAL VOWELS, referred to by the Figure* over tlie Letters in this Dictionary. ENGLISH SOUNDS. FRENCH SOUNDS 1 a- The long slender English a, as in fate, pa-per, &c. (73.) e in fee, epee. 2. a. The long Italian a, as in far, fa-ther, pa-pa, mam-ma. (77.) a in fable, rable. 3. a. The broad German a, as in fall, wall, wa-ter (83.) a in age, Chalons 4. a. The short sound of the Italian a, as in fat, mat, mar-ry (81.) a in fat, matin. 1. e. The long e, as in me, here, me-tre, rr.e-dium (93.) i in mitre, epitre. 2. e\ The short e, as in mel, l" ; as giant, ginger, ji-anl jin-jer. The same may be observed of 5 : the Roman character denotes its hard sound in sin, svn Sec; as so, sit, sense, Sic. : its soft sound is spelled by z; as rose, raise, &c, raze, raze, &.c. ADVERTISEMENT. In the course of a critical investigation of the powers of the letters in the foregoing Principles, there is scarcely a word, of any difficulty or diversity of sound, which has not been noticed, and the true pronunciation, with the reasons and authorities for it, pointed out 5 so that, if the inspector should not meet with sufficient :nformation in the Dictionary under the word, let him consult the Principles under the vowel, diphthong, or con- sonant, he wishes to be explained, and it is highly probable he will meet with the satisfaction he requires. Thus, to know something more concerning the g in the word impugn, which some speakers pronounce anr 1 others suppress, let him look into the Principles under the letter G, No. 386, and he will find additional observations to those in the Dictionary under the word. It is true, that most of these doubtful, as well as other words, are referred to the Principles ; but, if this reference should by chance be omitted, it is hoped that this Advertise- ment will supply the deficiency. [The following " Appendix" is found at the end of the Fourth Edition of Walker's Dictionary.] APPENDIX. The Appendix in the third edition being incorporated into the present, no place could be found for the following class of words of the termination in ose, which are so variously accented by our lexicographers; but which, from their form and derivation, ought certainly to be pronounced alike. This will evidently ar>pear from the following sketch : Ash. An'helose, Silic'ulose, Cal'culose, Tu'mulose, An'imose, Vene'nase, Are'nose, Silig'inose, Cri'nose, Op'erose, Maro'se, Edem'atose, Com'atose, Aee'tose, A'quose, Si'liquose, Ac'tunse, Pu'licose, Johnson. Anhelo'se, Silic'ulose. Cal'culose, Tumulo'se, Animo'se, Veneno'se, Areno'se, Silig'inose. Cri'nose, Opero'se, Moro'se, Edemato'se, Comat.o'se, Aceto'se, Aquo'se, Sil'iquose, Actuu'se. Pu'licose, Sheridan. Anhelo'se. Entick. Keiwick. Calculo'se. Tu'mulose, Tu'mulose, Animo'se. Veneno'se, Vene'nose, Areno'se, Are'nose, Perry. Tu'mulose. Areno'se. Opero'se, Moro'se, Aceto'se, Aquo'se, Cri'nose. Op'erose, Opero'se, Moro'se, Moro'se, Moro'se, Edem'atose, Edem'atose. Com'alose, Comato'se. Ace'tose, Ace'lose, A'quose, Siliquo'se, Si'liquose, Si'liquose, Sil'iq'iose. Pulico'se. Nares. Scott. Buchanan. Veneno'se. Opero'se, Aquo'se. Opero'se, Moro'se, Aceto'se. Opero'se. Moro'se. The variety of accentuation, which this sketch exhibits, sufficiently shows how uncertain are our dic- tionaries where usage is obscure. From the decided prevalence of the accent on the last syllable of these words, we may easily guess at the analogy of pronunciation, and, with very little hesitation, determine tha* the accent ought to be placed on the last syllable of them all [The following " Conclusion" is found at the end of the Fourth Edition of Walker's Dictionary.] CONCLUSION. Thus, after many years of labour and anxious observation, a great part of which has been bestowed on this Dictionary, I have given many additional corrections and improvements to a fourth edition of it. The favourable reception it has met with from the Publick demands my warmest acknowledgements, but at the same time makes me regret the diminished value of the former editions, from the various corrections and improvements in this ; but the judicious and candid observer will acknowledge, that a work comprehending such an infinite number of nice distinctions, and minute par- ticulars, which (as Dr. Lowth observes) often escape observation when they arc most obvious, would naturally admit of several corrections and amendments in future editions. I have dissembled no difficulty ; I have stifled no objection ; and have sometimes chosen to risk the appearance of uncertainty and indecision, to those who are easily imposed upon by confidence and self-sufficiency, rather than hazard the opinion of the judicious few, by deciding without adequate reasons : and this edition, the result of much fatigue and anxiety, has, I flatter myself, fewer faults than any similar work of the same delicacy, extent, and complexity. With thank- fulness, therefore, to God, who has supported me through the whole of it, I once more consign it tc the candid and discerning Publick. TODD'S JOHNSONS DICTIONARY, AS ABRIDGED BY CHALMERS, AND % WALKER'S CRITICAL PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY, UNITED. The figures refer to tlie numbers in the Principles of Pronunciation prefixed to this Dictionary, whert the different sounds of tlie letters are explained at large. Thus 73 refers to tlie first sound oftlie letter A 3 93 to the first sound of the letter E ; and so of tlie rest. Tlie figures over tlie letters refer to tlie vowels in the words at tlie top of the page ; and the index [Lf before these words refers to tlie Table of Simple and Diphthongal Sounds, wliere tlie different sounds of the vowels are exhibited at one view. Thus \^y 559 refers to tlie Table in page 50. 03=559.— Fate 73, Tar 77, fall 83, fat 81 j— me 93, met 95;— pine 105, pin, 107;— no 162, move 164, ndr 167, not 163;— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173;— o?l 299;— p&find 313;— thm 466, mis 469. 4 HAS, in the English language, regularly only jL two sounds peculiar to itself, a short and a long one ; all other sounds being irregular ; and those of a are various, according to its combina- tior with other letters. The broad sound, resem- bling that of the German a, is found in many of our monosyllables, as all, wall, malt, salt ; in which a is pronounced as au in cause, or aw in law. A open, not unlike the a of the Italians, is Lund, Dr. Johnson says, in father, rather, and more obscurely 111 fancy, fast, &,c. This pronunciation is indeed found in rath, but not in its derivative rather, the a of which is usually uttered as infancy. A slender, or close, is the peculiar a of the English language, resembling the sound of the French e masculine, or diphthong ai in pais, or perhaps a middle sound between them, or between the a and e; to this the Arabick a is said nearly to approach ; as in the words place, face, waste, and all those that termi- nate in ation ; as, relation, nation, generation. A is also, in some words, transient and unobserved, as in the last syllables of carriage and marriage ; in others less faintly sounded, as in those of cap- tain and chaplain ; and in some obscurely uttered, as in collar, jocular. A, an article set before nouns of the singular number ; a man, a tree. Before words beginning with a vowel and h mute, it is written an ; as, an ox, an f;gg, an honour, an habitual practice. A is sometimes a noun; as, a great A. A is placed before a participle, or participial noun ; and is considered as a contraction ofat; as, I am a walking. It also seems to be anciently contract- ed from at, when placed before local surnames ; as Thomas a Becket. In other cases it seems to signify to; and in some cases it signifies in. A, prefixed to many, or few, implies one whole num- ber ; as, Told 01 a many thousand warlike French. SJiaks. A has a peculiar signification, denoting the proportion of one thing to another ; as, The landlord hath a hundred a year. In burlesque poetry, it lengthens out a syllable, without adding to the sense ; as, line-3, rhyming to China. Dryden. A is sometimes corruptly put for fie ; as, will a come? for will lie come? It is also a barbarous corruption for have. A, in composition, seems to have sometimes the power of the French a in these phrases, a droit, a, gauclie, &c. and sometimes to be contracted from at, Dr. Johnson says 3 as, aside, aslope, afoot, asleep, athirst, aware. Yet some of these are not so contracted. They are the same as on side, on foot, on sleep. So adays was formerly written on days ; aboard, on board There are words of which the a is become so com- ponent a part as not to be displaced ; as, afresh, alive, aloud, anew ; but it is redundant in arise, arouse, awake. A, in abbreviations, stands for artium, or arts ; as, A. B. bachelor of arts, arti- um baccalaureus ; A. M. master of arts, artium niagister : or anno ; as, A. D. anno domini. A, with the addition of the two Latin words per se, meaning by itself, is used by our elder writers to denote a nonesuch. It may have been adopted from the custom of the child's school, in which every letter, we may presume, was taught to be expressed per se. $5= A. 73. The change of the letter a into an before a vowel or mute h for the sake of sound, seems to deserve more attention than has generally been given to it by any of our grammarians, and will therefore be consider- ed under the article An ; which see. Of the Alphabetical Pronunciation of the Letter A. So many profound and ingenious observations have been made upon this first step to literature, that volumes might be filled with the erudition that has been lavish- ed on this letter alone. The priority of place it claims, in all alphabets, has made it so much the object of at- tention, that philologists suppose the foundation of learning but weakly laid till the natural and civil his tory of the first letter be fully settled. Bat, however deep have Deen their researches into the origin of this letter, we find no author in our language has hitherto attempted to settle the disputes that have arisen between the natives of England, Ireland, and Scotland, about the true sound of it, when called by its name. Instead, therefore, of tracing this character through the circles of Gomer, the Egyptian Hiero- glyphicks, the mysterious Abraxas, or the Irish Ogum,I shall endeavour to obviate a difficulty that frequently arises when it is pronounced in the Hornbook : or, in other words, to inquire what is the true name of the first letter of the English alphabet — whether we are to say Aye, B, C ; Ah, B, C; or Aw, B, C. And first, it will be necessary to consider the nature of a vowel ; which grammarians are generally agreed in de- fining to be " a simple articulate sound, formed by the impulse of the voice by the opening only of the mouth in a particular manner." Now, as every vowel by it- self is sounded long, as nothing but its junction with a Do ABA \W 559.— Fate, fir, fill, fat;— me, met j— pine, pin ;— consonant can make it otherwise, it is natural, when pronouncing this vowel alone, to give it tho long open sound ; but as this long open sound is threefold, us heard in face, father, and water, a question arises, which of these King sounds shall we adopt a* a common name to the whole species of tlfts letter? The English make choice of the a in face, the Irish of that in father, and the Scotch of that in water. Each party produces words where the letter a is sounded in the manner they contend for; but when we demand why one should have the preference, the controversy is commonly at an end ; any farther reasons are either too remote or too insignificant to be produced: and indeed, it a diversity ' of names to vowels did not confound us in our spelling, or declaring to each other the component letters of a word, it would be entirely needless to en*er into so trifling a question as the mere name of a letter ; but when wc find ourselves unable to convey signs to each other on account of this diversity of names, and that words themselves are endangered by an improper ut- terance of their component parts, it seems highly in- cumbent on us to attempt a uniformity in this point, which, insignificant as it may seem, is undoubtedly the foundation of a just and rf-gular pronunciation. The first rule for naming a letter, when pronounced alone, seems to be this : Whatever sound we give to a leUer when terminating a syllable, the same sound ought to be given to it when" pronounced alone ; because, in both cases, they have their primary, simple sound, un- influenced by a succeeding vowel or consonant ; and therefore, when we pronounce a letter alone, it ought to have such a sound as does not suppose the existence of any other letter. But wherever a terminates a sylla- ble with the accent upon it, (the only state in which it can be said to be pure,) it has always the English sound of that letter. The only exceptions to this rule are, the words fa-ther, master, and wa-ter ; and that these are merely exceptions, appears from the uniformity with which the a is pronounced otherwise in parent, papal, taper, fatal, &c. The other vowels have their names exactly similar to the sound they have in a similar situ- ation, as the e like that in me-grim, the i like the i in ti-tle ; the o as the o in no-ble, and the u like the u in tu-tor. Thus, as it appears from the general analogy of pronunciation, that the sound of the a, which the English adopt, is the only one that does not necessarily suppose the existence of any other sound, it inevitably follows, that theirs only is the proper appellation of that letter. But there i3 another analogy by which we may determine the true sound of the vowels when pronounced singly; and that is, the sound they have when preserved long and open by the finale. Thus we call the letter e by the sound it has in theme, the letter i as it sounds in time, the letter o as heard in tone, and the u as in tune ; and why the letter a should not be pronounced as heard in face, cannot be conceived ; as each of the other vow- els has, like a, a variety of other sounds, as they are united with letters which, in some measure, alter their quality. In consequence of entertaining a different idea of the a, when pronounced in the alphabet, we see the natives of Ireland very prone to a different pronunciation of the words where this letter occurs; and, indeed, it is quite consistent with their doctrine of the sound of a, that the words parent, papal, taper, and fatal, should be pro- nounced pah-rent, pah-pal, tah-pcr, and fah-tal. We find the Scotch likewise inclinable to the same pronun- ciation of a when in icords, as when alone. Thus we hear Sawtan for Satan, sawcred for sacred, and law-ity for laity ; and this is perfectly consistent with the manner in which they pronounce the letter a, when alone: there is no medium. If this be not the true pro- nunciation of these words, the a is certainly to be sound- ed as the English do : for, whenever the English give the Italian sound, as it may be called, to the a, except in this "vo-ds father and master, it is always in conse- quence ;F I:; junction with some consonant, which de- termines it to that sound ; as in monosyllables termi- nating in r, as bar, car, far ; but where it is not affect- ed by a succeeding consonant, as in the words parent, ■papal, natal, fatal, we then hear it pronounced as the slender English a, both in and out of composition. It will, perhaps, be objected, that the most frequent short sound of a, as heard in cat, rat, mat, carry, marry, ■parry, is the short sound of the Italian a in father, car, mar, par, and not the short, sound of the a in care, ■mare, and pare: but it may be answered, that this want of correspondence between the name of the letter. and the most frequent short sound, is common to the rest of the vowels : for tha o, as heard in cot, not, rot, is not the short sound of the o in coat, note, wrote, hut of the a in water, or of the diphthongs in caught. nautrht, and wrought ,• and if we ought to call the a, ah, Because its short sound corresponds to ah, for the very same reason we ought to call the o, au ; and a sim- ilar alteration must take place with the rest of the vowels. As therefore, from the variety of sounds the vowels have, it is impossible to avoid the inconvenience of sometimes sounding the letter one way in a syllable, and another way in a word, we must either adopt the simple long sound when we would pronounce the letter alone, or invent new names for every different suund iu a different word, in order to obviate the difficulty. It most not be dissembled, however, that the sound of a, when terminating a syllable not under the accent, seeni3 more inclined to the Irish than the English a, and that the ear is less disgusted ^vith the sound of Ah-mer-i-cah than of A-mer-i-cay : but to this it may be answered, that letters not under the accent, in a thousand instances deviate from their true sound : that the vowel a, like several other vowels in a final sylla- ble not accented, has an obscure sound, bordering on u , but if the a, in this situation, were pronounced ever so distinctly, and that this pronunciation were clearly the a in father, it would be nothing to the purpose : when the a is pronounced alone, it may be said not only to be a letter, but a distinct character, and a noun substan- tive ; and, as such, has the same force as the letters in an accented syllable. The letter a, therefore, as the first character in the alphabet, may always be said to have the accent, and ought to have the same long, open sound, as is given to that letter when accented i:; a syl- lable, and not influenced in its sound by any preceding or succeeding consonant. We may therefore conclude, that if all vowels, when pro- nounced alone, are accented and long, if spelling be the pronunciation of letters alone, (as it would be absurd to suppose ourselves acquainted with the different conso- nants that determine the sound of the vowels before they are pronounced,) it follows, that in spelling, or re- peating the component parts of a word, we ought to give those parts their simple and uncombined sound, but there is no uncombined sound of the vowel a, ex- cept the slender sound contended for, unless in the words father and master ; and therefore, whon we re- peat letters singly, in order to declare the sound of a word, we must undoubtedly give the first letter of the alphabet the sound we ever give it in the first syllablo of the numerous class la-dy, pa-gan, ma-son, ba-sin, &c. Thus, after placing every objection in its strongest light, and deducing our arguments from the simplest and clearest principles, this important question seems at last decided in favour of the English ; who, indepen- dent of the arguments in their favour, may be presumed to have a natural right to determine the name of the letter in question, though it has been so often litigated by their formidable and learned, though junior, rela- tions. For though, in some cases, the natives of Ire- land and Scotland adhere rather more closely to analogy than the English themselves, yet in this we find the English pronounce perfectly agreeable to rule; and that the slender pronunciation of the letter a, as they pronounce it in the alphabet, is no more than giving it that simple sound it ever has, when unconnected with vowels or consonants that alter its power. IV. AARO'NICAL*, a-ron'-e-kal. a. That which re- lates to the priesthood of Aaron. AB§,ab, at the beginning - of the names of places, generally shows that they have some relation to au abhey ; as, Abingdon. Gibson. A'BACIST*. ab'-a-sist. n. s. [abaxnsta, Lat.] He who casts accounts ; a calculator. See Abacus. ABA'CK, a-bak/. ad. Backwards. Ob. J. Spen- ser. A sea term. Backward with the sails flatted against the mast. Did. ABA'CK*, 4-bak'. n. s. [abacus, Lat.] A plinth. or flat square stone, on trie capital of a pillar, or simply a square surface. Coronation Pageant. A'BACOT*, ab'-a-kot. n. s. The cap of state, used in old times by our English kings, wrought up in the figure of two crowns. Ob. T. ABA 1 C TOR, a-bak'-tor. n. s. [Lat.] One who drives away or steals cattle in herds, or great num- bers at once, in distinction from those that steal only a sheep or two. A'BACUS, ab'-a-kus. n. s. [Lat.] A counting- table, anciently used in calculations. The upper- most member of a column. Diet. ABA'FT, a-bafi/. 545. ad. [abapcan, Sax. behind] From the fore-part of the ship, towards the stern. Diet. 54 ABA ABD — no, move, n5r, nftt ; — tube, tub, bull 5 — 6(1 ; — pound ; — thin, this. ABAI'SANCE, a-ba'-sanse. n.s. [abaisser, Fr.] An act of reverence, a bow To ABA'LIENATE$.ab-ale'-yen-ate. v.a. [abalie- no, Lai.] In civil law, to make that another's which was our own before. To estrange ; to withdraw the affection. Abp. Sandys. ABALlENA'TlON,ab-ale-yen-a'-shun.n.s. In law, the act of giving up one's right to another person. Diet. To ABA'ND, a-band'. v. a. To forsake. Spenser. Ob. J. To ABA'NDON$, a-ban'-d&n. 166. v.a. [ahandon- ner, Fr.] To give up, resign, or quit. Gower. To desert ; to forsake 5 in an ill sense. Sid?tey. To forsake; to leave. Spenser. To drive away; to banish. Sliak. To ABA'NDON OVER, a-ban'-dun-6-vfir. v.a. A form of writing not usuai 5 to give up to, to resign. Dryden. ABANDON* a-ban'-dun. n. s. A forsaker ; he who has abandoned or left a thing. Sir E. Sandys. A relinquishment. Ld. Karnes. ABANDONED, a-ban'-dund. 362. participial a. Corrupted in the highest degree 5 as, an abandoned ■wretch. Nelson. ABA'NDONER*, a-ban'-dun-ur. n. s. A forsaker. Beaum. and Fl. ABANDONING, a-ban'-dfin-Ing. n.s. A leaving or forsaking. Clarendon. ABANDONMENT, a-ban'-dfin-ment. n. s. The act of abandoning. Coto-rave. ABANNI'TION, a-ban-n?sh'-un. n. s. [abannitio, Lat.] A banishment for one or two years for man- slaughter. Did. Ob. J. To ABA'RE§, a-bare/. v.a. [abajiian, Sax.] To make bare, uncover, or disclose. Diet. ABARTICULA'TION, ab-ar-t?k-u-la'-shun. 290. n.s. [ab, from, and articuhis, a joint, Lat.] That Species of articulation that has manifest motion. )ict. ToABA'SE§, a-base'. v.a. [abaisser, Fr.] To de- press; to lower. Bacon. To cast down; to de- press; to bring low. Sidney. ABA'S LD, a-baste'. a. A term in heraldry, used of the wings of eagles, when the top looks downwards to- wards the point of the shield ; or when the wings are shut. Chambers. ABATEMENT, a-base'-ment. re. s. The state of be- ing brought low ; the act of bringing low ; depres- sion. Ecclesiasticus. To ABA'SH §, a-bash'. w. a. [abaisser, Fr.] To put into confusion ; to make ashamed. It generally implies a sudden impression of shame. Milton. The passive admits the particle at, sometimes of, before the causal noun. Ecclesiasticus. ABA'SHMENT*, a-bash'-ment. n. s. The state of being ashamed. Skelton. Cause of confusion. Ellis. ' To ABATE § ; a-bate'. 545. v. a. [abbatre. Fr.] Tc lessen ; to diminish. Sir John Davies. To deject or depress the mind. Spenser. To let clown the I price in selling ; sometimes to beat down the price in buying-. Sir G. Paul. To ABA'TE, a-bate'. v. n. To grow less ; as_, his passion abates ; the storm abates ; used sometimes j with the particle of, oefore the thing lessened. I Dryden. In common law, it is used both actively and neuterly; as, to 'bate a castle, to beat it down. To abate a writ, is, by some exception, to defeat 01 overthrow it. Cowel. In horsemanship, a horse is said to abate or take down his curvets ; when working upon curvets, he puts his two hind- legs to the ground both at once, and observes the same exactness in all the times. Diet. ABATEMENT, a-bate'-menUre. s. The act of abat- ing or lessening. Swift. The state of being abated. Arbuthnot. The sum or quantity taken away by the act of abating. Fell. The cause of abating; extenuation. Atterbury. In law, the act of the abator; or the affection or passion of the thing abated ; as, abatement of the writ. Cowel. An accidental mark, which being added to a coat of arms, the dignity of it is abased. Dr. Spenser. The yarn on a weaver's warp. I ABA'TER, a-ha'-tfir. 98. n. s. The agent or cause by which an abatement is procured. More. I ABA T1S*, [Fr.] A military term. It means trees cut down, and so laid as to term a defence for troops stationed behind them. ABA'TOR, a-ba'-tur. n. s. One who intrudes into houses or land, not entered upon by the legal heir. Did. A'BATUDE, ab'-a-tude. n. s. Any thing diminish- ed. Baileij. A'BATURE, ab'-a-tshure. n. s. [abatre, Fr.] Sprigs of grass thrown down by a stag m his passing by. Did. ABB, ab. n. s. Chambers. A'BBA, ib'-bi, n.s. [2H, Heb.] A Syriack word which signifies father. Romans. A BBAC1 , ab'-ba-se. 542. n. s. The rights or priv- ileges of an abbot. Ayliffe. ABBA'TIAL*, ab-ba'-shal. a. Relating to an ab- bey. Sir F. Eden. A'BBESS, ab'-bess. n. s. [ahbatissa, Lat.] The supe- riour or governess of a nunnery or monastery of women. Shale. A'BBEY, or A'BBY, ab'-be. 270. n.s. [abbatia, Lat.] A monastery of religious persons, whether men or women, distinguished from religious houses of other denominations by larger privileges. Shale. A'BBEY-LUBBER, ab'-be-lfib-bur. n. s. A sloth- ful loiterer in a religious house, under pretence of retirement and austerity. Dryden. A'BBOT, ab'-bfit. 166. n.s. [abbas, lower Lat.] The chief of a convent, or fellowship of canons. Cowel. A'BBOTSHIP, ab'-but-shlp. n. s. The state of an abbot. Diet. To ABBREVIATE §,ab-bre'-ve-ate. 505. v. a. [ab- breviare, Lat.] To shorten by contraction of parts without loss of the main substance ; to abridge. Bacon. To shorten ; to cut short. Brown. ABBREVIATE*, ab-bre'-ve-ate. n.s. An abridge- ment. Sir T. Elyot. ABBREVIATION, ab-bre-ve-a'-shun. n. s. The act of abbreviating. Smith. The means used to abbreviate, as characters signifying whole words; words contracted. Swift. ABBREVIA'TOR, ab-bre-ve-a'-tur. 521. n.s. One who abbreviates or abridges. West. ABBRE YIATORY*, ab-bre'-ve-a-tur-re. a. That which abbreviates or shortens. ABBRE'VTATURE, ab-bre'-ve-a-tshure. 461. re. s. A mark used for the sake of shortening. Brown. A compendium or abridgement. Bp. Taylor. ABBREUVOI'R, ab-bruh-vwar. [Fr.] A wates- ing - -place ; among masons, the joint or juncture of two stones, or the interstice between two stones to be filled up with mortar. Did. ABBY. SeeAEBEY. A, B, C, aye-be-se. The alphabet. Shale. The lit- tle book by which the elements of reading are taught. Shale. A'BDICANT* ab'-de-kant. pad. a. Abdicating, renouncing ; with of. Wliitlock. roA'BDICATE^ab'-de-kate. 503. v.a. [abdico, Lat.] To give up right ; to resign, to lay down an Hall. 1 o deprive of right. Burton. office. To A'BDICATE*, ab'-de-kate. 'v. n. To resign, to give up right. Swift. ABDICATION, ab-de-ka'-shun. re. s. The act of abdicating ; resignation. Swift. The act of re- nouncing any thing. L. Addison. Deprivation j rejection. Hammond. A'BblCATrVE,ab'-de-ka-tiv. 512. a. Causing or implying an abdication. Did. §Cr Dr. Johnson places the accent on the first syllable of this word, and Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Perry on the second. The former is, in my opinion, the most cor- rect. W. A'BDITD7E,ab'-de-tlv. a. [abdo,hal. to hide.] That which has the power or quality of hiding. Did. A'BDITORY*, ab'-de-tur-re. n. s. [abdUorium, low Lat.] A place to hide and preserve goods in. CoweL ABDO'MENS. ab-d6'-men. 503. 521. re. *. Thai 55 ABI ABL O* 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat ;— me, met ;— pine, p?n ;- cavity commonly called the lower venter or belly, containing- the stomach, guts, liver, &-C. Qumcy. ABDO'MINAL, ab-ddm'-me-nal. ) a. Relating to ABDO'MINOUS, ab-dom'-me-nus. \ the abdomen. To ABDU'CFA, ab-duse'. v. a. [abduco, Lat.] To draw to a different part} to withdraw one part from another. Brown. ABDU'CENT, ab-diV-sent. a. Those muscles which serve to open or pull back divers parts of the body. Diet. ABDU'CTION, ab-d6k'-shan.«. s. The act of draw- ing apart, or withdrawing one part from another. Smith. A particular form of argument. Taking away, or leading away. Blackslone. ABDU'CTOR^b-dfik'-tor.lGG.n.s. [Lat.] Mus- cles which serve to draw back the several mem- bers. Arlmthnot. To ABE'AR£*,a-bare'. [aba-pan, Sax.] To bear ; to behave ; to demean. Spcnse}'. ABE' ARANCE*, a-bare'-anse. n. s. Behaviour, a technical term. Blackstone. ABECEDARIAN, a-be-se-da'-re-an. n.s. A teach- er of the alphabet, or first rudiments of literature. Cockeram. ABECEDARY, a'-be-se-deY-e. a. Belonging to the alphabet. Inscribed with the alphabet. Brown. ABE D, a-bed'. ad. In bed. Sidney. To bed. A vulgarism. Beaum. and. Fl. ABE RRANCE §, ab-er'-ranse. ) n. s. [aberro, Lat.] ABE'RRANCY^ab-er'-ran-se. ) A deviation from the right wav ; anerrour; a mistake. Brown. ABE'RRANT, ab-er'-rant. a. Deviating from the right way. Diet. ABERRATION, ab-er-ra'-shun. n.s. Deviating from the common or right track. Glanville. ABE'RRING, ab-eV-ring. 410. part. Wandering, going astray. Sir T. Brown. ToABERU'NCATE^b-e-rQn'-kate. 91. v. a. [ave- runco, Lat.] To pull up by the roots ; to extir- pate utterly. Diet. To ABE'T§, a-bet'. v. a. [befcan, Sax.] To push for- ward another; to support him in his designs by connivance, encouragement, or help. Cowel, ABE'T*, a-beV. n. s. The act of abetting or assis Cliaucer. Ob. T. ABE'TMENT, a-bet'-ment. n ting. Wotton. ABE'TTER, or ABE'TTOR, a-bet'-tur. 418. n. s. He that abets 5 the supporter or encourager of an- other. Government of the Tongue. ABEY'ANCE§, a-ba'-anse. n.s. The right of fee- simple lieth in abeyance, when it is all only in the remembrance, intendment, and consideration of the law. Blackstone. To AGGREGATE §*, ab'-gre-gate. [abgrego, Lat.] To lead out of the flock. Diet. ABGREGA'TION, ab-gre-ga'-shun. n.s. A sepa- ration from the flock. Diet. To ABHO'R^, ab-h6r'. 1G8. v. a. [ahhorreo, Lat.] To hate with acrimony; to detest to extremity; to loathe ; to abominate. Shale. To disdain ; to neg- lect. Psalm xxii. With from. A Latinism. Bp. Taylor, ABHORRENCE, ab-hor'-rense. ) n. s. The act of ABHO'RRENC Y, ab-hdr'-rcn-se. $ abhorring ; de- testation. South. The disposition to abhor; hatred. D?caij of Piety. With from. Barrow. ABHO'RRENT, ab-hfir'-rent. 168. a. Struck with abhorrence ; loathing. Thomson. Conn ary to ; for- eign; inconsistent with. It is used with the par- ticles fro) Glanville. assisting. The act of abet- ticles from or to, but more properly with from fro ABHORRENTLY*, ab-hSr'-rent-le, ad. In an ab- horrent manner. ABHO'RRER, ab-hcV-rur. 168. n. s. A hater, de- lester. Donne. ABHORRING, ab-hSr'-rmg. n.s. The object or feeling of abhorrence. Donne. To ABI'DE§, a-blde'. v. n. [abiban, Sax.] To stay in a place. Gen. xliv. To dwell. Sliak. To remain ; not to cease or fail. Psalm exxv. To con tinuc in the same state. Prov. xix. To endure without offence. Bp. Hall. To ABFDE, a-blde'. v. a. To wait for, expect, at- tend. Sjienser. To bear or support the conse- quences. Milton. To bear or support, without being destroyed. Woodward. To bear without aversion. Sidney. To bear or suffer. Pope. ABI'DER. a-bl'-d&r. 98. n.s. He that abides in a place. Sidney. ABIDING, a-bl'-cting. 410. n. s. Continuance; stay. RoJeigh. Formerly it signified remaining behind. Barret. A'BJECT$, ab'-jekt. 492. a. Mean; worthless; spoken of persons, or their qualities. Shah. Lan- guage, mean or low. Bp. ]\ewcome. Being of no hope or regard. Milton. Mean and despicable. Dryden. A'BJECT, ab'-jekt. n. s. A man without hope; one of the lowest condition. Psalm xxxv. To ABJE'CT, ab-jekt'. 492. v a. [cd'jicio, Lat.] To throw or cast away. Sir T. Elyot. To throw or cast down. Spenser. ABJE'CTEDNESS, ab-jekt'-gd-ness. n. 5. The state of an abject. Boyle. ABJE'OTlON^b-jek'-shun. n.s. Meanness of mind; want of spirit. Hooker. The state of being cast away, or lost. Bale. The state of being cast down. Bp. Taylor. The act of humbling; humiliation. Mede. A'BJECTLY, ab'-jekt-le. 452. ad. Meanly, basely. Tit. Andron. ABJECTNESS, atZ-jekt-ness. n.s. Abjection; meanness. Government of the Tongue. ABFLIMENT*, a-bil'-c-ment. n. s. See Habil- iment. It is also used for ability. Fo^d. ABFLIT Y, a-bll'-e-te. 482. n. s. [Imhilite, FrJ The power to do any thing. Sidney. Capacity of mind ; mental power. Dan. i. With the plural number, abilities, it frequently signifies the faculties of the mind. Swift. ABINTESTATE, ab-ln-tes'-tate. a. [ab, from, and intestatus, Lat.] He that inherits from a man who did not make a will. ABJUDICATED ^ab-ju'-de-ka-ted.part.a. Given by judgement from one to another. Diet. ABJUDICATION*, ab-ju-de-ka' -shun, n.s. Re- jection. ^oAB'JUGATE^ab'-ju-gate. v. a. [abjugo, Lat.] To unyoke. Diet. ABJURA'TION, ab-ju-ra'-shun. n.s. The act of abjuring; the oath taken for that end. Ayliffe. To ABJU'RE §, ab-jiW. v. a. [abjuro, Lat.] To cast off upon oath, to swear not to do, or not to have, something. Shak. To retract, recant, or abnegate a position upon oath. ShaJc. To banish. From the custom of abjuring the realm by felons who had taken sanctuary. Sadler. To ABJU'RE*, ab-jure'. v. n. To abjure the realm. Burnet. ABJU'REMENT*, ab-jure'-ment. n. s. Renuncia- tion. J. Hall. ABJU'RER*, ab-ju'-rur. n. s. He who abjures. To ABLA'CTAT E §, ab-lak'-tate. 91. v. a. \abh Lat.] To wean from the breast [ablacto, ABLACTA'TION^ab-lak-ta'-shun. n.s. One of the methods of grafting. ABLAQUEA'TION, ab-la-kwe-a'-shfin. 534. n.s. [ablaqueatio, Lat.] The act or practice of opening the ground about the roots of trees. Evelyn. ABLA'TlON§, ab-la'-shun. n.s. {ablatio, Lat.] The act of taking away. A'BLATIVE, ab'-la-tfv. 158. a. That which takes away. The sixth case of the Latin nouns. A'BLE$, a'-bl. 405. a. [abal, Sax. strength.] Hav- ing strong faculties, or great strength ; power of mind. Baeon. Having power sufficient; enabled. South. Prov. xxvii. Fit, proper. Cliaucer. To A'BLE, a'-bl. v. a. To enable, or uphold. B. Jonson. ABLE-BO'DIED, a-bl-b&d'-dld. 99. a. Strong of body. Addison. 56 ABO ABO — n6, mdve, nor, n6t;— tibe, tub, bull ;— 611 ;— p6und ;— thin, this. To A'BLEGATE §, abMe-gate. v. a. [ablego, Lat.] j To send abroad upon some employment. Diet. ABLEGA'TION, ab-le-ga'-shun. n.s. The act of sending abroad. Diet. ALLENESS, a/-bl-nes. n. s. Ability of body or mind, vigour, force. Sidney. Capability. Sheldon. ALLEPS^ab'-lep-se. 482. n.s. ['A/3A^ a , Gr.] Want of sight; blindness; unadvisedness. Did. ABL1G URPTION, ab-le-gu-rish'-un. n. s. [ahliguri- tio, Lat.] Prodigal expense on meat and drink. Diet. To ALLIGATE,ab'-le-gate. v. a. [abligo, Lat.] To tie up from. Diet. To ALLOCATES, ab'-lo-kate. v. a. [oMoco, Lat.] To let out to hire. Calvin. ALLOCATION, ab'-l6-ka-shfin. n. s. A letting out to hire. To ABLU'DE, ab-lade'. v. n. [abludo, Lat.] To be unlike; to differ. Bp. Hall. ALLUENT, abMu-Snt. a. [abluens, Lat. from ab- luo.] That which washes clean. That which has the power of cleansing. Diet. ABLU'TION, ab-lu'-shun. n. s. The act of cleansing, or washing clean. Bp. Taijlor. The water used in washing. Pope. The rinsing of chymical prep- arations in water. The cup given, without conse- cration, to the laity in the popish churches. ALLY*, a'-ble. ad. With ability. To ALNEGATE §, ab'-ne-gate. 91. v. a. Lat.] To deny. De Lolme. ABNEGA'TION, ab-ne-ga'-shun. ft. s. Denial, re- nunciation. Hammond. ALNEGATOR* ab'-ne-ga-tur. n. s. One who de- nies, renounces, or opposes any thing. Sir E. San- di/s. ABNODA'TION, ab-no-da'-shun. n.s. [abnodatio, Lat.] The act of cutting away knots from trees. Diet. ABNOLMITY3, ab-nor'-me-te. n. s. [abnormitas, i. e. enormitas, barb. Lat.] Irregularity ; deformity. Diet. ABNOLMOUS, ab-nSr'-mus. a. Irregular; missha- pen. Diet. ABO'ARD, a-bord'. 295. ad. [a bord, Fr.] In a ship. Spenser. Into a ship. Addison. ABO'ARD* a-bord'. prep. On board ; in ; with. Beoum. and Fl. ABO'DANCE*, a-bo'-danse. An omen. Dr. Jackson. ABQLE, a-bide'. n. s. [bode or bod, Teut. a house.] Habitation; dwelling; place of residence. 2 Kings. Stay; continuance in a place. Sliak. To make abode. To dwell, to reside, to inhabit. Dryden. Stop; delay. Spenser. To ABO'DE§, a-bode'. v. a. [See Bode.] To fore- token or foreshow ; to be a prognostick. Shak. To ABOLE*, a-b6de / . v.n. To be an omen. Decay of Christ. Piety. ABOLEMENT, a-b6de'-ment. n. s. A secret an- ticipation of something future. SJialc. ABO'DIiNG*, a-b6'-dfng. n.s. Presentiment ; prog- nostication. Bp. Bull. ABOLE'TE*, ab-6-lete'. a. [abolitus, Lat.] Old; out of use. Diet. To ABOLISH §, a-b&l'-Hsh. v. a. [aboleo, Lat.] To annul; to make void. Applied to laws or institu- tions. Hooker. To put an end to ; to destroy. Sir John Hay ward. ABtmSHABLE, a-bol'-Osh-a-bl. a. That which may be abolished. Cotgrave. ABO'LISHER, a-b&l'-llsh-ur. 91. n.s. He that abol- ishes. ABOLISHMENT, a-b&lMlsh-ment. n. s. The act of abolishing. Hooker. ABOLITION, ab-i-li'sh'-un. 544. n. s. The act of abolishi ng. Cranmer . ABO'MINABLE, a-bom'-e-na-bl. a. [ahomirwhilis , Lat.] Hateful, detestable; to be loathed. Milton. Unclean. Leviticus, vii. In low and ludicrous lan- guage, it is a word of loose and indeterminate cen- sure. Shak. ABO'MINABLENESS, a-b&m'-e-na-bl-nes. 501. ». s. Hatefulness ; odiousness. Bentley. ABO'MINABLY, a-b&m'-e-na-ble. ad. Excessive ly; extremely; exceedingly; in an ill sense. Bp. Hall. To ABO'MINATE$, a-bom'-e-nate. v. a. To abhor, detest, hate utterly. Southern. ABOMINA'TION, a-bom-e-na'-shun. n.s. Hatred; detestation. Swift. The object of hatred. Genesis Pollution; defilement. Rev. xxi. Wickedness; hateful or shameful vice. Shak. The cause of pollution. 2 Kings, xxiii. ABO'RDy*, a-b6rd'. n.s. [abord, Fr.] Address; sal- utation ; approach. Sir, K. Digby. To ABOLD*, a-bord'. v. a. To approach ; to come near to. Tr. of Soliman and Perseda. ABORFGINAL*, ab-o-ridje'-e-nal. a. Primitive j pristine. Swinburne. ABORIGINES, ab-6-rldje'-e-nez. n. s. [Lat.] The earliest inhabitants of a country; those of whom no original is to be traced : as the Welsh in Britain. Selden. ABOLSEMENT*, a-b5rse'-ment. n. s. Abortion. Bp. Hall. To ABOLT§, a-b5rt'. v.n. [aborto, Lat.] To bring- forth before the time ; to miscarry. Ld. Herbert. ABOLT*, a-bort'. n. s. An abortion. Burton. ABOLTION, a-bdr'-shan. n. s. The act of bring- ing forth untimely. Sundys. The produce of an untimely birth. Arhnthnot. ABO'RTtVE. a-bor'tly. 157. n. s. That which is born before the due time. Shak. ABOLTIVE, a-bcV-uV. a. That which is brought forth before the due time of birth. Sluik. Figura- tively, that which fails for want of time. Shak. That which brings forth nothing. Milton. That which fails or miscarries, from whatever cause. South. ABORTIVELY, a-bor'-tlv-le. ad. Born without the due time; immaturelv; untimely. Young. ABOLT1VENESS, a-b6rMiv-nes. n. s. The state of abortion. ABOLTMENT, a-bdrt'-ment. n.s. An untimely birth. Bacon. ABO'VE§, a-bQv'. 165. prep, [on upa, abupe, abupan, Sax. ] To a higher place; in a higher place. Dryden. More in quantity or number Exodus. In or to a superiour degree. Psalm cxiii. In a state of being superiour to; unattaina- ble by. Swift. Beyond; more than. 2 Cor. i. Too proud for; too higii for. Pope. ABO'VE, a-bflv'. ad. Over-head ; in a higher place. Bacon. In the regions of heaven. Pope. Before. Dryden. Chief in rank or power. Dent, xxviii. ABOVE AIL, a-buv-alK. Li the first place ; chief- ly. Dryden. ABOVE-BOARD, a-bfiv'-b6rd. In open sight ; with- out artifice or trick. U Estrange. Without disguise or concealment. South. ABOVE-CITED, a-buv'-sl-ted. Cited before. Addi- son. ABOVE-GROUND, a-biV-gr5&nd. Usedto sig- nifv alive ; not in the grave. Beaum. and Fl. ABOVE-MENTIONED, a-buv'-men-shund. See Above-cited. Addison. To ABOLND§, a-bofind 7 . 545. v. n. [abundo, Lat.] To have in great plenty. Shak. To be in great plenty. Matthew. ABOUNDING*, a-bSund'-mg. n. s. Increase. South. ABQ'\JT§, a-bS&t'. 545. prep, [abutan, or abneon, Sax.] Round, surrounding, encircling. Proverbs. Near to. Exodus. Concerning, with regard to, relating to. Hooker. In a state of being engaged in, or employed upon. Bp. Taylor. Appendant to the person, "as clothes. Miltan. Relating to the person, as a servant. Sidney. Relating to person, as an act or office. Shak. ABO'UT^a-bSih/. ad. Circularly, in around. Shak. In circuit, in compass. Shak. Nearly. Bacon. Here and there; every way. Spenser. With to before a verb; as, about to fly, upon the point. Waller. Round; the longest way, in opposition to the short straight way. Bacon. To bring about ; to bring to the point desired. Spectator. To come about ; to come to some certain state or point. 1 57 ABS ABS O* 559.— File, far. fall, fat ;— me met :— pjne, pin J- &rwt. i. To go about ; to prepare to do it. Jo/t?*, vii. ABP. for Archbishop; which see. ABRACADA' till A, ab-ra-ka-dab'-ra. A supersti- tious charm against agues. Aubrey. To ABRA'DEj, a-brade'. v. a. [ubrado, Lat.] To rub off; to waste by degrees. Hale. To ABRA'ID §*, a-brade'. v. a. [abjiseban, Sax.] To rouse ; to awake. Ob. T. ABRA'SION.a-bra'-zhun. n.s. The act of abrading or rubbing off. In medicine : the wearing away of the natural mucus of certain membranes. Quin- cij. The matter worn oft' by the attrition of bodies. Bp. Berkeley. ABRE'AST, a-brest'. 545. ad. Side by side. Shak. ABRENUNCIA'TION* ab-re-nfin-she-a'-shfln. n. s. [abrenuntialio, barb. Lat.] The act of renouncing. Mede. ABRUPTION*, ab-r^p'-shCm. n. s. [abripio, Lat.] The state of being carried away. Hallywell. ABR1COCK. n. s. See Apricot. To ABRI'DGE$, a-bridje'. v. a. \_abreger, Fr.] To make shorter in words. 2 Mace. ii. To contract ; to diminish. Locke. To deprive of; to cut oft' from. Shuk. ABRFDGED OF, a-bridjd'-ov. 359. part. Deprived of; debarred from. ABRFDGER. a-brkl'-jur. «. 5. He that abridges ; a shortener. Whitlock*. A writer of compeudiums or abridgements. Fulke. ABRIDGEMENT, a-bridje'-ment. n. s. The epit- ome of a larger work contracted into a small com- pass; acompend; a summary. Hooker. A dimi- nution in general. Donne. Contraction; reduction Locke. Restraint from any thing pleasing. South. To ABROACH*}*, a-brotsh'. 295. v. a. [abjiacan, Sax.] To lap; to set abroach. Chaucer. Ob. T. ABRO'ACH, a-brOlsh'. ad. In a posture to run out, properly spoken of vessels. Dryden. In a state to be diffused or extended. Shak. To ABROAD $* a-brawd'. v. n. [abpjeban, Sax.] To extend; to issue; to be dispersed. Leaver. Ob. T. ABRO' AD, a-brawd'. 295. ad. [abpseban, Sax. verb.] Without confinement; widely ; at large. Milton. Out of the house. Shak. In another country. Hooker. In all directions, this way and that. Dryden. With- out, not within. Hooker. To ABROGATE $, ab'-r6-gate. 91. v. a. [abrogo, Lat.] To repeal, to annul. Hooker. ABROGATE*, ab'-rA-gate. part. a. Annulled; abolished. K. Edw. VI. Int. Sp. ABROGATION, ab-r6-ga/-shun. n. s. The act of abrogating; the repeal of a law. Clarendon. ABRO'OD $>*, a-brodd'. ad. 1" th e action of brood- ing. Abp. Sancroft. ABROODING*, a-br33d'-!ng. n. s. Sitting abrood. Barret. To ABROOK, a-brook'. v. a. To brook, to bear, to endure. Shak. Ob. J. ABRUPT §, ab-rQpt'. a. Broken, craggy. Thomson. Divided, without any thing intervening. Milton. Sudden, without the customary or proper prepara- tives. Shak. Unconnected. B. Jonson. To ABRUBT*, ab-rupt'. v. a. To disturb ; to in- terrupt. Brcncn. ABRUPTION, ab-rfip'-shfin. n.s. Breaking off ; violent and sudden separation. Woodward. ABRUTTLY, ab-ruptMe. ad. Hastily; without the due forms of preparation. Sidney. Ruggedly; un- evenly. Maundrell. ABRUPTNESS, ab-rfipt'-ness. n. s. An abrupt man- ner; haste; suddenness. Cheynel. Roughness; cragginess ; as of a fragment violently disjoined. Woodward. ABSCESS, ab'-sess. n. s. [abscessus, Lat.] A tumour filled with matter. Arbuthnoi. [son. To ABSCI'NDS, ab-sfnd'. v. a. To cut off. John- ABSCJSS*, ab'-sls, or ABSCLSSA, ab-sis'-sn. n. s. JXat.] Part of the diameter of a conick section, intercepted between the vertex and a semi-ordi- nate. Bp. Berkeley. ABSCFSSION, ab-slzh'-un. n.s. [abscissio, Lat_ The ad of cutting off. Wiseman. The act of dis- annulling. Bp. Taylor. The stale of being cut off Brown. #Cf* I have differed from Mr. Sheridan in marking the as in this word; and, I think, with the best usage on my side. Though double s is almost always pro- nounced sharp and hissing, yet when a sharp* precedes, it seems more agreeable to the ear to pronounce the suc- ceeding ;> flat. Thus, though the termination itioii is always sharp, yet, because the s in transition is neces- sarily sharp, the t goes into the flat sound, as if written tranttiihion, which see. fV. To- ABSCO'ND$* ab-sk&nd'. t\ a. [abscondo, Lat.] To conceal. Heicyl. To ABSCO'ND, ab-sk&nd'. v. n. To hide one's self. Ray. ABSCONDER, ab-skon'-dur. n. s. He that ab- sconds. ABSENCE, ab'-sense. n. s. The state of being absent, opposed to presence. Shak. Want of appearance, in the legal sense. Aylilje. Inatlen lion ; neglect of the present object Addison. ABSENT?, ab'-sent. 492. a. [absens, Lai.] Not pres- ent ; used with the particle from. Pope. Absent in mind ; inattentive. Addison. To ABSE'NT, ab-sent'. v. a. To forbear to come into presence. Slutk. ABSENTA'NEOUS, ab-sen-ta'-ne-fis. a. Relating to absence ; absent. Did. ABSENTE'E, ab-sen-le'. ?i. s. He that is absent from his station. Sir John Dairies. ABSE'NTER*, ab-seV-t&r. n. s. He that is absent from his duty. Ld. Ch. Thurlow. ABSE'NTJYJENT*, ab-sent'-meut. n. s. The slate of being absent. Barrow. ABSFNTHIAN*, ab-sin'-the-an. a. [from absinthi- urn A Of the nature of wormwood. Randolph. ABSFNTH1ATED, ab-sfn'-^e-a-ted. pad. Impreg- nated with wormwood. Diet. ABSFNTHLUM*, ab-sni'-*/,e-um. n. s. Wormwood. To ABSFST, ab-slst 7 . v. n. [absisto, Lai.] To stand oft', to leave off. Did. ABSOBVATORY*, ab-sol'-va-tur-re, a. Relative to pardon; forgiving. Cotgrave. To ABSOLVE \ ab-zolv'. 448. v. a. [absolvo, Lat.] To clear ; to acquit. Shales. To set free from an engagement. Waller. To pronounce sin re mitted. Pope. To finish ; to complete. Milton. ABSOBVER*, ab-z&I'-vfir. n. s. He who pronoun ces sin remitted. More. ABSOLUTE $, ab'-s6-lute. 448. [See Doimestick.] a. [absolutm, Lat.] Complete ; applied as well to per- sons as things. Hooker. Unconditional; as an ab- solute promise. South. Not relative; as, absolute space. Stillingjleet. Not limited; as, absolute power Dryden. Positive, certain; without any hesitation . Shak. ABSOLUTELY, ab'-s6-lute-le. ad. Completely; without restriction. Sidney. Without relation; in a state unconnected. Hooker. Without limits or dependance. Dryden. Without condition. Hook er. Peremptorily; positively. Mi/ton. ABSOLUTENESS, ab'-so-iute-nes. n. s. Com- pleteness or perfection. Bp. Rust. Freedom from dependance, or limits. Clarendon. Despotism. Ba con. ABSOLUTION, ab-s6-hV-shun. n.s. Acquittal. Ay liffe. The remission of sins. South. Delivery ; pronunciation. B. Jonson. ABSOLUTORY, ab-sol'-u-tur-re. a. That which absolves. Ayliffe. D5= In the first edition of this [Walker's] Dictionary, I followed the accentuation of Johnson and Ash in this word, and placed the stress upon the first syllable, con- trary to what I had done some years before in the Rhyming Dictionary, where I had placed the accent on the second, and which was the accentuation adopted by Mr. Sheridan. Upon a nearer inspection of the analogies of the language, I find this the preferable mode of marking it, as words in this termination, though very irregular, generally follow the stress of the corresponding noun or verb; and consequently this word ought to have the same accent as absolve, which 58 ABS ABU -n6, move, n6r, not; tube, tub, bull} — oil ; — p6und; — Ih'm, THis. is the more immediate relation of the word in question, and not the accent of absolute, which is the most dis- tant. 512. Kenrick, TV. Johnston, Entick, an/1 Nares, have not inserted this word ; and Mr. Perry very im- properly accents it upon the third syllable. W. ASSONANTS, ab'-s6-nant. 644. a. [See Abso- nous.] Contrary to reason ; wide from the pur- pose. Quarks. A'BSONOUS^b'-sA-nus. a. \absonus, Lat.1 Ab- surd ; contrary to reason. Glanville. Unmusical, or untunable. Fotlierby. To ABSORB^, ab-s6Hy.r. a. To swallow up. Bur- net. To suck up. Bacon. ABSO'RBENT, ab-s5r'-bent. n. s. A medicine that dries up superfluous moisture, or raises an effer- vescence with acids. Quincij. ABSO'RBENT*, ab-sdr'-beut. a. That which ab- sorbs. ABSORBI'TION*, ab-sor-blsh'-un. n. s. Absorp- tion. Sir T. Brown. ABSO'RPT, ab-sorpt'. part. Swallowed up. Pope. ABSO'RPTION, ab-sfirp'-shun. n. s. The act of swallowing up. Burnet. The state of being swal- lowed up. Warburton. To ABSTAIN §, ab-sline'. v. n. [abstimo, Lat.] To keep from ; to hinder; to forbear. Milion. ABSTE'MIOUS §, ab-ste'-me-us. a. [abstemius, Lat.] Temperate; sober; abstinent. Arbidhnot. ABSTEMIOUSLY, ab-ste'-me-us-le. ad. Tempe- rately; soberlv. Whiston. ABSTEMIOUSNESS, ab-ste'-ma-fls-n^ss. 534. n. s. The quality of being- abstemious. Sir T. Herbert. ABSTENTION, ab-steV-shun. n.s. The act of re- straining'. Bp. Taylor. To ABSTEBGE §, ab-sterjV. v. a. [abslergo, Lat.] To wipe. ABSTEBGENT, ab-steV-jent. a. Having a cleans- ing quality. To ABSTEBSE, ab-sterse'. v. a. To cleanse ; to purifv. Brown. ABSTEBSION, ab-steV-shun. n. s. The act of cleansing. Bacon. ABSTEBSIVE^ab-ster'-siv. n. s. A cleanser. Sir W. Petty. ABSTEBSD7E, ab-steV-s?v. 428. a. Having the quality of cleansing. Bacon. ABSTINENCE, ab°ste-n£nse. ) n.s. [abstinentia. ABSTINENCY, ab'-ste-nfin-se. \ Lat.] Forbear- ance of any thing; with the particle from. Locke. Fasting, or forbearance of necessary food. SJia/c. ABSTINENT, ab'-ste-nent. a. That uses absti- nence. Hales. ABSTINENTLY*, ab'-ste-nent-le. ad. Temperate- ly. Do-nne. ABSTOBTED, ab-stort'-ed. a. [abstoiius, Lat.] Forced away ; wrung from another by violence. Did. To ABSTRACT §, ab-strakt'. v. a. [ahsiraho, Lat.] To take one thing from another. Decay- of Piety. To separate by distillation. Boyle. To separate ideas. Locke. To reduce to an epitome. Watts. ABSTRACT, ab'-strakt. a. Separated from some- thing else, generally used with relation to men- tal perceptions ; as, aostract mathematicks, ab- stract terms. WiUcins. With the particle from. Locke. Refined; pure. Donne. ABSTRACT, ab'-strakt. 492. n. s. A smaller quan- tity, containing the virtue or power of a greater. S'lak. An epitome. Watts. The state of being abstracted, or disjoined. Wotton. ABSTRACTED, ab-strak'-ted. part. a. Separat- ed ; disjoined. Milion. Refined ; purified. Donne. Abstruse; difficult. Absent of mind; as, an ab- stracted scholar. Warton. ABSTRACTEDLY, ab-strak'-teUle. ad. With ab- straction; simplv. Dn/den. ABSTRACTEDNESS*, ab-strak'-tgd-neV n. s. The state of being abstracted. Baxter. ABSTRACTER*, ab-strak'-tur. n. s. He who makes an abstract, epitome, or note. Mannynghwn. ABSTRACTION, ab-strak'-shun. n. s. The act of abstracting. Watts. The state of being abstracted. | Burton. Absence of mind ; inattention. Disre- gard of worldly objects. Warton. ABSTRACTIVE, ab-strak'-tiv. a. Having the power of abstracting. ABSTRACTIVELY*, ab-strak'-tlv-le. ad. In an abstractive manner. ABSTRACTLY, ab-strakt'-le. ad. In an abstract manner ; absolutely ; without reference to any thing else. Drumnwnd. ABSTRACTNESS, ab-strakt'-ne^s. n. s. Subtilty; separation from all matter or common notion. Locke. ABSTRICTED, ab-strlk'-ted, part. a. [abstrictus, Lat.] Unbound. Diet. To ABSTRFNGEi ab-strlnje'. v. a. To unbind. Did. To ABSTRU'DE §, abs-trood'. v. a. [abstrudo, Lat.] To thrust or pull awav. Diet. ABSTRU'SE?, ab-struse'. 427. a. Hidden, remote from view. Milton. Difficult ; remote from concep- tion or apprehension. Milton. ABSTRU'SELY, ab-str&se'-le. ad. Obscurely ; not plainly, or obviously. ABSTRU'SENESS, ab-struse'-ness. n. s. Diffi- culty ; obscurity. Boyle. ABSTRUSITY,' ab-stnV-se-te. 511. n. s. Abstruse- ness ; that which is abstruse. Brown. JbABSU'ME?, ab-sume'.r.d. [absuinc, Lat] To bring to an end by a gradual waste ; to eat up. Hale. Uncommon. ABSUBD§, ab-surd 7 . a. [ubsurdus, Lat.] Unreason- able; without judgement; as used of men. Bacon. Inconsistent; contrary to reason: used of senti- ments or practices. South. ABSUBDITY, ab-sfir'-de-te. 511. n.s. The quality of being absurd. Locke. That which is absurd: in which case it has a plural. Addison. ABSURDLY, ab-surdMe. ad. Improperly; un- reasonably. Swift. ABSU'RDNESS, ab-sord'-nes. n. s. The qual- ity of being absurd; injudiciousness ; impropnetv. Dr. Cave. ABUNDANCE §,a-bun'-danse. n. s. [abondance ,Fr.] Plenty; a sense chiefly poetical. Crashaw. Great numbers. Addison. A great quantity. Raleigh. Exuberance ; more than enough. Spenser. ABU'NDANTja-bvV-dant.a. [abundans, Lat.] Plen- tiful. Milton. Exuberant. Arbutlinot. Fully stor- ed. Burnet. Exod. xxxiv. 6. ABUNDANTLY, a-bun'-dant-le. ad. Is plenty. Genesis, i. Amply; liberally; more than suffi- ciently. Sprat. ABU'SAGE*. a-bu'-zidje. n. s. Abuse. Whateley. Ob. T. To ABU'SES, a-buze'. 437. v. a. \abutor, ahusits, Lat.] To make an ill use of. 1 Cor. vii. To vio- late ; to defile. Spenser. To deceive ; to impose upon. Shak. To treat with rudeness; to reproach. Shakspeare. ABU'SE, a-buse'. 437. n.s. The ill use of any thing. Hooker. A corrupt practice; bad custom. Swift. Seducement. Sidney. Unjust censure; rude re- proach ; contumely. Milton. ABU'SER, a-biV-zfir. n.s. He that makes an ill use. Milton. He that deceives. DenJuim. He that re- proaches with rudeness. Dr. Brown. A ravisher; a violator. Spenser. ABU'SEFUL*, a-buse'-ful. a. Abusive. Bp. Bar low. ABU'SION^a-biV-zhfln. n.s. [abnsion, old French/] Corrupt or improper usage. Acts of Pari, xxxiiu 23 Hen. 8. Reproach. Spenser. Ob. T. ABUSIVE, a-bu'-slv. 428: a. Practising abuse. Mil- ton. Containing abuse; as, an abusive lampoon. Roscommon. Deceitful. Bacon. ABU'SIVELY, a-bu'-sk-le. ad. Improperly ; by a wrong use. Boyle. Reprc ichfully . ABU'SIVENESS, a-biV-sfv-nes. n. s. The quality of being abusive. Milton. To ABU'T §, a-bftt'. v. n. {aboutir, Fr.] To end at ; to border upon ; to meet, or approach to j with the particle upon. ShaJcspcare. ACA ACA [CT 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat j— me, mSt;— pi ne, pin ;- ABUTMENT, a-bo.t'-me'nt. ». *. That which abuts or borders upon another. Bryant. ABIT'TTAL, a-but'-tal. n. s. The butting or boun- daries of any land. Spe/man. To ABY*, a-bl'. v. a. To endure. Spenser. To pay dearly ; to suffer for it. Spenser To ABY*, a-bK v. n. To remain, [abiban, Sax.] Spenser. To payj as the active verb is used! Spenser. ABY'SM, a-blzm'. n. s. [abysme, old Fr.now written abime.~] A. gulf; the same with abyss. Shalcspeare. ABY'SS, a-blss'. n.s. [abyss?is, Lat.] A depth with- out bottom. Milton. A great depth 5 a gulf: hy- Krbolically. Dryden. That in which any thing is it. Dryden, Juv. The body of waters supposed at the centre of the earth. Burnet. In the lan- guage of divines, hell. Roscommon. AC, AK, or AKE, being initials in the names of places, as Acton, signify an oak, from the Sax- on ac, an oak. Gibson. AC A 1 CIA, a-ka'-she-a. 505. n. s. [Lat.] A drug brought from Egypt. A tree commonly so ctriled here, though different from that which produces the true acacia. Millar. ACADE'ME §* ak-a-deem'. n.s. [academia, Lat.] A society of persons. Shak. The Academy ; a school of philosophy. Peaciwjn. ak-a-de'-me-al. < Relating: to an ACADE'MlAL academy. ACADE'MIAN, ak-a-de'-me-an. n. s. A scholar of an academy or university. Life of A. Wood. ACADEMICAL, ak-a-dem'-me-kal. a. Belonging to a university. Wotton. Relating to the philoso- phy of the academy. Smith. ACADEMICALLY*, ak-a-deW-me-kal-le. ad. In an academical manner. Cabalistical Dialogue. ACADEMICIAN, ak-ka-de-mlsh'-an. n. s. The member of an academy. Swinburne. ACADE'MICK^ak-a-dem'-lk. 508. n.s. A student of a university. Watts. An academick philosopher. Milton. ACADE'MICK, ak-ka-dem'-ik. a. Relating to a university. Pope. Applicable to a particular phi- losophy. Harris. ACA'DEMISM*, a-kad'-de-mfzm. n. s. The doc- trine of the academical philosophy. Baxter. ACA'DEMIST, a-kad'-de-mlst, or ak'-a-dem-Jst. n.s. The member of an academy. Ray. An academi cal philosopher. Baxter. ACA'DEMY^.a-kad'-de-me, or ak'-a-dem-e. n.s. An assembly or society of men, uniting for the promo tion of some art. Milton. The places where sci- ences are taught. Dryden. A university. Burton. A place of education, in contradistinction to the universities or publick schools. Burton. The acade- my ; the school of philosophy. South. JJ^f Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word was anciently and properly accented on the first syllable, though now frequently on the second. That, it was accented on the first syllable till within these few years, is pret- ty generally remembered ; and if Shakspeare did not, by poetical license, violate the accentuation of his time, it was certainly pronounced so two centuries ago, as appears by Dr. Johnson's quotation of him: " Our court shall be a little academy, "Still and contemplative in living arts." Love's Labour Lost. And in Ben Jonson's New Inn we find the same accen- tuation : " Every house became " An academy of honour, and those parts " We see departed." But the accentuation of this word formerly, on the first syllable, is so generally acknowledged, as not to stand in need of poetick authority. The question is, whether this accentuation, or that which places the stress on the second syllable, is the most proper? To wave, therefore, the authority of custom, which precludes all reasoning on language, and reduces the dispute to a mere matter cf fact, it may be presumed that whatever iz agreeable to the mo3t general usage of the language in si - milar words, is the most proper in this; and if it appears that general usage, in similar words, is in favour of the old pronunciation, it must certainly, for that reason, ba allowed to be the best. And first it may be observed, that as our language is almost as averse to the accent on the" last syllable, as the Latin, it is a general cus- tom with us, when we adopt a word from the Latin, and abridge it of one or two of its syllables, to remove the accent at least a syllable higher than it was in the original language, that the accent, when the word is naturalized, may not rest on the lust. Thus of Home rvs, we make Hdmer ; of Virgilius, Virgil ; and of Hordtius, Hdrace -. Hyac'inthus, altered to Hy'acinth, removes the accent two syllables higher j and ccsrcmd- nia, become ceremony, does the same ; and ne law, that I know of, forbids us to accent academia, or, if you will, A.Kahr)n'ta, when turned into academy, on the tirst syllable, as it was constantly accented by our ances- tors ; who, receiving Greek through the medium of Latin, generally pronounced Greek words according to the Jjatin analogy, and therefore necessarily placed tho accent of academia on the third syllable, which, when reduced to academy, required the accent to be removed higher. But how, it will be said, does this account for placing ^re accent on the first syllable of the English word acade- my, rather than the second? To this it may be answer- ed, that the numberless instances of preference given by the accent to the first syllable in similar words, such as melancholy, parsimony, dilatory, &c might be a sufficient authority without any other reason. But, perhaps, it will be pardoned me if I go farther, and hazard a supposition, that seems to account for the very common practice of placing the accent of so many of the longer polysyllables from the Latin on the first or second syllable. Though in the Latin there never was more than one accent upon a word, yet, in our pronunciation of Latin, we commonly place an accent on alternate syllables, as in our own word3 ■ and when the Latin word, by being anglicised, becomes shorter, the alternate accent becomes the principal. Thus, in pronouncing the Latin word academia, the English naturally place an accent on the first and thl:d syllables, as if divided into dc-a-de-mi-a ; so that when the word becomes anglicised into dc-a-de-my, the first syllable retains the accent it had when the word was Latin. On the other hand, it may be conjectured with some probability, that a fondness for pronouncing like the French has been the occasion of the alteration. As the English ever suppose the French place the accent on the last syllable, in endeavouring to pronounce this word after their manner, the stress must naturally fall on the second and last syllables, as if divided into a-edd-a-mie ; and from an imitation of this, it is pro- bable, the present pronunciation of the word was pro- duced. Thus we have a very probable reason why so many of our longer words from the Latin are accented so near the beginning ; as, in this mode of pronouncing them, they seem to retain one of the accents of the original. Hence the long train of words, voluntary, comparable, disputable, admirable, &c. have the accent on the first syllable, because, in pronouncing the word3 I'oluntarius, comparabilis, disputabilis, admirabilis, &c. we commonly lay a stress upon the first, as wel) as the third syllable As to the analogy, as Mr. Sheridan pretends, of pronouncing this word with the accent on the second syllable, because words ending in my have the accent on the antepenultimate, nothing can be more ill-founded. True it is, that words of this termi- nation never have the accent on the penultimate j but that, for this reason, they must necessarily have the accent on the antepenultimate, I cannot well compre- hend. If polygamy, economy, astronomy, &c. 513 have their accent on the antepenultimate, it arises from the nature of the terminations ; which being, as it wero, a species, and applicable to a thousand other words, have, like logy and gravhy, the accent always on the preceding syllable ; which seems best to unite the compound into one word : but academy, being a simple, is subject to no such rule, and seems naturally to in- cline to a different analogy of pronunciation. Thus Dr. Johnson seems to have decided justly in saying the word academy ought to have the accent on the first syl- lable ; though present usage, it must be confessed, seems to lead to the contrary pronunciation. W. ACA'NTHUS, a-kan'-tfms. 470. n. s. [Lat.] The herb bears-breech ; the model of the foliage on the Corinthian chapiter. Milton. ACATALE'CTICK, a-kat-a-lek'-tlk. n. s. [ ACCOMPLISH §,ak-kom'-pl?sh. is. a. [accom- plir, Fr. from ovnpleo, Lat.] 1 o complete ; to ex- ecute fully. EzekieL To complete a period of time. Daniel. To fulfil 3 as, a prophecy. Shak. To ga ; n; to obtain. Slio.k. To adorn, or furnish, either mind or body. Shakspeare. ACCOMPLISHABLE*, ak-kom'-pllsh-a-bl. a. Ca- pable of accomplishment. ACCOMPLISHED, ak-kcW-plish-ed. part., a. Com- plete in some qualification. Locke. Elegant, in re- spect of acquired qualifications. Milton. ACCOMPLISHER, ak-k&m'-plish-ur. n.s. He who accomplishes. More. ACCOMPLISHMENT, ak-kom'-plish-ment. n. s. Completion ; full performance. Sir John Haijwood. Completion; as, of a prophecy. Atterbury Orna- ment of mind or body. Addison. Tlie act of ob- taining or perfecting any thing; attainment; com- pletion. South. ACCO'MPl $ ; ak-kdiuu'. 407. n s. [compter and comj.ie, anciently accompter, Fr.] An account ; a reckoning. Hooker. See Account. ACCOMPTABLE*, ak-koun'-ta-bl. a. Accounta- ble. Beaum. and Fl. ACCOMPTANT, ak-ko&n'-tant. 412. n.s. A reck- oner; computer. South. ACCOM PT1NG DAY, ak-koiV-ting-da. n.s. The day on which the reckoning is to be settled. Sir J Dcnham. To ACCORD $, ak-kSrd' v. a. [accorder, Fr.] Tc make agree. Sidney. To bring to agreement ; to compose. Sir M. Hale. To grant; as, he uccordtd his request. To ACCORD, ak-kord'. v.n. To agree; to suit one with another. Shakspeare. ACCORD, ak-kord'. n. s. A compact; an agree- ment. Bacon. Concurrence; union of mind. Spen- ser. Harmony ; symmetry. Dry den. Musical note. Bacon. Own accord ; voluntary motion. Spenser Action in speaking, correspondent to the words. Titus Andronicus. ACCORDABLE*, ak-kor'-dd-bl. a. Agreeable consonant. Goner. Ob. T. ACCORDANCE, ak-k6Y-danse. ) n. s. Agree- ACCORDANCE* ak-kdr'-ddn-se. \ ment with a person. Fairfax Conformity to something. Ham- mond. ACCORDANT, ak-kSr'-dant. a. Consonant, or cor- responding. Shakspeare. ACCORDANTLY*, ak-kor'-dant-le. ad. In an ac- cordant manner. ACCORDER*, ak-k6V-dur. An assistant; helper; favourer. Cotgrare. ACCORDING, ak-koV-dlng. prep. In a manner suitable to. Hooker. With regard to. Holder. In proportion. Sicift. ACCORDINGLY, ak-kor'-d?ng-le. ad. Agreea- bly ; suitably ; conformably. Hooker. •7 T oACCO / RPORATE§*,ak-k6r / -p6-rate. v.a. [ad and corpus, Lat.] To unite. Milton. To ACCO'ST 1 ?, ak-kost 7 . v.a. To approach ; to draw near ; to come side by side, or face to face. Ticelftk J\'igld. To speak to first ; to address. Milton. To ACCOST* ak-kdsf. v. n. To adjoin. Spenser. Ob. T. ACCOSTABLE, ak-kos'-ta-bl. 405. a. Easy of access; familiar. Howell. ACCO'STED* ak-k&s'-led. part. a. In heraldry signifies side In/ side. ACCOUCHEUR*, ak-koo-shiW. [See Connois- seur.] n.s. [Fr.] What we call a man-midwife. ACCOUNT Mk-kount'. 407. n.s. [accompt, old Fr.] A computation of debts or expenses. Shak. The state or result cf a computation. Ecclesiasticus. Val- ue, or estimation. 2 Maccdb. Profit; advantage; as, to turn to account. Addison.. Distinction; dig- nity; rank. Pope. A reckoning verified by find- ing the value of a thing equal to what it was ac- counted. Swift. Regard; consideration; sake, Philemon. A narrative; relation. Examination of an affair taken by authority. Matt. xix. The re- lation and reasons of a transaction given to a per- son in authority. Sluik. Explanation; assignment 1 of causes. Locke. An opinion previously established. Bacon. The reasons of any thing collected. Addi- son. In law, account is taken for a writ or action brougnt against a man who is responsible. Cowel. To ACCOUNT, ak-kOunt'. v. a. To esteem ; to think; to hold in opinion. Dad. ii. To reckon; to compute. Brown. To assign to, as a debt. Clar- endon. To hold in esteem. 2 Chron. ix. !To ACCOUNT, ak-k6unt'. v.n. To reckon. Holder. To give an account ; to assign the causes. Swift. To make up the reckoning. Dryd. Juv. To ap- pear as the medium by which any thing may be explained. Arbidhnct. ACCOUNTABLE, ak-koun'-ta-bl. a. Of whom aa account may be required. Oldham. ACCOUNTABLE^ ESS*, ak-kdfin'-ia-bl-nes. n. s. The stale of being accountable. Duncan. ACCOUNTANT, ak-kouu'-tant. a. Accountable to Shalcspearc. Ob. J. 62 ACC ACE -116, mdv6, nor, not; — tube, tub, bull; — oil ; — pound; — tfim, THis. ACCO'UNTANT, ak-k6im'-tant. n.s. A computer; a man employed in accounts. Brown. ACCO'UNT-BOOK, ak-kount'-book. n. s. A book containing - accounts. Swift. ACCOUNTING, ak-k6un'-img. n.s. The act of reckoning - up of accounts. South. To ACCOOJPLES, ak-k&p'-pl. 314. «. a. [decoupler, Fr.] To join; to link together. Bacon. ACCO'UPLEMENT*, ak-kiip'-pl-ment. n. s. A junction or union. Trial of Men's Wits. T'o ACCO'URAGE, ak-kor'-ridje. v. a. To ani- mate. Spenser. Ob. J. To ACCO'URT, ak-kort 7 . 318. v. a. To entertain with courtship or courtesy. Spenser. Ob. J. To ACCO'UTRE$,ak-kd6'-tur. 315. v. a. [accoidrer, Fr.] To dress ; to equip. Dnjden. ACCO'UTREMENT, ak-ko6'-tur-ment. n. s. Dress; equipage; trappings; ornaments. Shokspeare. To ACCO'Y*, ak-koe'. v. a. [accoisir, old Fr.] To render quiet, or diffident. Spenser. To soothe; to caress. Spenser. To ACCRE'DIT§* ak-krgd'-It. v.a. [accrediter, old Fr. accredo, Lat.] To countenance; to procure honour or credit to. Shelton. ACCREDITATION*, ak-kred'-lt-a-shfin. n. s. That which gives a title to credit. R. Cumberland. ACCRESCENT*, ak-kreV-sent. part. a. [accresco, Lat.] Increasing. Shuckford. ACCRE'TION £, ak-kre'-shfin. n. s. The act of grow- ing to another, so as to increase it. Bojcon. ACCRETIVE, ak-kre'-dv. 158. a. Growing; that which by growth is added. Glanrillc. 2'6 ACCRO'ACH^ak-krotsh 7 . 295. v.a. [accrocher, Fr.] To draw to one as with a hook ; to gripe ; to draw away by degrees what is another's. Black- stone. ACCROACHMENT, ak-kr6tsh'-rn6nt. n. s. The net of accroaching. Diet. Tr ACCRU'E$, ak-kro6'. 339. v.n. [acerb, from ac- croitre, Fr.] To accede to ; to be added to. Hooker. To be added, as an advantage or improvement. South. To append to, or arise from. Wilkins. In r commercial sense, to arise ; as, profits. Carev). To follow, as loss; a vitious use. Temple. ACCRU'MENT*, ak-kr6S'-ment. n. s. Addition ; increase. Montagu. Bp. Taylor. ACCUBA'TION,lk-ku-ba'-shun. n.s. [occubo,Lai.] The ancient posture of leaning at meals. Brown. 7oACCU / MB§,ak-kumb / .347. v.a. [accumbo, Lat.] To lie at the table, according to the ancient man- ner. Diet. ACCU'MBENCY*, ak-kum'-ben-se. n. s. State of being accumbent. ACCmVIBENT, ak-kum'-bent. a. Leaning. Ar- buthnot. ACCU'MBENT*, ak-kum'-bent. n. s. One who is placed at a dinner-table, but without reference to the ancient mode of leaning. Bp. Hall. To ACCUMULATE §, ak-ku'-mu-late. 91. w; a. [ac- cumulo, Lat.] To heap one thing upon another ; to pile up. Sha.kspeare. To ACCUMULATE*, ak-ku'-mu-late. v. n. To in- crease. Goldsmith. ACCUMULATE*, ak-ku'-mu-late. a. Heaped; collected. Bacon. ACCUMULATION, ak-ku-mu-la'-sh&n. n.s. The act of accumulating. Shak. The state of being accumulated. Arbuihnot. ACCUMULATIVE, ak-ku'-mu-la-liv. 157. a. That which accumulates ; that which is accumulated. Government oftht Tongue. ACCUMULATIVELY*, ak-kiY-mu-la-uVle. ad. In an accumulating manner; in heaps. ACCUMULATOR, ak-ku'-mu-la-tur. 521. n.s. A gatherer or heaper together. Decay of Piety. A'CCURACY, ak'-ku-ra-se. n. s. [accuratio, Lat.] Exactness ; nicetv. More. A'CCURATE§, ak'-ku-rate. 91. a. Exact. Wat.er- land. Without defect or failure. Cobion. Deter-] minate ; preciselv fixed. Bacon. A'CCURATELY^k'-ku-rate-le. ad. Exactly; with out errour; nicely. Newton. A'CCURATENESS, ak'-ku-rite-nes. n.s. Exact ness; nicety. Newton. To ACCU'RSE §, ak-kurse'. v. a. Todoom to misery} to invoke misery upon any one. Hooker. ACCU'RSED, ak-kur'-sed. 362. part. a. That which is cursed. Denlwm. That which deserves the curse; execrable; hateful. Sliukspeare. ACCU'SABLE, ak-ku'-za-bl. 405. a. Blamable; culpable. Brown. ACCUSANT*, ak-ku'-zant. n. s. He who accuses. Bp. Hall. ACCUSA'TION, ak-ku-za'-sh&n. n. s. The act of accusing. Milton. The charge brought against any one. Shakspeare. Ayliffe. ACCUSATIVE, ak-ku'-za-uV. a. A term of gram- mar, signifying the relation of the noun, on which the action, implied in the verb, terminates. Censur- ing; accusing. Sir E. Dering. ACCUSATIVELY*, ak-ku^za-t?v-le. ad. In an ac- cusative manner ; relating to the accusative case, in grammar. ACCU'SATORY, ak-ku'-za-tfir-e. 512. a. That which produceth or containeth an accusation. Ay- liffe. To ACCU'SES, ak-kiize'. v. a. [aecuso, Lat.] To charge with a crime. Used with of. Dry den. To blame or censure. Romans. ACCU'SER, ak-ku'-zur. 98. n. s. He that brings a charge against another. Ayliffe. ACCU'SERESS*,ak-ku'-zur-es. n. s. [acctisatrix. Lat.j She who accuses. Sherwood. Ob. T. To ACCU'STOM §, ak-kus'-tum, v. a. [accoutiimer, Fr.] To habituate; to inure. Milton. To ACCU'STOM, ak-kus'-t&m. v.n. To be wont to do any thing. Ob. J. Carew. To cohabit. Mil- ton. ACCU'STOM*, ak-luV- turn. n.s. Custom. Milton, ACCU'STOMABLE, ak-kus'-tfim-ma-bl. a. Habit- ual; customary. Hale. ACCU'STOM ABLY, ak-k&s'-tum-a-ble. ad. Ac- cording to custom. Bacon. Habitually. Burnet. ACCU'STOMANCE, ak-kus'-tum-manse. n.s. Cus- tom; habit; use. Boyle. ACCU'STOMARILY, ak-kus'-tum-ma-re-le. ad. In a customary manner. Cleaveland. ACCU'STOMARY,ak-kus'-tum-ma-re. 512. a. Usu al; practised; according to custom. Featley. ACCU'STOMED. ak-kus'-lum-eU 362. a. Accord- ing to custom ; frequent; usual. Shaksjieare. ACCU'STOMEDNESS*, ak-kus'-tum-ed-ncs. n.s. [from accustom.'] Familiarity. Used with to. Pierce. ACE, asc. n. s. [as, Lat.] A piece of money; an in- teger. An unit ; a single point on cards or dice. South. A small quantity; a particle; an atom. Government of tlie Tongue. ACE' LDA3IA A-s&'-di-mk. n.s. [Heb.] Afield of blood. Worthinston. ACE P 'HALI*, a-sef'-a-U. n. s. [ aK l

pa, Gr.] In opticks, applied to tele- scopes, contrived to remedy aberrations and colours Shale. A slight or initial knowledge, short of friend- ship. Swift. The person with whom we are ac- cj u a i n ted. Spenser. ACQUATNTANT*, ak-kwan'-tant. n.s. The per- son with whom we are acquainted. Iz. Walton. ACQUAINTED, ak-kwan ; -ted. a. Familiar; well known. Slutk. ACQUEST, ak-kwest'. n.s. Attachment; acquisi- tion; the thing gained. Banon. To ACQUIESCE §, ak-kwe-eV . v. n. [tocifliiescere, Lat.] To rest in, or remain satisfied with. Boi/lc. ACQUIESCENCE, ak-kwe-eV-e^ise. n.s. A silent appearance of content. Clarendon. Satisfaction ; rest; content. Addison. Submission; confidence. South. ACQUIESCENT* ak-kwe-es'-sent. a. Easy; sub- mitting. Johnson. 7 , oACQUI / ET*,ak-kwl / -et. v. a. [acquieto, low Lat.] To render quiet. Sir A. Shirley. ACQUIRABLE, ak-kwi'-ra-bl. 405. cu That which may be acquired or obtained. Hale. To ACQUIRE $, ak-kwlre'. v. a. [acquiro, Lat.] To gain by one's own labour or power. Slcuk. To come to; to attain. Glaniille. A'CID$,'as'-srd. a. [acidiw, Lat.] Sour; sharp. Bacon. !j ACQUFRED, ak-kwl'-reU 362. part. a. Gained ty A'CID*, as'-sld. n.s. An acid substance ; any thing |i one's self. Locke. sour. Aubrey. j! ACQUIRER, ak-kwP-mr. 98. n.s. A gainer. A'CIDIST*, as^-se-d?st. n. s. One who maintains the'! ACQUIREMENT, ak-kwire'-ment. n.s. Tha doctrine of acids. Dr. Slare. i which is acquired. Hay-ward. ACIDITY, a-sld'-de-te. 511. n.s. An acid taste;!] ACQUIRING*, ak-kwi'-rlng. n.s. Acquirement, sharpness; sourness. ^Ray. j| Naunton. A'CIDNESS, as ACI'DUL^E sld-nfts. a-sid'-du-le. ?. Acidity. 199. n. s. Medicinal springs impregnated with sharp particles. Quincy. To ACFDULATE, a-sM'-di-late. 91. v. a. To tinge with acids in a slight degree. Arbuthnot. ACFD ULCUS*, a-sid'-du-lfis. a. Sourish. Burke-. To ACKNOW, ak-nd'. v. a. [agnosco, Lat.] To acknowledge ; to confess. B. Jonson. Ob. 1 . To ACKNOWLEDGE §, ak-n&lMSdj. 328. v. a. To own the knowledge of; to own any thing or person in a particular character. Shak. lo confess. Psalm li. To own ; as, a benefit. Milton. ACKNOWLEDGING, ak-nol'-ledj-fng. a. Ready to acknowledge benefits received. Dryden. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT, ak-nolMMje-mgnt.323. [See Knowledge.] n. s. Concession of any char- acter in another, or of the truth of any position. Hale, li Hooker. Confession of a fault, or of a benefit re- 'i ceived. Act of attestation to any concession, such ACQUFRY*, ak-kwi'-re. n. s. Acquirement. Bar- row. A'CQUISITE*, ak'-kwlz-lt. a. That which is gained. B^irton. Barrow. ACQUISITION, ak-kwe-zlsh'-shfin. n.s. The act of acquiring or gaining. South. The thing gained. Denliam. ACQUISITIVE, ak-kwlz'-ze-tlv. 157. a. That which is acquired. Wot/on. ACQUISITIVELY*, ak-kwiz'-ze-dv-le ad. A terra in grammar. Lilly. ACQUIST, ak-kwfsV. n. s. [acquistum, barb. Lat.] Acquisition. Milton. The same as Acquest. roACQUFT^ak-kwIt'. 415. v. a. [acquiter, Fi-.] To set free. Spenser. To clear from a charge of guilt. Dryden. To clear from any obligation, or dis- charge a duty. Dryden. ACQUITMENT. ak-kwfi'-mSht. n. s. The state of being acquitted, or act of acquitting. South as homage. Spenser. Something given in confes-ll ACQUITTAL, ak-kwlt'-tal. 157. n.s. A deliver- sion of a benefit received. Temple, A'CME, ak'-me. n. s. [anufi, Gr.] The height of any |l thing. Burke. || ACO'LD*, a-kold'. ad. Cold. Gower. h ACO'LOTHlST^-koF-^-thist./i.s. [ ACROAMA'TICK*, ak-kr6-a-mat'-tik. $ a. [aKpodofia, Gr.] Of or pertaining to deep learn- ing; the opposite of exoterical. Hales. ACROA'TICKS, ak-kr6-at'-liks. n. s. [dxpoaTiica, Gr.] Aristotle's lectures on philosophy, to which none but friends and scholars were admitted. ACROMION*, ak-kr6'-me-&n. n. s. [acromion, Fi\] In anatomy, the upper process of the shoulder-blade. Smith. ACRO'N YCAL, ak-kron'-e-kal. a. [fapos and vvU The rising or setting of the stars is called ac.ronycat, when they eitner appear above or sink below the horizon at the time of sunset. It is opposed to cos- mical. More. ACRO'NYCALLY, ak-kr6n'-e-kal-le. ad. At the acronyeal time. Dryden. A'CROSPIRE, ak'-kr6-splre. 151. n.s. [dicpos and cneiPa, Gr.] A shoot or sprout from the end of seeas. Mortimer. A'CROSPIREI), ak'-kro-spl-red. 362. part, a. Hav- ing sprouts. Mortimer. ACROSS, a-kross'. ad. Athwart; laid over some- thing so as to cross it. Bacon. Adversely; con-j trarily. Mir. for Mag. ACRO'STICK, a-kr6ss'-t?k. n.s. [aicpos and A'CTIVATE, ak'-te-vate. v. a. To make ac- tive. Montagu. Bacon. A'CTIVE^k'-llv. 151. a. That which has (he power or quality of acting. Newton. That which acts, opposed 10. passive. Donne. Busy; engaged in ac- tion. Denham. Practical ; not merely theoretical. Hooker. Nimble; agile; quick. Dryd. In grammar, a verb active is that which signifies action. Clarke. A'CTIVELY, ak'-tiv-le. ad. In an active manner; busily; nimbly. Bp. Patrick. In an active signifi- cation. A grammatical term. Montagu. In act. Bp. Hall. ^ A'CTIVENESS, ak'-dv-nes. n. s. The quality of being active; quickness ; nimbleness. Wilkins. ACTIVITY, ak-tiV-e-te. 515. The quality of being active, applied to things or persons. Bacon. A'CTLESS*, aklM&ss. a. Without spirit ; insipid Soutlieme. A'CTOR, ak'-tur. 93, 418. n. s. He that acts, or per- forms any thing. Bacon. A stage-player. B. Jon. A'CTRESS, ak'-tres. n. s. She that performs any thing. Addison. A woman that plavs on the stage. A'CTUAL, ak'-tshu-al. 461. a. That which com- prises action. Slmk. Really in act. Milton. Not purely in speculation. Dryden. ACTUA'LITY, ak-tshit-al ; -le-le. n. s. The state of being actual. Cheyne. A'CTUALLY', ak'-tslm-al-le. ad. In act; really. Smth. A'CTUALNESS, ak'-tshu-al-n£s. n. s. The quality of being actual. A'CTUARY, ak'-tshu-a-re. n. s. [actuanus, Lat.] The register who compiles minutes of the proceed- ings of a court, or society. Ay liffe. A'CTUATE, ak'-tshu-ate. a. Put into action. South. To A'CTUATES, ak'-lshu-ate. v. a. To put into ac- tion. Broicn. ACTUATION*, ak-tshu-a'-shun. n. s. Operation. GlanviJle. Pearson. ACTUO'SE^k-tshiWse'. [See Tumulose.] a. That which hath strong powers of action. ToA'CUATE^ak'-u-ale. 91. v. a. [acuo, Lat.] To sharpen. Harvey. ACUITY*, a-kiV-e-le. n. s. Sharpness. Perkins. ACULEATE, a-ku'-le-ate. 91. a. That which has a point or sting; prickly. Bacon. ACUMEN, a-ku'-mem 503. n. s. [Lat.] A sharp point; figuratively, quickness of intellects. Pope. To ACUMINATE*, a-kiV-me-nate. r. n. To rise like a cone ; to whet or sharpen. Milton. ACU'MJNATE*, a-ku'-me-nate. a. Figuratively, sharp. Gaijton. ACU/MINATED, a-ku'-me-na-«?d. part. a. Sharp- pointed. Brown. ACUMINA'TION*a-ku-me-na'-shun. n.s. A sharp point. Pearson. ACUTE §, a-kute'. a. [acutus, Lat.] Sharp; ending in a point. Locke. Ingenious; penetrating. Locke. Vigorous; powerful in operation, as applied to the senses. Locke. Sharp, in taste. Whitaker. Acute. disease, any disease which terminates in a few days; opposed to chronical. Quincy. Acute ac- cent, that which raises or sharpens the voice. To ACU'TE*, a-kute'. v. a. To render the accent acute. ACUTELY, a-kute'-le. ad. Sharply. Locke. ACUTENESS, a-kiuV-nes. n. s. Sharpness. Mere. Force of intellects. Locke. Quickness and vigour of senses. Locke. Violence and speedy crisis^of a malady. Brown. SLarpness of sound. Boyle. TbADA'CT*. ad-akr. is. a. [adago, Lat.] To drive; to compel. Fothcrby. A'DAGE^ad'-aje. 90. )ti. s. [adagium, Lat.] A A'DAGY*, ad'-a-je. $ maxim handed down from antiquity ; a proverb. Glanville. Smith. ADA'GIAL*, ad-a'-je-al. a. Proverbial. Barrow. ADA'GIOji-dk'-je-l). n.s. [ltai. at leisitre.] A slow time in musick. Dr. Wharton. A'DAMANT§, ad'-a-mant. n.s. [adamas, Lat.J A stone of impenetrable hardness. Shak. The dia mond. Ray. Adamant is taken for the loadstone, Shakspeare. C5 ADD ADH O* 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat ; — me, met; — pine, pfnj — ADAMANTE AN, ad-a-man-te'-an. a. Hard as ada- mant. Milton. ADAMANTINE, ad-a-manMJn. a. Made of ada- mant. Dryden. Hard, indissoluble. Davics. 03" Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kcnrick, and Mr. Perry, uniformly pronounce the last syllable of this word as it is here marked, and VV. Johnston only so as to rhyme with line. 140. W. A'DAM'S-APPLE, ad'-amz-ap'-pl. n. s. A promi- nent part of the throat. A'DAMlTE§*,ad'-am-lte. n. s. The name of a class of hereticks who used to pray naked. Cleaveland. ADAMITICK*, ad-am-'ft'-ik. a. Like an Adamite. Bp. Taylor. To ADA'PT*, a-dapt'. v. a. [adapto, L at.] To fit one thing- to another. Swift. ADAPTABLE* a-dapt' -a-bl. a. That which may be adapted. ADAPTABILITY*, a-dapt-a-bll'-le-te. n. s. The capability of adaption. ADAPTATION, ad-ap-ta'-shfin. 527. n.s. The act of fitting- one thing to another} the fitness of one thing to another. Brown. ADA'PTION, a-dap'-sh&n. n. s. The act of fitting. Cheime. To ADA'UNT*, a-dant'. v. a. To subdue. Skelton. See Daunt, the modern word. To ADA'W*, a-daw'. v. a. To daunt; to keep un- der; to subject. Spenser. Ob. T. To ADA'W*, a-daw'. v.n. To be daunted. Spenser. Ob. T. ADA'YS*, a-daze'. ad. On days. Gower. To ADCO'RPORATE, ad-k6r'- P 6-rate. v. a. [ad and coj-pus.] To unite one body with another. Diet To ADD§, ad. v. a. [addo, Lat.] To join something to that which was before. Dryden. To perform the mental operation of adding one number or con- ception to another. Locke. A/DDABLE, ad'-da-bl. a. That which may be add- ed. Cocker. To ADDE'CLMATE, ad-des'-se-mate. 91. v. a. To take or ascertain tithes. Diet. To ADE'EM, ad-deem', v. a. [from deem.] To award ; to sentence. Daniel. Ob. J. ADDE'ND UM%, ad-den'-dfim. n. s. [Lat.] An addition or appendix to a work. In the plural, addenda. A'DDER, ad'-d&r. 98, 418. n. s. [jEfcfceji, JEt- fcop., Nabbyie, Sax.] A serpent; a viper; a poi- sonous reptile. Shakspeare. A'DDER'S-GRASS, ad'-durz-grass. n. s. A plant, about which serpents lurk. Skinner. A'DDER'S-TONGUE, ad'-dfirz-tung. n.s. The name of an herb. Miller. A'DDER'S-WORT, ad'-dttrz-wurt. n.s. An herb ; supposed to cure the bite of serpents. A'DDIBLE. ad'-de-bl. 505. See Addable. ADDIBI'LITY, ad-de-bil'-le-te. 511. n.s. The pos- sibility of being added. Locke. [Moxon. A'DDICE, ad'-t8s. 142. n. s. An adz ; an axe. ADDI'CT*. ad-dikt'. a. Addicted. Homilies. To ADDPCT §, ad-dikt'. v. a. To devote ; to dedi- cate : in a good or bad sense. 1 Cor. xvi. To de- vote one's self to any person, or party. B. Jonson. A'DDICTEDNESS, ad-dik'-ted-nes. n. s. The quality of being addicted. Boyle. ADDI'CTION, ad-dik'-shun. n.s. The act of devot- ing, or giving up. Sprat. The state of being de- voted. Shakspeare. A'DDITAMENT, ad-dlt'-a-ment. n. s. [additccmen- tum, Lat.] The addition, or thing added. Bacon. ADDITION, ad-dish'-shfin. 459. 7i.s. The act of adding one thing to another. Bentley. Additament. or the thing added. Hammond. In arithmetick, the reduction of two or more numbers of like kind to- gether into one sum or total. Cocker. In law, a title given to a man over and above his Christian name and surname. Cmcel. ADDITIONAL, ad-dlsh'-shun-al. a. That which is added. Holder. ADDITIONAL, ad-dlsh'-shun-al. n. s. Something added. Bacon. ADDITIONALLY*, ad-dish'-shun-al-le. ad. In ad- dition. Clerk. ADDITION ARY*, ad-d?sh'-shfin-a-re. a. That which may be added. Hej-bert. A'DDITORY, ad'-de-t6-re. 512. a. Having the power or quality of adding. Arhuthnct. A'DDLE^ad'-dL* 405. a. [abel, Sax.] Originally applied to eggs, and signifying such as produce nothing, but grow rotten under the hen; thenee transferred to brains that produce nothing. Hudib. To ADDLE, ad'-dl. v. a. To make addle. Brown. To A'DDLE, ad'-dl. v.n. To grow; to increase; to earn or produce. Tusser. Ob. J. A'DDLE-HEADED*, ad'-dl-hed'-ded. ) a. Hav A'DDLE-PATED, ad'-dl-pa'-ted. \ ing addle a. [ad and doom.] To brains. Tr. of Rabelais. Dryden. To ADDO OM*, ad-do^ adjudge. Spenser. ADDo;RSED*, ad-d6r'-sed. part. a. In heraldry, signifies beasts, &c. turned back to back. To ADDRE'SS§, ad-dress', v. a. To prepare one's self to enter upon any action. Spenser. To get ready. Hayward. To apply to another by words. To address (in law) is to apply to the king in form. Swift. ADDRE'SS, ad-dress', n. s. [addresse, Fr.] Verbal application to any one, by way of persuasion ; peti- tion ; preparation of one's self to enter upon any action, with to before the thing. See To Address. Prior. Courtship. Addison. Manner of address- ing another. Skill ; dexterity. Swift. Manner of directing a letter. Written application to any one. Johnson. ADDRE'SSER, ad-dres'-sur. 98. n. s. The person that addresses. Burke. To ADDU'CES* ad-duse'. r. a. [adduco, Lat.] To bring forward; to urge ; to allege. Reid. ADDU'CENT, ad-du'-sent. a. A word applied to those muscies that bring forward, close, or draw to- gether the parts of the body to which they are an- nexed. Quiney. ADDU'CIBLE*, ad-du'-se-bl. a. That which may he brought forward. ADDU'CTION*, ad-duk'-shun. n.s. The act of ad- ducing or bringing forward. Smith. ADDU'CTIVE*, ad-duk'-tfv. a. That which fetches, or brings down. Brerint. To ADDU'LCE, ad-d&lse'. v. a. [du'eis, Lat.] To sweeten. Bacon. Ob. J. ADELANTA'DO*, ad-e-lan-ta'-do. n. s. [Span.] The king's lieutenant in a province, or any great place of charge. B. Jonson. A'DELING, n. s. [abela, and lin#, Sax.] A word of honour among the Angles, properly appertaining to the king's children. Cmcel. ADE'MPTION, a-dem'-shun. 412. n.s. [adimo, ademptum, Lat.] Taking away; privation. Diet. ADENO'GRAPHY, ad-de-nog'-gra-fe. 518. n. s. [d'^rjvov and ypdcpm, Gr.] A treatise of the glands. ADE'PT§, a-d£pt'. n.s. He that is completely skilled in all the secrets of his art. Pope. ADE'PT, a-dept'. a. [adeptus,!,^ Skilful; thor oughlv versed. Boyle. f-flf' ADE'ITION*, a-dep'-shun. n. s. "Attainment. To A'DEQUATE§*, ad'-e-kwate. v. a. [adequo, Lat.] To resemble exactly. Slwlford. A'DEQUATE, ad'-e-kwate. 91. a. Equal to; pro- portionate. Harvey. ADEQUATELY, ad'-e-kwate-le. ad. In an ade- quate manner. South. A'DEQUATENESS, ad'-e-kwate-nes. n. s. The state of being adequate. ADEQUATION*, ad'-e-kwa-shfin. n. s. Adequate- ness. Bp. Barlow. ADESPOTICK, ad-e-spot'-lk. a. Not absolute; not despotick. ADFI'LIATED*, ad-fU'-e-a-ted. part. a. Adopted for a son. Diet. To ADHE'RE$, ad-here'. v.n. [adha>reo, Lat.] To stick to; as, wax to the finger. To be consistent. Slmk. To remain firmly fixed to a party, person, or opinion. Shakipeare. 66 ADJ ADM — 116, move, n6r, not; — lithe, tub, bull; — S1I3 — pound 5— thin, THis. ADH E'RENCE, ad-he'-rense. n. s. The quality of adhering; tenacity. Fixedness of mind; steadi- ness; fidelity. Addison. ADHE'RENCY, ad-he' -ren-se. 182. n.s. Steady at- tachment. Bp. Taylor. That which adheres. De- rm 1 of Piety. ADHERENT, ad-he'-rent. a. Sticking to. Pope. United with. South. ADHE'RENT, ad-he'-rent. n.s. The person that ad- heres ; a follower ; a partisan. Raleigh. Any thing °f the Tongue outwardly belonging to a person. Government 534. n.s. Neutrality ADHE'RENTLY* ad-he'-rent.-le. ad. In an ad- herent manner. [Swift. ADHE'RER, ad-he'-rur. 98. n. s. He that adheres. ADHESION, ad-he'-zhfin. 451. n. s. The act or state of sticking to something. Boyle. ADHE'SIVE, ad-he'-sfv. 158, 428. a. Sticking; te- nacious. Thomson. ADHE'SIVELY*, ad-he'-siv-le. ad. In an adhesive manner. ADHE'SIVENESS* ad-he'-sfv-nes. n. s. Tena- city; viscosity. To ADHFBITS, ad-hlb' bit. % a. [adhibeo, Lat.] To apply; to make use of. President Forbes. ADmBITION,ad-he-bfsh'-shfin. 507. n.s. Appli- cation ; use. Whitaker. ADHORTATION*, ad-hor-ta'-slmn. n. s. [adhorta- tio, Lat.] Advice. Remedy for Sedition. ADJACENCY $, ad-ja'-sen-s£. 182. n.s. [adjaceo, Lat.] The state of lying close to another thing. Brown. ADJA'CENT, ad-ja'-sent. a. Lying near or close. Bacon. Neivton. ADJA'CENT, ad-ja'-sent. n.s. That which lies next another. Locke. ADIA'PHORACY*, a-de-af-f6-ra-se. n.s. Indif- fereney. Diet. ADIA'PHOROUS, a-de-af'-f6-rfis. a. [AZuupopos, Gr.] Neutral. Quincxj. Indifferent. Puller, ADIA'PHORY, a-de-af-f6-re. indifference. To ADJE'CT §, ad-jekt 7 . v. a. [adjicio, adjectum, Lat.] To add to. Leland. ADJE'OTION, ad-jek'-shtm. n.s. The act of ad- jecting, or adding. B. Jonson. The thing adject- ed. Brown. ADJECTI'TIOUS, ad-jek-tish'-us. a. Added; thrown in upon the rest. Maundrell. A'DJECTIVE, ad'-jek-tfv. 512. n.s. A word added to a noun, to signify some quality ; as, good. bad. Clarke. A'DJECTIVELY, ad'-jek-tiv-le. ad. In the manner of an adjective. Knatchbuli. ADIEU' ,'a-du'. 284. ad. [from a Dieu, Fr.] Fare- well. Fairy Queen. To ADJO'IN§, ad-jom'. 299. v. a. [adjoindre, Fr.] To join to. Milton. To fasteu by a joint or junc- ture. Shakspeare. To ADJO'IN, ad-join 7 , v. n. To be contiguous to. Dnjden. \_rew. ADJO'IN ANT*, ad-join'-ant. a. Contiguous to. Ca- To ADJO'URN£,ad'-jiW. 314. v. a. [adjourner, Fr.] To put off to another day. Shak. To' defer. Shak. Dryden. ADJOURNMENT, ad-jftrn'-ment. n. s. A putting off* till another day. Coicel. Delay; procrastina- tion. V Estrange. [Diet. A'DIPOUS, ad'-de-piis. 314. a. [adiposus, Lat.] Fat. A'DITS, ad'-ft. n.s. [aditus, Lat.] A passage (for the conveyance of water) under ground. Cai-ew. ADI'TION, ad-?sh'-shun. 459. n.s. [adeo, adiium, Lat.] The act of going to another. Diet. To ADJUDGE §, ad-jfidje'. v. a. [adjuger, Fr.] To give by a judicial sentence. Locke. To decree ju- dicially. Bacon. To sentence, or condemn to a punishment. Shak. To judge ; to decree. Knolles. ADJUDGEMENT*, ad-judje'-ment. n. s. Adjudi- cation. Tern-pie. ADJUDICATION, ad-ju-de-ka'-shun. n.s. The act of judging, or granting by judicial sentence. Lord Clarendon. To ADJU'DICATE §, ad-ju'-de-kate. v. a. [adiudieo Lat.] To adjudge. To A'DJUGATE, ad'-ju-gate. 91. v. a. [adjugo, Lai.] To voke to. Diet. A'DJUMENT, ad'-ju-ment. n. s. [adjumentum, Lat ] Help; support. Waterhouse. A'DJUNCT§, ad'-junkt. n. s. [adjunctum, Lat.] Something united to another. Slink. A person joined to another. Wotton. A'DJUNCT, ad'-junkt. a. United with. Shakspeare. ADJU'NCTION, ad-juiuY-shun. n.s. The act of adjoining. The thing joined. ADJUNCTIVE, ad-Junk'-trv. 158. n.s. He that joins. That which is joined. ADJUNCTIVE*, ad-junk'-tiv. a. That which joins. ADJU'NCTIVELY^ad-j&nk'-dv-le. ad. In an ad- ad. Consequently ; pmctive manner. AbJU'NCTLY*, ad-junkt'-le. in connexion with. ADJURATION, ad-ju-ra'-shun. n.s. The act of charging another solemnly by word or oath. Black- vxxll. The form of oath. Addison. To ADJU'RE §, ad-jure'. v. a. [adjuro, Lat.] To impose an oath upon another. Milton. To charge earnestly. 1 Kings, xxii. ADJU'RER*, ad-jiV-rur. n. s. One that exacts an oath. To AD JU'ST§, ad-just', v. a. [adjuster, Fr.] To re- gulate ; to put in order. Swift. To reduce to the true state. Locke. To make conformable; adjust with. Addison. Blair. ADJU'STER*, ad-jfis'-tur. n. s. He who places in due order. Dr. Warton. ADJUSTMENT, ad-jfist'-mSnt. n.s. Regulation', settlement. Woodward. The state of being regu- lated. Watts. A'DJUTANCY*,ad'-ju-tan-se. n.s. The military of- fice of an adjutant. Skilful arrangement. Burke. A'DJUTANT, ad'-ju-tant. 503. n. s. [adjuto, Lat.] An officer, whose duty is to assist the major of a regiment, and who was formerly called aid-major; an assistant. Bp. Taylor. To ADJU'TE §. ad-jute', v. a. [adjuvo, adiutwm, Lat.] To help. B. Jonson. Ob. J. ' AD.TUTOR, ad-ju'-nV. 98, 1G6. n.s. A helper. Diet. ADJU'TORY, ad'-ju-tur-re. 512,557. a. That which helps. Diet. ADJU'TRIX, ad-ju'-trlks. n.s. She who helps. Diet. A'DJUVANT, ad'-ju-vant. a. [adjuvans, Lat.] Help- ful ; useful. Howell. A'DJUVANT*, ad'-ju-vant. n. s. An assistant. Sir H. Yelrerion. 7 7 oA'DJUVATE§, ad'-ji'i-vate. v. a. To help. Diet. ADMEASUREMENT, ad-mezh'-i.re-ment. n. s. The adjustment of proportions. Coicel. ADMENSURA'TION, ad-men-shu-ra'-shfin. 452. n. s. [ad and mensura, Lat.] The act or prac- tice of measuring. To ADMETIATE*, ad-me'-she-ate. v. a. [adme- tior, Lat.] To measure. Diet. ADMINICLE, ad-m'fn'-e-kl. 405. n.s. [adminiculum, Lat.] Help ; support. Diet. ADMIN I'CULAR,ad-me-iuV-u-iar. 418. a. Helpful. Tr. of Rabelais. To ADMINISTER §, ad-mm'-n?s-tur. 98. v. a. [ad- ministro, Lat.] To give; to afford; to supply Philips. To act as minister or agent. Pope. To distribute right. To dispense the sacraments. Hooker. To tender an oath. Shak. To give phy- sick. Wafers. To contribute. Spectator. To per- form the office of an administrator. Arbuthnot. ADMI'NISTRABLE*, ad-mln'-n?s-tra-bl. a. Capa- ble of administration. To ADMINISTRATE, ad-mm'-nfs-trate. 91. v. a. To exhibit; to give as ph\ sick. Woodward. Oh. J. ADMINISTRATION, ad'-mln-nls-tra'-shun. 527. n s. The act of conducting any employment. Shak. The executive part of government. Swift. Col- lectively, those to whom the care of publick affairs is committed. Burke. Distribution; exhibition 67 ADM ADR O" 559. — File, far, fall, fat ;— me, met ; — pine, pin dispensation. Hooker. The rights and duties of an administrator tr a person deceased. Coicel. ADMINISTRATIVE, ad-mm'-iuVtra-tiv. 157. a That which administers. ADMINISTRATOR, ad'-m?n-n?s-tra'-tur. 98, 527 n.s. He that has the goods of a man dying intes- tate. Cowel. He that officiates in divine rites. Wails He that conducts the government. Swift. He who acts as minister or agent. Sir E. Sandys. ADMINISTRATRIX, ad'-mm-n?s-tra'-tr?x. 527. n. s. She who administers or has the supreme d rection. Burke. A DMINISTRATORSHIP, ad'-mln-mVtra'-tur- shlp. n.s. The office of administrator. ADMIRABFLITY, ad'-me-ra-b;'l'-le-te. 511,527. n.s. The quality of being admirable. Did. A'DMIRABLE^ad'-me-ra-bl. 405. a. [admirabilis, Lat.] To be admired. Sidney. A'DMIRABLENESS, ad'-me-ri-bl-nes. 511. 527. n.s. The quality of being admirable. Ellis. A'DMIRABLY, ad'-me-ra-ble. ad. So as to raise wonder. Addison. A'DMIRAM, ad'-me-rdl. n. s, A chief officer of the king's navy. Cowel. The chief commander of a fleet. Knotles. Any great or capital ship. Knolles. A'DMIRALSHIP, ad'-me-ral-sMp. n.s. The office or power of an admiral. A'DMIRALTY, ad'-me-ral-te. n. s. [amiraulte, Fr.] The power appointed for the administration of na- val affairs. Bacon. {£p This word is frequently pronounced as if written ad- miraltry, with an ?• in the last syllablo; nor is thi3 mis- pronunciation, however improper, coniined to the lowest order of the people. The same may be observed of mayoralty. W. ADMIRATION, ad-me-ra'-shun. n. s. Wonder; the act of admiring. Milton. ADMFRATIVE* ad-ml'-ra-tlv. a. The point of ad- miration, marked thus ! Cotgrave. To ADMFRE§, ad-mlre'. v. a. [admiro, Lat.] To regard with wonder. Glanville. To regard with love. S ] mkspeare. T» ADMFRE, ad-mire', v.n. To wonder. Ray. ADMFRER, ad-ml'-rur. 98. n.s. The person that wonders. Addison. A lover. Taller. ADMFRINGLY,ad-rnl'-rIng-le. ad. With admira- tion. Sliakspeare. ADMI'SSIBLE^d-mls'-se-bl. 405. a. That which may be admitted. Hale. ADMFSSIBLY*, ad-nuV-se-ble. ad. In a manner which may be admitted. ADMFSSlON, ad-m!sh'-shun. n. s. The act or prac- tice of admitting. Bacon. The state of being ad- mitted. Dryden. Admittance. Woodward. Intro- duction to a church-living. Ayliffe. The allowance of an argument. ADMFSSION-MONEY*, ad-m?sh'-shun-mun'-ne. n. s. Money paid for admission. Sprat. To ADMIT §,ad-mit'. v. a. [admilto, Lat.] To suf- fer to enter. Milton. To sufl'er to enter upon an office. Clarendon. To allow an argument or posi- tion. Fair/ax. To allow, or grant in general. Dryden. To commit : a Latinism. Milton-. ADMFTTABLE, ad-mft'-ta-bl. a. That which may be admitted. Harrison. [Rather, admiilible. T.] ADMITTANCE, ad-mit'-tanse. n. s. The act of ad- mitting. Hooker. The power or right of entering. Skak. Prerogative of being admitted to great persons. Shak. Concession of a position. Broicn. ADMITTER*, ad-mlt'-t&r. n. s. He who admits. Bp. Hall. To ADMFX§, ad-miks'. v. a. [admisceo, Lat.] To mingle with. ADMFXTION, ad-mlks'-tshun. n. s. The mingling of one body with another. Bacon. ADMFXTURE, ad-mlks'-tshure. 461. n.s. The bodv mingled with another. Harvey. To ADMO'NISHS, ad-mon'-n!sh. v. a. [admoneo, Lat.] To warn of a fault; to reprove gently. De- cay of Piety. To inform ; to acquaint with. Milton. ADMO'NISHER, ad-mon'-nlsh-ur. n. s. He that ad- monishes. Tranii. of Bnllinger 's Serm. Dryden. ADMONISHMENT, ad-m6n'-n]sh-ment. n. s. Ad- monition. Sliakspeare. ADMONITION, ad-mo-ulsh'-un. n.s. The hint of a fault or duty ; gentle reproof. Hooker. ADMONFTIONER, ad-m6-n?sh'-&n-ur. n.s A dis- penser of admonition. Hooker. ADMO'NITIVE*, ad-m6n'-ne-tiv. a. That which admonishes. Barrow. ADMO'NITOR*, ad-m6n'-ne-tur. n.s. The person who admonishes. Hobbes. ADMONITORY, ad-mon'-ne-tur-re. [See Domks tick.] a. That which admonishes. Hooker. To ADMO'VE, ad-modve'. v. a. [admoveo, Lat.] To bring one thing to another. Brown. Ob. J. ADMtJRMURATION, ad-m6r-mu-ra'-shun. n.s [admurmuro, Lat.] Murmuring, or whispering to another. Dirt. ADNA'SCENT*, ad-nas'-sent. part. a. [adnascens, Lat.] Growing upon something else. Evelyn. ADNATE*, ad-nate'. a. [adnaius, Lat.] Growing upon. Smith. ADO'§, a.-d66'. n. s. [aboa, Sax. to do.] Trouble ; difficulty. Sidney. Bustle; tumult. Shak. More tumult than the affair is worth. Sliakspeare. ADOLE'SCENCE, ad-6-les'-sense. ) 510. n.s. [ade- ADOLE'SCENCY, ad-&-les'-sen-se. \ lescenlia, Lat.] The age succeeding childhood, and succeeded by puberty. Brown. ADO'ORS* a-d6rz'. ad. At doors ; at the door. Beaum. and Ft. Gataker. To ADO'PT$, a-dopt'. v. a. [adopto, Lat.] To make him a son, who was not so by birth. Beaum. and Fl. To place any person or thing in a nearer relation. Dryden. ADO'PTEDLYja-dop'-ted-le. ad. After the manner of something adopted. Shak. ADO'PTER, a-d6p / -tur. 98. n. s. He that makes the adoption. Huloet. ADO'PTION, a-dop'-shun. 459. n.s. The act of adopting. Lord Chesterfield. The state of being adopted. Sliakspeare. ADOTTTvE, a-dop'-tfv. 157. a. He that is adopt- ed by another. Bacon. He that adopts another. Ayliffe. He who is not native. Bacon. ADORABLE, a-d6'-ra-bl. 405. a. That which is worthy of divine honours. Clieyne. ADO'RABLENESS, a-d6'-ra-bl-nes. n. s. Worthi ness of divine honours; quality of being adorable. ADO'RABLY, a-di'-ra-ble. ad. In a manner wor thy of adoration. ADORATION, ad-d6-ra'-shun. n. s. The external homage paid to the Divinity. Hooker. Homage paid to persons in high place or esteem. Shak. ToA-DO^RE^, a-d6re'. v. a. [adoro, Lat.] To wor- ship with external homage. Dryden. To reve- rence; to honour; to love. Toiler. ADOREMENT, a-dore'-ment. n. s. Adoration. Brown. ADO'RER, a-do'-rur. 98. n. s. He that adores ; a worshipper. Sliakspeare. To ADO RN §, a-dfirn'. 167. v. a. [adomo, Lat.] To dress with ornaments. Isaiah. To set out with decorations. Cowley. To embellish with oratory or elegance of language. Sprat. ADO'RN*. a-dflrn'. n. s. Ornament. Spemer. ADO'RN. a-dorn'. a. Adorned. Milton. ADO'RNING*, a-ddrn'-fng. n. s. Ornament. More. 1 Peter. ADO'RNMENT, a-ddrn'-ment. n. s. Ornament; em bellishment; elegance. Raleigh. ADO'WN, a-dSmY. 323. ad. [abune, Sax.] Down ; on the ground. Spenser. Anciently used for below. Chaucer. ADO' WN, a-d6un'. prep. Down ; towards the ground. Dryden. Th.oughout. ADRE'AD, a-dred 7 . 234. ad. [abjiaeb, Sax.J In a state of fear. Sidney. Ob. J. ADRFFT, a-drlft'. ad. [abnipan, Sax.] Floating at random. Milton. ADROIT, a-drolt'. 305. a. [French.] Dextrous active ; skilful. Jervas. [Chesterfiele. ADROITLY*, a-drditMe. ad. Dextrously. 'Lora 68 ADV ADV -no, mOve, n5r, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 611 ; — p6und ; — thm, THi ADROI'TNESS, a-drd)t '-nes. n.s Dexterity. Home. ADRY', a-drl'. ad. [abpi^an, Sax.] Athirst. Burton. ADSCITI'TIOUS, ad-se-ti'sh'-us. 314. a. [adsciti- tius, Lat.] Supplemental ; additional. Clarke. ADSTRI'CTION, ad-strik'-shun. n.s. [adstriclio, Lat.] The act of binding- together. To ADVA'NCEf, ad-vanse'. 78. v. a. [avancer, Fr.] To bring forward. Milton. To raise to preferment. Bacon. To improve. Tillotson. To heighten : to grace. South. To forward. Bacon To propose; to offer to the publick. Spenser. To pay before- hand. To lift up. Barret. To ADVANCE, ad-vanse'. v. n. To come fonvara. Parncl. To make improvement. Locke. ADVA'NCE, ad-vanse'. 79. n.s. The act of coming forward. Clarendon. A tendency to meet a lover. Walsh. Gradual progression. Atterbury. 1m- Erovement. Hale. Advance-money; money given efore-hand. Junius to the King. ADVANCEMENT, ad-vanse'-ment. n.s. The act of coming forward. Swift. Preferment. Shak. The act of advancing another. Shak. Improvement ; promotion. Broiai. Settlement on a wife. Bacon. ADVANCER, ad-van'-sur. 98. n.s. He that ad- vances. Bacon. ADVA'NTAGE§, ad-van '-tadje. 90. n. s. [avantage, Fr.J Superiority. Sprat. Superiority by unlawful means. Spenser. Opportunity ; convenience. Shak. Favourable circumstances. Waller. Superiour ex- cellence. Glanville. Gain ; profit. Job. Some- thing more than the mere lawful gain. Shak. Pre- ponderate bj- comparison. Tillotson. To ADVANTAGE, ad-van'-tadje. v. a. To bene- fit. Sliakspeare. To promote. Brown. ADVANTAGEABLE, ad-van'-tadje-a-bl. a. Profit- able. Sir J. Hayward. ADVANTAGED, ad-van'-ta-jSd. 362. a. Possessed of advantages. Glanville. ADVANTAGE-GROUND, ad-van'-tadje -ground. n. s. Ground that gives superiority. Clarendon. ADVANTAGEOUS, ad-van-ta'-jus. a. [avanta- geujc, Fr.] Profitable ; useful. Hammond. ADVANTAGEOUSLY, ad-van-uV-jQs-le. ad. Con- veniently; profitablv. Arbuthnot. ADVANTA'GEOUSNESS, ad-van-uV-j&s-nes. n. s. Profitableness; usefulness. Boyle. To ADVE'NE§, ad-vene'. v. n. [advenio, hat.) To accede to something; to be superadded. Ayliffe. ADVE'NIENT, ad-ve'-ne-ent. a. Superadded. Brown. A'DVENT, ad'-vent. n. s. [advenlus, Lat.] One of the holy seasons, signifying the corning of our Sa- viour ; made the subject of devotion during the four weeks before Christmas. Common Prayer. ADVE'NTINE, ad-ven'-t'in. 140. a. [advenio, adven- tum, LatJ Adventitious. Bacon. ADVENTITIOUS, ad-ven-t)sh'-us. a. Accidental; supervenient ; not essentiallv inherent. Bacon. ADVENTITIOUSLY*, ad-ven-tish'-us-le. ad. Ac- cidentally. ADVE'NTIVE, ad-ven'-tlv. 157. n. s. The thing or person that comes from without. Bacon. Ob. J. ADVE'NTIVE*, ad-ven'-tiv. 157 a. Adventitious. Bacon. [Jonson. ADVE'NTRY* ad-ven'-tre. n. s. An enterprise. B. ADVE'NTUAL, ad-ven'-tshu-al. 461. a. Relating to the season of advent. Bp. Sanderson. ADVE'NTURE$, ad-ven'-tshure. 461. n.s. [Fr.] An accident; a chance ; a hazard. Hayward. The occasion of casual events; an enterprise in which something must be left to hazard. Dryden. To ADVE'NTURE, ad-ven'-tshure. v. n. To try the chance ; to dare. Shakspeare. To ADVE'NTURE, ad-ven'-tshure. v. a. To put into the power of chance. Judges, ix. ADVE'NTURER, ad-ven'-tshur-fir. 98. n. s. He that seeks occasions of hazard. Spenser. ADVE'NTURESOSffi,ad-ven'-tshur-sum. a. The same with adventurous. Scarcely used in writing. ABVE'NTURESOMENESS, ad-ven'-ts^ur-sum- nes. 461. n. s. The quality of being adventure- some. Diet. ADVE'NTUROUS, ad-veu'-tshur-us. a. He that ii inclined to adventures; bold. Dryden. Danger ous. Addison. ADVE'NTUROUSLY, ad-ven'-tshur-us-le. m Boldly; daringly. Shakspeare. ADVE'xNTUROUSNESS*, ad-ven'-tshur-us-nes , n. s. The act of being adventurous. A'DVERB§,ad'-verb. n.s. [adverbium, Lat.] A word joined to a verb or adjective, and solely applied to the use of qualifying and restraining the latitude of their signification. Clarke. ADVE'RBIAL, ad-ver'-be-al. a. Having the qual- ity or structure of an adverb. Harris. Making use of adverbs. Tatler. ADVE'RBIALLY, ad-veV-be-al-le. ad. Like an adverb. Addison. ADVE'RSABLE, ad-ver'-sa-bl. 405. a. Contrary to; opposite to. Diet. AD VERSA' RIA, ad-ver-sa'-re-a. n. s. [Lat.] A common-place ; a book to note in. Bp. Bum A'DVERSARY, ad'-ver-sa-re. 512, n. s. [adversa- rius, Lat.] An opponent ; enemy. Shakspeare. A'DVERSARY*, ad'-ver-sa-re. a. Opposite to ; ad verse ; hostile. Bp. King. ADVE'RSATIVE, ad-ver'-sa-tiv. 512. a. In gram- mar, applied to a word which makes some opposi tion or variety. Worthington. ADVE'RSE §,ad'-ve>se. a. [adversus, Lat.] Acting with contrary directions. Shak. Calamitous; ai flictive. Milton. Personally opponent. Sidney. To ADVE'RSE*, ad-verse', v. a. To oppose. Gcwer. ADVE'RSEN ESS*, ad-verse'-nes. n. s. Opposition Bp. Morten. ADVE'RSITY, ad-veV-se-te. 511. n.s. Affliction; calamity. Shakspeare. Misery. Hooker. A'DVERSELY, ad'-verse-le. ad. Oppositely ; un- fortunatelv. Shakspeare. To ADVE'RT§, ad-vert', v.n. [adverto, Lat.] To attend to ; to regard. Ray. To ADVE'RT*, ad-vert', v. a. To regard ; to ad vise. More. ADVE'RTENCE, ad-ver'-tense. ADVERTENCY, ad-ver'-ten-se ADVE'RTENT, ad-ver'-tent. a. ful. Hale. To ADVERTISE §, ad-ver-tke'. To inform ; to give intelligence. Slwtk. To give notice by means of an advertisement in the publick prints. Dryden. ADVERTISEMENT, ad-ver'-tlz-ment. ADVERTISEMENT, ad-ver-tize'-ment . •st ruction ; admonition. Sfiak. Intelligence; infor- mal ion. Sir John Davies. Notice of any thing published in a paper; legal notification. Const and Canon Reel. OCT" As nouns ending in ment always follow the accentua- tion of the verbs from which they are formed, we fre- quently hear advertisement taxed with the grossest ir- regularity for having- the accent on a different syllabia from advertise. — The origin of this irregularity seema- to have arisen from a change which has taken place ia the pronunciation of the verb since the noun has been formed ; advertise and chastise were, in Shakspears's time, both accented on the penultimate, and therefore advertisement and chastisement were formed regularly from them. " Wherein he did the King his lord advertise.''' 1 Hen. nil. " My grief cries louder than advertisement.' 11 MuchAdo r 6fC. " Oh, then how quickly should this arm of mine " Now pris'ner to the palsy, chastise thee." Richard IT. "And chastisement doth therefore hide its head." Jul. Cccsar. But since that time, the verbs advertise and chastise have fahen into an analogy more agreeable to verb* of the same form ; for the verbs to promise, practise, franchise, mortise, and divertise, are the only words where the ter- mination ise has not the accent either primary or se- condary ; and if an alteration must be made to reconcite the pronunciation of the simple with that of the com- pound, we should find it much easier to change adver tisement and chastisement into advertisem.b;\: and cA«£- 69 1 n.s. Attention to I Decay of Piety Attentive ; heed [adveriir, Fr.] In- ADU AE O* 559.— -Fate, far, fall, fat j— me, me 1 ! ;— pine, pin;— tisement, than advertise nndrcliastise into advertise and chastise; hut the irregularity seems too inveterate to admit of any alteration. W. ADVERTI'SER, ad-vcr-tl'-zar. 93. n.s. He that gives intelligence. Tatler. A paper publishing ad- vertisements. Burke. ADVERTISING, or ADVERTISING, ad-ver-ll'- zing. part. a. Active in getting intelligence. Sliak- speare. Oh. J To ADVE'SPERATE, ad-ves'-pe-rate. 91. v. n. [advespero, Lat.] To draw towards evening. Diet. ADVFCE, ad-vlse'. 499. n.s. [ains t adms,Fr!j Coun- sel ; instruction. Slvxk. Reflection ; prudent con- sideration. Shak. Consultation; deliberation. Ba- con. Intelligence : this sense is chiefly commer- cial. ADVFCE-BOAT, ad-vlse'-b6te. n. s. A vessel em- ployed to bring intelligence. 2'oADVI'GlLATE*,ad-v'fd'-jil-ate. v. a. [advigilo, Lat.] To watch diligently. Did. ADVISABLE, ad-vl'-za-bl. 405. a. Prudent; fit to be advised. South. Open to advice. Fell. ADVPSABLENESS, ad-vl/-za-bl-nes. n.s. The quality of being advisable. To ADVPSES, ad-ylze'. 437. v. a. To counsel. Shale. To give information. Shakspcare. ToADVTSE, ad-vize'. 499- v. n. To consult; to consider ; to deliberate. Millon. ADVPSED, ad-vl'-zed. 362. part. a. Acting with deliberation. Bacon. Performed with deliberation. Hooker. fADVPSEDLY, ad-vl'-zed-le. 364. ad. Soberly; heedfullv. Ascham. ADVFSF/DNESS, ad-vl'-zSd-nes. 365. n.s. Delib- eration. Sanderson. ADVI'SEMENT, ad-vlze'-ment. n.s. Counsel ; in- formation. Spenser. Prudence ; circumspection. 1 Chron. Antiquated. ADVPSER, ad-vi'-zQr. 93. n.s. The person that advises. Waller. ADVPSING*, ad-vl'-zlng. n. s. Counsel ; advice. Shakspeare. ADVPSO*, ad-vl'-z6. n. s. [adviso, low Lat. aviso, Ital.] Advice; consideration. Whitlock. ADULA'TION, ad-ji-li'-sh&n. 294. n.s. [adulaiio, Lat.J Flattery, high compliment. Shakspeare. ADULATOR, ad-ju-la'-lur. 521. n. s. A flatterer. ADULATORY, ad'-ju-la-tur-re. 512. [See Do- mestics:.] a. Flattering; full of compliments. Ld. Chesterfield. ADUL A'TRESS*, ad-ja-la'-tres. n. s. She that flat- tereth. Huloef. ADU'LTS, a-dalt'. a. [adultus, Lat.] Grownup. Decay of Piety. ADULT, a-d<', n.s. A person grown, or full grown. Snarp. [Howell. A'DULTED,ad'-ftl-ted. part. a. Completely grown. ADU'LTNESS, a-dait'-nes. n. s. The state of be- ing adult. •To ADU'LTER, a-dul'-tur. 98, 556. v. n. htdultero, Lat.] To commit adultery. B. Jonson. To stain; to pollute. Marston. A word not classical. ADULTERANT, a-dul'-lur-ant. n. s. That which adulterates. To ADU'LTERATE, a-dfil'-tar-ate. v. n. To com- mit adulterv. Shakspeare. To ADU'LTERATE, a-dul'-tur-ate. 91. v. a. To corrupt by some foreign admixture; to contaminate. Boyle. To change by admixture, without injuring or corrupting. Peacham. ADU'LTERATE, a-dul'-tur-ate. 91. a. Tainted , with the guilt of adultery. SJiak. Corrupted with some foreign mixture. Swift. ADU'LTERATELY*, a-dul'-tfir-ate-le. ad. In an adulterate manner. .ADU'LTERATENESS, a-d&l'-tiVate-nes. 91, 98, 559. n. s. The quality of being adulterate. ADULTERATION, a-dul'-tur-a'-shfin. n.s. The act of adulterating. Bacon. The state of being adulter ated . Felton . ADU'LTERER. a-dnl'-tur-vir. 98. n.s. The per- son fijuilty of adultery. Dry den. ADU'LTERESS, a-d&I'-t&r-es. n.s. A woman fnial commits adultery. Government of live Ton£op.an, Sax.] Not be- hind; obs. Before; nearer in place. Sooner in time. Shak. Frior or superiour to. Aihan. Creed. Under the notice of. B. Jonson. In the power of; noting the right of choice. B. Jonson. AFORE, a-fore'. ad. In time foregone or past. Es- dras. First in the way. Shak. In front; in the fore-part. Spe?iser. Rather than. B. Jonson. AFO REGOING, a-fore'-go-Ing. part. a. Going be. fore. Lilly. AFO'REHAND, a-fore'-hand. ad. By a previous provision. Government of the Tongue. Provideu; prepared. Bacon. AFO'REMENTIONED.a-fore'-men'-shund. 362. a. Mentioned before. Addison. AFO'RENAMED, a-f6re / -na'-med. 362. a. Named before. Peacliam. 72 AFT AGA -n6, mOve, n5r, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 6ll ; — pdfind ; — th'm, mis. AFORESAID, a-f6re'-sade. a. Said before. Bacon. AFO'RETIME, a-iore'-tlme. ad. In time past. Su- sannah. AFRA'ID, a-frade'. part. a. [apyphfc, apopht, Sax.] Struck with fear. Psabn lxxxiii. AFRE'SH, a-freslP. ad. [apepcean, Sax.] Anew. Knollcs. See Fresh. A'FRICAN*, aP-fre-kan. a. Belonging to Africa. Sir T. Herbert. A'FRICAN, af-fre-kan. re. s. A native of Africa. Shakspeare. A kind of marigold. A'FRICK* aP-frik. a. Belonging to Africa. Milton. A'FRICK*, af -frik. re. s. The country of Africa. Shakspeare. Bentley. AFRO'NT, a-frSnf . 165. ad. In front. Shakspeare. AFT*, aft. ad. [aptan, Sax.] Abaft; astern. A sea- term : ' fore and aft.' AFTERS, aP-tur. 98. prep. Following in place. S.'iak. In pursuit of. 1 Sam. xxiv. Behind. Newton. Posteriour in time. Drijden. According to. Ba- con. In imitation of. Addison. AFTER, aft-tur. ad. In succeeding time. Bacon. Following another. Shakspeare. A'FTER*, aP-tur. n. s. Succeeding time. Young. ATTERACCEPTA'TION^f-tur-ak-sep-ta'-shun. n. s. A sense not at first admitted. Dry den. A'FTERACCO'UNT*, aP-tur-ak-k3unP. re. s. Fu- ture reckoning. Killingbeck'. A'FTERACT*, af-tur-akt. n. s. An act subsequent to another. Lord Berkeley. A'FTERAGE*, aP-tur-aje. n. s. Posterity. Milton. A'FTERAGES, aP-tur-a'-jez. n. s. Successive times. Addison. AFTER ALL, aP-tur-alF. ad. When all has been taken into the view ; in tine ; in conclusion ; upon the whole. Atterburv. A'FTERAPPLICATlON*,aP-tur-ap-p!e-ka'-shfin. n. s. An application not made immediately. Cov- entry. A'FTERATTACK* aP-tur-at-tak'. a, s. An attack not made immediately. Warburton. A'FTERBAND* aP-tur-band. n. s. A future band or chain. Milton. A FTERBEARING*, af-lfir-bare-fng. re. s. Usual or ordinary product. Sir T. Browne. A-'FTERBIRTH, aP-tur-bert/*. n.s. The membrane in which the birth was involved ; the secundme. Wiseman. AFTERCLAP,af-tur-klap. n.s. Events happening after an affair is supposed to be at an end. Spenser. A'FTERCOx\IER*, aP-tur-kfim-mur. re. s. A suc- cessour. Turbervile. A'FTERCOMFORT*, af-tur-kum-f&rt. re. s. Future comfort. B. Jonson. A'FTER-CO'NDUCT*, aP-tfir-kon'-dukt. re. s. Sub- sequent behaviour. Sherlock. A'FTERCONVICTION*,aP-tur-k6n-vlk / -shun.re.s. Future conviction. South. A'FTERCOST, aP-tur-kost. re. 5. The latter charges. Mortimer. A'FTERCOURSE*, aP-tur-k6rse. re. *. Future course. Brown. A'FTERCROP, aP-tur-krop. re. s. The second crop, or harvest of the same year. Mortimer. A'FTERDAYS*, aP-tur-daze. re. 5. Future days. Confrere. A'FTERDINNER. aP-tur-dln'-nur. re. s. The hour passing just after dinner. Shakspeare. AFTEREATAGE* aP-tur-e-tidje. re. s. Part of the increase of the same year. Burn. A'FTERENDEAVOUR, aP-t&r-en-dev'-ur. re. s. An endeavour made after the first effort. Locke. A'FTERENQUIRY, aP-tttr-en-kwi'-re. n.s. En- quiry made after the fact committed. Shakspeare. To A'FTEREYE, af-tur-1. v. a: To keep one in view. Shakspeare. Ob. J. A'FTERGAME, aP-tur-game. re. 5. Methods taken after the first turn of affairs. Wotton. Addison. AFTERHOPE*, aP-tur-h6pe. n.s. Future hope. B. Jonson. A'FTERHOURS, aP-tfir-Surz. re. 5. The hours that succeed. Shakspeare. A'FTERIGNORANCE*, af-tSr-fg'-ni-rause. re. 5 Subsequent ignorance. Stafford. A'FTERKINGS* aP-tur-kings. n. s. Succeeding kings. Shuck ford. AFTERLIFE*, af -tfir-llfe. n.s. The remainder of life. Drijden. A life after this. Butler. A'FTERLIVER, aP-tur-li'v-vur. n. s. He that lives in succeeding limes. Sidney. A'FTERLIVING*, aP-tur-llv-mg. re. s. Future davs. Beaumont and Fletcher. A'FT ERLOVE, af'-tur-luv. re. s. The second or later love. Shakspeare. A'FTERMALICE*, af-tur-mal-lk re. s. Succeeding malice. Dry den. A'FTERMATH^P-tfir-matfi. n.s. [after, and math, from mowA The second crop of grass, mown in au- tumn. Holland. See Aftercrop. AFTERMOST*, aP-t&r-m6st. a. Hindmost. Hawkesworth. A'FTERNOOiN, aP-tur-n5oiP. re. s. The time from the meridian to the evening. Sliakspeare. A'FTERNOURISHMENT* aP-tur-nur-nsh-ment re. s. Future nourishment. Pericles. A'FTERPAINS, af -tur-panz. re. s. The pains after birth, by which women are delivered of the secun- dine. A'FTERPART, aP-t&r-part. re. 5. The latter part Locke. AFTERPIECE*, aP-tfir-peese. re. s. A farce, or any smaller entertainment, after the play. R. Cumberland. AFTERPROOF, aP-tiir-prodf. re. s. Evidence pos- teriour to the thing in question. Qualities known by subsequent experience. Wotton. AFTERRECKOMNG^aP-tur-rek'-k'n-lng. re. 5. An account to be given hereafter. Goodman. Burke. AFTERREPENTANCE*, aP-tiV-re-penP-anse 7i. s. Future repentance. South. AFTERREPOR.T* af-tur-re-p6rt. re. s. Subse quent information or report. South. AFTERROTTENIVESS*, aP-tur-roP-Pn-nes. re. 5 Future rottei ness. South. A'FTERSTATE* aP-tar-state. re. s. The future state. Glanvd.le. AFTERSTING*, aP-t&r-st!ng. re. s. Subsequent sting. Ld. Htmey. AFTERSTORM*, aP-tur-storm. re. 5. Future storm. Dryden. AFTERSUPP^R*, aP-tfir-snp-pur. re: 5. The time between supper and going to bed. Shakspeare. AFTERTASTE, aP-tur-taste. re. s. Taste remain mg upon the tongue after the draught. AFTERTHOUGHT, af-tfir-tfiiwt. re. s. Reflec tions after the act. Dri/den. AFTERTIME, aP-tur-dme. re. s. Succeeding time Hill. AFTERTOSSING, aP-tur-los-?ng. re. s. The mo tion of the sea after a storm. Addison. AFTERWARD, af'-tur-ward. 88. ad. In succeed- ing time 5 sometimes written afterwards, but less properly. Hooker. AFTER WISE*, aP-tur-wlze. a. Wise too late Addison. A'FTE R WIT, aP-tur-wlt. re. s. Contrivance of expe- dients after the occasion of using them is past, jL' Estrange. A'FTER WITNESS* af-tur-wft-nes. re. s. Future witness. Ld. Hervey. A'FTER WRATH, a3P-tfir-rafn. n. s. Anger when the provocation seems past. Shakspeare. AFTERWRITERS*,af-tur-rkurz. re. s. Succes- sive writers. Shuckford. A'FTWARD*, ai'P-ward. See Aftermost. A'GA, a/-ga. re. s. The title of a Turkish military officer in chief. AGA'IN $, a-geV. 206. ad. [atfen, on-^ean, Sax.] A second time; once more. Bacon. On the other hand. Bacon. On another part. Dryden. In re- turn, noting re-action. Back; in restitution. Shak. In return for any thing; in recompense. Pror.xix. In order of rank or succession. Bacon. Besides 73 AGG AGI [HP 55!). — Fate, far, fall, fat ; — me, meH ; — pine, pin ; — in any other time or place. Bacon. Twice as| much. Pojie. Agiin and again; often. Locks. In opposition ; by way of resistance. Rom. ix. Back 5 as returning from some message. Deal. i. In answer. 1. Sam. $Cf We find this word written according to the general pronunciation in the Duke of Buckingham's verses io Mr. Pope : "J little thought oflaunching forth a> great; to enlarge} to exalt. Ayliffe. To increase. Sir T. Herbert. To AGGRaTNDIZE*, ag'-gmn-dize. v. n. To be- come greater; to increase. John Hall. AGGRANDIZEMENT, ag'-gran-dlze-ment. [See Academy.] n.s. The state of being aggrandized. Ld. Chesterfield. AGGRANDlZER, ag'-gran-dlze-ur. n. s. He that aggrandizes. To AGGRA'TE, ag-grate'. v. a. [aggratare, Ital.} To please ; to treat with civilities. Spejiser. Ob. J. A'GGRAVABLES* ag'-gra-va-bl. a. Waking any- thing worse ; aggravating. Dr. H. More. To AGGRAVATE §, ag'-gra-vate. 91. v. a. [aggra- vo, Lat.] To make heavy ; used only metaphori- cally. Milton. To make any thing worse. Bacon. AGGRAVATION, ag-gra-va'-shun. n. s. The act of making heavy. Hakewill. Enlargement to enormity. Addison. Extrinsical circumstances which increase guilt or calamity. Hammond. AGGREGATE, ag'-gre-gate. 91. a. Framed by the collection of any particular parts into one mass. Broicn. AGGREGATE, ag'-gre-gate. n. s. Result of the conjunction of many particulars. Glanville. To AGGREGATED ag'-gre-gate. v. a. [aggrego, Lat.] To collect together; to accumulate. Milton. AGGREGATELY*, ag'-gre-gate-le. ad. Collec- tively. Ld. Chesterfield. AGGREGATION, ag-gre-ga'-shun. n. s. Collec- tion. Brown. The act of collecting many intoonC whole. Woodward. An aggregate. Bp. Bull. AGGREGATIVE*, ag'-gre-ga-tiv. a. Taken to- gether. Spelman. AGGREGATOR*, ag'-gre-ga-tor. n. s. [Lat.] He who collects materials. Burton. To AGGRE'SS^ag-greV. v.n. [aggredior,aggres- sum, Lat.] To commit the first act of violence Prior. AGGRE'SS*, ag-greV. n. s. [aggressus, lew Lat.] Aggression. Hale. AGGRESSION, ag-gresh'-un. n.s. The first act of injury. L' Estrange. AGGRE'SSOR, ag-greV-sur. 98,418. n.s. The person that first commences hostility. Dryden. AGGRI'EVANCE, ag-gre'-vanse. n. s. Injury. Constitutions and Can. Eccl. See Grievance. To AGG RLE VE §. ag-greve'. 275. v. a. [agrerer, old Fr.] To give sorrow ; to vex. Spenser. To impose hardships upon ; to harass. To AGGRFEVE*, ag-greve'. v. n. To mourn : to lament. Mir. for Mag. To AGGROU'P, ag-groop'. v. a. [aggropare, Ital.} To bring together into one figure. Dryden. A term of painting. AG HA'ST, a-gast'. a. Struck with horrour. Spen- ser. Milton. Dryden. A'GILE^aj'-h 1 . 140. a.[agilis, Lat.] Nimble ; ready. Shaksj/eare. A'GILENESS.aj'-Il-nes. n s. N nobleness; agility. 74 AGO AGR — 116, move, n6r, not ; — tube, l&b, bull ;— 6'fl ; — pound ;— //tin, thIs. AGI LITY, a jil'-e-te. 511. n. s. Nimbleness; quick- ness. Watts. AGILLOCHUM, a-jfl'-lo-kftm. n. s. Aloes-wood. Qui nil/. A'GIO,'h'-}e-b. n. s. [Italian.] A mercantile term, chiefly in Holland and Venice, for the difference between the value of bank notes, and the current money. Chambers. To AGFST^.a-jIst 7 . v. a. [giste,Fr.] To take in and feed cattle at a certain rate. Blount. AGISTMENT, aj-ist'-ment. n. s. The feeding of cattle in a common pasture, for a stipulated price. Blackstone. Tithe due for the profit made by agist- ing. An embankment ; earth heaped up. AGISTOR, a-j'iV-lur. n. s. An officer of the king's forest. Howell. A'GITABLE, aj'-e-ta-bl. a. That which may be agitated. To A'GITATE §, aj'-e-tate. 91. v. a. [agito, Lat.] To put in motion. To be the cause of motion. Blackmore. To affect with perturbation. To stir ; to discuss. Boyle. To contrive; to revolve. K. Charles. AGFTA'TION, aj-e-tcV-shun. n. s. Moving or shak- ing any thing. Bacon. The state of being moved. Discussion ; controversial examination. L' Es- trange. Violent motion of the mind. Sliak, Delib- eration; contrivance. Swift. AGITATOR, aj-e-ta'-tur. 521. n. s. [agitateur, Fr.] He who regulates affairs of the army. Sir T. Her- bert. He who manages affairs. Burke. AGLET, ag'-let. n. s. [aiguillette, Fr.] A tag of a point curved into the shape of little images. Hay- ward. The pendants at the ends of the chives of flowers, as in tulips. A'GMINAL^g'-me-nal. a. [agmen, Lat.] Belonging to a troop. Diet A'GNAIL, asr'-nale. n. s. \agga and nagel, Sax.] A disease of the nails ; a whitlow. AGNA'TEs^ag-nate'. a. [agnatus, Lat.] Allied to; akm ; from the father. See Agnation. AGNA'TICK*, ag-nat 7 -ik. a. Relating to kindred by descent from the father. Blackstone. AGNA'TION, ag-na'-shfin. n. s. Descent from the same father in a direct male line. Alliance 3 con- nexion. Pownall. AGNl'TION, ag-afsh'-un. n. s. [agnitio, Lat.] Ac- knowledgement. Pearson. To AGNTZE§,ag-nlze'. v. a. {agniser, Fr.] To ac- knowledge. Shaispeare. Ob. J. To AGNO'MIN ATE §* ag-nom'-me-nate. v. a. \ao-nomino, Lat.] To name. Locrine. AGNOMINATION, ag-nom-me-na'-shun. n. s. Al- lusion of one word to another, by sound. Camden. A' GNUS*, aof'-nfis. n. s. [Lat] In the Romish church, a little image, representing our Saviour in the figure of a lamb. Brevint. AGNUS CAST US, ag'-nus-kas'-tus. n.s. [Lat.] The name of the Chaste Tree, so called from an imaginary virtue of preserving chastity. Dry den. AGO', a-go'. ad. [a^an, Sax.] Past ; as, long ago ; i. e. long time has past since. Shakspeare. A'GOG, a-ffog'. ad. Li a state of desire; in a state of warm Imagination ; heated with the notion of some enjoyment. South. AGO'ING, a-go'-mg. 410. part. a. In action; into action. Dry den. A'GGN*,k'-gbn. n.s. [Gr.] The contest for the prize. Abp. Sancroft. AGO'NE, a-gon'. ad. [ag'an, Sax.] Ago; past. B. Jonsrm. A'GONISM^ag'-o-nlzm. 518. n. s. [ayovta/zej, Gr.] Contention for a prize. Diet. A'GONIST, ag'-6-n!st. n. s. A contender for prizes. Did. AGONTSTES, ag-o-nis'-tez.w.s. A prize-fighter; o>.e that contends at a publick solemnity for a prize. Milton. AGONTSTICAL, ag-o-nls'-tlk-al. a. Relating to prize-fighting. Diet. Bp. Bull. AGONPSTICALLY*, ag^-nis'-tjk-al-le. ad. In the agomsticaJ manner. AGONTSTICK*, ag-c-inV-rik. a. Agoi.*»ttcal Hammond. To A'GONIZE, ag'-o-nlze. v. a. To afflict with agony. Feltham. To A'GONIZE $, ag'-o-nlze. v. 11. To feel agonies ; to be in excessive pain. Pope. AGONIZINGLY* ag-6-ni'-zmg-le. ad. In demos* painfully feeling manner. AGONOTHE'TE*, ag-6-n6-//;ete'. n. s. [ayovo9err lS ,- Gr.] A judge of masteries in activity. Diet. AGONOTHE'TICK, ag-c-no-i/tet'-ik. a. Presiding at publick games. Diet. A'GONY$,ag'-6-ne. 5-18. n. s. [ayuv, Gr.] The pangs of death. Sidney. Any violent pain. Spen- ser. It is particularly used in devotions to signify our Redeemer's conflict in the garden. Hooker. Violent contest or striving. More. AGO'OD, a-gud'. ad. In earnest; not fictitiously. Sliakspeare. Ob. J. AGOU'TY, a-g66'-te. n.s. An animal of the Antilles, of the bigness of a rabbit, with bright red hair, and a little tail without hair. Tievoux. To AGRA'CE^a-grase'. r. a. See To Aggrace. AGRA'MMATIST, a-gram'-ma-t!st. n. s. [a and ypd^jxa, Gr.] An illiterate man. Diet. AGRA'RIAN , a-gra'-re-an. a. [agrarius, Lat.] Re- I lating to fields or grounds. Wren. Burke. TWIGRE'E §,a-gree'. v.n. [agree/; Fr.] To be in concord. Broome. To grant ; to yield to. 2. Mac- cabees. To settle amicably. Clarendon. To set- tle terms by stipulation ; followed by with. Matt. v. To settle a price. Matt. xx. To be of the same mind or opinion. Clarendon. To concur ; to co-operate. Prior. To settle some point. Hooker. To be consistent. Mark, xiv. To suit with. Wis- dom. To cause no disturbance in the body. Ar fuihnot. To AGRE'E. a-gree'. v. a. To put an end to a vari- ance. Spenser. To make friends. Roscommon. AGREE ABP LITY*, a-gree-a-bll'-e-te. n. s. [ogre ablete, Fr.] Easiness of disposition. Chaucer. AGRE'EABLE, a-gree'-a-bl. a. Suitable to ; con sistent with. Brown. Agreeably. Locke. Pleas ■ in£. Addison. Con- easing. Bp. Taylor. Resemblance ; likeness. Grew. AGRE'EABLY, a-gree'-a-ble. ad. Consistently with. Pleasingly. Swift. Alike ; in a corre spondinir manner. Spe?iser. AGRE'ED, a-greed'. part. a. Settled by consent. Locke. AGRE'EINGLY* a-gree'-mg-le. ad. In conformity to. Sheldon. • AGRE'EINGNESS, a-gree -?ng-nes. n. s. Con sistence ; suitableness. AGRE'EMENT, a-gree'-ment. n. s. Concord. Ec- clus. Resemblance of one thing to another. Ba- con. Compact ; bargain. Isaiah. AGRE''ST3CK, a-gres'-uk. ) a. [a.c-rcsiis, Lat. AGRE'STICAL^-gres'-te-kalA Rude; rustick AGRE'STIAL* a-greV-tshe-al. S Gregory. Swan AGRICOLA'TION, ag-re-k6-la''-shQm k. ~s. [agric ola, Lat.] Culture of the ground. Diet. AGRICU'LTOR* ag-re-kul-tur. n. s. A husband man. See Agriculturist. AGRICULTURAL* ag-re-kul'-tshu-ral. a. Relat ing to agriculture. Sjnith's Wealth of Nations. AGRICULTURE, ag'-re-kul-tshure. 462. n.s. [ag> ricultura, Lat.l The art of cultivating" die ground. Brown. AGRIC U'LTURISM*, ag-re-kal'-tsnu-rfzm. n. s The science of agriculture. AGRICULTURIST*, ag-re-kul'-lshu-rlst. n. 4 One skilled in the art of cultivating the ground. A'GRIMONY, ag'-re-mun-ne. bbl.n.s. [agrinumia, Lat.] The name of a plant. Mu~ j r. ToAGPJ'SE. a-grize'. v.n. [axyiiran, Sax.] To shiver for fear, or through pity. Chaucer Ob. J. \ To AGRPSE, a-grlze'. v. a. To affright , to terrify. Svenser. To disfi^xire ; to make frightful. Spenser AGROUND, a-ground'. 313. ad. Stranded Sir 75 ing. Addison. AGRE'EABLENESS, a-gree'-a-bl-nes. n. s. sistency with. Locke. Phe quality of pie AIM AIT \]~T 559. — Fate, far, fall, fat; — me mth;— pine, pln;- Walier Raleigh. Hindered in the progress of af- fairs. A'GUE^a'-gue. 335. n. s. [agis, Goth, terrour.] An intermitting- fever, with cold fits succeeded by hot. Shakspeare. To A'GUE*, a'-gue. v. a. To strike as with an ague. Haywood. A'GUED, a'-gu-ed. 362, 359. a. Struck with an ague. Shakspeare. In little use. A'GUEFIT, a'-gue-flt. n. s. The paroxysm of the ague. ShoJcspeare. A'GLEPROOF, a'-gue-proof. a. Proof against agues. Shakspeare. To AGUETtRY* v. a. [agnerrir, Fr.] To inure to the hardships of war ; to instruct in the art of war. Lyttlelon. A'GUE-SPELL*, a'-gue-spel. n s. A charm for the ague. Gay. A'GUE^STRUCK*,a'-gue-struk. a. Striken as with an ague. Hewyt. A'GUE-TREE^'-gue-tree. n. s. A name sometimes given to sassafras. Diet. To AGUI'SE, a-gylze'. v. a. To dress; to adorn. Spenser. Oh. J. See Guise. AGUTSE^a-gyize'. n. s. Dress. More. Ob. T. A'GUISH, a'-gu-lsh. a. Having the qualities of an ague. B. Jon-son. A'GUISHNESS, a'-gu-lsh-nes. n. s. Quality of re- sembling an ague. AH §, a. inlerj. A word noting sometimes dislike and censure. Isaiah. Sometimes contempt and exul- tation. Psalm xxxv. Most frequently, compassion and complaint. Dryden. When followed by that, H expresses vehement desire. Dryden. AHA y , AHA y ! a-ha'. inter j. A word intimating tri- umph and contempt. Psalm xxxv. AHE AD, a-hed'. ad. Farther onward than another. Dryden. Headlong; preeipitantly. L' Estrange. AHEIGHT, a-luV. ad. Aloft; on high. Shak. AHFGH^a-hi'. ad. On high. Shakspeare. AHQ'LD*, a-hild'. ad. A sea-term. To lay a ship ahold, is to bring her to lie as near the wind as she can, in order to get her out to sea. Shakspeare. AHO UA'I, a-hSo-ae'. n. s. The name of a poison- ous plant. AHO'Y*, a-h6e / . interj. A sea-term; of much the •same import as holla. Cumberland. AliU'NGRY* a-hfing'-gre. a- Hungry. Shak. The expletive an is thus prefixed to hunger in un-hun- gered. AJA'R* a-jar'. ad. Half opened. ^To AH) §, ade. 202. v. a. {aider, Ft.] To help. Spenser. AID, acte. n.s. [aibe,Sax.] Help ; support. Waits. A helper. Tobit, viii. In law, a subsidy. Coirel. A'IDANOE, ade'-anse. n.s. Help; support. Shak. AIDANT, ade'-ant. a. Helping; helpful. Shak. Ob. J. AIDE-DE-CAMP*, ade-de-kawng'. n.s. [Fr.] A military officer, employed under a general to con- vey his orders. $CF" This word, like most other military terms from the French, is universally adopted; but the polite pronun- ciation of the nasal vowel in the last syllable is not to be attained by a mere Englishman. See Encore. W. A'IDER, ade'-fir. n. s. A helper. Bacon. A'IDLESS, ade'-les. a. Helpless. Shakspeare. A'IGRE*, a'-gr. n.s. The impetuous flowing of the sea. A'IGRET*, a'-gret. n.s. [aigrette, Fr.] The egret, or heron. See Egret. A'IGULET, a'-gu-let. n. s. [aigukt, Fr.] A point with tags. Spenser. To AIL§, ale. v. a. [Agio, Goth.] To pain; to trouble. Gen. xxi. To affect in any manner. Sid- ney. To feel pain. A IL, ale 202. h. s. [e£le, Sax.] A disease. Pope. AILMENT, ale' -ment. n. s. Pam; disease. Gran- t-ille. A'lLING, ale'-mg. part. a. Sickly; full of com- plaints. To AIM §, ame. 202. v. n. [esmer.] To endeavour to strike with a missile weapon. Pove. To point the view. Spenser. To guess. To AIM, ame. v. a. To direct the missile weapon. Dryden. AIM, ame. n. s. The direction of a missile weapon, Dryden. The point to which the tnmg thrown is directed. Shak. A purpose; a scheme ; fig ura tively. Milton. The object of a design. Locke Conjecture; guess. Spenser. AI'MER*, a'-mur. n. s. One who aims. Wood. A'IMLESS*, ame'-les. a. Without aim. May. AIR §, are. 202. n.s. [aPr, Lat.l The element en- compassing the terraqueous globe. Walts. The state of the air. Bacon. Air in motion; a small gentle wind. Milton. Pove. Scent; vapour Ba- con. Blast; pestilential vapour. Shatc. Anything light or uncertain. Shak. The open weather. Dryden. Ven 1 .; utterance. Dryden. Publication. Pope. Intelligence; information. Bacon. Mustek. Shak. Poe'-y; a song. Milton. The mien, or manner, of ine person; the look. Milton. An af- fected manner or gesture. Dryden. Appearance. Pope. ' To AIR, are v. a. To expose to the air. Hooker. To gratify, by enjoying the open air. Shak. To air; to warm by the fire. To breed in nests; in this sense it is derived from aeiie, a nest. Carew. ATRBALLOON*, are'-bal-loGn'. n. s. A machine, filled with air, which mounts to a considerable height. See Balloon. A'IRBLADDER, are'-blad-dur. n. s. Any cuticle or vesicle filled with air. Arbuthnot. The bladder in fishes, by which they rise or fall. Cudworth. ATR-BORN*, are'-born. a. Born of the air. Con- grece. AIR-BRAVING*, are'-bra-vmg. part. a. Defying the winds. Shakspeare. ATRBUILT, are'-bllt. a. Built in the air, i. e. with- out any solid foundation. Pope. ATR.-DRAWN, are'-drawn. a. Drawn or painted in air. Shakspeare. Ob. J. ATR-EMBRACED*, are'-em-braste. a. Sa?idys. Ps. civ. A'IRER, are'-Sr. 98. n. s. He that exposes to the air. ATR-HOLE, are'-bole. n. s. A hole to admit air. ATRINESS, are'-e-nes. n.s. Openness; exposure to the air. Lightness; gayety; levity. Felton. ATRING, are'-fng. 410. n.s. A short journey to enjoy the free air Addison. A'IRLESS, are-les. a. Wanting communication with the free air. Shakspeare. A'IRLING, are'-lmg. 410. n.s A thoughtless, gay person. B. Jonson. j A'IRGUJN*, are'-gftn. n.s. A species of gun charged with air, instead of powder. Diet. ATRPOISE*, are'-poeze. n, s. An instrument to measure the weignt of the air. Hist. Royal Society. ATRPUMP, are'-pump. n. s. A machine by whose means the air is exhausted out of proper vessels. Chambers. A'IRSHAFT, are'-shaft. n. s. A passage for the air into mines and subterraneous places. Ray. AIR-STIRRING*, are'-stiir-rlng. a. That which puts the air in motion. May. A'IR-THPvE'ATENING*, are'-tfn^l't'n-mg. adj. Threatening the air; lofty. Mir. for Mag. ATRY, are'-e. a. Composed of air. Bacon. Re- lating to the air. Boyle. High in air. Addison. Open to the free air. Spen.se}-. Light as air; thin; unsubstantial. Shak. Wanting reality. Milton. Fluttering; loose. Dryden. Gay; sprightly. Bp. Tavl.or. AIRY'-FLYING*, are'-e-fll-ing. «. Flying like air. Thomson. AIRY-LIGHT*, are'-e-Ute. a. Light as air. Mil- ton. AISLE, lie. 207. n. s. [aile, Fr. a/a, Lat. wing.] The walk in a church, or wing of a quire. Addison. AIT, cr EYGHT, ate. 2o2. n. s. Supposed to be corrupted from islet. A small island in a river. Skinner. 76 ALB ALE -n6, m6ve, nor, not 5 — ti\be, tub, bull; — 61]; — pound; — thin, this. A' JUT AGE, ad-jutaje. n. s. [Fr.] An additional pipe to water-works. Diet. To AKE, ake. 355. v.n. To feel a pain. Shale. AKFN, a-kliF. a. Related to. Sidneij. Allied to by nature. Prior. AL, ATTLP2, ADALE, seem to be corruptions of the Saxon iEpel, noble, famous. AL, ALU, being initials, are derived from the Saxon Ealb, ancient. AL is also the Arabick prefix to many of our words : as, al-coran, al-cove, al-chymy, al- embick, al-manack. A'LABASTER, aF-a-bas-tur. 98. n. s. [a\a(3aarpo v .] A kind of soft marble, easier to cut, and less dura- ble than the other kinds. Samry. ALABASTER, aF-a-bas-tur. 418. a. Made of ala- baster. Addison. ALACK, a-lak'. interj.^ Alas. ShaJcspeare. ALA'CKADAYja-lak'-a-da'. interj. [alas the day .] A word noting- sorrow and melancholy. ALACRIOUSLY, a-lak'-re-us-le. ad. Cheerfully. ALACRIOUSNESS* a-lak'-re-us-nfis. n. s. Brisk- ness; liveliness. Hammcnd. ALACRITY, a-lak'-kr^-te. 511. n. s.[alacritas, Lat.] Cheerfulness; sprightliness. Hooker. ALAMIRE, a-la-me'-ra. n. s. The lowest note but one in Guido Aratine's scale of musick. Gayton. ALAMO'DE, al-a-mode'. ad. According to the fashion. Whitlock. A low word. /. A LA'ND, a-land'. ad. At land. Sidneij. Dryden. ALA'RM§, a-larm 7 . n. s. [a Varme, Fr. to arms.] A cry bj r which men are summoned to their arms. Numbers. A cry of danger. Any tumult or dis- turbance. Pope. A clock that strikes an alarm. Spenser. To ALA'RM, a-larm'. v. a. To call to arms ; to dis- turb. Addison. To surprise with apprehension of danger. Tickell. To disturb in general. Dryden. A LARMBELL, a-larm'-bell. n. s. The bell that is rung at the approach of an enemy. Milton. A LATtMING, a-lari-mlng. part. a. Terrifying. ALARMINGLY * a-lar'-mlng-le. ad. In an'alarm- ing manner. ALA'RMIST*, a-lay-mlst. n. s. He who excites an alarm. ALARMPOST, a-larm'-p6st. n. s. The post ap- pointed to appear at, in case of an alarm. ALARMWATCH*, a-larm'-wotsh. n.s. One that strikes the hour by regulated movement. Sir T, Herbert. ALA'RUM^a-lari-am. n. s. See Alarm. Shak. ALA'S, a-las'. interj. [helas, Fr.] A word express- ing lamentation, pity, or concern. Sidney. ALAS THE DAY, a-las'-THe-da. interj. Ah, un- happy day ! Shakspeare. ALAS THE WHILE, a-las'-THe-hwile. interj. Ah, unhappy time ! Spenser. ALATE, a-late'. ad. Lately. Hawes. ALATE'RNUS*, al-a-teri-iias. n.s. Evergreen privet. Evelyn. ALB, alb. n. s. [album, Lat.] A surplice worn close at the wrists, like the lawn sleeves of a bishop. Fairfax. A'LBATROSS*, aF-ba-tros. n. s. A south-sea bird. Hawkesworth. ALBE 7 , al-be 7 . \ ad. Although; notwith- ALBE'IT, al-be'-lt. 84. \ standing. Spenser. A'LBICORE*, al'-be-k6re. n. s. A sea fish. Da- vors. ALBIFICA'TION*, al-be-fe-ka/-shun. n. s. Making white. Chancer. ALBIGE NSES*, al-be-jen'-sez. n. s. A sect so called from AIM, in Upper Languedoc, where they originated. Warton. ALBUGFNEOUS^l-bu-jm'-e-us. a. [albugo, Lat.] Resembling the white of an egg. Brown. ALBU'GO,k\-bh'-gb. 84. n.s. [Lat.] A disease in the eye, by which the cornea contracts a white- ness. A'LBUM*, aT-bum. n. s. [Lat.] A book in which foreigners have long been accustomed to insert the autographs of celebrated people. Sir H. Wotton. A'LBURN, aF-burn. See Auburn. ALCA'ICK*, al-ka'-ik. a. The measure of verse used by the poet Alcaeus, consisting of two dactyles and two trochees. Blackwall. Used also as a noun, denoting the verse itself. Warton. ALCAHEST, aF-ka-hest. 84. n. s. [Arab.] A uni versa] dissolvent. Quincy. ALCA'ID, al-ka.de'. 84. n.s. In Barbary, the gov ernour of a castle. Dryden. In Spain, the judge of a city. Du Conge. ALCANNA, al-kaiF-na. 84. n. s. An Egyptian plant used in dyeing. Brown. ALCHY'MICAL, al-kW-me-kal. a. Relating to 1 alchvmy. Camden. lALCHY'MlCALLY^l-kfm'-me-kal-le. ad. In the nanner of an alchymist. Camden. I ALCHYMIST, al'-ke-mlst. 84. n.s. One who pur- sues or professes the science of alch\my. Shak. ALCHYMFSTICAL^al-ke-nuV-uk-ai. a. Acting like an alchymist. Lighifooi. Burke. To ALCHYM1ZE*, aF-ke-mlze. v. a. To trans- mute. Lovelace. ALCHYMY§, aF-ke-me. 84. n. s. [al, Arab, and Xvpa.] That part of chymistry, which proposes the transmutation of metals, and other important operations. Hooker. A kind of mixed metal. Bacon. ALCOHOL §, aF-k6-hol. 84. n. s. [Arab.] A high, rectified, dephlegmated spirit of wine, or any thing reduced into an impalpable powder. Quincy. ALCOHOLIZATION, al-ko-hol-e-za'-shun. n. s. The act of rectifying spirits. To ALCOHOLIZE, aF-k6-h6-lize. v. a. To make an alcohol. A ; LCORAN§, aF-k6-nm. 84. n.s. [al, and koran, Arab.] The book of the Mahometan precepts, and credenda. Saunderson. ALCORANISH*, ahko-ran'-ish. a. Relating to Mahometanism. Sir T. Herbert. ALCO'VE, al^ve'. n. s. [alcoba, Span.] A recess, or part of a chamber, separated by an estrade, in which is placed a bed of state, or seats. Trevoux. A recess in gardens or pleasure grounds. Pope. ALDER, aF-dur. 84. n. s. [alnus, Lat.] A tree having leaves resembling those of the hazel. The wood is used by turners. Pope. ALDERLFEVEST, al-dfir-leev'-est. a. super. [From alder, of all, and lieve, beloved.] Most beloved. Shakspeare. A'LDERMAN^. aF-dfir-man. n.s. [aid, and man, Sax.] The same as senator. A governour or magistrate, originally chosen on account of the experience which his age had given him. Shak. ALDERMANITY*, al-dfir-man'-e-te. n.s. The be- haviour and manners of an alderman. Staple of News. The society of aldermen. Underwoods. ALDERMANLIKE*, aF-diir-man-like. a. In the manner of an alderman. Shelton. A'LDERMANLY, aF-dur-man-le. ad. Like an al derman. Swift. ALDERN, aF-durn. 84, 555. o. Made of alder. May. A'LE§, ale. n. s. [eale, Sax.] A liquor made by infusing malt in hot water, and then fermenting the liquor. Shak. A merry meeting used in country places. Warton. ALE-BENCH*, ale'-bensh. n. s. A bench in 01 before an ale-house. Homilies. ALEBERRY, ale'-beY-re. n. s. [ale, and berry.] A beverage made by boiling ale with spioe and su gar, and sops of bread. Beaumont. ALE-BREWER, ale'-br66-ur. n. s. One that brews ale. Mortimer. ALE-CONNER, ale'-kon-nur. n. s. [ale, and con.] I An officer whose business it is to inspect the ineas- I ures of publick houses. Act of Pari. 21 Jac. I. ch. 7. I ALECOST, ale'-kost. n. s. The name of an herb. Diet. ALF/CTRYOMANCY, a-leV-tre-6-man-se. ) ALF/CTOROMANCY,a-lek / -t6-r6-man-se. ] [a\cKrpvu)v and pavm.] Divination by a cock. Diet. ALE-FED* ale'-fed. a. Fed with ale. Stafford. ALEGAR, aF-le-gur. 98, 418. n. s. [ale, and eager 77 ALG ALI (HP 5.09. — Fate, far, fall, fat ;-me, met ; — piue. pin sour.] Sour ale j acid made of a!e, as vinegar, of wine. A'LEGER.al'-lo-jor. a. [alocris, Lat.] Gay ; cheer- ful ; sprightly. Baron. Ob. J. TbALJ&GGE* a-Ieg 7 . .v. a [aUe&r, old Fr.] To lesson; to assuage. Pastorals. Oh. T A LEKOOE. ale'-lidof. nj>. [ale, and hoo A L'FHo'lsf'. ale'-house. n. s. [elhuf, Sax.] A house '.v here ale is sold. Shoksveare. A LEHOrSE-KELPER, alt -lifiuse-ke-pur. n.s. He that keens ale pubiickly to sell. Letter to Swift. A'LEKNJGIJT. ale'-nhe. n. s. A pot-conipau : .on. Camden. Ob. J. ALE MBICK, a-lem'-blk. n. s. [al. Aran, and a/i- A L(i(Jl!lS.M.ai'-g-o-r'fzin.557. ) ??..s.Arabick words A LGORlTHM,al'-g6-rfc/im. > implying thesis operations of arilhmetick. Sir T. More. A LGO SE, al-gose'. 427. a. Extremely cold. Diet. ALGUAZ1 L*, al-gwa-zele'. n. s. [Span.] An infe- riour officer of "justice j a constable. Smoltet. ] Ground-': ALIAS. a'-le-as. cd. A Latin word, signifying | otherwise ; as, Simson alias Smith, alias Baker Sir T. Herbert. In law : a writ of capias, issued a second time. BUckstone. ALIBI-. U'-e-bL 71. s. [Led.] Elsewhere. The plea of a person, who, to prove himself innocent, alleges, that, at the time slated in the accusation. heAvasatsome place remote from that in which the fact was said to have been committed. /3i|.] A vessel used i.i ALENGTH. a-len^/i'. distil ad. mg. Binjle. At full length. Cliau- [aHbilis, Lat.] Nutritive : ALE RT$, a-lert'. a. [alerte, Fr.] On guard; watch- ful : in a military sense. Sir Roger Williams. Br'sk : pert; smart. Addison. ALERTNESS, a-lert' -ne^s. n. s. Sprightlinessj pertiiess. A ddison. ALE-STAKE*, ale -stake, n. s. [ale, and stake.] A stake set up before an ale-house, by way of sign. Cliancer. ALETASTEE.ale'-tast-ur. 9& n.s. [ale, andtast-] er.] An officer appointed to look to the goodness of ale or h^er. Cowel. A LEV AT, ale'-vat. n. s. [ale, and vat.'] The tub in which the ale is fermented. ALE'W*, al-166'. n. s. Shouting, or crying aloud;'' the same as halloo. Spenser. ALEWASHED. ale'-wosht. 359. a. Steeped or! soaker! in ale. Slwkspeaix. A'LEWIFE, ale'-wjfe. n. s. [ale, and wife.] Awo-I man that keeps an alehouse. Stoi/t. A'LEXANDERS, aJ'-legz-an'-durz. n. s.The name] ol'a plant. A LEX ANDER^S-FOOT, al '-legz-an'-durz-fut'. j -173. n. s. The name of an herb. ALEXANDRINE, al-legz-an'-dnn. 150. n.s. A kind of verse borrowed from the French, first used : in a poem called Alexander, consisting, among the French, of twelve and thirteen syllables, in alter- j nale couplets ; and. among us, of twelve. Dryden.] ALEXIPHA RMACAL* l-lek-se-far'-ma-kal. a. j That which possesses an antidote. Pierce. ALEXIPHATtMICK, a-lek-se-far'-mik. a. [£\s%iw j and iet. ALGOR, al -g6r. n. s. [Lat.] Extreme cold. DiciA J^Tlie o in the last syllable of this word escapes being \ pronounced like u from its being Latin and seldom j used. 413. W. TbALl'GGETa-tfs . a. See To Alf.ggf.. .7/. [ahhran.Sax.] To come down and stop. Spenser. To fall upon. Dryden. ALIKE, a-llke'. a. With resemblance ; widio'ut dif ference. Psalm exxxix. Milton. ALFKE-MINDED*, a-like / -mind-&LjMrt. a. Hav- ing: the same mind. Bp. Hall. ALEMENTv. a!'-le-ment. n. s. [alimeniurn, Lat.] Nourishment ; food. Gtanrille. AE13IE NTAL, al-le-men ; -tal. a. That which nour- ishes. M'dton. ALIYENTALEY, a!-!e-men'-ta!-e. ad. So as to serve for nourishment. Brcnm. AL1MENTARINESS, al-le-men'-la-re-nes. n.s. The quality of being alimentary. Diet. ALIMENTARY, al-ie-men'-ia-re. a. That which belongs to aliment, or has die power of nourishing Ray. ALIMENTATION, al-le-men-ia/-shun. n. s. The 78 ALL ALL -no, move, nor, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — oil ; — pound ; — thm, THis. aliment. The state of being :. That which power of affording nourished. Bacon. ALlMO'iN LOUS, al-le-mi'-ne nourishes. Harvey. Very litile in use. A'LlMONY$, al'-le-niQn-ne. 546. n. s. [alimoniu, Lat.] That legal proportion of the husband s es- tate, which is allowed to the wife, upon the account of separation from him. Aylitj'e. A'LIQUANT, al'-le-qwont. a. [aliquantus, Lat.] Parts of a number, which, however repeated, will never make up the number exactly ; as, 3 is an aliquant of 10, thrice 3 being 9, four times 3 mak- ing- 12. A'LIQUOT, al'-le-qwot. a. [aliquot, Lat.] Aliquot parts of any number are such as will exactly mea- sure without airy remainder ; as, 3 is an aliquot part of 12. Clarke. A'LISH, ale'-lsh. a. Resembling ale. Mortimer. A'LITURE, al'-e-tshure. re. s. \alitura, Lat.] Nour- ishment. Did. ALI'VE, a-llve'. a. In the state of life. Dryden. Unextinguished 5 undestroyed. Hooker. Cheer- ful ; sprightly. Clarissa. In a popular sense, it is used only to add an emphasis} as, the best man alive. Sjjenser. A'LKAHEST, al'-ka-hest. 84. re. s. A universal dis- solvent, which has the power of resolving ali things into their first principles. ALKALE'SCENT, al-ka-IeV-sent. a. Having a tendency to the properties of an alkali. Ar'outli- not. A'LKALI$, al'-ka-le. 84. n.s. [from an herb, called by the Egyptians kali; by us, glass wort.] Any substance, which, when mingled with acid, pro- duces ebullition and effervescence. ALK ALINE, al'-ka-lm. 150. a. Having the quali- ties ot alkali. Arbidhnot. To ALKALIZATE, al-kal'-le-zaie. v. a. To make bodies alkaline. ALKA'LIZATE, al-kal'-le-zate. a. Impregnated with alkali. Boyle. ALKALIZA'TION, al-ka-le-za'-shfin. re. s. Act of alkalizating, or impregnating bodies with alkali. A'LKANET. al'-ka-net. re. s. [Anchusa, Lat.] The name of a plant. Miller. A'LKEKE'NGI^l-ke-k&a'-je. n.s. A medicinal fruit or berry, called winter-cherry. Cliambers. ALKE'RMES, al-keY-mez. re. s. A celebrated remedy, of which kermes berries are the basis. Chambers. ALL$.all. 77. a. [M\\, iEal, ealle, alle, Sax.] The whole number} every one. Shak. Every part. Locke. ALL, all. ad. [See All, a.] Quite ; completely. Altogether; wholly. Dryden. Only. Although ; but obsolete in this sense. iperiser, Shak Spenser. ALL, all. re. s. The whole. Shak. Every thing. Shak. All is much used in composition ; but, m most instances, it is merely arbitrary; as appears in the following compounds. ALL- ABANDONED*, all-a-ban'-d&nd. part. a. De- serted bv all. Shslton. ALL-ABHORRED*, all-ab-hor'd'. part. a. Detested by all. Shakspeare. ALL-ADMIRING* all-ad-mi'-rlng. part. a. Wholly admiring. Shakspeare. ALL-ADVISED*, all-ad-vlz'd'. pari. a. Advised by all. Bp. Warburton. ALL-APPROVED*, all-ap-prOov'd'. a. He who is approved by all. More. ALL-ATONING*, all-a-t6ne' fog. part. a. Atoning for all. Dryden. Burke. ALL-BEARING, all-ba'-rmg. a. That which bears every thing ; omniparous. Marston. ALL-BEAUTEOUS*, ail-biV-tshe-fts. a. Complete- lv beautiful. Pone. ALL-BEHOLDING*, all-be-hole'-ding. a. That which beholds all things. Drayton. ALL-BLASTING*, all-blas'-img. part. x. That which blasts, defames, or destroys all things. Marston ALL-CHANGING*, all-tshanje'-mg. part. a. That which is perpetually changing. Sluikspeare. ALL-CHEERING, all-tshe-rmg. a. That which gives gayety and cheerfulness to all. Shakspeare. ALL-COMMANDING, all-kom-mand-mg. a. Hav ing the sovereignty over all. Raleigh. ALL-COMPLYING*, all-kom-pli'-lng. part. a. Yielding or complying in every respect. More. ALL-COMPOSING, all-kom-pc-'-zlng. a. That which quiets all. Cfashaw. A LL-COMPREHENSIVE*, all-kom-pre-hen'-sfv. a. Comprehending all things. Glanville. ALL-CONCEALING*, all-kon-seie'-hig. part. a. That which conceals all thing's. Spenser. ALL-CONQUERING, all-kong'-kfir-lng. 334. a. That which subdues every thing. Milton. ALL-CQNSTRAINlNG^all-kon-stra'-nfng. part, a. That which restrains or subjugates all things. Drayton. ALL-CONSUMING, all-kcm-su'-mmg. a. That which consumes every thing. Pope. ALL-DARING*, all-da'-rmg. a. That which dares attempt every thing. B. Jcmson. ALL-DESTROYING*, all-de-slroe'-Ing. part, a, Destroying all things. Sir R. Fanshaw. ALL-DEVASTING*, all-de-vas'-tSng. part. a. Wasting all things. Sandijs. ALL-DEVOURING, all-de-voiV-mg. a. That which eats up every thing. Pope. ! ALL-DIMMING* all-dW-mnig. part. a. That which obscures all things. Marston. | ALL-DISCOVERING*, all-cOs-kuv'-ur-lng.^^.a. Disclosing everv thing. More. ALL-DISGRACED* "all-dls-graste'. part. a. Corn- pletelv disgraced. Shakspeare. ALL-DISPENSING*, all-dls-pen'-sing. part, cl That which dispenses all things. Milton. That which affords any dispensation cr permission- Dryden. ALL-DIVINE*, all-de-vine', a. Supremely excel- lent. Howell. ALL-DIVINING*, all-de-vl'-nlng. part. a. Foretell- ing all things. Sir R. Fanshaw. ALL-DREADED*, all-dred'-ed. a. Feared by all, S'utkspeare. ALL-DROWSY*, all-droiV-ze. a. Very drowsy. Brown. ALL-ELOQUENT*, all-eL-6-kwent. a. Having all the force of eloquence. Pope. ALL-EMBRACING*, all-em-brase'-lng. part. a. Embracing all things. Crashaw. ALL-ENDING*, all-en'-ding. part. a. That which ends ail things. Shakspeare. ALL-ENLIGHTENING*, all-en-lVVn-fng. part. a. Enlightening aM things. C. Cotton. ALL-ENRAGED*, all-en-raj'd'. a. Greatly enrag- ed. .7. Hall. ALL-FLAMING*, all-fla'-mmg. part. a. Flaming in everv direction. Beaumont. ALL-FOOLS-DAY*, aU-fSolz-da'. re. s. The first of April, when every body, says the Spectator, strives to make as many fools as he can; an old [but foolish] custom. Brand. ALL-FORGIVING*, all-for-gV-ing. a. Forgiving all. Dryden. ALL-FOURS, all-fW. re. .a and fcra.] The order of the letters, or elements of speech. Holder. To A'LPHABET, al'-fa-bet. v. a. To range in the order of the alphabet. ALPHA BETA'RIAN*, al-fa-bet-ta'-re-an. n.s. Ai, ABC scholar. Abp. Sancroft. ALPHABETICAL, al-fa-bet'-te-kal. 508, 509. ) ALPHABE'TICK, ai-fa-beV-lk. \ a In the order of the alphabet. Sicift. ALPHABE'TICALLY, al-fa-bcV-te-kal-le. ad. lu an alphabetical manner. Holder. ALREADY, al-red'-de. 84. ad. At this presort time, or at some time past. Hooker. ALS, als. ad. Also ; likewise. Spenser. Ob. J. A'LSO§, al'-so. 84. ad. [aippa, Sax.] In the same manner; likewise. Burnet. ALT*, alt. n. s. The higher part of the scale or gamut. A'LTAR$, al'-tur. 84,93. n.s, [a/tare, Lat.] The place where offerings to heaven are laid. Dryden The table in Christian churches where the com munion is administered. Shakspeare. A'LTARAGE, al'-tur-aje. 90. n. s. [altaragium, Lat.] An emolument arising from oblations. Ay Me. A'ETAR-CLOTH. al'-tur-cloth. n. s. [old Fr.] The cloth thrown over the altar. Peacham. A'LTAR-PIECE*, al'-tur-peese. n. s, A painting placed over the altar. Dr. Warton. A^.TARWISE*. al'-tur-wlze. ad. Placed or fashion- ed in the manner of an altar. Hoicell. To A'LTER §, al'-tur. 418. v. a. [alter, Lat.] To change. SlwJc. To take off from a persuasion. Dryden. To A'LTER, al'-tur. v. n. To suffer change. ALTERABLE, al'-tfir-a-bl. a. That which may be changed by something else. Glanrille. A'LTERABLENESS, al'-tur-a-bl-nes. n. s. The qualitv of being alterable, or admitting change. A'LTER ABLY, al'-tur-a-ble. ad. hi such a mam as may be altered. 82 manner ALT AMA — n6, m6ve, riOr, n6t ;— tube, tab, bull ;— oil ;— p6und ;— thin, Tuis. ALTERAGE, al'-tur-Idge. 90. n.s. [froma/o.] The nourishing or fostering' of a child. Sir J. Davies. ALTERANT, al'-tur-ant, 555. a. What has the power of producing' changes. Bacon. * ALTERATION, al'-tur-a'-shun. n. s. The act of altering or changing. Hooker. The change made. Hooker. Milton. ALTERATIVE, al'-tfir-a-trv. a. Medicines which change the humours Horn a state of distemperature to health. Quincy. ALTERATIVE* al'-tur-a-tlv. re. s. An alterative medicine. Barton. To ALTERCATED, al'-tur-kate. v.n. [aliercor, Lat.] To wrangle ; to contend with. ALTERCATION, al-tur-ka'-shun. 84. n.s. De- bate j controversy ; wrangle. Hooker. J)^° The first syllable of this word, and of the sixteen [25] that follow it, except [altliea and] although, are subject to a double pronunciation, between which it is net very easy to decide. There is a general rule in the lan- guage, that I, followed by another consonant, gives the preceding a its broad sound, as in salt. This rule is subject to several exceptions, 8-i ; and if we take in these words into the exceptions, there i3 some doubt of the exceptions becoming the general rule. But the a in question is now so generally pronounced as in the first syllable of alley, valley, Sec. that we should risk the imputation of inaccuracy to sound it otherwise. Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick,and Mr. Scott, are uniform- ly for this latter sound of a. Mr. Perry marks all in the same manner, except altercate, and altercation ;.] and VV. Johnston has only the words altercation, and alternative, which he pronounces in the former man- ner. It is certain that the former was the true Anglo- Saxon sound, and it is highly probable that the latter has only obtained within these k\v years, in words ob- viously derived from the Latin, as these are ; but there seems to be a grossness in one sound, and a neatness in the other, which has so decidedly given one of them the preference. W ALTERN, al-tern'. 84, 98. a. [alternus, Lat.] Act- ing by turns. Milton. ALT E'RMACY, al-teV-na-se. 84. re. s. Action per- formed by turns. A ETERNAL*, al-teV-nal. a. Alternative. ALTE'RNALLY*, al-teV-nal-le. ad. By turns. ' May. ALTERNATE§,al-ter'-nate. 91. a. Being by turns; one after another ; reciprocal. South ALTERNATE, al-teY-nate. n. s. M\ alternately : vicissitude. Prior, ^ALTERNATES, al-uV-nate. 91. v. -a. {alter- nare, Ital] To perform alternately. Milton. To change one thing for another reciprocally. Grew. To ALTERNATE*, al-uV-nate. v. n. To succeed by turns. Philips. ALTERNATELY, al-teV-nate-le. ad. In recipro- cal succession. Dryden. ALTERNATENESS, aUeV-nate-nes. n. s. Quali- ty of being alternate, or in reciprocal succession. Diet. ALTERNATION, al-titr-na'-shun. 555. re. s. The reciprocal succession of things. Brown. The an- swer of the congregation, speaking alternately with tne minister. Milton. Alternate performance, in the choral sense. Mason. ALTERNATIVE, al-teV-na-fiv. 158. re. s. The choice given of two things. Young. ALTERNATIVE*, al-teV-na-tiv. 158. a. In an al- ternate manner. Hakewell. ALTERNATIVELY, al-teV-na-tiv-le. ad. By turns. Aylifj'e. ALTERNATIVENESS, al-uV-na-uVnes. [See Altercation.] n. s. Reciprocation. Diet ALTERN IT Y,al-ter'-ne-te. 98. n.s. Reciprocal succession. Brown. ALTHE'A*, iil-tfie'-a. n. s. \i\Baia, Gr.] A flower- ing shrub. Diet. ALTHO'UGH, al-Tni'. 84. conf. Notwithstanding ; however. Hooker. See Though. ALTIGRADE, al'-te-grade. a. [alius andgradior, Lat.] Rising on high. Diet. ALTlLOQULNCE^al-uT-lo-kwense. 98. n.s. [alius, and loquor, Lat.] Pompous language. ALTFM ETR Y, al-tim'-me-tre. 51 8. re. s. *altimetria, Lat.] The art of measuring altitudes. ALTISONANT, al-nY-so-nant. 518. \ a. [altisonus. ALTFSONOUS, a!-uV-s6-n5s. 614. \ Lat.] Pom- pous or lofty in sound. Evelyn. ATTITUDE, aF-te-tude. re. s. [alfztudo, Lat.] Height of place. Shak. The elevation of any of the heavenly bodies above the horizon. Brown. Situation with regard to lower things. Ray. Height of excellence. Swift. Height of degree. Shcucspeare. ALTPVOLANT, al-tlv'-vo-lant. 88. a. [altirolans, Lat.] High living. Diet. ALTOGETHER, ai-to-geTH'-ur. ad. Completely j without restriction. Spenser. Conjunctly. Shak. ALTO-RELIEVO*, al / -t6-re-lee / -v6. n.s. [Ital.] That kind of relievo, in sculpture, which projects as much as the life. Hay. A'LUDEL,il'-u-de\. n.s. [from a and tutum.] Alu- dels are subliming pots used in chymistry, without bottoms, and fitted into one another without luting Quincy. ALVEARY*, aK-ve-a-re re. 5. [alvearium, Lat.] A beehive. Barret. ALUM§, alMfim. n.s. [alumen, Lat.] A mineral salt, of an acid taste, with a considerable degree of astringency. Boyle. ALUM STONE, aF-liim-stc-ne. n.s. A stone or calx used in surgery. Wiseman. ALUMED* aF-lui What happens um/d, a. Mixed with alum. Barret. ALU'MINQUS, al-lu'-me-nus. a. Relating to alum. Broivn. ALUMISH*, al'-Ium-fsh. a. Having the nature of alum. Hist. Royal Society. ALUTATION* al-u-ta'-shun. re. 5. [aluta, Lat.] The tanning or dressing of leather. Diet. ALWAYS, ai'-waze. 84. ad. Perpetually. Hooker. Constantly. Dry den. Sometimes written alway. A. M. Artium magister, or master of arts. Ante me- ridiem, i. e. before twelve o'clock at noon. AM, am. The first person of the verb to he. Exodus. See To Be. AM ABILITY, am-a-bil'-e-te 51 1 , 527. re. s. [amahil- itas, Lat.] Loveliness; the power of pleasing. Bp Taylor. AMADETTO, am-a-d&'-ti. re. s. A sort of pear. A'MADOT, am'-a-dot. 503. re. s. A sort of pear. AMATN, a-mane'.' ad. With vehemence 3 with vig- our ; violently. Shakspeare. AMALGAM §, a-mal'-gam. ) re. s. [amalgame, AMA8qitis.~] Good against the gout. ANTASTHMA'TICK, ant-ast-mat'-ik. a. Good agauist the asthma. A'NTE, an'-te. A Latin particle signifying before, frequently used in compositions; as, antediluvian, before the flood. A'NTEACT, an'-te-akt. n. s. A former act. Diet. ANTECEDA'NEOUS* an-te-se-da'-ne-us. a. Go- ing before. Barrow. To ANTECE'DE§, an-tt.-sMV. v. n. [ante and ce- do.~\ To precede. Hale. ANTECEDENCE, an-le-se'-dense. n. s. Prece- dence. Hale. ANTECEDENCY*, an-te-se'-den-se. n. s. The state of going before. Fotherby. ANTECEDENT, an-te-se'-dent. a. Going before; preceding. South. ANTECEDENT, an-te-se'-dent. n. s. That which goes before. South. In grammar, the noun to which the relative is subjoined. Ascham. In logick, the first proposition of an enthymeme or argument, consisting only of two propositions. Watts. ANTECEDENTLY, an-te-se'-dent-le. ad. Previ- ous! v. South. ANTECESSOR, an-te-ses'-sur. n. s. One who goes before; the principal. Sir E. Saiidys. One that possessed the land before the present possessor. Brady. A'NTECHAMBER, an'-te-tsham-bfir. [See Cham- ber.] n. s. The chamber that leads to the chief apartment. Dn/den. A NTECHAPEL*, Sn'-te-tshap-et. n. s. That part of the chapel through which the passage is to the choir or bodv of it. Warton. ANTECU'tiSOR, an-te-kur'-sor. n. s. [Lat.] One who runs before. Diet. To A'NTEDATE, an' te-date. v. a. [ante and do, datum, Lat.] To date earlier than the real time. Donne. To take before the proper time. Beau- mont and Fletcner. A'NTEDATE*, an'-le-date. n. s. Anticipation. Donne ANTEDILUVIAN, an-te-de-lu'-ve-an. a. [ante and diluvium.] Existing before the deluge. Woodward. ANTEDILUVIAN, an-te-de-lu've-an. n.s. One that lived before the flood. Bent/ey. A'NTELOPE, an'-te-lope. n. s. A goat with curled or wreathed horns. Spenser. ANTELU'CAN*, an-te-hV-kan.a. [antelucanus,Ldl.] Earlv; before day-light. Bp. Hall. ANTEMERIDIAN, an-te-me-rkiy-e-an. 294, 376, 507. a. Before noon. ANTEME'TICK, ant-e-meV-ik. a. [avri and tyrfo.] The power of stopping vomiting. ANTEMU'NDANE, an-te-mun'-dane. a. [ante and mundus.] Before the creation of the world. Young. ANTENU'MBER, an-te-num'-bur. n.s. [from aide. and itumber.~] The number that precedes another, Bacon. AN'TEPAST, an'-te-past. n. s. [ante and paslum.] A foretaste. Decay oj Piety. A'NTEPENULT, an-te-pe-nult'. n. s. [antepemilti- nm, Lat.] The last syllable but two. ANTEPILE'PTICK, ant-ep-e-lep'tlk. a. [fori and hriXtr-pis-} A medicine against convulsions. Broun. To A'NTEPONE, an'-te-pone. v. a. [antepono, Lat.] To set one thing before another. Diet. ANTEPREDFCAMENT, an-te-pre-dlk'-a-ment, n. s. [aniepredicamentum, Lat.] Something previous to the doctrine of the predicament. ANTERIORITY, an-te-re-6V-e-te. n. s. Priority. Pope. ANTE'RIOUR, an-le'-re-ur. a. [anterior, Lat.] Go- ing before. Brown. ANTEPA'SCHAL* an-te-pas'-kal. a. [ante and paschal.] Relating to the time before Easter. Nelson. ANTEROOM*, an'-te-room. ?i. s. The room through which the passage is to a principal apartment. Sliakspeare. ANTETE'MPLE*, an-te-teW-pl. n. s. What we now call the nave in a church. Christian Antiquities. A'NTES, an'-tez. n. s. [Lat.] Pillars that support the front of a building. ANTESTO'MACH, an-te-stum'-uk. 166. n. s. A cavitv which leads into the stomach. Ray. To ANTEVERT* an'-te-vgrt. v. a. [anteverto, Eat.] To prevent. Bp. Hall. ANTHELMFNTHICK, an-Z/iel-mln'-ttik. a. [fori and eAlju'Ooj.] That which kills worms. Arbuthnot. A'NTHEM^an'-^iem. n. s. [avBvuvos.] A song, per- formed as part of divine service. Denham. A'NTHEM-VvTSE*, an'-f/iem-wlze. ad. According to the manner of singing anthems ; that is, alter- nately. Bacon, A'NTHEMIS*. an'-^e-mk n. s. Camomile. Tate. ANTHO'LOGY §, an-^oF-6-je. 518. n. s. [foQo\oyia.\ A collection of flowers. A collection of devotions in the Greek church. A collection of poems. Ferrand. ANTHOLO'GICAL,an-tfi6-l6dje'-ik-al. a. Relating to an anthologv. ANTHONY'S FIRE, an'^-nez-flre'. n. s. The ery sinelas. A'NTHRAX, an'-tfjraks. n.s. [fo6pa%.] A scab or blotch that is made by a corrosive humour; a car- buncle. Quincy. ANTHROPO'LOGY, an'-tfiro-pol'-i-je. n. s. [fo- 0ow7roy and Xf'yw.] The doctrine of anatomy. ANTHROPOMO'RPHITE, an-^r6- P 6-m6r / -fft. n.s. [avdpu}zofjiop(pos.] One who believes a human form in tne Deitv. More. ANTHROPO'PATHY^n-^ri-pop'-a-^e. n. s. [fo- dpwxQs, man, and -ados-] The sensibility, or the passions of man. Bp. Hall. ANTHROPOPHAGI, an'-tfiro-pof'-a-jl. n.s. [avOou-zos and tpdyu).] Man-eaters ; cannibals. Shakspeare, ANTHROPOTHAGY§, an'-tfir6-poi '-a-je. n.s. Cannibalism. Brown. ANTHROPOSOPHY, an'-tfiro-pds'-^-fe. n. :. [fo. ANT ANT — n6, m5ve, n5r, not ; — tube, tub, bull; — 6il ; — pound ; — th'm, THis. 0owTrof and uocbia.'] The knowledge of the nature ot man. AN 1 HYPNO'TICK, ant'-hlp-not'-ik. a. That which has the power of preventing sleep. ANTHYPOCHONDRFACK, an-thlp-6-km' -fre- ak, a. Good against hvpochondriack maladies. ANTHRYPO'PHORA, an-//n-e-p6P-6-ra. n. s. [avOvrrodopa.'] A figure in rhetorick, which signifies a contrary illation, or inference. SjuWi. ANTH YSTE'RICK, an-^fs-ter'-rlk. a. Good against hyslericks. ANTI, [avTi.~\ A particle much used in composition with words derived from the Greek, and signifies contrary to ; as, antimonarchical, opposite to mon- archy. ANTIA'CID, em'-te-as'-ld. n. s. Alkali. Arbuthnoi. A'NTIAPO'STLE*, an'-te-a-pos'-sl. n.s. [from avn and apostle.'] Contrary to apostles. Potter. ANTIARMFNIAN*, 'an-te-ar-nuV-yan. n.s. He who opposes the Arminians, or Arminianism. Bp. Barlow. ANTIARTHRFTICKS*, an-te-ar-fAr?t'4ks. n. s. Medicines to assuage the gout. Diet. ANTICACHE'CTICK, an-te-ka-kek'-tfk. a. Medi- cines for a bad constitution. A'NTICHRIST§*, an'-te-krlste. n. s. The great en- emy to Christianity. 1 John. ANTICHRl'STIAN, an-te-krls'-tshun. a. Opposite to Christianity. Soidh. ANTICHRl'STIAN*, an-te-kr?s'-tshun. n.s. He who is an enemy to Christianity. Rogers. ANTICHRFST1AN1SM, an-te-krV-tshim-izm. n. s. Opposition to Christianity. Decay of Piety. ANTICHRISTIA'NITY, an-te-krts-tshe-an'-e-te. n. s. Contrariety to Christianity. Trapp. ANTFCHRONISM, &n-t?k'-r6-nizm. n. s. [avn and Xpbvos.~\ Deviation from the right order of time. Selden. To ANTICIPATED, an-uV-e-pate. v. a. [anticipo, Lat.] To take something sooner than another, so as to prevent him that comes after. Hammond. To take up before the time. Dryden. To fore- taste. Brown. To preclude. Shakspeare. ANTFCIPATELY, an-uV-e-pate-le. ad. By an- tic'iDation. ANTICIPATION, an-tls-se-pa'-shun. n. s. ^ Taking up something before its time. Holder. Foretaste. Attjerbury. Opinion implanted before the reasons can be known. Stilling; fleet. ANTFCIPATOR*, an-us'-e-pa-t&r. n. s. A pre- venter ; a forestalled ANTICIPATORY*, an-tV-e-pa-tur-e. a. That which takes up something before its time. More. A'NTICK^an'-t'k. a. Odd-, ridiculously wild. Sluik. A'NTICK, an'-tik. n. s. He that plays anticks ; a buffoon ; the anticks or tricks themselves. Shak. Odd appearance. Spenser. To A / NTICK,an / -tlk. v. a. To make antick. Shak. A'NTICKLY, an'-ttk-le. ad. In an antick manner. Shakspeare. ANTICLIMAX, an-t^-kll'-rnaks. n. s. [dvrl and ic\ip.ai;.] A sentence in which the last part ex- presses something lower than the first. Addison. ANTICONSTITU'TION AL*, an-te-kon-ste-uV- shfin-al. a. x\gainst the constitution. Bolingbroke. ANTICONVULSIVE, an-te-kon-vul'-slv. a. Good against convulsions. Floyer. A'NTICOR, an'-te-kor. 166. n. s. [avn and cor.] A preternatural swelling in a horse's breast, opposite to his heart. Farrier's Dirt. A'NTIOOSMETICK*, an'-le-koz-met'-Ik. a. De- structive of beauty. Lyttelton. A'NTICOURT*, an'-te-kArte. a. In opposition to the court. Rereshy. ANTICOTJRTIER, an-te-kore'-tshur. n.s. One that opposes the court. ANTICREA'TOR*, an-te-kre-a'-tor. n. s. One that opnoses the Creator. Mil/on. ANTFDOTAL, an-te-do'-tal. a. That which has the quality of an antidote. Brown. ANTIDO'TARY*, an-te-dc-te'-a-re. a. Serving for a counterpoison. Cotgrave. To A/NT1DOTE $*, an'-te-d6le. v. a. To furnish with preservatives. More. A'NTIDOTE^an'-te-dote. n. s. [Micros] A med icine given to expel the mischiefs of another, as ot poison. Quincif. ANTIDYSENTE'RICK, an-te-dls-en-uV-fk. a [air] and dysenteria.~\ Good against the bloody flux ANTIENT*. See Ancient. ANTIENTHUSIA'STlCK^an-te-en-tfm-zhe^-dk a. Opposing - enthusiasm. ANTIEPFSOOPAL*, an-te-e-pV-k6-pal. a. Ad verse to episcopacv. King Charles I. A'NTIFACE^an'-te-fase.^n. s. Opposite face. B Jonson. ANTIFANA'TICK^an-te-fa-nat'-ik. n. s. An ene- my to fanaticks. Milton. ANTIFEBRILE, an-te-feb'-ril. 140. a. Good against fevers. Floyer. ANTIFLA'TTERlNG* an-te-flat'-tur-mg. a. Op posite to flattering. Delany. ANTIHYSTE'RFCK*, an-te-tfs-teV-rik. n. s. A medicine good against hvstericks. Bp. Berkeley. ANTILO'GARITHM, aivte-log'-a-rMm. n. s. The complement of the logarithm of a sine tangent, 01 secant ; or the difference of that logarithm from the logarithm of ninety degrees. Chambers. ANTFLOGY, an-tlF-6-je. n. s. [av-i\oyia] A con- tradiction between any words and passages. Diet. ANTFLOQUIST, an-rlF-6-kwist. n. s. [avri and loquor.~) A contradictor. Diet. ANTFLOQ.UY^au-uV-6-kwe. n.s. An old word, denoting preface, proem, or peroration. ANTIMAGFSTRICAL*, an-te-ma-jV-tre-kal. a. Against the office of a magistrate. South. ANTIMANFACAL* an-te-ma-nl'-e-kal. a. Good against madness. Battie. A'NTIMASQUE*, an'-te-mask. n. s. A lesser masque, in contradistinction to the principal masque. Bacon; ANTIMINISTE'RIAL* an-te-mm-nis-te'-re-a! a Opposing the ministry of the country. Gray. ANTIMONA'RCHICAL, an'-te-mi-nar'-ke-kal. a Against government by a single person. Addi son. ANTIMO'NARCHIST* an-te-mon'-nar-klst. n. s An enemy to monarchy. Life of A. Wood. ANTIMO'NIAL, an-ie-m^-ne-al. a. Made of ami ■ monv. Grew. A'NTtMONY^, an'-te-mun-e. 546. n.s. [avn and /jovos.~] A mineral substance, used in manufactures and medicine. Chambers. ANTIMO'RALIST* an-te-mor'-al-llst. n. s. A a enemy to moralitv. Warburion. ANTINEPHRFT1CK, an-te-ne-frlt'-ik. a. Medi- cines against diseases of the kidneys. ANTINO'MIAN*, an-te-n6'-me-an. n.s. [av-l and vojxos, Gr.] One of the sect called Anlinomians, enemies to the observance of the law. South. ANTINO'MIAN*, an-te-no'-me-an. a. Relating to the Antinonvans. Bp. Hall. ANTINO'MIANTSM*. an-te-ni'-me-an-fzm. n. s. The tenets of the Antinomians. Bp. Hall. ANTFNOMIST* an-tin'-o-mfst. n. s. He who pays no regard to the law. Bp. Sanderson. A ; NTIN'OMY§, an-uV-6-me. 518. n.s. A contradic- tion between two laws, or two articles of the same law. Baker. ANTIPA'PAL*, an-te-pa'-pal. a. Opposing popery. Milton. ANTIPAPFSTICAL* an-te-pa-pis'-te-kal. a. Op- posing popery. Jortin. ANTIP^RALLEL*, an-te-par'-al-lel. a. Running in a contrary direction. Hammond. ANTIPARALY r/ TICK. an'-te-par-a-lit'-lk. a. Effi- ca.:;pus ag-ainst the palsy. ANTIPATHETICAL, an'-te-pa-^et'-e-kal. a. Having a natural contrariety to any thing. Howell- ANTIPATHE'TICK* an-te-pa-;/iet'-uk. a. Of an opposite disposition. Icon Lihell. ANTFPATUOUS*, an-tip'-a^/ius. a. Adverse. Beaumont and Fletcher. ANTFPATHYfr, an-tlp'-a-^e. 518. n. s [avn ard 93 ANT ANT O 3 559.— File, fir, fall, fat 5 — me. met ; — pine, pin ; — or response iraOus.] A natural contrariety to any thing-, so as to shun it involuntarily ; aversion. Shuksjjeare. AN T IP ERI STASIS, an'-te-pc-rls'-la-sfs. 520. n.s. [avTiTTtptaruots.] The opposition of a contrary quality, by which the quality it opposes becomes heightened or intended. Cowley. ANTlPESTlLE^TlAL.an'-le-pes-te-l^i'-shal. a. Efficacious against the nlague. Harvey, ANTIPI1LOG1 STICK*, an-te-fl6-ils'-lik. «. Good against inflammation. Sir W. Fordyce. ANT1PHLOGPSTJCK*, an-te-lib-jis'-tik. [See Phlogiston.] n. s. [dm and ri~\ In an ode sung in parts, the second stanza of every three, or sometimes every second stanza. Milton. , , : ANTI 1 STROP HON*, an-uV-tro-fon. n. s. A fio-ure which repeats a word olten. Milton. ANTISTRUMA'TICK, an'-te-stru-mat'-ik. a. [&vtI and sfriana.]. Good against the king's evil. Wiseman. ANTITHESIS, an-tM'-e-sIs. n. s. [avrideais.] Opposition of words or sentiments. Denham. A'NTITHETON*. an-lfoV-e-ton. n.s. [avriOerov, Gr.l An opposite. ' Instructions for Oratory. ANTITHETICAL*, au-te-^/iet'-e-kal. a. Placed in contrast. Mason. t t ANTITRINITA'RIAN*, an-te-trln-e-ta'-re-an. n. s. An opposer of the doctrine of the Trinity. Pagit. A'NTIT YPE, ah^-te-tlpe. n. s. [aihTruvbs.'] Thai which is resembled or shadowed out by the type 24 APE APO — n6, move, nftr, not ;— tube, tub, bull ; — oil ; — pound 3 — thin, that of which the type is the representation. Runiet. ANTITY'PICAL, an-ti-tlp-'-e-kal. a. That which relates to an antitype. AINTIVENE'REAL. an'-te-ve-ne/-re-al. a. Good against the venereal disease. Wiseman. A'NTLER§,antMur. n.s. [andouillier,Fv.] Properly the first branches of a stag's horns ; but, generally, any of his branches. Brown. A'NTLERED, dnP-ler'd. a. Furnished with antlers. Vernon. A KTO'ECL an-tee'-sl. 296. n. s. [avri and oikeu>.] Those inhabitants of the earth, who live under the same meridian, and at the same distance from the equator 3 the one toward the north, and the other to the south. Chambers. ANTONOMA'SIA, an-ti-no-mtp-zhe-a. 453, 92. n.s. [avrt and ovana.] A form of speech, in which, for a proper name, is put the name of some dignity. Thus a king is called his majesty. Smith. AN'TRE, an -tur. 416. s. [antrum, Lat.] A cavern. S'mkspeare. Ob. J. A'NV1L§, an'-vfl. n.s. [senpille. Sax.] The iron block on which metal is laid. Shale. Any thing on which blows are laid. Shale. To be upon the anvil, is to be in a state of preparation. Swift. A'NVTLED*, an'-vlPd. part. a. Fashioned on the anvil, Beaumont and Fletcher. ANXFETY, ang-zP-e-te. 479, 480. re. s. Trouble of mind about some future event. Tillolson. Lowness of spirits, with uneasiness of the stomach. Arbuthnot. A'NX10US§, ank'-shfis. 480. a. [anxius, Lat.] Dis- turbed about some uncertain event. Drijden. Careful ; unquiet. Drijden. Careful, as of a thing of great importance. Locke. A'NXIOUSLY, ank'-shus-le. ad. In an anxious manner. South. A'NY, eu'-ne. 89. a. [anig, eni£, Sax.] Every ; whoever he be. S!\ak. Whosoever ; whatsoever. Shak. It is used in opposition to none. Deut. xxxii. ANY-WHITHER*, en'-ne-hwiTH-fir. ad. Any ■where. Barrow. ANY-WISE*, en'-ne-wlze. ad. In any manner. Barrow. A'ORIST, a/-o-r?st. n. s. [adpiarog.'] Indefinite 3 a term in the Greek grammar. Black wall. AO'RTA, a-or'-ta. 92. n. s. [aoprij, Gr.] The great artery which rises immediately out of the left ven- tricle of the heart. Quincy. APA'CE, a-pa.se'. ad. Quickly ; speedily. Spenser. With haste. Pope. Hastily; with speed. Milton. APAGO'GICAL, ap-a-godje'-e-kal. a. [airayuyn.] A demonstration which does not prove the thing directly ; but shows the absurdity of denying it. Chambers. APARITHME'SIS*, ap-a-rfe7t-me'-s?s. n. s. [aira- pidixrjai^, Gr.] A figure in rhetorickj enumeration. Rhetorical Grammar. IPA'RT, a-part'. ad. [apart, Fr.] Separately. Raleigh. In a state of distinction. Dnjden. Dis- tinctly. Raleigh. At a distance from. Sluxfespeare. APA'RTMENT, a-parP-ment. n. s. A room. Sir J. Denham. APATHE'TICK*, ap-a-tfiet'-ik. a. Without feeling. Harris. A'PATHIST* ap'-a-tfifst. n. s. A man without feel- ing. APATHI'STICAL* ap-a-tfuV-te-kal. a. Indiffer- ent ; unfeeling. Seward. A'P ATHY §. ap'-a-toe. n. s. [a and TtaQos .] The qual- ity of not feeling. Milton. APE §. ape. n.s. [apa, Sax.] A kind of monkey. S'iak. An imitator. Slui/e. Formerly the term for a fool. Spenser. To APE, ape. v. a. To imitate. Drijden. APF/AK, or APE'EK, a-peke'. ad. In a posture to pierce ; formed with a point. A'PENNINE*, ap'-en-n'me. n.s. A vast ridge of mountains running through Italy. Beaum. and Fl. A'PEPSY, ap'-ep-se. 503. n. s. [aire^ia.] A loss of natural concoction. Quincy. A'PER, ii'-n(h\n. s. A ridiculous imitator. APE'RIEIST, a-pe'-re-ent. a. [aperio, Lat.] Gently purgative. Bacon. APE'RITIVE, a-per'-e-riv. a. That which has the quality of opening the bowels. Harvey. APE'RT§, a-p&rt'. a. [apertus, Lat.] 'Open; with- out disguise ; evident. Fotherby. Simply, open. Dalgarno. APE'RTION, a-peV-shun. n. s. An opening. Wot ton. The act of opening. Wiseman. APE'RTLY, a-pert'-le. ad. Openly. Bale. APE'RTNESS, a-p£rt'-nes. n. s. Openness. Holder A'PERTURE, ap'-ur-tshure. 4G0, 463. n. s. The act of opening. Holder. An open place. Glanville. The hole next the object glass of a telescope or microscope. Newton. Enlargement; explanation. Tat/lor. APE'TALOUS, a-peP-a-lfis. 314. a. [a and r.era\ov.] Without petala or flower leaves. APEX, a'-peks. n. s. [Lat.] The tip or point. B Jonson. APH/E' RESTS, a-fer'-e-sis. 124. n. s. [tyaincms.] A figure in grammar, that takes away a letter or S3 liable from the beginning of a word. APHELION, a-fe'-le-un. n. s. jd-S and ijXios.] That part of the orbit of a planet, in which it is at the point remotest from the sun. Cheyne. APHE'TA, a-fe'-ta. n. s. The name of the planet which is the giver of life in a nativity. Diet. APHE'TICAL, a-fet'-e-kal. a. Relating to the aphela. APHILA'NTHROPY, af-e-lan'-tfri-pe. n. s. [a and diiXavOpm-nia, Gr.] Want of love to mankind. A'PHONY, af-6-ne. n. s. [i and ^vrj, Gr.] A loss of speech. Quincy. APHORISM^, af -6-rfzm. 503. n.s. [atpopiopos, Gr.] A maxim. Brown. A'PHORISMER*, af -6-rlz-mur. n. s. A dealer in aphorisms. Milton. ATHORIST*, af-6-rlst. n.s. A writer of aphorisms. Nelson. APHORFST1CAL, af-6-rV-te-kal. a. Having the form of an aphorism. APHORISTICALLY, af-6-r?s'-te-kal-le. ad. In the form of an aphorism. Harvey. APHRODISFACAL, af-fro-de-zP-a-kal. ) 451. a. APHRODISI'ACK, af'MrO-dizh'-e-dk. $ Relat- ing to the venerea! disease. A'PHRODITE*, aP-f.o-dhe. n. s. [ f Aea vessels. Addison. APO'CALYPSE§, a-p&k'-a-lips. n. s. [AiroicaXv*™.] Revelation 3 the last book in the sacred canon Milton. APOCALYPTICAL, a-pok-a-up'-te-kal. a. Con- cerning revelation, or the book so called. Burnet. APOCALYPTICALLY, a-p6k-a-I?p'-te-knl-e. aa. In such a maimer as to reveal something secret. APGCALY'PTICK*, a-pok-a-hp'-Uk. a. The same as apocalyptical. Spenser. APOCALYTT1CK*, a-p6k-a-l?p'-t?k. re. s. Apoca- lyptical writer. Light foot. APOCOPE, a- P 6k'-6-pe. re. s. [axon* , Gr.] A APO APO O* 559. — Fate, far, fall, fatj»— me, met; — pine, pin; — figure in gTaininar, when the last letter or sylla- ble of a word is taken away ; as, apoplex for apo- plexy. APOCRU'STICK, ap-o-krus'-iik. a. [awoKpiariKa.] Endued with a repelling- and astringent power. Chambers. APOCRYPHA $,a-pok'-i*-fl 92. n.s. [aTroKpvzruy.] Books appended to the sacred writings of doubt- nil authority. Hooker. APOCRYPHAL, a-p6k'-re-fdl. a. Not canonical ; or uncertain authority. Hooker. Contained in the apocrypha. Aadison. An account of uncertain credit. Bp. Bariow. A person of uncertain credit. B. Jonson. APOCRYPHA L*, a-pok'-re-f al. n. s. A writing not canonical. Hanmer. APOCRYPHALLY, a^k'-re-fal-le. ad. Uncer- tainly. APOURY'PHICAL*, ap-6-krlf-e-kal. a. Doubtful ; not aulhentick. Bp. Bull. APODFCTICAL,ap-6-dlk'-te-kal.a. [dndSufc, Gr.] Demonstrative. Brown. APODPCT1CALLY, ap-6-cuV-te-kal-e. ad. So as to be evident beyond contradiction. APODPCTICK*, ap-6-diV-tik. a. Demonstrable. Robinson. APODI'XIS. ap-o-dik'-sk 527. n. s. Demonstration. Sir G. Buck. APODOS1S*, a-p&d'-6-sk n. s.[a-o5omg, Gr.] The application or latter part of a similitude. Mede. APOD YTE'RIUM, a-pod-e-te'-re-um. n. s. [d™- Svrepiov, Gr.] A dressing-room : the room before the entrance into the convocation-house at Oxford is so called to this day. Anciently the dressing-room of baths. Life or A. Wood. APOGEE- ON, ap-o-je'-on. 527. ) n. s. [i-b and A'POGEE, V-o-je. 503. >■ yi h Gr.] A point APOGE'VM, ap-i-je'-um. ) in the heavens, in which the sun. or a planet, is at the greatest dis- tance possible from the earth in its whole revolu- tion. Chambers. APO'GIATURA*,a--p6t]je>-b-Uc>&-r : k.n. s. [Ital.] A cadence, in musick. Mason. A'POGRAPH*, ap'-6-graf. n. s. [airoypae. n. s. Departure from what a man has proiessed. Ay life. APO'STATE^, ap-posMate. 91. n. s. [azocTcrrig.} One that has forsaken his profession. Ayiijje. APO'STATE*, ap-pos'-tate. a. False; "traitorous, Spenser. To APO'STATE*, ap-pos'-tate. v.n. To apostatize-. Montagu. APOSTA'TICAL, ap-pos-tat'-e-kal. a. After the manner of an apostate. Sandi/s. To APOSTATIZE, a-p6s'-uvtke. v. n. To forsake one's profession. Worthingion. To APO'STEMATE, a-pos'-te-mate. 91. v. n. To become an apnsteme. 3Iilton. APOSTEMA '" ION, a-pos-te-ma'-shun. n. s. The formation ^r an aposteme. Grew. A'POSTEME $, ap'-d-steme. 503. ? n. s. [awocrfiaa, ATOSTUME. ap'-6-stume. 503. 5 Gr.] An ab- scess. Broum. APO'STLE^a-pos'-sl. 472,405. n. s. [andc-olas.] A person sent with mandates by another. P. is par- ticularly applied to them whom our Saviour de- puted to preach the Gospel. Slialcspeare. §0* This word is sometimes heard in the pulpit, as if di- vided into a-po-stle ; the second syllable like the first of po-et. If the long quantity of the o, in the Latin- apostolus, is urged for a similar length of the English apostle, let us only turn to No. 537 of the Principles, and we shall see the futility of arguing from the Latin quan- tity to ours. If these reasons are not satisfactory, it is hoped that those who are abettors of this singular pro- nunciation will alter c-pis-tle into e-pi-stle, the second syllable like pie, and then their reasoning and practice will be uniform. W. APOSTLESHIP, a- P 6s / -sl-sh?p. n. s. The office of an apostle. Donne. APOSTOLATE*, a-pos'-to-late. n. s. Apostleship Killingheck. APOSTOLICAL, ap-os-t&K-e-kal. a. Taught by the apostles. Hooker. APOSTOLIC AI T.Y, rp-Ss-t&F-e-kal-le. ad. In the manner of the apostles. More. APOSTO'LICALNESS, ap-os-tol'-e-kal-nes. n. s. The quality of relating to the apostles. More. APOSTOLlCK, ap-os-tol'-llk. 508. a. Taught by or belonging to an apostle. Dryden. APOSTOTJCKS*, ap-os-t6]'-Hks. n. s. A sect of itinerant anabaptists. Fulke. APO l STROPHE,'A-vQs'-irl>-&.m.n s. {aTrourpo- ;\] A diversion of speech to another person than the speech did intend or require. Smith. The con- traction of a word by the use of a comma ; o.s f tho t for though. Sivifl. 96 APP APP — 116, m5ve, n6r, not; — tube, tub, bull; — oil; — pound; — thin, Tiiis. APO STHOPHlCK*a-p6s-tr6f'-fik. a. Denoting anjl apostrophe. ;| To APO S PROPHIZE, a-p6s'-tr6-flze. v. a. To ad- : | dress by an apostrophe. Pope. A'POSTl'ME. See Apostkme. I APOTHECA*, ap-.] A decoction. Wiseman. APOZE'MICAL*, ap-o-zem'-e-kal.a. Likeadecoc-j tion. Wliitaker. To APPATR§* ap-pare'. v. a. [apaepan, Sax.] To! impair, or bring into decay. Sir T. Elyot. To APPA'IR*, ap-pare'. r. n. To degenerate. Mo-\ raJuy of every Man. To APPA'L§, ap-pall'. 406. v. a. [appalir, Fr.] To| fright, Spenser. To APPA'L*, ap-pall. v. n. \yialleo, Lat.] To grow : faint ; to be dismaved. Lydgate. APPA'LEMENT, ap-pall'-ment. n. s. Impression of j fear. Bojcoa. A'PPANAGE, ap'-pa-naje. 90,503. n. s. [appanagi^ um, low Latin.] Lands set apart by princes for the j maintenance of their younger children. Bacon. | APPARATUS, ap-pa-ra'-t&s. n. s. [Latin.] Means to any certain end, as the tools of a trade. Wood- ; ward. \ APPA'REL§, ap-par'-el. n. s. [appareil, Fr.] Dress.! Shakspeare. External habiliments. Waller. To APP A'REL, ap-par'-el. v. a. To dress. 2 Sam. \ xiii. To adorn with dress. Sidney. To cover or! deck, as with dress Bacon. To fit out. Hayward.l APPA'RENCE§*, ap-pa'-rense. n. s. [Fr.] Appear-; ance. Chaucer. APPA'RENCY*, ap-pa'-ren-se. n. s. Appearance.! Gower. APPA'RENT, ap-pa'-rent. a. Plain; indubitable. 1 Hooker. Seeming. Hale. Visible. Atterbury. Open;! evident. Shak. Certain ; not presumptive. ShaJc. | APPA'RENT, ap -pa.' -rent. n. s. For heir apparent.] ShaKspeare. APPARENTLY, ap-pa'-rent-le acL Evidently; seemingly. Siiakspeare. ' APPA'RENTNESS* ap-pa'-rent-ues. n. s. That which is apparent. Sherwood. APPaRI'TION, ap-pa-rish'-un. n. s. Appearance visibility. Milton. The thing appearing. Shak A spectre. ShoJc. Something only apparent. Den- 1mm. The visibility of some luminary, opposed tc occult'ilimi. Brown. APPARITOR, ap-par'-e-tfir. 98. n.s. [apparo. Lat.] An officer of any court of judicature. Ayliffe. The lowest officer of the ecclesiastical court; a sum- moner. Ayliffe. To APPA'Y Jap-pa-', v. a. [appayer, oldFr.] To satis- fy; to content. Sidney. Ob. J. To APPE ACH £. ap-peetsh/. v.a. [apescher, old Fr.] To accuse. Bacon. To censure. Spenser. APPE ACHEfl. ap-peetsh'-fir. n. s. An accuser. APPE'ACHMENT, ap-peetsh'-meiit. n. s. Accusa- tion. Ho.iiwa.rd. To APPEAL §. ap-pele'. r. n. [appello, Lat.] To transfer a cause from one to another. Hooker. To refer to another judge. Locke. To call another as witness. Locke. To APPE AL* ap-pele'. v. a. To charge with a crime. Shakspeare. To pronounce. Spenser. APPE AL, ap-pele'. n. s. A provocation from, an in- feriour to a superiour judge. Ayliffe. hi common law, an accusation. Cowel. A summons to answer a charge. Dry den. A call upon anv as witness. Bacon. APPEALABLE*, ap-pele'-a-bh a. Subject to an appeal. Howell. APPE'ALANT, ap-pel'-lant. n. s. He that appeals. Shakspeare. APPEALER, ap-pele'-ur. n. s. One that makes an appeal. It means also, in our old language, an accuser. Fox. To APPE'AR §, ap-pere'. v. n. [appareo. Lat.] To be in sight. Prior. To become visible, as a spirit. Acts. To stand in the presence of another. Psalm xlii. To be the object of observation. Psalm xc. To exhibit one's self. ShoJcsjieare. To be made clear by evidence. Spenser. To seem in opposition to reality. Sidney. To be plain beyond dispute, Arbidhnot. APPE'AR*. ap-pere'. n. s. Appearance. Fletcher. APPE'ARANCE,ap-pe / -ranse.7?..y. The act of com- ing into sight. The thing seen. Phenomena. Glanville. Semblance; not reality. Hay ward. Out- side ; show. Rogers. Entry into a place. Addison. Apparition. Addison. Exhibition of the person to a court. Shak. Open circumstance of a case. Swift. Presence; mien. Addison. Probability. Bacon. APPE'ARER, ap-pe'-rur. 98. n. s. The person that appears. Brown. APPE'ARLNG*, ap-pere'-lng. n. s. The act of ap- pearing. Spenser. A bl.405. a. Reconcilable. pe'-za-bl-nes. n. s. Reo- oncilableness. To APPE'ASE§. ap-peze'. r. a. [appaiser, Fr.] To quiet. Ecclvs. xliii. To pacify. 1 Mac. xiii. To still. Drvden. APPE'ASEMENT, ap-peze'-ment. n. s. A state of peace. Hayward. APPE'ASER, ap-pe'-z&K. 98. n. s. He that pacifies others. SJierwood. APPE'ASIYE*. ap-pe'-siv. a. That which mitigates or appeases. Sherwood. APE'LLAJS'CY*, ap-pel'-ian-se. n. s. Appeal. APPE'LLANT, ap-pel'-lant. n.s. A challenger. SJiak. One that appeals from a lower to a higher power. Ayliffe. APPE' LL ANT*, ap-pel'-lant. a. Appealing. Const and Canons Eccl. APPE LLATE, ap-pel'-late. 91. a. The person appealed against. Ayliffe. Created on appeal, Burke. APPELLATION, ap-pel-la'-shun. n. s. Name by which anvthingiscalled..Brcurrt. Appeal. B. Jonson, APPE'LLATIVE, ap-pel'-la-tiv. n. s. A tide, or dis- tinction. Bp. Taylor. APPE LLATIYE*, ap-pel'-la-tiv. a. Common ; usu al. Bp. BiUi. 97 APPE'ASABLE, ap-pe^-za-b APPE'ASABLENESS, ap-j APP APP O* 559.— File, far, fall, fat;— me, met;— pine, pin;— APPE'LLATIVELY, ap-pel'-la-rfv-le. ad. Accord- ing- to the manner of nouns appellative. APPE'LLATORY, ap-ped'-la-tfir-e. a. That which contains an appeal. APPE'LLEE, ap-p&l-lee'. n.s. One who is appealed against. Did. To APP£'ND§, ap-pend'. v. a. [appendo, Lat.] To hang any thing upon another. Dr. Johnson. To add to something. Johnson. APPENDANCE* ap-pen'-danse. n. s. Something annexed. Bp. Hall. APPENDAGE, ap-pen'-daje. 90. n. s. Something added. Taylor. APPE'NDANT, ap-peV-dant. a. Hanging to some- thing else. Sir E. Sanuys. Belonging to. Taylor. APPE'NDANT, ap-pen'-dant. a. Accidental or ad- ventitious. Hale. APPE'NDENCY*, ?p-peV-den-se. n. s.That which i is by right annexed. Spelman. To APPE'NDICATE, ap-peV-de-kate. 91. v. a. To 1 add to. Hale. APPENDICA'TION, ap-p&i-de-ka'-shfin. 459. n. s. 1 Appendage. Hale. APPENDIX, ap-peV-diks. n.s. Something append- ed. Siillingfeet. An adjunct or concomitant. Waits. To APPERCEFVE §#, ap-per-seve'. v. n. [apperce- voir.] To comprehend; to understand. Chaucer. Ob. T. APPERCEFVING*, ap-per-se'-vlng. n. s. Percep- tion. Chaucer. APPERCE PTION*, dp-per-sep'-shun. n. s. That degree of perception, which reflects upon itself. Reid. APPE RIL* ap-per'-rll. n. s. Danger. Shakspeare. To APPERTAINS, ap-p£r-tane'. v. n. [appartenir, Fr.] To belong to as of right. Raleigh. To belong to by nature or appointment. Hooker. APPERTA'INMENT, ap-per-tane'-ment. n. s. That which belongs to any rank. Shakspeare. APPE'RTENANCE, ap-per'-te-nanse. n. s. That which belongs to. Brown. To APPE'RTENANCE*, ap-peV-te-nanse. v. a. To have as right belonging. Careio. APPE'RTLNENT, ap-peV-te-iie^t. a. Belonging. Shakspeare. APPE'RTLNENT $*, ap-per'-te-nSnt. n. s. Any thing pertaining. Shakspeare. APPETENCE §, ap'-pe-tense. ) n. s. [appetence, old A'PPETENCY, ap'-pe-ten-se. \ Fr.] Carnal desire. Milton. Simply desire. Sir It. Digby. A'PPETENT^ap'-pe-tent. a. [appetens, Lat.] Very desirous. Sir G. Buck. A'PPETIBLE, ap'-pe-te-bl. 405. a. [appetibilis, Lat.] Desirable. Bramhall. APPETIBFLITY, ap-pet-te-bll'-e-te. n. s. The qual- ity of being desirable. Bramliall. APPETITE^ ap'-pe-tke. 155. n. s. [appetitus, Lat.] The natural desire of good. Hooker. The desire of sensual pleasure. Sliak. Violent longing. Da- vies. The thing eagerly desired. Swift. Keenness of stomach; hunger. Bacon. To A'PPETITE*, ap'-pe-tke. v. a. To desire. Sir T. Eluot. Ob. T. APPETI'TION, ap-pe-tlsh'-un. 507. n. s. Desire. Hammond. A'PPETITIVE, ap'-pe-te-tlv. a. That which desires. Hale. To APPLAUD % ap-plawd'. v. a. [applaudo, Lat.] To praise by clapping the hand. Shak. To praise in general. Pope. APPLAUDER, ap-plaw'-dur. 98. n. s. He that praises. Burton.. APPLA'USE. ap-plawz'. n. s. Approbation loudly expressed. Shaksjvare. APPLAUSIVE*, ap-plaw'-sfv. a. Applauding. Sir R. Fanshaw. A'PPLE£,ap'-pl. 405. n. s. [appl, eeppel. Sax.] The fruit of the apple-tree. Pope. The pupil of the eye. Dad. xxxii. 10. To A'PPLE*,ap'-pl. v. n. To form like an apple. Marshall. A'PPLE-GRAFT, ap'-pl-graft.rc. s. A twig of apple- tree grafted upon another tree. Boyle. APPLE-H ARVEST*, ap'-pl-har-vest. n. s. The time of gathering apples. B. Jonson. A'PPLE-JOHN*. See John-applk. APPLE-TREE, ap'-pl-tree. n. s. The tree produc ing apples, of which there is a great variety. Miller APPLE-WOMAN, ap'-pl-wum-fin. n. s. A woman tnat sells apples. A'PPLE-YARD^ap'-pl-yard. n.s. An orchard. APPLFABLE, ap-pll'-a-bl. 405. a. That which may be applied. Hooker. APPLIANCE, ap-pll'-anse. n. s. The act of apply- ing. Shakspeare. APFLICABFLITY, ap-ple-ka-bil'-e-te. n. s. Fitness to be applied to something. More. APPLICABLE, aV-ple-ka-bl. a. That which may be applied. Dryden. A'PPLICABLENESS, ap'-ple-ka-bl-nSs. n. s. Fit- ness to be applied. Boyle. APPLiCABLY, ap'-ple-ka-ble. ad. So as to be properly applied. A'PPLICANT*, ap'-ple-kant. n. s. He who applies. A PPLICATE, ap'-ple-kate. 91. n. s. A right line- drawn across a curve, so as to bisect *he diameter thereof. Chambers. To APPLICATE*, ap'-ple-kate. v. a. To apply Pearson. APPLICATION, ap-ple-ka'-shfin. n. s. The act oi applying; the thing applied; solicitation. Swift. The employment ofmeans. Hooker. Intenseness of thought. Locke. Attention to some particular affair. Addison. Reference to some case. Rogers. APPLICATIVE, ap'-ple-ka-uv. 512. a. That which apnlies. Bramhall. APPLICATORILY*, ap'-ple-ka-tfir-re-le. ad. In a manner which applies. Montagu. A'PPLICATORY, ap'-ple-ka-tor-re. 512. a. That wnich comprehends the act of application. Bp. Wilkins. ATPLICATORY, ap'-ple-ka-tur-re. n. s. That which applies. Taylor. APPLFEDLY*, ap^pll'-Sd-le. ad. In a manner which mav bo applied. Montagu. APPLFER* ap-pli'-ur. n. s. He Montagu. APPLFMENT*, ap-pll'-m&it. n. s. Marston. Ob. T. To APPLY' §, ap-plK v. a. [applico, Lat.] To put one thing to another. Dryden. To lay medica- ments upon a wound. Addison. To make use of as suitable. Dryden. To put to a certain use. Clarendon. To use as means. Rogers. To fix the mind upon. Prov. xxiii. To have recourse to ; to address to. Milton. To busy ; to keep at work. Sidney. To act upon ; to ply. Spenser., To APPLY', ap-pli'. v. n. To suit ; to agree. Shak. To have recourse to. Sicift. To attach by way of influence. Rogers. To APPOINTS ap-pSInt 7 . v. a. [appointor, Fr."]-. To fix any thing. Galat. iv. To settle by com- pact. Gen. To establish by decree. 2 Sam. vi To furnish in all points. A. Barclay. To limit, or direct ; or rather to blame. Milton. To APPO'FNT* ap-pcYint'. v. n. To decree. 2 gam. xvii. APPOTNTER, ap-pSfn'-tur. 98. n. s. He that fixes, Gregory. APPOINTMENT, ap-pSTnt'-ment. n. s. Stipulation. Job, ii. Decree. Hooker. Direction ; order. Shak. Equipment. Sli&k. An allowance paid to any man. Hurd. APPO'RTER*, ap-por'-tfir. n. s. [apporter, Fr.] A bringer into the realm. Hale. To APPO'RTION §, ap-p6re'-shun. v. a. [apportion* ner, Fr.] To set out in just proportions. Bacon. APPO'RTIONATENESS*, ap-p6re'-sh&n-ate-n&. n. s. Just proportion. Hammond. APPORTIONMENT, ap-p6re'-shun-ment. n. s. A dividing into portions. Chambers. APPO'RTIONER*, ap-p6re'-shun-ur. n. s. A lim- iter ; a bounder. Cotgrave. 98 who applies, Application. APP APP -no, mOve, n6r, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — c-Tl ; — pound ; — th'm, THis. ZbAPPO'SE§, ap-p6ze'. i\ a. [apposer, Fr. ap- pono, Lat.] To put questions to. Bacon. A latin- ism ; to apply to. Harvey. APPO'SER*, ap-p6'-zur. n. s. An inquirer j a questioner. ATPOSITE, ap'-po-zit. 156. a. Proper ; fit. Wotton. A'PPOSITELY, ap'-p6-zlt-le. ad. Properly j suita- bly. Harvey. A'PPOSITENESS, ap'^-zit-nes. n.s. Fitness. Hde. APPOSITION, ap-p6-zlsh / -un. n. s. The addition of new matter. Arbuthnot. The putting of two nouns in the same case. Pearson. AP POSITIVE*, ap-poz'-e-t'iv. a. Applicable, j Knaichbull. i To APPR.VISES, ap-praze'. v. a. \jpretium, Lat.] j To set a price upon. Bp. Hall. APPRAISER, ap-pra/-zur. 98. n. s. He who sets a price. Green's Spleen. APPRATSEMENT*, ap-praze'-ment. n. s. [For- merly and rightly, apjyrisement.] Valuation. Blackst. APPR'ECATIONS*, ap-pre-ka'-shim. n. s. [appre- cor, Lat.] Earnest prayer. Bp. Hall. A'PPRECATORY*, ap'-pre-ka-tur-e. a. Praying or wishing any good. Bp. Hall. APPRECIABLE!, ap-pre'-she-a-bl. a. The capa- bility of being estimated. To APPRECIATE §* ap-pre'-she-ate. v. a. [ap- precier, Fr.] To estimate. Gibbon. APPRECIATION*, ap-pre-she-a'-shfin. n. s. Val- uation. To APPREHENDS, ap-pre-hend 7 . v. a. [apprehen- do, Lat.] To lay hold on. Taylor. To seize in order for trial. 2 Cor. xi. To conceive by the mind. Hooker. To think on with terrour. Temple. To notice. Ld. Clarendon. APPREHENDER, ap-pr^-hen'-dur. n. s. Conceiv- er; thinker. Glanxnlle. The person who appre- hends another. Walsall. APPREHENSIBLE, ap-pre-hen'-se-bl. 160. a. That which may be apprehended. Brown. APPREHENSION, ap-pr^-hen'-shun. n. s. The mere contemplation of things. Watts. Opinion ; sentiments. Digby. The faculty of conceiving new ideas. Milton. Fear. Hooker. Suspicion ; seizure. Shak. The power of seizing. Brown. APPREHENSIVE, ap-pre-hen'-srv. 158. a. Quick to understand. Beaum.and Fl. Fearful. Addison. Perceptive ; feeling. Milton. APPREHENSIVELY, ap-pre-hen'-slv-le. ad. In an apprehensive manner. APPREHENSIVENESS, ap-pre-hen'-slv-nes. n.s. Being apprehensive. Sir H. Wotton. APPRENTICES, ap-pren'-tk 140, 142. n.s. [ap-\ prenti, Fr.] One that is bound to serve for a certain I term of years, upon condition that the tradesman I shall instruct him in his art. Cowel. To APPRENTICE, ap-pren'-t'k v. a. To put out as an apprentice. Pope. APPRENTICEHOOD, ap-pren'-t?s-hud. n. s. The years of an apprentice's servitude. Shakspeare. APPRENTICESHIP, ap-pren'-tls-shlp. n. s. The same as apprenticelwod. Digby. APPRENTISAGE*, ap-pren'-ikaje. n. s. Appren- ticeship. Bacon. To APPRFZE $, ap-prlze'. v. a. [appris, Er.] To inform. Watts. APPRFZE*, ap-prlze'. to. s. Information. Gower. Ob. T. To APPROACH §, ap-protsh'. v.n. [approcher, Fr.] To draw near, locally. Shak. To draw near, as time. Dent. xxxi. To make a progress towards, as mentally. Jer. xxx. To come near by natural affinity or resemblance j to contract marriage with. Leviticus. To APPROACH, ap-protsh'. v. a. To bring near to. Browne. To come near to. Temple. APPROACH, ap-protsh'. n. s. The act of drawing near. Shak. Access. Bacon. Hostile advance. Shaksj/eare. Means of advancing. Dry den. APPROACHABLE*; ap-pr6tsl/-a-bl. a. Accessi- ble. Johnson. APPRO 7 ACHER, ap- P r6'-tsbur. 98. n s. He that approaches. Shakspeare. APPRO'ACHMENT, ap-prolsh'-ment. n.s. The act of coming near. Brown. APPROBATE §# ap'-pr6-bate. part. a. [approbo, Lat.] Approved. Sir T. Elm. Ob. T. APPROBATION, ap-pro-ba'-shi.n. n.s. The act of approving. Sliak. The liking of anything. Hooker, Attestation; support. Shakspeare. A'PPROBATIVE*, ap'-pr6-ba-tJv. a. Approving. Cotgrave. A'PPROBATORY*, ap'-pr6-ba-tfir-re. a. Approv ing. Sheldon. ToAPPRO'MPT*, ap-pr6mpt'. v. a. To excite ; to quicken. Bacon. APPRQ'OF, ap-prodf. n. s. Approbation. SJmk. To APPRO'PEP 1TE, ap-prop'-per-ate. v. a. [ap- propern, Lat.] To hasten. Diet. To APPROPINQUATES, ap-pro-pm'-kwate. v.n. [apjiropiriquo, Lat.] To draw nigh unto. APPROP1NQUATION*, ap-pi6-pm-kwa'-shun. n. s. Approaching. Bp. Hall. To APPROP1NQUE, ap-pr6-pmk'. v. a. To ap- proach. Hudibras. A ludicrous word. APPROPRIABLE. ap-pnV-pre-a-bl. a. What may be appropriated. Brown. To APPROPRIATE §, ap-pro'-pre-ate. 91. v. a. [approprio, low Lat.] To consign to some ase. Hooker. To claim or exercise. Milton. To make peculiar. Locke. In law, to alienate a ben- efice. Ayliffe. APPROPRIATE, ap-pr6'-pre-ate. 91. a. Peculiar. Bacon. APPROPRIATE* ap-pr6'-pre-ate. n.s. Peculi- arity. Boyle. APPROPRIATELY*. ap-ore-'-pre-ate-le. ad. Filly. APPROPRIATENESS*, 'ap-pr6'-pre-ate-nes. n,*. Fitness. APPROPRIATION, ap-pro-pre-a'-shun. n. s. Ap- plication to a particular purpose. Locke. The claim of any thing as peculiar. Shak. The fixing a particular signification. Locke. In law, a sever- ing of a benefice ecclesiastical to the use of some religious house, or dean and chapter, bishoprick, or college. Cowel. APPROPRIATOR, ap-pr6-pre-a'-tur. 98. n. s. One possessed of an appropriated benefice. Ayliffe APPROPRI'ETARY*, ap-pr6-pri'-e-lar-e. n. s. A lay possessor of the profits of a benefice. Spelnmn. APPRO'VABLE, ap-pr66'-va-bl. a. Meriting appro bation. Brown. APPRO'VAL, ap-prOo'-val. n.s. Approbation. Temp APPRO'VANCE, ap-proo'-vanse. n. s. Approba- tion. Spenser. To APPROVES, ap-proSv'. v. a. [approbo, Lat.] To like. Dai-ies. To express liking. Locke. To prove. Hooker. To experience. Shak. To make worthy of approbation. Rogers. [In law.] To improve. Black stone. APPRO'VEMENT, ap-proSv'-ment. n. s. Approba- tion. Hayiuard. When a person indicted doth con- fess the fact, and accuses his accomplices. Blackst APPROVER, ap-proo'-vur. 98. n. s. He that ap- proves. Chaucer. He that makes trial. Shak. One that, confessing felony of himself, accuseth another. Cowel. APPROXIMANT*, ap-pr6ks'-e-mant. a. Approach- ing. Sir E. Dering. APPROXIMATES, ap-proks'-e-mate. a. [ad and proximus.'] Near to. Brown. To APPROXLMATE*, ap-pr6ks'-e-maie. 91. v. a. To bring - near. Barrow. To APPROXIMATE*, ap-proks'-e-mate. v. n. Te come near. Burke. APPROXIMATION, ap-pr6k-se-ma'-shun. n. s. Approach to any thing. Brown. In science, a continual approach nearer still, and nearer to the quantity sought. Bp. Berkeley. APPU'LSE,ap'-pu!3e. n. s. [appnlsus. Lat.] The act of striking against any thing. Harvey. Arri val ; landing. Bryant. The approaching to a conjunction with the sun, or any fixed star. Adams 99 AQU ARB \W 559.— Pate, far, fall, fat ; — me, met ; — pine, pm ; — APPU'RTENANCE*, ap-pfir'-te-nanse. n.s. [ap- purtenance, Fr.] An adjunct. Shakspeare. APPU'RTENANT*, ap-pur'-te-nant. a. An adjec- tive applied to law purposes. Blackstone. To A'PRICATE, ap'-pre-kate. v. n. [apricor, Lat.] To bask in the sun. Ray. APRI'CITY, a-prls'-e-te. n. s. Sunshine. Diet. A'PRICOT, or APR1COCK, a'-pre-k6t. n.s. A kind of wall fruit. Sliakspeare, APRIL, a'-pril. n. s. [Aprilis, Lat.] The fourth moalh of the year. Peacliam. APRIL-FOOL*, a'-prll-fOOl. n.s. He who is im- posed upon by others, on the first of April, by being then sent on some absurd errand. Hay. APRIL-FOOL-D A Y* a'-prfl-f fiftl-da'. n. s. The first of April. The World. APRON §, a'-purn. 417. n. s A cloth hung before, to keep die other dress clear.. Sliakspeare. A'PRON, a'-piirn. 417. A piece of lead which covers the touch-hole of a great gun. ATRON of a goose. The fat skin which covers the belly. A'PRON-MAN, a'-purn-man. n. s. A workman ; an artificer. SJioJcspeure. A'PRONED, a'-purnd. 462. a. Wearing an apron. Pope. APROPOS*, ap-ro-prV. ad. [a propos, Fr.] Op- portunely. Warburton. A'PSIS, ap'-sls. n. s. [di^fr.] Two points in the orbits of planets. The higher apsis is denominaied aphelion, or apogee; the lower, perihelion, or peri- gee. Chambers. APT §, apt. a. [aptus, Lat.] Fit ; having a tendency to. Hooker. Inclined to; ready ; quick. Shak. Qu alined for. Sidney. To APT, apt. v. a. (apto, Lat.] To suit; to adapt. B. Jonson. To fit. Beaumont and Fletcher. ATTABLE*, ap'-ta-bl. a. Accommodable. Sher- wood. Ob. T. To ATTATE^apMate. 91. v. 8.. To make fit. Bailey. ATTITUDE, ap'-te-tude. n. s. [French.] Fitness; tendency. Decay of Piety. Disposition. Locke. APTLY, apt'-le. ad. Properly. ShaJc. Justly; per- tinently. Addison. Readily; acutely. APTNESS, apt'-nes. n.s. Fitness; suitableness. Hooker. Disposition to any thing. Shak. Quick- ness of apprehension. Bacon.. Tendency. Addison. A'PTOTE, ap'^te. n s. [a and tttwois.] A noun which is not declined with cases. A'QUA.L'-kwk.W. n.s. [Latin.] Water. AQUA-FORTIS, ak-kwa-for'-tfs. n.s. [Latin.] A corrosive liquor made by distilling purified nitre with calcined vitriol. Chambers. AQUA-MARINA, ak-kwa-ma-rl'-na. n.s. A stone of a sea or bluish green. Woodward. AQUA-MIRABILIS, ak-kwa-me-rab'-e-lfs. n.s. [Lat.] A medical water. A Q UA-REGIA. ak-kwa-re'-je-a. ) n.s. [Lai.] AQUA-REGALIS, ak-kwa-re-gaMk $ An acid water, so called because it dissolves gold, the king of metals. Chambers. AQUA-TINT A*, ak'-kwa-tfnt'-a. n. s. [Lat. and Ital.] A species of engraving, imitating drawings made with Indian ink or bistre. AQUA- VITJE, ak-kwa-vl'-te. n.s. [Lat.] Brandy, or spirit of wine, either simple or prepared with aromaticks. Shakspeare. AQUARIUS*, a-kwa'-re-fis. n. s. [Lat.] The eleventh sign in the zodiack. Cleaveland. AQUA'TICAL*, a-kwat'-e-kal. } a. [aquaticw, AQUATICK, a-kwatMk. \> Lat.] That AQUATILE, ak'-kwa-tll. 145, 503. ) which in- habits the water. Ray. Plants which grow in the water. Mortimer. AQUEDUCT, ak'-kwe-dfiet. n. s. [aquaeductus, Lat.] A conveyance made for carrying water, either under ground, or above it. Addison. AQUETT Y*, a-kwe'-e-te. n. s. Wateriness. B. Jon- son. AQJJEOUS, a'-kwe-us. 534. a. Watery. Ray. A'QUE^USNESS, a'-kwe-fo-nes. n. s. Waterish- AQUILINE, ak'-we-lln. 145. a. [aquilinus, Lat.) Resembling an eagle. Dryden. A'QUILON*,kk'-\\k-\bi\.n.s. [aquilo, Lat.] The north wind. Shakspeare. AUUO'SE, a-kw6se'. a. [aqua, Lat.] Watery. Vict AQUO'SITY, a-kwos'-e-te. 511. n. s. Wateriness Diet. A. R. stands for anno regni ; that is, the year of the reign : as, A. R. G. R. 20. Anno regni Georgii regis vigesimo, in the twentieth year of the reig of King George. A'RAB*, a'-rab. ) n. s. A native of Arabia. ARABIAN*, a-ra'-be-an. \ Sir T. Herbert. A'RABESQUE*, ar'-a-besk. a. [arabesque, Fr.] Relating to the architecture of the Arabs; and some times applied to the lighter kind of Golhick archi tecture in general. Swinburne. A'RABESQUE*, ar'-a-besk. n. s. The Arabick language. Guthrie. ARA'BIAN* a-ra'-be-an. a. Relating to Arabia Sir T. Herbert. ARA'BIAN*, a-ra/-be-an. n.s. A native of Arabia. Isaiah, xiii. ARAB1CAL*, a-rab'-e-kal. a. Arabian. Shelton. ARABICALLY* a-rab'-e-kal-e. ad. In the Arabian manner. Sir T. Herbert. A'RABICK*, ar'-a-bfk. a. Arabian. Worthington. A'RABiCK*, ar'-a-bik. n. s. The language of Ara- bia. Worthington. ARABLE §, ar'-a-bl. 405. a. [arabilis, Lat.] Fit for tillage. Milton. tyCf' The a in the first syllable of this word has the short sound as much as if the r were double. The same may be observed of every accented a before r, followed by ft vowel. 81. 168. W. A'RABY*, ar'-a-be. n.s. The country of Arabia Milton. ARACHNOTDES, ar-ak-nne'-dez. n. s. [a 9 d X vr, and eiSos-] One of the tunicks of die eye, which re- sembles a cobweb. Derham. A fine thin transpa- rent membrane, lying between the dura and pia mater. Chambers. ARA'IGNEE, ar-en'-ya.n. s. [French,] A branch, return, or gallery of a mine. Diet. To ARAISE*, a-raze'. v. a. To raise. Shakspeare. ARA NEOUS, a-ra'-ne-us. a. [aranea, Lat.] Re- sembling a cobweb. Derham. ARA'TIONja-ra'-shfin. n. s. [aratio, Lat.] Ploughing. Cowley. ARATORY, ar'-a-tur-re. 512. a. That which con- tributes to tillage. Diet. ARBALIST, ar'-ba-lk. 503. n. s. See Arcuba- list. A cross-bow. Camden. A'RBALISTER*, ar'-ba-llst-ur. n. s. A cross-bow- man. Speed. A'RBITER §, ar'-be-tur. 98. n.s. [Lat.] A judge. Bacon. One who has the power of decision. Milton. To A'RBITER*, ar'-be-tur. v. a. To judge. Hvloet. ARBITRABLE, ar'-be-tra-bl. a. Arbitrary ; de- pending upon the will. Spelman. Determinable. Bp. Hall. ARBITRAMENT, ar-b^-tra-me-nt. n. s. [Properly arbitremenl^\ Will ; determination ; choice. Milton. ARBITRARILY, ar'-be-tra-re-le. ad. Despotically. Dryden. ARBITRARINESS, ar'-be-tra-re-nes. n.s. Des- poticalness ; tyranny. Temple. Choice. Clarke. ARBITRA'RIOUS, ar-be-tra'-re-us. a. Arbitrary. Nonis. Despotick. Morre. ARBITRAL IOUSLY, ar-be-tra'-re-us-le. ad. Ar- bitrarily. Glanrille. ARBITRARY, ar'-be-tra-re. a. Despotick ; abso- lute. Walsh. Depending on no rule. Brown. Holden at will. H. Wharton. Voluntary. Bp, Hall. To ARBITRATE, ai^-be-trate. 91. v. a. To decide. Shakspeare. To judge of. Milton. jToA'RBITRATE^r'-be-trate. v.n. To give judge- ment. South. ARBITRATION, ar-be-tra/-shun. n. s. The deter 100 ARC ARC — n6, move, ndr, not ; — tube, tub, bull ;— oil ; — p6find ;— thin, mis. mination of a cause by a judge mutually agreed on by the parties. South. #RB1TRA'T0R, ar-be-tra'-tfir. 521. n. s. An extra- ordinary judge between part}' and party chosen by their mutual consent. Cowel. A governour. Milton. He that has the power of prescribing to others without limit or control. Addison. The determiner. Shakspeare. ARBITRA'TRIX*, ar-be-tri'-trlks. n.s. A female judge. Shericoocl. ARBI'TREMENT, ar-blt'-tre-ment. n. s. Decision. Shakspeare. Compromise. Bacon. A'RBITRESS* ar'-be-lres. n. s. In the Latin sense, a witness. Milton. A female arbiter. Milton. A'RBORARY, ar^-ra-re. 512. a. Belonging to a tree. Did. A'RBORATOR*, ai^-bo-ra-lur. n. s. A planter of trees. Evelnn. ARBO'REOLS, ar-bd'-re-us. a. Belonging to trees. Brown. A term in botany, to distinguish such fun- guses or mosses as grow upon trees. Quincu. A'RBORET. ar'-bo-rel. n. s. [arbor, Lat.] A small tree or shrub. Milton. ARBORESCENT*, ar-b6-res'-sent.a. Growing like a tree. Evelyn. ARBO R1CAL* ar-bor / -e-kal. a. Relating to trees. Howell. Ob.T. A'RBORIST. ar'-bo-rfst. n. s. One who makes trees his studv. Howell. A'RBOROUS, ar'-bo-rus. 314. a. Belonging to a tree. Milton. A'RBOURS, ar'-bfir. 314. re*, s. A place covered with branches of trees. Shakspeare. A'RBOUR-YLNE, ar'-bur-vlne.rc.s. A species of bind weed. A'RBUSCLE, ar'-bus-sl. 351,405. n.s. [arbuscula, Lat.] Anv little shrub. Diet. A'RBUTE^, ar-bute'. n. s. [arbutus, Lat.] The strawberrv tree. Mortimer. ARBUTEAN*, ar-bu'-te-an. a. Of arbute. Evelyn. ARC. ark n. s. [areas, Lat.] A segment of a circle. Newton. An arch. Pope ARCA'DE, ar-kade 7 . n. s. A walk arched over. Pope. A small arch within a building. V/arton. ARCADIAN* ar-ka'-de-an. a. Relating to Arcadia. Milton. A'RCADY*, arMca-de.rz.s. The country of Arcadia. Milton. ARCA'NE*, ar-kane'. a. [arcamis.] Secret. Bp. Berkeley. ARCANUM, ar-ka'-num. 503. n. s. plural arcana. [Latim] A secret. Swift. ARCHv\artsh. n. s. [amis, Lat.] Part of a circle, not more than the half. Locke. A building open below and closed a^ove, standing by the form of its own curve, used for bridges and other works ; the sky or vault of heaven. Shakspeare. To ARCH artsh. v. a. To build arches. Pope. To cover with arches. Shak. To form into arches. Bacon. ARCH, artsh. a. [aox<>s.] Chief; of the first class. Shakspeare. Waggish ; mirthful. Swift. ARCH, in composition, signifies chief, or of the first class; as archangel, archbishop. ARCHANGEL $, ark-ane'-jel. 354. n. s. One of the highest order of angels. Milton. §Cf The accent is sometimes on the first syllable, though not so properly. W. ARCHA'NGEL, ark-ane'-jel. n. s. A plant called Dead nettle. ARCHANGE'LICK, ark-an-jel'-llk. a. Belonging to archangels. Milton, ARCHAPO STLE*, artsh-a-pos'-sl. n. s. Chief apos- tle. Trapp. ARCHARCHITECT* artsh-ar'-ke-iekt. n. s. The Supreme Architect. Sylvester. ARCHBE'ACON, artsn-be'-kn. n. s. The chief place of prospect. Carew. ARCHBI'SHOP^artsh-bishZ-up. 354. n. s. A bishop of the first class, who superintends the conduct of other bishops, hi'? /arFrasrans. Clarendon. ARCHBFSHOPRICK, artsh-blsh'-up-rik. n.s. The state of an archbishop. Clarendon. ARCHBO TCHER*, artsh-botsh'-ur. n. s. Chief mender, ironically. Bishop Corbet. ARCHBUFLDER*, artsh-blld'-ur. «. s. Chief build er. Haivnar. ARCHCHA'NTER, artsh-tshan'-tur. n. s. Thechiei chanter. ARCHCHE'MICK* artsh-kem'-mik. a. Of the high- est chemick power. Milton. ARCHCONSPFRATOR*,artsh-k6n-sp?r / -a-tur.7?,s A principal conspirator. Maundrell. ARCHCRI'TICK*, artsh-krft'-tlk. n. s. The chief critick . Tr. of Boccalini. ARCHDE'ACON^artsh-de'-kn. n. s. [archdiaconus, Lat.] One that supplies the bishop's place and of- fice in such matters as belong to the episcopal func- tion. Ayliffe. ARCHDEACONRY, artsh-de'-kn-re. n. s. The office of an archdeacon. Carew. The place of resi- dence of an archdeacon. Swinburne. ARCHDE'ACONSHD?, artsh-de'-kn-shlp. n. s. The office of an archdeacon. ARCHD1Y1 NE*, artsh-de-vW. n. s. A principal theologian. Barton. ARCHDU CAL*, artsh-du'-kal. a. Belonging to an archduke. Guthrie. ARCHDU'CHESS,artsh-dQtsh / -es.7?.s. A title given to the sister or daughter of the archduke of Austria, or to the wife of an archduke of Tuscanv. Howell. ARCHDU'KE §, artsh-duke'. n. s. A title given to some sovereign princes, as of Austria and 1 uscany. Carew. ARCHDU'KEDOM*, artsh-duke'-dum. n. s. The territorv of an archduke. Guthrie. ARCHED EMY* artsh-en'-e-me. n. s. A chief ene- mv. Milton. ARCHFE LON* artsh-fel'-un. n. s. The chief of feUns. Milton. ARCHFI END*, artsh-feend'. 275. n. s. The chief of fiends. Milton. ARCHFLAOIEN* artsh-fla'-men. n. s. Chief priest. Sir T. Herbert. ARCHFLATTERER*, artsh-nat'-t&r-ur. re. s. Ttu» principal flatterer. Bacon. ARCHFO UNDER*, artsh-found'-ur. n. s. The chief founder. Milton. ARCHGOTERNOUR*, artsh-guv'-fir-nur. n. s. The chief governour. Brewer. ARCHHE'RES Y §*, artsh-her'-e-se. n. s. The great • est heresy. Butler. ARCHHE'RETICK*, artsh-heV-e-t?k. re. 5. Chief heretick. Pearson. ARCHHY'POCRITE*, artsh-hfp'-6-krit. n. s. A great hypocrite. Fuller. ARCH3IAGFCIAN*, artsh-ma-jlsh'-an. n. s. Chief magician. Spenser. ARCHMO'CK*, artsh-mok'. n. s. Principal mockery or jest. Shakspeare. ARCHPA'STOR* artsh -pas'-tur. n. s. « The Shep- herd and Bishop of our souls."' Bai~row. ARCHPH1LO SOPHER, artsh-fe-kV-6-fur. n. s Chief philosopher. Hooker. ARCHPI LLAR*, artsh-pil'-lur. re. 5. The main pil- lar. Harmar. ARCHPO'ET*, artsh-po'-et. n. 5. The principal £oet by repute. CHPOLITI CIAN*. artsh-pol-e-Ush'-an. n. s. A transcendent politician. Bacon. ARCHPRE LATE, artsh-prel'-lat. 91. n. s. Chiei prelate. Hooker. ARCHPRE'SBYTER^, artsh-pres'-be-ter. n. s Chief pre-bvter. Auliffe. ARCHPRE SBYTERY*, artsh-prez'-be-ter-e. re. s The absolute dominion of presbytery. Milton. ARCHPRIEST, artsh-preest'. n. s. 'Chief priest Ayliffe. ARCHPRFMATE*, artsh-prl'-mat. n. s. The pri mate over other primates : as the archbishop of Canterbury over the archbishop of York ; and, in Ireland, the archbishop of Armagh over the other archbishops. Milton. 101 ARC ARE \TT 559.- -Fate far, fin, fat; — me, met; — pine, pfa ;— ARCHPRO'PHET*, artsh-prdP-fSt. n. s. Chief prophet. Wadon. ARCHPRO'TESTANT* artsh-prdt'-es-tant. n. s. A principal or distinguished protestant. Stapleton. ARCHPU'BLICAN*, artsh-pfib'-le-kan. n. s. The distinguished publican. Bishop Hall. ARCHRE'BEL*, artsh-reb'-el. n. .-. A principal rebel. MiUon. ARUHTRA'ITOR* artsh-tra'-tfir. n. s. Thearchen- ! emy; the iavilj any distinguished traitor. Hake- 1 will. ARCHTRE'ASURER*, artsh-trezh'-iWur. n. s.\ High treasurer. Guthrie. ARCHTY'RAJNT* artsb-tl'-raDt. n. s. The principal tyrant. Bishop Hall. ARCHVIULAIN^artsh-vlF-lln. 7i.s. An extraordi- nary villain. Shakspeare. ARCHVI'LLANY* artsh-vli'-lan-e. n. s. Great vil- lany. Beaumont and Fletcher. ARCHWFFE* artsh-wife'. n.s. A wife in the higher rank of society. Chaucer. ARCHAKyLOGY§, ar-ka-dl'-o-je. n. s. [ip X aio S and X0V05.] A discourse on antiquity. Wo don. ARCHAIOLO'GICK, ar-ka-o-lod'-jik. a. Relating to a discourse on antiquity. A'RCHAISM, ar'-ka-Ism. 353. n. s. [ap^aeo^.u? .] An ancient phrase. Watts. A'RCHED, ar'-tshed. pad. a. Bent in the form of an arch. Slvxkspeare. &3= Words of this form are colloquially pronounced in one syllable ; and this syllable is one of the harsh- est that can be imagined, for it sounds as if written artsht. 359. W. ARCHER §, artsh'-fir. n. s. [archer, Fr.] He that shoots with a bow. Shaksjieare. A'RCHERESS* artsh'-fir-es. n. s She that shoots wiih a bow. Fahshawe. A'RCHERY, artsh'-thr-e. n. s. The use of the bow. Camden. The act of shooting with the bow. Shak. The art of an archer. Crashaw. A'RCHES-COURT, artsh''-ez-k6rt. n. s. The chief consistory that belongs to the archbishop of Canter- bur}-, so called from Bow-church in London, where it is kept, whose top is raised of stone pillars, built archwise. Cowel. ARCHETYPE, ar'-ke-tlpe. 354. n. s. [archdypum, Lat.] The original of which any resemblance is j made. Glanviue. ARCHETYPAL, ar-ke-tl'-pal. a. Original. Norris. I ARCHTATER* ar-kl'-a-t&r.ra.s. [archiatre, Fr.] A 1 chief physician. Sir T. Herbert. ARCHlCAL*. ar'-ke-kal. a. [a ?X iKog, Gr.] Chief ; \ primary. Hallyicell. ARCHID1 ACONAL, ar-ke-dl-ak'-d-nal. a. Belong- ' ing to an archdeacon. Wotton. ARCHIEPFSCOPAL, ar-ke-e-pis'-k6-pal. 354. a. j [ccrchiepiscopus , Lat.] Belonging to an archbishop Bishop Hall. ARCH1EPFSCOPACY* ar-ke-e-p]s'-k6-pa-se.??. s The state of an archbishop. Sir E. Derins:. ARCHITECT §, ar'-ke-tekt. 354. n. s. [architects, ; Lat.] A professor of the art of building. Wotton. j A builder. Milton. The contriver or former. Ray. : A'RCHITECTIVE, ar-ke-tek'-tfc. a. That performs the work of architecture. Derham. ARCffiTECTO'iMCAL* ar-ke-tek-uV-e-kal. n s. ! That which forms or builds any thing. Fotherby. ARCHITECTO'MCAL*, ar-ke-tek-ton'-e-kiil. a. Haying- skill in architecture. Sir T. Brown. ARCHITECTO'NICK, ar-ke-tek-ton'-nik. 508. a. [apxos and f«crov.] That which has the power or skill of an architect. Boyle. ARCHITECTOR*, ar-ke-tek'-tur. n. s. A builder. Austin. Ob. T. A'RCHITECTRESS*, ar-ke-tek'-tres. n. s. She who builds. Wotton. ARCHITECTURE, ar'-ke-tek-tshure. 461. n. s. The art or science of building. Chambers. The ef- fect of the science of building. Burnet. ARCHITE'CTURAL^ar-ke-le^-tshu-ral. a. Relat- ing to archi'.3et»ire. Wadon. A'RCHITRAVE, ur'-ke-trave. n. s. [a 9X >, and trabs, Lat.] That part of a column, which lies im- mediately upon the capital, and is the lowest mem- ber of the entablature. Wotton. ARCHIVES, ar'-klvz. 354. n.s. [archiva, Lat.] The place where records or ancient writings are kept, or the writings themselves. Woodward. ARCHLIKE*, artsh'-llke. a. Built like an arch Young. A'RCHLY*, Irtsh'-Ie. ad. Jocosely. Thyer. A'RCHNESS*, artsh'-nes. n. s. Shrewdness ; sly hu- mour. Dr. Wadon. A'RCHON*. ark'-dn. n. s. [ao X wv.'] The chief magis- trate among the Athenians.' Potter A'RCHWISE, artsh'-wlze. 354. ad. In the form of an arch. Ayllffe. ARCFTENENT^ar-sit'-e-nent. a. [ar«tew«w, Lat.] Bow-bearing. Diet. ARCTATION, ark-ta'-shun. n. s. [arcto.~] Confine- ment to a narrower compass. A'RCTICK, ark'-dk.w.s. Northern; lying under the Arctos, or bear. Philips. A'RCTICK Circle. The circle at which the northern frigid zone begins. A'RCUATE, ar'-ku-ate. 91. a. [arcuatus, Lat.] Bent like an arch. Bacon. ARCUATILE, ar'-ku-a-tll. a. Bent. Vict. ARCUATION, ar-ku-a'-shun. n. s. The act of bend- ing. Curvity, or crookedness. [In gardening.] The method of raising by layers such trees as can- not be raised from seed, by bending down to the ground the branches which spring from the offsets. Chambers. ARCUATURE, ar'-ki-a-tshure. n. s. The bending or curvature of an arch. Diet. A'RCUBALIST* ar'-ku-bal-tfst. n. s. [arcubalista, Lat.] A cross-bow. Wadon. ARCLBALISTER, ar-ku-bal'-is-tur. n. s. A cross- bow-man. Camden. ARD, [Saxon.] signifies natural disposition ; as, Goddard, a divine temper; Reino.rd, a sincere temper; Bernard, filial affection. Gibson. A'RDENCY*, ar'-den-se. n.s. Ardour; eagerness. Hammond. Heat. Sir T. Herbed. ARDENT §, ar/-dent. a. [ardens, Lat.] Hot; burn ing ; fiery. Newton. Fierce ; vehement. Dryden Passionate. Prior. A'RDENTLY, ar'-dent-le. ad. Eagerly; affectionate lv. Sprat. ARDENTNESS* ai^-dent-ngs. n. s. Ardency. Slier wood. ARDOUR, ar'-dur. 314. n. s. Heat. South. Heat of affection. Dryden. ARDU'ITY, ar-du'-e-te. n. s. Height; difficulty. Did. ARD LOUS §, ar'-ju-fis. 293, 376. a. [arduus, Lat.] Loftv ; hard to climb. Pope. Difficult. South. ARDUOUSNESS, ar'-ju-us-nes. 293, 376. n. s. Height; difficulty. ARE, ar. '75. The third person plural of the present tense of the verb to be. A-RE, or Alamire. The lowest note but one in Guido's scale of musick. Shakspeare. A'REA, a'-re-a. 70, 545, 534. n. s. [Latin.] The sur- face contained between any lines. Watts. Any open surface. Wotton. To AREAD, or ARE'ED, a-reed'. v. a. [apeban, Saxj To advise ; to direct. Spenser. ARE'EK*, a-reek'.ad. In a reeking condition. Swift AREFAC'TION, ar-re-fak'-shun. n.s. [arefacio, Lat.] Growing dry; drj'ing. Bacon. To AREFY, ar'-re-H. v. a. To dry. Bacon. ARE'NA*, a-re ; -na. n. s. [Lat. The amphitheatre at Rome has been so called, because strewed with arena, sand.] The space for combatants in a thea- tre. Maundrell. ARENACEOUS, ar-e-na'-shus. 527. a. Sandy Broim. ARENATION, ar-re-na'-shtin. n. s. A sort of dry bath, when the patient sits with his feet upon hot sand. Diet. ARENO'SEi ar-e-n6sc'. 527. a. Sandy. Diet. ARE'NULOUS, a-ren'-u-As. a. Full of small sand. 102 ART ARM -n6, move, n6r, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 6)1 ; — pound ; — thin, this. AREO'METER*, a-re-dm'-e-tfir. n.s. [areometre, Fr.l An instrument to measure the density of any liquid. AREO'PAGITE*, a-re-op'-d-jite. 156. n. s. A sena- tor or judge in the court of Areopagus at Athens. Acts, xvii. AREO'PAGUS*, a-re-op'-a-gus. n. s. ["Apuoirdyos. Gr.] The highest court at Athens. Acts, xvii. AREO'TICK, a-re-6t'-lk. 534. a. [fyaioriKa, Gr.] Efficacious in opening the pores. Diet. ARETOLOGY, a-re-tSl'-O-je. n. s. [aperr) and Xlyw.] That part of moral philosophy which treats ot vir- tue. Diet. A y RGAL, ar'-gal. n. s. Lees sticking to wine vessels, commonly called tartar. Diet. A'RGENT$, ar'-jent. a. [argentum, Lat.] The white colour used in the coats of gentlemen, knights, and baronets. Fairfax. Silver; bright like silver. Milton. A'RGENT-HORNED*, ar'-jent-hdrn'd. a. Silver- horned. Lovelace. ARGENTA'TION, ar-jen-uV-sh&n. n. s. An over- laying with silver. Diet. ARGENTINE, ar'-ien-tlne. 148. a. Sounding like silver ; appearing like silver. Shakspeare. A'RGENTRY* ar'-jent-re. n. s. Materials of silver. HoivelL Ob. T. A'RGIL §, ar'-jil. n. s. [SpyiWos, Gr.] Potter's clay. Kirwan. ARGILLACEOUS, ar-jll-la'-shus. a. Clayey. Kir- wan. ARGPLLOUS, ar-j?F-lus. 314. a. Consisting of clay. Brown. A'RGOSY, ar'-go-se. 503. n. s. [Argo, the name of Jason's ship.] A large vessel for merchandise; a carrack. Shakspeare. To A'RGUE §, ar'-gu. 335. y.n. [arguo, Lat.] To reason. Shakspeare. To dispute. Decay of Piety. To A'RGUE, ar'-gu. v. a. To prove any "thing by argument Donne. To persuade. Congreve. To debate. To prove, as an argument. Milton. To charge with. Dryden. To prove by appearance. TV. of Soliman and Perseda. A'RGUER, ar'-gxi-ur. 98. n. s. A reasoner. Decay of Piety. A'RGUING*, ar'-gu-fng. n. s. Argument. Smith. A RGUMENT, ar"-gu-ment. n. s. A reason alleged. Dryden. The subject of any discourse. Shak. The contents of any work. Dryden. A controversy. Shak. [In astronomy.] An arch by which we seek another unknown arcn, proportional to the first. Chambers. To A'RGUMENT*, ar'-gu-ment. v. n. To reason ; to discourse. Oower. Ob. T. ARGUME'NTAL, ar-gu-men'-tal. a. Reasoning. Pope. ARGUMENTATION, ar-gu-men-ta'-shun. n. s. Reasoning. Waits. ARGUMENTATIVE, ar-gu-meV-ta-fiv. 512. a. Consisting of argument. Atterbury. Disputatious. ARGUMENT ATIVELY*, ar-gu-men'-ta-tiv-Ie. ad. \n an argumentative manner. Bp. Taylor. To A'RGUMENTIZE*, ar'-gu-men-tlze. v. n. To debate. Mannyngham, ARGUTE §, af-gute'. a. [arguius, Lat.] Subtle; witty. Shrill. ARGUTENESS*, ar-gute'-nes. n. s. Wittiness ; acnteness. Dryden. A'RIA, a/-re-a. n. s. [ltal.] An air, song, or tune. ARIAN*, a'-re-an. n. s. One of the sect of Arius, who denied that Christ is the Eternal God. South. A'RIAN*, a'-re-an. d. Belonging to Arianism. Trapp. A'RIANISM*, a'-re-an-fzm. n.s. The heresy of Arius. Leslie. To A'RIANIZE*, a'-re-an-ize. v. n. To admit the tenets of Arianism. Worthington. A'RID §, ar'-ld. a. [aridus, Lat.] Dry. Arlncthnot Cold; pedantick. ARPDITY, a-rfd'-e-te. n. s. Dryness. Arbuthnot. Insensibility in devotion, contrary to unction or tenderness. Norris. ARIES, a'-re-ez. n. s. [Lat.] The Ram ; one of the twelve signs of the zodiack. Thomson. ToARPETATE, a-rl'-e-late. 01. v. n. [arieio, LaL] To butt like a ram. OCT I have, in this word, followed Dr. Johnson, in placing the accent on the second syllable, and not on the first, according to Jlr. Sheridan, and Dr. Ash; but I do not very well know for what reason, unless it be that words of this termination, derived from the Latin, generally preserve the accent of the original. See Principles, No. 503, (b.) W. ARDZTA'TION, a-rl-e-ta'-shim. n. s. The act of butting like a ram. Battering with an engine called a ram. Bacon. The act of striking, in gen- eral. Glanville. ARIE'TTA,k-rh-h'-tLbU.ns. [Ital.] A short air, sons:, or tune. ARPGHT, a-rlte'. 393. ad. [ajiehfc, Sax.] Rightly ; without mental errour. Spenser. Rightly ; without crime. Psalms. Rightly; without failing of the end. B. Jonson. ARIOLA'TION, or HARIOLA'TION, a-re-6-la'- shftn. 534. n. s. [lutriolus, Lat.] Soothsaying; va- ticination. Brcncn. ARLO'SO, ar-e-6 / -s6. n.s. [Ital.] The movement of a common air. To ARPSE, a-rW. v. n. [apiyan, ajiap, Sax.] To mount upward. Dryden. To get up. 1 Esd. ix. To come into view. Matt. xxiv. To revive from death. Isaiah. To proceed from. Acts, xi. To enter upon a new station. Coicley. To commence hostilitv. 1 Samuel, xvii. A'RISTARCHY* ar'-rfs-tar-ke. n. s. [dpiarog and apxv-] A body of good men in power. Hamngton. ARISTOCRACY &, ar-is-tok'-kra-se. n.s. [apiares and Kparf'w.] That form of government which places the supreme power in trie nobles. Swift. A'RISTOCRAT*, ar-is-t6-krat'. n. s. A favourer of aristocracy. Burke. ARISTOCRA'TICAL, ar-rls-t6-krat / -te-kal. 544. \ ARISTOCRATICK*,ar-r?s-t6-krat / -?k. ) a. Relating to aristocracy. Aylijfe. ARISTOCRA/TICALLY*, ar-rls-to-krat'-e-kal-e ad. In an aristocratical manner. ARISTOCRA'TICALNESS, ar-ris-to-krat'-e-kal- nes. n. s. An aristocratical state. ARISTO'CRATY^ar-ris-tok'-ra-te. n.s. The same as aristocracy. Burton. ARISTOTELIAN*, ar-rfs-to-te'-le-an. a. Founded on the opinion of Aristotle. Warburton. ARISTOTELIAN*, ar-rls-to-te'-le-an. n. s. A fol- lower of Aristotle. Sir Miles Sandys. ARISTOTE'LICK*, ar-rls-to-teF-llk. a. Relating to the philosophy of Aristotle. Warton. ARI'THMANCY, a-rW-man-se. n. s. [apiO^bs and fjiavrda.] A foretelling future events by numbers. Diet. Ac- ARITHME'TICAL, ar-M-met'-te-kal. 527. cording to arithmetick. Grew. ARITHMETICALLY, ar-fr/i-met'-te-kal-le. ad. In an arithmetical manner. Arbuthnot. ARITHMETPCIAN, a-rfe/i-me-tlsh'-an. n.s. A master of the art of numbers. Addison. ARPTHMETICK§, a-rltfi'-me-tlk. n.s. [ipid^og and fxerpiw.li The science of numbers. Shakspeare. $jT There is a small, but a very general deviation from accuracy in pronouncing this word, which lies in giving the first i the sound of short e, as if written arethmetick. As this inaccuracy is but trifling, so it may be rectified without any great singularity. W. ARK, ark. 77. n. s. [area, Lat.] A vessel to swim upon the water, usually applied to that in which Noah was preserved. Genesis. The repository of the covenant of God with the Jews. Calmet. A chest, coffer, or bin. Bp. King. ARM, arm. [See Art.] n. s^\armus, Lat.] The limb which reaches from the hand to the shoulder. Job. The bough of a tree. Sidney. An inlet of water from the sea. Dryd. Power ; might. Jer. xvii. ARM'S-REACH*, armz'-retsh. n.s. Within the stretch of the arm. To ARM§, arm. [See Art.] v. a. \armo, Lat.] To furnish with armour of defence. Genesis. To plate with any thing that mav add strength. Shak. To 103 ARM ARR 0= 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat;— me met;— pine, pfa; furnish ; to fit up. Walton. To provide against. Spenser. To ARM, arm. [See Art.] v. n. To take arms. Shakspeare. ARMADA, ar-ma'-da. [See Lumbago.] n. s. [Span.] An armament for sea 5 a fleet of war. Fairfax. ARMADILLO, ar-ma-d?I'-l6. n. s. [Span.] A four- footed animal of Brazil, as big as a cat, with a snout like a hog, a tail like a lizard, and feet like a nedge-hog, armed all over with hard scales like armour, whence he lakes his name. Trevoux. A'RMAMENT, ar'-ma-ment. 503. n. s. [armamen- tuvi, Lat.] A force equipped for war. Bryant. ARMAME'NTARY, ar-ma-ment'-a-re. n. s. An armoury % Diet. A'RMAIN, ar'-man. n. s. A confection for restoring appetite in horses. Diet. A'RMATURE, ar'-ma-lshure. 4G1. n. s. Armour. Ray. Offensive weapons. Decay of Piety. A'RMED,arm'd.a. [In heraldry.] It is used in respect of beasts and birds, when their teeth, horns, &c. are of a different colour from the rest. Cliambers. A'RMED C/;m>, arnrd / -tshare. n.s. An elbow-chair. ARMENIAN Bole, ar-me'-ne-an-bole. n.s. A fatty medicinal kind of earth, of a pale reddish colour, which takes its name from the country of Armenia. ARME'NLAN Stone, ar-me'-ne-an-stdne. n. s. A mineral stone or earth of a blue colour, spotted with green, black, and yellow 5 anciently brought only from Armenia. ARME'NTAL, ar-men'-tal. )a. [annentalis, A'RMENTINE, ar'-men-tine. 149. \ Lat.] Belong- ing to a drove or herd of cattle. Diet. ARMENTO'SE, ar-inen-tise 7 . a. Abounding with cattle. Diet. A'RMFUL* arm'-ful. n. s. What the arm can hold. Beaumont and Fletcher. A'RMGAUNT, arm'-gant. 214. a. Slender as the arm. Shakspeare. AOLMHOLE, arm 7 -h6le. n. s. The cavity under the shoulder. Bacon. ARMI'GEROUS^r-mld'-jur-rus. a. [ar-miger, Lat.] Bearing arms. A'RMILLARY, ar'-mft-la-rk [See Maxillary.] a. [armilla, Lat.] Resembling a bracelet. Harris. A'RMILLATED, ar'-mil-la-ted. a. Having brace- lets. Diet. ARMINGS, arm'-lngz. n. s. Clothes hung about the outside of the ship's upper works fore and aft, and before the cubbrige heads. Chambers. ARMENIAN*, ar-nnV-yan. 113. n. s. He who sup- ports the tenets of Arminius. Burnet. ARMPN1AN*, ar-mm'-yan. a. Relating to the sect of Arminius. South. ARM1'NIAN T SM* ar-mm'-yan-nlzm. n. s. The tenets of Arminius. Mounta'm. ARMITQTENCE, ar-mip'-o-tense. 518. n. s. Pow- er in war. AEMITOTENT, ar-mV-6-tent. a. Powerful in arms. Shakspeare. ARMI'SQNOUS, ar-rmV-c-mis. a. [armiscnus, Lat.] Rustling with armour. A'RMISTICE, ar'-me-stk 503, 142. n. s. [armistiti- um, Lat.J A short truce. LijUelion. A'RMLESS*, arm'-les. a. Without an arm. Chaitcer. Without weapons or arms. Beaumont and Fletcher. A'RMLET, arm'-let. n. s. A little arm ; as, an arm- let of the sea. A piece of armour for the arm. A bracelet for the arm. Donne. ARMO'NIAC, ar-mi'-ne-aic. 505. n.s. A sort of volatile salt. See Ammoniac. A'RMORER, ar'-miir-ur. 557. n.s. He that makes armour. Shakspeare. He that dresses another in armour. Shakspeare. ARMO'RIAL, ar-md'-re-al. a. Belonging to the arms of a family. Potter. Belonging to armour. ARMO'RICAN*, ar-mor'-e-kan. a. Relating to Ar- morica or Basse Bretagne, now Britany. Warton. ARMO'RICK*. ar-mor'-rlk. a. Armorican. Milton. A'RMORIST, h* mur-rlst. n. s. A person skilled in heraldry. Diet. A'RMORY, ar'-mur-e. 557. n. s. [armarium. Lat. The place in which arms are reposited for use Milton. Armour. Milton. Ensigns armorial. Spenser. ARMOUR, ar'-mur. 314. n. s. Defensive arms. Shakspeare. ARMOUR-BEARER, ar / -m&r-bare / -ur. n.s. Re that carries the armour of another. Dry den. A'RMPiT, arm'-pft. n. s. The hollow place under the shoulder. Moxon. ARMS, aimz. 77. n. s. [arma, Lat.] Weapons of of- fence. Pope. A state of hostility. Shak. War in general. Dry den. The act of taking anns. • Milton The ensigns armorial of a family. ATtMY, ar'-me. 482. n. s. [armee, Fr.] A coi.ectioa of armed men. Locke. A great number. Shak. ARNA'TTO*, ar-nal'-ti. ? n. s. A vegetable produc ARNO'TTO*, ar-not / -t6. \ tion of the West Indies, used as a dye. Sir W. Petty. AROINT. SeeAROYNT. ARO'MA*, a-ro'-ma. n.s. [apw[ia, Gr.] Theodorant principle of plants. AROMATICAL, ar-i-mat'-e-kal. a. Spicy 5 fra- grant. Bacon. AROMA / TICK,ar-6-mat / -Ik.527.a. Spicy. Dry den. Fragrant. Pope. AROMA'TICKS, ar-c-mat'-iks. 527. n. s. Spices Raleigh. AROMATIZA'TION, ar-o-mat-e-za'-shun. n. s The mingling of aromatick spices with any med- icine. To ARO^MATIZE, aV-6-ma-tlze. v. a. To scent with spices. Bacon. To scent. Brown. A^RO'MATIZER*, ar / -r6-ma-tl-zur. n.s. That which gives a spicy quality. Evelyn. ARO'SE, a-r6ze'. 554. The preterite of the verb arise. ARO'UND, a-r6und'. ad. In a circle. Dryden. On every side. Dryden. ARO'UND, a-rStihd 7 . 545. .prep. About. Dryden. To ARO'USE, a-rduze'. v. a. To wake from sleep. Shakspeare. To raise up. Thomson. ARO'W, a-rc/. 545. ad. In a row. Sidney. Succes- sively ; in order. Shakspeare. ARO'YNT. a-rOint'. ad. Be gone ; awav. Shak. ARPEGGIO*, ar-p&r'-je-d. n. s. [Itaf.] The dis- tinct sound of the notes of an instrumental chord, accompanying the voice. Walker. AR Q UEB USA 1 DE*, ar-kwe-b&s-ade'. n. s. A dis- tilled water, applied to a bruise or wound. Clies- terfield. A'RQUEBUSE, ar'-kwe-bus. n. s. A hand gun. Bacon. A'RQUEBUSIER, ar-kwe-bus-eer'. 275. n. s. A soldier armed with an arquebuse. Knolles. ARR*, ar. n. s. A mark made by a flesh-wound 5 a cicatrice. Relph. A'RRA*, ar'-ra. n. s. [arrha or arra, Lat.] A pledge. Anderson. Ob. T. A'RRACH, ar'-ratsh. "^ n. s. One of the quickest O'RRACH, or'-ratsh. > plants in coming up and O'RRAGE, 6r / -rldje. ) running to seed. Mortim* ARRACK, or ARA'CK, ar-rak'. n.s. A spirit procured by distillation from a vegetable juice called toddy, which flows by incision out of the cocoa-nut tree. Chambers. ARRACK-PUNCH*, ar-rak'-punsh. n. s. The liquor called punch, composed, in a great degree, of arrack. Dr. Warton. To ARRAIGN §, ar-rane^. v. a. [arraigner, Fr.] To set a tliing in order, or in its place. Cowel. To accuse. Roscommon. ARRAIGNMENT, ar-rane'-mSnt. n. s. The act of arraigning. Dryden. ARRATMENT*, ar-ra/-m£nt. n. s. Clothing 5 dress, Sheldon. A'RRAND*, ar'-rand. n. s. [senenb, Sax.] The old word for errand, message. Howell. To ARRA'NGE^ar-ranje'. v. a. [arranger, Fr.] To ut in the proper order. Spense?: put in tne pi" ARRANGEMENT, ar-ranje'-ment. of putting in proper order. Cheyne. 104 The act ARR ART — no, move. n6r, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 6)1 ; — pound ; — thin, th!s. ARRA'NGER* ar-ranje'-ur. n. s. He who plans or contrives. Burke. ARRANT, dr'-rant. 81, 82. a. Bad in a high degree. Sidney.. ARRANTLY, ai^-rant-le. ad. Corruptly. L'Es- trcmge. A'RRAS, ar'-nxs. 81, 82. n. s. [from Arras, a town in Artois.] Tapestry. Spenser. ARRATJGHT, ar-rawt'. a. Seized by violence. Spenser. ARRAY 7- , ar-ra/. n. s. [arroy, Fr.] Order, chiefly of war. Hayward. Dress. Spenser. [In law.] The ranking or setting forth of a jury or inquest. Vowel. To ARRAYS, ar-ra/. v. a. To put in order. Gower. To deck. Job,x\. ARRA YERS, ar-ra'-urz. n. s. Officers who saw the soldiers duly appointed in their armour. Coivel. ARREARS, ai'-reer'. ad. [arriere, Fr.] Behind. Spenser. ARRE'ARj ar-reer 7 . n. s. That which remains un- paid. Dryden. The rear. Howell. ARREARAGE, ar-ree'-raje. 90. ru s. The remain- der of an account. Cowel. ARREARANCE, ar-ree'-ranse. n s. The same with arrear. Diet. To ARRE'CT§* ar-r&kl'. v. a. To raise or lift up. Skelion. Ob. T. ARRE'CT*, ar-r£kt/. a. [arrectus, Lat.] Erected. Bp. Smalridge. ARRENTA'TION, ar-r^n-ta'-shOn. n.s. [arrendare, low Lat.] The licensing an owner of lands in a forest, to enclose them. Diet. ARREPTFTIOUS, ar-rep-tfsh'-fis. a. [arreptus, Lat.] Snatched away. Crept in privily. Mad. Howell. ARRE'ST, ar-rest'. n. s. [arrester, Fr.] A stop or stay ; a man apprehended for debt is said to be arrested. Cowel. Any caption. Taylor. ARRE''ST, ar-r^st'. n.s. A mangy humour between the ham and pastern of the hinder legs of a horse. Diet. To ARRE'ST §, ar-rest'. v. a. To seize by a man- date. Shak. To seize any thing by law. Shak. To lay hands on. Spenser. To withhold. Davies. To stop motion. Boyle. To obstruct. Bacon. To ARRE'T^*, ar-reV. v. a. [arreter, old Fr.] To assign ; to allot. Spenser. Ob. T. ARRE'T*, ar-reY. n. s. A decree. ARRETTED, ar-ret'-ted. a. One convened before a judge, and charged with a crime. ToARRFDE, ar-ride'. v. a. [arrideo, Lat.] To laugh at. To smile. To please well. B. Jonson. ARRIE'RE, ar-reer 7 . n.s. [Fr.] The last body of an arrav. Hayward. ' ARRFERE BAN, ar-reer'-ban. n. s. A general proclamation, by which the king of France sum- mons to the war all that hold of him. Sir H. Sheere. ARRFERE FEE, or FIEF. A fee dependant on a superiour one. ARRFERE VASSAL. The vassal of a vassal. Trevoux. ARRFSION, ar-rlzh'-un. 451. n. s. [a7-risio, Lat.] A smiling upon. Diet. ARRFVAL, ar-rl'-val. n. s. Coming to any place. Waller. AR.RFVANCE, ar-rl'-vanse. n. s. Company coming. Sliakspeare. Ob. J. To ARRIVES, ar-rlve'. v. n. [arriver, Fr.] To come to any pk.ee. Dry den. To reach any point. Locke. To gain any thing. Taylor. To happen. Waller. To ARRFVE*, ar-rlve'. v. a. To reach. Shakspeare. ToARRO'DE, ar-rode'. v.a. [arrodo, Lat.] To gnaw or nibble. Diet. A'RROGANCE. ar'-ro-ganse. )n.s. The quality A'RROGANCY, aV-ro-gan-se. ] of taking much upon one's self. Shakspeare. ARROGANT, ar'-ro-gant. . 81, 82. a. Haughty; proud. Temple. A'RROGANTLY, aV-ro-g&nt-le. ad. In an arrogant manner. Dry den A'RROGANTNESS, ar'-ri-gant-nes. n. s. The same with arrogance. Diet. To ABROGATES, ar'-ro-gate. 91. v.a. [arrow, Lat.] To claim vainly. Hayward. ARROGA'TIGN, arlro-ga'-shun. n. s. A claiming in a proud unjust manner. More. ABROGATIVE*, ar'-ro-ga-uV. a. Claiming in an unjust manner. More. ARRO'SION, ar-ro'-zhfm. 451 .n.s. A ffnawinsr. Did. A'RROW^ar'-ro. 327. n.s. [apepe, Sax.] The pointed weapon which is shot from a bow. Shale. A'RROWHEAD, ar'-ro-heU n. s. A water plant : its leaves resemble the head of an arrow. Diet. A'RROWY, ar'-rd-e. a. Consisting of arrows. Mil- ton. Formed like an arrow. Coicper. ARSE, arse. n. s. [eap-j-e, Sax.] The buttocks. ARSE-FOOT, ars'-fut. n. s. A kind of water-fowl. Diet. ATISENAL, ar'-se-nal. n. s. [arsenate, Ital.] A mag azine of military stores. Addison. AR.SE'NICAL, ar-sen'-e-kal. a. Containing arsenide Harvey. A'RSENlCK§, arse'-nlk. n.s. [apaiviKov.] A min- eral substance, which is a violent corrosive poison. Chambers. A'RSMART, ars'-mart. n. s. An herb. Coles. A'RSQN*, ar'-s'n. n. s. [arson, old Fr.] The crime of house-burning. ART§, art. 77. n. s. [ars, Lat.] The power of doing something not taught by nature. South. A sci- ence. Ben Jonson. A trade. Boyle. Artfulness. SiiaJc. Canning. Shale. Speculation. Shak. 55= As a before r, followed by a vowel, has the short or fourth sound, so when it is followed by a consonant it has the long or second sound. See Arable, 81, 168. W. ARTE'RIAL, ar-te'-re-al. a. That which relates to the artery. Blackmore. ARTERIO'TOMY, ar-te-re-ot'-to-me. 518. n. s. The operation of letting blood from the artery. A'RTERY §, ar'-tur-e. 555. n. s. [arteria, Lat. from the Gr.] A conical canal, conveying the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. Quincy. A''RTFUL, art'-ful. 174, a. Performed with art. Dryden. Artificial. Cunning. Pope. ARTFULLY, art'-ful-le. ad. Willi art ; skilfully. Dryden. ARTFULNESS, art'-ful-nes. n. s. Skill. Cheyne. Cunning. ARTHRFTICK, ar-tfirft'-?k. 509. ) a. Gouty. Ar- ARTHRI'TICAL,ar-tfirit'-£-k&l. y buihnot. Re- lating to joints. Brawn. ARTIIRi' TIS, ar-tfirV-Is. n. s. [fyfym?.] The gout. Quincy. ARTICHOKE, ar'-te-tshoke. n. s [artiehavk, Fr.] A plant very like the thistle, but having large scaly- heads like the cone of the pine tree. Miller. A'RTICHOKE of Jerusalem. A species of sun-flow- er, yielding esculent roots. A'RTICK, ar'-tik.a. [oqktikos, Gr.] Northern; under the bear. See Arctics. Brown. ARTICLE §, ar'-te-kl. 405. n, s. [articulus, Lat.] A part of speech. A single clause of an account. Hooker. Terms; stipulations. Sliak. Point of time. Clarendon. To ARTICLE, ar'-te-kl. 405. v. n. To stipulate. Donne. To A'RTICLE, ar ; -te-kl. v. a. To draw up in arti cles. Bp. Taylor. ARTFCULAR, ar-tlk'-u-Iar. a. Belonging to the joints. ARTFCULARLY* ar-ttk'-u-lar-le. ad. Sounding every syllable, and staying at every point. Huloet ARTFCULATE, ar-tik'-udate. 91'. a. Distinct Bacon. Branched out into articles. Bacon. Be- longing to the joints. Wliitaker. To ARTFCULATE, ar-uV-u-late. 91. v. a. To form words; to speak as a man. Glanvillc. To draw up in articles. Shak. To make terms; to treat Shakspeare. To joint. Smith. To ARTFCULATE, M&'-u-late. v n. To speak distinctly. 105 ASB ASH O 3 559. — Fate, far, fall, fat ; — me, m£t 3— >lne, pin ; — ARTFCULATELY, ar-tik'-u-late-le. ad. In an ar- ticulate voice. Decay of Piety . ARTICULATION, Ir-tlk-A-la'-shfin. n. s. The juncture or joint of bones. Ray. The act of form- ing" words. Bacon. The joints or knots in some plants, as the cane. ARTIFICES, ar'-te-fk 142. n. s. [artifcium, Lat.] Trick; fraud. South. Art; trade. ARTIFICER, ar-t'ff-fe-sur. 98. n.s. An artist; a manufacturer. Sidney. A former; a contriver. Milton. A dexterous or artful fellow. B. Jonson. ARTIFICIAL, ar-te-flsh'-al. a. Made by art. Sid- ney. Fictitious. Shale. Artful. Temple. Skilled in stratagem. Continuation of Clarendon's Life. ARTIFICIAL*, ar-te-flsh'-al. n. s. The production of art. Sir W. Petty. ARTIFICIA'LITY* ar-te-flsh-e-al'-e-te. n. s. Ap- pearance of art. Shenstone. ARTIFICIALLY, ar-te-flsh'-al-le. ad. Artfully. Sidney. By art. Addison. Craftily. Burnet. ARTIFICIALNESS, ar-te-flsh'-al-nes. n. s. Artful- ness. Diet. ARTIFICIOUS, ar-te-flsh'-fis. a. Artificial. To A'RTILISE*, ar'-te-llze. > v. a. To give the ap- To A'RTIZE*, ar'-tlze. 5 pearance of art to. Bolinghroke. ARTFLLERY, ar-tMr-re. 555. n.s. [arlillerie, Fr.] Weapons of war. 1 Samuel. Cannon. Shakspeare. A'RTISAN, ar-te-zan'. 528. n. s. [French.] Artist. Wotton. Manufacturer. Addison. A'RTIST, art'-ist. n. s. [artiste, Fr.] The professor of sn art. Waller. A skilful man. Locke. A'RTLESS, art'-les. a. Unskilful. Dryden. Void of fraud. Contrived without skill. A'RTLESSLY, art ; -l£s-le. ad. In an artless manner. Naturally ; sincerely. Pope. A'RTLESSNESS*, art'-les-nes. n. s. Want of art. A'RTSMAN*, arts'-man. n. s. A man skilled in arts. Bacon. ARUNDINACEOUS, a-rfin-de-na'-shas. 292. a. [anmdinaceus, Lat.] Of or like reeds. Diet. ARUNDINEOUS, ar-fin-dln'-e-fis. a. Abounding with reeds. ARU'SPEX*, a-rus'-p^ks. n. s. [Latin.] A sooth- sayer. Dryden. ARU'SPICE*, a-rfis'-pk n. s. A soothsayer. Bp. Story. ARU'SPICY* a-ras'-pe-se. n. s. The act of prog- nosticating by inspecting the entrails of the sacri- fice. Butler. AS*, as. n. s. [Lat.] The Roman pound, consisting of twelve ounces. Blackstone. AS, az. 423. conjunct, [als, Teut.] In the same man- ner with something else. SMk. In the manner that. Dryden. That ; in a consequential sense. Sidney. In the state of another. A. Philips. Under a particular consideration. Hooker. Like. Watts. In the same degree with. Blackmore. As if. Spen- ser. According to what. 1 Cor. As it were. Bacon. While. Dryden. Because. Taylor. As be- ing. Bacon. Equally. Dryden. How ; in what man- ner. Boyle. With; answering to like or same. Shak. In a reciprocal sense. Locke. Answering to such. Til- lotson. Having so to answer it. Locke. Answering to so conditionally. Dryden. In a sense of comparison, followed by so. Pope. As for ; with respect to. _ Dimjden. As if ; in the manner that it would be if. Locke. As to ; with respect to. Shak. As "well as; equally with. Locke. As though; as if. Slutrp. A'SADULCIS, as'-a-dul-sk See Benzoin. A SAFOETLDA, or A'SSAFOETIDA, as-sa- fet'-e-da. n. s. A gum brought from the East Indies, of a sharp taste, and a strong offensive smell. Chambers. ASARABA'CCA, as-sa-ra-bak'-ka. n. s. [asarum, Lat.] A plant. ASBE'STINE, az-beV-tfn. HO. a. Something incom- bustible. Feltham. ASBE'STOS,kz-\As!-d?. IGG.n.s. [dV/Wo?.] Asort of native fossil stone, which may be split into threads and filaments, "Jvhich is endued with the property of remaining: un.consumed in the fire. Chambers. ASCA'RIDES, as-kar'-e-dez.n.s. [do-/cap«5<-?.] Little worms in the rectum. Quincy. To ASCEND $, as-send'. v. n. [ascendo, Lat.] To move upwards. Milton. To proceed from one de- gree of g'ood to another. Watts. To stand higher in genealogy. Broom. To ASCEND, as-send'. v. a. To climb up. Barrciv. ASCENDABLE, as-send'-a-bl. a. That may be ascended. Diet. ASCENDANT, as-sen'-dant. n. s. The part of the ecliptick at any particular time above the horizon, supposed by astrologers to have great influence. Height; elevation. Temple. Superiority. Claren- don. The person having influence. Burke. One of the degrees of kindred reckoned upwards. Ayliffe. ASCENDANT, as-seV-dant. a. Superiour ; predom- inant. South. Above the horizon. Brown. ASCENDENCY, as-sen'-den-se. n. s. Influence; power. Watts. ASCENSION, as-sen'-shun. 451. n. s. The act of ascending : frequently applied to the visible eleva- tion of our Saviour to heaven. Milton. The thing rising, or mounting. Brown. 4 ASCENSION DAY, as-sen'-shfin-da'.The day on which the Ascension of our Saviour is commemo- rated, commonly called Hr.'y Thursday. ASCENSIVE, as-sen'-s?v. 158. a. In a state of as- cent. Brown. Ob. J. ASCENT, as-sent 7 , n. s. Rise. Milton. The way by which one ascends. Bacon. An eminence, or high place. Addison. To ASCERTAIN §. fis-ser-tane'. v. a. [acertener, Fr.] To make certain ; to establish. Hooker. To make confident. Hommand. ASCERTAINABLE*, as-ser-tane'-a-bl. a. That which may be ascertained. ASCERTAINMENT, as*ser-tane'-ment. n. s. A settled rule. Swift. ASCETICISM*, as-set'-e-slzm. n. s. The state of an ascetick. Warburton. ASCE'TICK§, as-set'-Ik. 509. a. [Arnptxfc.] Em- ployed wholly in devotion and mortification. Soutlu ASCE'TICK/as-set'-fk. n. s. He that retires to de- votion ; a hermit. Norris. A'SCLL, ash'-e-l. n.s. [a and c/c/a.] Those people who, at certain times of the year, have no shadow at noon ; such are the inhabitants of the torrid zone. Did. ASCI'TES§, as-sl'-tez. n. s. [aaKos.'] A dropsy of the lower belly and depending parts. Quincy. ASCI'TICAL, as-sit'-e-kai. ; 507. a. Dropsical. Wise- ASCFTICK, as-sit'-lk. \ man. ASCITFTIOUS, as-se-tish'-us. a. [ascilitius, Lat.] Supplemental. Pope. ASCRFBABLE, as-krl / -ba-bl.405. a. That which may be ascribed. Boyle. To ASCRFBE §, as-krlbe'. n, a. [ascribo, Lat.] To attribute to as a cause. Dryden. To attribute as a quality to persons. Tillotson. ASCRFPTION, as-krlp'-shfin. n. s. The act of ascrib- ing. Fotlierby. ASCRIPTFTIOUS, fis-krlp-tlsh'-fis. a. That which is ascribed. Farindon. ASH, ash. n. s. [se-pc, Sax.] A tree. Miller. The wood of the ash. Shakspeare. To ASHA'ME §*, a-shame'. v. a. To make ashamed. Barroio. ASHA'MED, a-sha'-med. 359, 362. a. Touched with shame. Taylor. ASHA'MEDLY*, a-sha'-med-le. ad. Bashfully. Hu- loet. ASH-COLOURED, ash'-knl-fird. 362. a. Coloured between brown and gray, like the bark of an ashen branch. Woodward. ASHE'LF*, a-shelf. ad. On a shelf, or rock. Mas- singer. A'SHEN, ash'-shen. 103, 359. a. Made of ash-wood. Dryden. A'SHFIRE* ash'-flre. n. s. The low fire used in chymical operations. ASHFLY*, ash'-fll. n. s. The oak-fly. Complete Angler. 106 ASP ASP -116, move, n6r, n6t; — tube, tab, bull; — 6il; — p6und ;— thin, THis. A'SHES, ash'-iz. 99. re. s. [apca, Sax.] The remains of any' thing burnt. Digby. The remains of the body. Shakspeare. 4/SHLAR, ash'-lar. re. s. Free stones, as they come out of the quarry. VSHLERING, ash'-lfir-ing. 555. n. s. Quartering in garrets, about two feet and a half or three feet high, perpendicular to the floor. Builders Diet. ASHO'RE, a-shAre'. ad. On shore. Rakigh. To the shore. Shaksveare. A'SHTUB*, asV-tub. re. s. A tub to receive ashes. Quarks. ASHWE'DNESDAY, ash-wenz'-de. re. s. The first day of Lent, so called from the ancient eustom of sprinkling ashes on the head. A'SHWEED, ish'-weed. re. s. An herb. A'SHY, ash'4. a. Ash-coloured. SJwJc. Turned into ashes. Milton. A'SHY-PALE* ash'-e-pale. a. Pale as ashes. Shak. A'SIAN*, a'-she-an. a. Relating to Asia. B. Jonson. ASIA'TJCK* a-she-at'-tik. a. Respecting Asia. Bp. Taylor. ASLVTICK*, a-she-at'-tik. re. s. A native of Asia. Sir Thomas Herbert. ASLATICISM* a-she-at'-e-slzm. re. s. Imitation of the Asiatick manner. Warton. ASFDE, a-side 7 . ad. To one side. Dryden. To an- other part. Bacon, From the company. Mark, vii. A'SINARY, as'-se-na-re. a. Belonging to an ass. Diet. A'SLNTNE, as'-se-ulne. 149. a. [asinus, Lat.] Be- longing to an ass. Milton. To ASK$, ask. 79. r. a. [apeian, Sax.] To petition. Sliak. To demand. Genesis, txs.iv. To question. Jeremiah, xlviii. To inquire. Genesis, xxxii. To require. B. Jonson. To ASK, ask. v. re. To petition. Ecclus.xxi. To make inquiry. Jerem. vi. ASK, ASH, AS, come from the Saxon seyc, an ash tree. Gibson. ASK*. See Asker. ASKANCE, or AS'kATJNCE, a-skanse'. 214. ad. [schuin. Dutch.] Sideways ; obliquely. Sidney. ASK AUNT, a-skant'. 214. ad. Obliquely. Dryden. A'SKER, ask'-ur. 93. n. s. Petitioner/ Shak. In- quirer. Digby. A'SKER, ask'-ur. n.s. written also ask. [aSex, Sax.] A water newt. ASKE'W, a-sku / . ad. [skue, Goth, ska, partic. disjunct. skee, oblique.] Aside ; with contempt or envy. Spen- ser. Obliquely. Gayton. To ASLAKE, a-slake'. v. a. [aylacian, SaxJ To remit ; to mitigate 5 to slacken. Spenser. Ob. J. ASLANT, a-slant'. 78. ad. Obliquely* Shakspeare. ASLET5P, a-sleep'. ad. Sleeping at rest. Slink. To sleep. Bacon. Figuratively for the dead. 2 Esdras. ASLO'PE, a-sl6pe'. ad. [a r lupan, Sax.] With de- clivity. Bacon. ASLU'G*, a-slug 7 . ad. In a sluggish manner. Fath- er hu. ASO/MATOUS, a-som'-a-tfls. a. [a and cupa.] In- corporeal ; without a body. ASP. asp. ^ )n. s. [aspis, Lat] A kind of poi- A'SPICKjas'-plk. \ sonous serpent. Calmet. Spenser. ASP. See Aspen. ASPA'LATHUS, as-paF-a-tfms. re. s. [Lat.] A plant called the rose of Jerusalem. The wood of a prickly tree, heavy, oleaginous, somewhat sharp and bitter to the taste. Chambers. ASPARAGUS, as-par'-a-gus.re.s. {aa-dpayos, Gr.] A plant. Miller. J£5= This word is vulgarly pronounced Sparrow grass. It may be observed, that such words as the vulgar do not know how to spell, and which convey no definite idea of the thing, are frequently changed by them into such words as they do know how to spell, and which do convey some definite idea. The word in question is an instance of it; and the corruption of this word into Sparrow grass is so general, that asparagus has an air of stiffness and pedantry. See Lantern. TV. A'3PECT§, as'-pekt. re. s. [aspectus, Lat.] Look. Government of the Tongue. Countenance. Shak. Glance. Spenser. View; position. Milton. Rela- tion. Locke. Disposition of a planet to other plan- ets. Shakspeare. £c5° This word, as a noun, was universally pronounced with the accent on the last syllable till about the mid die of the seventeenth century. It grew antiquated ia Milton's time, and is now entirely obsolete. Dr. Far- mer's observations on this word, in his no less solid than ingenious Essay on The Learning of Shakspeare, aro so curious, as well as just, that the reader will, I doubt not, be obliged to me for quoting them. " Sometimes a very little matter detects a forgery. You "may remember a play called the Double Falsehood, " which Mr. Theobald was desirous of palming upon the " world for a posthumous one of Shakspeare 5 and 1 " see it is classed as such in the last edition of the Bod- "leian catalogue. Mr. Pope himself, after all the stric- "tures of Scriblerus, in a letter to Aaron Hill, supposes "it of that age ; but a mistaken accent determines it to " have been written since the middle of the last century. " ' This late example " Of base Henriquez, bleeding in me now, " From each good aspect takes away my trust.' And in another place, " ' You have an aspect, sir, of wondrous wisdom.' " The word aspect, you perceive, is here accented on the "first syllable, which, I am confident, in any sense of " it, was never the case in the time of Shakspeare; " though it may sometimes appear to be so, when we do " not observe a preceding elision. " Some of the professed imitators of our old poets have not "attended to this and many ether minuticc: I could " point out to you several performances in the respective ; ' styles of Chaucer, Spenser, and Shakspeare. which the " imitated bard could not possibly have either read or " construed. " This very accent hath troubled the annotators on Mil- "ton. Dr. Bentley observes it to be a tone different " from the present use. Mr. Manwaring, in his Treatise- " of Harmony and Numbers, very solemnly informs us, " that this verse is defective both in accent and quantity : " ' His words here ended ; but his meek aspect, " Silent, yet spake.' " 'Here, says he, a syllable is acutcd and long, wherea3 " it should be short and graced ." " And a still more extraordinary gentleman, one Green,who " published a specimen of a new version of the Paradise " Lost, into blank verse, ' by which that amazing work is " brought somewhat nearer the summit of perfection,' " begins with correcting a blunder in the fourth book: ' ; ' The sotting sun " Slowly descended, and with right aspect — 11 Levell'd his evening rays.' ! " Not so iu the new version .• " ' Mean while the setting sun, descending slow — "Levell'd with aspect right his evening rays." I " Enough of such commentators.— The celebrated Dr. " Dee had a spirit, who would sometimes condescend " to correct him, when peccant in quantity : and it had "been kind of him to have a little assisted the wights " above-mentioned.— Milton affected the antique ; but "it may seem more extraordinary, that the old accent "should be adopted in Hudibras." W. To ASPE'CT. as-pekt y . 492. r. a. To behold. Temple. ! ASPE CTABLE, as-pek'-ta-bl. 405. a. Visible, Ra- j high. I A'SPECTED*, as'-pekt-ed. a. Having an aspect. B. Jonson. ASPE'CTION, as-pek -shun. n. s. Beholding; view, Broun. A'SPEN^as'-pen. 103. ) n. s. [aeype. Sax.] A species ASP§,asp. ) of poplar, the leaves of which always tremble. Mortimer. A'SPEN. as'-pen. a. Belonging to the asp tree. Shak. Made of aspen wood. Resembling an aspen tree. Donne. A'SPER*, as'-pur. 98. re. s. A small Turkish coin of less value than our penny. Beaumont and Fletcher A'SPER,ks'-pfir. a. [Lat.] Rough; rugged. Bacon. i To A'SPERATE^ as'-pe-rate. 91. v. a. [aspero, Lat.] To roughen. Boyle. $gr This word, and those that succeed it of the same family, seem to follow the general rule in the sound of the e before r when after the accent ; that is, to preserve it pure, and in a separate syllable.— See Principles, I No. 555. W. I ASPERA'TION, as-pe-ra/-shun. n. s. A making || rough. Diet. II b 107 ASS ASS [Cr559. — Fate, far, fall, fat;— m6, met; — pine, pin; — ASP ERGO 1 IRE*, as-p6r-gw6r'. n. s. [aspersoir, Fr.] A holy-water-sprinkle. Warton. ASPERIFO LIOUS, as-per-e-fo'-le-fis. a. One of the divisions of plants, so called from the roughness of their leaves. ASPE'RITY, as-peV-e-te. n. s. Unevenness. Boyle. Roughness of sound. Warton. Roughness of tem- per. Govern, of Tongue. Sharpness. Bp. Berkeley. A'SPERLY*, *or A 7 SPRELY*, as'-pur-le. ad. Roughly; sharply. Sir T. Ehjot. Ob. T. ASPERIVtA'TION, as-peV-na'-shun. n. s. [aspernalio, Lat.] Neglect; disregard. Diet. A'SPEROUS, as'-pe-rfts. a. Rough. Boyle. To ASPE'RSE$, a>peTse'. v. a. [aspergo, Lat.] To bespatter with censure. Clarendon. Simply, to cast upon. Heyicood. ASPE'RSER*, ds-perse'-ur. n. s. He who vilifies another. ASPERSION, as-per'-shun.rc. s. A sprinkling. Shale. Calumny. Bp. Hall. ASPHA'LTICK, as-fal'-tlk. 84. a. Gummy ; bitu- minous. Milton. ASPHA'LTO£,&s-&Y-t&s.n.s.[acj(pa\Tbs.] A bitu- minous substance resembling pitch, chiefly found swimming on the Lacus Asphaltites, or Dead Sea, where anciently stood the cities of Sodom and Go- morrah. Milton. ASPHA'LTUM, as-fal'-tum. n. s. [Lat.] A bitu- minous stone found near the ancient Babylon. Chambers. A'SPHODEL, asMo-del. n. s. [lilio-asphodelus , Lat.] Day-lily. Pope. A'SPICK, as'-plk. n. s. The name of a serpent. Addison. The name of a piece of ordnance, which is said to carry a twelve-pound shot. ASPFRANT*, as-pi'-rant. n. s. [Fr.] A candidate. Hard. To ASPIRATES, as'-pe-rate. 91. v. a. To pro- nounce with full breath. LigMfoot. To A'SPIRATE, as'-pe-rate. v. n. To be pronounced with full breath. Dnjden. A'SPIRATE, as'-pe-rate. 91, 394. n. s. Pronounced with full breath. Holder. A'SPIRATE*, as'-pe-rate. n. s. The mark to denote an aspirated pronunciation. Bentley. ASPIRATION, as-pe-ra'-slnm. n. s. A breathing after ; an ardent wish. Watts. The act of aspir- ing. Shak. The pronunciation of a vowel with full breath. Holder. To ASPPRE§, as-plre sire with eagerness Shakspeare. To ASPI'RE*, as-plre'. v. a. To aspire to. Dcmne. ASPFREMENT*, as-plre'-ment. n. s. The act of Ire', v. n. [aspiro, Lat.] To de- is. Sidney. To rise; to tower. aspiring. Brewer. SPFRER, as-plre'- ASPFRER, as-plre'-ur. n. s. One that ambitiously strives to be greater. Milton. ASPFRING*, as-plre'-lng. n.s. The desire of some- thing great. Hammond. Points; stops. Sir T. Herbert. ASPORTATION, as-p6r-ta'-shun. n. s. [asportatio, Lat.] A carrying away. Blackstone. ASO.UTNT, a-skwmt'. ad. [schuin, Dutch.] Oblique- ly. Swift. Not with regard or due notice. Fox. ASS, as. n. s. [ayra, Sax.] An animal of burden. Sliak. A stupid, heavy, dull fellow. Shalcspeare. ToASSA'IL§, as-side', v. a. [assailler, Fr.] To at- tack in a hostile manner. Spenser. To attack with argument. Shakspeare. ASS A'lL ABLE, as-sa'-la-bl. 405. a. That which may be attacked. Slmkspeare. ASSAILANT, as-sa'-lant. n. s. He that attacks. Hay ward. ASSA'ILANT, as-sa'-lant. a. Attacking. Milton. ASSA'ILER, as-sa'-lur. 98. n. s. One who attacks. Sidnei'. ASSA'ILMENT*, as-sale'-ment. n. s. Attack. John- son. ASS A PA' NICK, as-sa-pan'-nlk. n. s. A little ani- mal of Virginia, which is called in English the fly- ing squirrel. Trevoux. ASSA'RT, as-sart'. n. s. \essart, Fr.] An offence committed in the forest, by plucking up woods cy the roots. Cowel. To ASSA'RT, as-sart'. v. a. To commit an assart ; to grub up. Ashmole. ASSA'SSIN §, as-sas'-sln. ) n. s. [assassin, ASSA'SSINATE, as-sas'-se-nate. $ Fr.] A mur- derer ; one that kills by treachery, or sudden vio- lence. Wolton. To ASSA'SSIN*, as-sas'-sfn. v. a. To murder. Siil- linsrfleet. ASSA'SSINACY*, as-sas'-se-na-se. n. s. The act of assassinating. Hammond. ASSA'SSFNaTE, as-sas'-se-nate. n. s. Murder. B. Joason. A murderer. To ASSA'SSINATE, as-sas'-se-nate. 91. v. a. To murder. Dnjden. To way-lay. Milton. To ASSA'SSFNATE*, as-sas'-se-nate. v. n. To murder. So.ndvs. ASSASSIN A'TION, as-sas-se-na'-shun. n. s.The act of assassin ati ng. Shakspeare. ASSA'SSFNATOR, as-sas'-se-na-tur. n. s. Mur- derer. ASSA'SSINOUS* as-sas'-e-nus. a. Murderous. Cocker am. ASSA'TION, as-sa'-shun. n. s. [assation, Fr.] Roast- ing. Broirne. ASSA'ULT6, as-salt', n.s. [assauU, Fr.] Attack. Shak. Storm : opposed to sap or siege. 2 Mace. v. Hostile violence. Spenser. Invasion. Clarendon. Injury offered to a man's person. Cowel. To ASSA'ULT, as-salt', v. a. To attack ; to fall upon with violence. Esth. viii. ASSA'ULT ABLE*, as-salt'-a-bl. a. Capable of as- sault. Sir Roger Williams. ASSATJLTER, as-salt'-ur. n. s. One who violently assaults another. Sidney. ASSA'Y§, as-sa/. n. s. [essaye, Fr.] Examination, trial. Shak. The examination of measures and weights by the clerk of the market. The first en- trance upon any thing. Spenser. Trial by danger or distress. Spenser. Value. Spenser. To ASSA'Y, as-sa'. v. a. To make trial of. Spenser. To apply to, as the touchstone in assaying metals. Milton. To try; to endeavour. 1 Sam. xvii. To ASSA'Y*, as-sa.'. v. n. To try ; to endeavour. ASSA'YER, as-sa' -ur. 98. n. s. An officer of the mint, for the due trial of silver. Cowel. ASSECT A'TION, as-sek-ta'-shun. n. s. [asseciatio, Lat J Attendance, or waiting upon. Diet. To ASSECU'RE $*, as-se-kure'. v. a. [assecuro, low Lat.] To make one sure or certain. Bullokar. ASSECU'RANCE*, as-se-ku'-ranse.n.s. Assurance. Sheldon. ASSECURA'TION* as-se-ku-ra'-shun. n.s. As- surance free from doubt. Bishop Hall. ASSECU'TION, as-se-ku'-shun. n. s. [assequor, asse cutum, Lat.] Acquirement. Ayliffe. ASSE'MBLAGE, as-s5m'-bladje.90. nj. [assemblage, Fr.] A collection of individuals. Locke. The state of being assembled. Thomson. ASSE'MBLANCE*, as-sem'-blanse. n. s. [assem- blage, Fr.] Representation. SJiak. Assembling, Spenser. To ASSE'MBLE $, as-sem'-bl. 405. v. a. [assembler, Fr.] To bring together. Isaiah, xi. To ASSE'MBLE, as-sem'-bl. v. n. To meet together. Daniel, vi. ASSE'MBLER*, as-sem'-blur. n. s. He who assem- bles or meets others. Hammond. ASS'EMBLING*, as-sem'-bling. n. s. Meeting to- gether. Bp. Fleetwood. ASSE'MBLY, as-sem'-ble. n. s. [assembled, Fr.] A company met together. Shak. An assemblage. Howell. The assembly of divines, by way of dis- tinction ; recorded in the history of this country. Bp. Hall. ASSE'MBLY-ROOM*, as-sem' -bie-room. n. s. The room in which visitors assemble. Johnson. ASSE'NT§, as-sent', n.s. [assensvs, Lat.] The act of agreeing to any thing. Shak. Consent. Hooker. To ASSE'NT, as-sent', v. n. To concede, or agree to. Acts, xxiv. 108 ASS ASS — n6, mOve, nor, not ; — tube, tub, bull; — 6)1; — pound; — thin, THis. ASSENTA'TION, as-sen-uV-slnin. n. s. Compliance out of dissimulation. Lord Northampton. ASSENTA'TOR*, as-sen-ta/-tur. n. s. A flatterer; a follower. Sir T. Elyot. Ob. T. ASSE'NTER*, as-sent'-fir. n. s. The person who consents. Sir T. Herbert. ASSE'NTINGLY*, as-sent'-ing-le. ad. Accordingly, or by agreement. Huloet. ASSE'NTMENT, as-sent'-ment. 7i.s. Consent. Brown. To ASSE'RT§, as-sert'. v a. [assero, Lat.] To maintain. Dryden. To affirm. Milton. To claim. Dryden. To rescue. Bp. Patrick. ASSE'RTION, as-seV-shun. n. s. The act of assert- ing - . Position advanced. Browne. ASSERTIVE, as-ser'-tiv. 158. a. Positive; dog- matical. Glanvilie. ASSE'RTIVELY* as -seV-tSv-le. ad. Affirmatively. Bp. Bedell. ASSE'RTOR, as-ser'-tur. 98. n. s. Maintainer; vindicator. Dryden. ASSERTORY*, as'-ser-tfir-e. a. Affirming; sup- porting. Bp. Hall. To ASSE'RVE, as-serv'. v. a. [asservio, Lat.] To serve. Diet. To ASSESS §, as-seV. v. a. [assesser, Fr.] To charge with any certain sum. ASSE'SS*, as-ses'. n. s. Assessment. Princely Pelican. ASSESSABLE* as-ses'-a-bl. a. That which may be assessed. ASSESSION, as-sesh'-un. n. s. A sitting down by one. Diet. ASSESSIONARY* as-sesh'-un-a-re. a. Pertaining to assessors. Carew. ASSESSMENT, as-ses'-ment. n. s. The sum levied on property. Bp. Hall. The act of assessing. Flo well. ASSESSOR, as-ses'-sur. 98. n. s. [assessor, Lat.] The person that sits by another. Dryden. lie that sits by another as next in dignity. Milton. He that lays taxes. Raleigh. ASSETS, as'-sets. n. s. [assez, Fr.] Goods sufficient to discharge a debt. Cowel. To ASSE'VER$, as-seV-er. 98. > To ASSEVERATE, as-seV-e-rate. 91, 555. \ v ' a ' [assevero, Lat.] To affirm with great solemnity. Fotlierbij. ASSEVERATION, as-sev-e-ra'-shun. n. s. Solemn affirmation. Hooker. ASSHEAD, as'-hed. n. s. [ass and head.] One slow of apprehension; a blockhead. Bale. ASSPDUATE*, as-sld'-ju-ate. a. Daily. K. diaries I. ASSIUUTTYjas-se-du'-e-te. n. s. Diiigence; close- ness of application. Addison. ASSIDUOUS*, as-sld'-ju-us. 294, 376. a. [assiduus, Lat.] Constant in application. Milton. ASSPDUOUSLY, as-sld'-ju-us-le. ad. Diligently. Boyle. ASSPDUOUSNESS*, as-sld'-ju-us-nes. n.s. Dili- gence. To ASSIE'GE, as-seejV. v. a. [assieger, Fr.] To besiege. Diet. ASSIENTO, as-se-en'-to. n. s. [Span.] A contract between the king of Spain and other powers, for furnishing the Spanish dominions in America with negro slaves. Burke. To ASSPGN §, as-sW. v. a. [assigno, Lat.] To mark out. 2 Sam. xi. To appropriate. 2 Maccab. iv. To fix the quantity or value. Locke. [In law.] To appoint a deputy, or make over a right to another. Cowel. ASSPGN*, as-slne'. n. s. The person to whom any property is assigned. Warton. ASSPGNABLE, as-slne'-a-bl. a. That which may be marked out. South. A'SSIGNAT*, as'-slg-nat. n, s. [Fr.] The paper money of France after its Revolution. Burke. ASSIGNATION, as-sig-na'-shun. n. s. An appoint- ment to meet ; used generally of love appointments. Spectator. A making over a thing to another. Sir E. Sandys. Designation. Pearson. ASSIGNEE', as-se-ne'. n. s. He that is appointed by another to do any act. Cowel. ASSPGNER, as-sl'-nur. 98. n. s. He that appoints. Decay of Piety. ASSIGNMENT, as-slne'-ment. n. s. Appropriation of any thing to another thing or person. Hooker. Designation. Mountagu. ASSPMILABLE, as-sW-e-la-bl. a. That which may be converted to the same nature with something else. Brown. To ASSPMILATE §, as-sim'-e-Iate. 91. v. n. [assimi- lo, Lat.] To convert food to nourishment. Bacon. To ASSPMILATE, as-sW-e-late. 91. v. a. To bring to a likeness. Swift. To turn to its own na ture by digestion. Milton. ASSPMILATENESS, as-slm'-me-late-nes. n. s. Likeness. Diet. ASSIMILATION, as-sfm-me-la'-shfin. n. s. The act of converting any thing to the nature of another. Bacon. The state of being assimilated. Brown. ASSPMILATIVE*, as-sim'-me-la-uV. a. Having the power of turning to its own nature by digestion. Hakewill. To ASSPMULATE§, as-slm'-u-late. v. a. [assimulo, Lat.] To feign. Dwt. ASSIMULA TION, as-slm-u-la'-shun. n. s. A coun- terfeiting. Diet. ASSINE'GO* as-se-ne'-gi. n. s. [Portuguese.] Ac ass. Sir T. Herbert. To ASSPST^as-slst'. v. a. [assisto, Lat.] To help Romans, xvi. To ASSIST*, as-slst'. v. n. To help. Nelson. ASSISTANCE, as-sfs'-tanse.rt.s. Help. St illins: fleet. ASSISTANT, as-sfs'-tant. a. Helping. Hale." ASSISTANT, as-sfe'-tant. ji. s. An auxiliary. Ba con. Attendant. Dryden. ASSFSTER*, as-sk'-ur. n. s. A helper. Ash. ASSFSTLESS^as-slst'-les. a. Wanting help. Pope, ASSPZE §, as-slze'. n. s. [asdse, Fr.] An assembly of knights and others, with the bailiff or justice. A jury. An ordinance or statute. Blackstone. The court, place, or time, where and when the writs of assize are taken. Cowel. Any court of justice. Dryden. Assize of bread, ale, &c. Measure of price or rate. Measure. Spe7iser. To ASSPZE, as-slze'. r. a. To fix the rate. Gower. ASSPZER, or ASSPSER, as-sl'-zur. n. s. An offi- cer that has the care of weights and measures Chambers. ASSLIKE*, as'-like. a. Resembling an ass. Sidney To ASSO'BER*, as-s6'-bur. v. a. To keep sober. G.ywer; Ob. T. ASSO/CIABLE, as-so'-she-a-bl. a. Sociable; com panionable. To ASSOCIATE §, as-so'-she-ate. 91. v. a. [asso- do, Lat.] To unite with another. Shak. To adept as a friend. Dryden. To accompany. Shak. To unite. Sir E. Sandys. ASSOCIATE, as-s6'-she-ate. 91. a. Confederate. Miltm. ASSOCIATE, as-so'-she-ate. n. s. A partner. Sid- ney. A confederate. Hooker. A companion. Wotton. ASSOCIATION, as-so-she-a'-shun. [See Pronun- ciation.] n. s. Union. Hooker. Confederacy. Hooker. Partnership. Boyle. Connexion. Walls. Apposition. Newton. An assembly of persons. Burke. ASSO'CIATOR*, as-so-she-a'-tor. n. s. A confede- rate. Dryden. To ASSO'IL* as-sS?l'. v. a. [assoiler, old Fr.] To solve. Mede. To release or set free. Bp. Taylor. To absolve by confession. Percy. To stain; to soil. Beaumont and Fletcher. ASSONANCE §, as'-s6-nanse. n. s. [assonance, Fr.] Resemblance of sound. Diet. ASSONANT, as'-so-nant. a. Sounding in a manner resembling another sound. Dwt. To A'SSONATE*, as'-s6-nate. v. n. [assono, Lat.] To sound, like a bell. Cockeram. To ASSO'RTf, as-s6rt'. v. a. [assortu . Fr.] To fur nish with all sorts. Burke. 109 ASS AST O 3 559. — Fate, far, fall, fat; — me, met; — pine, pin ; — ASSORTMENT, as-sort'-ment. n. s. The act of classing' or ranging. R. Johnson. A quantity prop- erly selected. A. Smith. To ASSO'T, as-s&t'. v. a. {assotcr, Fr.] To infatuate. Spenser. Ob. J. To ASSUA'GE §, as-sw-yV. 331. v. a. [assoager, old Fr.] To mitigate. Addison. To appease. Fairfax. To ease. To ASSUA'GE, as-swaje'. v.n. To abate. Gen. viii. ASSUA'GEMENT, as-swaje'-ment. re. s. Mitigation. Spenser. ASSUA'GER, as-swu/-jur.98.77.s. One who pacifies. ASSUA'SIVE, as-swa'-siv. 153, 428. a. Softening; mitigating. Pope. To ASStFBJECT*, as-siuV-jekt. v. a. [assouhjectir, Fr.] To make subject. Cotgrave. To ASSU'BJUGATE, as-sfib'-ja-gate. 91. v. a. To subject to. Shakspeare. Ob. J. ASSUEFA'CTION, as-swe-fak'-shfin. n. s. [assuefa- cio, Lat.] Accustomed to any thing. Brown. A'SSUETUDE, as'-swe-tude. 334. n. s. Custom. Bacon. To ASSU'ME&as-sume'.^ v. a. [assumo, Lat.] To take. Pope. To take upon one's self. Dry den. To arrogate. To suppose something granted with- out proof. Boyle. To appropriate. Clarendon. $£?* Why Mr. Sheridan should pronounce this word and the word consume without the h, and presume and re- sume, as if written prezhoom and rezhoom, is not easily conceived ; the .5 ought to be aspirated in all or none. — See Principles, 454, 478, 479. W. as-sume'. v. n. To be arro gant. To ASSU'ME§, Burnet. ASSU'MENT*, as-siV-ment. n.s. [assumcniwn, Lat.] A patch or piece set on. Lewis. ASSU'MER, as-su'-mur. 93. n. s. An arrogant man. South. ASSL T/ MING, as-suZ-mmg". part. a. Arrogant. Dryd. ASSU'MFNG*, as-su/-mmg. n. s. Presumption. B. Jonson. ASSUMPSIT, as-sfim'-sft. n. s. A voluntary promise made by word, whereby a man taketh upon him to perform or pay any thing to another. Cowel. To ASSU'MPT* as-sumpt'. v. a. To take up from below unto a high place. Sheldon. Ob. T. ASSU'MPT*, as-sumpt 7 . n. s. That which is assumed. Chillingworth. ASSUMPTION, as-siW-shu-n. re. s. Taking any thing to one's self. Hammond. The supposition. Norris. The thing supposed. Dnjden. South. The taking up any person into heaven, which is supposed by the Romish church of the Blessed Vir- gin. Stilling fleet. Simply, the act of taking. Hoiv- ell. Adoption. Warton. ASSUMPTIVE, as-sdm'-tfv. 157." a. That is as- sumed. ASSU'RANCE, ash-shu-'ranse. n. s. Certain expec- tation. South. Secure confidence. Spenser. Free- dom from doubt. Hooker. Firmness. Rogers. Confidence; want of modesty. Sidney. Freedom from vicious shame. Lccfce. Ground of confidence. Sidney. Spirit; intrepidity. Knolles. Sanguine- ness. Hammond. Testimony of credit. Shakspeare. Conviction. Tillotson. [In theology.] Security with respect to a future state. The same with insurance. Security to make good the loss. Shakspeare. To ASSU'RE §, ash-shire 7 . 455. v. a. [asseurer, Fr.] To give confidence by promise. 2 Mace. To secure to another. Rogers. To make confident. 1 John, iii. To make secure, Spenser. To affiance ; to betroth. Shakspeare. ASSURED, ash-shiV-red, or ash-shird 7 . 359. part ; a. Certain; indubitable. Bacrm. Certain; not doubt- ing. Shakspeare. Viciously confident. ASSUREDLY, ash-shu'-red-le. 364. ad. Certainly. Shakspeare. ASSUREDNESS, ash-shu'-ied-nes. 3G5. re. s. Cer- tainty. Hakewill. ASSURER, ash-shu'-rur. n. s. He that gives assu- rance. He that gives security. yoASSWA'GES. See To Assuage. A'STERISK, as'-le-rlsk. n.s. [acriptaKos, Gr.] A mark in printing, in form of a little star ; as *. Grew A'STERISM, as'-te-rlzm. n. *. [acrfp(7/ I ASYMME TRICAL* as-sim-meY-re-kal. \ a -\ Not agreeing. More. ASYaBIETRY$, a-slm'-me-tre. n. s. [a and myt- ;! fiiTpia.} Contrariety to symmetry ; disproportion. j| Grew. A'SYMPTOTE, aV-sim-tote. n.s. [a, cw, and" b-too).] Asijmptotes are right lines, which approach ij nearer and nearer to some curve 5 but which never l meet. Chambers. OCT I have preferred Dr. Johnson's accentuation on the first syllable, to Mr. Sheridan's and Dr. Ash's on the |j second. W. ASYNDETON, a-sm'-de-t&n. n. s. [AcvvSe-ov.] A figure in grammar, when a conjunction copulative is omitted in a sentence. Peacham. AT, at. prep, [at, Goth.] At before a place notes the nearness of the place; as, a man is at the house |j before he is in it. S-illing fleet. At before a word signifying time notes the co-existence of the time :! with the event; as, at a minute. Hooker. At before a causal word signifies nearly the sameaszcif/i; as, he did it at a touch. Shak. At before a superlative adjective implies in the state; as, at best. South. At signifies the particular condition of the person; as.at peace. Shak. At before a substantive some- times marks employment ; as. busy at his task. South. At is sometimes the same with furnished with; as, at arms. Shak. At sometimes notes the place where any thing is : He lives at Barnet- Shak. At sometimes signifies in immediate conse- quence of: He swooned erf the sight. Hale. At marks sometimes the effect proceeding from an act : He eat at his own cost. Dnjden. At sometimes is nearly the "same as in ; as, he was at the bottom. Swift. At sometimes marks the occasion, like on, as, at this he tunr'd. Dryden. Ai sometimes seems to signify in the power of, or obedient to. Dryden. At sometimes notes the relation of a man to an action. Collier. At sometimes imports the manner of an action. Dnjden. At means sometimes ap- plication to, or dependence on. Pope. At all. In any manner. Pope. A'TABAL, at'-a-bal. n. s. A kind of tabour used by the Moors. Dryden. ATARA : XIA,\\-tk-ttks ! _-k-K. )n. s. [araoalia.] A TAR AX Y, at'-ta-rak-se. 517. ) Tranquillity. Glanville. ATAXY*, at'-aks-e.n. 5. [arofia, Gr.] Disturbance; confusion. HaUywell. ATE. The preterite of eat. Spenser. ATELLAN* a-tel'-lan. n. s. [atellanes, old Fr.] Dramatick representation, satirical or licentious. Bur-ton. ATELLAX*. a-tel'-lan. a. Relating to the dramas at Atella. Shaftesbury. ATHAN ASIAN*,. a-tfie-na'-she-an. n, s. He who es- poused the doctrine of Athanasius. Waierland. ATHAN ASIAN* a-tfze-na''-she-an. a. Relating to the Creed of St. Athanasius. Water-land. A THA'NOR. ar/V-a-nor. 166. n. s. A digesting fur- nace, to keep heat for some time. Quincu. ATHEISM, k'-thh-izm. 505. n. s. The disbelief of a God. Ba.ccn. ATHEISTS, hf-thb-lk. n. s. [Meos, Gr.] One that denies the existence of God. South. ATHEIST, k'-thh-lsi. a. Atheistical ; denying God. Milton. ATHEI STICAL, a-tfie-is'-te-kal. a. Given to athe- ism. South. ATKEI STICALLY, a-tfie-ls'-te-kal-le. ad. In an atheistical manner. South. ATHEI STICALNESS, a-r^e-is'-te-kal-nes. n. s. The quality of being atheistical. Hammond. ATHEI STICK, a-t/ie-V-tik.a. Given to atheism. Ray. To ATHEIZE* a'-^e-ke. v. n. To talk like an unbeliever. Cudwodh. ATHEL, ATHELLXG, ADEL, and iETHEL, from add, Germ, noble. Gibson. ATHEOLO GIAN* atfi-e-o-lcV-je-an. n. s. One who is the opposite to a theologian. Hayward. ATHEOUS, a'-z7ie-us. 505. a. Atheistick; godless. Milton. AT HERO 1 MA, fcli-e-rb'-mL 527. n. s. [dfe'eo^a.] A species of wen. Sharp. ATHEROMATOUS, aZ/i-e-r&m'-a-tfis. a. Having the qualities of an atheroma. Wiseman. ATHI RST. a-i/mrsl'. 108. ad. Thirsty. Ruth. ii. ATHLETE v* aW-lete. n. s. [00X17717$, Gr.] A con- tender for victory. Delanv. ATHLE'TICK, M-let'-lk. 500. a. Belonging to wrestling. Sir T. Browne. Strong of bod}-. South. ATHWA'RT, a-^wart/. prep. Across. Bacon. Through. Addison. ATHWA'RT, a-f/iwail/. ad. In a manner vexatious and perplexing. SlwJc. Wrong. Sliakspeare. AT1LT, a-tilf'. ad. In the manner of a tilter. Shak. The posture of a barrel raised or tilted behind. Spectator. ATLANTE'AN* at-lan-uV-an. a. [atlanteus, Lat.] Resembling Atlas. Milton. ATLA'NTICK*, at-lan'-tik. a. That part of the ocean, which lies between Europe and Africa on the one side, and America on the other. B. Jonson. ATLAS, at' -las. n. s. A collection of maps. A large- square folio. Sometimes the supporters of a build- ing-. A rich kind of silk or stuff. Sped. A term applied to paper; atlas-Hne, and oiks-ordinary. ATMOSPHERE §, at'-mus-fere. n. s. [arp.os and ccia7oa.l The air. Locke. Ill ATT ATT (CT 559— Fate, far, fall, fat.;— me, m§t;— pine, p?n— ATMOSPHERICAL, at-mus-feV-e-kal. a. Consist- ing" of the atmosphere. Boyle. ATOM §, at 7 -tarn. 1G6. n. s. [aro//oj.J Such a small particle as cannot be physically divided. Quincy. Any thing' extremely small. Sliakspeare. ATO'MICAL, a-tom 7 -e-kai. a. Consisting of atoms. Browne. Relating to atoms. Benlley. ATOMISM* at 7 -lum-Izm. n.s. The doctrine of atoms. ATOMIST, at 7 -t6-m?st. n.s. One that holds the atomical philosophy, or doctrine of atoms. Locke. ATOMLIKE* at 7 -tum-like. a. Resembling- atoms. Browne. ATOMY, at 7 -t6-me. n. s. An obsolete word for atom. Shak. An abbreviation of anatomy : mean- ing a meager person. Shakspeare. To ATONES, a-t6ne 7 . v.n. [from at one.] To agree. Shak. To stand as an equivalent for something. Dry den. To ATONE, a-tone'. v. a. To reduce to concord. B. Jonson. To expiate. Pope. ATONE*, a-t6ne 7 . ) ad. At one ; together. Spen- ATTONE*. at-tone'. $ ser. » ATONEMENT, a-t6ne 7 -ment. n. s. ^ Agreement ; concord. Shakspeare. Expiation. Numbers. ATO'NER*, a-t6ne 7 -ur, n.s. He who reconciles. ATONICK*, a-ton'-nlk. a. Wanting tone. ATONY §#, at 7 -6-ne. n.s. [atonie, Fr.] Want of tone or elasticity. ATOP, a-lop 7 . ad. On the top. Milton. ATRABILA 7 RIAN,at-tra-be-la 7 -re-an.505. a. [atra bills.] Melancholy. Artuthnot. ATRA'BILA'RIOUS, at-tra-be-la'-re-us. a. Melan- cholick. Quincy. ATRAMENTAL,at-tra-men 7 -taI. \a. {atramen- ATRAMENTOUS, at-tra-men'-tus. $ tam,Lat.] Inky 3 black. Brown. ATRED* a 7 -terd. a. later, Lat.] Tinged with a black colour. TVhitaker. ATRO'CIOUS§, a-tro 7 -shus. 292. a. [atrox, Lat.] Wicked in a high degree. Ayliije. ATRO'CIOUSLY, at-tr6 7 -shus-'le. ad: In an atro- cious manner. Loicth. ATRO'CIOUSNESS, a-tnV-shus-ngs. n.s. Being- enormously criminal. Home. Homble wick: ATRO'CITY, a-tros 7 -se-te. 511. n edness Wotton. ATROPHY, at 7 -tr6-fe. n.s. [aroofio.] A disease in which the food cannot contribute to the support of the body. Milton. ToALTA'CHS, at-taish 7 . v. a. [attacker, Fr.] To 1 arrest Cowel. To seize in a judicial manner. Shak. To lay hold on. as by power. Shak. To win ; to gain over. Milton. To fix to one's inter- est. Rogers. ATTACHMENT, at-tatsh'-ment. n.s. Adherence; fide!';,-. Addison. Attention; regard. Arbutlmot. An c .prehension of a man to bring him to answer an action. The jurisdiction of the forest. Hoicell. To ATT A'CK §, at-tak'. v. a. (attaqner, Fr.] To as- sault an enemy. Philips. To impugn in any manner. ATTA'CR, at-tak 7 . n. s. An assault. Pope. ATTACKER, at-tak 7 -ur. 98. n.s. The person that atta 1 L s. Elphinstone. SbATTA 7 IN§, at-tane 7 . v. a. [attineo, Latj To gar,:; 10 obtain. Tillotson. To overtake. Bacon. To • < me to. Milton. To reach. Bacon. To ATTAIN, at-tane 7 . v. n. To come to a certain state. Arbuthnot. To arrive at. Psalm cxxxix. ATT v EN. at-tane 7 . n. 5. Attainment. Glanville. Ob.. 7. ATT A ' J NABLE.at-tane 7 -a-bl.u. Procurable. Tillot. ATTA'iNABLENESS, at-tane 7 4-bl-nes. n.s. Be- ing atiainable. Chevne. ATT VENDER, at-tane 7 -d6r. 98. n.s. [attainder, old Fr.] The act of attainting in law ; conviction of a crime. Bacon. Taint. Shakspeare. ATTAINMENT, at-tane'-ment. n.s. That which is attained. Glanville. The act of attaining. Hooker. To ATTATNT§, fa-tkat'.v.a. To disgrace. Spenser. To 'ttaint is particularly used for such as are found gu.i of some crime, especially of felony or trea- son. Cornel. To taint ; to corrupt. Shakspeare. ATTAINT*, at-tant 7 . part. a. Convicted. Sadler. ATTAINT, at-tant 7 . n. s. Any thing injurious. Shaft Stain ; spot. Shak. A wound on the hinder feci of a horse. Farrier's Diet. [In law.] A writ so called. Burnet. ATTA'INTMENT* at-tant 7 -ment. n. s. The state of being attainted. Ashmole. ATTATNTURE, at-tane 7 -ishure. 4G1. n. s. Legal censure. Shakspeare. To ATTA 7 MlNATE,at-tam 7 -e-nate. v. a. \altamino_ To task; to tax To taste. Mirror Lat.] To corrupt. To ATTA 7 SK*, at-task 7 . v. a. Shakspeare. To ATTA 7 STE*, at-taste 7 . v. a. for Magistrates. Oh. T. To ATTE'MPERUt-tSm'-pfir.u.o. \atf.empero,~Lzi.] To mingle ; to diiute. Gower. To soften. Bacon. To mix in just proportions. Spenser. To fit to. Spenser. ATTE 7 MPERANCE*, at-tem 7 -pur-anse. n. s. Tem- perance. Chaucer. ATTE 7 MPERLY*, at-tem 7 -pur-le. ad. In a temperate manner. Chaucer. Ob. T. To ATTEMPERATE, at-tem 7 -pe-rate. 555. v. a. To proportion to. Hammond. To ATTEMPTS, at-temt 7 . 412. v. a. [attenter, Fr.] To attack. Shak. To try. 1 Mace. xii. To tempt. Spenser. To ATTE'MPT, at-temt 7 . v.n. To make an attack. Glanville. J ATTE 7 MPT, at-temt 7 . 412. n. s. An attack. Bacon. An essav. Shnkspeare. ! ATTE'MPTABLE, at-temt 7 -ta-bl. a. Liable to at- I tempts. Shakspeare. ! ATTE 7 MPTER, at-temt 7 -ttir. n.s. An invader. Mil- ion. An endeavour. Glanville. j To ATTEND §,at-tend 7 . v. a. [attendo, Lat.] To re- j gard. Sidney. To wait on. Sliuk. To accompa- ny ps an enemy. Clarendon. To be present with, ! upon a summons. To accompany. Shak. To ex- pect. Raleigh. To wait on, Spenser. To be eon- j sequent to. Clarendon. To remain to ; to await. I Locke. To wait for insidiously. Shak. To be bent upon. Dry den. To stay for. Shakspeare. To I mind. 2. Mac.cab. xi. To ATTEND, at-tend 7 . v.n. To yield attention. Milton. To stay. Davies. To wait ; to be within reach or call. Spenser. To wait, as compelled by authority. Clarendon. ATTENDANCE, at-ten'-danse. n.s. The act of waiting on. Shak. Service. Shak. The persons waiting; a train. Milton. Attention. 1 Tim. iv. Expectation. Hooker. ATTENDANT, at-ten 7 -dant. a. Accompanying as subordinate. Milton. ATTENDANT, at-ten 7 -dant. n. s. One that attends. Shak. One of the train. Dry den. Suitor or agent. Burnet. One that is present. Swift. [In law ] One that oweth a duty to another. Cowel. A con- comitant or consequent. Milton. ATTENDER, at-ten 7 -dur. 98. n. s. Companion. B. Jonson. ATTE 7 NT,at-t6nt 7 . a. Intent ; attentive. 2 Chron. vii. ATTENTATES, at-ten 7 -tates. n. s. Proceedings in a court of judicature, after an inhibition is decreed. Ay I iff e. ATTENTION, at-ten 7 -shun. n. s. The act of attend- ing or heeding. Shakspeare. ATTENTP7E, at-ten 7 -tlv. 158. a. Heedful; regard- ful. Hooker. ATTENTIVELY, at-ten 7 -tlv-le. ad. Keedfully. Bacon. ATTE'NTIVENESS, at-ten 7 -t?v-nes. n. s. Attention. Knight. ATTENUANT, at-ten 7 -u-ant. a. A diluting power. To ATTENUATE §, at-ten'-u-ate. v. a. [aitemio, Lat.] To make thin. Boyle. To lessen. Howell. ATTENUATE, at-ten'-u-ate. 91. a. Made thin. Bacon. ATTENUATION, at-ten-u-a 7 -shun. re. s. Lessening. Baccm. The state of being made thin. Dcnne. ATTER, at 7 -tur. 98. n.s. [ateji, Sax.] Corrupt mat- ter. Skinner. 112 ATT AUD — n6, mOve, n6r, not; — .ube, tub, bull ; — oil ; — pound ; —th'm, THis. To ATTE'ST &, at-t&st'. v. a. [attestor, LaL] To bear witness. Addison. To call to witness. Drydaz. ATTEST, at-tgst'. n. s. Witness. Slutkspedre. ATTESTATION, at-tes-ta'-shun. n. s. Testimony. Government oftlie Tonsyie. ATTE/STER*, or ATTE'STOR* at-test'-ur. n.s. A witness. Spenser. ATTIC AL*, at'-te-kal. a. [Atticus, LatH Relating to the style of Athens ; pure; classical. Hammond. To A'TTICISES*, at'-te-slze. v.n. [drragu, Gr.] To use an atticism. Beniley. ATTICISM* al'-te-slzm. h.s. An imitation of the Attick style. Bentleij. ATTICK*, at'-tlk. a. Belonging to Athens ; pure ; classical; elegant. Milton. ATTICK* at'-tik. n. s. A native of Attica. Bentley. The garret or uppermost room in a house. ToATTI'NGE, at-tmje 7 . v. a. [attingo, Lat.] To touch lightlv. Diet. To ATTLRE^at-tire 7 . v. a. [attirer, Fr.] To dress. Spenser. [Li heraldry.] Attired is used among heralds, in speaking of the horns of a buck or stag. Bidlokar. ATTFRE,at-tlre'.«.s. Clothes. Hooker. The head- dress, in particular. The horns of a buck or stag. The flower of a plant is divided into three ^..arts, the empalement, the foliation, and the attire. Diet. ATTI'RER, at-tl'-rur. n. s. A dresser. Diet. ATTFRLNG*, at-tire'-ing. n. s. The head-dress. Sidney. ToATTFTLE* at-tl'-tl. v. a. To entitle. Gower. Ob. T. ATTITUDE, at'-te-tude. n. s. [altitude, Fr.] The posture in which a person, statue, or painted figure, is -placed. Prior. ATTO'LLENT, at-tolMent. a. [attollens, Lat.] That which lifts up. Derliam. To ATTO'NE*. See Atoxe. To ATTO'RN §*, or ATTU'RNS* at-uW. v. a. [attorner, old Fr.] To transfer the service of a vas- sal. Sadler. To ATTO'RN* at-uW. v.n. To acknowledge a new possessor of property, and accept tenancy under him. Bh.ckst.one. ATTORNEY, at-uV-ne. 165. n.s. He who by con- sent, commandment, or request, takes upon him the charge of other men's business. Coicel. It was an- ciently used for those who did any business for another. Shakspeare. To ATTORNEY, at-uV-ne, v. a. To perform by proxy. Sliak. To employ as a proxy. Shak. ATTORNEYSHIP, at-t&r'-ne-shlp. n. s. The office of an attorney. Shakspeare. ATTOCRNMENT, at-uW-ment. n. s. A yielding of the tenant to a new lord. Cowel. To ATTRACT §, at-trakf. v. a. [attraho,attractum, Lat.] To draw to. Brown. To allure. Milton. ATTRACT, at-trakf. n.s. Attraction. Hudibras. Ob. J. ATTRACTABFLITY*, at-trakt-a-bll'-e-te. n, s. Having - the power of attraction. Sir TV. Jones. ATTRACTICAL, at-trak'-te-kal. a. Having the power to draw to it. Ray. ATTRACTINGLY*, at-trakt'-fng-le. ad. In an at- tracting manner. ATTRACTION, at-trak'-shun. n. s. The power of drawing. Bacon. Or of alluring. Shakspeare. ATTRACTD7E, at-trak'-tlv. 158. a. Having the power to draw. Milton. Inviting. Sliakspeare. ATTRACTIVE, jit-trak'-tlv. n. s. That which draws or incites. Lord Herbert. ATTRACTIVELY, at-trak'-Uv-le. ad. With the power of attracting. ATTRACTIVENESS, at-trak'-tlv-nes. n. s. Being attractive. History of the Royal Society. ATTRACTOR, at-trak'-t&r. 98. n. s. A drawer. Browne. ATTRAHENT, at'-tra-hent. 503. n. s. That which draws. Glanville. To ATTRA'P* at-trap'. v. a. [trappatura, low Lat.] To clothe; to dress. Barret. ATTRECTATION, at-trek-uV-shun. n. s. [atirecta- tio, Lat.] Frequent handling. Did. ATTRIBUTABLE, at-trilV-u-ta-bl. a. Ascribable j imputable. Hale. To ATTRIBUTE §, at-trib / -ute.492. v. a. [aftribua, Lat.] To ascribe. Hooker. To impute. Spenser. ATTRIBUTE, at'-tre-bute. 492. n. s. The thing attributed to another. Raleigh. Quality. Bacon. A thing belonging to another. Shak. Reputation. Sliakspeare. ATTRIBUTION, at-tre-biY-shun. n. s. Commen- dation ; qualities ascribed. Shakspeare. ATTRIBUTIVE*, at-trib'-u-tlv. a. That which at- tributes. Shakspeare. ATTRI'BUTIVE* at-trlb'-u-tiv. n. s. The thing attributed. Harris. ATTRFTE$, at-trlte'. a. [attritus, Lat.] Ground. Milton. [With divines.] Sorrv. Abp. Usher. ATTRFTENESS, at-trlie'-nfe. n. s. The being much worn. ATTRITION, at-trlsh'-un. 507. n. s. [atirilio, Lat.] The act of wearing, by rubbing. Woodward. The state of being worn. Grief for sin, arising only from fear; the lowest degree of repentance. Wat- lis. To ATTU'NE, at-tune'. v. a. To make any thing musical. Milton. To tune. Harris. AT WAIN* a-twane'. ad. [Sax.] In twain; asun- der. Shakspeare ATWE'EN, a-tween'. ad. or prep. Between. Spen- ser. Ob. J. ATWI'XT, a-tw5kst ; . prep. Betwixt. Spenser. Ob. J. AT WO'*, a-l&S'. ad. [on tpa, Sax.] Into two. Chaucer. A'UBUR-N, aw'-burn. a. Brown ; of a tan colour. ShaJcspeare. ATJCTION§, awk'-shun. n.s. [audio, Lat.] A man- ner of sale in which one person bids after an- other. Student, ii. The things sold by auction. Pope. To A UCTION, awk'-shun. v. a. To sell Dy auc- tion. A'UCTIONARY, awk -shun-a-re. a. Belonging to an auction. Dryden. AUCTIONEER, awk-shun-eer'. 275. n.s. The per- son that manages aa^auction. Student, ii. ACCTIVE, awk'-tlv. 158. a. Of an increasing qual- ity. Diet. AUCUPATION, aw-ku-pa'-sh&n. n. s. [aucupatio, Lat.] Fowling; bird-ca'tching. Diet. AUDACIOUS §, aw-da'-shus. 292. a. [audax Lat.] Bold ; impudent. Shak. That which makes bold. Beaumont and Fletcher. Spirited. B. Jonson. AUDACIOUSLY, aw-daZ-shus-ie. ad. Boldly ; im- pudently. Shakspeare. AUDACIOUSNESS, aw-da'-shus-nes. n. s. Impu- dence. Sir E. Saruh/s. AUDACITY, aw-das'-e-te. 511. n.s. Spirit; bold- ness. Shakspeare. A y UDIBLE$, aw'-de-bl. 405. a. [audibilis, Lat.] That which may be heard. Bacon. Loud enough to be heard. Bacon. A'UDIBLE*, aw'-de-bl. n.s. The object of hearing. More. A'UDIBLENESS, aw'-de-bl-ne's. n. s. Capableness of being heard. ACDIBLY, aw'-de-ble. ad. So as to be heard. Milton. A'UDIENCE, aw'-je-ense. 293, 294. n. s. The act of hearing. Shak. A hearing. Hooker. An au- ditor}'. Milton. The reception of any man who delivers a solemn message. Dn/den. A'UDIENCE-CHAMBER* aw / -je-ense-tshame / - bur. n. s. The place of reception for a solemn meeting. Translation of Boccalini. A'UDIENCE-CWZ, aw'-je-ense-korte. A court belonging to the archbishop of Canterbury, of equal authority with the arches court, though infe, riour both in dignity and antiquity. Burn, Ecd, Law. A UDIENT* aw'-je-ent. «. s. A hearer. Shelton. 113 AUL Aur \TT 559. — Fate, far, fall, fat ; — me, met ; — pine, pin 3 — A'UDIT, aw'-dlt. n. s. A final account. Hooker. To A'UDIT, aw'-dlt. v. a. To take an account final- ly. Aijliffe. To AUDIT, aw'-dlt. v. n. To sum up. Arbuthnot. A'UDIT-HOUSE*, aw'-dit-house. n. s. An append ance to most cathedrals, for the transaction of af fairs belonging to them. Sir G. Wlieler. AUDFTIOiN, aw-dish'-un. 507. n. s. Hearing. A'UDITIVE*, aw'-de-tlv. a. Having the power of hearing. Cotgrave. AUDITOR, aw'-de-tfir. 98, 503, {b.) n. s. A hearer. Sidney. A person employed to take an account. Shakspeare. ATJDITORSHIP* aw'-de-tur-sh?p. n. s. The of- fice of auditor. Johnson. A'UDITORY, aw'-de-tur-rc. 557. a. That which has the power of hearing. Newton. ATJDITORY, aw'-de-tur-re. n. s. An audience. South. A place where lectures are heard. Warton. A'UDITRESS, aw'-de-tres. n. s. The woman that hears. Milton. AUF, awf. n. s. [alf Dutch.] A fool, or silly fellow. Burton. A'UGER, aw'-gur. 93, 166. n. s. [egger, Dutch.] A tool to bore holes with. Moxon. AUGHT, a-rv-t. 393. pronoun, [auht, apihfc, Sax.] Any thing. SlwJcspeare. To AUGME'NT$, awg-ment'. v. a. [augmenier, Fr.] To increase. Fairfax. To AUGMENT, awg-menf. v. n. To grow bigger. Sidney. A'UGMENT, awg'-ment. 492. n. s. Increase. Wal- ton. State of increase. AUGMENTATION, awg-men-ta'-shun. n. s. The act of increasing. Addison. The state of being made bigger. Bentleij. The thing added to make bigger. Hooker. [In heraldry.] An especial mark of honour, borne either as an escutcheon, or a can- ton. AUGMENTATION Court. A court erected ba- king Henry the Eighth, for the increase of the revenues of his crown, by the suppression of mon- asteries . Warton. AUGMENTATIVE* awg-meV-ta-tlv. a. Having the quality of augmenting. Instructions for Ora- torif. AUGME'NTER*, awg-ment'-ur. n. s. He who en- larges. Johnson. A'UGRE. n. s. See Auger. ATJGRE-HOLE, aw'-gur-h6le. n. s. A hole made by an augre. Shakspeare. ATJGUR$, aw'-gur. 98, 166. n. s. [augur, Lat.] One who pretends to predict by omens. Shakspeare. To A'UGUR. aw'-gur. v. n. To guess 3 to conjec- ture by signs. Shakspeare. To AUGUR, aw'-gur. v. a. To foretell. B. Jonson. To A'UGURATE, aw'-gu-rate. 91. 0. n. To judge by augurv. Warburton.. AUGUR A'TION, aw-gu-ra'-shun. n. s. The prac- tice of augury. Brown. A'UGURER, aw'-gfir-ur. 555. n. s. An augur. Slio.kspeare. AUGU'RIAL, aw-gu'-re-al. a. Relating to augury. Browne. To AUGURISE, aw'-gur-ize. v. n. To practise augurv. Diet. A'UGUROUS, aw'-giir-us. a. Predicting. Chapman. ATJGURY, aw'-gu-re, 179. n. s. Prognosticating by omens. Sliak. An omen or prediction. Dryden. AUGUST, aw'-gust. n. s. [Augustus, Lat.] The eighth month from January inclusive, dedi- cated to the honour of Augustus Caesar. Peaclmm. A.UGU'ST§,aw-gust'. 494. a. Great 3 grand 5 awfiil. GlanviUe. AUGU'STNESS, aw-g&st'-nes. n. s. Elevation of look; dignity. AUK*, awk. n. s. [aulka, Isl.] A sea bird. Pennant. AU'KWARD. - See Awkward. AULA'RIAN*, aw-la'-re-an. n. s. [aula, Lat.] The member of a hall ; and so called at Oxford, by way of distinction from collegians. Life of A. Wood. AULD,awld.a. [alb, Sax.] Old. SlwJcspeare. Ob. J. AULE'TICK, aw-let'-fk. 508. a. [dv\d S) Gr.] Be- longing to pipes. Diet. A'ULICK, aw' -Ilk. a. [aulicus, Lat.] Belonging to the court. AULN, awn. n. s. [aulne, Fr.] A French measure of length ; an ell. T^AUMA'IL, aw-male'. v. a. [nuxille, Fr.] To variegate 3 to figure. See Ameeled. Spe7iser. AU'MBRY. See Ambry. AUNT, ant. 214. n. s. [ante, old Fr.] A father or mother's sister. Shakspeare. A'UNTER*, n. s. Old word for Adventure. A' URATE. aW-rate. n. s. A sort of pear. A'UREAT* aw'-re-at. a. [auratus, Lat.] Golden. Skelion. Ob. T. AURE'LIA, aw-re'-le-a. n. s. [Lat.] The first appa rent change of the maggot of insects. Chambers. A'URICLEy, aw'-re-kl. 405. n.s. [auricula, Lat | The external ear. Two appendages of the heart, resembling the external ear. Clmmbers. AURI CULA, aw-rik'-u-la. n. s. A flower. Thom- son. AURFCULAR, aw-rik'-u-lar. a. Within the sense of hearing. Shakspeare. Secret 3 as, auricular confes- sion. Communion Service in King Edward VI.' s time. Traditional. Bacon. AURl'CULARLY, aw-rlk'-u-lar-le. ad In a secret manner. Decay of Piety. AURI'FEROUS, aw-rif-fe-rus. a. \aurifer, Lat.] That which produces gold. Thoms(M. AURIGA'TION, aw-re-ga-shun. n. s. [auHga, Lat.] The practice of driving carriages. Diet. AURI'PIGMENTUM. See Orpime>t. AU T/ RIST*, aw'-rist. n. s. [auris, Lat.] One who pro- fesses to cure disorders in the ear. Aslvs Diet AURO'RA, aw-r6'-ra. 545. n. s. [Lat.] A species of crowfoot. The goddess that opens the gates of day; poetically, the morning. Thomson. AURO'RA Borealis, aw-rf/-ra-b6-re-a'-ljs. [Lat.] Light streaming in the night from the north. A' UR UM Fulminans, aw-riim-ful'-me-nanz, [Lat.] A preparation made by dissolving gold in aqua re- gia, and precipitating it with salt ot tartar ; whence a very small quantity of it becomes capable of giv- ing a report like that of a pistol. Quincy. AUSCULTATION, aws-kul-ta'-shuu n. s. [aus- culto, Lat.J Listening to. Hickes. To A'USPICATE*,aw'-spe-kate. v. a. To foreshow B. Jonson. To begin a business. Burke. AUSPICE $, aw'-spls. 140, 142. n.s. [auspicium, Lat.] Omens drawn from birds. Bp. Story. Pro- tection. B. Jonson. Influence. B. Jonson. AUSPI'CIAL, aw-spish'-al. 292. a. Relating to prog- nosticks. AUSPPCIOUS, aw-sp?sh'-us. 292. a. Having omens of success. Sprat. Prosperous. Dryden. Favour- able ; propitious. Shak. Lucky; bappv. SlwJc. AUSPPCIOUSLY, aw-splsh'-us-le. ad. Prosperous- ly. Middleton. AUSPI'CIOUSNESS, aw-sp?sh'-us-nes. n.s. Pros- perity. AUSTE'RE §, a-^-stere'. a. [austerus, Lat.] Severe 3 harsh. Rovers. Sour of taste. Blackmore. AUSTE'RELY, aw-stere'-le. ad. Rigidly. Shak. AUSTE'RENESS, aw-stere'-nes. n. s. Severity Shakspeare. AUSTE'RITY, aw-ster'-e-te. 511. n.s. Severity; mortified life. B. Jonson. Cruelty. Roscommon. A'USTRAIA aws'-tral. a. Southern. To A'USTRALIZE, aw'-stral-lze. v. n. [auster, Lat.] To tend towards the south. Brown. A'USTRINE, aws'-trln. 140. a. Southern. AUTHE'NTICAL. aw-tfienMe-kal. 509. a. Not fic- titious. Hale. AUTHENTICALLY, aw-tfieV-te-kal-le. ad. Af- ter an authentick manner. Broicne. AUTHE'NTICALNESS, aw-tfien'-te-kal-nes. n. s, Genuineness. Barrow. To AUTHENTICATE*, aw-tfien'-te-kate. 91. v. a. To prove by authority. Warton. AUTHENTICITY, "aw-tfien-tis'-s£ te n. s. Au thority. 114 AUT AVE -116, move, nor, not ; — tube, tub, bull; — 611 $ — p6und; — thin, thi AUTHE'NTICK J, aw-i/ien'-tlk. a. [authenticus, Lat.] Genuine ; having- authority. Milton. AUTHE'NTICKLY, aw-tfien'-tlk-le. ad. After an authentick manner. Bp. Barloiv. AUTHENT1CKNESS, aw-i/ien'-tlk-nes. n. s. Au- thenticity. Stilt 'insfleet. A'UTHOiU, hw'-tl&r. 98,418. n.s. [auctor, Lat.] The first beginner or mover. Hooker. The efficient. Shakspeare. The first writer of any thing. Dryden. A writer in general. Shakspeare. To A'UTHOR* hx'-tlmr. v. a. To occasion ; to effect. Beaumont and Fletclier. AUTHORESS*, hx'-thuv-h. n.s. A female effi- cient; a female author. Sir R. Fanshawe. AUTHORITATIVE, aw-^6r'-e-ta-tlv. a. Having due authority. Pearson. Having an air of au- thority. Wotton. AUTHORITATIVELY, aw-tfior'-e-ta-tlv-le. ad. In an authoritative manner. Leslie. With due au- thority. Hale. AUTHO'RITATIVENESS, aw-^or'-e-ta-tiv-nes. n. s. An acting by authority. Diet. AUTHO'RITI, aw-i/ior'-e-te. n.s. [auctoritas, Lat.] Legal power. Shakspeare. Lifluence. Temple. Pow- er; rule. Shakspeare. Support. B. Jonson. Testi- mony. Sidney. Credibility. Hooker. 2^= This word is sometimes pronounced as if written au- tarky. This affected pronunciation is traced to a gen- j tleman, who was one of the greatest ornaments of the | law, as well as one of the politest scholars of the age, | and whose authority has been sufficient to sway the | bench and the bar, though author, authentick, theatre, i theory, &c. and a thousand similar words where the th is heard, are constantly staring them in the face. The publick ear, however, is not so far vitiated as to ac- knowledge this innovation; for, though it may, with se- [ curity, and even approbation, be pronounced in West- minster Hall, it would not be quite so safe for an actor to adopt it on the stage. I know it will be said, that autoritas is better Latin, that the purer Latin never had the 7t ; and that our word, which is derived from it, ought, on that account, to omit it. But it may be observed, that, according to the best Latin criticks, the word ought to be written auctoritas, and that, according to this reasoning, we | ought to write and pronounce auctority and auctor : but this, I presume, is farther than these innovators would choose to go. The truth is, such singularities of pro- nunciation should be left to the lower order of criticks ; who, like coxcombs in dress, would be utterly unnoticed if they were not distinguished by petty deviations from the rest of the world. W. AUTHORIZATION, aw-^6-re-za'-shun. n.s. Es- tablishment by authority. Hale. To AUTHORIZE, aw'-tfio-rke. v. a. To give au- thority. Sidney. To make legal. Dry den. To es- tablish by authority. Hooker. To justify. Locke. To give credit. Brown. A'UTHORLESS*, aw'-//iur-l§s. a. Without author- ity. Sir E. Sackville. A'UTHORSHIP* aw'-rtfir-shrp. n. s. The quality of being an author. Shaftesbury. AUTO'CRASY§, aw-tok'-ra-se. 518. n. s. [avroKpa- ■raa.] Independent power. South. AUTOCRATICAL*, aw-to-krat'-e-kal. ) AUTOCRATO'RICAL*, aw-t6-kra-tor'-e-kal. 5 a ' Absolutely supreme. Pearson. AUTOGRA'PH^, aw'-tc-graf. n. s. [aidographe, Fr.] The original hand-writing of a person. Warton. AUTO'GRAPHAL*, aw-tdg'-ra-fal. a. Of the par- ticular hand-writing - of a person. A.UTOGRA / PHICAL,aw-t6-graf / -e-kal. a. Of one's own writing. AUTO'GRAPHY*. avv-tog'-ra-fe. n. s. A person's own writing; in opposition to a copy AUTOMATICAL, aw-t6-mat'-e-kal a. Belonging to an automaton. A UTO' MA TON, aw-tom'-a-ton. n.s. [avrduarov, Gr.] A machine that hath the power of motion with- in itself. Quincy. AUTO'MATOUS, Iw-tom'-a-tus. a. Having in itself the power of motion. Brown. AUTONOMY, aw-t&n'-n6-me. 518. n, s. {av-ovouia, Gr.'J The living according to one's mind and pre- scription. Diet. A'UTOPSY §, aw'-top-se. n.s. [avro^ia, Gr.] Ocu- lar demonstration. Quincy. AUTO'PTICAL, aw-top'-te-kal. a. Perceived by one's own eves. AUTOTTIO ALLY, aw-top'-te-kal-le, ad. By means of one's own eyes. Brown. AUTOSCHEDIA'STICAL*, aw'-tos-ked-e-as'-te- kal. a. [avros and a^eStauriKus, Gr.] Hasty; slight. Dean Martin. A'UTUMN§, aw'-t&m. 411. n.s. [autumnus, Lat.] The season of the year between summer and win- ter, popularly comprising August, September, and October. Shakspeare. AUTU'MNAL, aw-tum'-nal. a. Belonging to autumn Donne. AUTU'MNITY*, aw-tum'-ne-te. n.s. The season of autumn. Bp. Hall. AUXE'SLS, awg-ze' sis. 478, 520. n.s. [Lat.] An increasing ; an exoniation. Smith. AUXFLIAR§, awg-zil'-yar. 478. ) a.[auxilium.L of promoting the end for which it is used. Hale Legal force. AVAILABLY, a-va'-la-ble. ad. Powerfully. Le gaily; validlv. AVA'ILMENT, a-vale'-ment. n. s. Usefulness. To AY A'LK§, a-vale'. v. a. [avaler, Fr.] To let fall ; to depress. Spenser. Ob. J. To AVA'LE, a-vale'. v. n. To sink. Spenser. A VA'NT. The front of an armv. Gower. AVANT-COURIER*, a-vant'-k66-reer. n. s. [Fr.] One who is despatched before the rest to notify their approach. AVA'NT-GUARD, a-vant'-gard. n. s. [Fr.] The van ; the first body of an armv. Hayward. AVARICE §, av'-a-rls. 142. n.s. {avarilia, Lat.] Covetousness. Shakspeare. AVARFCIOUS, av-a-rish'-us. 292. a. Covetous. Broome. AVARFCIOUSLY, av-a-rlsh'-tts-le. ad. Covetously. Goldsmith. AVARFCIOUSNESS, av-a-rlsh'-Gs-nes. n.s. Cov- etousness. A'VAROUS*. av'-a-r&s. a. Covetous. Gower. Ob. T. AVA'ST, a-vast'. ad. Enough; stop : common among seamen. Cumberland. AVAU'NCEMENT*, a-vanse'-ment. n. s. Advance- ment. Bale. To AVAU'NT §*, a-vant'. v. a. [avantare, Ital.] To boast. Abp. Cranmer. To AVAU'NT*, a-vant'. v. n. To come before ; to advance. Spenser. AVAU'NT*, a- vant'.^ } Boutin- a v^Tr?S E *' r v t ^- anse - { Chaucer. Gb. ft AVAU'NTRY*, a-vant -re. ) AVAU'NT, a-vant'. 216. interj. A word of abhorrence, bv which any one is driven away. Shakspeare. A'\ T E*,h.'-\h.n.s. [aw, Lat] The first part of the salutation, used by the Romanists, to the Virgin Mary ; an abbreviation of the Ave Maria, or Ave Mary. Spenser. To AVE'L, a-vel'. v. a. [avello, Lat.] To pull awav. Brown. A VENAGE, av'-en-ldje. 90. n. s. [arena, Lat.] A quantity of oats paid as a rent. Dici. A'VENER* or A'VENOR*. av'-e-nur. n. s. [avaij- ner, old Fr.] An officer of the stable. Birch's Life of Henry, 115 AVO AWA 3 559. — Fate, far, fall, fat ; — me, met ; — pine, pin ; — ToAVE'NGE$, a-venje'. v. a. [venger, Fr.] To revenge. Isaiah. To punish. Dryden. AVE / NGE* ; H-ve'nje / .w.s. Revenge. Spenser. Ob. T. AVE'NGEANCE, a-veii'-janse. 244. n. s. Punish- ment. Philips. AVE'NGEMENT, a-venje'-ment. n. s. Vengeance. Spenser. AVE'NGER, a-ven'-jfir. n. s. Punisher. 1 Tliess. Revenger. Dryden. AVE'NGERESS, a-ven'jfir-es. n. s. A female avenger. Spenser. Ob. J. A'VEJ\S,av'-e : nz. n. s. Herb bennet. Miller. ^VENTURE, a-ven'-tshure. 461. n.s. [aventure, Fr.] A mischance, causing a man's death, without felony. Cowel. A'VENUE,av'-e-nu. 335,503. [See Revenue.] n.s. [avenue, Fr.] A way by which any place may be entered. Clarendon. An alley of trees before a house. To AVE R §, a-ver'. v. a. [averer, Fr.] To declare positively. Prior. 4'VERAGE, av'-ur-aje. 90, 555. n. s. [averagium, Lat.] That duty which the tenant is to pay to the king, or other lord, by his beasts and carriages. Cliainbers. A certain contribution that merchants make towards the losses of such as have their goods cast overboard in a tempest. Cowel. A small duty paid to the master of a ship for his care of goods, over and above the freight. Cliainbers. A medium ; a mean proportion. To A'VERAGE*, av'-fir-aje. v. a. To fix an aver- age price. AVE'RMENT, a-ver'-ment. n. s. Establishment by evidence. Bacon. An offer of the defendant to justify an exception, and the act as well as the offer. Blount. Affirmation. Bp. Nicolson. AVE'RNAT, a-ver'-nat. n. s. A sort of grape. A'VERPENNY*, av'-ur-pen-ne. n. s. Money paid towards the king's carriages by land, instead of service by the beasts in kind. Burn. AVERRUNCA'TION,av-ur-rfin-ka'-shun.rc. s. The act of rooting up any thing Robinson. To AVERRU'NCATE §, av-er-rfing'-kate. 91, 403. v. a. [averrunco, Lat.] To root up. Hudibras. AVERS A'TION, av-er-sa'-shfin. n. s. Hatred 5 ab- horrence. South. AVE'RSE§, a-verse'. a. [aversus, Lat.] Malign; not favourable. Dryden. Not pleased with. Prior. AVERSELY, a-verse'-le. ad. Unwillingly. Beau- mont and FletcJier. Backwardly. Brown. AVE'RSENESS, a-verse'-n£s. n. s. Unwillingness. Herbert. AVERSION, a-ver'-shfin. n. s. Hatred; dislike. Milton. The cause of aversion. Arbuthnot. Sim- ply, conversion or change. Bp. Morton. To AVERT §, a-v&rt'. v. a. [aver-to, Lat.] To turn aside. Sfiakspeare. To cause to dislike. Hooker. To put by. Hooker. To AVE'RT*, a-vert'. v. n. To turn away. Thom- son. AVE'RTER*, a-vert'-fir. n. s. That which averts. Burton. A'VIARY, a'-ve-a-re. 505. n. s. [avis, Lat.] A place enclosed to keep birds in. Wotton. AVFDIOUSLY* a-vfa'-e-fis-le. ad. [avidus, Lat.] Eagerly, greedily. Bale. Ob. T. AVI'DIT Y, a-vld'-e-te. n. s. Greediness. Fother- by. To AVI'LE*,a-vlle'. v. a. [aviler, Fr.] To depre- ciate. B. Jonson. To AVI'SE*, a-vlze'. v. n. [aviser, Fr.] To consider. See To Avize. Spenser. Ob. T. AVFSE*, a-vlse'. ) n. s. [avis, Fr.] Advice; in- AVI'SO*, a-vl'-so. $ telligence. B. Jonson. AVI'SEMENT*, a-vlze'-ment. n. s. [Fr.] Advise- ment. B. Jonson. Ob. T. A/VITOUS, av'-e-tus. 503, 314, a. [avitus, Lat.] Ancient. Diet. To AVI'ZE, a-vlze'. v. a. To counsel. Spenser. To bethink himself. Spenser. To consider. Spenser. Ob. J. AVOCADO, av-i-ka'-d* [See Lubibago] n.s. [Span.] The name of a tree in the Spanish West Lidies. Miller. To A'VOCATE$, av'-v6-kate. 91. v. a. [avoco, Lat J To call off. Lord Herbert. AVOCA'TION, av-v6-ka'-shun. n. s. The act of calling aside. Glxxnvilk. The business that calls. Hale. AVO'CATIVE* av-vok'-ka-tlv. n. s. That which calls off from ; dehortation ; dissuasion. To AVO'ID §, a-vSM'. 299. v. a. [vuider, Fr.] To shun. Tillotson. To escape. To endeavour to shun. Shak. To evacuate. Shak. To emit. Brown. To oppose. Bacon. To vacate ; to an nul. Spenser. To AVO'lD$ ; a-v6!d'. v. n. To retire. 1 Sam. To become void. Ayliffe. AVO'ID ABLE, a-vold'-a-bl. a. That which may be avoided. Boyle. Liable to be vacated. Judge Hale. AVO'IDANCE, a-v6id'-anse. n. s. The act of avoid- ing. Bp. Had. The course by which any thing is carried off. Bacon. The act of becoming vacant. Burn. The act of annulling. AVO'IDER, a-v6?d'-£r. 98. n. s. The person that avoids or carries any thing away. Beaum. and El. AVO'IDLESS, a-vdld'-les. a. Inevitable. Dryden. AVOIRDUPOIS, av-er-du-pS?z'. 302. n. s. [avoir dupoids, Fr.] A kind of weight, of which a pound contains sixteen ounces, and is in proportion to a pound Trov. as seventeen to fourteen. Chambers. To AVO'KE* a-v6ke'. v. a. [avoco, Lat.] To call back. Cockeram. Ob. T. AVOLA'TION, av-6-la'-shun. n.s. [avolo, Lat.] Flight ; escape. Glanville. To AVO'UCH§,a-v6utsh'. v. a. [avouer, Fr.] To affirm. Hooker. To produce in favour of. Spenser. To vindicate. Sliakspeare. AVO'UCH, a-v6utsh'. 313, n. s. Declaration ; testi- mony. Shakspeare. AVO'UCHARLE, a-vo&tsh'-a-bl. a. What may be avouched. Sherivood. AVO'UCHER, a-v6utsh'-er. n.s. He that avouches. AVO'UCHMENT*, a-v6utsh'-ment. n.s. Declara tion. Shakspeare. To AVO'W §, a-vdu 7 . v. a. [avouer, Fr.] To declare with confidence. Spenser. AVO'W*, a-v6u'. n. s. Determination ; vow. Gower. Ob. T. AVO'WABLE, a-vM'-a-bl. a. That which may be openly declared. Donne. AVO'W AL, a-vdu'-al. n. s. Open declaration. Hume AVO'WEDLY, a-v6u'-£d-le. 364. ad. In an open manner. Clarendon. AVOWE'E, av-ou-e'. n. s. He to whom the right of advowson of any church belongs. Diet. AVO'WER, a-v6u'-ur. 98. n. s. He that avows or justifies. Dryden. AVO'WRY, a-voiV-re. n. s. In law, is where one takes a distress for rent, and the other sues replevin. Cliambers. AVO'WSAL,a-v6u'-zal.442.rc.s. A confession. Diet. AVO'WTRY, a-v6u'-tre. n. s. See Advoavtry. AVU'LSED*, a-vulst'. part. a. [avulsus, Lat.] Pluck ed away. Shenstone. AVU'LSION, a-vul'-shun. n. s. The act of pulling from. Philips. To AWA'IT §, a-wate'. v. a. To expect. Fairfax To attend. Milton. AWA'IT, a-wate'. n.s. Ambush. Spenser. To AW A'KE $, a-wake'. v. a. [apacian, Sax.] To rouse out of sleep. Sliakspeare. To raise from any state resembling sleep. Dryden. To put into new action. Spenser. To AW A'KE, a-wake 7 . v. n. To break from sleep. Sliakspeare. AW A'KE, a-wake'. a. Not being asleep. Bacon. To AWA'KEN, a-wa'-kn. 103. v. a. and v.n. The same with awake. Hickes. AWA'KENER*, a-wa'-kn- fir. n. s. That which awakens. Stillingjleet. AWA'KENING*, a-wa'-kn-fng. n. s. The act of awaking. Bp. Berkeley. AWN AZY -n6, move, nor, ndt ; — tube, tub, bull ; — oil ; — pound ;— thin, this. To AWA'RD §, a-ward'. u. a. [awarder, old Fr.] To adjudge. Shakspeare. To AWA'RD, a-ward'. v.n. To judge. Pope. AWA'RD, a-ward'. «. s. Judgement ; determination. Dryden, AWARDER*, a-ward'-ur. n.s. A judge. Thomson. AWA'RE$,a-ware'. ad. Excited to caution. Sidney. To AWARE, a- ware', v. n. To beware. Par. Lost. To AWARN*, a-wam'. v. a. To caution. Spenser. AWA'Y$,a-wa'. ad. [ape£, Sax.] In a state of absence. B. Jonson. From any place or person. SJmkspeare. Let us go. SlwJcspeare. Begone. Sliakspeare. Out of one's own hands. Tillotson. On the way. Endure. Sliakspeare. Away with. Throw away. St. Luke. AWA'YWARD*, a-wa'-wurd. ad. [ape^ peapb, Sax.] Turned aside. Gower. AWE^, aw. n.s. {e£e, o£a, Sax.] Reverential fear. Spenser. To AWE, aw. v,a. To strike with reverence, or fear. Bacon. AWE'ARY* a-we'-re. a. Weary ; tired. Sliakspeare. AWE-BAND, aw'-band. n.s. A check. Did. AWE-COMMANDING* aw'-kom-mand'-ing. a. Striking with awe. Gray. AWE-STRUCK*, aw'-struk. part a. Impressed with awe. Milton. A'WFUL, aw'-ful. 173, 406. a. That which strikes with awe. Milton. Worshipful. Sliakspeare. Struck with awe. Sliakspeare. AWFULLY, aw'-ful-le. ad. In a reverential man- ner. South. Striking with awe. Dryden. A'WFUL-EYED*, aw'-ful-lde. a. Having eyes ex- citing awe. More. A'WFULNESS, aw'-ful-nes. n.s. Solemnity. Addi- son. The state of being struck with awe. Taylor. *To AWHA'PE, a-hwipe 7 . v. a. To strike; to con- found. Spejiser. AWHE'ELS*, a-hweelz'. ad. On wheels. B. Jonson. A WHI'LE, a-hwlle'. 397. ad. Some time. Sliakspeare. AWHl'T*, a-hwlt'.ad. [apipx, Sax.] A jot; a tittle. Bp. Halt AWK§, awk. a. [auk, Goth.] Odd; out of order. L'Estrange, A'WKWARD, awk'-wfird. 475. a. [old adj. awk, with the Sax. peap.b.] Inelegant ; unpolite. Shak. Unhandy ; clumsy. Dryden. Perverse. Sliakspeare. A'WKWARDLY, awk'-wurd-le. ad. Clumsily. Sidney. A'WKWARDNESS, awk'-wurd-nes. n.s. Inele- gance. Addison. AWL, all. n. ?. [aal, Goth.] An instrument to bore holes. Hooker. A'WLESS, aw'-l£s. a. Wanting reverence, or the power of causing' reverence. Sliakspeare. AWME, or AUME, awm. n. s. A Dutch measure, answering to one-seventh of an English ton, Ar- buthnot. AWN, awn. n. s. , [aliam, Goth.] The beard of the corn or grass. A'WNING, aw'-n?ng. 410. n. s. A cover spread over a boat, or any place without a roof. Sir T. Her- bert. A covering to defend from the rays of the sun. Swinburne. AWO'KE, a-w6ke'. The preterite from awake. Judges, xvi. AWO'RK, a-wurk'. 165. ad. On work. Sliakspeare. AWO'RKING, a-wurk'-lng. a. The state of work- ing. Hubbard's Tale. AWRY', a-rl. 474. ad. [ppiSan, Sax.] Not in a straight direction. Spenser. Asquint. Denliam. Not in the right direction. Brerewood. Unevenly. Pope. Perversely. Sidney. AXE, aks. n. s. [eax, ac]*e, Sax.] An instrument consisting of a metal head, with a sharp edge, fixed in a handle. Sliakspeare. A'XHEAD* ; aks'-hed. n. s. The head of the axe. 2 Kings, vi. AXILLA, ag-zll'-la. n.s. [Lat.] The arm-pit. Quincy. AXI'LLAR, aks'-zll-lar. 478. ? a AXILLARY, aks'-zll-la-re. [See Maxillary.] 5 a ' Belonging to the arm-pit. Brown. A'XIOM§, ak'-shum. 479. n. s. [d^u)jxa.] A proposi tion evident at first sight. Hooker. An established principle. Hooker. AXIOMATICAL*, aks-e-o-mat'-e-kal. a. Relating to an axiom. Wliitlock. A'XIS, ak'-sis. n.s. [axis, Lat.] The line, real or im aginary, that passes through any thing, on which it may revolve. Blackmore. A'XLE, ak'-sl. 405. \ n. s. The pin which AXLE-TREE, ak'-sl-tree. ) passes through the midst of the wheel, on which the circumvolutions of the wheel are performed. Sliakspeare. AY, ae. 105. ad. [ga and la, Sax. tjea.~] Yes. Shak. Yes, certainly. Sliakspeare. fcj° See Directions to Foreigners, prefixed to this Dic- tionary, page 8. W. AY ME*, interj. [ai/iot.] A phrase, implying dejec- tion and sorrow ; the same as ah me. Milton. AYE, ae. ad. [apa, or rather aa, Sax.] Always. Spen. A'YGREEN, ae'-green. n. s. Houseleek. Diet. A'YRY, a'-re. n. s. [ey, Sax.] The nest of the hawk. Walton. AZEROLE* az'-e-r6le. n. s. [azarole, Fr.] The three-grained medlar, or Neapolitan medlar-tree. Cotgrave. A'ZIMUTH, az'-e-mfo/i. n. s. The azimuth of the sun, or of a star, is an arch between the meridian of the place and any given vertical line. Magneti- cal Azimuth is an arch of the horizon contained between the sun's azimuth circle and the magneti- cal meridian. Azimuth Compass is an instrument for finding the sun's magnetick azimuth. Azimuth Dial is a dial whose stile is at right angles to the plane of the horizon. Azimuths, called also vertical circles, are great circles intersecting each other in the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles. Chambers. A'ZURE$,a'-zhure. [azh'-ure. Jones S? Perry.] 484, 461. a. [azur, Fr.] Blue; faint blue. Sidney. To A'ZURE*, a'-zhure. v. a. To colour any thing blue. Elyots Diet. A'ZURED*, a'-zhur'd. a. Blue. Sliakspeare. A'ZURN*, a'-zhfirn. a. Of abright blue colour. Milton, A'ZYME*, n. s. [azyme, Fr.] Unleavened bread Tlve Translators of the Bible to ilie Reader. BAB BAB BThe second letter of the English alphabet, « pronounced by pressing the whole length of the lips together, and foxxing them open with a strong breath. BAA§, ba. 77. n. s. The cry of a sheep. Sliakspeare. To BAA ba. v. n. [bah, Lat.] To cry like a sheep. Sidney To BABBLE §, bab'-bl. 405. v. n. [babbelen, Germ.] To prattle like a child. Prior. To talk idly. Ar- buthnot. To talk thoughtlessly. U Estrange. To talk much. Shakspeare. To BA'BBLE*, bab'-bl. v. a. To prate. Harmar. 10 BA'BBLE, bab'-bl. n. s. Idle talk. Sliakspeare. BABBLEMENT, bab'-bl-ment. n. s. Senseless prate. Milton. BA'BBLER, bab'-blur. 98. n. s. An idle talker Shak, A teller of secrets. Spenser. BABBLING*, bab'-bllng. n. s. Foolish talk. 1 Tim. vi . BABE §, babe. n. s. [baban, Welsh.] An infant of either sex. Shakspeare. BABEL §*, ba'-bel. n.s [Heb.] Disorder; tumult. Beaumont and Fletcher. BA'BERY, ba'-bur-re. 555. n. s. Finery to p ease a babe. Sidney. 117 BAC BAD O 3 559. — Fate, far, fall, fat; — me, met;— pine, pin BA'HISH, ba'-blsh. a. Childish. •Asclutm. BA'BISHLY*, ba'-bish-le. ad. Childishly. BA'BOON, ba-boon'. n. s. [babouin, Fr.] A monkey of the largest kind. Sliakspeare. BABY§, bi'-be. vulgarly bab'-be. n.s. A child. Sliak. A small image in imitation of a child. Stil- linsfieet. BA'BV*, ba'-be. a. Like a baby; small. Sliak- speare. To BA'BY* Da'-be. v. a. To treat one like a baby. Young. BA'BYHOOD*, ba'-be-hud. ) n. s. Infancy : child- BA'BYSHIP* ba'-be-shlp. \ h°"d. BA'BYISH*, ba'-be-ish. a. Childish. Bale. BABYLO NICAL*, bab-e-lon'-e-kal. a. [from Babel or Babylon.'] Tumultuous; disorderly. Harring- ton. BACCATED, bak'-ka-ted. a. [baccatus, Lat.] Beset with pearls. Diet. BACCHANAL §*, bak'-ka-nal. a. [bacchonalia, Lat.] Drunken ; revelling. Crowley. BA'CCHANAL*, bak'-ka-nal. n. s. A devotee to Bacchus, the god of wine. Marston. BACCHANALIAN, bak-ka-naMe-an. n. s. A drunkard. Stukely. BACCHANA'LIAN* bak-ka-naMe-an. a. Relating to revelry. A. Smith. BACCHANALS, bak'-ka-nalz. n. s. The drunken feasts of Bacchus. Sliakspeare. BACCHUS BOLE, bak'-kas-b6le. n. s. A flower. Mortimer. BA'CCHANT*, >bak'-kant. n.s. He who lives BACCHANTE*, X like Bacchus. BACCHIC AL*. bak'-ke-kal. \a. Relating to the BACCHICK*, bak'-ldk. 5 feasts of Bacchus. Spenser. BACCFFEROUS, bak-slf-e-rus. 555. a. [bacca and few, Lat.] Berry-bearing. Ray. BACCFVOROUS, bak-siv'-vi-fus. a. Devouring berries. Diet. BACHELOR §, batsh'-e-lur. n. s. [bachileyi, Sax.] A man unmarried. Shak. A man who takes his first degrees at the university. AscJiam. A knight of the lowest order. Hocly. Applied by Ben Jon- son to an unmarried woman. Magnetick Lady. BACHELORSHIP, batsb/-e-l&r-sh?p. n. s. The condition of a bachelor. Shak. The state of him who has taken his first degree at the university. Bp. Hall. BACK §, bak. n. s. [bac, Sax.] The hinder part of | the body. Dryden. The outer part of the hand. I Donne. The outer part of the body ; that which requires clothes; opposed to the belly. Locke. The rear. Clarendon. The place behind. Bacon. The part of any thing out of sight. Bacon. The thick part of any tool, opposed to the edge. Arbnth- not. To turn the back on one; to forsake him. Smith. To turn the back ; to go away. Sir J. Demies. A large vessel used by brewers and dis- tillers ; a vat. Knight. BACK, bak. ad. To the place from which one came. S'mk. Backward. Addison. Behind. Numb. xxiv. Towards things past. Burnet. Again ; in return, i Sliakspeare. Again ; a second time. Waller. To BACK. bak. r. a. To mount on the back of a h@rse. Shak. To break a horse. Roscommon. To | place upon the back. Shak. To maintain. Shak. To justify. Boyle. To second. Dryden. To BACKBITE, bak'-blte. v. a. To censure the absent. S^nser. BACKBITER, bak'-bl-ulr. n. s. A privy calumnia- tor. South. BACKBITING*, bak'-bl-tlng. n. s. Secret detrac- tion. 2 Corinthians, xii. BACKBFTINGLY r * bak'-bl-tlng-le. ad. Slander- ously. Barret. BACKBO'NE, bak'-bbne. n. s. The bone of the back. Ray. BACKCARRY, bak'-kar-re. Having on the back. Cornel. BACKDOOR. bak'-d6re. n. s. The door behind the house. BACKED, bakt. 359. a. Having a back. Shak. BACKFRIEND, bak'-frend. n. s. An enemy in se- cret. South. BACKGA MMON, bak-gam'-mfin. 166. n. s. [from bach gammon, Welsh.] A game at tables with box and dice. Howell. BACKHOUSE, bak'-h&use. n.s. A building be- hind the chief part of the house Carew. BACKPIECE, bak'-peese. n. s. The armour which ■ covers the back. Camden. BACKRETURN*, bak'-re-tum. n. s. Repeated re turn. Shalcspeare. BACKROOM, bak'-room. n.s. A room behina Moxon. BACKSET*, bak'-set. part. a. Set upon in the rear. Anderson. BACKSIDE, bak'-side. n. s. The hinder part of any thing. Newton. The yard or ground behind a house. MoHimer. ToBACKSLFDE, [BACK'SLIDE. Todd.] bak- slkle'. 497. v.n. To fall off; to apostatize. Jeremia!: £3=1 have in this word preferred Dr. Johnson's aecentua tion on the second syllable to Mr. Sheridan's on the first ; for the reasons, see Principles, under the number marked. Dr. Ash, Entick, Scott, and Perry, are on the side of Mr. Sheridan ; and Dr. Johnson and W. John- ston only on that which I have chosen ; but Mr. Sheri- dan and Dr. Ash, by marking the noun backslider with the accent on the second syllable, as it is always heard, have betrayed their pronunciation of the verb 5 for one of these modes must be wrong, as the verbal noun must unquestionably have the same accent aa the verb. W BACKSLFDER, bak-sll'-dur. 98. n. s. An apostate Proverbs, xiv. BACKSLFDING*, bak-slP-dlng. n.s. Transgres- sion. Jrremiith, v. 6. BACKSTAFF, bak'-staf. n.s. Aa instrument for taking the sun's altitude at sea. BACKSTAIRS, bak'-starz. n. s. The private stairs in the house. Bacon.. BACKSTAYS, bak'-staze. n. s. Ropes or stays which keep the masts of a ship from pitching for- ward or overboard. BACKSWORD, bak'-sord. n. s. A sword with one sharp edge ; also the rustick sword exercised at country fairs, consisting merely of a stick, with a basket handle. Arbvihnot. BACKWARD, bak'-wurd. > ad. With the BACKWARDS, bak'-wurdz. 88. \ back forwards Genesis. Towards the back. Bacon. On the back Dryden. From the present station to the place be yond the back. Shak. Regressively. Newton Towards something past. South. Reflexively Sir J. Davies. From a better to a worse state Dryden. Past ; in time past. Locke. Perversely Sliakspeare. BACKWARD, bak'-wurd. a. Unwilling. J,ddison. Hesitating. Shak. Sluggish. Watts. Dull. South Late ; as, backward fruits. BACKWARD, bak'-wurd. n.s. The state past. Sliakspeare. To BACKWARD*, bak'-wurd. v. a. To keep back ; to hinder. BACKWARDUY, bak'-wurd-le. ad. Unwillingly. Sidney. Perversely. Shakspeare. . BACKWARDNESS, bak'-wurd-nes. n.s. Dull- ness. Atierhury. Tardiness. To BACKWOUND*, bak'-woond. v. a. To wound behind the back. Shakspeare. BACON, ba'-kn. 170. n.s. [bacon, old FrJ The flesh of a hog salted and dried. Dryden. The animal itself. Kyd. To save the bacon, is a phrase for preserving one's self from being hurt. Prior. BACULO'METRY. bak-u-l6m'-e-tre. n. s. [baeuhis, Lat. and [iirpov.] The art of measuring distances by one or more staves. Diet. BAD §, bad. a. [quoad, Dutch.] Ill ; not good. Pope. Vicious. Milion. Unfortunate. Dryden. Hurtful. Addison. RADF (bad. 75. The preterite of bid, Shakspeare. BADGES, badje. 74 n. s. [bajulo, Lat. to carry.] A 118 BAI BAL — 116, move, nor, n&t ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 6)1 ; — pound ; — thin, mis. mark worn to show the relation of the wearer. Spenser. A token by which one is known. Fair- fax. The mark of any thing-. Shakspeare. 1 BADGE, badje. v. a. To mark as with a badge. Shaft. To mark actually with a badge. Sivift. BADGELESS* badjeMSs. a. Having no badge. Bp. Hall. BA'DGER,bad'-jur. 98. n.s. [liedour, Fr.] An animal that earths in the ground. Brown. To BADGER* bad'-jur. v. a. To confound. BA'DGER-LEGGED, bad'-jur-Ieg'd. a. Having legs of an unequal length. L' Estrange. BA'DGER, bdd'-jur. n. s. One that buys victuals in one place, and carries it unto another. Cowel. BA'DINAGE* bad'-e-naje. ) n. s. [Fr.] Light or BADFNERIE*, ba-dm'-e-re. $ playful discourse. Ld. Chesterfield. BA'DLY, badMe. ad. In a bad manner. Shakspeare. BA'DNESS, bad'-nes. n. s. Want of good qualities. Shakspeare. To BAFFLE §, baf-fl. 405. v. a. [befier, Fr.] To elude. South. To confound. Dryden. To dis- grace ; to insult. Spenser. To BA'FFLE*, baf-fl. v. n. To practise deceit. Barrow. BAFFLE, baf-fl. n. s. A defeat. South. BAFFLER, baf-flfir. 98. n. s. He that puts to con- fusion. Government of the Tongue. BAGS, bag. n. s. [bel^e. Sax.] A sack, or pouch. SJiak. That part of animals in which some par- ticular juices are contained. Dryden. An orna- mental purse of silk tied to men's hair. Addison. Quantities of certain commodities 5 as, a bag of pepper. To BAG, bag, v. a. To put into a bag. Dryden. To load with a bag. Dryden. To BAG, bag. v.n. To swell like a full bag. Chaucer. To BAG*, bag. v. a. To swell. Bp. Hall. BAGATELLE, bag-a-teT. iu s. [Fr.] A trifle. Howell. BA'GGAGE, bag'-gldje. 90. n. s. [baggage, Fr.] The furniture of an army. Bacon. The goods that are to be carried away, as bag and baggage. Mar- tin. A worthless woman. Sidney. AT pert young woman 3 a flirt. Guardian. Refuse; lumber. Bp. Hooper. BA'GNIO, ban'-yo. 388. n. s. [bagno, Ital.] A house for bathing, sweating, and otherwise cleansing the body. Arfjuthnot. BA'GPIPE, bag'-plpe. n. s. A musical instrument, consisting of a leathern bag and pipes. Chambers. BAGPIPER, bag'-pl-pfir. 98. n. s. One that plays on a bagpipe. Sliakspeare. BAGUETTE, ba-geV. n.s. [Fr.] A little round moulding, less than an astragal. To BAIGNE, bane. v. a. [bagncr, Fr.] To drench ; to soak. Carew. Ob. J. BAILS, bale. n. s. [bailler, Fr.] The setting at liberty one arrested under security taken for his appear- ance. Cowel. A surety. Titus Andronicus. A certain limit within a forest. Spenser. To BAIL, bale. v. a. To give bail. Titus Androni- cus. To admit to bail. Clarendon. BATLABLE, ba'-la-bl. 405. a. That may be bailed. B. Jonson. BATLIFF, ba'-lff. n. s. [baillie, Fr.] A subordinate officer. Addison. An officer whose business it is to execute arrests. Bacon. An under steward of a manor. BAILIWICK, ba'-le-w?k. n.s. The jurisdiction of a bailiff*. Cowel. BAILMENT* bale'-ment. n. s. The delivery of things to the bailor, or to the bailee, and sometimes also to a third person. Cowel. BATLY*, ba'-le. n. s. The office or Jurisdiction of a bailiff. Wickliffe. BAINS*, bane. n. s. [bain, Fr.] A bath. Hakewill. To BAIN*, bane. v. a. To bathe. Turbervile. Ob. T. BAHtN*, or BARN* barn, or barn. n. s. [beann, Sax.] A child. To BAIT§, bate. v. a. [batan, Say.] To put meat To stop at any place for re- To flap the wings ; to flutter. upon a hook to tempt fish. Slia/c. To give meat to one's self, or horses, on the road. Spenser To BAIT$, bate. v. a. [hattre, Fr.] To attack with violence. . Spenser. To harass by the help of others. To BAIT, bate. v. n. freshment. Sidney. To BAIT, bate. v.n. Shakspeare. BAIT, bate. n. s. Meat set to allure fish. Shak. A temptation. Spenser. A refreshment on a journey. Beaumont and Fletcher. BAIZE, baze. n. s. A kind of coarse open cloth stuff. Cliambers. To BAKE§, bake. v. a. [baecan, Sax.] To heat any thing in a close place. Isaiah. To harden in the fire. Bacon. To harden with heat. Philips. To BAKE, bake. v. n. To do the work of baking. Shakspeare. To be heated or baked. Sliakspeare. BAKE-ME ATS*, bake-meets. ( n. s. Meats dress- BAK ED-MEATS, bak'd-meets. S ed by the oven. Genesis, xl. BAKEHOUSE, bake'-hSuse. n. s. A place for bak- ing bread. Wolton. BA'KEN, ba'-k'n. The participle from to bake. 1. Kings. BA'KER, ba'-kur. 98. n. s. He whose trade is to bake. South. BA'KER-FOOT*, ba'-kur-fut. n. s. An ill-shaped or distorted foot. Bp. Taylor. BA'KER-LEGGED*. ba-kur-leg'd. a. A person is said to be baker-legged, who has crooked legs, or goes in at the knees. BALANCES, baf-lanse. n. s. [balance, Fr.] One of the six simple powers in mechanicks. A pair of scales. Swift. A metaphorical balance, or the mind employed in comparing one thing with an- other. Sliak. The act of comparing two things. Atterbury. The overplus of weight. Bacon. That which is wanting to make two parts of an account even. Equipoise ; as, balance of powei . Pope. The beating part of a watch. Locke. [L» astrono- my.] The Libra. Dryden. To BALANCE, baf-lanse. v. a. To weigh in a bal- ance. L' Estrange. To regulate the weight. Wal- ler. To counterpoise. Newton. To regulate an account. Locke. To pay that which will make the account equal. Prior. To BA'LANCE, baF-lanse. v. n. To hesitate. Locke. BA'LANCER, baf-lan-sfir. n.s. The person that weighs any thing. Cotgrave. BALANCING*, MF-lans-Ing. n. s. Equilibrium j poise. Dr. Spenser. BA'LASS Ruby, haf-as-ru'-be. n. s. [balas, Fr.] A kind of ruby. Woodward. To B ALBUMINATE, bal-bu'-se-nate. ) v. n. [bal BALBU'TIATE, bal-bu'-she-ate. $ butio, Lat.] To stammer in speaking. Diet.. BALCO NY, bal-k6'-ne. n. s. [balcon, Fr.] A frame of iron, wood, or stone, before the window of a room. Herbert. BALDS, bawld. a. [bal, Welsh.] Wanting hair, Jeremiah. Without natural covering. Shak. Without the usual covering. Shak. Unadorned; inelegant. Dryden. Mean; naked. Sliak. Bald was used by the northern nations to signify bold, and is still in use. Gibson. BA'LDACHIN, bawld'-a-tsh?n. n.s. [baldachino. Ital.] \ canopy, supported with columns, and serving as a covering to an altar. Builder's Diet. BA'LDERDASH, bawf-dur-dash. n. s. Any thing jumbled together without judgement. Naslie. To BA'LDERDASH, bawF-dur-dash. v. a. Tc adulterate any liquor. The Geneva Ballad. BALDLY, bawld'-le. ad. Nakedly; meanly. BA'LDMONY, bawld'-mun-ne. n. s. The same with gentian. BA'LDNESS, bawld'-nes. n.s. The want of hair. Bp. Taylor. The loss of hair. Swift. Meanness of writing ; inelegance. Warton. BA'LDPATE^bawkf-pate. n. s. A head shorn of hair. Sliakspeare. 119 BAL BAM [LT 559.— Fate, far. fail, fat ;— me, met 5— pine, pin j- BA'LDPATE* bawld'-pate. )a. Shorn of hair. BA'LDPATED* bawld'-pa-ted. $ Shakspeare. BA'LDRICK, bawl'-drlk. n. s. [baudrier, Fr.] A firdle. Spenser. The zodiack. Spenser. LE$, bale. n. s. [bale, Fr.] A bundle of goods. L' Estrange. A pair of dice. Overbury. To BALE, bale. v. n. To make up into a bale. To BALE, bale. v. a. To bale ; to lave out. Skin- ner. BALE, bale. w. s. [bael, Sax.] Misery; calamity. Spenser. BALEFUL, bale'-ful. a. Full of misery. Spenser. Full of mischief. Spenser. BA'LEFULLY^ale'-ful-le. ad. Sorrowfully. BA'LISTER*, baF-?s-tur. n. s. [balista, Lat.] A cross-bow. Blount. BALK, bawk. 402, 84. n. s. [bale, Sax.] A great beam used in building. BALK§, bawk. n. s. A ridge of land left unploughed between the furrows. Homilies. A disappoint- ment. South. To BALK, bawk. 402. v. a. To disappoint. Locke. To leave untouched. Mede. To omit, or refuse any thing. Shak. To heap, as on a ridge. Shale. To BALK*, bawk. v. n. To turn aside. Spenser. To deal in cross purposes. Spenser. BA'LKERS, baw'-k&rz. 98. n. s. Men who give a sign to the fishing-boats, which way the passage or shoal of herrings is. Cowel. BALL, bawl. 33, 77. n. s. [bol, Dan.] Any thing made in a round form. Bacon. A round thing to play with, either with the hand or foot, or a racket. Sidney. A small round thing, with some particu- lar mark, by which votes are given, or lots cast. Dryden. A globe. Granville. A globe borne as ?.n ensign of sovereignty. Bacon. Any part of the body that approaches to roundness 5 as, the lower part of the thumb, the apple of the eye. SJiak. The skin spread over a hollow piece of wood, stuff- ed with hair or wool, which the printers dip in ink, to spread it on the letters. BALL, bawl. n. s. [pal, Fr.] An entertainment of dancing. Dryden. BA'LLAD, baF-lad. n.s. [balade, Fr.] A song. Watts. To BA'LLAD, bal'-lad. v. a. To make or sing bal- lads. Shakspeare. To BA'LLAD*, bal'-lad. v.n. To write ballads. B. Jonson. BA'LLAD-MAKER*, baF-lad-ma-kur. n.s. He who writes a ballad. Shakspeare. BA'LLAD-MONGER*, baF-lad-mung-gur. n. s. A trader in ballads. Shakspeare. BA'LLAD-SINGER, baF-lad-smg-ur. n.s. One whose employment is to sing ballads m the streets. Gay. BA'LLAD-STYLE*, baF-lad-stlle. n. s. The air or manner of a ballad. Warton. BA'LLAD-TUNE*, baF-lad-tune. n. s. The tune of a ballad. Warton. BA'LL AD-WRITER*, baF-lad-rl-tur. n.s. A com- poser of ballads. Warton. BA'LLADER*, balMa-dur. n. s. A maker or singer of ballads. Overbury. BA'LLADRY*, bal'-lid-re, n.s. The subject or style of ballads. B. Jonson. To BA'LLARAG*, baF-le-rag, or b&F-le-rag. v. a. To bully ; to threaten. Warton. BALLAST, balMast, 88. n.s. [hallaste., Dutch.] Something put at the bottom of the ship to keep it steady. Wil/cins. That which is used to make any thing steady. Hammond. To BALLAST, baF-last. v. a. To put weight at the bottom of a ship, to keep her steady. Wilkins. To keep any thing steady. Bp. Hall. BALLATED*, baF-la-ted. part. a. Sung in a bal- lad. Webster. BALLATRY* balMa-tre. n. s. A jig ; a song. Mil- ton. BALLET, baF-let. n. s. [ballette, Fr.] A dance in which some history is represented. Warton. BALLIARDS, baF-yurds. n. s. A play at which a ball is driven by the end of a stick 5 now called billiards. Spenser. BALL1STER. See Baluster. BALLON, or BALLO'ON, bal-lo&n'. n. s. [ballon, Fr.] A large, round, short-necked vessel, used in chymistry. A ball placed on the top of a pillar. A ball stuffed with combustible matter, which, when shot up in the air, bursts into bright sparks of fire, resembling stars. A hollow ves'sel of silk, which i.« filled with inflammable air, and ascends with con siderable weight annexed to it into the atmosphere Hewyt. A game at play. Burton. BA'.LLOT $, balMut. 16G. n. s. [ballote, Fr.] A little ball used in giving votes, being put privately into a box. The act of voting by ballot. To BALLOT, baF-lut. v. n. To choose by ballot Wotton. BALLOT A'TION, bal-ti-ta'-shun. n. s. Voting by ballot. Wotton. BALM §, bam. 403. n. s. [baume, Fr.] The sap or juice of a shrub. Dryden. Any valuable or fra- grant ointment. SJiak. Any thing that soothes or mitigates pain. Shakspeare. BALM, or BALM Mint. n. s. The name of a plant Miller. BALM of Gilead, bam ov giF-yad. n. s. The juice drawn from the balsam tree. Calmet. A plant re- markable for the strong balsamick scent of its leaves. Miller. To BALM, bam. v. a. To anoint with balm. Sliak. To soothe. Shakspeare. BALMY, bam'-e. 403. a. Having the qualities of balm. Milton. Producing balm. Pope. Soothing. Shak. Fragrant 5 odoriferous. Dryden. Mitigat- ing. Shakspeare. BALNEAL*, baF-ne-al. a. [balneum, Lat.] Belong- ing to a bath. Howell. BALNEARY, baF-ne-a-re. n. s. A bathing-room. Brown. BALNEA'TION, bal-ne-a'-shun. n. s. The act of bathing. Brown. BALNEATORY, baF-ne-a-tfir-re. 512, 557. a. Be- longing to a bath. BA'LNE UM, baF-ne-um. n. s. [Lat.] Used in chym- istry for a vessel. BALOTADE, balMo-tade. n. s. The leap of a horse, so that, when his fore-feet are in the air, he shows nothing but the shoes of his hinder feet, with- out yerking out. Farrier's Diet. BALSAM §, bawF-sUm. 83. n.j. Ointment. DenJiam. BALSAM Apple, bawF-sum-ap-pl. n. s. An annual Indian plant. BALSAM Tra?,bawF-sum-tree. n.s. A shrub which scarce grows taller than the pomegranate tree, which produces the juice opobalsamum. Calmet. BALSAMA'TION*, bal-sa-ma'-shun. n. s. That which has the qualities of balsam. Hist. Royal Society. BALSA'MICAL, bal-sam'-e-kal. 84. ) a. Having the BALSA'MICK, baJ-sam'-ik. 509. 5 qualities of balsam. Arbuthnot. BALSA'MICK^bal-sam'-lk. n.s. That which has the qualities of balsam. BALSAM-SWEATING* bawF-sum-swet-tmg. part. a. That which yields balsam. Crashaw. BALUSTER, baF-fis-tur. n. s. [bakstriera, Ital.] A small column or pilaster placed with rails on stairs, and in the fronts of galleries in churches. Carew. BALUSTERED*, baF-us-terd. part. a. Having bal- usters. Sir W. Soames. BALUSTRADE, bal-us-trade'. n. s. An assemblage of balusters, fixed upon a terrace, or the top of a building. Swinburne. BAM, BEAM, being initials in the name of any place, usually imply it to have been woody j from the Saxon beam. Gibson. BA'MBOO, barn-boo', n. s. An Indian plant of the reed kind. Sir T. Herbert. To BAMBO ; OZLE§, bam-boo'-zl. v. a. To deceives to confound. Arbuthnot. BAMBO'OZLER, bam-boo'-zlur. n. s. A tricking fellow. Arbuthnot. 120 BAN BAP — n6, mSve, n5r, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 651 ; — pound ; — thin, THis. BANS, ban.?*, s. [ban, Teut.] Publick notice given of any thing- that is publickly commanded or forbid- den. Cowel. A curse ; excommunication. Raleigh. Interdiction. Milton. — Ban of the Empire ; a pub- lick censure by which the privileges of any Ger- man prince are suspended. HoioeLL To BAN, ban. v. a. To curse ; to execrate. Hooker. To BAN*, ban. v. n. To curse. Spenser. BANANA Tree, ba-na'-na-tree. A species of plan- tain. BAND §, band. n. s [band, Sax.] A tie. Shak. A chain by which an; *mimal is kept in restraint, now usually spelt bond. Spenser. Any means of union or connexion. Shak. Something worn about the neck. B. Jonsoii. Any thing bound round another. Bacon. Any flat, low member or moulding, called also fascia, face, or plinth. A company of soldiers. Sha/c A company of persons joined together. Shakspeare. To BAND, band. v. a. To unite together. Shak. To bind over with a band. Dryden. [In heraldry.] Any thing tied round with a band of a different colour from the charge, is said to be banded. To drive away ; to banish. Spenser. To BAND*, band. v. n. To associate 5 to unite. Milton. ' BANDAGE, ban'-dldje. 90. n. s. Something bound over another. Addison. The fillet or roller wrap- ped over a wounded member. BANDBOX, band'-boks. n.s. A slight box used for bands and things of small weight. Addison. BANDELET, ban'-de-let. n. s. Any little band, flat moulding, or fillet. Orrerij. BANDER*, ban'-dur. n. s. He who unites with oth- ers. Mirror for Magistrates. BANDIT, ban'-dlt. n. s. [handito, Ital.] A man out- lawed. Milton. BANDFTTO, ban-dlt'-to. n. s. [in the plural Ban- ditti, ban-dit'-te.] A man outlawed, or a robber. Shakspeare. BANDOG, ban'-dog. n. s. [a corruption of band- dog.] A kind of large dog. Sliakspeare. BANDLE*, ban 7 -dl. n. s. An Irish measure of two feet in length. Cockerom. BANDOLE'ERS, ban-d6-leerz / . n. s. Small wooden cases, each containing powder that is a sufficient charge for a musket. Jordan. .BA> N JJ O N*, bkn' -don. n.s. [Fr.] Disposal*, license. Clmvcer. Ob. T. BANDORE*, n. s. [rravSUpa, Gr.] A musical instru- ment, resembling a lute. Minsheu. BANDROL, band'-roll. n. s. [banderol, Fr.] A little flag or streamer. BANDSTRING* band'-strlng. n. s. The string ap- pendant to the band. Bp. Taylor. BANDY $, ban'-de. n.s. A club turned round at bot- tom for striking a ball at play 5 the play itself. Brqwer. To BAWDY, ban'-de. v. a. To beat to and fro. Spenser. To exchange. Shak. To agitate. Locke. To BAWDY, ban'-de. v. n. To contend, as at some game, in which each strives to drive the ball his own way. Shakspeare. BANDYLEG, ban'-de-leg. n. s. A crooked leg. Swift. BANDYLEGGED, ban'-de-le^d. 362. a. Having crooked legs. Collier. BANES, bane. n. s. [bana, Sax.] Poison. B. Jonson. That which destroys. Hooker. To BANE, bane. v. a. To poison. Sliakspeare. BANEFUL, bane'-ful. a. Poisonous. Pope. Destruc- tive. B. Jonson. BANEFULNESS, bane'-f&l-ngs. n. s. Destructive- ness. BANEWORT, bW-wurt. 88. ?i. s. A plant; the deadly night-shade. To BANG'S, bang. 409. v. a. [banga, Goth/] To beat ; to thump. Howell. To handle roughly. Sliakspeare. BANG, bang. n. s. A blow; a thump. Shakspeare. To BANGLE, bang'-gl. v. a. To waste by little and little. Burton. To BANISH §, ban'-msh. v. a. [banir, Fr.] To con- demn to leave his own country. Shak. To drive away. Cowley. BAN1SHER, ban'-nlsh-ur. n. s. He that banishes, Shakspeare. BANISHMENT, ban'-nlsh-ment. n. s. The act of banishing-. Exile. Shakspeare. BANISTER*. A corruption of Baluster, which see. BANK S, bank. 409. n. s. [banc, Saxon.] The earth I arising on each side of a water. Sliak. Any heap i piled up. 2 Sam. xx. A bench of rowers. Waller. ! A place where money is laid up. Bacon. The company of persons concerned in managing a bank. To BANK, bank. v. a. To enclose with banks. Thom- son. To lay up money in a bank. Bp. Berkeley. BANK-BILL, bank'-blll. n. s. A note for money laid up in a bank. Swift. BANK-STOCK*, bank'-stok. n. s. One of the pub- lick funds so called. Toiler. BANKER, bank ; -ur. 93. n. s. One that keeps a bank. Dryden. BANKRUPT §, bank'-rupt. a. [banqueraute, Fr. ban- corotto, Ital.] In debt beyond the power of pay- ment. Shakspeare. BANKRUPT, bank'-mpt. n. s. A man in debt be- yond the power of pavment. Bacon. To BANKRUPT, bank'-rupt. v. a. To break. Beaumont and Fletcher. BANKRUPTCY, bank'-rup-se. 472. n. s. The state of a man broken, or bankrupt. The act of declar- ing one's self bankrupt. BANNER $, ban'-n&r. 98. n. s. [baner, Sued.] A flag; a standard. Isaiah, xiii. A streamer borne at the end of a lance. BANNERED*, ban'-nfird. part. a. Displaying ban- J ners. Milton. BANNERET, ban'-n&r-et. n. s. A knight made in the field, with the ceremony of cutting off the point of his standard, and making it a banner. Blount. A little banner. Shakspeare. BANNEROL, ban'-nur-role. 555. more properly Banderol, n. s. [banderolle ; Fr.] A litde flag or streamer. Camden. BANN1AN, ban -van'.??, s. A morning gown. A na- tive of India ; a Gentoo servant employed in man- aging- the commercial affairs of an Englishman. Sir T. Herbert. An Indian tree so called. Milton. BANNFTION*, ban-nlsh'-Qn. n. s. [bannitus, Lat.] The act of expulsion. Ahp. L-aud. BANNOCK, ban'-nuk. 166. n. s. [bunna, Irish.] A kind of oaten cake. BANQUET S, bank'-kwet. 408. n. s. [banquet, Fr.] A feast. Hooker. To BANQUET, bank'-kwet. v. a. To treat with feasts. Shakspeare. To BANQUET, bank'-kwet. 409. v. n. To feast. Sliakspeare. To give a feast. Sliakspeare. BANQUETER, bank'-kwet-fir. n. s. A feaster Cotgrave. He that makes feasts. BANQUET-HOUSE, bank'-kwet-house. > BANQUETING-PIOUSE^ank'-kwct-ing-house. ) n. s. A house where banquets are kept. Sidney. BANQUETING*, hank'-kwet-mg. n. s. Feasting 1 Pet. 4. BANQUE'TTE, bank-keV. n.s. [Fr.] A small bank at the foot of the parapet, for the soldiers to mount upon when they fire. BANSHEE*, or BE'NSHI*. n. s. A kind of Irish fairy. BAWSTICLE, ban'-stlk-kl. 405. n. s. A small fish ; a stickleback. To BANTERS, ban'-tur. 98. v. a. [badiner, Fr.] To play upon. L' 'Estrange. BANTER, ban'-tur. n. s. Ridicule ; raillery. Watts. BANTERER, ban'-tur-ur. n. s. One that banters. L' Estrange. BANTLING, bant'-ling. n. s. A little child. Prior. BATTISM, bap'-tlzm. n.s. An external ablution of the body, with a certain form of -words, used in Christian churches. Ayliffe. Baptism is often taken in Scripture for sufferings. St. Luke, xii. BAR BAR 0= 559.— File, far, fall, fat ;— me, met ;— pine, pin BAPTFSMAL, bap-ilz'-mal. a. Pertaining to baptism. Hammond. BAPTIST, bap'-ilst. n. s. He that administers bap- tism. Matt. iii. An abbreviation of Anabaptist. Swift. A/PTT The place BAPTISTERY, bap'-tis-tur-e. 555. n. where baptism is administered. Mede, BAPTI'STICAL*, bap-uV-te-kal. a. Relating to baptism. Bp. Bramhall. To BAPTFZE §, bap-tlze'. v. a. [/?oirW£w.] To chris- ten. Mi/tan. BAPTFZER, bap-tl'-zfir. 98. n. s. One that christens. BAR j, bar. 77. n. s. [barre, Fr.] What is laid across a passage to hinder entrance. Exodus. A bolt. Nehemiah. Obstruction. Job. A gate. A rock, or bank of sand, at the entrance of a harbour. What is used for prevention, or exclusion. Hooker. The place where causes of law are tried, or where criminals stand. Shale. An enclosed place in a tav- ern, where the house-keeper sits. Addison. [In law.] A peremptory exception against a demand or plea. Cowel. Any thing by which the compages or structure is held together' Jonah, ii. Any thing which is laid across another, as bars in heraldry. Bar of gold or silver is a lump or wedge from the mines melted down into a sort, of mould. Bars, in musick, are strokes drawn perpendicularly across the lines of a piece of musick. To BAR, bar. v. a. To fasten any thing with a bar. Shak. To hinder. Slvak. To prevent. Sidney. To detain. Shak. To shut out. Dryden. To ex- clude from use, or claim. Hooker. To prohibit. Hudibras. To except. Shak. To hinder the pro- cess of a suit. Dryden. To bar a vein 5 an opera tion in farriery. BAR-SHOT, bar'-sh&t. n. s. Two half bullets joined tog-ether by an iron bar : used in sea engagements BARB §, barb. n. s. [barba, Lat.] Any thing that grows in the piace of a beard. Walton. The points that stand backward in an arrow. Pope. The armour for horses. Hayward. BARB, barb. n. s. [Barbary.'] A Barbary horse. L. Addison. To BARB, barb. v. a. To shave. Sluxk. To furnish horses with armour. Dryden. To jag arrows with hooks. Philips. BAR'BACAN, bar'-ba-kan. n. s. [bapbacan, Sax.] A fortification before the walls of a town. A fortress at the end of a bridge. Spenser. An opening in the wall to shcot out at. Cotgrave. BARBARIAN ^bar-ba'-re-an.rc.s. [barbarus, Lat.] A man uncivilized. Denlwm. A foreigner. Sluxk. A brutal monster. A. Philips. BARBARIAN, bar-ba'-re-an. a. Savage. Pope. BARBARICK, bar-bar'-ik. a. Foreign) far-fetched. Milton. Uncivilized. Milton. BA'RBARISM, bari-ba-rizm. n. s. A form of speech contrary to the purity of any language. Dryden. Ignorance of arts. Sliak. Brutality. Spenser. Cru- elty. Shakspeare. BARBARITY, bar-bari-e-te. n. s. Savageness ; cru- elty. Clarendon. Barbarism. Dryden. To BARBARIZE*, bar'-ba-rlze. v. a. To bring back to barbarism ; to render savage. Beaumont. To BA'RBARIZE*, bari-ba-rize. v.n. To commit a barbarism. Milion. BARBAROUS §,bari-ba-rus. 314. a. Stranger to civility. Sidney. Ignorant. Dryden. Cruel. Claren- don. Foreign. Dryden. BARBAROUSLY, bar'-ba-rus-le. ad. Ignorant] v; contrary to the rules of speech. Dryden. Cruelly. Dryden. B ARBAROUSNESS, bar'-ba-rfis-nes. n. s. Incivility of manners. Temple. Impurity of language. Brere- wood. Cruelty. Hale. BA'RBARY*, bari-ba-re. n. s. A Barbary horse ; a Bake, which see. Beaumont and Fletcher. BARBA'TED*, bar-bate'-ed. part. a. Jagged with points ; bearded. Warton. To BARBECUE, bar'-be-ku. v. a. A term used in the West Indies for dressing a hog whole. Pope, j BA'RBECUE, bari-be-ku. n.s. A hog dressed whole. BA'RBED, bari-bed, or barb'd. 362. particijdal a. Furnished with armour. Shak. Bearded. Job. BA'RBEL, bar'-bl. 102, 405. n. s. [barbel, Fr.] A kind offish. Wali.on. Superfluous flesh in the mouth of a horse. Farrier's Diet. BATtBER^, bar'-bur. 98. n. s. A man who shaves the beard. Wottan. To BA'RBER, bari-b&r. v. a. To dress out. Shak. BARBER-CHIRURGEON, bari-b&r-kl-rur'-je -fin. n. s. A man who joins the practice of surgery to the barber's trade. Wiseman. BARBER-MONGER, bari-bfir-mfing-gfir. n. s. A fop. Shakspeare. BA'RBERESS*, bari-bfir-es. n. s. A woman barber. Minsheu. BARBERRY, bar'-ber-re. n.s. [berberis, Lat.] Pip- peridge bush. Miller. BARD §, bard. 77. n. s. [bardd, Welsh.] A poet. I Spenser. BARD*, bard. n. s. The trapping of a horse. BARDED* bard y -ed. part. a. Caparisoned. Holins hed. BARDICK* bard'-lk. a. Relating to the bards or poets. Warton. BARD1SH* bard'-fsh. a. What is written by the bards. Selden. BARE §, bare. a. [bap.e, Sax.] Naked. Spenser. Raw Spenser. Uncovered in respect. Chrendon. Un- adorned. Spenser. Detected. Mihjn. Poor; in- digent. Hooker. Mere. Shak. Threadbare. Shak. Not united with any thing else. Hooker. Wanting clothes. To BARE, bare. v. a. To strip. Spenser. BA'REBONE, bare'-bone. n. s. Lean. Shakspeare. BA'REBONED*. bare'-bon'd. part. a. Having the bones bare. Shakspeare. BAREFACED, bare-faste'. 359. a. With' the face naked. Sliakspeare. Shameless. Clarendon. BAREFACEDLY, bare-fa'-sed-le. 364. ad. Open- ly ; shamefully. Locke. BAREFACEDNESS, bare-fa'-s&l-nes. 365. n. s Effrontery; assurance. BAREFOOT §, bare'-f fit. a. [baejiejrot , Sax.] Hav- ing no shoes. Shakspeare. BAREFOOT, bare'-ffit. ad. Without shoes. Shak. BAREFOOTED, bare'-ffit-ed. a. Without shoes, Sidney. BA REGNAWN, bare'-nawn. a. Eaten bare. Shak. BAREHEADED, bare'-h£d-ded. a. Uncovered in respect. Shakspeare. BATtELEGGED, bare'-legd. part. a. Having the legs bare. Burton. BA'RELY, bare'-le. ad. Nakedly. Hidoet. Poorly. Barret. Without decoration ; merely. Hooker. BARENECKED*, bare'-nekt. part. a. Exposed. Hewyt. BAREPICKED*, bare'-plkt. part. it. Picked to the bone. Shakspeare. BARERIBBED*, bare'-rfVd. part. a. Lean. Slmk. BARENESS, bare'-nes. n.s. Nakedness. Shak. Leanness. Shak. Poverty. South. Meanness of clothes. BARFUL. See Barrful. BARGAINS, bari-gln. 208. n.s. [bargen, Welsh.] A contract. Bacon. The thing bought or sold Locke. Stipulation. Bacon. An event. Arbuth To BA'RGAIN, bari-gln. v. n. To make a contract. Shakspeare. BARGAINEE', bari-gin-nee 7 . n.s. He that accepts a bargain. BARGAINER, bari-gin-nfir. 98. n.s. The person who makes a bargain. Huloet. BARGE §, barje. n. s. [barje, old Fr.] A boat for pleasure. Shak. A sea-commanders boat. Ra- leigh. A boat for burden. BA'RGEMAN*, barje'-man. n. s. The manager of a barge. Ld. Northampton. BARGE MASTER*, barje'-ma-stfir. n.s. The own- er of a barge which carries goods. Blackstone. BA'RGER, Mr'-jfir. 98. n.s. The manager of a barge. Carew. BAl K§, bark. n.s. [frirck, Dan 1 The rind or cover- 122 BAR BAR — 116, move, n5r, not — tube, tub, bull : — oil ; — pOund ; — thin. THis. ing of a tree. Bacon. The medicine called, by way of distinction, the bark, i. e. the Peruvian bark. A small ship. Bacon. To BARK, bark. v. a. To strip trees of their bark. Temple. To enclose. Donne. To BARK, bark. v.n. [beojican, Sax.] To make the noise which a dog makes. ShaJc. To clamour I at. Spenser. BARK-BARED, bark'-bard. a. Stripped of the bark. Mortimer. BARKER, bar^-kur. 98. n.s. One that barks. B. Jonson. One employed in stripping" trees. BA'RKY, bai^-ke. a. Consisting of bark. Shakspeare. BA'RLEY$, barMe. 270. n. s. A grain of which malt is made. Miller. BA'RLEYBRAKE, barMe-brake. n. s. A kind of rural plav 5 a trial of swiftness. Sidney. BARLEY-BROTH, bari-le-brotfi. n.s. A low word, sometimes used for strong beer. S/iakspcare. BARLEY-CORN, bari-ie-korn. n.s. A grain of barley; the beginning of our measure ot length 3 the third part of an inch. Tickell. BA'RLEY-MOW, barMe-mOu. n.s. The place 1 where reaped barlev is stowed up. Gay. BA'RLEY-SUGAR* barMe-shfig'-ur. n.s. Sugar boiled till it be brittle, formerly with a decoction of barlev. BARAf §, barm. n. s. [beopm, Sax.] Yeast. Sliak. BA'RMY, bar 1 -me. a. Containing barm. Dryden. BARN§, barn. n.s. [bep.n, Sax.] A place for laying up grain, hay, or straw. Dryden. To BARN*, barn. v. a. To lay up in a barn. Shale. BARN-DOOR* barn'-dire. n.s. The door of a barn. Milton. BARNACLE, bar'-rl-kl. 405. n.s. [beap.n, Sax. and aac ] A kind of shell-fish that srrows upon tim- ber that lies in the sea. Sir T. Herbert. A bird like a goose, supposed to grow on trees. Bentley. An instrument of iron for the use of farriers, to hold the horse by the nose. Fourier's Diet. BARCKMETER^ba-rom'-me-tur.olS. n.s. [tfdaos and fif-pov.] A machine for measuring the weight of the atmosphere, and the variations in it, in order chiefly to determine the changes of the weather. Harris. BAROMETRIC AL,bar-6-met'-tre-kal. 509, 515. a. Relating to the barometer. Derham. BA'RON §, bar'-run. 166. n.s. [ba.ro, Lat.] A degree of nobility next to a viscount. Baron is an officer, as barons of the exchequer to the king. There are also barons of the cinque ports, that nave places in , the lower house of parliament. Coicel. Baron is j I used for the husband in relation to his wife. Coicel. jj A baron of beef is when the two sirloins are not cut j asunder. Diet. BA'RONAGE, bar'-run-adje. 90. n. s. The body of barons and peers. Hale. The dignity of a baron. The land which gives title to a baron. BA'RONESS, bar'-run-es. 557. n. s. A baron's lady. BARONET, bari-run-et. 557. n. s. [of baron and et. diminutive termination.] The lowest degree of hon- our that is hereditary ; below a baron, and above a knight. Coicel. BARO NIAIA ba-ro'-ne-al. a. Relating to a baron or baronv. Warton. BA'RON Y, bar'-rim-e. 557. n. s. That honour or lordship that _gives title to a baron. Coicel. BA'ROSCOPE, bar / -r6-sk6pe. n. s. [pdpos and cko- t£w.] An instrument to show the weight of die at- mosphere. Arbuthnot. BA'RRACAN, bai^-ra-kan. n.s. [barracan, Fr.] A strong thick kind of camelot. BARRACK, bar'-rak. n. s. [barracca, Span.] Build- ings to lodge soldiers. BA RRACK-MASTER* bar'-rak-ma-stur. n. s. The superintendent of soldiers' lodgings. Sicift. BARRATOR, bar'-ra-tur. n.s. [barat, o)d Fr.] A nrangler, and an encourager of law suits. Sir T. E/.yot. BA'RRATRY,bar / -ra-tre. n. s. Foul practice in law. Hudibras. BARRELS, bar '-rll. 99. n.s. [baril, Welsh.] A round wooden vessel. Bacon. A particular mea.«- ure. Any thing hollow ; as, the barrel of a gun. Digby. A cylinder. Moxon. — Barrel of the ear is a cavity behind the tympanum. Diet. To BARREL, bar'-rn' v. a. To put any thing in a barrel. Spensei . BARREL-BELLIED, bar'-ril-bel'-lld. a. Having a large belly. Dryden. BA'RREN^, baV-ren. a. [baraigne, o\d Fr.] Not pro lifick. Shak. Unfruitful. 2 Kings, ii. Not copi ous. Swift. Unmeaning. Shakspeare. BARRENLY, bar'-ren-le. ad. Unfruitiullv. Hulod. BARRENNESS, bar'-ren-nes. n.s. Want of off- spring. Milton. Unfruitfulness. Bacon. Want of invention. Dryden. Want of matter. Hooker [In theologv.l Aridity ; want of emotion or sensi • bilitv. Bp." Taylor. BA'RREN-SPIRITED* bar'-i-en-spV-it-ed.pzrt. a Of a poor spirit. Shakspeare. BA'RREN-WORT, bar'-ren-wurt. n. s. The namo of a plant. BA'RRFUL. bar'-ful. a. Full of obstructions. Shak BARRICADE, bar-re-kade'. n.s. [barricade, Yr.] A fortification made of trees, earth, <5cc. to keep oil an attack. Any stop. Derham. To BARRICADE, bar-re-kade'. v. a. To stop up a passage. Gay. BARRICA'DO, bar-re-ka'-d6. [See Lumbago.] n. s. [barricada. Span.] A fortification. Bacon. ToBARRICA'DO, bar-re-ka'-di. v. a. To fortify ; to stop up. Milton. BA'RRIER, bar'-re-ur. 98. n. s. [barricre, Fr.] A barricade. Pope. A fortification. Sicift. A stop. Watts. A bar to mark the limits of any place. Bacon. A boundary. Pope. {£/= Pope, by the license of his art. pronounced this word in two syllables, with the accent on the last, as if writ- ten bar-reer: " 'Twixt that and reason what a nice barrier ! " For ever sep'rate, yet for ever near." Essay on Man, Ep. i. r. 215. And yet, in another part of his works, he places the ac- cent on the first syllable, as we always hear it in prose : " Safe in the love of Heav'n, an ocean flows l: Around our realm, a barrier from the foes." W. BA'RRING-OUT*, bar'-ring-out. n. s. Exclusion of a person from a place, a boyish sport at Christmas. Swift. BA'RRISTER, baV-r?s-tur. n.s. A counsellor at law. Blount and CJiambers. BARROW, bari-r6. n.s. [barrot, old Fr.] Any kind of carriage moved bv the hand. Shakspeare. BA'RROW, bnr'-ro/ 71. s. [bep.£, Sax.] A hog. Milton. BA'RROW, whether in the beginning or end of names of places, signifies a grove. Gibson. A hil- lock, under which, in old times, bodies have been buried. JVaiion. roBA'RTERvSbar'-tur 98. v.n. [barretter. Fr.] To traffick bv exchanging. Hudibras. To BA'RTER, bari-tur. r. a. To give any tiling in exchange for another. Shakspeare. BA'RTER. bar '-tur. n.s. Trafficking by exchange of commodities. Baron. BA RTERER,bar'-tur-ur. n. s. He that traffic-ics bj exchange. Wakefie&L BA'RTERY, bar-tur-re. 555. n.s. Exchange of commodities. Camden. BARTHO'LOMEW-TIDE*. bar-tfiol'-om-mu-tide n.s. The term near St. Bartholomew's dav. Shak BA'RTON, bar'-tn. n. s. [beyie-tun, Sax.] Th< demesne lands of a manor : the manor-house it- self; and sometimes the outhouses. Huloet. BA RTRA3I. bar'-tram. n. s. A plant pellitory. BARYTONE!, bar'-e-tOne. n. s. £5= A word with the grave accent on the last syllable. - If the inspector does not know what is meant by the grave accent, it may be necessary to inform him. that writers on the Greek accent tell us, that every syllable which has not the acute accent, has the grave ; and as there could but be one syllable acuted in that language, the rest must necessarilv be grave. What these accents '123 BAS BAS O* 559.— Fate, f ar, fall, fat ;— me, m£ j— pine, pin are, has puzzled the learned so much, that they seem neither to understand each other nor themselves ; but it were to be wished they had kept this distinction into acute and grave out of our own language, as it is im- possible to annex any clear ideas to it, except we con- sider the grave accent merely as the absence of the acute, which reduces it to no accent at all. If we divide the voice into it3 two leading inflections, the rising and falling, and call the former the acute, and the latter the grave, we can annex distinct ideas to these words : and perhaps it is an ignorance of this distinction of speak- ing sounds, and confounding them with high and low, or loud and soft, that occasions the confusion we meet with in writers on this subject.— See Elements of Elo- cution, page 60 : also Observations on the Greek and Latin Accent and Quantity, at the end of the Key to the Classical Pronunciation of Greek and Latin Prop- er Names. W. BASA'LT*, ba-salt' n. s. Artificial or black porce- lain, of nearly the same properties with the natural basalt ; invented by Messrs. Wedgwood and Bent- ley. Clwmbers. BASALTES*, ba-sal'-tez. n.s. A kind of stone, of the hardness and colour of iron, which is found in perpendicular blocks. Pennant. BASA'LTICK* ba-sal'-tlk. a. Of basaltes. Pen- nant. BASE§, base. a. [bas, Fr.l Mean. Bacon. Of mean spirit. Sidney. Of low station. Spenser. Of no honourable birth ; illegitimate. Shak. Ap- plied to metals : without value. Watts. Applied to sounds : deep ; grave. Bacon. Low : in posi- tion or place. Goiver. BASE-BORN, b&se'-born. a. Born out of wedlock. Gay. Of low parentage. Sir R. FansJiawe. Vile. Milton. BASE-COURT, base'-kort. n. s. Lower court. Shakspeare. BASE-MINDED, base-mmd'-eU a. Mean-spirited. Camden. BASE-MINDEDNESS*, base-mlnd'-kl-nes. n. s. Meanness of spirit. Sir E. Sandys. BASE-VIOL, base-vi'-ul. 166. n.s. An instrument used for the base sound. Addison. BASE, base. n.s. [basis, Lat.] The bottom of any thing. Shak. The pedestal of a statue. Bacon. That part of any ornament which hangs down. Sidney. The broad part of any body ; as, the bottom of a cone. Stockings. Spenser. The place from which racers run. Dryden. The string that gives a base sound. Spenser. An old rustick play, called prison bars. Drayton. A small cannon. Sir T. Herbert. To BASE, base. v. a. To degrade. Bacon. BASELESS*, base'-les. a. Without foundation. Shakspeare. BA'SELY, base'-le. ad. In a base manner. Sliak. In bastardy. Knolks. BA'SEMENT*, base'-ment. n. s. A continued base, extended a considerable length. Cliambers. BA'SENESS, ba.se'-nes. n.s. Meanness. Spenser. Vilenessof metal. Swift. Bastardy. Shak. Deep- ness of sound. Bacon. BA SENET*, hasf-e-net. n. s. [bacinet, old Fr.] A helmet or headpiece. Spenser. BA'SESTRING*, base'-strmg. n.s. The lowest note. Shakspeare. To BASH§, bash. v.n. [from base.'] To be ashamed. Bale. BASHA'W, bash-aw'. n. s. A title of honour among the Turks. Bacon. BASHFUL, bash'-ffil. a. Modest. Shak. Sheepish. Sliakspeare. Exciting shame. Mir. for Mag. BA'SHFULLY, bash'-ffil-le. ad. Modestly. Sher- wood. BA'SHFULNESS, bash-ful-n^s. n. s. Modesty, as shown in outward appearance. Sidney. Vicious or rustick shame. Sidney. BA'SIL, baz'-fl. n.s. The name of a plant. Drayton. BA'SIL, baz'-U. n. s. The angle to which the edge of a joiner's tool is ground away. BASIL, baz'-fl. n.s. The skin of a sheep tanned. To BA'SIL, baz'-ll. v.a. To grind the edge of a tool to an ansrle. Moxon. BASI'LICA, ba-zll'-e-ka. n. s. [/3a«Aixij.] The mid die vein of the arm. Quincy. BASPLICAL, ba-zil'-e-kal. (a. Belonging to the ba- BASFLICK, ba-zll'-Hk. < silick vein. SJtarp. BASPLICK,ba-z?l'-lik.n.s. [jfowJu**.] A large hall; a magnificent church. BASILICON, ba-zll'-e-kon. n. s. An ointment Quincy. BA'SlLtSK, baz'-e-M. n. s. [fiaoiMOKos] A kind of serpent. Sha/c. A species of cannon. Bacon. BA'SIN $, ba'-sn. 405. n. s. [basin, Fr.] A small ves- sel to hold water. Sluik. A small pond. Spectator. A part of the sea enclosed in rocks. Pope. Any hollow place capacious of liquids. Blackmore. A dock for repairing ships. — Basins of a balance ; the same with the scales. BA/SINED*, ba'-sn'd. a. Enclosed in a basin. Young. BA'SIS, ha/ -sis. n. s. [basis, Lat.] The foundation. Raleigh. The lowest of the three principal parts of a column. Addison. That on which any thing is raised. Denham. The pedestal. Shak. The groundwork of any thing. Shakspeare. To BASKS, bask. 79. v. a. [backeren, Dot.] To warm by laying out in the heat. Milton. To BASK, bask. v.n. To lie in the warmth. Dryd. BA'SKET, bas'-kit. 99. n.s. [basged, Welsh.] A vessel made of twigs, rushes, or splinters. Shak. BA'SKET-HILT, bas'-klt-bill. 99. n.s. A hilt of a weapon which contains the whole hand. Hudibras. BA'SKET-HILTED*, bas'-klt-bilt-ed. a. A weapon having a basket-hilt. Warton. BASKET- WOMAN, bas'-kh-wum-un. 166. n. s. A woman that plies at markets with a basket. BA'SQUISH*, bas'-klsh. a. Relating to the language of the natives of Biscay. Sir T. Brown. BASS. bas. n. s. A mat used in churches. Mortimer. BASS*, bas. n. s. A fish of the perch kind. Gray. To BASS, ba.se. v. n. To sound in a deep tone. Shak- speare. BASS, base. a. In musick, grave ; deep. BASS-RELIEF, bas-re-leef. n.s. [bas and relief] Sculpture, the figures of which do not stand out from the ground in their full proportion. Gray. BASS-VIOL. See Base-Viol. Dryden. BA'SSA. See Bashaw. Sir T. Herbert. BA'SSET, bas'-slt. 99. n. s. [basset, Fr.] A game at cards. Dennis. BASSO RELIEVO. [Ital.] See Bass-keliet. Warton. BASSO'N, or BASSO'ON, bas-sS5n'. n.s. [basson, Fr.] A musical wind instrument, blown with a reed. Trevoux. BA'SSOCK, bas'-sok. n.s. The same with bass. BASTARDS, bas'-tard. 88. n.s. [hastardd, Welsh.] An illegitimate child. Aijliffe. Anythingspurious. Shak. A kind of sweet wine. Shak. The large sail of a galley. BA'STARD, bas'-tard. a. Illegitimate. Shak. Spu- rious. Shakspem-e. To BA'STARD, bas'-tard. v. a. To convict of being a bastard. Bacon. BA'STARDISM*, bas'-tar-dlzm. n. s. The state of a bastard. Cot-grave. To BASTARDIZE, bas'-tar-dlze. v. a. To convict of being a bastard. Harmer. To beget a bastard, Shakspeare. BA'STARDLY*, basMard-le. a. Spurious. Bp. Taylor. BA'STARDLY,bas'-tard-le.ad. Spuriously. Donne. BA'STARD Y, bas'-tar-de. n.s. An unlawful state of birth, which disables the bastard from succeeding to an inheritance. Aijliffe. To BASTE, baste, v. a. [beysta and bausta, Iceland.] To beat with a stick. Hudibras. To drip butter upon meat when on the spit. Sliakspeare. To sew slightly. Shakspeare. BA'STILE*, bas'-teel. n. s. [bastille, Fr.J The forti- fication of a castle ; the castle itself. Mir. for Mag BA'STIMENT* bas'-te-ment. \n.s. [bastiment BASTIME'NTO*,bas-te-meu'-to. \ old Fr.] A ram- part. 124 BAT BAW -n6, mOve, n6r, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 6il ; — pound ; — thin, THis. BASTINA'DE, bas-te-nade'. > n. s. [bastonnade. BASTINA'DO, bas-te-na'-do. \ Fr.] The act of beating with a cudgel. Sid)iey. A Turkish pun- ishment of beating an offender on the soles of his feet. To BASTINA'DE, bas-te-nade'. ) [See Lumba- To BASTINA'DO, bas-te-na'-do. ] go.] v. a. To treat with the bastinado. B. Jonson. BA'STING*, bastc'-ing. n. s. The act of beating with a stick. Swift. BASTION, bas'-tshun. 291. n. s. [bastion, Fr.] A huge mass of earth, usually faced with sods, stand- ing out from a rampart ; a bulwark. Prior. BAT. bat. 72. s. [bat, Sax.] A heavy stick. Wick- life. BAT, bat. n. s. An animal having the body of a mouse and the wings of a bird ; not with feathers, but a sort of skin which is extended. Calmet. BAT-FOWLER*, bat'-fou-ler. n. s. One who de- lights in bat-fowling. Barrinzton. BAT-FOWLING, bat'-fou-llng. n. s. Bird catching in the night time. They light torches or straw, and then beat the bushes ; upon which the birds, flying to the flames, are caught either with nets, or otherwise. Shakspeare. BAT ABLE, ba'-td-bl. 405. a. [batable, Fr.] Disputa- ble. Cowel. BATCH, batsh. n. s. [from bake.] The quantity of bread baked at a time. Mortimer. BATCHELOR. See Bachelor. BATE §, bate. n. s. [bate, Sax.] Strife ; contention. Shakspeare. BATE-BREEDFNG* bate'-breed-ing. part. a. Breeding strife. Sliakspeare. To BATE §, bate. v. a. To lessen. Shak. To sink the price. Locke. To lessen a demand. Shak. To cut off. Dryden. To grow less. Dryden. To re- mit. Dryden. To BATE*, 05 a hawk. See To Bait. BA'TEFUL, bate'-ful. a. Contentious. Sidney. BATELESS*, bate'-les. a. Not to be abated. Shak. BATEMENT,bate'-ment.rc.s. Diminution. Moxon. BATFUL* bat'-ful. a. See To Battel. Drayton. Ob. T. BATH §, bhh. 78. n. s. [baS, Sax.] A bath is either hot or cold, either of art or nature. Quincy. Out- ward heat applied to the body. Shakspeare. A ves- sel of water, in which another is placed that requires a softer heat than the naked fire. Quincy. A He- brew measure, containing seven gallons and four pints ; or three pecks and three pints. Isaiah. To BATHE, baTHe. 467. v. a. To wash. Milton. To supple or soften. Wiseman. To wash any thing. Dryden. To BATHE, baTHe. v. n. To be in the water, or in anv resemblance of a bath. Shakspeare. BATHING* baTHe'-mg. n. s. The act of bathing. Hakewill. BATHOS*,bk>-thos. n.s. [Gr.] The art of sink- ins: in poetrv. Arbuthnot. BA'TING, ba'-ting. 410. > ~ , „ ABATING, fUba'-tSng. \ ? re P- Em P l - *«»■ BATLET, bat'-let. n. s. A square piece of wood, used in beating linen. Shakspeare. BATO'ON, ba-tGOn'. n. s. [baton, Fr.] A staff or club. Bacon. A truncheon or marshal's staff. Beaumont and FleicJier. In the coat of arms, to de- note illegitimate descent. BA / TTABLE*bat / -ta-bl. a. Capable of cultivation. Burton. BATTAILANT*, bat'-ta-lant. n. s. A combatant. Shelton. Ob. T. BATTAILOUS, bat'-ta-lus. a. Warlike. Fairfax. BATTAT^IA/bat-tale'-ya. 272 n.s. [battagtia,lia\.-\ The order of battle. Sandys. The main body of an armv. Shakspeare. BATTA'LION, bat-tal'-yun. 272, 507. n. s. [battail- lon, Fr.] A division of an army. Sliak. An army. Shakspeare. To BATTEL §*, or BA TTIL* bat'-tl. v. a. To render fertile. To BATTEL*, bat'-tl. t\ n. To grow fat. Spenser. To stand indebted in the college books, at Oxford, for what is expended at the buttery in the necessa ries of eating and drinking. At Cambridge, sizeis used in a similar sense. In the former university there is a student named a batteler or battler ; in the latter, a sizer. BATTEL*, or BATTLE*, bat'-tl. a. Fruitful ; fer- tile. Hooker. BATTEL*, bat'-tl. n.s. [fcaelan, Sax.] The aecouii* of the expenses of a student in any college in Ox ford. Cherry. BATTELLER*. bat'-tl-lur. ) n. s. A student at BATTLER*, bat'-tlur. $ Oxford. Life of Bp. Kennett. To BATTEN, bat'-tn. 103. v. a. [ga-batnan, Goth.] To fatten, or make fat. Milton. To fertilize. Philips. To BATTEN, bat'-tn. 103. v. n. To grow fat. Shak. BATTEN, bat'-tn. n. s. A scantling ot wood. Moxon. To BATTER §, bat'-tur. 98. v. a. [hattre, Fr.j To beat down. Ezekiel. To wear with beating. Dry- den. To wear out with service. Soutliern. To BATTER, bat'-tur. v. n. The side of a wall that bulges is said to batter. Moxon. BATTER, bat'-tur. n. s. A mixture of several ingre- dients beaten together. King. BATTERER, bat'-tur-rur. n. s. He that batters. Bp. Taylor. BATTERING-RAM*, bat'-tfir-ing-ram'. n. s. An ancient military engine. BATTERY, bat'-tur-re. 555. n. s. The act of bat- tering. Spenser. A line of cannon. Shakspeare. The frame, or raised work, upon which cannons are mounted. [In law.] A violent striking of any man. Chambers. BATTISH, bat'-tish. a. Resembling a bat. Vernon. BATTLE §, bat'-tl. 405. n. s. [battaille, Fr.] A fight Shak. A body of forces. Bacon. The main body Hay ward . To BATTLE, bat'-tl. v. n. To join battle. Bah BATTLE-ARRAY, bat'-tl-ar-ra'. n. s. Order of battle. Addison. BATTLE-AXE, bat'-tl-aks. n. s. A weapon used ancientlv. Careic. BATTLEDOOR, bat'-tl-dAre. n. s. An instrument with a handle and a flat board, used in play to strike a ball, or shuttlecock. Locke. A child's horn-book, somewhat resembling a battledoor in shape. BATTLEMENT, bat'-tl-ment. n. s. A wall with embrasures, or interstices. Shakspeare. BATTLEMENTED*, bat'-tl-ment-ed. part. a. Se cured bv battlement. Sir. T. Herbert. BATTLING*, bat'-tllng. n. s. Conflict. Tlwmson. BATTO'LOGIST*, bat-tdl'-d-jlsi. n. s. One who repeats the same thing in speaking or writing. Whitlock. To BATTO'LOGIZE*, bat-tol'-6-jlze. v. a. To repeat needlesslv die same thing. Sir. T. Herbert. BATTO'LOG Y §*, bat-tol'-o-je. n. s. [battologie, Fr.] Repeating one and the same thing. Milton. BATTY, bat'-te. «. Belonging to a bat. Shakspeare. BAUBE'E. baw-bee'. n. s. [bos-billon, Fr.] A half- penny. Bramston. BA'UBLE. See Bawble. To BAULK. See Balk. BA'VAROY.ba-va-roe'.n.s. [Bavarois, Fr.] A kind of cloak. Gay. BA'VIN, bav'-In. n. s. A stick like those bound in faggots ; a piece of waste wood. Sliakspeare. BA'WBLE, baw'-bl. 405. n. s. [baubelhim.] A gew- gaw; a trifling piece of finery. Gower. BA'WBLING.baw'-blmg.410. a. Trifling. Shai. BA'WCOCK, baw'-kok. n. s. A familiar word, the savne as fine fellow. Shakspeare. BAWD §,*bawd. n. s. [baude, old Fr.] A procurer, or procuress. Skelton. To BAWD*, bawd. v. a. To foul ; to dirty. Skmon. To BAWD. bawd. v. n. To procure ', to provide gallants with strumpets. Spectator. BA'WDBORN*, bawd'-born. part. a. Descended of a bawd. Shakspeare. 125 BEA BEA O 3 559. — Fate, far, fall, fat j — me, met; — pine, pin ;- Y, baw'-de-Ie. ad. Obscenely ESS, baw'-de-nes. n. s. Obs Obsceneness or [See Baldrick.] BA'WDILY BA'WDINESS lewdness BA'WDRICK, baw'-drlk. n A belt. Chapman. BAWDRY, baw'-dre. n. s. The practice of pro- curing and bringing- whores and rogues tog-ether. Ay like. Obscenity. Bp. Hall. BA'WDY, baw'-de. a. Filthy. Chancer. Obscene. Shakspeare. BA'WDY-HOUSE, baw'-de-h&fise. n. s. A house where traffick is made by wickedness and de- bauchery. Dennis. To BAWL?, ball. v. n. [baida, old Fr.] To hoot; to cry with vehemence. Milton. To cry as a fro- ward child. L 'Estrange. To BAWL, ball. v. a. To proclaim as a crier. Stem. BAWN*, bawn. n. s. An enclosure with mud or stone-walls, to keep the cattle; a fortification. Spenser. BA'WREL, baw'-ill. 99. n. s. A kind of hawk. BA'WSIN, baw'-sm. n. s. A badger. Diet. BAY, ba. 220; a. [paije, bai, old Fr.] Inclining to a chestnut colour, spoken of a horse. Farrier's Diet. BAY?, ba. n. s. [by£an, Sax.] An opening into the land. Sliak. A pen or pond-head for driving a mill. BAY, ba. n. s. [abboi, Fr.] The state of any thing surrounded by enemies. Bacon. Distance beyond which no approach could be made. Dryden. BAY, ba. n. s. [ban, Germ.] [In architecture.] A term used to signify the magnitude of a building. Build- er's Diet. Any kind of opening in walls. Chamb. BAY Tree, ba'-tree. The laurel. Psalm xxxvii. BAY, ba. n. s. An honorary crown or garland. Browne. Figuratively, learning itself. Drayton. To BAY, ba. v. n. To bark as a dog at a thief. Spenser. To shut in. Shakspeare. To BAY, ba. v. a. To bark at. Shakspeare. BAY Scdt, ba'-salt. Salt made of sea water, which receives its consistence from the heat of the sun, and is so called from its brown colour. Chambers. BAY Window, ba/-wln'-d6. A window jutting out- ward, and forming a kind of bay or hollow in the room. Sliakspeare. BAY Yarn, ba'-ytrn'. Woollen } r arn. Chambers. BA YARD ?, ba'-yard. n. s. [bayart, old Fr.] A bay horse in general. Burton. An unmannerly be- holder. B. Jonson. BA'YARDLY* ba'-yard-le. a. Blind ; stupid. Bp. Taylor. BA'YED*, bade. a. Having bays. See Bay in ar- chitecture. BAYONET ?, ba'-yfin-ne't. n. s. [baiwnette, Fr.] A short sword or dagger fixed at the end of a musket. Woodward. Q^p" This word is very frequently proaounced bagonet, but chiefly by the vulgar. W. To BA'YONET*, baAyfin-net. v. a. To drive for- ward with the bayonet. Burke. BAZA'R*, ba-zar'. n. s. [buzzar, Persian.] Constant market ; a covered market-place. Sir T. Herbert. BAYZE. See Baize. BDE'LLIUM, del'-yum. [See Pneumatick.] n. s. [&h\\iov.~] An aromatick gum brought from the Levant. CMmbers. To BE?, bee. v. n. To have some certain state. Shale. The auxiliary verb by which the verb pas- sive is formed. Shak. To exist; to have existence. Dryden. To have something by appointment or rule. Locke. Let be. Do not meddle with. Dryden. BE-ALL*, be-all. n. s. All that is to be done. Shak. BEACH?,' beetsh. 227. n.s. [backar, Goth.] The shore ; the strand. Sliakspeare. BE' ACHED, beetsh'-eU a. Exposed to the waves. Shakspeare. BE'ACHY, beetsh'-e. a. Having beaches. Shak. BE'ACON?, be'-kn. 170. n. s. [beacen, Sax.l Some- thing raised on an eminence, to be fired on the approach of an enemy. Spenser. Marks erected to direct navigators. To BE'ACON*, be'-kn. v. a. To afford light as a beacon ; to lieht up. BE'ACON AGE*, be'-kn-aje. n. $. Money paid for maintaining of beacons. Minsheu. BE'ACON ED, be'-kn-ed. a. Having a beacon. T Warton BEAD?, bede. 227. n. s. [bebe, Sax.] Small glebes of glass strung upon a thread, and used by the Ro- manists to count their prayers. Gower. Little balls worn about the neck Shak. Any globular bodies Shakspeare. BEAD Tree, bede'-tree. A plant. BE'ADLE, be'-dl. 227, 405. n. s. [bybel, babel, Sax.l A messenger belonging to a court, or pub lick body. Abp. Laud. A petty officer in Darishes. Shakspeare. BE'ADLESHIP*, be'-dl-ship. n. s. The office of a beadle. A. Wood. BE'ADROLL,bede'-r6lt.n. s. A catalogue of those who are to be mentioned at prayers. Bacon. BE'ADSMAN, beedz'-man. n. s. A man employed in praying, generally for another. Spenser. BE'ADSWOMAN*, beedz'-wum-un. n. s. A wo- man who prays for another. B. Jonson. BE'AGLE, be'-gl. 227, 405. n. s. [bigle, Fr.] A small hound with which hares are hunted. Dryden. BEAK?, beke. 227. n. s. [bee, Fr.] The bill or horny mouth of a bird. Shak. A piece of brass like a beak, fixed at the tnd of the ancient gallies. Dry- den. Any thing ending in a point like a beak. Co.rew. BE'AKED, be'-kgd, or bekt. 362. a. Having a beak, or the form of a beak. Milton. BE'AKER, be'-kur. 93. n. s. [becJier, Germ.] A ves sel for drink. Butler. BEAL?, bele. 227. n. s. [bolga, Goth.] A whelk oj pimple. To BEAL, bele. v. a. To ripen ; to gatner matter, as a sore does. Sherwood. BEAM?, beme. 227. n. s. [beam, Sax.] The main piece of timber that supports the house. Builder's Diet. Any large and long piece of timber. Dry- den. That part of a balance, at the ends of which the scales are suspended. Shak. The horn of a stag. Denham. The pole of a chariot. Dryden A cylindrical piece of wood belonging to the loom, on which the web is gradually rolled as it is wove. 1 Sam. The ra} r of light emitted from some lu- minous body, or received by the eye. Shakspeare. To BEAM*, beme. v. a. To shoot forth ; to emit. To BEAM, beme. i\ n. [beamian.] To emit rays or beams. Pope. BEAM Tree, beme'-tree. A species of wild-ser- vice. BE'AMLESS*, beme'-les. a. Yielding no ray of light. Dryden and Lee. BE'AMY, be'-me. a. Radiant; shining. Milton. Having the weight of a beam. Dryden. Having horns or antlers. Dryden. BEAN ?, bene. 227. n. s. [bean, Sax.] The common garden bean. The horse bean. Miller. BEAN Caper, bene'-ka-pur. A plant. BEAN Tressel, bene'-trls-sl. An herb. BE'ANFED* bene'-feU part. a. Fed with beans Shakspeare. To BEAR ?, bare. 240. v. a. pret. bore, or bare ; part, pass, bore, or born., or borne, [beopan, Sax.] To car- ry as a burden. Lsa. To convey or carry. Dryden. To carry as a mark of authority. Shak. To carry as a mark of distinction. Hale. To carry as in show. Sliak. To carry as in trust. John. To sup- port. Hooker. To keep afloat. Genesis. To sup- port with proportionate strength. Arlmihnot. lo carry in the mind, as love, hate. Daniel. To en- dure. Psalms. To suffer ; to undergo. To per- mit. Hooker. To be capable of. Clarendon. To produce, as fruit. Bacon. To bring forth, as a child. Shak. To give birth to; to Lethe native place of. Dryden. To possess, as flower or hon- our. Addison. To gain ; to win. Shak. To main- tain ; to keep up. Locke. To support any thing {rood or bad. Bacon. To exhibit. Dryden. To bo h 12b BEA BEA — n6, mOve, nor, not; — tube, tub, bull; — oil; — p6imd; — thin, THis. answerable for. Genesis. To supply. Dryden. To be the object of. Shak. To behave ; to act in any character. Sliak. To hold ; to restrain. Hayward. To impel; to urge. Sir J. Ho.yicard. To conduct; to manage. B. Jonsmi. To press. Shak. To in- cite; to animate. Milton. — To bear date. To carry the mark of the time when any thing was written. To bear a price. To have a certain value. To bear in hand. To amuse with false pretences. Shak. To bear off. To carry away. Shak. To bear out. To support ; to maintain. Shakspeare. To BEAR, bare. 73. v. n. To suffer pain. Pope. To be patient. Dryden. To be fruitful or prolifick. Bcucon. To take effect; to succeed. Guardian. To act in any character. Sluik. To be directed to any point. Boyle. To act as an impellent. Sliak. To act upon. Hayward. To be situated with respect to other places ; as, this mountain bears west of the promontory. — To bear up. To stand firm. Sliak. To bear with. To endure. Shak. BEARS, bare. 73. n. s. [bejia, Sax.] A rough sav- age animal. Calmet. The name of two constel- lations, called the greater and lesser bear; in the tail of the lesser bear is the pole-star. Creech. A de- scription of stock-jobbers, who sell unreal stock. Dr. Warton. BEAR-BAITING*, bare'-ba-tmg. n. s. The sport of baiting bears with dogs. Shakspeare. BEAR-BIND, bare'-blnd. n. s. A species of bind- weed. BEAR-FLY, bare'-fll. n. s. An insect. Bacon. BEAR-GARDEN, bare'-gar-dn. n. s. A place in which bears are kept for sport. Stillingfleet. Any place of tumult. Spectator. BEAR-GARDEN, bare'-gar-dn. a. Rude or turbu- lent. BEAR'S-BREECH, barz'-britsh. n. s. The name of a plant. Miller. BEAR'S-EAR, barz'-eer. n. s. The name of a plant. BEAR'S-EAR, or Sanicle. A plant. BEARS-FOOT, barz'-fut. n. s. A species of helle- bore. BEAR'S-WORT, barz'-wfirt. 165. n. s. An herb. BEARD §, beerd. 228. n. s. [beanb, Sax.] The hair that grows on the lips and chin. Prior. Beard is used for the face. Hudibras. Beard is used to mark age. Shak. Sharp prickles growing upon the ears of corn. Shak. A barb on an arrow. The beard of a horse is that part which bears the curb of the bridle. Farrier's Diet. {t^f* This word, as Dr. Kenrick observes, is frequently pronounced so as to rhyme with herd .- but I am of his opinion, that this pronunciation is improper. Mr. Scott and Mr. Perry give it both ways. Buchanan sounds it short, like Mr. Sheridan. W. Johnston makes it rhyme with laird, a Scotch lord : but Mr. Elphinston, who is the most accurate observer of pronunciation I ever met with, gives it as I have done. The stage has, in my opinion, adopted the short sound of the diphthong, without good reason, and in this instance ought not to be followed ; as the long sound is not only more agree- able to analogy, but to general usage. I am glad to find my opinion confirmed by so good adjudge as Mr. Smith ; and though the poets so often sacrifice pronunciation to rhyme, that their authority, in these cases, is not al- ways decisive, yet, as Shakspeare says on another oc- casion, " They still may help to thicken other proofs " That do demonstrate thinly." Othello. " Tlail'd at their covenant, and jeer'd " Their reverend persons to my beard." Hudibras. " Some thin remains of chastity appear'd " Ev'n under Jove, bat Jove without a beard." Dryden. The impropriety of pronouncing this word as it is heard on the stage, will, perhaps, appear more perceptible by carrying this pronunciation into the compounds, as the false sound of great may be detected by the phrase Al- exander the Great. 241. " Old prophecies foretell our fall at hand, " When bearded men in floating castles land. " And as young striplings whip the top for sport, u On the smooth pvement of an empty court, " The wooden engine flies and whirls about, " Admir'd with clamours of the beardless rout " Dryden. W To BEARD, beerd. v. a. To take or pluck by the beard. Shak. To oppose to the face. Spenser. BE'ARDED, beerd'-ed. a. Having a beard. Shak. Having sharp prickles, as corn. Milton. Barbed or jagged. Dryden. BEARDLESS, beerd'-les. a. Without a beard. Camden. Youthful. Dryden. jBE'ARER, bare'-fir. n. s. A carrier. Shak. One employed in carrying burdens. 2 Chronicles. One who wears any thing. Shak. One who carries the body to the grave. Milton. A tree that yields its produce. Beyle. A post or brick wall raised up between the ends of a piece of timber. [In herald- ry.] A supporter. BE'ARHERD, bare'-herd. n. s. A man that tends bears. Shakspeare. BE'ARING, bare'-mg. n. s. The site of any thing with respect to something else. Pope. Gesture ; mien. Shak. That which is borne in a coat of arms. Taller. The situation of any object, esti- mated from some part of the ship, according to her fosition. Chambers. 'APJNG-CLOTH*,bare'-ing-klc>^. n. s. The cloth with which a child is covered, when carried to church to be baptized. Shakspeare. BEARISH*, bare'-Mi. a. Having the quality of a bear. Harris. BE'ARLIKE*, bare'-llke. a. Resembling a bear. Shakspeare. BEARN*, barn. n. s. [barn, Goth.] A child. Sliak. BE'ARWARD, bare'-ward. ti.s. A keeper of bears. Shakspeare. BEASTS, beest. 227 n.s. [teste, Fr.] An animal, distinguished from birds, insects, fishes, and man. Shakspeare. An irrational animal, Shak. A bru- tal, savage man. To BEAST, beest. v. a. A term at cards. BE'ASTINGS. See Biestings. BE'ASTLIKE* beest'-llke. a. Resembling a beast. Mountagu. BE'ASTLINESS, beest'-le-nes. n.s. Brutality. Spenser. BE'ASTLY, beest'-le. a. Brutal. Shak. Having the nature of beasts. Prior. BE'ASTLY*, beest'-le. ad. In the manner of a beast. Morality of Every Man. To BEATS, bete. 227,233. v.a. pret. beat, part, pass, beat or beaten, [beat an, Sax.] To strike. 1 Corinthians. To punish with stripes or blows. Shak. To strike an instrument of musick. Shak. To bruise. Numbers. To strike bushes or ground, or make a motion to rouse game. Bacon. To thresh corn. Ruth, ii. To mix things by long and frequent agitation. Bcnile. To batter with engines of war. Judges, viii. To dash as water, or brush as wind. Milton. To tread a path. Blackmore. To make a path by marking it with tracks. Locke. To conquer. Shak. To harass; to over-labour. Hakeicill. To lay, or press. Shak. To depress. Hayu-ard. To drive by violence. Dryden. To move with fluttering agitation. Dryden. To beat down. To lessen the price demanded. Dryden. To beat down. To sink or lessen the value. Bacon. To beat up. To attack suddenly. Clarendon. To beat the hoof. To walk ; to go on foot. To beat. into. To repeat often. Barret. £5= The past time of this verb is by the English uni- formly pronounced like the present. Nay, except in solemn language, the present, preterit, and participle, are exactly the same ; while the Irish, more agreeably to analogy, as well as utility, pronounce the preterit as the noun bet, a wager ; and this pronunciation, though contrary to English usage, is quite conformable to that general tendency observable in the preterite of irregu- lar verbs, which is to shorten the vowel that is long in the present, as eat, ate, (often pronounced et ;) hear heard ; deal, dealt ; mean, meant ; dream, dreamt , &c. W. To BEAT, bete. v.n. To move in a pulsatory man- ner. Collier. To dash as a flood or storm. Dryden. 127 BEA BED U 3 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat;— me, m BEDDING-xMOULDING, bgd'-dlng-mild-fng. $ n. s. Those members in the cornice which are placed below the o»ronet. Builder's Dictionary. To BEDOTE* be-d6te'. v. a. To make to dote. Chaucer. Ob. T. BEDPOST, b&l'-post. n. s. The post at the corner of the bed, which supports the canopy. Wiseman. BE'DPRESSER, bM'-pres-sur. n. s. A heavy, lazy fellow. Sliakspeare. To BEDRA'GGLE, be-drag'-gl. 405. y. a. To soil the clothes, by suffering them, in walking, to reach the dirt. Swift. To BEDRE'NCH, be-drensh'. v.a. To drench. Sliakspeare. BE'DRID, bed'-rld. a. [bebpiba, Sax.] Confined to the bed by age or sickness. Shakspeare. BEDROOM*, bed'-room. n. s. A bedchamber. BE'DRITE, bed'-rlte. n. s. The privilege of the marriage bed. To BEDROT, be-dr6p'. v. a. To besprinkle. CJiau- cer. BE'DSIDE* bed'-slde. n.s. The side of the bed. Middleton. BEDSTEAD, bed^-sted. n.s. Tne frame on which the bed is placed. Swift. BE'DSTRAW, bed'-straw. n.s. The straw laia under a bed to make it soft. Bacon.. BEDSWERVER, bed'-swer-vur. n.s. One that is false to the bed. Shakspeare. BE DTIME, bfid'-tlme. n. s [bebtib, Sax.] The hour of rest. Shakspeare. To BEDU'CK*, be-duk'. v. a. To out under watot Spenser. To BEDU'NG, be-dung'. v.a. To manure with dung. Bp. Hall. To BEDU'SK* be-dfisk'. v. a. To smutch. Cot grave. Ob. T. To BEDIPST, be-dust'. v. a. To sprinkle with dust Sherwood. BE'DVVARD. bed'-ward. ad. Toward bed. Shak. To BEDWA'RF, be-dwarf . v. a. To make little Donne. BE'DWORK, bed'-wurk. n. s. Work done in bed , work performed without toil of the hands. Shak. To BEDY'E* be-dl'. v. a. To stain. Spenser. BEE§, bee. n.s. [beo,Sax.] The animal that makes honev. Shak. An industrious and careful person BEE-EATER, bee'-e-tur. n. s. A bird that feeds upon bees. BEE-FLOWER, bee'-flou-ur. n.s A species of foolslones. Miller. BEE-GARDEN, bee'-gar-dn. 103. n. s. A place to set hives of bees in. Mortimer. BEE-HIVE, bee'-hlve. n. s. The case in which bees are kept. Shakspeare. BEE-MASTER, bee'-ma-stur. n. s. One that keeps bees. Mortimer. BEECH §, beetsh. n.s. [bece, or boc, Sax.] A tree that bears mast, which is good to fatten swine and deer. Miller. BE'ECHEN, bee'-tshn. 103. a. [becen, Sax.] Be- longing to the beech. Congreve. BEEF §, beef. n. s. [bceuf, Fr.] The flesh of black cattle prepared for food. Shak. An ox, bull, or cow, considered as fit for food. Devi. xiv. BEEF, beef. a. Consisting of the flesh of black cat- tle. Swift. BEEF-EATER, beef-e-tfir. n. s. r beaufetier, one who attends at the sideboard.] A yeoman of the guard. BEEF-WITTED, beef-wft-tgd. a. Dull; stupid. Shakspeare. BEELD*, beeld. n. s. [behliban, Sax.] Protection ; refuge. Fairfax. BE'EMOL, bee'-m&l. n. s. In musick, a half note Bacon. BEEN, bin. [beon, Sax.] The participle preterit of To Be. Pope. [The present tense plural of To Be. Spenser. Ob.J.] 95= This word, in the solemn, as well as the familiar style, has shared the fate of most of those words, which, from their nature, are in the most frequent use. It is scarcely ever heard otherwise than as the noun bin, a repository for corn or wine, and must be placed among those deviations, which language is always liable to in such words as are auxiliary or subordinate to others ; for, as those parts of bodies which are the most fre- quently handled grow the soonest smooth by constant friction, so such words as are in continual use seem to wear off their articulations, and become more irregular than others. So low as the age of James the First, I have seen this word spelled byn. TV. BEER, beer. n.s. [bir, Welsh.] Liquor made of malt and hops. Shakspeare. BE'ERBARREL*, beer'-bar-rfl. n.s. A barrel which holds beer. Sliakspeare. BE'ERHOUSE*, beer'-hSuse. n.s. An alehouse. Gascoigne. BEESTINGS. SeeBiESTiNGS. BEET, beet. n.s. [beta, Lat.] The name of a plant. Miller. BE'ETLE §, bee'-tl. 405. n. s. [by eel, Sax.] An insect distinguished by having hard cases or sheaths, un der which he folds his wings. Sliak. Heavy mal- let, or hammer. Shakspeare. To BE'ETLE, bee'-tl. v.n. To jut out. Shakspeare BE'ETLEBROW*, bee'-tl-brOfi. n s. A prominent brow. Sir R. Fanshawe. 129 BEG BEH \£T 559. — Fine, far, tall, fat; — me, met; — pine, pm: BE ETLEBROWED,bee -tl-br6ud. 362. a. Having prominent brows. Howell. BE'ETLEHEADED, bee'-tl-hed-ed. a. Logger- headed; wooden-headed. Sliakspeare. BE ETLESTOCK, bee -d-st6k. n. s. The handle of a beetle. Sjrenser. BE ETRAVE. beet'-rave. ) . , , BE ETRADISH.beet'-rad-lsM 71, * P BE EVES, beevz. n. s. [The p&rai of bee/.] Black eatile ; oxen. Milton. To BEFALL, be-fawl'. v . a. [bepeallan, Sax.] To happen to. Shakspeare. To happen to, as good or neutral. Bacon. To BEFA LL, be-fawl'. v. n. To happen ; to come to pass. — To be/all 0/ To become of; to be the state or condition of: a phrase litde used. To BEFI T. be-fh'. v. a. To suit; to become. Shak. To BEFO AM*, be-fome'. v.a. To cover with foam. Eiisden. To BEFO OL, be-fool'. Mountagu. BEFORE §. be-fore', prep, [bepopan, Sax.] Far- ther onward. Dryden. In the iront of. Milton. In the presence of. Dryden. In sight of. Shak. Un- der the cognizance of. Aylifre. In the power of. Milton, By the impulse of something behind. Shak. Preceding in time. Dryden. In preference to. Hooker. Prior to. Superiour to. BEFO RE, he-ibre'. ad. Sooner than. Milion. In time past. Dryden. In some time lately past. Hale. Previously to. Swift. To this time. HiUierto. Dryden. Already." Dryden. Farther onward in place. Shakspeare. BEFO REHAND, be-fbre'-hand. ad. In a state of anticipation. Hudibras. Previously; by way of f reparation. Hooker. Antecedently. Atter'ury. n a state of accumulation. Bacon. At first. L' Estrange. BEFO RETLME, be-fbre'-dme. ad. Formerly. 1 Samuel. ToBEFORTUNE, be-fdr'-tshune. 461. v.n. To haopen to. SJiakspeare. To BEFO UL, be-f6ul'. 0. a. [bepylan, Sax.] To soil. To BEFRIEND, be-frend'. v. a. To favour; to be kind to. Shakspeare. To BEFRI NGE. be-frinje'. v. a. To decorate with fringes. Fuller. To BEG §. beg. o. n. [beggeren. Germ.] To live upon aims. Luki. xvi. To BEG, beg. v.a. To ask. Mattheic, xxvii. To take anv thing" for granted. Burnet. To BEGE T }, be-get . 0. a. begot, or begat, [be^e-- tan. Sax.] To generate ; to procreate. Spenser. To produce, as elects. Shak. To produce, as ac- cidents. Denham. BEGE TTER, be-get'-tur. 98. n. s. He that procre- ates. Dnden. BE GGABLE* beg'-ga-bl. a. What mav be begged. Butler. BE GGAR. beg'-gur. 418. n. s. One who lives upon alms. Sam. A petitioner. Dryden. One who as- sumes what he does not prove. Tillotson. To BEGGAR, beg -gur. v.a. To reduce to begga- ry. Shak. To deprive. Shak. To exhaust. Sliak. To drive bv impoverishing. Bolinsrbroke. BEGGAR-MAID*,^ beg -gur-made. n.s. A maid who is a beggar, Shakspeare. BE GGAR-MAN*. beg -gur-man. n. s. A man who is a besrsrar. Shakspeare. BE GGAR -WOMAN*. beg'-g&r-wfim-fin. n.s. She who is a bes"°:ar. SJiakspeare. BE GGARLLNESS, beg'-gfir-le-nes. n.s. Mean- ness; povertv. Barret. BE GGARLY. be°;'-2rur-le. a. Mean ; poor. Sliak. BE GGARLY, blg'-gur-le. ad. Meanly. Hooker. BE GGARY. besr'-gur-e. n. s. Indigence. Sidney. BEGI LT*. be-glir. part. a. Gilded. B. Jonson. To BEGI N§, be-gln'. v.n. I began, or begun; I have begun, [bexmnan, SaxJ To enter upon something new. Bp. Taylor. To commence any action. Ezekid, ix. 'Jo enter upon existence. Dryden. To have its original. Blarkmere. To take rise ; to commence. Dryden. To come : rto act. Drvden. To BEGIN, be-gln'. v.a. To do the first act of anv thing. Pope. To trace from, as the first ground Locke. To enter upon. Government 0/ the Tongue. BEGI N*, be-gm'. n. s. For beginning. Spenser. Ob. T. BEGINNER,be-g?n'-nur. 95. n.s. He that gives the first cause. Spenser. An unexperienced at I tempter. Sidney. BEGI NNLNG, be-gin'-nlng. 410. n.s. The first orig i inal or cause. Swi/t. The entrance into act. or being. Genesis, i. The state in which any thing I first is. Denham. The rudiments, or first grounds. ! Drvden. The first part of any thing. "Broome. BEGI NNLNGLESS*, be-gln'-ning-les. a. What 1 hath no beginning. Barrow. ! To BEGI RD, be-gerd'. 160. v.a. I begirt, or begird- I ed. [be^ypban, Sax.] To bind with a girdle. To i surround. Milton. To shut in with a siege. Clar- I endon. \ To BEGIRT, be-gert'. v. a. To begird. B. Jonson. \BE GLERBEG, beg'-ler-beg. n.s. [Turkish.] The chief governour of a province among the I Turks. Riantd. IToBEGNAW. be-naw'. v.a. [be£na£an, Sax.] To bite ; to eat away. Shakspeare. BEGO NE, be-gdn'. iiuerj. Go away; hence; haste away. Chancer. BEGO RED*, be-g6rd'. part. a. Smeared with gore. Spenser. BEGOT, be-got'. ) The participle pas- BEGO TTEN, be-gOt'-tn. 103. 5 site of the verb j beget. Ecclus. via. ! To BE GRATE*, be-grave'. v. a To burv. Gower. To engrave , To BEGRE ASE, be-greze 7 . v. c \ with fat matter. Minsheu. ; ToBEGRIME, be-srrlme'. 160. v.a. To soil wkh dirt deep impressed. Crowley. j To BEGRU DGE*, be-gi-udje 7 Standard of Equality. \ To BEGLT LE, be-n'-ni. n.s. [Ital.] The deadly nightshade. BELLE, b£i. r..s. [beau, belle, Fr.] A smart young lady. Pope. BE'LLED*, beld. a. Having bells affixed to it. BELLES LETTRES, bef-la'-tur. n. s. [Fr.] Po- lite literature. Tatler. BE'LLIBONE, bel'-le-bone. n. s. [belle and bonne, Fr.] A woman excelling both in beauty and good- ness. Spenser. Ob. J. BELLFGERANT, bgl-lidje'-e-rant. 518. ? BELLFGEROUS, bel-lidjV-e-rus. 314, 518. ) a ' [belli gratis, Lat.] Waging war. Diet. To BELLFGERATE* bel-lidje'-e-rate. v.n. To make war. Cockeram. BELLFGERENT*, bel-tidje'-e-rSnt. a. Carrying on war. Ld . Chesterfield. BE'LLING., belMing. n.s. [bellan, Sax.] The noise of a roe, in rutiing time. Diet. BELLFPOTEINT, bel-lip'-po-tent. 518. a. [beUipo- tens, Lat.] Puissant ; mighty in war. Diet. BE'LLIQUE*, bel'-lik. a. (bellique, old Fr.] War- like ; martial. FeltJiam. BE'LLITUDE*, belMe-tude. n. s. [bellitudo, Lat.] Beauty. Cockeram. Ob. T. To BE'LLOW, belM6. 327. v. n. [bellan, Sax.] To make a noise as a bull. SJiak. To make any vio- lent outcry. Shak. To vociferate. Dryden. To roar as the sea. Spenser. BE'LLOW*, beT-16. n. s. Roar. BELLOWING*, belMo-fng. n.s. Loud noise ; roaring. Sir T. Herbert. BELLOWS, bel'-l&s. n. s. [balgs, balgeis, Goth.] The instrument used to blow the fire. Sidney. $$= The last syllable of this word, like that of gallows, is corrupted beyond recovery into the sound of lus. W. BE'LLUINE, bel'-lu-lne. 149. a. [belluinus, Lat.] Beastlv. Atterbury. BE'LLY$,belMe. 182. n.s. [balgs. Goth.] That Eart of the human body which reaches from the reast to the thighs, containing the bowels. Sliak. In beasts, thatpart of the body next the ground. Genesis, hi. The womb. SJiak. That part of man which requires food. Hayicard. The part of any tiling that swells out into a larger capacity. Bacon. Any place in which something is enclosed. Jonah, ii. To BE'LLY, bel'-le. v.n. To swell into a larger ca- pacitv. Manillas. ToBE'LLY* bel'-le. v. a. To fill; to swell out. Shakspeare. BE'LLYACHE, belMe-ake. 355. n. s. The cholick. Beaumont and Fletclier. BE'LLYBAND* bel'-le-band. n. s. The girth which fastens the saddle of a horse in harness. Sheneood. BE'LLYBOUND, belMe-b6und. a. Costive. BE'LLYCHEER* belMe-tsheer. n.s. Good cheer. Chaucer. BE'LLY-FRETTFNG, bel'-le-fret-ting. n.s. The chafing of a horse's belly with the foregirt. A great pain in a horse's belly, caused by worms. Diet. BE'LLYFUL, belMe-ful. n. s. As much food as fills the belly. BE'LLYGOD, beT-le-g6d. n.s. A glutton. Hake- will. BE'LLY-PFNCHED, b&Me-pintsht. a. Starved. Sluxkspeare. BE'LLYROLL, bel'-le-rc-le. n. s. A roll so called from entering into the hollows. Mortimer. EE'LLYSLAVE* bel'-le-slave. n. s. A slave to the appetites. Hjmily. BE'LLYTIMBER, beT-le-tlm-bur. n. s. Food. Hu- dibras. BELLYWORM, belMe-wurm. n. s. A worm that breeds in the belly. Ray. BE'LMAN, b£i y -man. 88. n. s. He whose business it is to proclaim anything, and to gain attention by ringing his bell. Shakspeare. BE'LMETAL beF-met-tl. 405. n. s. The metal of which bells are made ; being a mixture of five parts copper with one of pewter. Bacon. To BEL(yCK, be-lok'. v. a. [belocen, Sax.] To fasten with a lock. Gower. BE'LOMANCY, bel'-lc-man-se. n. s. [from/3Ao? and uavrtia.] Divination by arrows. Broun. To BELONG §, be-lbng'. v. n. [belangen, Dutch.] To be the property of. Ruth, ii. To be the province or business of. Shak. To adhere to. St. Luke, ix. To have relation to. 1 Sam. xxx. To be the qual- ity of. Cheyne. BELONGING* be-l6ng'-mg. n. s. Quality. Shak. To BELO'VE*, be-hV. v. a. To love. Ob. T. BELO'VED, be-luv'-ed. part. Loved ; dear. Shak. 33° This word, when an adjective, is usually pronounced in three syllables, as, a beloved son ; and when a parti ciple in two. as, he was much beloved. See Principles No. 362. W. BELO'W, be-hV. prep. Under in place, time, or dig- nity. Shak. Inferiour excellence. Felton. Unwor- thy of. Dryden. BELO'W, be-kV. ad. In the lower place. Bacon. On earth. Smith. In hell. Dryden. To BELO'WT, be-ldut'. v. a. To treat with ODr.ro- brious language. Camden. Ob. J. BE'LRDJGER*, beF-ring-ur. n. s. He who rings bells. Bale. BELSWA'GGER, bel-swag'-gur. n. s. A whore- master. Dryden. BELT§, belt. n.s. [belt, Sax.] A girdle. Shakspeare. To BELT*, belt. v. a. To encircle. Warton. BE'L WETHER, bel'-weTH-ur. n. s. A sheep which leads the flock with a Dell on his neck. Spenser. To BELY'. See To Bfxie. BE' MA*, be'-ma. n. s. [/3»?//a.] Chancel. Sir G. Wlxeler. To BEMAT), be-mad'. v. a. To make mad. SJiak. To BEMA'NGLE^be-mang'-gl. v. a. To tear asun der. Beaumont. To BEMA'SK^be-mask'. v. a. To hide ; to conceal. Shelton. To BEMA'ZE*, be-maze'. v. a. To bewilder. Ccw per. To BEME'TE*, be-mete'. v. a. To measure. Shak. To BEiMPlNGLE*, be-mfn'-gl. v. a. To mix. Mirror for Magistrates. To BEMFRE, be-mW. v. a. To drag in the mire. Bp. Taylor. To BEMFST*, be-mlst'. v. a. To cover as with a mist. Feltham. To BEMO'AN^e-mc-ne'. v. a. [bemaenan, Sax.] To lament. Job, xlii. BEMO'ANABLE*, be-mo-ne'-a-bl. a. That which may be lamented. Sherwood. BEMO'ANER, be-m6'-nur. 98. n. s. A lamenter. BEIMO'ANFNG* be-mone'-lng. n. s. Lamentation, Bp. Hall. To BEMO'CK, be-mok'. v. a. To treat with mocks Shakspeare. To BEMO'CK at*, v. n. To laugh at. Shakspeare. To BEMO'IL, be-moll'. v. a. [be and moil, from mouiller, Fr.] To bemire. Shakspeare. To BEMCNSTER, be-mons'-tur. v. a. To make monstrous. Shakspeare. To BEMO / URN* ! be-m6rne / .r.a. [bimop.nan 7 Sax.] To weep over. Wicliffe. BEMU'SED, be-muz'oY. 359. a. Overcome with musing. Pope. BEjN*. [Sax.] Used for are, been, and to be. BENCH $, bensh, 352. n. s. [bene, Sax.] A seat, dis- tinguished from a stool by its greater length. Spen- ser. A seat of justice. Sliak. The persons sitting on a bench. Dryden. To BENCH, bensh. v. a. To furnish with benches. Dryden. To seat upon a bench. Shaksjxare. BE/NCIfl^beV-shur. 98. n. s. Those gentlemen of the inns of court are called benchers, who have been readers. Blount. The alderman of a corporation. Ashnole. A judge ; one who sits on the bench of justice. Shakspeare. To BEND§, bend. v. a. pret. bended or bent; part, pass, bended, or bent, [benban, Sax.] To make crooked. Dryden. To direct to a certain point. Shak. Pope. To apply to a certain purpose. 132 BEN BEQ -n6, move, nor, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 611 ; — pound ; — thin, mis. Hooker. To put any thing- in order for use. Shak. To incline. Pope. To bow. Shak. To subdue. To BEND, bend. v. n. To be incurvated. Sandys. To lean or jut ever. Shak. To resolve. Dryden. To be submissive. Isaiali, lx. 3END, bend. n. s. Flexure. Sliak. The crooked Umbers which make the ribs or sides of a ship. Skinner. [With heralds.] One of the eight honoura- ble ordinaries, containing a fifth when uncharged ; but when charged, a third part of the escutcheon. Harris. BEND*, b^nd. n. s. A band or company. Spenser. BEND*, bend. n. s. A provincialism for bent. Fletcher. BE'NDABLE, ben-dii-bl. 405. a. That may be in- curvated. Sherwood. BE'NDER.beV-dur. n. s. 98. He who bends. Spen- ser. The instrument witn which any thing is bent. Wilfcins. The muscles called benders. BE'NDLET* bend'-let. n. s. [In heraldry.] The diminutive of bend. Diet. BE'NDWTTH, Und'-wV.h. n. s. An herb. Diet. EENE'APED, be-nept'. 352. a. [from neap.] A ship is said to be beneaped, when the water does not flow high enough to bring her off the ground. Diet. BENE'ATH, be-neTHe 7 . prep. [beneoS, Sax.] Un- der 5 lower in place. Dryden. Under, as over- whelmed by some pressure. Shak. Lower in rank. Locke. Unworthy of. Atterbunf. BENEATH, be-neTHe'. 467. ad. In a lower place. Amos, ii. Below, as opposed to heaven. Exodus, xx. BENEDICT, ben'-e-dlkt. a. [benedktus, Lat.] Hav- ing mild and salubrious qualities. Bacon. BENEDICTINE*, ben-e-dik'-tm. n. s. A monk of the order of St. Benedict. Ld. Herbert. BENEDICTINE* ben-e-dlk'-tfn. a. Belonging to the order of St. Benedict. Weerer. BENEDI'CTION, ben-e-dnY-shim. n. s. Blessing. Sliak. The advantage conferred by blessing. Bacon. Thanks. Milton. The form of instituting an abbot. Ayliff'e. BENEFACTION §, ben-e-fak'-shun. n. s. [benefacio, Lat.] The act of conferring a benefit. The benefit conferred. Atterbury. BENEFACTOR, beh-e-fak 7 -tur. 166. n. s. He that confers a benefit. Milton. BENEFACTRESS, hen-e-fak'-tres. n.s. A woman who confers a benefit. Delany. BENEFICE $, ben'-e-fls. 142. n. s. Advantage confer- red on another. This word is generally taken for all ecclesiastical livings. Cowel. In the feudal lan- guage, an emolument and a duty; or, generally speaking, benefit. BENEFICED ^en'-e-flst. 352. a. Possessed of church preferment. Ayliffe. BENE'FICENCE§, be-ngf-e-sense. n. s. Active goodness. Dryden. BENE'FICENT, be-nef-e-sent. a. Kind; doing good. Hale. BENEFICENTLY*, be-nef -e-sent-le. ad. In a be- neficent manner. BE 7 NEFICELESS*, beV-e-fls-les. a. Having no benefice. Sheldon. BENEFICIAL, ben-6-ffsh'-al. a. Advantageous. Hooker. Helpful ; medicinal. Arbuthnot. BENEFICIAL, ben-e-flsh'-al. n. s. A benefice. Spenser. BENEFICIALLY, ben-e-flsh 7 -al-le. ad. Advanta- geously. Pownall. BENEFICIALNESS, ben-e-flsh'-al-nes. n. s. Use- fulness. Hale. BENEFICIARY, ben-e-f?sh 7 -ya-re. 113. a. Holding something in subordination to another. Bacon. BENEFICIARY, ben-e-flsh'-ya-re. 113. n. s. He that is in possession of a benefice. Ayliffe. A per- son benefited by another. Fell. BENEFICIENCY* bln-e-flsh'-fin-se. n. s. Kind- ness. Broion. BENEFIT §, ben'-e-flt. n. s. [beneficium, Lat.] A kindness. SJiak. Advantage. Wisdom. [In law.] Benefit of clergy is an ancient liberty of the church, when a priest, or one within orders, is arraigned of felony before a secular judge, he may pray his 11 clergy ; that is, pray to be delivered to his ordina ry ; Dut this law is now much altered. Cowel. To BE'NEFIT, ben 7 -e-fit. v. a. To do good to Shakspeare. To BENEFIT, ben'-e-fit. v. n. To gain advantage. Milton. To BENECROE*, be-ne 7 -gr6. v. a. [be and negro ] To make extremely dark. Heivyt. To BENE 7 ME*, or BENE'MPNE*, v. a. [be ?,nd nemjme.] To name ; to pronounce. Spenser. To £rovnise ; to give. Spenser. Ob. T. NEPLACfrURE* ben-e-plas'-se-ishure. n. s. [beneplacitum, Lat.] Will; choice. Glanville To BENE 7 T, be-net 7 . v. a. [from net.] To ensnare. Shakspeare. BENE'VOLENCE §, be-nev 7 -v6-lense. n. s. \benevo- lentia, Lat.] Disposition to do good. Shak. The good done. A kind of tax, devised by Edward IV. and abolished by Richard III. Bacon. BENE 7 VOLENT, be-nev 7 -v6-lent. a. Kind; having good will. Pope. BENE'VOLENTLY*, be-nev'-vo-lent-le. ad. In a kind manner. BENE'VOLENTNESS, be-neV-v6-lent-nes. n. s. Benevolence. BENE 7 VOLOUS*, be-neV-v6-lus. a. Kind ; friendly. Puller. BENGA'L, ben-gall', n. s. [from Bengal in the East Indies.] A sort of thin slight stuff, made of silk and hair, for women's apparel. To BENFGHT, be-nlte 7 . v. a. To involve in dark- ness. Milton. To surprise with the coming on of night. Sidney. To deoar from intellectual light. Dryden. BENPGNS, be-nlne 7 . 385. a. [benignns, Lat.] Kind; generous. Milton. Wholesome. Arbuthnot. BENFGNANT*, be-n!g 7 -nant. a. Kind; gracious. Maiden's Wish. BENFGNITY, be-n?g 7 -ne-te. n. s. Graciousness. Brown. Actual kindness. Hooker. Salubrity Wiseman. BENFGNLY, be-nlneMe. ad. Favourably. Waller. BE NISON, ben'-ne-zn. 170, 443. n. s. [benicon, old Fr.J Blessing ; benediction. Shakspeare. Ob. J. BE'NJAMIN, ben'-ja-mk. n. s. A plant. Milton. BEWA3HN, ben'^a-mk. n. s. A gum. BE 7 NNET, ben'-net. 99. n. s. An herb. BENT, bent. n. s. The state of being bent. Walton. Degree of flexure. Bp. Wilkins. Declivity. Dry ■ den. Utmost power. Shak. Application of the mind. Locke. Inclination. Spenser. Determina tion. Hooker. Turn of the temper, or disposition. Sluik. Tendency. Locke. A species of grass. Drayton. BE'NTING Time, beV-tlng-dme. The time when pigeons feed on bents, before peas are ripe. Dryden. To BENUM§, be-nfim 7 . v. a. [benurcen, Sax.] To make torpid. Fairfax. To stupify. Dryden. BENU'MMEDNES'S*, be-num'-med-nes. n. s. The state of being ^benummed. Smith. BENZOTN, ben-zSm 7 . n. s. A medicinal resin im ported from the East Indies, vulgarly called benja min. Boyle. To BEPATNT, be-pant'. v. a. To cover with paint. Shakspeare. To BEPA'LE^be-pale'. v. a. To make pale. Carew. To BEPFNCH, be-pinsh 7 . v. a. To mark with pinches. Chapman. To BEPOWDER*, be-pou 7 -dur. v. a. To dress out ; to powder. Search. To BEPR A'ISE*, be-praze 7 . v. a. To praise greatly, hyperbolically. Goldsmith. To BEPURPLE*, be-pur 7 -pl. v. a. To render of a purple colour. Dudley Digges. To KEQUE 7 ATH$, be-kweiW. 467. v. a. [becpa* San Sax.] To leave by will to another. Sidney. BEQUE'ATHER* be-kweTHe 7 -ar. n. s. A testator. Huloet. BEQUF/ATHMENT, be-kweTHe'-men, n. s. A legacy. Diet. BEQUEST. be-kwest 7 . 334, 414. n. s. A legacy Hale. 133 BES BES \TT 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat ;— me, met ;— pine, p?n 5- 7b BERA'IN*, be-rane'. v. a. To rain upon. Chau- cer. Ob. T. To BERA'TTLE, be -rat'-tl. v. a. To fill with noise. Sliakspeare. To BERA'Y*, be-ra'. v. a. To foul ; to soil. Milton. BE'RBERRY, bar'-ber-re. 555. n. s. [berbens.] A berry of a sharp taste, used for pickles. Bacon. BERE*, beer. n. s. [bepe, Sax.] Barley. Huloet. To BERE'AVE^be-reve'. v. a. pret. I bereaved, or bereft, part, bereft, [bepeapian, Sax.] To strip of; to deprive of. Sliak. To take away from. Slink. BERE'AVEMENT, be-reve'-ment. n. s. Depriva- tion. Diet. BERE'FT, be-reTt'. part. pass, of bereave. Dry den. BERG. See Burrow. BE'RGAMOT, ber'-ga-m&t. n. s. [bergamotte, Fr.] A sort of pear. A sort of essence, or perfume, drawn from a fruit produced by ingrafting a lemon tree on a bergamot pear stock. A sort of snuff. BE'RGERET*, ber'-je-ret. n. s. [bergerette, Fr.] A song. Chaucer. Ob. T. BE'RGMASTER, berg'-ma-stur. n. s. [bep^, Sax. and master.'] The bailiff, or chief officer, among the Derbyshire miners. BE'RGMOTE, berg'-mote. n. s. [beji£ and mote, Sax.] A court held upon a hill among the Derby- shire miners. Blount. To BERHY'ME^e-rime'. v. a. To mention in rhyme. Sliakspeare. BERLI'N, ber-hV. n. s. [fr. Berlin, where they were first made.] A coach of a particular form. Swift. To BERO'B^e-rob'. v. a. [birauban, Goth.] To rob ; to plunder. Spenser. , BE'RRY^beV-re. n. s. [bepi£, Sax.] Any small fruit, with many seeds or stones. Spenser. A hil- lock; a mound. A corruption of barrow. W. Browne. To BE'RRY, ber'-re. v. n. To bear berries. BERT, bert. [beopfc, Sax.] Bright. Gibson. BERTH. See Birth. BE'RTRAM, ber'-tram. 88. n. s. Bastard pellitory. BE'RYL, ber'-rll. n. s. [beryllus, Lat.] A kind of precious stone. Milton. To BESA'INT*, be-sant'. v. a. To make a saint of. Hammond. To BESCA'TTER*, be-skat'-tur. v. a. To throw loosely over. Spenser. To BESCO'RN*, be-skSrn'. 0. a. To mock at. Chau. To BESCRA'TCH*, be-skratsk'. v. a. To tear with the nails. Chaucer. To BESCRAWL*, be-skrawl'. v. a. To scribble over. Milton. To BESCRE'EN, be-skreen'. v. a. To cover with a screen. Shakspeare. To BESCRFBBLE*, be-skrnV-bl. v. a. To write on. Milton. To BESCIFMBER*, be-skum'-bur. v. a. To load with something useless. B. Jonson. To BESE'ES*, be-see'. v. n. part, beseen. [hereon, SaxJ To look ; to mind. Wicliffe. To BESE'ECH^, be-seetsh'. v. a. pret. I besought, I have besought, [recan, Sax.] To entreat. Slmk. To bee. Milton. BESEECH*, be-seetsh'. n. s. Request. Beaumont and Fletcher. BESE'ECHER*, be-seetsh'-ur. n. s. He who makes request. Shakspeare. To BESE'EK/^be-seek'. v. a. [recan, Sax.] To re- quest; to beseech. Cliaucer. ToBESE'EMS, be-seem'. v. a. [beziemen, Dutch.] To become ; to befit. Hooker. BESE'EMING*, be-seem'-mg. n. s. Comeliness. Barret. BESE'EMLY*, be-seem'-le. a. Fit; becoming. Shmstone. BESE'EN, be-seen'. fart. Adapted; adjusted. Spenser. To BESE'T, be-set'. v. a. [bersefean, Sax.] To be- siege. Shak. To waylay. Shak. To embarrass. Sliakspeare. To fall upon. Spenser. To BESHI'NE*, be-shine'. v. n. To shine upon. Cliaucer. To BESHRE'W, be-shroS'. v. a. [beryjiepian, Sax.] Gower. To wish a curse to. Dryden. To happen ill to. Shakspeare To BESHU'T*, be-slnV. v a. To shut up. Cliaucer Ob. T. BESFDE, be-slde'. \ prep. At the side of another BESPDES, be-sldes'. $ Fairfax. Over and above. Sir J. Dames. Not according to, though not con- trary. Bp. Bramlvall. Out of. Shakspeare. BESPDE, be-slde 7 . )ad. More than that. Shak. BESPDES, be-sldes 7 . $ Not in this number. Genesis, xix. Except. Decay of Christian Piety. BESI/DERY, be-sK-dre. n. s. A species of pear. To BESFEGE §, be-seeje'. v. a. [from siege.] To be- leaguer; to lay siege to. Deuteronomy, xxviii. BESIEGER, be-see 7 -jur. 98. n. s. One employed in 3. sicCTG. Stvift, To BESPT*, be-sft'. v. a. To suit; to become Spenser. Ob. T. To BE'SLAVE^be-slave 7 . v. a. To subjugate. Hall. To BESLFME*, be-slhne'. v. a. To soil ; to dawb B. Jonson. To BESLU'BBER, be-slfib'-bur. v. a. To dawb. Shakspeare. ToBESME'ARS, be-smeer'. v. a. To bedawb. Spenser. To soil. Shakspeare. BESME'ARER*, be-smeer'-ur. n. s. He which soils or besmears any thing. Slierwood. To BESMPRCH, be-smertsh/. v. a. To soil ; to dis- colour. Shakspeare. Ob. J. To BESMO'KE, be-smoke'. v. a. To foul with smoke. To harden or dry in smoke. To BESMU'T, be-smut'. v. a. [bismaii, Goth.] To soil With smoke or soot. To BESNO'W*, be-sno 7 . v. a. [bernipeb, Sax.] To scatter like snow. Goiver. BESNU'FFED*, be-snuft'. a. Smeared with snuff. Young. BE'SOM, be'-zum. n. s. [berm, Sax.] An instrument to sweep with. Bacon. To BESO'RT§, bfe-sdrt'. v. a. To suit; to fit. Shak. BESO'RT, be-s6rt-'. n. s. Company ; train. Shak. roBESO'TG, be-sot'. v. a. To infatuate. Milton. To make to doat. Shakspeare. BESO'TTEDLY*, be-sot'-ted-le. ad. In a foolish, besotted manner. Milton. BESO'TTEDNESS*, be-sot'-tgd-nes. n. s. Stupid- ity; infatuation. Milton. BESO'UGHT, be-sawt'. part, passive of beseech. To BESPA'NGLE, be-spang'-gl. v. a. To adorn with spangles. Pope. To BESPA'TTER, be-spat'-tur. v. a. To soil by throwing filth. Government oftlie Tongue. To as- perse with reproach. Swift. To BESPA 7 WL, be-spawl'. v. a. To daub with spit- tle. Milton. To BESPE'AK §, be-speek'. v.a. bespoke, or bespoke ; I have bespoke, or bespoken. To order beforehand. Shak. To make way by a previous apology. Dryden. To forebode. Sivifl. To speak to; to address. Spenser. To betoken; to show. Addi. BESPE'AKER, be-spee'-kur. n. s. He that bespeaks any thing. Wotton. To BESPE'CKLE, be-speV-kl. v. a. To mark with speckles. Milton. To BESPE'T*, be-spet'.u.a. To daub with spittle Chancer. Ob. T. To BESPE'W , be-spu'. v. a. To daub with spew or vomit. To BESPPCE, be-splse'. v. a. To season with spices. Shakspeare. To BESPPT, be-spn 7 . v.a. To daub with spittle. Wicliffe. To BESPO'T, be-sp6t / . v. a. To mark with spots. Bp. Rainbow. To BESPRE'AD, be-spred'. v. a. To spread over. Dryden. BESPRE'NT* be-sprSnt'.port. [berpnen£an ; Sax.j Besprinkled. Spenser. Milton. To BESPRPNKLE §, be-sprlnk'-kl. v. a. [bespren- Men, Dutch.] To sprinkle over. Dryden. BESPRPNKLER*, be-sprlnk'-lur. n. s. He thai sprinkles any thing. Sherwood. BET BEV — 116, m3ve, n6r, n&t ; —tube, tub, bull 5 -oil ;- -pound 3 — thm, THis. To BESPFRT*, or BESPU RT*, be-spurt'. v. a. To throw out scaUeringly. Milton. To BESPU'TTER, be-sput'-tur. v. a. To sputter over. BEST §, bht. a. The superlative from good, [bejt, Sax.] Most good; that which has good qualities ill the highest degree. 1 Samuel, viii. 7 lie best. The utmost power. S/ia/c. — To make the best. To improve to the utmost. Bacon. BEST, best, ad. In the highest degree of goodness. BEST is sometimes used in composition ; but in the following and similar words it is arbitrary : besl- heloved, best-betmst, best-conditioned, b:st-resolved, best-tempered. To BESTA'IN, be-stane'. v. a. To mark with stains. Shakspeare. To BESTE'AD, be-sted'. ». a. [from stead.] To profit. 3'Iilton. To treat; to accommodate. Isaiah, viii. To dispose. Spenser. BE'STIAL$, bes'-tshe-al. 464. a. Belonging to a beast. Dryden. Brutal. Sliakspeare. J)^=* This word is sometimes improperly pronounced with the e long, as if written beastial, whereas it comes di- 1 rectly from the French bestial ; and ought to be pro- nounced as if written best-yal, 272. " A hare, who, in a civil way, "Complied with ev'ry thing, like Gay, "Was known to all the bestial train " That haunt the woods or scour the plain." Gay. W. BESTIA'LITY, bes-tshe-al'-e-te. n. s. The quality of beasts. Arbuthnot. ToBE'STIALIZE*, bes'-tshe-al-lze. v. a. To make like a beast. Phil. Letters on Physiognomy. BESTIALLY, bes'-tshe-al-le. ad. Brutally. To BESTFCK, be-stlk'. v. a. To stick over with any thing. Milton. To BESTI'R, be-ster'. 109. To put into vigorous action. Milton. BE'STNESS*, best'-nes. n. s. The most excellent state. Bp. Mort.on. 7b BESTO'RM*, be-stSrm'. v.n. To rage. Young. XbBESTO'W§, be-st6'. v. a. [bej-tanban, Sax.], To give. Sidney. Sometimes with to. Clarendon, i To give as charity or bounty. Hooker. To give in marriage. Sliak. To give as a present. Dryden. To apply. Swift. To lay out upon. Deut. xiv. To lay up. 2 Kings, v. BESTO'WAL*, be-st6'-al. n. s. Disposal. BESTO'WER, be-sto'-ur. 98. n. s. Giver. Stilling. To BESTRA'DDLE*, be-strad'-dl. v. a. See To RfSTR TDK BESTRA'UGHT, be-strawt'. part. Distracted; mad. Shakspeare. To BESTPJS'W, be-str6'. v. a. [bej-tpy peb, Sax.] To sprinkle over. Milton. To BESTRFDE, be-strlde'. v. a. Ibestrid; I have bestrid, or bestridden, [bertpiban, Sax.] To stride over any thing. Shak. To step over. Shak. To ride on. Shakspeare. To BESTU'D, be-stud'. v. a. To adorn with studs. Draijton. To BESWFKE*, be-swlke'. v. a. [berpican, Sax.] To allure. Goioer. BET §, bet. n. s. [peb, Sax.] A wager. Pnor. To BET, bet. v. a. To wager. Shakspeare. BET. The old preterit of beat. Bacon. To BETA'KE, be-take'. v. a. pret. I betook ; part, pass, betaken, [betsecan, Sax.] To commit, or in- trust, or deliver. Spenser. To have recourse to. Hooker. To apply. Dryden. To move; to re- move. Spenser. BETA'UGHT* be-tawt'. pret. of betake. Chaucer. Ob.T. To BETE^M, be-teem'. v. a. To bring forth. Spen. BE'TEL*, be'-tl. n. s. An Indian shrub. Sir. T. Herbert. To BETHFNK§,be-^?nk'. v. a. I bethought ; I have bethauo-ht. To recall to reflection. Sidney. To BETHFNK*, bh-thhk'. v. n. To consider. Spenser. BE'THLEHEM §, beW-le-em. n. s. [See Bedlam.] An hospital for lunaticks. BE'THLEHEMITE, b&A'-le-em-lte. n. s. A iuna- tick. To BETHRA'L, be-^ralh 406. v. a. To enslave Spenser. To BETHU'MP, be-^ump'. v. a. To beat. Shak. To BETl'DE §* be-tlde'. v. a. pret. It betided, or be- tid; part. pass, betid, and betiglit. [tib, Sax.] To happen to; to befall. Spenser. To BETID'E, be-tlde'. v. n. To come to pass. Spenser. To become. Shakspeare. BETFME, be-time'. ? ad. Seasonably. Shak. Soon. BETFMES, be-tlmz'. £ Spenser. Early in the day. Shakspeare. BE'TLE, be'-tl. )n.s. A plant called water pen- BE'TRE, be'-tr. \ per. To BETO'KEN, be-to'-kn. v. a. To signify. Hooka- To foreshow. Thomson. BE'TONY, bet'-t6-ne. n. s. [belonica, Lat.] A plant, greatly esteemed as a vulnerary herb. BETG'RN*, be-torn'. part. a. Violently separated. Sackville. To BETO'SS, be-t6s'. v. a. To disturb. Shak. To toss into the air. Shelton. To RETRA'P*, be-trap'. v. a. To ensnare. Occleve. Cb. T. TbBETRA'YS, be-tra'. v. a. [betpo£an, Sax.] To give into the hands of enemies by treachery. 1 Chron. xii. To discover that which has been in- trusted to secrecy. To expose to evil by revealing something intrusted. Milton. To make known something that were better concealed. Watts. To make liable to fall into an inconvenience. King Charles. To show; to discover. Milton. BETRA'YER, be-tra'-fir. n. s. A traitor. Hooker. To BETRI'M, be-trlm'. v. a. To deck; to dress Shakspeare. To BETRO'TH§, be-tr&W. v. a. [betrowen, Dutch.] To contract to any one, in order to marriage. Spenser. To have as affianced by premise of mar riage. To nominate to a bishoprick, in order to consecration. Ayliffe. BETRO'THMENT*, be-tro^'-m^nt. n. s. The act of betrothing. Exposition of the Canticles, (1585.) To BETRU'ST, be-trust'. v. a. To intrust. Bp. Hall. BETT*, bet. ad. [bet, Sax.] The old English word for better. Chaucer. BE'TTER $, bet'-tur. 98. a. The comparative of good. [befcepa, Sax.] Shakspeare. The BETTER. The superiority. Sidney. Im- provement. Dryden. BE'TTER, bet'-tur. ad. Well, in a greater degree. Hosea, ii. More. Abp. Sancroft. To BE'TTER, bet'-tur. v. a. To improve. Hooker. To surpass. Hooker. To advance ; to support. Bacon. BE'TTER, bet'-tur. n. s. Superiour. Hooker. BE'TTERING*, bet'-tur-ing. n. s. The act of im- proving. BETTING*, bet'-rfng. n. s. Proposing a wager. Sherwood. BE'TTOR, bet'-tur. 166. n. s. One that lays wa- gers. Addison. BE'TTY, bet'-te. n. s. A small engine to force opera the doors of houses. Arbuthnot. BETU'MBLED*, be-t&m'-bld. part. a. Disordered 3. rolled about. Shakspeare. BETWE'EN, be-tween'. prep, [betpeonan, Sax.] In the intermediate space. Pope. From one to another. Bacon. Belonging to two in partnership, Locke. Bearing relation to two. South. Noting - difference of one from the other. Locke. BETWFXT,be-twlkst'.p'^. [befcpyx, Sax.] In the midst of two. Milton. From one to another. Shak* BE'VEL, or BE'VIL, bev'-ll. 99. n. s. [In masonry and joinery.] A kind of square, movable on a cen- tre, and so may be set to any angle. Builder 's Diet. To BE'VEL, bev'-il. v. a. To cut to a bevel angle. Moxon. BE'VER. See Beaver. BE'VER§*, bev'-ur. n. s. [bevere, Ital. to drink.} A refreshment between meals. B. Jonson. To BE'VER*, bev'-ur. v.n. To partake of a bevei\ Brewer. 135 BEZ BIG flCT 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat ;— me, met 5— pine, pin ;- BE 7 VERAGE, bev 7 -ur-idje. 90, 555. n. s. Drink. ShaJcspeare. BE 7 VY, bev 7 -e. n. 5. [Z>era, Ital.] A flock of birds. Cockeram. A company. Spc/iser. To BEWAIL y, be-wale 7 . v. a. To bemoan. Slutk. To BEWATL, be-wale 7 . v. n. To express grief. Shakspeare. BEWAILABLE*, be-wale'-a-bl. a. That which may be lamented. Sherwood. BEWAILING* be-wale '-Ins:, n. s. Lamentation. Raleigh. To BEWA 7 KE*, be-wake 7 . v. a. To keep awake. Gower. To BEWA'RE, be-ware'.u. n. To regard with cau- tion. Dryden. To BE WE'EP §. be-weep 7 . v. a. [bepepan, Sax.] To weep over. ShaJcspeare. To BE WE'EP*, be-weep 7 . u. n. To weep. SJmk. To BE WET, be- wet 7 , v. a. To wet. Titus An- dronicus. To BEWH0 7 RE*, be-hc^r 7 , or be-hore 7 . v. a. To corrupt with regard to chastity. Beaum. and Fl. To pronounce a whore. Shakspeare. To BEWILDER, be-wll'-dar. 515. v. a. To per- plex; to entangle. Dryden. To BEWFNTER*, be-wm'-tur. v. a. To make like winter. Cowley. To BEWFTCH §, be-wltsh 7 . v. a. To injure by witch- craft. Shakspeare. To charm. Sidney, b. ii. BEWFTCHER*, be-wltsh'-ur. n. s. One who be- witches. Stafford. BE WITCHERY, be-witsh'-ur-e. 555. n. s. Fascina- tion. South. BEWFTCHFUL*, be-wltsh'-ful. a. Alluring. Mil- ton. BE WITCHING* be-wltsh 7 -lng. n. s. The act of bewitching. SJierivood. BEWFTCHFNGLY*,be-wItsh 7 -mg-le.ad. In an al- luring manner. Hallywell. BEWITCHMENT, be-wltsh 7 -ment. n. s. Fascina- tion. ShaJcspeare. BEWO'NDERED*,be-wun / -d&rd paH.a. Amazed. Fairfax. To BE WR AT*, be-rap 7 . v. a. To cover over. Mir. for Magistrates. ToBEWRA'Y^be-ra'. 474. v. a. [pjietfan, Sax.] To betra}'. Spenser. To show ; to make visible. Sidney. BEWRA'YER, be-ra/-ar. n. s. Betrayer ; discover- er. Addison. To BEWRE'CK*, be-rek'. v, a. To ruin; to destroy. Mirror for Magistrates. BEWi'vO'UGHT*, be-rawt'. part. Worked. B. Jonson. BEY*, ba. n. s. [beg, Turkish.] A governour of a Turkish province Rycaut. BEYO'ND, be-yond 7 . prep, [be^eonb, Sax.] Be- fore. Pope. On the farther side of. Deut. xxx. Farther onward fhan. Herbert. Past; out of the reach of. Shak. Above ; proceeding to a greater degree than. Sidney. Above in excellence. Dry- den. Remote from. Dryden. — To go beyond is to deceive. Sidney. J£p There is a pronunciation of this word so obviously wrong as scarcely to deserve notice ; and that is sound- ing the like a, as if the word were written beyand. Absurd and corrupt as this pronunciation is, too many of the people of London, and those not entirely unedu- cated, are guilty of it. W. BEYO'ND*, be-yond 7 . ad. At a distance; yonder. Spenser. BEZA'NT*, or BESA'NT*, be-zant 7 . n. s. [besant, Fr.] The current coin of old Byzantium, which was of gold. BE 7 ZEL, I bezMl. n. s. That part of a ring in BE 7 ZIL, ) which the stone is fixed. BE 7 ZOAR §, be 7 -z6re. n. s. [pa, against, and zahar, poison, Persick.] A medicinal stone, formerly in high esteem as an antidote ; brought from the East ladies. Chambers. BEZOA 7 RDICK*, bez-o-ar^-dlk. a. Composed of bezoar. Student. BEZOA'RDICKS, bez-c--ar 7 -dlks. n. *. Medicines compounded with bezoar. Floyer. BEZOA 7 RTICAL*, b€7-6-ar 7 -te-kal. a Having the quality of an antidote. To BE'ZZLE §*. bSz'-zl. v. a. [besler, old Fr.] To waste in riot. Milton. BIA'NGULATED, bl-ang 7 -gu-la-ted. ; a. [Ww/s and BIAN'GULOUS, bl-ang'-gu-lfis. 1)6. $ wgulus, Lat.] Having two comers or angles. Did. BFASy, bl 7 -as. 88. n. s. [biais, Fr.] The weight lodged on one side of a bowl, which turns it from the straight line. Sliak. Any thing which turns a man to a particular course. Sliakspeare. Propen- sion ; inclination. Drn/den. To BFAS, bl 7 -as. v. a. To incline to some side. Sir R. Fanshaioe. BFAS-DR A WFNG*,bi 7 -as-draw-Ing.rc.s. Partiality. Shakspeare. BFASNESS*, bl 7 -as-n£s. n. s. Inclination to some side. BIB §, bib. n. s. A small piece of iinen put upon the breasts of children over their clothes. Beaumont and Fletclier. To BIB, bh.v.n. [bibo, Lat.] To tipple. Camden. BIBA'CIOUS, bl-ba'-shus. 118. a. [bibax, Lat.] Ad- dicted to drinking. Diet. §£r" Perhaps the first syllable of this word may be con- sidered as an exception to the general rule. J 17. W. BIBA 7 CITY, bl-bas 7 -e-te.n. s. The quality of drink- ing much. BFBBER, blb 7 -bfir. 98. n. s [bibe-on, Fr.] A tip- pler. Prov. xxiii. BIBBLE-BABBLE* blb'-bl-bab 7 bl. n. s. Prating 5 idle talk. Shakspeare. BFBLE §, bF-bl. 405. n. s. [BiBhov, a book ; called, by way of excellence, The Book.'] The sacred vol- ume in which are contained the revelations of God. Government of the Tongue. BFBLICAL*, bib 7 -le-kai. a. Relating to the Bible, Ahp. Newcome. BIBLIO'GRAPHER, blb-le-6g 7 -gra-iur. n. s. [0i0- Xd? and ypdcpu).'] A man skilled in the knowledge of books. Diet. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL*, bib-le-6-graf-e-kal. > BIBLIOGRATHICK*, bIb-le-6-graP-lk. $ ou Relating to the knowledge of books. BIBLIO'GRAPHYy*, bib-le-6g 7 -ra-fe. n. s. The science of a bibliographer. BIBLIOMANIA*, bIb-le-6-ma 7 -ne-a.n. s. [PtfXiov and fjiav'ia.'] The rage of possessing scarce or cu- rious books ; book-madness. BIBLIOMA'NIACK*, bib-le-6-ma 7 -ne-ak. n. s. He who is smitten with a rage for books. BIBLIO'POLIST*, bib-le-6p 7 -6-l?st. n. s. [pipXhv and iro}\tTvf\ A bookseller. BIBL10THE 7 CAL, bib-le-6>A 7 -e-kal. a. Belonging to a library. Diet. BIBLIOTHECARY*, b?b-le-6^ 7 -e-ka-re. n. 5. [pifiXlov and 6)'jKr].~] A librarian. Bp. Hall. BIBLIOTHEKE*, bib-le-6-//ieke 7 . n.s. A library. Bale. BFBULOUS, bib'-u-lus. 314. a. [bibulus, Lat.] Spungv. Thomson. BICATSULAR, bl-kap 7 -shu-lar. 118,552. a. [bicap- sularis, Lat.] Having the seed vessel divided into two parts. BICE, blse. n. s. The name of a colour used in painting. It is either green or blue. Peacham. BICIPITAL, bl-sjp 7 -e-tal. 118. ) a. [biceps, bicipitis, BICFPITOUS, bl-sip 7 -e-tus. \ Lat.] Having two beads. Brown. One of the muscles of the arm. Brown. To BACKER §, bfk'-kSr. 98. v. n. [bicre. Welsh.] To skirmish. Milton. To quiver. Thomson. BFCKERER, blk 7 -ur-ur. 555. n. s. A skirmisher, Shericood. BFCKERING* blk 7 -ur-lng. n. s. Quarrel; skir- mish. Sidney. BFCKERMENT*, blk 7 -ur-ment. n. s. Quarrel. Spenser. BFCKERN, bik 7 -kurn. n. s. 98,418. An iron end- ing- in a point. Moxon. 136 BIG BIL — 116, move, nSr, n6t 3 — tube, tub, bull ; — oil ; — pound ; — th'm, THis. BICO'RNE, bl'-kSrn. 118. ) a. [bicornis, Lat.J Hav- 1 BlCO'RNOFJS.bl-kcV-nus. \ ing two horns. Brown. I BICO'RPORAL, bi-kcr'-p6-ral. 118. a. [bicorpor, Lat.] Having- two bodies. To BID§, bid. w. a. pret. I bid, bad, bade, I have bid, or bidden, [bibban. Sax.] To desire. Sliakspeare. To command. Sliak. To offer. Sliak. To proclaim; to offer. Gay. To pronounce ; to declare. Shale. To denounce. Sliak. To pray. 2 St. John. To bid beads is to distinguish each bead by a prayer. Dryden. BI'DALE, bld'-al. n.s. [bid and ale.] An invitation of friends to drink at a poor mail's house, and there to contribute charity. Diet. BPDDEiSi, bld'-dn. 103. part. pass. Invited. Bacon. Commanded. Pope. BFDDER, bld'-dur. 98. n.s. One who offers or pro- poses a price ; a commander, a prescriber of laws. Addison. BPDDENG, bld'-dlng. 410. n. s. Command 5 order. Sliakspeare. The proposal of price for what is to be sold. To BIDE 6. bide. v. a. [biban, Sax.] To endure; to suffer. Slialcspeare. To BIDE, bide. v.n. To dwell. Milton. To remain in a place. Sliakspeare. To continue in a state. Romans, xi. BIDE'xNTAL, bl-den'-tal. 118. a. [bidens,Lzt.] Hav- ing- two teeth. Swift. BIDE T*, be-deV. n.s. [Fr.] A little horse. B. Jonson. BFDING, blading. 410. n.s. Residence; habitation. Rowe. BIENNIAL, bl-en'-ne-al. 116. a. [biennis, Lat.] Of the continuance of two years. Ray. BIF/iMNlALLY*, bi-en'-ne-al-le. ad. At the return of two years. BIER, beer. 275. n. s. [biere, Fr. a coffin.] A carriage on which the dead are carried to the grave. Spenser. BFER-BALK*, beer'-bawk. n. s. The church-road for burials, along which the corpse is carried. Homilies. BI'ESTJNG, bees'-fing. 275. n.s. [by-ptin^, Sax.] The first milk given by a cow after calving. B. Jonson. BIFA'RIOUS, bl-fa'-re-fis. a. [bifarius, Lat.] Two- fold. Diet. BFFEROUS,b?f / -fe-rus.533.a. [biferens ,Lat.] Bear- ing fruit twice a year. §£jT We see that the antepenultimate accent on this word, as well as on bigamy, and some others, has the power of shortening the vowel in the first syllable. 535. W. BFFID, bl'-ffd. 118. I 503, 535. a. [bifidus, BFFIDATED, bif-fe-da-ted. \ Lat.] Divided into two ; split into two. BI'FOLD, bl'-f6ld. a. [binns, Lat. and fold.] Two- fold; double. Sliakspeare. BFFORxM* bi'-form. a. [biformis, Lat.] Having a double form. Croxall. BIFO'RMED, bi'-f6rmd. 362. a. Compounded of two forms. BIFO'RMiTY*, bl-fcW-e-te. n. s. A double form. More. BIFRO'NTED*, bl-frunf-ed. a. [bifrons, Lat.] Hav- ing two fronts. B. Jonson. BIFURCATED, bl-fur'-ka-ted. 118. a. [binus and furca, Lat.] Shooting out, by a division, into two heads. Woodward. BIFURCATION, bl-fur-ka'-shun. n. s. Division into ! two. Brown. IUG§, big. a. [bug, Danish.] Having comparative bulk. Spect. Great in bulk. Locke. Teeming; pregnant. Baxon. Full of something. Addison. Distended. Sliakspeare. Great in air and mien. Spenser. Great in spirit. Sliakspeare. BIG*, big. n.s. A particular kind of barlev. To BIG*, blg.^r. a. [byS£an, Sax.] To build. BFGAM§*, blg'-am. n.s. One twice married. Bp. Peacock. BFGAMIST, blg'-ga-mlst. n. s. One that has com- mitted bigamy. AvliJ'e. BFGAMYjblg'-ga-me. 535, 503. n. s. [bigamia, low Lat.] The crime of having two wives at once Arbnthnot. BlGBE'LLFED.blg'-bgl-lld. 282. a. Pregnant. Sliak Having a large bellv, or protuberance. Bp. HalL BPGBONED*, big' -bind. a. Having large bones Sir T. Herbert. BPGCORNED*, blg^md. a. Having large grains. Dryden. BFGGlN, blg'-gln. n. s. [beguin, Fr.] A cap like one of those worn by children. Sliakspeare. A building, [byft^an, Sax.] BIGHT, bite. n.s. The circumference of a coil of rope. BPGLY, blg'-le. ad. Tumidly; haughtily. Dryden BFGNAMED*, bi'g'-namd. a. Having a great or famous name. Craslia.w. BPGNESS, biggies, n.s. Bulk. Bacon. Size. Newton. BFGOT§, blg'-gut. 166. n. s. [begutta, low Lat.] A man unreasonably devoted to a certain party a blind zealot. Bp. Taylor. BPGOT*, blg'-gfit. a. Bigoted. Dryden. BPGOTED, blg v -gut-ed. a. Irrationally zeaious. Garth. Tgf From what oddity I know not, this word is frequent- ly pronounced as if accented on the last syllable but one, and is generally found written as if it ought to be so pronounced, the t being doubled, as is usual when a. participle is formed from a verb that has its accent oa the last syllable. Dr. Johnson, indeed, has very judi- ciously set both orthography and pronunciation t® rights, and spells the word with one t. though he finds it with two in the quotations he gives us from Garth and Swift. That the former thought it might be pronounced with the accent on the second syllable, is highly pre- sumable from the use he makes of it, where be says, " Bigotted to this idol, we disclaim " Rest, health, and ease, for nothing but a name." For if we do not lay the accent on the second syllable, here the verse will be unpai-Jonably rugged. This mis- take must certainly take its ri*e from supposing a verb which does not exist, namely, as bigot ; but as this word is derived from a substantive, it ought to have the same accent ; thus, though the words ballot and billet are verbs as well as nouns, yet as they have the accent on the first syllable, the participial adjectives derived from them have only one t, and both are pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, as balloted, billeted. Bigoted, therefore, ought to have but one t, and to pre- serve the accent on the first syllable. W. BFGOTEDLY* blg'-gut-ed-le. a. Li the manner of inaciouslv. Blind zeal Watts. The practice or tenet of a bigot. Pope. BFGSOUNDING*, blg'-soiind-lng. a. Having a pompous sound. Bp. Hall. BPGSWOLN, blg'-sw6ln. a. Turgid ; ready to burst. Sliakspeare. B1G-UDDERED, blg'-ud-derd. a. Having large ud- ders. Pope. BPLANDER, bll'-an-dfir. 503. n.s. [belandre. Fr.] A small vessel of about eighty tons burden, used for the carriage of goods. Dryden. BPLBERRY, bll'-ber-re. ii.s. [bih£, Sax. and berry.] A small shrub ; and a sweet berry of that shrub; whortleberry. Sho.kspeare. BPLBO, b5r-b6. n. s. [from Bilboa.] A rapier 5 a sword. Sluikspeare. BPLBOES, biF-boze. 296. n. s. A sort of stocks, or wooden shackles for the feet, used for punishing of- fenders at sea. Slw.kspeo,re. BI'LBOQUE7^.bW-b6-kk. n.s. [Fr.] The toy called a cup and ball. BILE §, bile. n. s. [bills, Lat.] A thick, yellow, bitter liquor, separated in the liver, collected in the gal.- bladder, and discharged by the common duct, Quincy. BILE, bile. ?i. s. [bile, Sax.] A sore, angry swelling. Shakspeare. BILGE, bllje. 74. n. s. The compass or breadth of a ship's bottom. Skinner. To BILGE, bllje. 74. v. n. To spring a leak; to le' in water. Skinner. 137 a bigot ; pertin; BPGOTRY, blo-'-rfit-tre. 555. BIN BIR [CF559. — Fate, far, fall, fat; — me, met; — pine, pin; — BFL1ARY, bfl'-ya-rA 113. a. Belonging to the bile. Arbuthnot. BFLINGSGATE,blI'-lmgz-gate. n.s. [A cant word, borrowed from Bilingsgate in London, where there are frequent brawls and foul language.] Ribaldry; foul language. Pope. B1LINGUOUS, bl-lmg'-gwus. 118. a. [bilinguis, Lat.] Having or speaking two tongues. BILIOUS, bll'-yfts. 113. a. Consisting of bile. Garth. B I LIVE*, be-lhV. ad. The same as betive. 2'oBlLK$, bilk. v.a. [bilaikan, Goth.] To cheat; to deceive. Dryden. BILL §, bill. n. s. '[bile, Sax.] The beak of a fowl. Carew. BILL §, bill. n. s. [bille, Sax.] A hatchet with a hock- ed point. Temple. A battle-axe. Shakspeare. BILL ?, bill. n. s. [bille, Fr.] A written paper of any kind. Shakspeare. An account of money. Bacon. A law presented to the parliament, not yet made an act. Bacon. An act of parliament. Atterbury. A physician's prescription. Hudibras. An adver- tisement. Drijden. To BILL, bill. v. n. [bill, a beak.] To caress, as doves by joining bills. B. Jonson,. To BILL, bill. v. a. To publish by an advertisement. L' Estrange. BILLET, 'Wl'-lk. 99, 472, 481. n.s. [billet, French.] A small paper; a note. Clarendon. A ticket di- recting soldiers at what house to lodge. A small log of wood for the chimney. Digby. — Billet doux, or a soft billet ; a love letter. Pope. To BFLLET, bll'-lit. v. a. To direct a soldier by a ticket where he is to lodge. Shakspeare. To quar-. ter soldiers. Raleigh. Simply, to dispose ; to lodge. Land (Letter to him.) BFLLIARDS, bil'-yfirdz. 113. n. s. Without a singu- lar, [billard, Fr.] A game at which a bah is forced against another on a table. Shakspeare. j^lp Mr. Nares has very judiciously corrected a false ety- mology of Dr. Johnson in this word, whit' might eventually lead to a false pronunciation. I/;. Johnson derives it from ball and yard, or stick to push it with. So Spenser — " With dice, with cards, with billiards far unfit, ," With shuttle-cocks, unseeming manly wit." Spenser, says Mr. Nares, was probably misled, as well as the lexicographer, by a false notion of the etymology. The word, as well as the game, is French, billard, and made by the addition of a common termination, from bille, the term for the ball used in playing. W. BILLION*, bfr'-yun. n.s. [Fr.] A million of millions. Cotgrare. BILLOW §, blK-16. n.s. [bilge, Germ.] A wave swoln, and hollow. Spenser. To BILLOW, bll'16. v.n. To swell, or roll, as a wave. Prior. BILLOW-BEATEN*, biF-16-be-tn. a. Tossed by billows. Jordan. BFLLOWY, bfl'-lo-e. a. Swelling; turgid. Thomson. BILMAN* brV-man. n.~s. He who uses a bill. Mirror for Magistrates. BIN, bin. n. s. [binne, Sax.] A place where bread, or corn, or wine, is reposited. Mortimer. BIN*. The old worffor be and been. BINACLEf, bln'-a-kl. n.s. A sea term, meaning the compass box. BINARY ^bl'-na-re. 118.a. [Mnus,LaL] Two ; dual. BINARY*, bl'-na-re. n. s. The constitution of two. Fotherby. To BIND§, bind. v.a. pret. I bound ; particip. pass. bound, or bounden. [bmban,Sax.] To confine with oonds. Job, xli. To gird. Prov. xxx. To fasten to. Joshua. To fasten together. St. MattJmv, xiii. To connect closely. Gen. xliv. To cover a wound with dressings. St. Luke, x. To oblige by stipula- tion, or oath. Num. xxx. To compel. Shak. To oblige by kindness ; to confine. Shakspeare. To make costive. Bacon. To restrain. Felton. — To bind to. To oblige to serve some one. Dryden. To bind over. To oblige to make appearance. Addison. To BIND, blud. v.n. To contract its own parts to- gether. Mortimer. To make costive ; to be obli gatory. Hale. BIND,' bind. n.s. The stem of the hop, which is bound to the pole. Mortimer. BFNDER, blnd'-ur. 89. n. s. A man whose trade it is to bind books. A man that binds sheaves. Cliap- man. A fillet. Wiseman. An astringent. Beau mont and. Fletcher. BINDING, binding. 410. n. s. A bandage. Tatler The cover of a book. Donne. BFNDWEED, blnd'-weed. n.s. The name of a plant. Mortimer. BFNOCLE, bm'-n6-kl. 405. n. s. [hinus and oculus] A kind of telescope, fitted so with two tubes joining together in one, as that a distant object may be seen with both eyes together. Harris. §!!T The same reason appears for pronouncing the i m the first syllable of this word short as in bigamy. 535. W. BINOCULAR, bl-nok'-u-lur. 118, 88, 98. a. Having two eyes. Derham. Employing both eyes at once, Reid. BINOMIAL Root, bl-n6 / -me-al-r66t. [In algebra.] A root composed of only two parts connected with the signs plus or minus. Han-is. BINO'MINOUS, bl-ncW-m-as. a. Having two names. BIOGRAPHER, bl-og'-gra-fur. 1 lS.n.s. [biog-ruphe, Fr.] A writer of lives. Addison. BIOGRATHICAL*, bl-6-graf-e-kal. a. Relating to biography. Warton. BKFGRAPHYS, bl-6g'-gra-fe. 116, 518. n.s. [(lies and ypaIRD§, burd. 108. n. s. [bipb, or bpib, Sax.] A general term for the feathered kind. Shakspeare. To BIRD, burd. v.n. To catch birds. Shakspeare. BFRDBOFT, bord'-bolt. n.s. An arrow, formerly used for shooting at birds. Shakspeare. BFRDCAGE, burd'-kaje. n. s. An enclosure in which birds are kept. Arbuthnot. BFRDCAFF*, b&rd'-kawl. n.s. A pipe with which fowlers allure birds, by the imitation of their notes. Cotgrave. BFRDCATCHER, burd'-katsh-ur. 89. n.s. One whose employment it is to take birds. U Estrange. BIRDER, burd'-fir. 98. n.s. A birdcatcher. Min- sheu. BIRD-EYE*, b&rd'-l. a. A word often applied to Sictures of places, seen from above, as by a bird. 'nrke. BIRD-EYED* bfird'-lde. a. As the eye of a bird ; quick. B. Jonson. BIRD-FANCIER*, burd'-f an-se-ur. n. s. One who delights in birds. BFRDING-PIECE, bSrd'-ing-pees. n. s. A fowling piece. Shakspeare. BFRDLIKE* burdMlke. a. Resembling a bird. Niccols. BFRDLIME, bfirdMlme. n.s. A glutinous substance, bv which birds are entangled. Cliamhers. Bacon. BFRDFIMED*,burd / -llm>d. a. Spread to ensnare. Howell. BFRDMAN, burd'-man. 88. n.s. A birdcatcher. & Estrange. BFRDS-CHERRY,burdz'-tsher-re. n.s. A plant. BFRDSEYE, burdz'-l. n. s. A plant. BFRDSEYE View. See Bird-eye. BFRDSFOOT, bfirdz'-f fit. n. s. A plant. BFRDSNEST*, burdz'-nest. n.s. An herb. Vict. Bl'RDSNEST, bfirdz'-nest. n.s. The place built by birds, where they deposit their eggs. BFRDSTARES,'burdz'-starze. n.s. A plant. BFRDSTONGFJE,burdz'-tung. n.s. An herb. Diet. BFRGANDER, beV-gan-dur. n. s. A fowl of the goose kind. Diet. BIRT. b£rt. n. s. A fish ; the turbot. BIRTH play backward and forward. Sliak. Dryden. To bob for fish, a term in angling. Beaumont and Fletcher. BOB, b6b. n. s. Something that hangs so as to play loosely. Dryden. The words repeated at the end of a stanza. L'Estrmge. A blow. Ascham. A term in ringing. A worm used for a bait in an- gling. Walton. A bobwig. ShensLone. BOB S*, bdb. n. s. A sneering joke. Beaumont and Fletcher. BOBA'NCE*, b6-banse'. n. s. [Fr.] Boasting. Clxau- cer. Ob. T. BOBBIN, b&b'-bfn. n.s. [bebine, Fr.] A small pin of wood used in lace-making Milton. BO'BBINWORK, bob -bfn-wurk. n. s. Work woven with bobbins. Grew. BO'BCHERRY, bdb'-tsher-re. n. s. A play among children, in which the cherry is hung so as to bob against the mouth. Arbuthnot. BO p BTAIL, b6bMale. n. s. Cut tnil. Shakspeare. BO'BT AILED, bob'-tal'd. 359. a. Having a tail cut, or short. V Estrange. BOBW'IG, bdb'-wlg. n. s. A short wig. Spectator. BO;CASINE, bok'-a-sm. n. s. [boccasin, Fr.] A kind of fine buckram, resembling taffeta; cala- manco. Cotgraiv. BO'CKELET, bok'-e-let. ) n. s. A kind of long- BO'CKERET, bok'-e-ret. \ winded hawk. Diet. To BODE§, bode. v. a. [bobian.^Sax.] To portend. Shahspeare. To BODE, bide. v. n. To be an omen. Dryden. BODE, b6de. n. s. An omen. Chaucer. Delay or stop. Cliaacer. BODEMENT, bode'-ment. n. s. Portent; omen. Shakspeare. To BODGES, b&dje. v. n. To boggle; to stop. Shakspeare. BODGE*, b6dje. n. s. A botch. Whitlock. BODICE, bod'-dis. 142. n. s. Stays. Prior. BOTHED*, b&d'-dld. a. Having a body. Sliakspeare. BO'DILESS, bod'-de-les. a. Incorporeal. Davies. BO'DILINESS* bodMe-le-nes. n. s. Corporality. Minslwi. BODILY, b6d'-de-le. a. Corporeal. South. Relat- ing to the body. Hooker. Real ; actual. Sliak. BO'DILY, bod'"-de-le. ad. Corporeally. Watts. BO'DING*, bode'-fng. n. s. Omen. Bp. Ward. BODKIN, bod'-km. n. s. [boddiken, or small body.] A dagger. Cliaucer. An instrument used to bore holes. Sidney. An instrument to draw a thread through a loop. Pope. An instrument to dress the hair. Pope. Cloth of silk and gold thread. B. Jon- son. BO'DYS, bod'-de. n.s. [bobi£, Sax.] The material substance of an animal. 1 Sam. xxxi. Matter : op- posed to spirit. A person. Hooker. Reality. Co- loss, ii. A collective mass. Hooker. The main army. Clarendon. A corporation. Swift. The main part ; the bulk. Raleigh. A substance. Boyle. [In geometry.] Any solid figure. A pandect ; a | general collection. Strength ; as. wine of a good bod v. BOTJY-CLOTHES, b6d'-de-kl6ze. n. s. Clothing for horses, that are dieted. BODY-GUARD*, b6d'-de-gard. n. s. Properly, the life-guards-; figuratively, security. Bp. Porieus. To BO'DY, bod'-de. v. a. To produce in some form Shakspeare. BOGS, bog, n.s. [bog, Irish, soft.] A marsh ; a mo rass. Sliakspeare. To BOG*, bog. v. a. To whelm as in mud or mire B. Jonson. BOG-LAND*, bog' -land. a. Living in a boggy coun try. Dryden. BOG-TROTTER, bog'-trot-tfir. n. s. One that lives in a boggy country. BO'GLES*, or BO'GGLES*, bog'-gl. n.s. [bug, Celt, a goblin.] A bugbear ; a spectre. To BOGGLE, bog'-gl. 405. v. n. To start. Shafc To hesitate. Hudibras. To dissemble. Howell. BO'GGLER, bog'-glur. n. s. A doubter. Shakspeare BO'GGLISH*, bog'-glish. a. Doubtful. Bp. Taylor. BO'GGY, bog'-ge. 183. a. Marshy; swampv. Milton. BOGHOUSE, bog'-house. n. s. A house of office. BOHE'A, b6-he/. n. s. A species of tea. Woodward. To BOILS, boil. 299. t>. n. [bullio, Lat.] To be agi- tated by heat. Chapman. To be hot. Dryden. To move like boiling water. Gay. To cook by boil- ing. Swift. To BOIL, b6il. v. a. To heat by putting into boiling water. Bacon. BOIL. See Bile. BO'ILER, boll'-ur. n. s. The vessel in which any thing is boiled. Woodward. BO'ILERY, bOJF-e-re. n. s. A place at the salt-works where the salt is boiled. BO'ILING*, b6il'-?ng. n. s. Ebullition. BO'ISTEROUS S, Dfiis'-ter-us. a. [bwyst, tncystus, Welsh.] Violent; loud. Shak. Turbulent. Slide. Unwieldy. Spenser. Violent. Natural History. BOISTEROUSLY, bSls'-ter-us-le. ad. Violently; tumultuously. Shakspeare. BOISTEROUSNESS, bois'-ter-us-nck n. s. Turbu lence. More. BOLARY, bo'-la-re. a. Partaking of the nature of bole, or clay. Brown. BOLD §, bold. a. [balb, Sax.] Daring; brave. Prov erbs, xxviii. Executed with spirit. Addison. Con- fident. 1 Tlies. ii. Impudent. Ecclus. vi. Licen- tious. Cowley. Striking to the eye. Dryden. Open; smooth. Howell. — To make bold. To take freedoms. Shakspeare. To BOLD*, b6ld. v. a. To bolden ; to make bold A. Hall. Ob. T. To BOLDEN, bold'-d'n. 103. v. a. To make bold. Ascham. BO'LDFACE, bold'-fase. n. s. Impudence ; sauci ness ; a term of reproach. L'Estrmge. BOLDFACED, b6ld'-faste. a. Impudent. Bp. Brum- hall. BO'LDLY, boldMe. ad. In a bold manner. BO'LDNESS, b6ld'-nes. n. s. Courage. Sidney. Exemption from caution. Dryden. Freedom. 2 Cor. vii. Confident trust in God. Hooker. As surance. Bacon. Impudence. Hooker. BOLES, bile. n. s. The body of a trunk of a tree Chapman. A kind of earth. A measure of corn containing six bushels. Mortimer. BO' LIS, b6Mls. n. s. [Lat.] A great fiery ball, swift- ly hurried through the air, and generally drawing a tail after it. Musclienbroeck. To BOLLS, bole. v. n. [bulna, Goth.] To rise into a roundish form ; to swell. Exodus, ix. BOLL, bole. 406. n. s. A round stalk or stem. BO'LSTERS, bile'-stfir. n. s. [bolster, Goth.] Some- thing laid on the bed to support the head. Milton. A pad, or quilt. Swift. A compress on a wound, Wiseman. To BO'LSTER, bole'-stur. v. a. To support the head with a bolster. To afford a bed to. Shak. To hold wounds together with a compress. Sharp. To support. Hooker. 143 BOM BON ID 3 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat;— me, met j—p ne, pm ;— BOLSTERED*, bole'-slfird. a. Swelled out. Ttafer. BO'LSTERER*, bole'-stur-ur. re. s. A supporter; a maintained Ji;?. Bancroft, BOLSTERING*, bole'-stfir-ing. re. s~. A prop; a support. Bp. Taylor. BOLT§, bolt. re.*, [bollt, Goth.] An arrow. Shak. Lightning; a thunderbolt. Dry den. Bolt upright ; upright as an arrow. Grew. The bar of a door. Sliak. An iron to fasten the legs. Sluik. A sieve. B. Jonson. To BOLT, bolt. v. a. To shut with a bolt. Dryden. To blurt out precipitantly. Milton. To fasten, as a bolt, or pin ; to pin. B. Jonson. To fetter. Shak. To sift with a sieve. Spc7iser. To examine by sifting. Bacon. To purify ; to purge. Shak. To BOLT, b6lt. v. re. To spring out with speed and suddenness. Drayton. BOLT-ROPE, bolt'-rope. re. s. The rope on which the sail of a ship is fastened. Sea Diet. BO'LTER, bol'-t&r. re. s. [butter, old Fr.] A sieve. Shakspeare. A kind of net. Carew. To BO'LTER*, b6l'-tfir. v. a. To besmear. Shak. BO'LTHEAD, b6lt'-hed. re. s. A long, strait-necked, glass vessel, for chymical distillations. Boyle. BOLTING-HOUSE, b6lt'-?ng-hdfise. re. s. The place where meal is sifted. Dennis. BO'LTING-HUTCH*, bdlt'-ing-hfltsh. re. s. The tub for the bolted meal. Shakspeare. BO'LTING-TUB*, b6lt / -lng-tflb. re. s. A tub to sift meal in. B. Jonson. BO'LTSPRIT, or BO'WSPRIT, b6'-sprit. re. s. A mast running out at the head of a ship, not stand- ing upright, but aslope. Sea Diet. BO'LUS, bi'-lus. re. s. [/3wXoj.] A form of medicine, resembling, but larger than pills. Wiseman. BOMBS, bum. 165. re. 5. [bomme, Teut.] A loud noise. Bacon. A hollow iron ball, or shell, filled with gunpowder, and furnished with a vent for a fusee, or wooden tube, filled with combustible matter; to be thrown out from a mortar. Chambers. The stroke upon a bell, called the borne of the bell. $S="I do not hesitate to follow Dr. Kenrick and Mr. Nares, in this word, and all its compounds, in giving the o its fourth sound, equivalent to the second sound of u, though contrary to Mr. Sheridan's pronunciation, which makes it rhyme with Tom, from, &c. Dr. Johnson's deriva- tion of the verb to bump, from the same origin as bomb, makes the pronunciation I have given more agreeable to analogy. W. To BOMB*, bum. v. re. To sound. B. Jonson. To BOMB, bum. v. a. To bombard. Prior. BOMB-CHEST, b&m'-tshest. re. 5. A chest filled usually with bombs, placed under ground, to blow it up in the air. Cliambers. BOMB-KETCH, bum'-ketsh. > re. s. A kind of ship, BOMB- VESSEL, bum'-ves-sel. S strongly built, to bear the shock of a mortar, when bombs are to be fired. Addison. BO'MBARD, bum'-bard. re. s. [bombarda, Lat.] A great gun. Knolles. A barrel. Shakspeare. Ob. J. To BOMBA'RD, bum-bard', v. a. To attack with bombs. Addison. BOMBARDI ER, bum-bar-deer'. 275. re. s. The en- gineer who shoots bombs. Toiler. BOMBARDMENT, bum-bard'-ment. re. s. An at- tack by throwing bombs. Addison. BOMBASFN, bum-ba-zeen'. re. 5. [bombycinus, Lat.] A slight silken stuff, for mourning. Sir T. Herbert. BO'MBASTS, bum'-bast. re. s. A stuff of soft loose texture, used to swell the garment. Shak. Fus- tian ; big words, without meaning. Donne. BOMBAST, bum-bast', a. High sounding. Shak. To BQMBA'ST*, bum-bast', v. a. To inflate. Bp. Hall. BOMBA'STICK*, b&m-bas'-tfk. a. Of great sound with little meaning. Shaftesbury. BOMBA'STRY* bfim-bas'-trk re. s. Swelling words without much meaning ; fustian. Swift. BOMBILA'TION, bum-be-la'-shun. re. s. [bombilo, LatJ Sound ; noise. Brown. BOMBY CINOUS, bum-bls'-se-nus. a. \bombucinus, Lat.] Made of silk. Coles. BO'MBYX*, bum'-blks. n. s. [/fy/3«|.] The silk worm. BONA FIDE*,W-m-rV-dh. [Lat.] Really; truly. BONA ROB A, bo-na-r6'-ba. re. s. [buona robi, ftal.] A showy wanton. Sliakspeare. BONA'JR*, bo-nare'.a. [bonnaire, FrJ Complaisant} yielding. Salisbury Manual. Ob. T. BONA' S US, b6-na/-s&s. re. s. A kind of buffalo. BONCHIEF*, bon'-tshlf. re. s. {ban chef, Fr.] Good consequence. Thorpe. BONCHRE'TIEN, b&n-kreY-tsheen. re. s. [Fr.] A species of pear, so called. Howell. BONDS, bond. re. s. [bonb, Sax.] Cord or chain. Shak. Ligament. Locke. Union. Mortimer. [In the plural.] Chains; imprisonment. Acts xxiii Cement of union. Shak. A writing of obligation to pay a sum, or perform a contract. Shak. Obli- gation. Sliakspeare. BOND, bond. a. Captive. 1 Cor. BO'NDAGE, b&n'-daje. 90. re. s. Captivity. Sidney. Obligation. Pope. BO'NDMAID, b&nd'-made. re. s. A woman slave Shakspeare. BO'NDMAN, bond'-man. ) 88. re. s. A man slave. BO'NDSMAN, bondz'-man. $ Hooker. BO'NDSERVANT, bond'-ser-vant. re. s. A slave. Leviticus, xxv. BO'NDSERVICE, b&nd'-ser-vk re. 5. Slavery. 2 Kings, ix. BO'NDSLAVE, bond'-slave. re. s. A man in slave- ry. Sidney. BO'NDSMAN, b6ndz / -man. 88. re. s. A slave. Der- ham. A person giving security for another. BO'NDSWOMAN, bdndz'-wum-un. re. s. A woman slave. B. Jonson. BO'NDWOMAN*, bond'-wum-un. re. s. She who is a slave. Galatians. BONE §, b6ne. re. s. [ban, Sax.] The solid parts of the body of an animal. Quincy. A fragment of meat, Dryden. — To be upon the bones. To attack. L'Es t range. To make no bones. To make no scruple Bp. Hall. Bones. A sort of bobbins, for weaving bonelace. Shakspeare. Bones. Dice. Dryden. To BONE, bone. v. a. To take out the bones from the flesh. BONE-ACHE*, b-?>th. n.s. The oath made on the book. Shakspeare. BOOKSELLER, b65k'-sel-lnr. n.s. He whose pro- fession it is to sell books. Walton. BOOKWORM, bSok'-wfirm. n. s. A worm that eats holes in books. Guardian. A student too closely given to books. Pope. BOOM §, boom. n.s. [boom, Dutch, a tree.] A long pole used to spread out the clue of the studding sail. A pole set up as a mark to show the sailors how to steer. Sea Dictionary. A bar of wood laid across a harbour. Dryden. To BOOM, b56m. v.n. To rush with violence. Diet. To swell and fall together. Young. BOOMKIN*. See Bumkin. BOON, boon. n.s. [bene., Sax.] A gift 5 a grant. Sliakspeare. BOON, b66n. a. [bon, Fr.] Gay; merry. Milton. Kind; bountiful. Milton. BOOR§, b66r. n. s. [beer, Dutch.] A lout; a clown. Temple. BOORISH, bSor'-lsh. a. Clownish ', rustick. Shak. BOORISHLY, bSfir'-ish-le. ad. In a boorish man ner. BO'ORISHNESS,bd5r / -!sh-n&. n. s. Clownishness j rusticity. BOOSE, boose, n. s. [bo^i^, Sax.] A stall for a cow or an ox. To BOOT §, bo8t. v. a. [botjan, Goth.] To profit, Hooker. To enrich. Shakspea*- BOOT§, boSt. n.s. Profit; gam. Shak.. To boot. Over and above. Shaksveare. Booty, or plunder. Sha/cspeare. BOOT, b66t. n. s. [bottas, Armorick.] A covering for the leg, used by horsemen. Shak. A kind o? rack for the leg, formerly used in Scotland for tor turing criminals. Burnet. BOOT of a Coach. The space between the coach man and the coach. Sir H. Wotton. To BOOT, boSt. v. a. To put on boots. Shak. BOOT-CATCHER, bSSt'-ketsh-ur. n. s. The per- son whose business at an inn is to pull off the boots of passengers. Swift. BOOT-HOSE, b66t / -h6ze. n. s. Stockings to serve for boots. Shakspeare. BOOT-TREE, boot'-tree. n. s. Two pieces of wood, shaped li!ie a leg, to be driven into boots, for stretching and widening them. BOOTED, boOY-ed. a. In boots. B. Jonson. BOOTH §, boSTH. n. s. [hoed, Dutch.] A tempora- ry house built of boards. Camden. BOOTLESS, b88t'-les. a. [bofcleay, Sax.] Useless Spenser. Without success. Shakspeare. BOOTLESSLY*, bfidt'-les-le. ad. Uselessly. Fan shame. BOOTY, b&6Y-e. n.s. [buyt, Dutch.] Plunder Milton. Things gotten by robbery. Shak. To play booty. To play dishonestly. L' Estrange. BOPE'EP, bO-peep'. n.s. The act of looking out, and drawing back as if frighted, in order to fright some other. Shakspeare. BO'RABLE, bi'-ra-bl. a. That may be bored. BORA'CHIO, b6-rat / -tsh6. n. s. [barracho, Span.] A bottle, or cask. Dryden. BO'RAGE, bvir'-Mje. 90, 165. n. s. [borago, Lat.] A plant. Miller. BO'RAMEZ,\)ov'-?i-xakx. n. s. The Scythian lamb. Brown. BORAX, b6 7 -raks. n. s. [borax, Lat.] An artificial salt, prepared from sal ammoniac, nitre, calcined tartar, sea salt, and alum, dissolved in wine. Quincy. BO'RBORYGM* b6r / -b6-rfm. n. s. [fiopQopiypos.] A term in medicine, for a rumbling noise in the guts. Glos. Anglic. Nov. BCKRDAGE*. See Bord-lands. BORD-HALFPENNY*. n. s. Money paid for set- ting up boards or a stall in a fair or market. Burn. BORD-LANDS*. n. s. Demesnes formerly appro- priated by the owners of lands, for the maintenance of their bord or table. Cowel. BO'RDEL $, boV-del ? n. s. [bordeel, Teat.] A BO'RDELLO, b5r-del'-l6. \ brothel. B. Jonson. BO'RDELLER*, b6r'-del-ur. n. s. The keeper of a brothel. Gower. Ob. T. BORDER §, b6r / -dur. 98. n. s. [hard, Germ.] The outer part or edge. Bacon. The march or edge of a country. Spenser. The outer part of a gar ment. A bank raised round a garden. Spenser. To BORDER, bSr'-dur. v. n. To confine upon. Knolles. To approach nearly to. Tillotson. To BO'RDER, W-dur.r. a. To adorn with a bor- der. Warton. To reach ; to touch. Raleigh. To keep within bounds. Sliakspeare. BO'RDERER, b6r'-dur-ur. 555. n.s. He that dwells on the borders. Shak. He that approaches near. B. Jonson. BORDRAG1NG* bSrd'-ri-jnig. n.s. An incursion on the borders of a country. Spenser. To BORE§, b6re. v. a. [bojuan, Sax.] To pierce, Shak. To hollow. Digby. To make by piercing. Ray. To break through. Gay. To BORE, b6re. v. n. Te make a hole. Wilkins. To push forward towards a certain point. Shak* 147 BOS BOU ID- 559.— File, far. fill, fit ;— me, raft ; —pine, pin ; — To BORE, b6re. v. n. [With farriers.] Is when a horse carries his nose near the ground. Dirt. RORE, bore, n s The hole made by boring-. Milton. The instrument with which a hole is bored. Moxori. The size of any hole. Boyk. BORE*, bore. n. s. A tide swelling above another tide. Burke. BORE, bore. The preterit of bear. Dryden. BO'REAL, b6'-re-al. a. Northern. Pope. BO'REAS, b6'-re-as. n. s. [Lat.] The north wind. Milton. BO'RECOLE*, b6re / -k6le. n. s. A species of cab- bage. BOREE, bo-ree'. n. s. A kind of dance. Swift. BORER, bire'-ur. n. s. A piercer. Moxon. To be BORN, b6rn. v. n. pass. To come into life. Sliak. It is usually spoken with regard to circum- stances; as, he was born a prince. Dryden. BORNE, b6rne. The part. pass, of bear. Bacon. BOROUGH §, bur'-r6. 318, 390. n. s. [bophoe, Sax.] A town with a corporation. Pope. BOROUGH English, bur^-kg'-glfsh. A custom- ary descent of lands or tenements to the owner's youngest son ; or, if the owner have no issue, to his youngest brother. Cowel. BOROUGH-HOLDER* bur'-ri-hold-ur. n. s. A headborough. BO'RREL, bor'-rfl. a. [bupe, Sax.] Rustick; rude. Spenser. Ob. T. To BO'RROW§, bor'-ro. v. a. [bopgian, Sax.] To take from another upon credit. SJiak. To ask of another something for a time. 2 Kings, iv. To take something of another. Shak. To use as one's own. Dryden. To relieve. Hawkins. BO'RROW, bor'-r6. n.s. The thing borrowed. SJiakspeare. A pledge ; a surety. Spenser. BORROWER, b&r'-ro-flr. n. s. He that borrows. Sidney. He that takes what is another's, and uses it as his own. Pope. BORROWING*, bor'-rd-ing. n. s. The act of bor- rowing. Skakspeare. BO'RSHOLDER*, b5rs'-h6ld-ftr. n. s. The tithing man. Spenser. BO'SCAGE,b&s'-kaje. 90. n.s. [boscage, Fr,] Wood. Bacon. The representation of woods. Wotton. BOSH*, bosh. n. s. Outline ; fienre. Student, ii. BO'SKY, bds'-ke. a. [bosque, Fr.] Woody. Shak. BO'SOM §, boo'-zfim. n. s. [borme, Sax.] The em- brace of the arms holding any thing to the breast. The breast ; the heart. Shak. The dress that cov- ers the breast. Exodus, iv. Enclosure; embrace. Hooker. The breast, as the seat of the passions. Eccles. vii. The breast, as the seat of tenderness. Lamentations, ii. The breast^ as the receptacle of secrets. Job, xxxi. Any receptacle close or secret; as, the bosom of the earth. The tender affections. SJiakspeare. Inclination ; desire. SJiakspeare. |^p This word is pronounced four ways, bozum, buz- zum, and boozam, the oo like u in bull ; and boozum, as ou in bouse. Sheridan and Scott adopt the third sound ; Perry seems to mark the fourth ; Dr. Kenrick has the second and fourth, but seems to prefer the former ; and W. Johnston has the second ; and that is, in my opinion, the most general : but the stage s.eems to have adopted the fourth sound, which has given it a currency among polite speakers, and makes it the most fashionable. Mr. Elphinstone. a nice observer, as well as a deep investi- gator, announces the second, but tells us that the third was the original pronunciation. W. BO'SOM, in composition, implies intimacy ; confi- dence; fondness; as, bosom-friend, &c. To BO'SOM, bSS'-zum. v. a. To enclose in the bo- som. Sliak. To conceal in privacy. Milton. BO'SON, bo'-sn. 170, 103. n. s. Corrupted from boatswain Druden. BO'SQUET*. "See Busket. BOSS§, b&s. n. s. [posse, Fr.] A stud. V Estrange. The pan rising in the midst of any thing. Job, xv. A thick bodv of any kind. Moxon. BO'SSED* bost. a. Studded. Shakspeare. BO'SSAGE, b&s'-saje. 90. n. s. [In architecture.] Any stone that has a projecture. Rustick work, chiefly in the cornrrs of edifices, and called rustick quoins. Builder's Diet. BO'SSIVE*, bos'-sfv. a. Crooked ; deformed. Os- borne. BO'SSY* bos'-se. a. Prominent; studded. Milton. BO'SVEL, boz'-vel. 433. n. s. A species of crowfoot. BOTA'NICAL, bo-tan'-e-kal. ) a. Relating to herbs. BOTA'NICK, bo-tan'-nlk. $ Sir T. Brown. Worthington. BOTANICALLY*, bo-tan'-e-kal-e. ad. After the manner of botanists. Ash. BOTA'NICK*, b6-tan'-nlk. n. s. He who is skilled in plants. M. Casaubon. BOTANIST, bot'-a-nlst. 503 ; (b.) 543. ) n. s. One BOTA'NICK, b6-tan / -nlk. ' \ skilled in plants. Woodward. BOTANO'LOGY, bot-an-ol'-o-je. 518. n.s. [fara- vo'Xoyia.'] A discourse upon plants. Diet. BOTANY §, bdt'-a-ne. n. s. [fiordwi.] The science of plants. BOTAR'GO, b6-tar ; -g6. n. s. [potarga, Span.] A food, made of the roes of the mullet fish, Chamb. BOTCH §, botsh. 352. n. s. [bozza, Ital.] A swelling or eruptive discoloration of the skin. Donne. A part in any work ill finished. Shak. An adsciti- tious part clumsily added. Dryden. To BOTCH, botsh. v. a. To mend or patch clothes. Dryden. To mend awkwardly. Hudibras. To put together unsuitably. Shak. To mark with botches. Garth. BOTCHER, b&tsh'-fir. n. 5. A mender of old clothes. Sir T. Elyot. BOTCHERLY*,botsh / -ur-le.a. Clumsy; patched. BOTCHY, b&t'-tshe.a. Marked with botches. Shak. BOTE, bote. n. s. [boce, Sax.] A compensation for a man slain. Cowel. Any payment. Ob. J. BOTH§, bbth. 467. a. [ba, both; ba fcpa, Sax.] The two. Sidney. BOTH, bbth. conj. As well. Acts, xiv. To BOTHER*, boTH'-ur. v. a. To perplex and confound. Swift. BOTRYOID, bd'-trold, or bot'-re-6id. a. [fiorpvotl- Sris.] Having - the form of a bunch of grapes. Wood' ward. BOTS, b&ts. n. s. A species of small worms in the entrails of horses. Shakspeare. BOTTLE $, bdt'-tl. 405. n. s. [bouteille, Fr.] A vers- sel with a narrow mouth, to put liquor in. Sliak. A quantity of wine usually put into a bottle; a quart. Sped. A quantity of hay or grass bundled up. Sliak To BOTTLE, bot'-tl. v. a. To enclose in bottles. Mortimer. BOTTLED*, bot'-tld. a. Having a belly protuberant like a bottle. Shakspeare. BOTTLE-ALE* bdt'-tl-ale. n. s. Bottled ale. Shak. BOTTLE-FLOWER, bot'-tl-flour. n. s. A plant. BO'TTLESCREW, b&t'-tl-skroo. n. s. A screw to pull out the cork. Swift. BOTTLING* bot'-tllng. n. s. The operation of put- ting liquors into bottles. T. Warton. BOTTOMS, bot'-tfim. 166. n. s. [botm, Sax.] The lowest part of any thing. St. Matt. The ground under the water. Job. The foundation. Atlerbury. A dale ; a valley. Zech. The deepest part. Locke. Bound ; limit. Shak. The extent of any man's ca- pacity. Shak. The last resort. Addison. A ship. Shak. A chance ; an adventure. Clarendon. A ball of thread wound up together. Bacon. To BOTTOM, bot'-tfim. v. a. To build upon. Hah. To wind upon something. SJiakspeare. To BOTTOM, bot'-tfim. v. n. To rest upon. Locke. BOTTOMED, bot'-tfim'd. 359. a. Having a bottom. Bacon. BOTTOMLESS, bot'-tfim-les. a. Without a bot- tom ; fathomless. Sidney. BOTTOMRY, bot'-tfim-re. n. s. [In commerce.} The act of borrowing money on a ship's bottom* Hariris. BOUCHE*. See Bouge. BO' UCHET, b&S'-shet. n. s. [Fr.] A sort of pear. BOUD. bSud. n. s. A weevil. Diet. To BOUGE, booje. 315. v.n. [bouge, Fr.] To swell out. 148 BOU BOW -116, mOve, ndr, not; — tube, tub, bull; — 5il; — pound; — thi SOUGE*. booje. n.s. Provisions. B. Jonson. Ob. T. BOUGH, bo&. 313. n. s. [bo£, Sax.] An arm or large shoot of a tree. Sidney. BOUGHT, bawt. 319. prefer." and part, of To buy. BOUGHT $, bawt. n. s. [bocht, Teut.] A twist. Spenser. A flexure. Brown. That part of a sling which contains the stone. 1 Sum. BOTJGHTY*. baw'-te. a. Crooked; bending. Slier- wood. Ob. T. BOUILLON. bSol'-von. n. s. [Fr.] Broth; soup. BO'ULDER Walls. "Walls built of round flints or pebbles. laid in a strong mortar. Builder's Diet. BOULDIY*. See Bulimy. roBOULT,b6;t.r.a. See To Bolt. To BOUNCE §, bdunse. v. n. To fall or fly against any thing with great force, so as to rebound. Dry- den. To spring. Addison. To make a sudden noise. Swift. To boast ; to bully. Louth. To be bold or strong. SliaJtspeare. BOUNCE, bounse. n. s. A strong sudden blow. Dryden. A sudden crack or noise. Shak. A boast. BOUNCER, bSSn'-sur. n. s. A boaster. BOUNCINGLY* bo&ns'-Ing-le. ad, Boastingly; with threat. BOUND §, bound. 313. n. s. [bunbe, Sax.] A limit. Milton. A limit by which any excursion is restrain- ed. Shak. A leap ; a jump. Sliak. A rebound. Decay of Piety. To BOUND, bound, i restrain. Shakspeare. To BOUNDS, bound. rebound. Shakspeare. To BOUND, bound, v. n. To make to bound. Shak. BOUND, b&und. pret. and part. pass, of bind. Sidney. BOUND, boiind. a. Destined; intending to come to any place. Spenser. BOUNDARY, bSun'-da-re. n. s. Limit. Locke. BO UNDEN. bSiV-den. part, jxiss. of bind. Shak. BO UNDENLY*. boun'-den-le. ad. In a dutiful man- ner. Tran. of Ochiris Sermons. Ob. T. BOUNDER** b&dn'-dfir. n. s. A limner. Fctlierby. A boundary. Sir Thomas Herbert. BO'UNDING-STONE, boun'-ding-stdne. ?n.s. A BO UN DSTONE, bofind'-st&ne. ) stone to play with. Dryden. BCKUNDLESS; bofind'-lfe. a. Unlimited. Shak. BOUNDLESSNESS, b8nnd'-Ies-nes. n. s. Exemp- tion from limits. South. BOUNTEOUS, bo&n'-tshe-fls. 263. a. Liberal; kind. Shakspeare. BOUNTEOUSLY, bdun'-tshe-as-le. ad. Liberally. Dryden. BOUNTEOUSNESS, boun'-tshe-us-nes. n. s. Mu- nificence. BOUNTIFUL, bdun'-te-ful. a. Liberal. Shakspeare. BOUNTIFULLY, bfiun'-te-ful-le. ad. Liberally. :. To limit. Dryden, n. To jump. Dryden. To To Gene- n. s. Goodness ; virtue. Ob. J. Donne, BO'UNTIFULNESS, boun'-te-ful-nes rositv. 2 Cor. ix. BO'UNTIHEAD, bSnn'-te-hed. BOUNTIHEDE. bofin'-te-hed. BOUNT1HOOD, bSfin'-te-hud. BOUNTY §, boiW-te. n. s. [bonie, Fr.] Generosity. Hooker. Goodness : not now in use. Spenser. BOUQUET* boo'-ka. ft. s. [Fr.] A nosegay. Warton. To BOURD*. v. n. [boarder, Fr.] To jest. Chaucer. BOURD*. n. s. A jest. Spenser. BO URDER*. n. s. A jester. BO URDLNGLY*. ad. In sport. To BOURGEON, bur / -jun. 313, 259. v. n. [bour- geonner, Fr.] To sprout; to shoot into branches. Spenser. BOURN, borne, n. s. [borne Fr.] A bound a limit. Shakspeare. A brook. Spenser. §5" I have differed from Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Kenrick in the pronunciation of thi3 word. They make it sound as if written boom ; but if my memory fail me not, it is a rhyme to mourn upon the stage, and Mr. Garrick so pronounced it: " That undiscover'd country, from whose bourn " No traveller returns." — ShaJxpeare's Hamlet. 12 I am fortified in this pronunciation by the suffrages of Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Nares, and Mr. Smith. W. BOURSE*. See Burse. To BOUSE§, booze, v.n. [buysen, Dutch.] To dnnk lavishly. Spenser. To BOUSE, booze, w. a. To swallow. Sir T.Brown BOUSY, bGo'-ze. ad. Drunken. Dryden. BOUT §, bout. n. s. [hotta, Ital.] A turn ; as much of an action as is peribrmed at one time S-lney. BOUTADE*. boo-tade'. n.s. [Fr.l A whim. Swifl. BOU' TEFE U, bOOt'-lu. n. s. [Fr.] An incendiary. Bacon. Ob. J. BOUTISALE, boS'-te-sale. n, s. A sale at a cheap rale, as booty is commonly sold. Sir J. HaywardL. BO'VATE*. n.s. [bovaia, hat.] As much land as one yoke of oxen can cultivate in a year. Burn. To BOW §, bbu. r. a. [bu£an, Sax.] To bend. Psalm j cxliv. To bend the body in token of respect. 2 Kings, ii. To bend, or incline, in condescension Ecclus. iv. To depress. Shalt speare. To BOW, bofi. r. n.- To bend. Habak. iii. To make a reverence. Shak. To stoop. Judges, vii. To sink under pressure. Isaiah, xlvi. BOW, b6u. n. s. An act of reverence or submission. Swift. BOW, b6. n.s. An instrument which shoots arrows. Genesis. A rainbow. Genesis, ix. The instrument with which stringed instruments are struck. Dry- den. The doubling of a string in a sli -knot. Wise- man. A yoke. Shak. The boics of a saddle are two pieces of wood laid archwise, to receive the upper part of a horse's back. Bow of a ship. That part of her which begins at the loof, an'l compass- ing ends of the stern, and ends at the stermnost parts of the forecasUe. To BOW f, b6. v. a. To bend sideways. $5= While some words are narrowing and contracting their original signification, others are dividing and sur£ dividing into a thousand different acceptations. The verb to bow, rhyming with cow, might originally signify flex- ure every way. and so serve for that action which made any thing crooked, let its direction be what it would: but it appears certain, that at present it only means that flexure which is vertical, and which may be called a bowing down, but is by no means so applicable to that flexure which is sideways or horizontal, and for whieh necessity seems insensibly to have brought the verb I have inserted into use. This verb seems accompanied by the word out as the other is by doicn, and we may say such a thing bows down, but another thing bows out, or swells sideways ; the first verb is pronounced so ag to rhyme with cow, now, &c. and the last with go, no, &c. Milton seems to have used the word with this sound, where, in his Pcnseroso, he says — " And love the high embowed roof, " With antique pillars' massy proof." But as nothing can tend more to the ambiguity of lan- guage than to have words spelled in the same manner sounded differently in order to distinguish their mean- ing by their pronunciation, I would humbly advise to spell the word bow, (to shoot with.) and the Verb to b#is (to bend sideways,) with the final e ; this slight addi- tion will relieve a reader from the embarrassment be ia under at first sight, where he is not thoroughly ac- quainted with the circumstances of a relation, and does not know how to pronounce the word till he has read the context. For the propriety of this additional c, see the words Bowl and Form. [ cannot refrain from quoting Mr. Xares on this word, as his opinion has great authority : — " A bow for arrows, " and to bow, when it signifies merely to bend any " thing, hav-e o'c like 5 long. This distinction I believe " to be right, though our great lexicographer has not ■' noticed it. He gives to bow, in every sense, the regu- " lar sound of ow, (that is, rhyming with cow.) But of " this instance the first and fourth appear to be erro- " neous ; the third is doubtful ; and in the second, the " word is used to express an inclination of the boa\, hot " metaphorically applied to trees. See the four in- " stances fiom Shakspeare, Dryden, and Locke, under " To bow, v. a. No. 1." A. want of attending to the different ideas the word boio conveys, as it is differently sounded, has occasioned the inconsistent sea terms ; thebow of a ship, rhyming with cow ,• and an anchor, called the best bower, rhyming with hour ,• and bow, in the word bowsprit, rhyming with go, no. &c. W 149 BOW BRA (LT 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat ;— me, met ;— pine, p'fn ;— BOW -BEARER, b6'-bare-ur. n. s. An under officer of the forest. Cowel. BOW-BENT, bo'-bent. a. Crooked. Milton. BOW-HAND, bo'-hand. n. s. The hand that draws the bow. Spenser. BOW-LEG*, boMeg. n. s. A leg - crooked as a bow. Bp. Taylor. BOW-LEGGED, boMeg'd. 359. a. Having crooked BOW-SHOT, bo'-shot. n. s. The space which an arrow may pass in its night. Gen. xxi. BOW-WINDOW*,, bo'-win'-d6. n. s. A window pro- jected outwards. See Bay-window. BOW ABLE* bo'4-bl. a. Flexible of disposition. Wodroephe's Fr. Gram. To BOWEL*, bflu'-el. v. a. To take forth the bow- els. Huloet and Minsheu. BOWEL-LESS* bfl&'-el-lgs. a. Without tender- ness or compassion. Browne. BOWELS §, bou'-elz. n.s. [boyaux, Fr.] Intestines. 2 Sam. xx. The inner parts of* any thing. Shak- speare. The seat of pity. Gen. xliii. Tenderness. Clarendon. BOWER $, boft'-flr. 98. n. s. [buji, Sax.] A cham- ber. Spenser. A cottage. Harrington. Any abode or residence. Milton. A shady recess. Shakspeare. BOWER, bSu'-fir. n. s. One of the muscles which bend the joints. Spenser. BOWER, hdii'-ur. n. s. Anchors so called. To BOWER, botV-fir. v. a. To embower. Shak. To BOWER*, boiV-fir. v.n. To lodge. Spen. Ob. T. BO'WERY, boiV-ur-re. a. Embowering. Tickell. To BOWGE. See To Bouge. BOWINGLY*, b6'-ing-le. ad. In a bending manner. Huloet. BOWL §, bile. n. s. [buelin, Welsh.] A vessel to hold liquids, rather wide than deep. Shakspeare. The hollow part of any thing. Swift. A basin, or foun- tain. Bacon. BOWL §, bole. n.s. [boule, Fr.] Around mass, which may be rolled along the ground. Shakspeare. JJ^= Many respectable speakers pronounce this word so as to rhyme with howl, the noise made by a dog. Dr. John- son, Mr. Elphinston, and Mr. Perry, declare for it; but Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Smith, pronounce it as the vessel to hold liquor, rhyming with hole. I remember having been corrected by Mr. Gar- rick for pronouncing, it like howl ; and am upon the I whole of opinion, that pronouncing it as I have marked ' it is the preferable mode, though the least analogical. But as the vessel has indisputably this sound, it is ren- dering the language still more irregular to give the ball a different one. The inconvenience of this irregularity is often perceived in the word bow. To have the same word signify different things, is the fate of all languages ; but pronouncing the same word differently to signify different things, is multiplying difficulties without ne- j cessity ; for, though it may be alleged, that a different pronunciation of the same word to signify a different thing is, in some measure, remedying the poverty and ambiguity of language, it may be answered, that it is in reality increasing the ambiguity, by setting the eye and ear at variance, and obliging the reader to understand the context before he can pronounce the word. It may be urged, that the Greek and Latin languages had these ambiguities in words which were only distinguishable by their quantity or accent. But it is highly probable that the Greek language had a written accent to distin- guish such words as were pronounced differently to sig- nify different things, and this is equivalent to a different spelling ; and though the Latin word lego signified either to read or to send, according to the quantity with •which the first syllable was pronounced, it was certain- ly an imperfection in that language which ought not to be imitated. Ideas and combinations of ideas will al- ways be mo;e numerous than words ; and therefore the same word will often stand for very different ideas ; but altering the sound of a word without altering the spell- ing, is forming an unwritten language. W. To BOWL, b6le. y. a. To roll as a bowl. Shak. To pelt with any thing rolled. Shakspeare. To BOWL*, bole. v. n. To play at bowls. Shak. BOWLING*, b6'-ling. n. s. The art of throwing j bowls. Burton. BCKWLDER-STONES.bole'-dur-stonz. n.s. Lumps! «r fragments of stones broke, and cliffs rounded, by | being tumbled to and again by the water. Wood- ward. BOWLER, bo'-l&r. n. s. He that plays at bowls. BOWLINE, bcUV-lin. ? n. s. [bouline, Fr.] A rope BOWLING, bouMi'ng. $ fastened to the middle part of the outside of a sail. Hands. BOWLING-GREEN, b^-lrng-green. n.s. Aleve; piece of ground, keot smooth for bowlers. Beutley. BOWLING-GROUND*, bo'-fing-ground. n. s. The same as bowling-green. B. Jonson. BOWMAN, bo'-mdn. 88. n. s. An archer. Jerem. iv BOWNET*, b6''-net. n.s. A net made of twigs boio ed to catch fish. To BOWSE*, bouz. v. n. A sea term, signifying to hale or pull together. Chambers. BOWSPRIT, b6 / -sprlt. n. s. See Boltsprit. To BOWSSEN, bfi&s'-sn. v. a. To drench ; to soak Carew. BOWSTRING, bo'-string. n. s. The string by which the bow is kept bent. Sliakspeare. BOWYER, bo'-yfir. 98. n. s. An archer. Dryden. One whose trade it is to make bows. Ascham. BOXv, boks. n. s. [box, Sax.] A tree. Miller. BOX, b6ks. n. s. A. case made of wood, or other matter. Sidney. The case of the mariner's compass The chest into which money given is put. Spenset Certain seats in the playhouse. Dryden. To BOX, boks. v. a. To enclose in a box. Swift. To box the compass, is to rehearse the several points of it in their proper order. BOX §, boks. n. s. [bock, Welsh.] A blow on the head given with the hand. Shakspeare. To BOX, boks. v. n. To fight with the fist. V Estrange, To BOX, boks. v. a. To strike with the fist. Misson. BOXEN, bok'-sn. 103. a. Made of box. Dryden. Resembling box. Dryden. BO'XER, boks'-ur. n. s. A man who fights with his fist. To BO'XHAUL, boks'-hawl. v. a. To veer the ship by a particular method, when tacking is impracti- cable. Cha?nbers. BOY?, b6e. 482. n. s. A male child. Zech. viii. One in the stale of adolescence. Shakspeare. A word of contempt for young men. Locke. To BOY, b6e. v. a. To treat as a boy. Shakspeare. BO'YBLIND*, b6e'-bllnd. a. Undiscerning, like a boy. Beaumont and Fletcher. BO'YHOOD, boe'-hud. n. s. The state of a boy Swift. BO'YISH, boe'-Ish. a. Belonging to a boy. ShaL Childish ; trifling. Shakspeare. BOYISHLY, bSe'-lsh-le. ad. Childishly ; triftingly. Shemoood. BO'YISHNESS, bde'-lsh-nes. n. s. Childishness. BO'YISM, boe'-fzm. n. s. Puerility ; childishness. Dryden. The state of a boy. Warton. BO'YS-PLAY*, bolz'-pla. n.s. The amusement of a boy. Beaumont and Fletcher. BP. An abbreviation of bishop. BRA'BBLE $, brab'-bl. 405. n. s. [brabbelen, Dutch.] A clamorous contest. Slmkspeare. To BRA'BBLE, brab'-bl. v. n. To clamour. Sidney. BRA'BBLER, brab'-lfir. n. s. A clamorous fellow Shakspeare. To BRACE §, bra.se. v. a. [embmsser, Fr.] To bind. Locke. To make tense. Holder. To surround. Spenser. BRACE, brase. n.s. Cincture ; bandage. That which holds any thing tight. Derluxm. A piece of timber framed in with bevel joints, used to keep the build- ing from swerving either way. Builder's Diet. Ropes belonging to all the yards, except the mizen. Thick straps of leather on which a coach hangs Harness. [In printing.] A crooked line enclosing a passage, which ought to be taken together, and not separately 5 as in a triplet. Prior. Warlike preparation. Sliakspeare. The armour for the arm Tension ; tightness. Holder. BRACE, brase. n. s. A pair; a couple. Milton. BRACELET, brase'-let. n. s. [bracelet, Fr.] An or- nament for the arms. Sir J. Hayward. A pieco of defensive armour for the arm. 150 BRA BRA -116, move, nor, n6t ; — tube, tub, bull ; — oil ; — pound ; — th'm. THis. D^= I have, in '.he pronunciation of this word, made the a Jong and slender, as in brace, as I find it in Dr.Kenrick, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Scott; and not short, as in brass, as Mr. Sheridan has marked .t; and which, I believe, is the prevailing pronunciation in Ireland: for though many compounds shorten the vowel in the sim- ple, as is shown at large in the Principles of Pronuncia- tion, 308, 515 ; yet I think such words are exceptions as are only diminutives, plurals, and ferninines. — See PATR0NES3. W. BRA CER, bra/-sur. 98. n. s. A cincture. Wiseman. A medicine of constringent power. Armour for the arm. Chaucer. BRACH, hratsh. 352. n. s. [brache, old Fr.] A bitch- hound. Burton. BRA'CHIAL, brak'-yal. 353. a. [brachium, Lat.] Be- longing- to the arm. Blount. BRA'CHMAN*. ?n.s. A priest of India, of the first BRA'MIN*. S cast °*' Gentoos. Featley. BRACHY'GRAPHER*. bra-kig'-gra-mr. n. s. A short-hand writer. Gayton. BRACH Y'GRAPHYS, bra-kfg'-gra-fe. 353. n. s. [fipa-xys and ypdcpw.~] The art of writing in a short compass. B. Jonson. BRACK, brak. n. s. [bpacan, Sax.] A breach. Hay- zoard. BRA'CKEN* brak'-kn. n. s. Fern. BRA'CKET, brak'-kit. 99. n.s. A piece of wood fixed for the support of something. Mortimer. BRA'CKISH§, brak'-lsh. a. [bre/ce, Goth, the sea.] Salt 3 somewhat salt. Bacon. BRACKISHNESS, brak'-ish-nes. n. s. Saltness in a small degree. Clieyne. BRA'CKY*, brak'-e. a. Brackish. Drayton. BRAD§, being an initial, signifies broad, spacious, from the Sax. bpab. Gibson's Camden. BRAD, brad. n. s. A sort of nail to floor rooms with. Moxon. To BRAG §, brag. v. n. [braggeren, Dutch.] To boast. Shakspeare. BRAG, brag. n. s. A boast. Shakspeare. The thing boasted. Milton. BRAG*, brag. a. Proud ; boasting. Bale. BRAG*, brag. n.s. A kind of a game at cards. Chambers. BRAGGADOCIO, bra^-ga-d6 / -she-6. n. s. A swell- ing, boasting fellow. Dryden. BRA'GGARDISE*, brag'-gar-drs. n.s. Gloriation; a bragging. Minslum. BRAGGARDISM, brag'-gar-dfzm. n.s. Boastful- ness. Shakspeare. BRA'GGART, brag'-gart. 88. n. s. A boaster. Shak- speare. BRA'GGART, brag'-gart. a. Boastful. Donne. BRA / GGER,brag / -gfir. 98. n.s: A boaster. Bale. BRA'GGET $#, brag'-gel. n. s. [bragod, Welsh.] A sweet drink ; a kind of mead. Cliaucer. BRA'GGINGLY*, brag'-gmg-le. ad. Boastingly. Huloet. BR/VGLESS, brag'-les. a. Without a boast. Shak. BRA'GLY, brag'-le. ad. Finely. Spenser. To BRAID §, brade. v. a. [bjieban, Sax.] To weave together. Milton. BRAID, brade. n. s. A texture. Milton. BRAID, bride, a. [bjieb, Sax. deceit.] Crafty ; de- ceitful. Siiakspeare. BRAID*, brade. n.s. A start. Sackville. Ob. T. To BRAID §*, brade. v. a. To upbraid : to reproach. Ob. T. BRAILS, bralz. n. s. [sea term.] Small ropes reev- ed through blocks. Harris. ?SRAPN $, brane. n. s. [bpa?£en, Sax.] That collec- tion of vessels and organs in the head,, from which sense and motion arise. Cheselden. The under- standing. Hammond. The affections. Siiakspeare. Fancy ; imagination. Abp. Sandys. To BRAIN, brane. v. a. T ( o dash out the brains. Siiakspeare. BRATNISH, brane'-fsh. a. Hotheaded 5 furious. Shakspeare. BRAINLESS, brane'-lgs. a. Silly. Hooker. BRAINPAN, brane'-pan. n.s. The skull. Bible of Henry VIU. BRATNSICK, brane'-sik. a. Diseased in the under standing. Siiakspeare. BRA'INS [CKL Y, brane'-slk-ie. ad. Weakly , headilv BRA'INSlCKINESSjbrane'-slk-nes. n.s. Indiscre tion ; giddiness. BR AIT, brate. n. s. A rough diamond. Diet. BRAKE, brake. The preterit of break. BRAKE §, brake, n. s. A thicket of brambles. Siiak. Fern. Spenser. BRAKE, brake, n. s. An instrument for dressing hemp. The handle of a ship's pump. A baker's kneading trough. A sharp bit or snaifle for horses. A smith's brake is a machine in which horses un- willing to be shod are confined during that opera- tion. 2 l urbervile. That which moves a military engine to any point. Fairfax. BRA'KF, bra'-ke. a. Thorny. Bp. Hall. BRA'MBLEy, brain' -bl. 405. n.s. [bpamible, Sax.] The blackberry bush. Miller. Any rough, prickly shrub. Spenser. BRA'MBLY*, bram'-ble. a. Full of brambles. BRA'MBLED* bram'-bld. a. Overgrown with brambles. T. Warton. BRA'MBLING, branv-bllng. n.s. A mountain ehaf finch. Diet. BRA' M IN*, braW-ni. n. s. See Brachman. BRAMI'NICAL*, bra-imV-e-kal. a. Relating to the Eramius. Hal lied. BRAN §, bran. n. s. \bren, old Fr.] The husks of corn ground ; the refuse of the sieve. Shakspeare. BRAN-NEW*, bran'-nu. [brand-new, Teut.J Quite new. BRA'NCARD*, bran'-kard. n.s. [brancar, Fr.] A horse-litter. Life of Lord Clarendon. BRANCH y, bransh. 352,78. [brantsh, Sheridan $ Jones.] n. s. [branche, Fr.] The shoot of a tree from one of the main boughs. Siuikspeare. Any distinct article. Shakspeare. Any part that shoots out from the rest. Exodus, xxv. A smaller river running into a larger. Raleigh. Any part of a family de- scending in a collateral line. Careio. The offspring. Crashaw. The antlers or shoots of a stag's horn. The arches of Gotlnck vaults. Hai-ris. To BRANCH, bransh. v. n. To spread in branches. Bacon. To spread into separate parts. Addison. To speak diffusively. Spectator. To have horns shooting out. Milton. To BRANCH, bransh. i\ a. To divide as into branches. Bacon. To adorn with sprigs of needle- work. Spenser. BRA'NCHER, braV-shur. n. s. One that shoots out into branches. Wotton. [In falconry.] A young hawk. Walton. BRA'NCHERY*, bransh'-e-re. n.s. The vascular parts of fruits. Chambers. BRANCHINESS, bran'-she-nes. n. s. Fulness ol branches. Sherwood. BRA'NCHLESS, branshM^s. a. Without shoots or boughs. Cotgrave. Naked. Shakspeare. BRA'NCHY^bran'-she. a. Full of branches. Pope. BRANDS, brand, n. s. [bnanb, Sax.] A stick light- ed, or fit to be lighted. Shakspeare. A sword. [brando, Ital.] Milton. A thunderbolt. Granville. A mark made by burning a criminal with a hot iron, a stigma. Bacon. Any note of infamy. Dryden To BRAND, brand, v. a. To mark with a brand, or note of infamy. Shakspeare. To burn with a hot iron. Dryden. BRA'NDGOOSE, brand'-goos. n. s. A kind of wild fowl. Diet. BRA'NDIRON*, brand'-i-urn. n. s. [bpanbinen, Sax.] A trivet to set a pot upon. To BRA'NDISH, bran'-dlsh. v. a. [brand, a sword.] To flourish as a weapon. Ezek. xxxii. To play with. Locke. BRA'NDISH*, bran'-dlsh. n. s. A flourish. B. Jonson, To BRA'NDLE*, bran'-dl. v.n. [brandiller. Fr.] To shake. Cotgrave. BRA'NDLING, branding, n.s. A kind of worm, Walton. BRA / NDY,bran / -de. n.s. [brandewine, or burnt '*ine.~\ A strong liquor distilled from wine. Beau, and Fi. 151 BRA BRE O* 559. — Fate, far, fall, fat ;— me, met ; — pine, pm ; — Braudy. BRANDY-WINE, bran'-de-wlne. n, "Wiseman. BRA'NGLE $, brang'-gl. 405. n. s. Squabble ; wran- gle. Swift. To BRA'INGLE, brang'-gl. 405. v. n. To wrangle; to squabble. Bp. HcUl. BRA'NGLEMENT, brang'-gl-ment. n.s. The same with brangle. BRA / NGLiNG*,brang / -gl!ng.n.ff Quarrel. Wliil- lock. BRANK, brank. n.s. Buckwheat. Mortimer. BRA'NLIN*, bran'-lln. n. s. A species offish of the salmon kind. Chambers. BRA'NNY, bran'-ne. a. Having the appearance of bran. Wiseman. Consisting principally of bran. Huloet. BRA'NSLE* bran'-sl. n. s. [bransle, Fr.] A brawl or dance. Spenser. Ob. T. BRANT*, brant, a. Steep. See Brent. BRA'SEN, bra'-zn. a. Made of brass. It is now less properly written, according to the pronunciation, braren. BRA'SIER, bra'-zhur. 233. n. s. A manufacturer in brass. Shale. A pan to hold coals. Arbidhnot. BRA'SiL, or BRA'ZIL, bra-zeel'. n. s. An Ameri- can wood, commonly supposed to be thus denom'na ted, because first broughtfrom Brazil ; but the Brazil wood was known before the discovery of Brazil. Chaucer. BRASS, bras. n. s. [bpa]*, Sax.] A yellow metal, made by mixing copper with lapis calaminaris. Shak. Impudence. Used for copper. Dent. viii. BRASS-PAVED*, bras'-pav'd. a. Firm as brass. Spenser. BRASS-VISAGED*, bras'- vfc-Idjd. a. Impudent. BRA'SSICA*. bras'-se-ka. 71. s. [Lat.] Cabbage. Pope. BRA'SSINESS, bras'-se-ngs. n. s. An appearance like brass. BRA'SSY, bras'-se. a. Partaking of brass. Wood ward. Hard as brass. Shakspeare. Impudent. BRAST, brast. part. a. [from burst.] Burst ; broken. Spenser. Ob. J. BRAT §, brat. n.s. A child, so called in contempt. Shak. The progeny 5 the offspring. South. BRAVA'DO. bra-va'-d6. [See Lumbago.] n. s. [brarada, Span.] A boast. Sir T. Herbert. BRAVE §, brave, a. [brahe, Goth.] Courageous. Bacon. Gallant. Sheik. Magnificent. Shak. Ex- cellent ; noble. Sidney. Fine ; showy. Spenser. BRAVE, brave, n.s. A hector. Milton. A boast. Shakspeare. To BRAVE, brave, v. a. To defy. Shak. To carry a boasting appearance of. Bacon. To make fine or splendid. Shakspeare. BRA'VELY, brave'-le. ad. In a brave manner. Ba- con. Finely. Judith, x. BRAVERY, bra'-vur-re. 555. n. s. Courage. Spec- tator. Splendour. Spenser. Show. Bacon. Bra- vado. Sidney. BRA'VrNGLY*, bra'-vlng-le. ad. In a defying man- ner. Sheldon. BRA'VO, bra'-vo. n. s. [bravo, ltal.] A man who murders for hire. Government of tJie Tongue. BRA VU'RA'*, bra-vu'-ra. n. s. A word of modern application, to such songs as require great vocal ability in the singer. To BRAWL §, brawl, v.n. [brauler, Fr.] To quar- rel noisily. Shak. To speak loud and indecently. Shakspeare. To make a noise. Shakspeare. To BRAWL*, brawl, v. a. To drive or beat away. Shakspeare. BRAWL, brawl, n. s. Quarrel. Hooker. A dance. B. Jonson. BRA'WLEP^braw'-lur. n.s. A wrangler. 1 Tim. iii. BRA'WLING*, braw'-Hng. n.s. The act of quarrel- ling. Sidney. BRA'WLINGLY* braw'-llng-le. ad. In a quarrel- some manner. Huloet. BRAWN §, brawn, n. s. The fleshy part of the body. Peacham The arm. Slunk. Bulk. Dryden. The flesh of a boar, prepared in a particular manner. Mortimer. A boar. Beaumont and Fletcher. ERA'WNED* braw'-nld. a. Strong; brawny. Spenser. BRA' WNER, braw'-n&r. n. s. A boar killed for the table. King. BRA'WNINESS,braw'-ne-nes. n.s. Strength, hard- ness. Hammond. BRA'WNY, braw'-ne. a. Museulous; fleshy. Dry- den. Hard ; unfeeling. Mede. To BRAY§. bra. v. a. [bpacan, Sax.] To pound, oi grind small. Bacon. To emit with sound ; to give vent to. Sir T. Elyot. To BRAY, bra. v. n. \proire, Fr.] To make a noise «s an ass. Dryden. To make a harsh noise Shakspeare. BRAY, bra. n. s. Voice of an ass. Harsh sound. Sluxkspeare. BRAY*, bra. ?i.s. [ire, Welsh.] A Dank of earth. Ld. Herbert. BRA'YER, bra'-ur. n. s. One that brays like an ass. Pope. An instrument to temper printers' ink. BRA'YPNG*, bra'-mg. ?i.s. Clamour; noise. Sir T. Smith. To BRAZE, braze, v. a. To solder with brass. Mox- on. To harden to impudence. Shakspeare. BRA'ZEN, bra'-zn. 103. a. Made of brass. Peacham. Proceeding from brass. Shakspeare. Impudent. To BRA'ZEN, bra'-zn. v. n. To be impudent. Ar- buthnot. BRA'ZENBROWED* bra'-zn-brSud. a. Shame- less ; impudent. Browne. BRA'ZENFACE, bra'-zn-fase. n. s. An impudent wench. Shakspeare. BRA'ZENFACED, bra'-zn-faste. 359. a. Impudent ; shameless. Shakspeare. BRA'ZENLY*, bra'-zn-le. ad. In a bold, impudent manner. BRAZENNESS, bra'-zn-nes. n. s. Appearance like brass. Impudence. BRA'ZIER, braze'-yur. 283. n.s. See Brasieb. Sicift. BREACH, breetsh. n.s. The act of breaking. Shak. The state of being broken. Shak. A gap in a for- tification made by a battery. Knolles. The viola- tion of a law or contract. Spenser. The opening in a coast. Spenser. Difference ; quarrel. Claren- don. Infraction ; injury. Clarendon. BREaD §, bred. n. s. [bpeob, Sax.] Food made of ground corn. Arbuthnot. Food in general. Gene- sis. Support of life at large. K. Charles. To BREAD*, or BREADE*, v. a. [bpaeban, Sax.] To spread. Ro.y. BREAD-CHIPPER, br£d'-tsh5p-fir. n. s. One that chips bread ; an under-butler. Shakspeare. BREAD-CORN, bred'-kom. n.s. Corn of which bread is made. Hayward. BREAD-ROOM, bred'-r63m. n. s. A part of the hold of a ship, where the bread and biscuit are kept. BREADEN*, br£d'-dn. ad. Made of bread. Rogers. BREADTH §, bredth. n. s. [bpeeb, Sax.] The meas- ure of any plain superficies from side to side. Bacon. BRE'ADTHLESS*, bredtfi'-les. a. Without limit of breadth. More. To BREAK §, brake. 240, 242. v. a. pret. I broke, or brake; part. pass, broke, or broken,. ,_ [bpeccsen, Sax.] To part by violence. Psalm ii. To burst, or open by force. Milton. To pierce; to divide. Dryden. To destroy by violence. Burnet. To batter. Slutk. To crush or destroy the strength of the body. Sliak. To sink or appal the spirit. Clar- endon. To crush ; to shatter. Judith, ix. To weaken we mental faculties. Shak. To tame. Spenser. To make bankrupt. Shak. To discard ; to dismiss. Swift. To crack or open the skin. Shak. To violate a contract. 2 Chron. xvi. To infringe a law. Dryden. To stop. Shak. To intercept. Bacon. To interrupt, Dryden. To separate com- pany. Atterbnry. To dissolve any union. Collier To reform. Grew. To open something new. Ba • con.— To break the back. To dislocate the vertebrae. Shale. To break ilve back. To disable one's for 52 BRE BRE — h6, mOve, n6r, not 5 — tube, tfib, bull ; — 6?1 ; — -pound ; — tlun, THis. tune. ShaK. To break a iker. To cut it up in the slaugnter-house. To breakfast. To eat the first time in the day. To break ground. To plough. Careio. To break ground. To open trendies. To break tlie heart. To destroy with grief. Shak. To break a jest. To utter a jest unexpected. But- ler. To break the neck. To put out the neck joints. Shale. To break off. To put a sudden slop. Mil- ton. To break off. To preclude by some obstacle suddenly interposed. Addison. To break off'. To tear asunder. Mi/ton. To break up. To dissolve. Herbert. To break up. To lay open. Sandys. To break up. To separate or disband. Kiwlles. To break up. To force open. Micah, ii. To break upon the wheel. To punish by stretching a criminal upon the wheel, and breaking his bones with bats. To break wind. To give vent to wind in the body. To BREAK, brake, v. n. To part in two. Shak. To burst. Dryden. To spread by dashing, as waves on a rock. Dryden. To break as a swell- ing; to open. Harvey. To open as the morning. Donne. To burst forth. IsaiaJi, lii. To become bankrupt. Shak. To decline in health. Swift. To issue out with vehemence. Pope. To make way with suddenness or violence. Hooker. To come to an explanation. Sidney. To fall out. B. Jonson. — To break from. To go away with some vehemence. Roscommon. To break in. To enter unexpectedly. Addison. To break loose. To es- cape from captivity. Milton. To break loose. To shake off restraint. Tillotson. To break off. To desist suddenly. Bacon. To break off from. To part from with violence. Shak. To break ouf.. To discover itself in sudden effects. Spenser. To break out. To have eruptions from the body. To break out. To become dissolute. Dryden. To breakup. To cease. Baton. To breaJc up. To dissolve it- self. Bacon. To break up. To begin holidays. Shak. To break with. To part friendship with any. Shak. It is to be observed of this extensive and perplexed verb, that in all its significations, whether active or neutral, it has some reference to its primitive meaning, by implying either detriment, suddenness, violence, or separation. It is used of- ten with additional particles, up, out, in, off, forth, to modify its signification. BREAK, brake, n.s. State of being broken; open- ing". Knol/es. Milton. Dryden. A. pause. Black- v;all. A line drawn. Swift. Land ploughed or broken up during the first year after the alteration. Grose. [In architecture.] A recess of a part behind its ordinary range or projeelure. Chambers. BRE' AK ABLE* brake'-a-bl. a. Capable of being broken. BRE'AKER, bra'-kfir. n.s. He that breaks any > thing. S.'uilc. A wave broken by rocks. A break- er up of the ground. Sherwood. A destroyer. Micah, ii. To BRE'AKFAST, brgk'-f ast 234,515. v.n. To eat the first meal in the day. Prior. BRE'AKFAST. hrek'-f ast. 88. n. s. The first meal | in the day. Wotton. The thing eaten at the first meal. Bacon. A meal, or food in general. Shak. BREAKFASTING*, brek'-fast-fng. n. s. A party assembled to breakfast together ; a publick break- fast. Ld. Chesterfield. BRE AKING*, brake/-?ng. n. s. Bankruptcy. Sea- sonable Sermon. Irruption. Hammond. Dissolution. Isaiah, xxx. A breaking up of the ground. BRE'AKNECK, brake'-nek. n. s. A steep place en- dangering the neck. Shakspeare. BRE'AKPROMISE, brake'-prpm-fs. n. s. One that makes a practice of breaking his promise. Shak. BRE'AKVOW, brake'-vdu. ri.s. He that practiseth the breach of vows. Shakspeare. BRE' AK WATER* brake'-wa-tur. n. s. The hulk of an old vessel sunk at the entrance of a harbour to break the force of the sea. Ash. BREAM 6. breme. n. s. [brame, Fr.] The name of a fish. Walton. Tc BREAM*. See To Broom BREAST £, brest. n. s. [bpeoj-c, Sax.] The middle part of the human body, between the neck and the belly. Prior. The teats of women, which contain the milk. Job,xx\v. Anciently, the. power of sing- ing. Tusser. B. Jonson. The part of a beast that is under the neck, between the fore-less. The dis- position of the mind. Dryden. The heart ; the conscience. Dryden. To BREAST, brest. v. a. To meet in front. Shak. BRE'ASTBONE, brest'-b6ne. n. s. The sternum Peacham . BREA'STCASKET, brest'-kas-ket. n. s. The larg est caskets or strings placed in the middle of the yard of a ship. BREASTDE'EP* brest'-deep. a. Breast-high ; up to the breast. Titus Andrcmicus. BRE'ASTED*, brest'-M. a. Broad-breasted. Hav- ing a fine voice. Fiddes. BRE'ASTFAST, brest'-fast. n. s. A rope in a ship to hold her head to a warp. Harris. BRE'ASTHIGH, brest'-hi. a. Up to the breast. Sidney. BRE'ASTHOOKS, brest'-hooks. n. s. The timbers that strengthen the forepart of a ship. Harris. BRE'ASTKXOT.brest'-not.rc.s. A knot of ribands worn by women on the breast. Addison. BRE'ASTPLATE, brest'-plate. n. s. Armour for the breast. Shakspeare. BRE'ASTPLOUGH, brest'-plSu. n. s. A plough for paring turf, driven by the breast. Mortimer. BRE ASTROPES, brest'-r6pes. n. s. Ropes which fasten the yards to the parrels of a ship. Harris. BRE' AST WORK, brest'-wfirk. n. s. Works thrown up as high as the breast of the defendants : the same with parapet. Clarendon. BREATH §, br&h. 437. n. s. [bjiaSe, Sax.] The air drawn in and ejected out of the body. Shak. Life Dryden. The state of breathing freely. Spenser, Respite; pause. Shak. Breeze. Addison. A single act. Dryden. BRE 7 ATHABLE, bre'-THa-bl. a. That may be breathed. To BREATHE, breTHe. 437. v. n. To draw in and throw out the air by the lungs. Pope. To live. Shak. To take breath. Spenser. To pass as air Shakspeare. To BREATHE, breTHe. v. a. To inspire or expire. Dryden. To inject by breathing. Decay of Piety To eject by breathing. Spectator. To exercise Shale. To move by breath. Prior. To exhale Milton. To utter privately. Shak. To give air or vent to. Dm den. BRE'ATHER, bre'-THiir. n. s. One that breathes. Shak. One that utters anything. Shak. Lispirer. Norris. BRE'ATHFUL*, biM'-ffil. a. Full of breath Spenser. Full of odour. Spenser. BRE'ATHIXG, bre'-THnig. n.s. Aspiration ; secret prayer. Bp. Hall. Breathing place ; vent. Dry den. An accent. BRE'ATHING-PLACE* bre'-THing-plase. n.s A pause. Sidney. BRE'ATHING-TIME^ bre'-THing-ume. n.s. Re- laxation. Bp. Hall. n EV A TT-TT VSS hrSrf,/. BRE'ATHLESS, bretfi'-les. a. Out of breath. S ser. Dead. Shakspeare. pen The BRE ATHLESSNESS*. br&/Y-les-nes. n state of being out of breath. Bp. Hall. BRED. bred. part. pass, [from To breed.] Wisd. xii BREDE. brede. n.s. See Braid. BREECH $, breetsh. 247. n. s. Tne lower part of the body; the back part. Hay ward. Breeches. Shak. The hinder part of a piece of ordnance. Anon. The hinder part of anv thing. To BREECH, breetsh. 247. v. a. To put into breech es. To fit anv thing with a breech ; as, to breech a gun. Slink. To whip on the breech. Beaumont and Fletcher. ERE'ECHES, britsh'-fz. 247, 99. n. s. [bp-sec. Sax.] The garment worn by men over the lower part cf the body. Shak. — To wear the breeches, is, in a w.fe, to usurp the authoritv of the husband. Burton. 153 BRE BRI O 3 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat;— me, met;— pine, pin 5- BREE'CHING*, breetsh'-lng. n.s. A whipping. Sherwood. The ropes with which the great guns are lashed to the side of a ship. Chambers. To BREEDS, breed, v. a. preter. I bred, \ have bred. [bpoeban, Sax.] To procreate. Roscommon. To produce from one's self. Locke. To occasion. Spenser. To contrive. Shak. To give birth to. Hooker. To educate. Dry dm. To bring up from infancy. Dryden. To conduct through the first stages of lite. Prior, ro BREED, breed, v. n. To bring young. Spectator. To be increased by new production. Raleigh. To be produced. Sliakspeare. To raise a breed. Mor- timer. BREED, breed, n. s. A cast ; a kind. Shak. A fam- ily. Arbuthnot. Progeny. Shak. A number pro- duced at once ; a hatch. Grew. BRE'EDBATE, breed'-bate. n. s. One that breeds quanels. Shakspeare, BRE'EDER, breed'-fir s. That which pro- duces any thing. Shak. The person which brings up another. Ascham. A female that is prolifick. Shakspeare. One that takes care to raise a breed. Temple. BREEDING, bree'-dfng. n. s. Education. Shak. Manners. Pope. Nurture. Milton. BREESE$, breez. n.s. [bpio]*a, Sax.] A stinging fly. Shakspeare. BREEZE^, breez. n. s. \brize, Fr.] A gentle gale ; a soft wind. Raleigh. BRE'EZELESS*, breezMes. a. Wanting a breeze. TV. Richardson. BRE'EZY, bree'-ze. a. Fanned with gales. Pope. Full of gales. Gray. BRE'HON, bre'-hdn. n.s. [An Irish word, from breach, judgement.] A judge. Spenser. BREME, breem. a. [bpemman, Sax.] Cruel ; sharp. Chancer. Ob. J. To BREN§# bren. v. a. [brennan, Sax.] To burn. Spenser. Ob. T BRENT, brent, part. a. Burnt. Spenser. BRENT*, brent. > a. [bryn, Goth.] Steep; high. BRANT*, brant. $ Ascham. BREST, brest. n. s. [In architecture.] The torus, or tore. BRET, bret. n. s. A fish of the turbot kind. Diet. BRE'TFUL*, bret'-ffil. a. Brimful. Chaucer. BRE'THREN, brerH'-ren. n. s. The plural of brother. BRE VE, breve, n. s. [In musick.] A note of time, equivalent to four minims. BREVE*, breve, n.s. [bpave, Sax.] An official writing ; a writ or brief. Ld. Herbert. BRE VE T*, bre-veY. n. s. Appointment in the army, and rank above the specifick appointment for which pay is received; a lieutenant-colonel, being made colonel by brevet, enjoys the pay only of the former, but the honour and privileges of the latter, station. A brevet is a warrant, without seal. BRE'VIARY, breve'-ya-re. 507. n. s. [breviarium,, Lat.] An abridgement. Ayliffe. The book con- taining the daily service of the church of Rome. Abp. Usher. JJ^p All oar orthoepists hut Mr. Perry pronounce the first syllahle of this word long ; but if authority ware silent, analogy would decide for the pronunciation I have giv- en. 534. W. BRE' VI ATE, breve'-yat. 113. n. s. A short compen- dium. Milton. A lawyer's brief. Hudibras. To BRE'VIATE*, brevV-yate, or bre'-ve-ale. v. a. To abbreviate. Sherwood. BRE'VIATURE, breve'-ya-tshure. 465,113. n.s. An abbreviation. BRE'VIER, bre-vere'. n. s. A particular size of let- ter used in printing. BRE'VITY.breV-e-te. 511. n.s. Conciseness. Drvd. To BREW $, brSo. 339. v. a. [bpipan, Sax.] To make liquors by mixing several ingredients. Bacon. To put into preparation. Shak. To mingle. Shak. To contrive ; to plot. Wotton. jToBREW,br6&. v.n. To perform the office of a brewer. Sliakspeare, BREW h:Sd. n. s. Manner of brewing. Bacon. BRE 7 WAGE, brSo'-Idje. 90. n.s. Mixture of various things. Shakspeare. BRE' WER, br66'-ur. n. s. A man whose trade it is to make beer. Shakspeare. BRE'WERY*, bro&'-e-re. n. s. The place appropr'- ated to brewing. Pennant. BRE'WHOUSE* br6o'-h3fis. n. s. A house appro- priated to brewing. Bacon. BREWING*. brSS'-mg. n. s. [In naval language.! The appearance of biack, tempestuous clouds, indi- cating an approaching storm. Chambers. BRE'WING, br36'-!ng. 410. n.s. Quantity brewed at once. Bacon. BRE' WIS, bro5'-is. n.s. [bpipap, Sax.] A piece of bread soaked in boiling fat pottage, made of sailed meat. Warner. BRFAR. See Brier. BRIBER bribe, n. s. [bribe, Fr.] A reward given to pervert the judgement or corrupt the conduct. Shak. To BRIBE, bribe, v. a. To gain by bribes. Dryden. BRI'BER, brl'-bur. 93. n.s. One that pays for cor • rupt practices. South. BRI'BERY, bri'-bftr-re. 555. n.s. The crime of tak- ing or giving rewards for bad practices. Bacon.. BRICK I brlk. n. s. [brick, Dutch.] A mass of burst clay, squared for the use of builders. Bacon. A loaf shaped like a brick. To BRICK, brlk. v. a. To lay with bricks. Beau mont and Fletcher. BRFCKBAT, brfk'-bat. n. s. A piece of brick Bacon. BRI'CKBUILT*, brik'-bftt. part. a. Built with bricks Dryden. BRI'CKCLAY, brik'-kli. n. s. Clay used for mak- ing bricks. Woodward. BRFCKDUST, brlk'-dust. n. s. Dust made by pounding bricks. Spectator. BRF~ Earth used in CKEARTH, brik'-er^. n. making" bricks. Mortimer. BRI'CK-KILN, brik'-ldl. n. s. A kiln to burn bricks. Decay of Piety. BRl'CKLAYER, brlk'-la-ur. n. s. A brick-mason. Shakspeare. BRI'CKLE§* brik'-kl. a. [brokel, Teut/j Brittle; apt to break. Spenser. BRPCKLENESS*, brik'-kl-ne.s. n. s. Fragility. Barret. BRI'CKMAKER, brik'-ma-knr. n. s. One whose trade it is to make bricks. Woodward. BRFCKWORK*, brlk'-w&rk. n. s. Laying of bricks Sherwood. BRFCKY*, brik'-e. a. Full of bricks ; fit for bricks. Cotgrave. BRFDAL $, brl'-dal. n. s. [bjii&al, Sax.] The nup- tial festival. Ascham. BRFDAL, brl'-dal. a. Belonging to a wedding. Shakspeare, BRI'DALTY* brl'-dal-te. n.s. Celebration of the nuptial frast. B. Jonson. BRIDE $, bride, n. s. [bpyb, Sax.] A woman new married. Spenser. To BRIDE*, bride, v. a. To make a bride of; to marry. BRFDEBED, brlde'-beU n. s. Marriage-bed. Shak. BRFDECAKE, brlde'-kake. n. s. A cake distributed to the guests at a wedding. B. Jonson. BRFDECHAMBER*, bride'-tshame-bfir. n. s. The nuptial chamber. St. Matt. ix. BRFDEGROOM, brlde'-grftftm. n. s. [bpib£uma, Sax.] A new married man. Shakspeare. BRFDEMAID, bride'-made. n. s. She who attends upon the bride. Sir J. Suckling. BRFDEMAN, brlde'-man. n. s. He who attends the bride and bridegroom at the nuptial ceremony. Wlieatly. BRl'DESTAKE, brlde'-stake. n. s. A post set in the ground, to dance round. B. Jonson. BRFDEWELL6. brkle'-wel. n. s. [The palace built by St. Bride's, or Bridget's well, was turned into a workhouse.] A house of correction. Sped. BRIDGES, brklje. n. s. [bpyc^e, Sax.] A building raised over water for the convenience of passage. 154 BRI BRI — nA, mOve, nor, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 611 ; — pound ; — thin, THis. Slutk. Tlie upper part of the nose. Bacon. The supporter of the strings in stringed instruments of musiek. To BRIDGE, brldje. v. a. To raise a bridge over any place. Milton. BRFDGY* brld'-je. a. Full of bridges. Sherwood, BRPDLE§, bri'-dl. 405. re, s. [bpibl, Sax.] The headstall and reins by which a horse is governed Dryden. A restraint. ; a curb. Clarendon. To BRI'DLE, bri'-dl. v. a. To guide by a bridle. Addison. To put a bridle on any thing. Prior. To restrain. Hooker. To BRFDLE, bri'-dl. v. n. To hold up the head. Beaumont and Fletcher. BRI'DLEHAND, bri'-dl-lmnd. n. s. The hand which holds the bridle. Sidney. BRI'DLER*, bri'-dlur. n. s. He who directs or re- strains as by a bridle. Milton. BRIEF $, breef. a. [brief, Fr.] Short} concise. Slwk. Contracted. Shakspeare. BRIEF, breef. n. s. A writing of any kind. Slwk. A short extract. Spenser. [In law.] A species of writ or precept. Cowel. The writing given the pleaders, containing the case. Swift. Letters pat- ent, giving license to a charitable collection. [In musiek.] A measure of quantity, which contains two strokes down in beating time^ and as many up. Harris. BRFEFLY, breef -le. ad. Concisely. Bacon. Quick- ly. Sliakspeare. BRFEFNESS, breef'-ngs. n. s. Conciseness; short- ness. Camden. BRI'ER §, bri'-fir. 98, 418. n. s. [bjiaeji, Sax.] A plant. Slwkspeare. BRI'ERY, brl'-ur-re. 555. a. Rough; full of briers. Sherwood. BRI'ERY*, bri'-ur-re. n. s. A place where briers grow. Huloet. BRIG, brig. n. s. A bridge. Gibson's Camden. BRIG*, brig. n. s. A light vessel with two masts. BRIGA'DE$, bre-gade'. 117. n. s. [brigade, Fr.] A body, of men, consisting of several squadrons of horse, or battalions of foot. Milton. To BRIGA'DE* bre-gade'. v. a. To form into a brigade. BRFGADIER General, brlg-a-deer'. 275. n. s. An officer who commands a brigade. Ld. Chesterfield. BRI'GAND, brlg'-and. n. s. [brigand, Fr.] A rob- ber. Bramhall. BRI'GAND AGE*, brlg'-and-adje. n. s. [Fr.] Theft ; plunder. WarbuHon. BRFGANDINE, brig'-an-dlne. 150. n. s. A light vessel, formerly used by corsairs or pirates. Spen- ser. A coat of mail. Jeremiah, xlvi. BRFGANTINE, brlg'-an-tlne. n. s. A light vessel. Otway. jJO'All our orthoepisfs sound the last i in this word long; and yet my memory fails me if the sta«e does not pro- nounce it short ; a pronunciation to which the stage is very prone, as Valentine, Cymbelinc, fee. are heard on the stage as if written Valentin, Cymbelin, &,c. " You may remember, scarce three years are past, " When in your brigantine you sail'd to see " The Adriatick wedded by our duke, "And I was with you." Venice Preserved. JV. BRIGHT §, brlte.o. [beonhte, Sax.] Shining; full of light. Milton. Reflecting light. Chapman. Clear. Thomson. Evident. Waits. Resplendent with charms. Parnel. Illuminated with science. Pope. Illustrious. Cotton. To BRI'GHTEN, brl'-tn. 103. v.a. To make bright. Dryden. To make luminous. Philips. To make gay. Milton. To make illustrious. Swift. To make acute, or witty. To BRI'GHTEN, brl'-tn. v. n. To grow bright. Pope. BRFGHTBURNING* brhe'-burn-lng. a. Burning brightly. Titus Andronicus. BRI'GHTEYED*, brhe'-lde. a. Having bright eyes. Gray. BRl'GHTHAIRED*, brlte'-hard. a. Having hair of a bright colour. Milton. BRFGHTHARNESSED*,brlle'-har-nest. a. Hav- ing bright armour. Milton. BRFGHTLY, brlte'-le. ad. Splendidly. Pope. BRIGHTNESS, brlte'-n§s. n. s. Lustre. Spenser. Acuteness. Prior. BRFGHTSHINING*, brlte'-shlne-lng. part. a. Shining brightly. Spenser. BRIGO'SE*, bre-gAse'. a. Quarrelsome; conten- tious. Puller. » BRIGUE§* brig. n. s. [briga, Germ.] Strife ; quar- rel. Chaucer. To BR1GUE*, brig. v.a. [briguer, Fr.] To canvass; to solicit. Hurd. BRI'LLIANCY, bril'-yan-se. n. s. Lustre ; splen- dour. BRI'LLIANT^, bril'-yant. 113. a. [brillant, Fr.] Shining; sparkling. Dorset. BRI'LLIANT, bril'-yant. n. s. A diamond of the finest cut. Dmden. BRi'LLIANTLY*, brll'-yant-le. ad. Splendidly. Warton. BRI'LLIANTNESS, brll'-yant-nes. n. s. Splen- dour; lustre. BRILLS, brlls. n. s. The hair on the eyelids of a horse. Diet. BRIM§, brim. n. s. [bpimm, Sax.] The edge of any thing. Bacon. The upper edge of any vessel. Crashaw. The top of any liquor. Joshua, m. The bank of a fountain, river, or the sea. Spenser. BRIM* brim. a. [bpyme, Sax.] Publick ; well known. Warner. Ob. T. To BRIM, brim, v. a. To fill to the top. .Milton. To BRIM, brim. v. n. To be full to the brim. Philips. To BRI'MFILL*, brfm'-fil. v. a. To fill to the top Crashmo. BRI'iMFUL, brim'-ful. a. Full to the toD. Sidney. BRI'MFULNESS, brim'-ful-nes. re. 5. Fulness to the top. Shakspeare. BRFMLESS*, brlm'-les. a. Without an edge or brim. L. Addison. BRI'MMER, brlm'-mur. n. s. A bowl full to the top Dryden. BRI'MxMFNG, brlm'-ming. a. Full to the brim. Dryden. BRI'MSTONE §, brlm'-stone. n. s. [brin or brenstG7ie that is. fiery stone.] Sulphur. BRI'MSTONY, brlm'-st6-ne. a. Full of brimstone B. Jonson. BRI'NDEDS, briV-ded. a. [bjiennan, Sax.] Of £ brown colour, originally ; thence, of a varied co iour; streaked. Shukspeare. BRI'NDLE, brln'-dl.405, S59. n. s. The state of be ing brinded. Clarissa. BRINDLED, brln'-dld. 405. a. Brinded; streaked Addison. BRLNE§, brine, n.s. [byiyne, Sax.] Water impreg nat&d with salt. Bacon. The sea. Shale. Tears BRI'NEPIT, brine'-plt. n.s. Pit of salt water. Shaft. To BRING §, bring. 408, ^09. v. a. [bp.in^an,Sax.j To fetch from. Shak. To convev, or cany to Genesis. To convey in one's own hand ; not to send by another. Dryden. To procure as a cause. Bacon. To reduce ; to recall. Locke. To attract \ to draw along. Newton. To put into any pariicu lar state. Locke. To lead by degrees. L' Estrange. To recall; to summons. Dryden. To induce; to prevail upon. Locke. To attend ; to accompany. Shak. — To bring about. To bring to pass. Dry den. To bring forth. To give birth to. Shak To bring forth. To bring to light. Job, xxxviii To bring in. To place in any condition. Sliak To bring in. To reduce. Spenser. To bring in. To afford gain. South. To bring in. To intra duce. Taylor. To bring off. To clear; to ac quit. L' Estrange. To bring on. To engage in action. Bacon. To bring on. To produce as an occasional cause. Burnet. To brin? over. To convert; to draw to a new party. Swift. To bring out. To exhibit Shak. To bring to pass. To effect. Genesis, xli. To bring under. To subdue. Spenser. To bring; up. To educate. Sidney. Tg bring up. To introduce to general practice. Spec- lob BRO BRO O 3 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat ,— me, met 5— pine, p?n ;— tafor. To ,6nwg up. To cause to advance. Shak. To bring up. To bring- back. Genesis, xlvi. !To inVyr m/j. To introduce ; to occasion. Numbers, xiv. Bring retains in all its senses the idea of an agent, or cause producing a real or metaphorical motion of something towards something BRINGER, brlng'-ur. 409. n s. The person that brings. Sliakspeare. BRINGER-IN*, br'ing'-fir-fn. 7}.s. The person who introduces any thing. Sandys. BRFNGER-UP, brlng'-ur-up. n. s. Instructed As- chum. Bringers-up are the whole last rank of men in a battalion, or the hindmost man in every file. Chambers. BRINGING forth*. Production. Sluikspeare. BRFN1SH, bri'-nlsh. a. Salt. Sliakspeare. BRFNISHNESS, brl'-nish-nes. n. s. Tendency to BRINK ^ brink, n. s. [brink, Danish.] The edge of any place, as of a precipice or a river. Dnjden. BRINY, brl'-ne. a. Salt. Dry den. BRFONY. See Bryony. BRISK §, brisk, a. [brusque, Fr.] Lively. Denliam. Powerful } spirituous. Denliam. Vivid 3 bright. Newton. To BRISK*, brfsk. v. a. To make brisk. To BRISK UP. v.n. To come up briskly. To BRISK UP*, v.a. To enliven. Killingbeck. BRFSKET, brls'-klt. 99. n, s. [bryced, Welsh.] The breast of an animal. Mortimer. BRFSKLY, br?sk''-le. ad. Actively; vigorously. Boyle. BRFSKxNESS, brfsk'-nes. n. s. Liveliness. SouUi. Gayety. Dryden. BRFSTLE §, briV-sl. 405, 472. n. s. [bjiij-fcl, Sax.] The stiff hair of swine. Shakspeare. To BRFSTLE, brls'-sl. v. a. To erect in bristles. Shakspeare. To BRFSTLE, brfs'-sl. v.n. To stand erect as bristles. Shakspeare. To BRFSTLE a Thread. To fix a bristle to it. BRFSTLELIKE*, brfs'-sl-llke. a. Stiff as a bristle. Mirror for Magistrates. BRFSTLY, bristle, a. Thick set with bristles. Ba- con. BRFSTOL STONE, brls'-tol-stone. n. s. A kind of soft diamond found in a rock near the city of Bris- tol. Woodward. BRIT, brlt. n. s. The name of a fish. Carew. To BRITE, or To BRIGHT, brlte. v. n. To be over ripe. BRFTISH §*, brlf'-ish. a. [Bjiyfcfci-re, Sax.] What relates to Britain. Milton. Applied to language, it means the Welsh. Richards. BRFTON*, brft'-fin. n. s. A native of Britain. Shak. BRFTON*, brft'-tm. a. British. Spenser. BRFTTLE §, brh'-tl. 405. a. [bjiytan, Sax.] Fra- gile. Bacon. BRl'TTLELY*, brit'-tl-le. ad. In a fragile state. Shenoood. BRFTTLENESS,brltMl-nes. n.s. Aptness to break. Ascham. BRIZE§,brlze. n.s. The gad-fly. Spenser. BROACH §, brotsh. 295. n. s. [broche, Fr.] A spit. Bacon. A musical instrument. Diet. To BROACH, br6tsh. v. a. To spit. Shakspeare. To pierce a vessel ; to tap. Crasfutw. To open any store. Kjwlles. To let out any thing. Hudibras. To give out or utter. Raleigh. To BROACH to'*. [In naval language.] To turn suddenly to windward. Clwmbers. BRO'ACHER, brotsh'-ur. n.s. A spit. Dryden. An opener, or utterer ; the first author. V Estrange. BROAD §, brawd. %,5. ad. [bpab, Sax.] Wide. Shak. Large. Locke. Clear ; open. Cluxpman, Odyssey. Gross ; coarse. Dryden. Obscene ; ful- some. Dryden. Bold ; not delicate. Shakspeare. BROAD as long. Equal upon the whole. V Estrange, j BROAD AXE*, brawd'-aks. n.s. [bjiab-aex, Sax.] 1 Formerly a military weapon. Spenser. BROAD-BLOWN*, brawd'-blone. part. a. Full blown. Sliakspeare. BROAD-BREASTED*, brawd'-brest-ed. a. Hav- ing a broad breast. Huloet. BROAD-PRIMMED*, brawd'-brfmd. a. Having a broad border, brim, or edge. Taller. BROAD-CAST*, brawd'-kast. n. s. The method of cultivating corn, turnips, &c. by sowing them with the hand at large. Chambers. BROAD-CLOTH, brawd'-kloi/t. n. s. A fine kind of cloth. Swift. BROAD-EYED, brawd'-lde. a. Having a wide survey. Sluikspeare. BROAD-FRONTED*, brawd'-frunt-e^l. part. a. Having a broad front; applied to cattle. Chapman. BROAD-HORNED*, brawd'-hdrnd. a. Having large horns. Huloet. BROAD-LEAVED, brawdMeevd. a. Having broad leaves. Sandys. To BRO'ADEN, braw'-dn. 103. v. n. To grow bold. Thomsan. BRO'ADISH*, brawd'-fsh. a. Rather broad. Russell BRO ADLY, brawd' -le. ad. In a broad manner Sir E. Sandys. BRO'ADNESS, brawd'-n&s. n.s. Breadth. Bacon. Coarseness. Drvden. BROA.DPIECE*, brawd'-p^ese. n. s. The denomi- nation of one of our gold coins. Snelling. BROAD-SEAL*, brawd'-sele. n. s. The great seal of England. Sheldon. To BROAD-SEAL*, brawd'-sele. v. a. To stamp or sanction with the broad-seal. B. Jonson. BRO'ADSHOULDERED, brawd / -sh6le-durd. a. Having a large space between the shoulders. Dryden. BROADSIDE, brawd'-side. n. s. The side of a ship. Waller. The volley of shot fired at once from the side of a ship. Swift. [In printing.] A sheet of paper containing one large page. BROAD-SPREADING*, brawd'-spred-mg. part. a. Spreading widely. Sliakspeare. BRO'ADSWORD, brawd'-sord. n. s. A cutting sword, with a broad blade. Wiseman. BRO'ADTAILED*, brawd'-tald. a. Having a broad tail. Sandys. BRO'ADWISE, brawd'-wlze. 140. ad. According to the direction of the breadth. Boyle. BROCA'DE §, bro-kade'. n. s. [brocado, Span.] A silken stuff, variegated with colours of gold or sil ver. Spectator. BROCA'DED, bro-ka'-d£d. a. Drest in brocade. Woven in the manner of a brocade. Gay. BROCAGE, or BROCAGE, _br6'-kldje. 90. n.s. The gain gotten by promoting base bargains. Spenser. 1 he hire given for any unlawful office. Bacon. The trade of dealing in old things. B, Jonson. The transaction of business for other men. Locke. BROCCOLI, brok'-k6-le. n. s. [Italian.] A spe- cies of cabbage. Pope. To BROCHE. See To Broach. BROCK, br6k. n. s. [bpoc, Sax.] A badger. Brcncn. BROCKET, br&k'-kft. 99. n. s. A red deer, two years old. Knatchbull. BRO'DEKIN*, br6d'-km. n. s. [brodequin, Fr.] A buskin, or half-boot. Echard. To BRO'GGLE*, br6g / -gl. v. n. To fish for eels. BROGUE, brog. 337. n.s. [brog, Irish.] A kind of a shoe. Shak. A cant word for a corrupt dialect. Farquhar. BROGUE-MAKER*, brig'-ma-kur. n. s. A maker of brogues. Joh?ison. To BROID*, bro?d. v. a. To braid or weave to- gether. Chaucer. To BROTDER §, brSe'-d&r. v. a. [brodir, Fr.] To adorn with figures of needle work. Exodus BROTDERER^bro-e'-dur-ur. n. s. An embroiderer. JIuloet. BROTDERY, broe'-dur-re. 555. n. s. Embroidery. Tickell. BROIL §, broil, n.s. [brouiller, Fr.] A tumult; a quarrel. Shakspeare. To BROILS, broil, v.a. [bruler, Fr.] To cook by fore the fire. Luke, xxiv. 42 laying on the coals, or be: 156 BRO BRU — 116, mOve, nor, not; — tube, tfib, bull 5 — oil; — po&ud; — th'm, To BROIL. broil, v. n. To be in the heat Shale. BRO'lLER* br6e'-lur. n.s. One who would excite a broil, or quarrel. Hammond. That which dresses bv cookery. Sherwood. To "BROKE §, br6ke. v.n. [bpucan,Sax.] To trans- act business for others. Shakspcare. BRO'KEN. br6'-kn. 103. part. pass, of break. BRO'KEX-BELLIED* bro'-kn-bel-lld.a. Having a ruptured belly. Sir M. Sandys. BRO'KEN-M E AT. br&'-kn-meet". Fragments. Swift. BRO'KENHEARTED, brA'-kn-har'-ied. a. Having the spirits crushed by grief or fear. Isaiah. BRO'KENLY, bro'-kn-le. ad. Without any regular series. Hakeicill. BROKENNESS*, bri'-kn-ris. n.s. Unevenness. Smith. BRO'KENWFNDED* brcV-kn-wfad'-eU a. Having short breath. May. BRO'KER, bro'-kfir" n.s. A factor. Temple. One who deals in old goods. A pimp ; a match-maker. Shale. BROKERAGE, bro'-kfir-Idje. 90. n. s. The pay of a broker. BRO'KERLY*, bro'-kfir-le. a. Mean 5 servile. B. Jonson. BRO'KERY*, br6'-kur-re. n. s. The business of a broker. Bp. Hall. BRO KFNG, bri'-klng. part . a. Practised by brokers. Shakspeare. BRONCHIAL, bron'-ke-al. > a. Belonging to the BRO'NCHICK, bron'-kik. \ throat. Arhuthnot. BRO'NCHOCELE, bron'-ko-sele. [See Hydro- cele.] n. s. [j3poy%oKri\7i.] A tumour of the bron- chus. Quincii. BRONCHO TOMY, brdn-k6t'-t6-m&.518. n. s. That operation which opens the windpipe by incision. Quincy. BROND, brond. n.s. [bponb, Sax.] See Brand. A sword. Spenser. BRONTO'LOGY, bron-tol'-o-je. n. s. tfpcvrh and XoyiaA A dissertation upon thunder. Diet, BRONZES, bronze " Fr.] Brass. Pope. and copper mixed. Prior. A factitious metal compounded of copper and tin. Chambers. To BRONZE*, brOnze. v. a. To harden as brass. Young. BROOCH §, brootsh. n. s. [broche, Fr.] A jewel ; an ornament of jewels. Shakspcare'. A painting all of one colour. Diet. To BROOCH, brootsh. v. a. To adorn with jewels. Shakspeare. To BROOD §, brood, v. n. [bpob, Sax.] To sit, as on eggs. Milton. To cover chickens under the wing. Dryden. To remain long in anxiety. Dry den. lo mature any thing by care. Bacon. To BROOD" brood, u. a. To cherish by care. Beau- mont and Fletcher. BROOD, brood, n.s. [bpob, Sax.] Offspring, proge- ny. Fairfax. Thing; bred. Addison. The number hatched at once. Spectator. A production. Shak- speare. The ^act of covering the eggs. Shakspeare. BRO'ODY, brOO'-de. a. In a state of sitting on the eggs. Ray. BROOK, brOok. [briik, Perry and Jones.} n.s. [bpoc bpoca, Sax.] A running v.ater, less than £ river. Shaksveare. To BROOK f. brook, v. a. [bjiucan, Sax.] To bear; to endure. Hooker. To BROOK. brOOk. r. n. To endure. Sidney. BRO'OKLDIE, brook'-llme. n.s. A sort of water ! I speedwell. BRO'OKMINT*. br&5k'-mmJ n. s. The water-mint. I BROOKY*, br3ok'-e. a. Abounding with ;:ooks. ij Dyer. BROOM y, broSm. n.s. [bpom, Sax.] A small fees. Dm den. A besom. S'aakspeare. To BROOM*, broom. ) v. a. [In naval language.] To ; I To BREAM*, breem. $ clean the ship. BRO'OMLAND^rOOm'-land. n. s. Land that bears I broom. Mortimer. BRO OMSTAFF, broom'-staf. n. s. a besom. SJuiksjieare. [bronze. Perry.] n. s. [bronze, Relief, or statue, cast in bras: The handle of BRO'OMSTICK, broOm'-slik. n. s. A broomslaff. Swift. BRO OMY, broo'-me. a. Full of broom. Mortimer Consisting of broom. Swift. BROTH, broth, n. s. [bpoo*, Sax.] Liquor in which flesh is boiled. Bacon. BRO'THEL§, broTH'-el. )n.s. [her BRO THELHOUSE, broTH'-el-hOfis. ] del, Fr.] A house of lewd entertainment. Shaksveare. BRO THELLER*, br&TH'-el-lfir. n. s. He who fre- quents a brothelhouse. BROTHELRY*, broTH'-el-re. n.s. Whoredom. Bp. Hall. Obscenity. B. Jonson. BROTHERS, bruTH r -ur. 98. n. s. [bpoSep, Sax.] One bora of the same father and mother. Shak. Any one closely united j associate. Chaucer. Any one resembling another in manner, form, or pro- fession. Proverbs, xviii. Brother is used, in theo- logical language, for man in general. 1 Cor. viii. BROTHERHOOD, bruTH' -fir-hud. n. s. The state or quality of being a brother. Shakspeare. An association 3 a fraternity. Davies. A class of men of the same kind. Addison. BROTHERLESS* bruTH'-fir-les. a. Without a brother. Andr. Marvel. BRO THERLIKE*, brOTH'-fir-Hke. a. Becoming a brother. Slmkspeare. BROTHERLOVE*, brfi-TH'-ur-lfiv. n. s. Brotherly affection. Shakspeare. BROTHERLY, braTH'-fir-le. a. Natural 3 such as becomes a brother. Bacon. BROTHERLY, brfi-rH'-fir-le. ad. After the manner of a brother. Shakspeare. BROUGHT, brawt. 393. part. pass, of bring. BROWS, brofi. n.s. [bpsep, Sax.] The arch of hair over the eve. Dryden. The forehead. Shak. The general air of the countenance. Shak. The edge of any nigh place. Bacon. To BROW. br6u. v. a. To bound ; to limit. Milton To BROWBEAT, brou'-bete. v. a. To depress with severe brows and looks. South. BRO'WBEATING*, brou'-bete-fng. n.s. The act of depressing by stern or lofty looks. UEstrange. BROWBOUND", brou -bound, a. Crowned. Sliak. BRO WLESS* brOu'-les. a. Without shame. L. Addison. BRO WS1CK. broCi'-slk. a. Dejected. Suckling. BROWN$, broun. a. [bpun, Sax.] The name of a colour. Shakspeare. BRO'WNBILL, broun'-bil. n. s. The ancient weap- on of the English foot. Hudibras. BRO WNISH, brofin'-Ish. a. Somewhat brown. Woodward. BRO WNISM* brofin'-ism. n. s. The heresy of those who adopted the opinions of Robert Brown. Milton. BROW NIST*, brefin'-lst. n. s. One of the sect of Robert Brown, a noted sectarist, in the time of Queen Elizabeth, who confined the church of God to his conventicle, excluding all odier Christians ou* of the pale of the church. Pagitt. BRO'WNNESS, brSun'-nes. 71. s. A brown colour Sidney. BROVVNSTUDY, brofin-slfid'-de. n.s. Gloomy meditations. Norris. BRO WX WORT*, brofin'-wfirt. n. s. The ffV-wort. BRO'WXIE*. brSu'-ne. n.s. A spirit, foolishly sup- posed to haunt old houses in Scodand. BRO WNY*. br6u ; -ne. a. Brown. Shakspeare. To^ BROWSES, brfluze. v. a. To eat branches, or shrubs. Spenser. To BROWSE. brOuze. v. n. To feed. Shakspeare BROWSE. brAfise. n. s. Branches, or shrubs. Dryden. BROWSING*. brofiz'-fag. n. s. Food which deer find in vouLg coppices. Howell. To BRUISE §, brooze. 343. r. a. [bnyran, Sax.] To crush or mangle with aheavv blow, or fall. Gen. hi. BRUISE, brooze. n. s. A hurt with something bluni and heavy. Nahum, in. BRUISER* brOO'-zfir. n. s. A concave tool for grinding the specula of telescopes. Chambers. In vulgar language, a boxer. 157 BUB BUD OU' 559. — Fate, far, fall, fat; — me, rain; — pine, pin: BRU'ISEWORT, b'r&W-wurt. n. s. An herb. BRU'1T$, broot. 313. 7t.s. [brut, Goth.] Rumour; report. To BRUIT, broot. r.a. To report. Shakspeare. BRU'MAL, broO'-mal. ad. [brumalis, Lat.] Belong- ing to the winter. Brovm. BRUN, BRAN, BROWN, BOURN, BURN, all from the Sax. bopn, boupn, bjiunna, bupna, sig- nifying' a river or brook. BRUNETTE, br65-neY. n. s. [brunette., Fr.] A wo- man with a brown complexion. Addison. BRU'NION, brOn'-yun. n.s. [brugnon, Fr.] A fruit between a plum and a peach. Trevoux. BRUNT, brunt, n. s. Pbjiennan.] Shock ; violence. Sidney. Blow; stroke. Sjienser. A brief and sudden effort. Bp. Hill. 8RUSH§, br5sh. n.s. [urasse, Fr.] An instrument to clean any thing. The larger pencils used by painters. Stillingfeet. A rude assault. SliaJcspeare. A thicket. Spenser. To BRUSH, brush, v. a. To sweep with a brush. Shale. To strike with quickness. Spenser. To paint with a brush. Pope. To carry away, by an act like that of brushing. Milton. To move as the brush. Dry den- To BRUSH, brush, v. n. To move with haste. Dry- den. To flv over. SRU'SHERj brfish'-fir. n. s. He that uses a brush. Bacon. SRU'SHET* brfish'-et. n. s. See Busket. BRU'SHWOOD, br&sh'-woSd. n.s. Rough, low, close thickets. Drijden. BRU'SHY, br&sh'-e. a. Rough or shag^v, like a brush. Boyle. BPJJSK*, brusk. a. [brusque, Fr.] Rude. Sir H. Wbtion. To BRU'STLE $, brfis'-sl. 472. v. n. [bjiaj-fchan, Sax.] To crackle. Gower. BRU'TAL,broS'-tal.343. a. That which belongs to a brute. Savage; cruel. Dryden. BRUTA'LITY, broo-tal'-e-te. n.s. Savageness. Locke. To BRU'TALIZE, brdS'-ta-llze. v. n. To grow bru- tal. Addison. To BRUTALIZE, broo'-ta-llze. v. a. To make brutal. Coivper. BRU'T A ELY . brSo'-tal-le. ad. Churlishly. A rbuthnot. BRUTE*, broot. 339. a. [brvius, Lat.] Senseless.) Bentley. Savage. Holder. Bestial. Milton. Rough ;| ferocious. Pope. BRUTE, br6ot. n. s. An irrational creature ; a savage. Milton. To BRUTE, brOOl. v. a. [for bruit.] To report. Knolles. BRU'TELY*, broot'-le. ad. In a rough manner. Milton. BRU'TENESS, brSot'-nes. n. s. Brutality. Spenser. To BRU'TIFY, br58t'-te-fl. r. a. To make a man a brute. Congreve. To render the mind brutal. Barrow. BRUTISH, brS6'-tish. a. Bestial. Milton. Savage; ferocious. Grew. Gross; carnal. Shale. Ignorant; Uncivilized. Hooker. Unconscious; insignificant. Sandys. BRU'TISHLY, broo'-tish-le. ad. Savagely. King Charles. BRUTISHNESS, br35'-tfsh-nes. n.s. Brutality. Sprat. To BRUT$*,orBRUTTE§#, brut, v.n. [brouter, Fr.] To browse. Evehm. BRU'TTING*, brat'-tlhg. n. s. Browsing. Evelyn. BRYONY, brP-6-ne. n. s. [bryonia, Lai".] A plant. B. Jonson. BUB. bub. n. s. Liquor. Prior. To BUB*, bub. v. a. To throw out in bubbles. Sack- ville. Ob. T. BU'BBLE§, bub'-bl. 405. n.s. [bohbel, Dutch.] A small bladder of water. Bacon. That which wants solidity and firmness. Bacon. A cheat. Sicifl. The p'erson cheated. Prior. To BU'BBLE, bub'-bh v.n. To rise in bubbles. Sliakspeare. To ran with a gentle noise. Dryden. To BU'BBLE, bub'-bl. v. a. To cheat. Addison BU'BBLER, bnb'-blur. 405. n.s. A cheat. Ui&oy. BU'BBLY* b6b'-ble. ^Consisting of bubbles. Nashe. BU'BBY.bfib'-be. n.s. A woman's breast. Arbutluiol. BU'BO, bu'-bo. n. s. | Lat.] That part of the groin from the bending of the thigh to the scrotum; and therefore all tumours in that part are called buboes. Wiseman. BUBONOCE'LE, bu-b&n'-o-scle. [See Hydro- cele.] n.s. A kind of rupture, wher the intestines break down into the groin. Sharp. BU'BUKLE, biV-b&k-kl. n.s. A red pimple. Shak. BUCANPERS, biik-a-neerz'. n. s. A cant word for the privateers, or pirates, of America. Bp. Berkeley. BUCCELLA'TION^uk-sgl-kV-shun. n.s. [buccella, Lat.] A dividing into large pieces. Harris. BUCK§, buk. n. s. [jiauche, Germ.] The liquor in which clothes are washed. Sliak. The clothes washed in the liqCor. Sliakspeare. BUCK*, buk. v. s. A cant word for a bold, ostenta- tious, or forward person. T. Warton,. BUCK'}, buk. n.s. [bucoa. Sax.] The male of the fallow deer, and of rabbits, and other animals. Peacham. To BUCK, buk. v. a. To wash clothes. Shakspeare. To BUCK, buk. v. n. To copulate as bucks and does. Mortimer. BL T/ CKBASKET, buk'-bas-kit. n.s. The basket in which clothes are carried to the wash. Shakspeare. BU'CKBEAN, buk'-bene. n.s. A sort of trefoil. Floyer. BU'CKET$,buk'-k?t. 99. n.s. [buc, Sax.] The vessel in which water is drawn, or carried. Shak. DnjcL BU'CIUNGSTOOL^b&k'-lng-si&ol. n.s. A wash- ing block. Gaytcn. BU'CKLE§, biik'-kl. 405. n.s. [bicccl, Welsh.] A link of metal, with a tongue or catch made to fasten one thing to another. Shak. The state of ihe hair crisped and curled, by being kept long in the same state. Spectator. To BU'CKLE, biuY-kl. v. a. To fasten with a buckle. Shak. To prepare to do any thing. Spenser. To join in battle. Hayward. To confine. Sliakspeare. To BU'CKLE. biiV-kl. v.n. To bend; to bow. Shak.— To buckle to. To apply to. Dryden. Tc buckle with. To engage with. Shaksjieare. BUCKLERS buk'-lur. n.s. [bwcckd, Welsh.] A shield. Dryden. To EU'CKLER, buk'-l&r. v. a. To defend. Shak. BU'CKLER-THORN, bukMur-*/i6m. n.s. Christ "s- thorn. BU'CKMAST, buk'-mast. n.s. The fruit or mast of the beech tree. BU'CKRAIVH, b&k'-rum. n.s. [bongram, Fr.] A sort of linen cloth, stiffened with gum. Shakspeare. BU'CKRAM*. buk'-runi. a. Stiffy precise. Fulke. BU'CKRAMS, b&k'-rumz. v. s. Wdd garlick. BU'CKSHORN PLANTAIN, b&ks'-hSrn-plan'-tln n. s. A plant. Miller. BU'CKSKIN*, buk'-skin. a. Made of the skin of a buck. Taller. BU'CKSTALL* bfik'-stawl. n. s. A net to catch deer. Hnloet. BLACKTHORN, bCik^Srn. n. s. A tree that bears a purging ben*"". BU'CKWHEAT, buk'-hwete. n. s. A plant. Miller. BUCO'LICAL §*, bu-kdl'-ik-al. a. [/WoAo?.] Pas- toral. Skelton. BUCO'LICK, bu-kol'-Ik. a. Pastoral. Warton. BUCO'LICK* bu-kol'-ik. n.s. A writer of bucolicks or pastorals. Warton. A bucolickpoem. Warton. §£f* From the tenrlency wc have to remove the accent to the beginning of such Latin words as we Anglicise by dropping the last syllable, wo sometimes hear this word improperly accented on the first syllable. — See Acade- my. The authorities for the accent on the second syl- lable arc, 3\ir. Sheridan, Dr. Johnson, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, Dr. Kenrick, Bailey, Dr. Ash, and Entick ; Bu- chanan stands alone for the accent on the first. TV. BUD §, bud. n. s. [bouton, Fr.] The first shoot of a plant. Shakspeare. To BUD, bud. v.n. To put forth young shoots. 158 BUI BUL — n6, move, nor, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 5?1 ; — pound ; — Ihm, THis. Ecchis. xxxix. To rise as a g^rm from the stalk. Clarendon. To be in the bloom. Sliakspeare. To BUD, bud. v. a. To inoculate. Temple. BU'DDLE*, bud'dl. n. s. A sort of frame made to re- ceive the ore after its first separation from its grossest tbulness. Chambers. To BUDGE*, btidje. v.n. [bouger, Fr.] To stir. Shakspeare. BUDGE, budje. a. Stiff or surly. Milton. BUDGE, badje. n. s. The dressed skin or fur of lambs. Marston. BU'DGENESS*, bftdje'-nes. n. s. Sternness; se- verity. Slanvhurst. BU'DGER, bud'-jur. ns. One that moves from his place. Shakspeare. BU'DGET, bud'-jet. n.s. [bogette, Fr.] A bag-. Spenser. A store, or stock. L' Estrange. The state- ment made in the House of Commons, of the finances of the kingdom. BU'DGY*, bud'-je. a. Consisting of fur. Thule, or Virtue's Hisloiie. BUFF, buf. n. s. A buffalo. A sort of leather prepared from the skin of the buffalo. Dry den. A military coat made of thick leather. Shak. The colour of the leather, of a very light yellow. The sizy, vis- cid, tough mass, which forms on the upper surface of the blood. Chambers. To BUFF*, buf. v. a. [buffe, Fr.J To strike. B. Jon- son. Ob. J. BUFFALO, buf-fa-16. n. s. [Ital.] A kind of wild ox. Dry den. BU'FFET, buf-flt. 99. n. s. [buffet, Fr.] A blow with the fist. Wicliffe. Slwkspeare.. BUFFE'T, buf-flt'. n.s. [buf ette, Fr.] A kind of cupboard. Pope. To BU'FFET, buf -fit. 99. v. a. To strike with the hand. Shakspeare. The mournful or funeral peal of bells. The Art of Rinsing. T 7 *? BU'FFET, buf-flt. v. n. To play a boxing-match. Shakspeare. BU'FFETER, buf -fit-fur. n. s. A boxer. Sherwocd. BU'FFETING*,7^.buf-fit-?ng. Stroke. Warburtan. BU'FFLE. b&f-fl. 405. n. s. The same with buffalo. Sir T. Herbert. To BU'FFLE, buf-fl. v.n. To puzzle; to be at a loss. Sicift. BU FFLEHE ADED, bflf-fl-hed-ed. a. A man with a large head, like a buffalo ; dull; stupid. Gayton. BUFFO'ON *, b&f-focW. n. s. [buffon, Fr.] A man who makes sport by low jests and antick postures. Darics. He that practises indecent raillery. Garth. To BUFFOON*, buf-iooif. v. a. To make ridicu- lous. Glanville. BUFFO'ONERY.b&f-foon'-fir-re. n.s. The practice of a buffoon. Locke. Low jests. Dry den. BUFFOONING*, buf-fdon'-ing. n. s. Buffoonery. Dryden. BUFFO'ONISM*, buf-f 55n'-lzm. n. s. Jesting. Mm- shell. To BUFFO'ONlZE*,buf-f63n'-lze. v.n. To play the fool, jester, or buffoon. Minslieu. BUFFOONLIKE*, buf-f 6on'-llke. a. Resembling a buffoon. Sherwood. BUFFO'ON LY*, buf-f o5n'-le. a. Scurrile; ridicu- lous. Goodman. BUG *, bug. n. s. A stinking insect bred in old house- hold stuff. Ray. BUG *, bug. I n. s. A frightful object ; a BU'GBEAR, bug'-bare. ) walking spectre. Spen- ser. Locke. BU'GGINESS, bfig'-ge-nes. n. s. The state of being infected with bugs. BU'GGY, bug'-ge. 383. a. Abounding: with bugs. BU'GLE, bu'-gl. 405. )n. s. >utfen, Sax.] BU'GLEHORN,bu'-gl-h6rn'. $ A hunting horn. Spenser. Tickell. BU'GLE, bu'-gl. n. s. A shining bead of black glass. Shakspeare. BU'GLE, bu'-gl. n. s.[bugula,hai.'] A plant. Miller. BU'GLOSS, bu'-gl&s. n.s. [buglossum, Lat.] The herb ox-tongue. To BUILD |, blld. 341. v. a preter. I built, I have built; [bylban, Sax.] To make a fabrick, oi edi fice. 1 Chron. To raise in any laboured form Spectator. To raise any thing on a support or foundation. Spenser. To BUILD, blld. v. n. To play the architect. Pope To depend on. Hooker. | BUI'LDER, bud'-ur. i>3. n. s. An architect. Sidney BUl'LDING, bild'-mg. 410. n. s. A fabrick; an edi fice. Shakspeare. BUILT, bilt. n. s. The form; the structure. Dryden Species of building. Temple. BUL*, b'ul. n. s. The common flounder. Chambers. BULB*, bulb. n. s. [bulbus, Lat.] A round body oi root. Evelyn. To BULB nut*, v. n. To project. BULBA'CEOUS bui-ba'-shus. a. [Lat.] Bulbous Diet. BU'LBED*, bul'-bed. a. Round-headed. Cotgrave. BU'LBOUS,b5l'-bus. 314. a. Containing bulbs. Bac. BULGE*, bulje. n. s. A leak, the breach which lets in water. See To Bjlgf. To BLLGE, bulje. v. n. To take in water; to foun- der. Dryden. To jut out. Moxon-. BU'LIMY, bu'-le-nA n. s. [fiov\iijia.~] An enormous appetite, attended with fainting, and coldness of the extremities. Diet. BULK*, bulk. n. s. [bulcke, Dutch.] Magnitude. Bacon. Size; quantity. South. The gross; the majority. Addison. Main fabrick. Shak. The main part of a ship's cargo. BULK, bulk. 7?. s. A part of a building jutting out. Shakspeare. BU'LKHEAD, bulk-hed'. n. s. A partition made across a ship. Harris. BU'LKINESS, bal'-ke-nes. n. s. Greatness of size Locke. BU'LKY, bul'-ke. a. Of great size. Dryden. BULL §, bul. 173. n. s. [bulk, Dutch.] The male of black cattle. Shak. In the scriptural sense, an ene- my. Psalm, xxii. One of the twelve signs of the zo diack. Thomson. A letter published by popes and emperours. Ayliffe. A blunder; a contradiction. Milton. A stock-jobber. BULL, in composition, generally notes the large size of any thing, as, Imll-head, bull-rush, bull-trout ; and is therefore only an augmentative syllable, without much reference to its original signification BULL-BAITING, bul'-ba-ting. n. s. The sport of baiting bulls with dogs. Addison. BULL-BEEF,bul'-beef. n. s. Coarse beef. Shak. BULL-BEGGAR, bul'-beg-fir. n. s. Something ter- rible; something to fright children with. Sir T. Smith. BULL-CALF, bul'-kaf. n. s. A he-calf. Shakspeare. BULL-DOG, bul'-dog. n. s. A dog of a particular form, remarkable for his courage, used in baiting the bull. Addison. BULL-FACED*, bul'-faste. a. Having a large face. Dryden. BULL-FINCH, bul'-flnsh. n.s. A small bird, that has neither song nor whistle of its own, yet is very apt to learn. Thomson. BULL-HEAD, biil'-hed. n. s. A stupid fellow. The name of a fish ; the miller's thumb. Walton. A little black water vermin. Philips. BULL-TROUT, bfil'-tr6ut. n. s. A large kind of trout. Walton. BULL-WEED, bul'-weed. n. s. Knapweed. BULL-WORT, bul'-wurt. ) . , BISHOPS-WEED, blsh'-ups-weed. \ n - s - A P lant - BU'LLACE, bul'-Ik 98. n. s. A wild sour plum. Bacon. BU'LLARY*, bul'-a-re. ri. s. [bidlarium, Lat.] A collection of papistical balls. South. BU'LLET, bul'-lit. 99. n. s. [boulet, Fr.] A round ball of metal, shot out of guns. Snenser. BULLETIN*, bfil'-e-thi. n.s. [Fr.] An official ae- count of publick news. BU'LLION, bul'-yun. 113.n s. [billon, Fr.] Gold oS silver in the lump. Bacon. 159 BUN BUR O 3 559.—Fate, far, fill I, fa! 3— me, met ;— pine, p?n ;— To BU'LLIRAG*, bul'-le-rag. v. a. [See To Bal- larag.] To insult in a bullying manner. BU'LLISH* bul'-llsh. a. Partaking' of the nature of a bull or blunder. Milton. BU'LLIST*, bul'-lk. n.s. [buUiste, Fr.] A writer of papal bulls. Harmar. BULLI'TION, bfil-lfsh'-un. 177. n. s. [bullio, Lat.] The act or state of boiling. Bacon. BU'LLOCK, bul'-lak. 166. n, s. [bulluca, Sax.] A young bull gelt, or ox. Shakspeare. BU'LLY§, bul'-le. re. s. A noisy, blustering, quarrel- ling fellow. Shakspeare. To BU'LLY, bul'-le. v. a. To overbear with noise or menaces. King. To BU'LLY, bul'-le. v. re. To be noisy. Bramston. BU'LRUSH, bul'-rush. re. s. A large rush without knots. Spenser. BU'LRUSHY*, biil'-rush-e. a. Made of bulrushes. Huloet. BU'LTEL* re. s. [bukellus, low Lat.] The bran of meal after dressing. Clumbers. A bolter-cloth. BULWARKS, bul'-wflrk. re. s. [holwercke, Dutch.] What is now called a bastion. Spenser. A fortifi- cation. Hayward. A security. Sluxkspeare. To BU'LWARK, bul'-wurk. v. a. To fortify with bulwarks. Addison. BUM 6, bum. n.s. [bomme, Dutch.] The buttocks. Shakspeare. To BUM*, bfisn. v. re. To make a noise or report. Marston.. BUMBA'ILIFF, bfim-ba'-llf. re. s. [a corruption of bound bailiff.] A bailiff emploved in arrests. Shak. BU'MBARD, bum'-bard. n. s. [for bombard.] A great gun ; a black jack 3 a leathern pitcher. Shakspeare. BU'MBAST, bfim'-bast. re. s. See Bombast. BU'MBLEBEE* bttm'-bl-bee. re. s. The wild bee, or humble bee. BU'MBOAT*, btim'-bote. n.s. A large, clumsy boat, used in carrying vegetables and liquors. BUMP, bump. n. s. [bomps, Goth.] A swelling; a protuberance. Shakspeare. To BUMP, bump. v. n. [bommen, Dutch.] To make a loud noise, or bomb. Drijdcn. BUMP*, bump. re. s. The mugient noise made by the bittern. Skelton. BUMPER, bum'-pur. 98. re. 5. A cup filled till the liquor swells over the brim. Dry den. BU'MPKIN, b&mp'-km. re. s. Ah awkward, heavy rustick. Drifden. BU'MPKINLY, bump'-k?n-le. a. Clownish. Clarissa. BUNCH §, bunsh. 352. re. s. [buncker, Danish.] A hard lump. Isaiah. A cluster. Shak. A number of things tied together. Spenser. Any thing bound into a knot. Spenser. To BUNCH, bunsh. v re. To swell out in a bunch. Woodward. BU'NCHBACKED, bunsh'-bakt. a. Crookbacked. Shakspeare. BU'NCHINESS, bunsh'-e-nes. re. s. Growing in bunches. Shenvood. BU'NCHY, bun'-she. a. Growing in bunches. Grew. BU'NDLE §, bun'-dl. 405. re. s. [bynble.l A number of thinsrs bound together. Hale. A roll. Spectator. To BUNDLE, bun'-dl. v. a. To tie in a bundle. Locke. BUNG§, bung. re. s. [bwng, Welsh.] A stopple for a barrel. Mortv~*zr, To BUNG, bung. v. a. To stop. Kersey. BU'NGHOLE , bang'-hile. n. s. The hole at which the barrel is filled, and which is afterwards stopped up. Shakspeare. ToBU'NGLE§, bfing'-gl. 405. v. re. To perform clumsily. Dryden. To BUN'GLEjHing'-gl. v. a. To botch. Shakspeare. BU'NGLE, b&ng'-gl. n. s. A botch. Ray. BU'NGLER, buno-''-gl&r. n. s. [bwngler, Welsh.] A bad workman. Peacliam. BU'NGLINGLY, bung'-glfng-le. ad. Clumsily. Beni- ley. BUNN, bun. re. s. [bunna, Irish.] A kind of sweet bread. Gay. BUNT, bunt. re. s. A swelling part. Carew. The middle part of a sail, formed into a bag, that it may receive the more wind. Harris. To BUNT, bunt. v. re. To swell out. BU'NTER, bun'-tur. 98. re. s. A low, vulgar woman. Goldsmith. BU'NTING, bun'-ting. re. s. The name of a bird. Shakspeare. BU'NTING, bun' -ting. re. s. The stuff of which a ship's colours are made. BU01'§, b66e. 346. 11. s. [bouee, Fr.] A piece of cork or wood floating on the water, tied to a weight at the bottom. Siiakspeare. To BUOY, bode, v. a. To keep afloat 3 to bear up. K. Charles. To BUOY, b66e. v. re. To float. Pope. BUO'YANCY, bode'-an-se. re. s. The quality of float- ing. Derham. BUOYANT, booe'-ant. a. Floating; light. Dry- den. BUR, BOUR, BOR, [bun, Sax.] An inner chamber. Gibson's Camden. BUR, bur. re. s. A rough head of a plant, called a burdock. Shakspeare. BU'RBOT, bur'-bat. 166. re. s. A fish called the ee4 pout. Chambers. BU'RDELAIS, bur-de-la', re. s. [Bourdelais.] A sort of grape. BU'RDEN §, bur'-dn. 103. re. s. [byntfen, Sax.] A load. Shak. Something grievous. Milton. A birth. Shak. The verse repeated in a song; the bob 3 the chorus. Dryden. The quantity that a ship will carry. A club. Spenser. To BU'RDEN, biir'-dn. v. a. To load. Ecchx. BU'RDENER, b&r'-dn-fir. 98. re. s. A loader. BU'RDENOUS, bur'-dn-fts. a. Grievous. Sidney. Useless; cumbersome. Milton. BU'RDENSOME, bur'-dn-sum. a. Troublesome to be borne. Milton. BU'RDENSOMENESS, bur'-dn-sum-nes. re. s. Weight; heaviness. BU'RDOCK, biV-dok. re. s. A plant. BU'REAU, bu-ro'. re. s. [Fr.] A chest of drawers with a writing board. Swift. BURG, bfirg. n. s. See Burgh, and Burrow. BU'RGAGE, bur'-gadje. 90. re. 5. [bourgage, Fr.] A tenure proper to cities and towns, whereby men hold their lands or tenements of the king, or other lore, for a certain yearly rent. Hale. BU'RGAMOT, bur-ga-mot'. re. s. [bergamotte, Fr.] A species of pear. A kind of perfume. BU'RGANET, or BU'RGONET, bur'-g6-net. n. s [buwginote, Fr.] A. kind of helmet. Spenser. BU'RGEOIS, bSor'-zhwa. or bur-j6?s'. n. s. [bourgeois, Fr.] A citizen ; a burgess. Addison. A type of a particular sort, probably so called from him who first used it. To BU'RGEON*. See To Bourgeo.v. BU'RGEON* bur'-jun. re. s. [hi gardening.] A knot or button put forth by the branch of a tree in the spring". Chambers. BU'ROTESS, bur'-jes. re. 5. [bourgeois, Fr.] A citi- zen; a freeman of a city or corporate town. Beau- mont and Fletcher. A representative of a town corporate. Wotton. BU'RGESS-SHIP*, bur'-jes-sh?p. re. s. The state and qualitv of a burgess. South. BURGH §, burg. 392. n.s. [bup.5, Sax.] A corporate town or borough. Graunt. BU'RGHER, biirg'-ur. n. s. [from biirgh.] One who has a rigH to certain privileges in a place. BU'RGHERSHIP, bur'-gur-ship. n. s. The privi- lege of a burgher. BU'RGLAR. burg'-lfir. n. s. One guilty of the crime of housebreaking. Ld. Northampton. BURGLA'RIOUS*, bur-gla'-re-6s. a. Relating to housebreaking. Ash. BU'RGLARYf, bur'-gla-re.re.s. [from burg, a house, and larron, a thief.] The robbing of a house, Cowel. BU'RGMASTER. See Burgomaster 160 BUR BUS — n6, move, nor, not ;— tube, tub, bull ; — oil ; — pound ; — thm, BU RGMOTE*, burg'-m6te. n. s. A borough court. Burke. BU'RGOMASTER, bur'-go-ma-slur. n. s. One em- ployed in the government of a city. Addison. BU'RGRAVE*, bur'-grave. n. s. [bourg, and grave, Germ, a count.] An hereditary govcrnour of a castle or town. Bait. BU'RGUNDY*, bur'-gun-de. n. s. Wine made in Burgundy. Thomson. BURH, bfir, is a tower 3 and from that, a defence or Drotection. Gibson. BU'RIAL, beV-re-al. 178. n. s. The act of burying. Sliak. The act of placing any thing under earth or water. Bacon. The church service for fune- rals. Aijliffe. BU'RIAL-PLACE*, beV-re-al-plase. n. s. A place set apart for burial. Wai-ton. BU'RIER, berM-e-Qr. n. s. He that buries. Ezek. xxxix. BU'RINE. bu'-rln. n. s. A graving tool. Govern- ment of the Tongue. To BURL §, burl. v. a. To dress cloth as fullers do. BU'RLER*, bur'-lfir. n. s. A dresser of cloth. Dyer. BLFRLACE, bur'-lase. n. s. A sort of grape. BURLE'SQUES, bur-lesk'. 415. a. [burlesque, Fr.] Jocular ; tending to raise laughter. Addison. BURLE'SQUE, bur-lesk'. n.s. Ludicrous language, or ideas. Wallis. To BURLE'SQUE, bur-l£sk'. v. a. To turn to ridi- cule. Gbmrilh. BURLE'SQUER* bfir-lesk'-ur, n. s. He who turns a circumstance into ridicule. BURLE'TTA*, bur-lef-ta. n. s. [from burkre, Ital. to jest.] A musical farce. BURLINESS, bfir'-le-nes. n. s. Bulk; bluster. Drayton. BU'RLY§, bur'-le.a. [from boorlike, clownish.] Great of stature ; bulky ; tumid. Shak. Replete ; full. Drayton. Boisterous ; loud, [borlcn, Teut. to make a noise.] Beaumont. To BURN§, burn. v. a. preterit and participle, burned, or burnt, [bepnan, bypnan, Sax.] To con- sume with tire. Joshua, vi. To wound with fire. Exodus, xxi. To exert the qualities of heat, by drying or scorching. Dryden. To BURN, burn. v. n. To be on fire. Joel, ii. To shine. Sliak. To be inflamed with passion. Shak. To act with destructive violence of passion. Psalm Ixxxix. To be in a state of destructive commotion. Pope. It is used particularly of love. Addison. BURN, burn. n. s. A hurt caused by fire. Boyle. BU'RNABLE*, burn'-a-bl. a. That which may be burnt up ; adustible. Cotgrave. BU'RNER, bfir'-nur. n. s. A person that burns any thing. Brerint. BU'RNET, bfir'-nlt. 99. n. s. A plant. Shakspeare. BU'RNING, bur'-nmg. 410. n. s. Fire ; flame ; state of inflammation. South. The thing to be burned. Jerem. xxxiv. The act of burning. More. BU'RNING, bur'-ning. a. Vehement ; powerful. SlwJcspeare. BURNING-GLASS, bur'-nlng-glas. n. s. A glass which collects the rays of the sun into a narrow compass, and increases their force. Shakspeare. To BU'RNISH §, bur'-n!sh. v. a. [bumir, Fr.] To polish ; to give a gloss to. Shakspeare. To BU'RNISH, bur'-nish. v. n. To grow bright. Swift. To BU'RNISH, burnish, v. n. To grow; to spread out. Dryden. BU'RNISH*, biV-n?sh. n.s. A gloss. Crashaw. BURNISHER, bfir'-rfsh-ur. n.s. He that burnishes. The tool with which bookbinders give a gloss to the leaves of books. BURNT, burnt, part. pass, of burn. King. BURR*, bur. n. s. The sweetbread. BURR, bur. n. s. The lobe or lap of the ear. Diet. ,BU'RREL ; bur'-rfl. 99. n. s. A sort of pear. Phil- lips. BU'RREL Fly, bur'-rll-fll. The oxfly, gadbee, or bresse. Diet. BU'RREL Shot. A sort of caseshot. Harris. BU'RROCK, bur'-ruk. n.s. A small wear or dam. Phillips. BU'RROW §, BERG §, BURG *, BURGH §, n. s. A corporate town. Couel. The holes made in the ground by conies. Shak. The improper word for barrow, a mount. Sir T. Brown. To BU'RROW, biV-ro. v. n. To make holes in the ground. Mortimer. BU'RSAR§, bur'-sur. 88. n. s. [bursarius, Lat.] The- treasurer of a college. Potter. Exhibitioners in the universities of Scotland. BU'RSARSHIP*, bfir'-s&r-shlp. it. s. The office of bursar. Hales. BU'RSARY*, bur'-sa-re. n. s. The treasury of a col- lege. In Scotland, an exhibition. BURSE, burse, n. s. [bourse, Fr.] An exchange where merchants meet, and shops are kept. Phil- lips. To BURST§, burst, v. n. I hurst; 1 have burst, or burslen. [bupycan, Sax.] To break, or fly open. Prov. iii. To fly asunder. Slide. To break away. Pope. To come suddenly, or with violence. Shak. To beg'in an action violently or suddenly. Milton, To BURST, burst, v. a. To break suddenly. Shak, BLRST, burst, n.s. A sudden disruption. Shak. BURST, burst. } part. a. Diseased BURSTEN, bfir'-stn. 405, 472 $ with a rupture. Beaumont and Fletcher. BU'RSTENNESS* bur'-stn-nes. n. s. A rupture. Sherwood. BURSTER*, bur'-stfir. n.s. A breaker or beater in pieces. Cotgrave. BU'RSTWORT, burst'-wurt. n.s. An herb good against ruptures. Diet. BURT, hurt. n. s. A fish of the turbot kind. BU'RTHEN, bur'-THn. 468. ns ) See Burden To BU'RTHEN, b5r'-THn. v. a. \ Drayton. BU'RTON, bur'-tn. n. s. In a ship, a small tackle, consisting of two single pullevs. Phillips. BURY, ber'-re. it. s. [bup£, Sax.] A dwelling- place ; a termination still added to the names of several places. Phillips. BU'RY, ber'-re. n.s. [corrupted from borough.'] Grew. BU'RY Pear*-, [beuree, Fr.] The name of a very tender and delicate pear. Cotgrave. To BU'RY §, ber'-re. 178. v. a. [bijitfan, Sax.] To in- ter ; to put into a grave. Shak. To inter, with the rites of sepulture. Shak. To conceal ; to hide. Shak. To place one thing within another. Shuk. BU'RYING*, beV-re-hig. 7j.s. Burial. St. John, xii. BU'RYING-PLACE,ber'-re-lng-plase. n.s. A place appointed for sepulture. Judges, xvi. BUSH $, bush. 173. n.s. [busch, Teut.] A thick shrub. Spenser. A bough of a tree fixed up at a door, to show that liquors are soid there. Shak. The tail of a fox. Coles. To BUSH, bush. v. n. To grow thick. Milton. BU'SHEL, bush'-il. 173. n.s. [buschel, old Fr.] A measure containing eight gallons. Shak. A large quantity. Dryden. Bushels, or rather bushes, 0/ a cart-iolieel. Irons within the hole of the nave, to preserve it from wearing. Diet. BU'SHELAGE* bush'-n-aje. n. s. Duty payable on every bushel of measurable commodities. BU'SHET*, bush'-it. n. s. A wood. See Busket. BU'SHINESS, bush'-e-nes. n.s. The quality of being bushy. BU'SHxMENT, bush'-meut. n. s. A thicket. Raleigh. BL T/ SHY, bush'-e. a. Thick. Spenser. Thick like a bush. Addison. Full of bushes. Dryden. BU'SILESS, b?z'-ze-les. 178. a. At leisure. Shak. BU'SILY, blz'-ze-le. ad. With an air of hurry. Curi- ously; importunately. Dryden. Earnestly. BU'SlNESS,bSz'-nes. 178. n. s. Employment. Donne, An affair. Shak. The subject of business. Dry den. Serious engagement. Addison. Right of action. IJ Estrange. A point; a matter of ques- tion. Bacon. Something to be transacted. Judges, xviii. Something required to be done. Bentley. — To do ones business. To kill, or ruin him. BUSK, busk. n. s; \busque, Fr.] A piece of steel or 161 BUT BUY BLf 559. — Fate, far, fall, fat ; — me, mSt ; — pine, p?n ; — whalebone, worn by women to strengthen their stays. Donne. BUS*K$*, bfisk. n. s. [husk, Dan.] A bush. Damson. To BUSK, busk. v. a. To make read)'. Fairfax. BUCKET*, bfis'-klt. n. s. A sprig or small bush. Spenser. A small compartment of gardens, formed of trees, shrubs, and tall flowering plants, set in quarters. Miller. BU'SKINS, b&s'-km. n.s. [broseken, Dutch.] A kind of half boot. Sidney. A high shoe worn by the an- cient actors of tragedy. Dryden. BU'SKINED, bfis'-klnd. 359. a. Dressed in buskins. Milton. Relating to tragedy. Drayton. BU'SKY, b&s'-ke. a. Woody ; shaded with woods. Shakspeare. BUSS §, bus. n.s. [basium, Lat.] A kiss. Pope. A boat for fishing, [basse, German.] Temple. To BUSS, bus. 15. a. To kiss. Sliakspeare. BUST, bust. n.s. [busto, Ital.] A statue representing a man to his breast. Addison. BASTARD. b&s'-tfird. 83. n. s. [bistarde, Fr.] A wild turkey. Hakewill. To BU'STLE§, bfis'-sl. 472. v.n. To be busy. Shale. BU'STLE, biV-sl. n. s. A tumult ; hurry. Milton. BU'STLER, b&s'-l&r. 98. n. s. An active, stirring man. Cowper. BU'STO*. bfis'-to. n.s. [Ital.] A statue. Ashmole. BU'SY^biz'-ze. 178. a. [by r i, by r i£, Sax.] Em- ployed with earnestness. Shakspeare. Bustling. Shakspeare. Troublesome. Knolles. To BU'SY, bfz'-ze. v. a. To employ. Spenser. BU'SYBODY, blz'-ze-bod-de. n. s. A meddling per- son. Bp. Taijlor. BUTS, but. cojijunct. [bute, Sax.] Except. Bacon. Except that. Shale. Yet ; nevertheless. Bacon. Now. Bp. Bramluill. Than. Guardian. Without this consequence that. Drijden. Otherwise than that. Hooker. If it were not. Shak. However ; howbeit. Dryden. That. Drijden. A particle by which the meaning of the foregoing sentence is bounded or restrained ; only. Dryden. A particle of objection. Sluxk. A particle of addition. Un- less Spenser. — But for ; had not this been. Wal- ler . But if; unless. Obsolete. Spenser. BUT*, but. prep, [bufcan, Sax.] Without ; except. Smith. BUT*, but. ad. No more than. Shakspeare.^ BUT*, b&t. interj. An exclamation of surprise. Adam Smith. BUT$, but. n.s. [but, Celt.] A boundary. Holder. BUT, but. n.s. The end ofany plank which joins to another on the outside of a ship. Harris. To BUT*, but. v. a. [buter, old Fr.] To touch at the one end. Cotgrave. To utter an exception. Beau- mont and Fletcher. BUT-END, but^noY. n. s. The blunt end of any thing. Clarendon. BUTCHERS, bftt'-tsh&r. 175. n. s. [boucher, Fr.] One that kills animals to sell their flesh. Sidney. One delighted with blood. Locke. To BUTCHER, but'-tshur. v. a. To kill ; to mur- der. Sliakspeare. BUTCHER-BIRD, but'-tsh&r-b&rd. n.s. The Eng- lish name of the bird lanius. Cliambers. BUTCHER-ROW*, but / -tsh&r-r&. n. s. The row of shambles. Whitlock. BUTCHERS-BROOM, < butMsburz-brSSm. n. s. Kneehollv. Miller. BUTCHERL1NESS, bfit'-tsh&r-le-nSs. n. s. A bru- tal manner. BUTCHERLY, b&t'-tsh&r-le. a. Cruel; bloody. Asclvxm. BUTCHERY, but'-tshur-re. n. s. The trade of a butcher. Pope. Murder. Shakspeare. The place where animals are killed. Sliakspeare. BUTLERS, b&t'-l&r. 98. n. s. [bouteiUer, Fr.] A servant employed in furnishing the table. Swift. BUTLERAGE, b&t'-l&r-aje. n. s. The duty upon wine imported, claimed by the king's butler. Ba- con. BUTLERSHIP, butMur-shlp. n.s. The office of a butler. Genesis, xl. BUTMENT, but'-mSnt. n. s. [aboutement, Fr.] That part of the arch which joins it to the upright pier. Wotton. BUTSHAFT, b&t'-shaft. n. s. An arrow. Shak. BUTTS, b&t. n.s. [but, Fr.] The place on which the mark to be shot at is placed. Dryden. The point at which the endeavour is directed. Shak. The object of aim. Clarendon. A man upon whom the company break their jests. Spectator. A blow giv- en by a horned animal. Astrokegiven in fenemg. Prior. BUTT §. but. n. s. [butefc, Sax.] A vessel ; a large barrel. Sliakspeare. To BUTT, b&t. v. a. To strike with the head, as horned animals. Shakspeare. BUTTER S-bfit'-tfir. 98. n.s. [bufcfcepe, Sax.] An unctuous substance made by agitating the cream of milk till the oil separates from the whey. Genesis, xviii. To BUTTER, b&tMur. v. a. To smear with butter. Shakspeare. To increase the stakes every game. Addison. BUTTERBUMP, b&t'-tfir-bfimo. n. s. The bittern. BUTTERBUR, b&t'-tfir-bfir. n.s. A plant used ia medicine. Miller. BUTTERFLOWER, bftt / -tur-flSu / -&r. n. s. A yel- low flower, with which the fields abound in the month of May. Gay. BUTTERFLY, b&l'-t&r-fll. n.s. [bufctejiple^e, Sax.] An insect which first appears in the begin- ning of the season for butter. Spenser. BUTTER1S, bfit'-tfir-rfs. n.s. An instrument of steel, used in paring the foot of a horse. Far. Diet, BUTTERMILK, b&t'-tfir-mllk. n.s. The whey that is separated from the cream when butter is made Harvey. BUTTERPRINT, b&t'-t&r-prfnt. n.s. A piece of carved wood, used to mark butter. Locke. BUTTERTOOTH,b&t'-t&r-t6to. n.s. The great broad fore-teeth. BUTTERWIFE*,b&t'-t6r-wife. n. s. A woman that prepares or sells butter. Ld. Herbert. BUTTERWOMAN, b&t / -t&r-wflm-&n. n. s. A wo- man that sells butter. Shakspeare. BUTTERWORT, b&t'-t&r-w&rt. n. s. A plant : the sanicle. BUTTERY, b&t'-t&r-re. a. Having the appearance of butter. Harvey. BUTTERY, b&t'-tfir-re, n. s. The room where pro- visions are laid up. Shakspeare. BUTTOCK, b&tM&k. 166. n.s. The rump. Shak. BUTTONS, b&t'-tn. 103, 170. n. s. [bottwn, Welsh.] A catch or small ball, by which dress is fastened. Shakspeare. Any knob or ball. Pope. The bud of a plant. Shakspeare. BUTTON, bfit'-m. n.s. The sea urchin. Ainsworth. To BUTTON, b&t'-tn. 405. v.a. To dress; to clothe. Wotton. To fasten with buttons. BUTTONHOLE, b&t'-tn-h61e. n.s. The loop in which the button of the clothes is caught. Shak. BUTTONMAKER*, bSt'-tn-ma-kfir. n. s. He who makes buttons. Maundrell. BUTTRESS S,b&t'-trk 99. n.s. [aboulir, Fr.] A wall built to support another wall, and standing out. Bacon. A prop ; a support. South. To BUTTRESS, b&i'-tris. v.a. To prop. BUT WINK, bfit'-wmk. n.s. The name of a bird Diet. BUTYRA'CEOUS, b&t-e-ra'-sh&s. a. Having the qualities of butter. Floyer. BUTYROUS, b&t'-e-rfis. a. Having the properties of butter. Floyer. BU'XOM^bflk'-sQm. 166. a. fbuc^um from bu£an, Sax. to bendj Obedient. Spenser. Gay; lively. Crashaw. Wanton; jolly. Dryden. BU'XOMLY, b&k'-s&m-le. ad. Dutifully; obedient- ly. Gower. Wantonly ; amorously. BU'XOMNESS, bfik'-sfim-n&s. n.s. Meekness j obedience. Chaucer. To BUY S, bl. v. a. preter. I bought ; I have bovglvt. [bi£an, Sax.] To purchase. Addison. To pay dearly for. Shak. To procure eome advantage by 162 BY BYZ — n6, move, n6r, not; — tube, tub, bull; — 6:1; — pound; — thin, something that deserves it. Shakspeare. To regu- late bv money. Shakspeare. To BUY, bl. ».». To treat about a purchase. Sliak. BU'YER, bi'-ur. n. s. He that buys. Wotton. BUZ*, buz. interf. An exclamation used when a per- son begins to relate what was generally known be- fore. Shakspeare. To BUZZ §. b&z. v.n. [bizzen, Teut.] To hum. Spenser. To whisper. S.'iak. To sound heavy and low. Hay ward. To BUZZ, b&z. v.a. To whisper ; to spread secretly. Shakspeare. BUZZ, buz. n.s. The noise of a bee or fly. South. Ahum; a whisper. Bacon. BU ZZARD, buz'-z&rd. 83. n.s. [bnsard, Fr.] A degenerate species of hawk. SJiak. A blockhead; a dunce. Ascham. BUZZARD* bfiz'-zfird. «. Senseless; stupid. Mil- ton. BL T/ ZZER, b&z'-zfir. 93. n. s. A secret whisperer, Shakspeare. BY§, bi, or be. prep, [bl, Sax.] It notes the agent. Sha/c. The instrument. Dryden. The cause of any effect. Parnel. The means by which any thing is performed. Sluxk. It shows the manner of an action. Dryden. It notes the method in which any successive action is performed. Hooker. It notes the quantity had at one time. Locke. At, or in. Bacon. According to ; noting permission. Ba- con. According to; noting proof. Bentley. After; according to ; noting imitation. Tillotson. From; noting ground of judgement. Walter. It notes the sum of the difference between two things compared. Dryden. It notes co-operation. Shak, For ; not- ing cortinuance of time. Bojcon. Not later than ; noting time. Spenser. Beside; noting passage. Addison. Beside ; near to. Shak. Before himself, herself, or themselves, it notes the absence of all others. Ascham. At hand. Boyle. It is the solemn form of swearing. Diyd£n. It is used in forms of obtesting. Dryden. It signifies specification. Dry- den. By proxy of; noting substitution. Broome. In the same direction with. Greic. £Tj= The general sound of this word is like the verb to buy ; but we hot un frequently hear it pronounced like the verb to be. This latter sound, however, is only tolerable in colloquial pronunciation, and then only when used as a preposition ; as when we say, Do you travel by land or by water ? But in reading these lines of Pope, " By land, by water, they renew the charge ; " They stop the chariot, and they board the barge" — here we ought to give the word by the sound of the verb to buy ; so that pronouncing this word like be, is, if the word will be pardoned me, a colloquialism. W. BY, bl. ad. Near. Dryden. Beside 5 passing. Ruth. ad. In a short time. BY-COFFEE-HOUSE, bi'-kof-fe-h6us. n. s A cot- fee-house in an obscure place. Addison. BY-CONCERNMENT, bi'-kon-sern'-ment. n. s. An affair which is not the main business. Dryden. BY-COR,NER*, bi'-kor'-nur. n. s. A private corner. Massincrer. BY-DEPENDENCE, bl'-de-pen'-dense. n.s. An ap- pendage. Shakspeare. BY-DESIGN, bl'-de-slne'. n.s. An incidental pur- pose. Hudibras. BY-DRINKING* bl'-drlnk'-lng. n. s. Private drink- ing. Slvikspeare. BY-END, bl'-end'. n. s. Private interest. L'Estrano-e BY-GONE. bl'-g^V. a. Past. Slmkspeare. BY-INTEREST, bi'-fn'-tur-est. n.s. Interest distinct from that of the publick. AUerbury. BY-LANE*, bi -lane', n. s. A lane out of the usual road. Burton. BY-LAW, bi'-law'. n. s. [bilage, Sax.] By-laws are orders made by common assent, for the good of those that make them, farther than the publick law binds. Cotcel. BY-MATTER, bl'-mat'-t&r. n.s. Something inci- dental. Bacon. BY-NAME, bl'-name'. n. s. A nick-name. Loath. To BY-NAME* bl'-name'. v. a. To give a nick- name. Camden. BY-PAST, bl'-past', a. Past. Shakspeare. BY-PATH, bl'-path'. n. s. A private or obscure path, Shakspeare. BY-RESPECT, bl'-re-spekt'. n.s. Private end or view. Careic. BY-ROAD, bl'-rAoV. n. s. An obscure path. Swift. BY-ROOM, bl'-rOOm'. n. s. A private room within. BY-SPEECH, bV-speetsb/. n.s. An incidental or cas- ual speech. Hooker. BY-STANDER, bl'-stan'-dur. n.s. A looker on, one unconcerned. Locke. BY-STREET, bl'-slreet'. n.s. An obscure street. Gav. BY-TURNING*, bl'-turn'-ing. n. s. An obsure road. Sidney. BY- VIEW, bi'-vu'. n.s. Self-interested purpose, Atterbury. BY-WALK, bV-wawk'. n.s. A private walk. Dryd BY-WAY, bl'-wa/. n. s. A private and obscure way. i.s. Westward. Daries. n. s. A secret stroke or sar- iv. In presence. Sidney. i" AND BY, bi'-and-bK BY Sidney. BY, bl. n. 5. Something not the direct and immediate object of regard ; by the bv. Bacon. Dryden. To BY*. 6b. T. See To Aby. _ BY, in composition, implies something out of the di- rect way 3 irregular ; collateral ; or private. Spenser. BY- WEST, be-west'. BY- WIPE*, bl'-wlpe' casm. Milton. BY-WORD, bl'-wurd'. n. s. [biponb, Sax.] A say- ing ; a proverb. Shakspeare. BY-' ASS. See Bias. BYE. bl. ) n. s. [bv, bym*, Sax.] A dwelling. BEE; be. S Gibson. BYRE*, blre. n. s. A cow-house. BYSPEL*, bi'-spel. n. s. [bi r pell,Sax.] A proverb. Coles. BYSSE.bis. ") ro/ -. . .,, ,. BY'SSLN*. bis'-sin. i n -£ It?™™-] A silk or linen BY'SSUS*,b?s'-s&s.b hood. Gozocr. BY'SSINE*. bls'-sfn. a. Made of silk. Coles. BY'ZANTLNE. See Biza.ntine. CAB CThe third letter of the alphabet, has two sounds; j one like k. as call, clock ; the other as s, as cessa- tion, cinder. It sounds like k before a, 0, u, or a consonant; and like s belore e, i, and 2/.318. C*. The numeral letter of the Romans, which we use, to denote a hundred. CAB, kab. n. s. [ap.] A Hebrew measure, contain- ing about three pints English. CABA'L§, ka-bal'. n.s. [cabale, Fr. rhap, tradition.] The secret science of the Hebrew rabbins. Hake- irill. A body of men united in some close design. Burnet. Intrigue. Dryden. $j~ The political signification of this word owes its oiigi- CAB nal to the five Cabinet Ministers in Charles the Second's reign ; Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale: this Junto were known by the name of the Cabal : a word which the initial letters of their names happened to compose. IV. To CABA'L, ka-bal'. v. n. To form close intrigues Dryden. CA'BALA*, kab'-a-la. n. s. The secret science of the Jewish doctors ; any secret science. Spenser. CA'BALIST, kab'-a-list. n. s. One skilled in the tra- ditions of the Hebrews. Selden. CA'BALISM*, kab'-al izm. n. s. A part of the science of the cabal. Spenser. 163 CAC CAD ICP 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat;— me, mel;— pine, pin ;— CABALI'STICAL, kab-al-hV-te-kal. ) a. Something GABALl'STICK,kab-al-fls'-tlk. 3 that has an occult meaning'. Burton. CABALl'STICALLY*, kab-al-hV-te-kal-le. ad. In a cabal istick manner. Sir T. Herbert. To CA'BALIZE*. kab'-al-ize. v. n. To speak the language of the learned Jews. CABA'LLERjka-balMur.n.s. An intriguer. Dryden. CA'BALLINE, kab'-al-llne, or kab'-al-lh. 148. a. [cabal linus, Lat.] Belonging' to a horse. Cotgrave. CABARET, kab'-a-ret. n. s. [Fr.] A tavern. Bramlw.il. GA'BBAGE §, kab'-bldje. 90. n. s. [cabus, Fr.] A plant. Miller. To CA'BBAGE, kab'-bfdje. v. n. To form a head ; as, the plants Degin to cabbage. To CA'BBAGE, kab'-bidje. v. a. To steal in cutting clothes. ArbutJinot. CA'BBAGE*, kab'-bidje. n. s. A cant word for the shreds made by tailors in cutting out clothes. CA'BBAGE-TREE, kab'-bldje-tree. n. s. A species of palm-tree. Miller. CA'BBAGE- WORM, kab'-bfdje-wurm. n. s. An in- sect. CA'BIN§, kab'-bln. n.s. [cabane, Fr. caban, Welsh.] A small room. Spenser. A small chamber in a ship. Shakspeare. A cottage, or a small house. Sidneij. A tent, or temporary habitation. Fairfax. To CA'BIN, kab'-bin. v. n. To live in a cabin. Shak. To CA'BIN, kab'-bin. v. a. To confine in a cabin. Shakspeare. CABIN-BOY*, kab'-bfn-boe. n.s. The boy who waits in the cabin on board a ship. CA'BIN-MATE*, kab'-bfn-mate. n. s. He who oc- cupies the same cabin with another. Beau, and Fl. CABINED, kab'-bind. 362. a. Belonging to a cabin. Milton.. CA'BINET§, kab'-fn-et. n.s. [cabinet, Fr.] A closet; a small room. Bacon. A hut, or small house. Spenser. A room in which consultations are held. Dryden. A set of boxes or drawers, for curiosities. B. Jonson. Any place in which things of value are hidden. Denham. To CA'BINET*, kab'-in-el. v, a. To enclose. Hewyt. CA'BINET-COUNCIL, kab'-m-el-k6un'-sfl. n. s. A council held in a private manner. Bacon. A select number of privy counsellors. Gay. CA'BINET-MAKER, kab'-ln-et-ma'-k&r. n. s. One that makes fine work in wood. Mortimer. CA'BLES, ka'-bl. 405. n.s. [cabl, Welsh.] The rope of a ship to which the anchor is fastened. Shak. CA'BLED*, ka'-bld. a. Fastened with a cable. Dyer. CA'BLET*. n. s. [cablot, Fr.] A tow-rope. To CABO'B*, ka-bob'. v. a. A mode of roasting meat. CABO'SHED*,or CABO'CHED*, ka-b&sht'. a. [ca- boche, old Fr.] A term in heraldry, when the head of an animal is cut close, having no neck left to it. CA'BRIOLE*. See Capriole. CA'BRIOLET*, kab'-re-6-let. n. s, [Fr.] An open carriage. CA'BURNS, ka'-burnz. n. s. Small ropes used in ships. Diet. CA'CAO, ka'-k6. See Chocolate Nut. CACHE CTICAL, ka-kek'-te-kal. ) a. Having an ill CACHE'CTICK, ka-kek'-tk. \ habit of body. Arbuthnot. CACHE'XY§, kak'-kek-se. 517. n. s. fra^l/a.] Such a distemperature of the humours, as hinders nutri- tion^ and weakens the vital and animal functions. Aroutlinot. \£f Mr. Sheridan is the only orthoepist who accents this word on the first syllable, as I have done ; and yet every other lexicographer, who has the word, accents ano- rexy, ataxy, and artaraxy, on the first syllable, except Mr. Sheridan, who accents anorexy, and Bailey ataxy, on the penultimate. — Whence this variety and incon- sistency should arise, it is not easy to determine. Or- thodoxy and apoplexy had sufficiently chalked out the analogy of accentuation in these words. The termina- tions in axy and exy do not form a species of words which may be called enclitical, like logy and graphy, 517, but seem to be exactly under the predicament of those Latin and Greek words, which, when adopted into English by dropping their last syllable, remove the ac- cent at least two syllables higher. — See Academy. W. CACHIINNA'TION, kak-k'in-na'-shun. 353. n. s. [ca~ chinnaf.io, Lat.] A loud laughter. Satan's Invisible World discovered. CA'CKEREL, kak'-fir-fl. 555, 99. n. s. [caquerel, Fr.] A fish. Sir T. Herbert. To CA'CKLE §, kak'-kl. 405. v. n. [kaeckelen, Dutch.] To make a noise as a goose. Shakspeare. Some- times used for the noise of a hen. Dryden. To laugh ; to giggle. Arbuthnot. CA'CKLE. kak'-kl. n. s. The voice of a goose or fowl. Dryden. Idle talk ; prattle. CA'CKLER, kak'-lur. 98. n. s. A fowl that cackles. A tell-tale; a tattler. CACOCHYMICAL, kak-k6-k?m'-e-kal. > CACOCHY'MICK, kak-kd-klm'-ik. 353, 509. \ Having the humours corrupted. Harvey. CACOCHY'MY, kak'-k6-k?m-me. n.s. [^Koy^feJ A depravation of the humours from a sound state. Arbuthnot. §Cr Johnson and Bailey accent this word cacochymhj ? Sheridan and Buchanan cacoch'ymy, and Dr. Ash cac'~ ochymy ; and this last accentuation I have adopted for reasons given under the word cachexy — which see. W. CACODE'MON*, kak^-de'-mon. n. s. [taris and Saiuu)v.~\ An evil spirit. Sir T. Herbert. CACOE^THES*, kak-6-e'-^ez. n. s. [«uaH$faa-] In medicine, an incurable ulcer ; generally, a bad cus- tom ; a bad habit. CACO'GRAPHY*, ka-kog'-ra-fe. n.s. Bad spelling. CACO'PHONY, ka-koF-6-ne. 518. n.s. [KaKo^via.] A bad sound of words. Pope. To CACU MINATE, ka-kiV-me-nate. v. a. [cacumi- no, Lat.]To make sharp or pyramidal. Diet. CADA'VER*,k&-dk'-\fa. n. s. [Lat.] A corpse. Doxies. CADA'VEROUS, ka-dav'-e-r&s. a. Having the ap- pearance of a dead body. Brown. CA'DDIS, kad'-dis. n. s. A kind of tape or ribbon. Slmk. A kind of worm found in straw. Walton. CA'DDOW*, kad'-do. n. s. A chough, or jackdaw Ray. CADE, kade. a. [cadeler, Fr.] Tame; soft; delicate. Slieldon. To CADE, kade. v. a. To breed up in softness. CADE, kade. n. s. [cadus, Lat.] A barrel. Slutkspeare, CADE-WORM, kade'-wurrn. n. s. The same with caddis. CA'DENCE§,ka'-dense. ) n. s. [cadence, Fr.] Fall. CADENCY, ka'-den-se. S Milton. The fall of the voice. Bacon. The flow of verses, or periods. Dryden. The tone or sound. Milton. [In horseman- ship.] The equal measure which a horse observes in all his motions, when he is thoroughly managed. Farrier's Diet. [In heraldry.] The distinction of houses or families. To CA'DENCE*, ka'-dense. v. a. To regulate by musical measure. A. Smith. CA'DENT, ka'-dent. a. Falling down. Shakspeare. CADE'NZA*, ka-deV-za. n. s. [Ital.] The fall or modulation of the voice in singing. CADE'T, ka-deV. n. s. [cadet, Fr.] The younger brother. Sir G. Buck. The youngest brother. Brown. A volunteer in the army, who serves in expectation of a commission. Sunnburne. CA'DEW, ka'-du. n. s. A straw worm. Diet. To CADGE §*, kedje. v. a. [from cadge, or cage, ? pannierj To carry a burthen. Ray. CA'DGER, kgd'-jur. n. s. A huckster. Grose. §£f* This word is only used by the vulgar in Londop., where it is not applied to any particular profession or employment, but nearly in the same sense as cur- mudgeon, and is corruptly pronounced as if written codger. W. CA'DI, ka'-de. n. s. A magistrate among the Turks. Lord Lyttleton. CADFLLACK, ka-dilMak. n. s. A sort ofpear. CADU'CEUSf, ka-diV-she-us. 505. n.s. The rod a. Hollow like a CATSULARY, kap'-shu-lar-e. $ chest. Brown. CA'PSULATE, kap?-shii-late. > a. Enclosed, CATSULATED, kap'-shu-lu-teU $ or in a box. Brown. O ATTAIN?, kap'-tfn. 208. n.s. [capilam, Fr.] A chief commander. Josh.w Thechief of any num- ber of men. Numbers, n. A man skilled in Avar. The commander of a company in a regiment. Shak. The chief commander of a ship. Arbuthnot. — Captain General. The commander in chief. Shaft. Captain Lieutenant. The commanding officer of the colonel's troop in every regiment. CAPTAIN*, kap'-tln. a. Chief; valiant. Shak. CATTAINRY, kap'-tin-re. n.s. The chieftainship. Spenser. CATTAINSHIP, kap'-tfn-shfp. n. s. The post of a chief commander. Shak. The post of a captain. Wotton. The chieftainship of a clan. Danes. CAPTATION, kap-ta'-shfin.n.s. [captation, old Fr.] Courtship ; flattery. King Charles. CA'PTION, kap'-sh&n. n.s. [capio, Lat.] The act of taking any person by a judicial process, by some trick or cavil. Chillingworth. CA'PTIOUS$, kap'-sh&s. 314. a. [captiosus, Lat.] Given to cavils. Locke. Insidious ; ensnaring Bacon. CATTiOUSLY, kap'-shfis-le. ad. In a captious manner. Locke. CA'PTIOUSNESS, kap'-sh&s-nes. n. s. Inclination to find fault. Abp. Cranmer. To CA'PTIVATE, kap'-te-vate.r. a. [captiro, Lat ] To take prisoner. Sluxk. To charm. Addison. To enslave. Locke. CA'PTIVATE*, kap'-te-vate. a. Made Drisoner. Shakspeare. CAPTIVA'TION, kap-te-va'-shun. ?z. s. The ac* of taking one captive. Bp. Hafl. CA'PTIVE \, kap'-tTv. 140. n. s. One taken in war Shakspeare One charmed by beauty. Shakspere 170 CAR CAR -n6, m6ve, n6r, not; — tube, tub, bull ; — Sil; — pS&nd; — thin, THis. CATTIVE, kap'-tfv. a. Made prisoner. Dryden. To CATTIVE, kap'-tlv. v. a. To take prisoner. Sfiemer. CAPTrVlTY, kap-uV-e-te. n. s. Subjection by the t'ate of war. Shakspeare. Slavery. Hooker. CA'PTOR, kap'-tfir. 16(>. 71. s. He that takes a pris- oner or a prize. CA'PTURE, kap'-tshure. 461. n. s. The act of tak- ing any thing. The thing taken; a prize. To CA'PTURE*. kap'-tslmre. v. a. To take as a prize. CAPUCCIO*, ka-p65t'-tshe-6. n. s. [Ital.] A cap- uchin or hood. Spenser. CAPU'CHED, ka-pftdtsht'. a. [capuce,Fi\] Cover- ed over as with a hood. Brown. CAPUCHFN*, kap-u-sheen'. 112. n. s. A female garment, consisting of a cloak and hood. A pigeon, whose head is covered with feathers. CAPUCHFN, kap-u-sheen'. n. s. [from the capuchon, or cowl, with which they covered their heads.] One of the order of St. Francis. Harmar. CAR, CHAR, in the names of places, seem to have relation to the British caer, a city. Gibson's Cam- den. CAR, kar. 78. n. s. [cnset, Sax.] A small carriage of burden. Swift. A chariot of war, or triumph. S'mk. The Charles's wain, or Bear ; a constella- tion. Dryden. QA'RABINE, or CA'RBINE, kar-blne'. n. s. {cara- bine, Fr.] A small sort of fire-arm, between the pistol and the musket. He who is armed with a carbine. Kyd. Igj* D f - Ash, Bailey, W. Johnston, Entick, and Buchan- an, accent carabine on the last syllable, and Dr. John- son and Mr. Perry on the first ; while Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Ash, Buchanan, Dr. Johnson, and Bailey, accent car- bine on the first ; but Mr. Scott, Entick, Berry, and Kenrick, more properly on the last. The reason is, that jf we accent carbine on the first syllable, the last ought, according to analogy, to have the i short : but as the i is always long, the accent ought to be on the last syllable. 140. W. CARABINEER, kar-be-neer'. n. s. A sort of light horse carrying carabines. Chambers. CA^RACK/kar'-ak. n. s. [caraca, Span.] A large ship of burden. Rakish. CA'RACOLE, kar'-a-k6le. n. s. [caracole, Fr.] An oblique tread, traced out in semi-rounds. Farrier's Diet. To CA'RACOLE, kar'-a-k6le. v. n. To move in caracoles. CA'RAT, I , * , *. (n.s. [carat, Fr.] A weight of CA'RACT, \ kar " aU ? four grains. Sir T. Herbert. A manner of expressing the fineness of gold. An ounce is divided into twenty-four caracts, and each caract into four grains : if to the finest of gold be put two caracts of alloy, both making, when cold, but an ounce, or twenty-four caracts, then this gold is said to be twenty-two caracts fine. Cocker. The value of any thing. B.Jonsnn. CARAVA'Ny, kar-a-van 7 . 524. n. s. [Arabick.] A troop of merchants or pilgrims, as they travel in the east. Milton. CARAVA'NSARY, kar-a-van'-sa-re. n. s. A house built in the eastern countries for travellers. Spect. CA'RAVEL, kar'-a-vel. ) n. s. [caravela, Span.] A CARVEL, kar'-vel $ kind of ship, with a square poop, formerly used in Spain. Robertson. CA'RAWAY, kar'-a-wa. n. s. [canon, Lat.] A plant. Miller. CA'RBON*, kar'-bon. n. s. [carbo, Lat.] [In ehym- istry.] A simple body, black, sonorous, and brittle; obtained from various substances, generally by volatilizing their other constituent parts. Parkinson. CARBONACEOUS*, kar-b6-na'-shfis. a. Contain- ing carbon. Kirwan. CARBONA'DO §, kar-b6-na'-d6. 92, 77. n. s. [car- bonade, Fr.] Meat cut across to be broiled upon the coals. Shakspeare. To CARBONA'DO, kar-b6-na/-d6. [See Lumba- go.] v. a. To cut. or hack. Shakspeare. CARBO'NICK* kar-b&n'-'ik. a. Relating to carbon. iltocan. CARBUNCLE y, kar'-b&ngk-kl. 405. n.s. [carhun adus, Lat.] A jewel shining in the dark. Shak. A round, hard, and painful tumour, which soon mortifies. Bacon. CA'RBUNCLED, kar'-bungk-kld. 362. a. Set with carbuncles: Shak. Spotted; deformed with car- buncles. CARBU'NCULAR, kar-b&ng'-ku-lur. a. Belonging to a carbuncle. CARBUNCULA'TION, kar-bfing-ku-la'-shun. n. s The blasting of young buds of trees or plants. Harris. CA'RCANET, kar'-ka-net. n. s. [carcan, Fr.] A chain or collar of jewels. Shakspeare. CA'RCASS, kar'-kas. 92. n. s. [ca, casse, Fr.] A dead body of any animal. Spenser. Body ; in a ludicrous sense. Shak. The decayed parts of any thing. Shak. The main parts, naked, without completion. Hale. [In gunnery.] A kind of bomb. CA'RCELACE, kar'-se-lidje. 90. n. s. [career, Lat.] Prison fees. Diet. CA'RCERAL*, kar'-se-ral. a Belonging to a prison. CARCINO'MA, kar-se-ni'-ma. n. s. [kuokIvos.] A particular ulcer ; also a disorder in the horny coat of the eye. Qnincy. CARCINOMATOUS, kar-se-nom'-a-tus. a. Can- cerous. CARD y, kard. 92. n. s. [carte, Fr.] A paper paint- ed with figures, used in games of chance. Shak. The paper on which the winds are marked for the mariner's compass. Spenser. The instrument with which wool is combed. To CARD, kard. v. a. To comb. Dryden. To mingle together. Bacon. To disentangle. Shelton To CARD. kard. v. n. To game. CARD-TABLE*, kard'-ta-bl. n. s. The table appro- prialed to those who play at cards. Bp. Berkeley. CA'RDAMINE* kar'-da-mme. 148. n. s. [Kapoa^vrj.l The plant ladv's-smock. CARD AMO 1 MUM. [This word is commonly pro nounced kar'-da-mum. H 7 .] n. s. [Kapddpwjiov.] A medicinal seed, of the aromatick kind, brought from the Eait Indies. Chambers. CA'RDER, kar'-dur. 98. n. s. One that cards wool. Shak. One that plays much at cards. Walton. CARDI/ACAL, kar-dP-a-kal. ) a. [KaoSia.] Cordial. CA'RDIACK, kar'-de-ak. $ %P- Berkeley. CA'RDIALGY, kar'-de-al-je. n. s. The heart-burn. Quincy. CA'RDINALy, kar'-de-nal. 88. a. [cardinalis, Lat.] Principal ; chief. Brown. CA'RDINAL, kar'-de-nal. n. s. One of the chief governours of the Romish church. Shak. The name of a woman's cloak; red or scarlet, such as cardi nals wear. CARDINAL'S FLOWER, n.s. A flower. Miller. CA'RDINALATE, kar'-de-na-late. ; n. s. The of- CA'RDINALSHIP, kar'-de-nal-shtp. > fice of a cardinal. Bp. Hall. To CA'RDINALIZE*, kar'-de-nal-lze. v. a. To make a cardinal. Sheldon. CA'RDING*, kard'-ing. n. s. The act of playing at cards. CARDIGTD*, kar-de-O'd'. n. s. An algebraick curve, so called from its resemblance to a heart. Chambers. CA'RDMAKER, kard'-ma-kur. n. $. A maker of cards. Shakspeare. CA'RDMATCH, kard'-matsh. n. s. A match made by dipping pieces of card in melted sulphur. Ad- dison. CARDO'ON*, kar-doon'. n. s. [cardo, Span.] A species of wild artichoke. Chambers. CA'RDUUS BENEDICT US, kar'-du-us-ben-k dik'-t&s. n.s. The herb called blessed thistle. Shakspeare. CAREy, kare. n. s. [cap, cape, SaxJ Solicitude. Dryden. Caution. Shale. Regard. Tillotson. The object of care. Shakspeare. To CARE. kare. v. n. To be anxious. Sidney. To be inclined. Waller. To be affected with. Shak 171 CAR CAR ID* 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat ;— me, met ;— pine, pin ;— CARE-CRAZED, kare'-krazd. 359. a. Broken with eare. Shakspeare. CARE-DEFYING*, kare'-de-f I'-Ing. a. Bidding de- fiance to care. Shenstone. CARE-TUNED*, kare'-tund. a. Tuned by care 5 mournful. Shakspeare. CARE-WOUNDED*, kare'-woSnd-eU [See Wound.] a. Wounded with care. May. CA'RECT*, kar'-ekt. n.s. Acharrn. See Charact. To CARE'EN, ka-reen'. v. a. [cariner, Fr.] To lay a vessel on one side, in order to refit or trim the other side. Chambers. To CARE'EN, ka-reen'. v.n. To be in the state of careening-. CARE'ER^, ka-reer'. n. s. [carriere, Fr.] The ground on which a race is run. Sidney. A course 5 a race. Shak. Height of speed. Wilkins. Course of action. Sliakspeare. To CARE'ER, ka-reer 7 . v. n. To run with swift motion. Milton. CA'REFUL, kare'-ful. a. Anxious. Spenser. Provi- dent. 2 Kings. Watchful. Ray. Subject to per- turbations. Shakspeare. CA REFULLY, kare'-ffil-le. ad. In a manner that shows care. Collier. Heedfully. Sliakspeare. Prov- idently ; cautiously. CAREFULNESS, kare'-ful-nes. n. s. Vigilance. Kuolles. CA'RELESS, kare'-les. a. Having no care. Spen- ser. Cheerful ; undisturbed. Pope. Unheeded ; thoughtless. Pope. Unmoved by. Beaum. and FL Contrived without art. Bp. Taylor. CA'RELESSLY, kare'-les-le. ad. Negligently. Speriser. CA'RELESSNESS, kareMSs-nes. n. s. Heedless- ness. Shakspeare. CA'RENTANE*, n. s. [quarantaine, Fr.] A papal the remission of penance a. [caresser, Fr.] To en- An act of endearment. indulgence, multiplying by forties. Bp. Taylor. To CARETS $, ka-reV. dear ; to fondle. South CARETS, ka-res'. n. , Mil ion. CARET, ka'-r£t. n. s. [Lat.] A not<<\ which shows where something interlined should be read. CA'RGASON, kar'-ga-son. n. s. [cargaqon, Span.] A carg'o. Howell. CA'RGO, kar'-go. n. s. [cargue, Fr.] The lading of a ship. Burnet. CARlATIDESf, ka-re-at'-e-dez. See Cary- atides. CARICATU'RE §*, kar-lk-a-ture'. 461. n. s. [ca- ricatura, Ital.] A ridiculous representation of a Eerson or circumstance, without loss of the resem- lance. Brown. To CARICATU'RE*, kar-ik-a-ture'. v. a. To rid- icule. Lord Lytt.elton. CARICATURIST*, kar-lk-a-uY-rist. 463. n. s. He who caricatures persons or things. CA'RICOUS Tumour, kar'-e-kus-tu'-mur. [carica, Lat.] A swelling in the form of a fig. CA'RIES, ka'-re-lz. 99. n. s. [Lat.] That rottenness which is peculiar to a bone. Wiseman. CA'RINATED Leaf*, [carina, Lat.] A leaf, of which the back resembles the keel of a ship. Chambers. CARIOSITY, ka-re-6s'-e-te. n. s. Rottenness. Wiseman. CA'RIOUS, ka'-re-us. 314. a. Rotten. Wiseman. CARK, kark. n. s [cape, Sax.] Care 5 anxiety. Sidney. Ob.^J. To CARK, kark. v.n. To be careful. Sidney. CATtKING*, kark'-fng. n.s. Care anxiety. Decay of Piety. o CARLE, karl. n.s. [ceopl, Sax.] A mean, rude, rough, brutal man. Spenser. CARLE, karl. n. s. A kind of hemp. Tusser. To CARLE*, karl. v. n. To act like a carle. Bur- ton. „ . CA'RLINE THISTLE, kar-llne-tfuV-sl. n. s. \car- lina, Lat J A plant. Miller. CA'RLINGS, karMlngz. n. s. Timbers of a ship on which the ledges rest, and the planks of die deck are made fast. Harris. CA/RL1SH*, kar'-h'sh. a. Churlish ; rude Marriage of Sir Gawaine. CA'RLISHNESS*, kar'-llsh-nes. n. s. Churlishness. Huloet. CA'RLOT*, kar'-l&t. n.s. A countryman. Shak. CA'RMAN, kar'-man. 83. n. s. A man who drives cars. Gay. CARME*, karm. ) n. s. [from CA'RMELITE*, kar'-me-llte. 156. $ Mount Car- mel.~\ A Carmelite or while friar. Chaucer. CA RMELIN*, kar'-me-lhi. ) a. Belonging to tin; CA'RMELITE, kar'-me-llte. $ order of Carmel- ites. Weever. CA'RMELITE, kar'-me-llte. n. s. A sort of pear. CARMI'NATIVE,kar-min'4-tiv. 157. n.s. [supposed to be so called, as having the power of a charm.] Medicines to dispel wind. Arbuthnot. CA'RMINE, kar-mlne'. n. s. A bright red or crim- son colour, used by painters. Cliambers. #*?=• Dr. Johnson, Sheridan, Ash, and Smith, accent this word on the first syllable ; but Mr. Nares, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, Perry, Buchanan, and Ent.ick, more property on the last : — for the reason, see Carbine. W. CA'RNAGE, kar'-nldie. 90. n. s. [carnage, Fr.] Slaughter. Haywara. Heaps of flesh. Milton. CAItNALS, kar'-nal. 88. a. [carncdis, low Lat.] Fleshly ; not spiritual. Milton. Lustful. Shak. CARNAL-MINDED*, kar'-nal-mlnd'-ed.a. World- ly-minded. More. CA'RNAL-MINDEDNESS*,kai'-nal-mlnd / -ed-ne ! s. n.s. Crossness of mind. Ellis. CA'RNALIST*, kar'-nal-ist. n. s. One given to car- nality. Burton. CA'RNALITE*, kar'-nal-lte. n. s. A worldly-mind- ed man. Anderson. CARNALITY, kar-nal'-e-te. n. s. Fleshly hist Feitham. Grossness of mind . Milton. To CA'RNALIZE*, kar'-nal-Jze. v. a. To debase to carnality. Scott. CA'RNALLY, kar'-nal-le. ad. According to the flesh. Hooker. Libidinously. Levit. xviii. CARNA'TION, kar-na'-shun. n s. The name of the natural flesh colour ; the name of a flower. Pope. CARNA'TIONED* kar-na'-shfind.a. Coloured like the carnation. Lovelace. CARNE'LION, kar-nele'-ySn. 113. n. s. A precious stone. Woodward. CA'RNEOUS, kar'-ne-fls. a. Fleshy. CA'RNEY*, kar'-ne. n. s. A disease in horses, wherein their mouths become so furred that they cannot, eat. Chambers. CARNIFICA'TION*, kar-ne-fe-ka'-shnn. n. s. The making of, or turning to, flesh. Chambers. To CA'RNIFY, kar'-ne-fl. v. n. To breed flesh Hale. CA'RNIVAL, kay-ne-val. n. s. [carnavale, Ital.] The feast held in the popish countries before Lent Decay of Piety. CARNI'VOROUS, kar-inV-v6-rus. 518. a. [earns and voro, Lat.] Flesh-eating Ray. CARNO'SITY, kar-n6s'-se-te. n. s. 'Fleshy excies- cence. Beaumont and Fletcher. CA'RNOUS, kar'-nus. 314. a. Fleshy. Brotvn. CA'ROB, [or St. John's Bread.] ka'-rob. A tree very common in Spain. Miller. CARO'CHE, ka-rotsh'. n. s. [carrozza, Ital.l A coach, a carriage of pleasure. Burton. Ob. J. CA / ROCHED*,ka-r6tsht / .joart.a. Placed in a coach. Beaumxyrd and Fletcher. CA'ROL §, kar'-rul. 166. n. s. [carola, Ttal/j A "song of joy and exultation. Spenser. A song of devotiou. Shakspeare. A song in general. Sliakspeare. To CA'ROL, kar'-rul. v. n. To sing } to warble. Spenser. To CA'ROL, kar-z-rul. v. a. To celebrate in song. Miltmi. CA'ROLING* kar 7 -rul-!ng. n. s. A hymn or song of devotion. Spenser. 172 CAR CAR -no-, m5ve, nor, n&t ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 6H ; — pound ; — thin, THis. CA'ROTID, ka-rdt'-ld. a. Two arteries, which arise out of the ascending trunk of the aorta. Ray. CARO'TIDAL*, ka-rot'-e-dal. a. Carotid. Smith. CARO'USAL, ka-rd&'-zal. 88. re. s. A festival. Dryden. To CAROUSE §, ka-rSuz'. v. re. [carousser, Fr.] To drink ; to quaff. Sluikspeare. To CARO'USE, ka-rdtiz'. v. a. To drink lavishly. Shakspeare. CARO'USE. ka-rSuz'. re. s. A drinking match. Pope. A heartv dose of liquor. Davies. CARO'USER, ka-r6u'-znr. 98. re. s. A drinker. Granville. CARP, karp. n. s. [carpe, Fr.] A pond fish. Hale. To CARP $, karp. v. re. [carpo, Lat.] To censure ; to cavil. Chaucer. To CARP*, karp. v. a. To blame. Ahp. Crammer. CA'RPENTER, kar'-pen-tur. 98. re. s. [chwpentier, Fr.] An artificer in wood ; a builder of houses, and ships. Fairfax. CA'RPENTRY, kar'-pen-tre. re. s. The trade or art of a carpenter. Moxon. CA'RPER, kar'-pur. 98. re. 5. A caviller. Shak. CA'RPET §, kar'-pft. 99. re. s. [kaipet, Dutch.] A cov- ering of various colours, sprea.d upon floors. Sluxk. Ground variegated with flowers, and level and smooth. Shak. Any thing variegated. Ray. A state of ease and luxury. Shak. — To be on the car- pet, is to be the subject of consideration. To CA'RPET, kar'-pu. v. a. To spread with car- pets. Bacon. CA'RPET-WALK*. kar'-pu-wawk. )n.s.A green CA'RPET-WAY*, kai-'-plt-wa. $ way; a way on the turf. Evelyn. CA'RPING, kar'-pmg. 410. part. a. Captious ; cen- sorious. Granville. CA'RPING*; kar'-pmg. re. 5. Cavil 5 censure ; abuse. Leslie. CA'RPLNGLY, kar'-plng-le. ad. Captiously. Cam- den. CA'RPMEALS, karp'-meelz. re.*. A kind of coarse cloth made in the north of England. CARP US, kar'-pfis. re. s. [Lat.] The wrist. Wise- man. CA'RRACK. See Carack. CA'RRAT. See Carat. CA'RRAWAY. See Caraway. CA'RRIABLE*, kar'-re-a-bl. a. That which may be carried. Sherwood. CA'RRIAGE, kar'-rfdje. 90. re. 5. [cartage, Fr.] The act of carrying. Banon. Conquest; acquisition. Knolks. Vehicle. Walts. The frame upon which cannon is carried. Knolles. Behaviour. Bacon. Conduct ; measures. Shak. Management. Bacon. That which is carried. Spenser. CA'RRIER, kar'-re-&r. re. s. One who carries. Ba- con. One whose trade is to carry goods. Pierce. A messenger. The name of a species of pigeons that fly with letters tied to their necks, which they carry to the place where they were bred, however remote. Walton. CA'RRION §, kar'-re-un. 166. re. s. [caroigne, old Fr.] The carcass of something not proper for food. Spenser. Flesh so corrupted as not to be fit for food. Dry den. A name of reproach for a worth- less woman. Shakspeare. CA'RRION, kar'-re-un. a. Relating to or feeding upon carcasses. Shakspeare. CA'RRONADE* kar'-r&n-ade. re. s. A very short piece of iron ordnance, originally made at Carron 111 Scotland. James. CA'RROT§, kar'-rut. 166. [carote, Fr.] An esculent root. Mortimer. CA'RROT Y, kar'-rut-e. re. s. Spoken of red hair ; in colour like carrots. CA'RROWS, kar'-rdze. re. s. [An Irish word.] A kind of people that wander up and down to gentle- men's nouses, living only upon cards and dice. Spmser. To CA'RRY§, kar'-re. v. a. [charier, Fr.] To con- vey from a place. Psalm xlix. To transport. Mark vi To bear ; to have about one. Wiseman. To take ; to have with one. Locke. To convey by force. Shak. To effect any thing. Bacon. To gain in competition. Sliak. To gain after resistance. Shak. To gain with, that is, to prevail. Shak. To bear out; to face through L Estrange. To continue external appearance. Shuk. To manage ; to transact. Addison. To behave ; to conduct. Bacon. To bring forward. Locke. To urge. South. To bear; to have. Hale. To exhibit; to show. Addison. To imply. Locke. To contain. Watts To have annexed. South. To convey or bear any thing united or adhering, by communication cf motion. Bacon. To move in a certain direction. Addison. To push on ideas, or any thing succes- sive in a train. Hale. To receive. Bacon. To support. Bacon. To bear, as trees. Bacon. To fetch and bring, as dogs. Ascham. — To earn/ aivay [In naval language.] To loose. Byron. To cany coals. To bear injuries. Whiclvcot. To carry off. To kill. Temple. To carry on. To promote. Addison. To continue. Sprat. To prosecute. Temple. To carry out. To put into amazement. Sir J. Davies. To carry through. To support Hammond. To CA'RRY, kar'-re. v. re. To convey ; to transport : a phrase from gunnery or archery ; as, the cannoa carried well. Shaksjieare. CA'RRY*, kar'-re. re. s. The motion of the clouds. CA'RRY-TALE, kar'-re-lale. re. s. A tale-bearer Sluikspeare. CART$, kart. 92. n.s. [cjisefc, cpate. Sax.] A car- riage in general. Temple. A wheel carriage, used for luggage. Dryden. A small carriage with two wheels, used by husbandmen. Sidney. The vehicle in which criminals are carried to execution. Prior. To CART, kart. v. a. To expose in a cart by way of punishment. Beaumont and Fletcher. To place in a cart. Dryden. To CART, kart. v. re. To use carts for carriage. Mortimer. CART-HORSE, kart'-hdrse. re. s. A horse fit only for the cart. Knolles. CART-JADE, kart' -jade. n.s. A vile horse. Sidney. CART-LOAD, kart'-fode. re. s. A quantity sufficient to load a cart. Boyle. CART-ROPE, kart'-rope. re. s. A strong cord used to fasten the load on the carriage. CART- WAY, kart'-wa. re. s. AVay through which a carriage may conveniently travel. Mortimer. CA'RTAGE*, kan -idje. re. s. The employment of a cart. CARTE BLANCHE, kart-blansh'. [Fr.] A blank paper, to be filled up with such conditions as the person to whom it is sent thinks proper. CARTEL $, kar-tel'. re. s. [cartel, Fr.J A writing containing stipulations between enemies. Addison. A letter of defiance ; a challenge to a duel. Daniel. A ship commissioned to exchange the prisoners of hostile powers. Chambers. To CARTEL*, kar'-tel. v. a. To defv. B. Jonson. CA'RTER, kart'-ur. 98. re. s. The man who drives a cart. Shakspeare. CA'RTERLY* kar'-tur-le. ad. Rude, like a carter Cotsrrare. CARTE'SIAN* kar-te'-zhe-an.. a Relating to the philosophy of Des Car'.es. Smith. CARTESIAN*, kar-te'-zhe-an. re. s. A follower of the Cartesian philosophv. Reid. CARTHU'SIAN*, kar-^u'-shon. re. s. A monk of the Chartreux. Beaumont and Fletcher. CARTHU'SIAN*, kar-^/m'-shun. a. Relating to the order of monks so called. Clwmbers. The name of kermes mineral. Chambers. CA'RT1LAGE$, kar'-te-lldje. 90. re. 5. [carlilago, Lat.] A smooth and solid body, softer than a bone, but harder than a ligament. Arbulhnot. CARTILAGI'NEOUS, kar'-te-la-jm'-yus. 113. ) CARTILA'GINOUS, kar-te-ladje'-e-nus. 314. \ Consisting 1 of cartilages. Ray. CARTO'O'N, kar-tooh'. re. s. [cartcme. Ital ] A paint ing or drawing upon large paper. Watts. CAS CAS [LT 559.— File, far, fall, fat ;— mo, m& ;— pine, pin ;- CARTO'UCH, kar-tootsh'. n. s. [cartouche. Fr.j A : case of wood, girt round with marline, and holding musket balls, &c. and fired out of a mortar. Harris. j A portable box for cartridges. A roll [like a scroll of paper] adorning the cornice of a pillar. Coles. CA'Rl RAGE, ) , x , , « ,. on ( n.s. A case of pa- CARTRIDGE, \ kar/ " trjd Je. 90. j per &m J^ gunpowder, used in charging guns. Dry den. CA'RTRUT, kart'-rfit. n. s. The track made by a cart wheel. CA'RTULARY, kar'-lslui-la-re. 4f>l. n. s. [cartu- laire, Fr.] A register ; a record. Weever. An ec- clesiastical officer, who had the care of the records. CA'RT WRIGHT, kart'-rite. n. s. A maker of carls. Camden. CA'RUCATE*, kar -il-kate. n. s. [camca, Lat.] A plough-land. As much laud as one team can plough in the year. Kelham. CA'RUXCLE§, kar'-unk-kl. 405. n. s. [caruncula, Lat.] A small protuberance of flesh. Wiseman. IT? TT/MrMTT i '"PIT TVS l.-A *A„/ W,_lA a. Havim of an animal. Addison. A Sfiak. build- CARU'NCULATED*, ka-run'-ku-la- a protuberance. British Birds. CARVE*, karv. n. s. A carucate. Sir J. Ware. To CARVE§, karv. v. a. [ceoppan, Sax.] To cut matter into elegant forms. Wisdom.. To cut meat at the table. To make any thing by carving or ! cutting. Dryden. To engrave. Sludc. To dis- 1 tribute. South. To cut; to hew. Sjenser. To CARVE, karv. v. n. To exercise the trade of a sculptor. CA'RVEL, kar'-veL n.s. See Caravel. A small ship. Raleigh. CA'RVE L*. kar'-vel. n. s. The urtica marina, or sea- blubber. Sir T. Herbert. CA'RVER, kar'-viir. 98. n. s. A sculptor. Dryden. He that cuts up the meat at the table Dryden. A distributor. Shakspeare. CA'RVING, kar'-ving. 410. n.s. Sculpture. Temple. CAR YA> TES, ka-re-a'-tez. ) n. s. [from Ca- CARYA' TIDES, ka-re-dl'-e dez. \ ryd, a city taken by the Greeks, whc led avva} r the women captives ; and, to perpetuate their shame, repre- sented them in buildings as charged with burdens.] An order of columns or pilasters under the figures of women, dressed in long robes, serving to support entablatures. Chambers. CASCA'DE, kas-kade'. n. s. [cascade, Fr.] A cata- ract; a waterfall. Brown. CASE $, ka.se. n. s. [caisse, Fr.] A box ; a sheath. Shak. The cover, or skin, The outer part of a building ing unfurnished. Wofton. CASE-KNIFE, kase'-nife. n. knife. Addison. CASE-SHOT, kase'-sh6t. n. s. case. C. irendon. CASE §, ! ase. n. s. [casus, Lat.] Condition. Spenser. I State of things. Bacon. State of the body. Bacon. I History of a disease. State of a legal question, j Bacon. — In case, is lusty, or fat. Shak. Contin- gence ; possible event. Tillotson. Question relat- ing to particular persons or thing's. Sidney. Rep- 1 resentation of any fact or question. The variation , of nouns. Clarke. Incase. If. Hooker. To CASE, ka.se. v. a. To put in a case. Shak. To j cover as a case. Shak. To cover on the outside ' with materials different from the inside. Arbutluiot. To strip off the skin. Shakspeare. To CASE, kase. v. n. To put cases. L' Estrange. To CASEHA'RDEN, kase'-har-dn. v. a. To harden , on the outside. Moron. CA'SEMATEjkase'-mate. n.s. [casamatta, Ital.] [In fortification.] A subterraneous or covered arch-; work. B. Jonson. The well with its several sub- 1 terraneous branches, dug in the passage of the j bastion. Harris. CA'SEMENT,_kaze'-ment. n.s. [casamenlo, Ital.] A window opening upon hinges. Shakspeare. CA'SEOUS. ka'-se-us. a. [caseus, Lat.] Resembling! cheese. Flm/er. j CA'SERN,ka'-s3rn. n. s. [caserne, Fr.] A little room > or lodgement between die rampart and the houses ' s. A large kitchen Bullets enclosed in a of fortified towns, as lodgings for the soldi 3rs of Uie garrison. Wraxluill. CA'SE WORM, kase'-wurm. n. s. A grub that makes itself a case. Floyer. CASH§, kash. n. s. [caisse, Fr.] Money; properly ready money. Milton. CA'SH-KEEPER, kash'-kWp-ur. n. s. A man en trusted with the money. Arbuihnot. To CASH*, kash. v. a. To cash a bill, i. e. to give money for it. To CASH J*, kash. v. a. [casser, Fr.] To discard. Sir A. Gorges. CA'SHEWNUT, ka-shoo'-nfil. n. s. A tree that bears nuts, not with shells, but husks. Miller. CASHl'ER, ka-sneer 7 . 275. n. s. He that has charge of the money. Decker. To CASHl'ER, ka-sheer'. *. a. [casser, Fr.] To dis- card. Sliakspearc. To annul; to vacate. South. CA'SHOO*, kash'-66. n.s. The gum or juice of a tree in the East Indies. CA'SING*, ka'-smg. n. s. The covering of any thing In Northumberland, dried cow-dung. Wuterland. CASKS, kask. n. s. [casque, Fr.] A barrel. Harveu. To CASK*, ka.sk. v. a. To put into a cask. CASK, kask. ) n.s. A helmet; armour fof CA'SQUET, kas'-kit. \ the head. CA'SKET, kas'-kit. 99. n. s. A small box for jewels. Shakspeare. To CA'SKET, kas'-kit. v. a. To put into a casket Shaksf.eare. rr "o CASS*, kas. v. a. To annul. Raleigh. CASSAMUNA'IR, kas-sa-mu-uare'. n. s. An aro matick vegetable, brought from the east. To CA'SSATE. kas'-sate. 91. v. a. [cussare, low Lat.] To vacate; tc invalidate. Ray. CASSATION, kas-sa'-shun. n. s. A making null. Diet. CA'SSAVI, kas'-sa-ve. )n.s. An American plant. CA'SSADA. kas'-sa-da. \ Miller. CASSAWARE. See Cassiowary. CA'SSIA, kash'-she-a. n.s. A. sweet spice used in the composition of the holy oil. Psalm xlv. CA'SSIA, kash'-she-a. n.s. The name of a tree. Miller. CA SS1DONY, kas'-se-do-ne. n. s. The name of a plant. CASSINO'*, kas-se'-no. n. s. A game at cards. CA'SSIOWARY, kash'-she-6-wa-re. n. s. A large bird of prey in the East Indies. Locke. CA'SSOCK, kas'-suk. 166. n.s. [cosaque, Fr.] For- merly part of the dress of a soldier; 'lis loose out- ward coat. Shak. Part of the dress of a clergy man. Bp. Taylor. CA'SSWEED,"kas'-weed. n. s. A weed called shep herd's pouch. ToCAST§, kast. 79. v. a. prefer, cast ; part. pass. cast, [kaster, Danish.] To throw with the hand. Raleigh. To throw away as useless or noxious. Matthew. To throw, as from an engine. Chron. To scatter by the hand. Dent. To force by vio- lence. Exodus. To shed. Malacki. To throw from a high place. Shak. To throw as a net or snare. 1 Cor. To drop; or 1ft fall. Acts. To throw lots. Joshua. To throw, in wrestling. Shak. To throw, as worthless. Chron. To drive by vio- lence of weather. Acts. To emit. Woodward. To bring suddenly. Hooker. To build by throwing up earth. Spenser. To put into or out of any state. Matthew. To condemn in a criminal trial. 'Donne. To defeat in a law-suit. Camden. To defeat. Hu- dibras. To cashier. Shak. To leave behind in a race. Dryden. To shed ; to let fall ; to lay aside ; to moult. Fairfax. To lay aside. Dryden. To have abortions. Gen. To make to preponderate. Brown. To compute. Foxe. To contrive. Tem- ple. To judge. Shak. To fix the parts in a plav. Addison. To glance; to direct. Spenser, lo found ; to form by running in a mould. Waller To melt metal into figures. Prior. To n;odel. Burnet. To communicate by emanation. Dryden. To yield, or give up. South. To inflict, or throw Locke. — To cast aside. To dismiss as useless. CAS CAT — 116, move, n6r, not — tube, tub, bull ; -oil — pound ; — thin, THis. Shale. To cast away. To shipwreck. Raleigh. To lavish. Raleigh. To ruin. Hooker. To cast back. To put behind. Milton. To cast by. To re- ject. Sliak. To cist down. Tc deject. Shak. To cast forth. To emit. Hosea. To eject. NeJtem. To cast off. To discard. Sluik. To reject. Locke. To disburden one's self of. Spenser. To leave behind. /,' Estrange. To cast off. [Hunting term.] To lot go; as, to cast off the dogs. To cast out. To reject. Sliak. To vent ; to speak. Addison. To cast up. To compute. Temple. To vomit.. Isaiah. To cast upon. To refer to. South. To CAST. kast. 92. v. n. To contrive; to turn the thoughts. Spenser. To admit of a form, by east- ing. Woodward. To warp. Moxon. To vomit. I Wicliffe.-To cast about. To contrive. Bentley. To 1 turn about. Jeremiah. CAST, kast. n. s. The act of casting. Waller. The | thing thrown. Dryden. State of any thing cast. Bp. Bramhall. Manner of throwing. Mortimer. The space through which any thing is thrown. 1 St. Luke. A stroke ; a touch. South. Motion of the eve. Bacon. The throw of dice. Shak. Ven- J ture from throwing dice. Spenser. A mould ; a form. Prior. A shade. Woodward. Exteriour appearance. Shale. Manner; air; mien. Pope. A flight. Sidney. A breed ; a race. Bryant. A trick." Martin. The act of casting metal. Shak. CA'STANET, kas'-ta-net. n. s. [rastaneta, Span.] A small shell of ivory, or hard wood, which dancers rattle in their hands. Congreve. CA'STAWAY, kast'-a-wa. n. s. A person lost, or abandoned by Providence. Hooker. CA'STAWAY, kast'-a-wa. a. Useless. Raleigh. CA'STED, kast'-eil. The participle preterit of cast, but improperly. Shalcspeare. CA'STELLAN^kas'-tel-fan. n.s. [castellan, Span.] The captain governour, or constable of a castle. Blomif. CA'STELLANY, kas'-tel-la-ne. n.s. The lordship \ belonging to a castle. Kelham. CA'STELLATED, kas'-lfl-la-l&l. a. Adorned with turrets and battlements, like a castle. CASTELLA'TION* kas-ted-la'-shun. n. s. The act of fortifying a house and rendering it a castle. Oh. T CA'STER, kas'-tOr. n. s. A thrower. Pope. A cal- culator. Addison. CA'STER*, kas'-tur. n. s. A small wheel, the axis of which is fixed to a swivel, that it may move more easilv in any direction. CASTIFICATION*, kas'-te-fe-ka'-shun. n. s. [cas- tas and facio, Lat.] Chastity. Bp. Taylor. To CA'STlGATEfc, kas''-te-gate. 91. v. a. [castigo, Lat.] To chastise. Shakspeare. CASTIGA'TION, kas-te-ga-shun. n. s. Penance. Shak. Punishment. Boyle. Emendation. Hale. CA'STIGATOR*, kas-te-ga'-tfir. 72. s. He who makes an emendation or correction. Barnevelt. CA'STIGATORY. kas'-te-ga-t&r-e. 512. a. Punitive, in order to amendment. Bramhall. CA'STING* kasr-Ing. n. s. The act of throwing. Hiiloet. Contrivance. Wotton. CA'STING-NET, kas'-flng-net. n. s. A net to be thrown into the wale". May. CA'8TLE$, kas'-sl. 472. n.s. [castellum, Lat.] A strong house, fortified. Shakspeare. CASTLES in the Air. Projects without reality. Raleigh. CASTLE-BUILDER*, kas'-sl-bild'-ur. n.s. A fan- ciful projector. Student.. CA'STLE-BUILDING*, kas'-sl-bild'-?ng. n. s. The science of aerial architecture Student. CA'STLE-CROWNED*, kas'-sl-kr6und.a. Crown- ed or topped with a castle. Mirror for Magis- trates. CA'STLE-SOAP, kas'-sl-sope. n. s. [from Castile soav.~\ A kind of soap. Addison. CASTLED, kas'-sld. 405, 472. a. Furnished with castles. Dry den. CA'STLEGUARD* kas'-sl-gard. n. s. One of the feudal tenures. Ld. Lyttelton. CA'STLERY*, or CA'STELRY*, kds'-tl-re. n. s. The government of a castle. Blount. CA'STLET*, kasl'-let. v. s. A small castle. Leland. CA'STLEWARD, kas'-tl-ward. n. s. An imposition for maintenance of such as watch and ward th«» castle. Cowel. CASTLING, kast'-lmg. n. s. An abortive. Brown. CA'STOR, or CHESTER, are derived from tb« Sax. cear-fcep., a city, town, or castle. Gibson. CA'STOR, kas'-tur. 98. n.s. [Lat.] A beaver. Dry. den. A fine hat made of the fur of a beaver. CASTOR Ch7*. An oil extracted from the Palm ;i Christi, in the West Indies. CA' S TOR and P OL L UX. A fiery meteor, which appears sometimes sticking to a part of the ship, in form of balls. Chambers. CAS TO' RE UM, kas-t6'-re-um. n.s. The inguinal gland of the beaver. CA'STOR Y*, kas'-to-re. n.s. Probably the oil drawn from castoreum. Spenser. CASTRAMETA'TION, kas- another, he says it as if another had said it to \ase. Bacon. CAT o' nine tails, kat-a-nlne'-talz. 88. A whip wis\ nine lashes. Vanbnjgh. CAT ; S-PA\V*, kats'-paw. n.s. The dupe of a fla> terer, or artful person. CAT-EYED*, kat'-lde. a. Having eyes like a ca/ Dryden. CATABA'PTIST*, kat-a-bap'-tist. n. s. [Kara ant (3(nrri( ] io.~\ An opponent of baptism. Featley. CATACHRE'SIS, kat-a-kre'-s'fs. 520. n.s. [Kara ■ x or l ai $-\ [In rhetorick.] The abuse of a trope. Smith. CATACHRESTICAL, kat-a-kres'-te-kal. a. Con trary to proper use ; forced. Brown. CATACHRE'STICALLY-*, kat-a-kreV-te-kal-le. ad. In a forced manner. Evelyn. CATACLYSM, kat'-a-kllzm. n.s. [Kara/cW/ios.] A deluge. Hale. CA'TACOMBS, kat'-a-komz. n.s. [mra and kv^hA Subteiraneous cavities for the burial of the dead. A ddison. CATACOU'STICKS*, kfu-a-kous'-fiks. n.s. pi [Kara and Akovw.] The science of reflected sounds or echoes. Chambers. CATADIO'PTRICAL*, kat-a-de-6p'-tre-kal. \ CATADIO'PTRICK*, kat-a-d£-6p'-trik. \ [Kara and Sio-rof»ai.~] Reflecting light. CA'TADUPE*, kat'-a-dupe. n. s. [Kara, and Swvio.] A cataract; a water-fall. Brewer. lib CAT CAT O* 559. — Fate, far, fall, fat; — mo, m&t; — pine, p!n;- CATAGMATICK, kat-ag-nmt'-ik. a. (Wa^a.J | The quality of consolidating- the parts. Wiseman. I CATAGRAPH*, kat'-a-graf. n.s. [Waypa^ev.] The first draught of a picture. Coles. Profile. I Chambers. CATALE'CTICK*, kat-a-leV-Uk. a. [Kara and I Xsyw.] Relating to metrical measure. Tyrwhitt. CATALE PSY*, kat-a-lep'-se. n. s. [Kard^aig.] A I lighter species of the apoplexy, or epilepsy. Ar- J buthnot. To CA'TALOGIZE*, kat'-a-l6-jlze. ». a. To put ! into a catalogue. Coles. CATALOGUE $, kat'-a-}6g. S33. n. s. |W 'Aoyos.] \ An enumeration of particulars; a list. Sliakspeare. ' To CATALOGUE*, kat'-a-log. v. a. To make a list of. Sir J. Harinc-ton. CAT A/LYSIS* ka-tal'-e-sfs, n. s. {Wa'Xuen?.] Dis- solution. Bp. Taylor. CATA'MARAN*, ka-tam'-a-ran. n.s. [In naval lan- guage.] A float so called. CA TAME' NLA*, kat-a-me/-ne-&. n.s. The menses ; the monthly courses. CATAMO'UNTAIN, kat-a-moun'-tfn. n.s. [g&to- montes, Span.] A fierce animal resembling a cat. Bale. d CATAPASM*. kat'-a-pazm. n. s. A mixture of pow- ders to be sprinkled medicinally on the body. CATAPHO'NICKS* kat-a-lon'-lks: 503. n. s. v l. [Kara and (pm»>.~\ Tho doctrine of refleeled sounds. CATAPHRACT, kdi'-a-frakt. n.s, [icaTdcppaicros.] A horseman in complete armour. Milton. CATAPLASM, kat'-a-plazm. n. s. \\iardTkaQ\).a^\ A poultice. ShaJcspeare. CAT A PUCE*, kat'-a-puse, n.s. [Fr.] The herb spurge. Chancer. CATAPULT, kat'-a-p<^SO.M.s. [catapulta, Lat.] An engine used anciently to throw stones. Camden. CATARACT, kat'-a-rakt. n.s. [KarapdK-n.] A fall of water from on high ; a cascade. ShaJcspeare. CATARACT, kat'-a-rakt; n-s. A dimness or loss of sight, produced by an opaque body situated be- hind the pupil. Baccrn. CATA'RRH$, ka-tar'. n. s. [KaTaphiw.l A defluxion of a sharp serum from the glands about the head and throat. Milton. CATARRHAL, ka-uV-ral. ) a. Relating to a ca- CATA'RRHOUS, ka-tar'-rus. \ tarrh. Plover. CATA'STROPHE, ka-tas'-tro-fe. n.s. [Gr j The revolution which produces the final event of a dra- matick piece. Shale. A final event; generally un- happv. Woodward. CATCAL, kat'-kall. 406. n.s. A squeaking instru- ment, used in the playhouse to condemn plays. Spectator. To CATCH §, katsh. 89. v. a. prefer. I catched, or caught ; I have catched, or caught. [kets>*i, Dutch.] To lay hold on with the hand. 1 Sa.«n. To stop any thing flying. Addison. To seize any thing by pursuit. Shak. To stop any thing falling-. Specta- tor. To ensnare ; to entangle. St. Mark. To re- ceive suddenly. Dryden. To seize. 2 Sam. To seize unexpectedly. Luke. To seize eagerly. Pope. To please. Dryden. To receive an} 7 con- tagion. Shak. — To catch of. To endeavour to lay hold on. Addison. To catch as catch may. To seize indiscriminately, Beaum. and Fl. To catch up. To snatch. Milton. To catch a Tartar. To be caught in the trap one has laid for another. £j= This word is almost universally pronounced in the capital like the noun ketch ; but this deviation from the true sound of a is only tolerable in colloquial pronunci- ation, and ought, by correct speakers, to be avoided even in that. W. To CATCH, katsh. v.n. To be contagious. SJiak. To lav hold suddenly. Dryden. CATCH, katsh. n.s. Seizure. Sidney. Watch ; the posture of seizing. Addison. An advantage taken. Bacon. The act of taking quickly from another. Bacon. A song sung in succession, where one catches it from another. Shak. Profit ; advantage. Shak. A snatch ; a short interval of action. Locke, A slight contagion. Glanville. Any thing A small, swift-sailing ship; oftea that catches. Written ketch. CA'TCHABLE* katsh'-a-bl. a. Liable to be caught Lord Halifax. CATCHER, katsh'-fir. n.s. He that catches. South That in which any thing is caught. Gieur. CA'TCHFLY, katsh'-ffl. n. s. A species oi'campion. CATCHPENNY*, katsh'-pen-ne. n.s. A worthless pamphlet, merely calculated to gain a little moiipv. CATCHPOLL, katsh'-pole. n. s. [catch and poll* A sergeant ; a bumbaihff. Widifj'e. CATCHUP*, kalsh'-Sp. n. s. A poignant liquor made from boiled mushrooms. CATCHWORD, katsh'-wurd. n.s. The word at the cor-ner of the page under the last line, which is re- peated at the top of the next page : not now muck used by English printers. GATE. "kale. n. s. Food ; something to be eaten Toiler. CATECHETICAL, kat-e-keY-e-kal. a. Consisting of questions and answers. CATECHETICALLY, kat-c-keV-e-kal-e. ad. In the way of question and answer. CATECHET1CK*, kat-e-kel'-fk. a. Catechetical. Fell. To CATECHISE $, kat'-e-kelze. 160. v. a. [kuth- %ao.] To instruct by questions and answers. Shak- speare. To question ; to interrogate. Shalcspear.. CA'TECHISER, kdt'-C-kel-zfir. 160. n.s. One whe catechises. Herbert. CATECHISING*, kat'-G-kel-z?ng. n.s. Interroga- tion. B. Jcnson. CATECHISM, kat'-e-kizm. n.s. A form of instruc- tion by questions and answers. Hooker. CATECHIST, kat'-e-klst. n.s. One whose charge is to question the uninslructed concerning religion. Hammond. CATECHI'STICAL*,kat-e-klst'-e-kal. a. Instruct- ing bv question and answer. Bp. Cosin. I CATECHPSTICALLY*, kai-e-klst'-e-kal-le. aa In a catechistical manner. South. CATECHU'MEN, kat-e-ku'-men; 503. n.s. One who is yet in the first rudiments of Christianity ; the lowest order of Christians in the primitive church. Stillingfieet. Generally one who is in the first rudsmen's of any profession. Bolingbrolce. CATECHU'MENIST^kat-e-ku'-me-nlst. n. s. The same as catechumen. Bp. Morton. CATEGO'RICAL, kat-e-gor'-e-kal. a. Absolute; positive. Clarendon. CATEGORICALLY, kat-e-gor'-e-kal-e. ad. Direct- ly. Fotherby. Positively. Child. CATEGORY $, kat'-p-g&r-e. n.s. jWjjyppfe.] A class ; a rank ; an order of ideas ; a predicament. Cheyne. CATENA'RIAN, kat-e-na'-re-an. a Relating to a chain. Harris. To CATENATE $, kat'-e-nate. v. a. [catena, Lat.] To chain. Did. CATENATION, kat-e-na/-shun. n. s. Regular con- nexion. Broun. To CATERS ka'-tfir. 98. v.n. [from cate.] To pro- vide food. ShaJcspeare. CATER, ka'-tfir. n. s. Provider; collector of pro- visions. Harmar. CATER, ka'-tfir. n. s [quatre, Fr.] The four of cards and dice. CATER-COUSIN, ka'-tur-kuz-zn. n. s. A corruption otqiiatre-cousin, from the ridiculousness cf calling cousin or relation to so remote a degree. Shak. CATERER, ka'-tfir-fir. n. s. One employed to buy provisions for the family. B. Jonson. CATERESS,ka/-tur-res. n. s. A woman employed to cater. CATERPILLAR, kat'-tfir-pll-lfir. n.s. A worm which devours leaves and fruits. Bacon. Any thing voracious. The name of a plant. To CATERWAUL, kat'-tfir-wawl. i>. n. To make a noise as cats in rutting time. Pope. To make any offensive noise. ShaJcspeare. CATERY*, ka'-te-re. n.s. The depository of victuals purchased. Kelham. 176 CAT CAU — n6, move, n5r, not; — tiioe, tub, bull ; — oil; — pound; — thin, this. CATES §, kates. n. s. Viands ; food. B. Jonson. CATFISH, kat'-flsh. n. s. A sea-fish in the West Indies. Philips. CATGUT*, kik'-gut. n. s. A string- for musical in- struments, made of the intestines of animals. A species of linen or canvass with wide interstices. CA'THARIST* kkh'-k-rht.n.s. [xaOapas.] One who holds himself more pure than others. Harmar. CATHARPINGS, katfi'-ar-pingz. n.s. Small ropes in a ship, used to force the shrouds tight. Harris. CATHA'RTICAL. ka-rtar'-te-kal. ) a.[jea0aptfc&s.] CATHA'RTICKt, ka-Mr'-tfk. 509. $ Purgative. Boyle. CATHA'RTIC ALNESS, ka-^ar'-te-kal-nes. n.s. Purging quality. CATHA P RTICKS, ka-i/iar'-tlks. n. s. Purging med- icines. Garth. CATHEAD, kat'-heU n. s. A kind of fossil. Wood- icard. CATHEAD, kat'-hed. n.s. A piece of timber which trices up the anchor from the hawse to the top of CATHE'DRAL§, ka-tfie'-dral. 88. a. [icaOiSpa.] Episcopal. Ayliffe. Belonging to an episcopal church. Locke. "Resembling the aisles of a cathe- dral. Pope. CATHEDRAL, ka-tfie'-dral. 88. n.s. The head church of a diocess. Addison. CATHEDRATED* kaffc'-e-dra-l&L a. Relating to the authority cf the chair, or office, of a teacher. Whitlock. CATHERINE-PEARtAa^-ur-rln-pare'. n.s. An inferiour kind of pear. CATHETER, ka^-e-tur. 98. n. s. [*a0£rfy.] A hol- low instrument, introduced into the bladder, to bring away the urine, when the passage is stopped. Wiseman. CATHOLES, kaf-holz. n. s. Two little holes astern above the gun-room ports of a ship. CATHO'LICAL*, ka-tft&l'-e-kal. a. General. Greg- To CATHOLICISE*, ka-tf^F-e-slze. v. a. To be- come a catholick. CATHOLICISM, ka-r/iol'-e-slzm. n.s. Adherence to the catholick church. Swinburne. Universality, or the orthodox faith of the whole church. Pearson. CATHOLICK §, kaW-6-lik. a. [KaduhKog.] Univer- sal, or general. CATHOLICK*, kkh'-6-\]k. n. s. A papist ; a Ro- man catholick. CATHOLICKLY*, ka^-6-lik-le. ad. Generally. Sir L. Cary. CATHOLICKNESS* katfi'-i-lik-nSs. n. s. Univer- sality. Brevint. CATHO'LICON, ka-tfiol'^e-kon. n.s. A universal medicine. Government of the Tongue. CATILINISM*, kat'-e-lln-izm. n. s. Conspiracy : from Catiline the conspirator. Cotgrare. CATKINS, kat'-kfnz. n.s. [kattekens, Dut.] An as- semblage of imperfect flowers hanging from trees, in manner of a cat's tail. Chambers. CATLIKE, kat'-ljke. a. Like a cat. Shakspeare. CATLING, katMlng. n. s. A dismembering knife, used bv surgeons. Catgut. Shakspeare. CATMINT, kat'-mint. n.s. The name of a plant. Miller. CATO'NIAN*, ka-t6'-ne-an. a. What resembles the manners of Cato. Grave; severe. Diet. CATOTTER*, ka-t&p'-tfir. ) n. s. [nfrMrrnoY.l CATO'PTRON*, ka-t&p'-tr&n. \ A kind of optick glass ; an optical instrument. CATOTTRICAL, kat-op'-tre-kal. a. Relating to catoptricks. Arlmthnot. CATO PTRICKS, kat-op'-triks. n. s. That part of opticks which treats of vision by reflection. Burton. CATPIPE, kat^-plpe. n.s. A catcal. U Estrange. CAT'S-EYE, kats'-l. n. s. A stone of a glistening fray colour. Woodward. T'S-FOOT, kats'-f lit. n. s. An herb ; ground-ivy. CAT'S-HEAD, ldts'-hgd. n.s. A kind of large ap- ple. Mortimer. CATSILVER, kat'-sil-vur. 98. n.s. A kind of fossil. | CAT'S-TAIL, kats'-tale. n. s. A long, round sub- stance that grows upon nut-trees, &c. A kind of reed. Philips. CATSUP. See Catchup. CATTLE $, kal'-tl. 405. n. s. Beasts of pasture ; not wild nor domestick. Shakspeare. It is used in re- proach of human beings. Shakspeare. CATJDAL*, kaw'-dal. a. [cauda, Lat.] Relating to the tail of an animal. Russcl. CA'UDATE* kaw'-date. ) a. Having a tail. CAUDATED* kaw-da'-tgd. \ Fair/cur* CATJDLE^, kaw'-dl. 405. ?i.s. [chaudeau, Fr.] A mixture of wine and other ingredients, given to wo- men in childbed, and sick persons. Shakspeare. To CATJDLE, kaw'-dl. v. a. To make caudle Shakspeare. CAUF, kawf. n. s. A chest to keep fish alive in the water. Philips. CAUGHT, kawt. 213, 393. part. pass, [from To caidi.'j CAUK, kawk. n. s. A coarse talky spar. Woodward. CAUL, kiwi. n. s. The net in which women enclose their hair. Spenser. Any kind of small net. Grew. The omentum ; the integument in which the guts- are enclosed. Ray. The little membrane found on some children, encompassing the head, when born. B. Jonson. CA'ULET* kawMet. n. s. [caulus, Lat.] Colewort. CAULI'FEROUS, kaw-lif-fe-r&s. a. Such plants as have a true stalk. CA'ULIFLOWER, kolMe-fl5u-ur. n. s. A species of cabbage. To CAULK. See To C.vt.k. To CA'UPONATE, kaw'-.p6-nale. v. n. [cauponor, Lat.] To keep a victualling house. Diet. To CA'UPONISE*, kaw'-po-nlze. v. a. To sell wine or victuals. WarbuHon. CA'USABLE, kaw'-za-bl. 4-05. a. That which may be caused. Brown. CA'USAL, kaw'-zal. a. Relating to causes. Glan- ville. CAUSALITY, kaw-zal'-e-te. n.s. The agency of a cause. Brown. CA'USALLY, kaw'-zal-le. ad. According to the or- der of causes. Brown. CAUSATION, kaw-za'-shun. n.s. The act of caus- ing. Brown. CAUSATIVE, kaw'-za-llv. 157. a. That expresses a cause or reason. Student. That effects as an agent. Bacon. CATJSATIYELY*, kaw'-za-tfv-le. ad. In a causa- tive manner. Student. CAUSATOR, kaw-za'-tur. 521, 98. n. s. A causer. Brown. CAUSE§, kawz. n. s. [causa, Lat.] That which pro- duces any thing. Hooker. The reason ; motive to anything. Slutfc. Reason of debate. Shak. Sidej part}'. Tickell. To CAUSE, kawz. v. a. To effect as an agent. To CAUSE*, kawz. v. n. To assign insufficient cause or reason. Spenser. Ob. T. CAU'SELESS, kawz'-les. a. Having no cause. Blackmore. Wanting just ground. Spe CAUSELESSLY, kawz'-leVle. ad. Wit! Bp. Taylor. CAOJSELESSNESS*, kawz'-leVngs. n.s. Unjust f round. Hammond. 'USER, kaw'-z&r. 98. n. s. He that causes ; the agent. Sidneij. CAOJSEY, kaw'-ze. )n.s. [chaussee, Fr.] A CA'USEWAY, kawz'-wa. \ way raised and pav- ed above the rest of the ground. Milton. gj° Dr. Johnson telis us. that this word, by a false notion cf its etymology, has been lately written causeway. It is derived from the French chausse'e. In the scripture we find it written causey. " To Shuppim the lot came forth westward by the causey." 1 Chron. xxvi. 16. But Milton, Dryden, and Pope, write it causeway ; and these authorities seem to have fixed the pronunciation. This word, from its mistaken etymology, may rank with lantern — which see. W. 177 oenser. 'ithout cause. CAV CEI [Lr > 559. — Fate, far. fall, fat 5— me, met;— pine, pin; — CAUSFD1CAL*, kaw-zld'-e-kal. a. [causidicus , Lat.] Relath.g to an advocate or pleader. CA'USTIOAL, kaws'-lc-kal. )a. [icavm-ncbs.] Medi- CA'USTICK, kaws'-tik. ) caments which de- stroy the texture of the part to which they are ap- plied. Wiseman. CAUSTFCITY*, kaws-tls'-e-te. n.s. Quality of a caustick. Cliambers. CA'USTICK, kaws'-tlk. n. s. A corroding' applica- tion. Temple. CA'USTICKNESS*, kW-tlk-nes. n. s. The quali- ty of being- caustick. Scott. CA'UTELy, kaw'-tel. n.s. [cauteile, old Fr.] Cun- ning ; subtiety. Sliakspeare. Caution. FuVce. CA'UTELOUS, kaw'-te-lus. a. Cautious. Wotton. Wilv ; cunning - . Spenser. CATJTELOtJSLY, kaw'-»e-lfis-le. ad. Cunningly. Bacon. Cautiously. Brown. CA'UTELOUSNESS*, kaw'-te-l&s-nes. n.s. Cau- tiousness, lldes. Ob. T. CA'UTER*, kaw'-tfir. n. s. [*:aur?/pjov.] A searing hot iron. Mins'ieu. CA'UTERISM*. kaw'-tfir-lzm. n. s. The applica- tion of cautery. Ferrand. CAUTERIZA'TION, kaw-tfir-re-za'-shun. n. s. The act of burning flesh with hot irons, or caus- ticks. Wiseman. To CA'UTERIZE, kaw'-tfir-lze. v. a. To burn with the cautery. CAUTERIZING*, kaw'-tur-l-zW. n.s. The act of burning with the cautery. Sliakspeare. OA'UTERY y, kaw'-tur-re. 555. n. s. An instrument or medicine for burning. Wiseman. CJA'UTIONy, kaw'-sh&n. n. s. [cautio, Lat.] Pru- dence; foresight. Security for. Howell. Security against. U Estrange. Provisibnary precept. Ar- buthnof. Warning. To CA'UTION, kaw'-shfin. v. a. To warn. Prior. DA'UTIO^ARY, kaw'-shun-a-re. a. Given as a pledge. Soutlierne. Warning. L. Addison. CAUTIOUS, kaw'-sh&s. 292. a. Wary 3 watchful. Swift. CA'UTIOUSLY.kaw'-shfis-le. ad. Warily. Dry den. CA'UTIOUSNESS, kaw'-shfis-nes. n. s. Watchful- ness; vigilance. Addison. CAVALCA'DE, kav'-al-kade'. 524. n. s. [cavalcade, Fr.] A procession on horseback. Dryden. CAVALFERy, kav-a-leer'. 275. n.s. [Fr.] A horse- man 5 a knight. Taller. A gay, sprightly, military man. S.'iafc. The appellation of the party of King Charles the First. Swift. [In fortification.] A mount or elevation of earth, to lodge cannon. Hey- wood. CAVALFER, kav-a-leer'. a. Gay ; sprightly ; war- like. Generous; brave haughty. CAVALIERLY Warburton. CAVALFERNESS*, kav-a-leer'-nes. n. s. Haughty or disdainful conduct. CA'VALRY, kav'-al-re. n. s. [cavalerie, Fr.] Horse troops. Bacon. To CA'VATE, ka'-vate. v. a. [cavo, Lat.] To hollow out. CAVA'ZION, ka-va'-zhun. n. s. The hollowing of the earth for cellarage. CAVEy, kave. n. s. [cave, Fr.] A cavern; a den. Sliakspeare. Hollow. Bacon. To CAVE, kaye. v. n. To dwell in a cave. Shak. To CAVE*, kave. v. a. To make hollow. Spenser. CA'VEAT, ka'-ve-at. n.s. [Lat.] An intimation given to some ordinary or ecclesiastical judge, that he ought to beware how he acts. Ayliffe. CA'VERN, kav'-urn. 555. n. s. (caverna, Lat.] A hollow place in the ground. Sliakspeare. CA'VERNED, kav'-urnd. 3G2. a. Full of caverns. Philips. Inhabiting a cavern. Pope. CA'VERNOUS, kav'-ftr-nus. 557. Full of caverns. Woodward. CA VE'SSON, kav'-gs-sfin. 98. n. s. [Fr.] A sort of band pat upon the nose of a horse, to forward the breaking of him. Farrier's Dictionary. Suckling. Disdainful ; kav-a-leer'-le. ad. Haughtily. CAVIA'RE, ka-veer 7 . n.s. The roe of sturgeons and other fish. Sir T. Herbert. $3= Either the spelling or the pronunciation of this word should be altered: we have no instance in the language of sounding are, ere-, the ancient spelling seems to have been caviare ; though Buchanan and Bailey, in com- pliance with the pronunciation, spell it cacccr, and W Johnston, cavear ; and Ash, as a loss usual spelling, cavier .- but the Dictionary De la Crusca spells it caviale. W. CAVFER, ka-veer'. n. s. A corruption of caviare. ToCA'VILy, kav'-il. 159. v.n. [caviller, Fr.] To raise captious objections. Sliakspeare. To CA'VIL, kav'-il. v. a. To treat with objections. CA'VIL, kav'-il. n. s. False or frivolous objections. CAVILLA'TION, kav-ll-la'-shun. n. s. The practice of objecting. Abp. Cranmer. CA'VILLER, kav'-vll-ur. n. s. A captious disputant Burton. CA'VILLING*, kav'-ll-ing. n. s. Dispute. Bp. Tay lor. CA'VILLINGLY, kav'-ll-llng-le. ad. In a cavilling maniier. Sherwood. CA'VILLINGNESS*, kav'-il-ing-nes. n. s. The dis- position to cavil. CA'VILLOUS, kav'-vll-lfis. a. Full of objections. Ayliffe. CA'VlLLOUSLY*, kav'-ll-fis-le. ad. In a cavillous manner. Milton. CA 1 VIN, kav'-ln. n. s. [Fr.] A natural hollow, fit to cover a body of troops. Diet. CA'VITY, kav'-e-te. 511. n. s. [cavilas, Lat.] Hol- lowness ; hollow place. Holder. To CAW, kaw. v. n. To cry as the rook, or crow Sliakspeare. CA'XON*, kaks'-fin. n. s. A eant expression for a wig. CA'XOU*, kaks'-Su. n. s. A chest of ores of any metal, that has been burnt, ground, and washed, and is ready to be refined. CA'YMAN, ka'-man. 88. n.s. American alligator, or crocodile. CAZFQUE*, ka-zeek'. n. s. A title given to the petty kings of several countries in America. Tmcnsend. To CEASE y, sese. v. n. [cesso, Lat.] To leave off. Dryden. To fail ; to be extinct. Deut. To be at an end. Dryden. To rest. Sprat. To CEASE, sese. v. a. To put a stop to. Bhaibspmre. CEASE, sese. n. s. Extinction. Sliakspeare. CE'ASELESS, sese'-les. a. Incessant. Fairfax. CE'ASELESSLY*, sese'-les-le. ad. Perpetual 1 - CECCHFN*, tshe-keen'. n. s. [cechin, Fr.] Now written chequin or zechin. A coin of Italy and Barbary. B Jonson. CE'CITY, ses'-e-le. 503. n. s. [ccecitas, Lat.] Blind- ness. Brown. §Cr 1 have given the c in the first syllable of this word the short sound, notwithstanding the diphthong in the orig- inal ccecitas ; being convinced of the shortening power of the antepenultimate accent of these words, 1:24, 511. and of the pre-antepenultimate accent of cenatory and 1 prefatory. W. CECIPTIENCY, se-ku'-she-en-se. n. s. Tendency to blindness. Brown. CE'DARy, se'-dur. 88. n. s. [cebeji, Sax.] A tree, the wood of which is accounted proof against the putrefaction of animal bodies. Sliakspeare. CE / DARLIKE*,se / -dfir-like.a. Resembling a cedar tree. B. Jonson. CE'DARN*, se'-dfirn. a. Belonging to the cedar tree. Milton. ToCEDEy*, sede. v. n. [ceder, Fr.] To submit. Shenstone. To CEDE*, sede. v. a. To resign. Drummond. CE'DRINE, se'-drlne. 140. a. Belonging to the cedar tree. „ , CE'DRY*, se'-dre. a. Of the colour of cedar. Evelyn. CE'DULE*, sed'-ulc. n. s. [cedule, Fr.] A scroll, or writing. Cotgrave. CE'DUOUS*rsed'-u-us. a. [ceduus, Lat.] Fit to bo felled. Evelyn. . To CEIL y , sele. v. a. [caelo, Lat.] To cover the inner roof of a building. 2 Citron. 178 CEM CEN -m 1 ), m&ve, nor, n6t ; — tube, tub, bull ; — oil ; — pound ; — tk'm, CE'lLING, se'-llng. n. s. The inner roof. Bacon. The inside planks of a ship. Chambers. CELANDINE, sel'-an-dine. 149. n. s. A plant. More. CE LATURE, sel'-a-tshure. 461. n. s. [ccclatura, Lat.] The thing- engraved. HaJcewill. To CE LEBRATE}, seT-le-brite. 91. v. a. [celebro, LaL] To praise. Addison. To distinguish by solemn rites. To mention in a set manner. Dry- den. CELEBRATION, s6l-e-bra/-shun. n.s. Solemn per- formance. Sidney. Praise ; renown. Clarendon. CE'LEBRATOR*, seT-e-bra-l&r. n. s. He who cele- brates. Boyh. CELE'BRIOUS, se-le'-bre-us. 505. a. Famous. Grew. Ob. J. CELE'BRIOUSLY, se-le'-bre-us-le. ad. In a famous manner. CELE'BRIOUSNESS, se-le'-bre-us-n^s. n. s. Re- nown. CELE'BRITY, se-leV-bre-te. 511. n. s. Publick and splendid transaction. Bacon. CELE'RIACK, se-le'-re-ak. n.s. A species of pars- ley. CELE'RITY, se-leV-re-te. n. s. [celeritas, Lat.] Swiftness. Hooker. CE'LERY, seT-e-re. n. s. A species of parsley. CELESTIAL §, se les'-tshal. 272. a. [cetestis, Lat.] Heavenly ; relating to the superiour regions. Shak. Heavenly; relating to the blessed state. Sliafc. Heavenly ; with respect to excellence. Dryden. CELE'STIAL, se-les'-tshal. 464. n. s. An inhabitant of heaven. Pope. CELESTIALLY, se-lSs'-tshal-le. ad. In a heavenly manner. To CELE'STIFY, se-leV-te-fl. v. a. To give some- thing of heavenly nature to any thing. Brown. Ob. J. CE'LESTlNS^sel'-gs-tmz.w. 5. Monks of a religious order, reformed by Pope Celestin V. CE'LIACK, se'-le-ak. a. See Celiack. [koiXio.] a. Relating to the belly. Arbuthnot. CE'LIBACY, sel'-e-ba-se. n. s. [ccclebs, Lat.] Single life. Spectator. CE'LIBATE, sek-e-bat. 91. n. s. Single life. Bp. Hall. CELL §, seL n. s. [cella, Lat.] A small cavity. Prior. The little habitation of a religious person. Slialc. A small apartment in a prison. Jerem.. Any small place of residence. Prior. A religious house. ClwLucer. Little bags where fluids or matter of dif- ferent sorts are lodged. Quincy. CE'LLAR, seT-l&r. 88. n. s. [ce/larium, Lat.] A place under ground, where stores and liquors are re- posited. Peacham. CE'LLARAGE, seT-lfir-Idje. 90. n.s. The cellars. Shakspeare. CE'LLARER*, or CE'LLERER*, seT-l&r-&r. n. s. A butler. Chaucer. CE'LLARIST, sel'-lfir-lst. 555. n. s. The butler in a religious house. CE'LLULAR, sel'-lii-lar. a. [cellula, Lat.] Consist- ing of little cells or cavities. Sharp. CE'LLULE*, selMule. n. s. A little cell. CE'LSITUDE, sel'-se-tude. n. s. [celsitudo, Lat.] Height. Chaucer. CE'LTICISM* sel'-te-sfzm. n. s. The manner or custom of the Celts. Warton. CE'LTICK*, sel'-tik. a. Relating to the Celts, or Gauls. Milton. CELTS*, selts. n. s. [CeUce, Lat.] Inhabitants of Gaul. Warton. CE'MENT§, sem'-mint. 492. n. s. [ccemmtum, Lat.] The matter with which two bodies are made to cohere. Shale. Bond of union in friendship. Shak. To CEMENT, se-menl'. v. a. To unite by some- thing interposed. Sluikspeare. To CEMENT, se-menf. v. n. To cohere. SJwrp. CEMENTA'TION, sem-en-uV-shun. n. s. The act of cementing. CEME'NTER, se-ment'-ur. n. s. That which unites. Locke. | CE'METERY, sem'-me-teV-e. n. s. [Kot^nipiov.] A j place where the dead are reposited. Addison. CEN, and CIN, denote kinsfolk. Gibson. CENATORY,seV-na-tur-e.505. [See Cecity. 51 2.] a. [ceno, Lat.] Relating to supper. Brown. CENOBPT1CAL, sen-n6-blt'-e-kal. 503. a. [koIvos and /8/off.] Living in community. CENOBY*, sen'no-be. n. s. The place where persons live in community. Sir G. Buck. CENOTAPH, sen'-o-taf. n. s. [k!vo S and rd^os.'] A monument for one buried elsewhere. CENSE, s&ise. n. s. [census, Lat.] Publick rate Bacon. Condition ; rank. B. Jonson. To CENSE §, sense, r. a. [enceuser, Fr.] To perfume with odours. B. Jonson. CENSER. seV-sur. 98. n. s. The vessel in which in- cense is burned. Peacham. Afire-pan. Shakspeare CENSION, sen'-slmn. n.s. A rate; an assessment. Josqm Hall. CENSORS, seV-sor. 166. n. s. [censor, Lat.] An officer of Rome, who had the power of correcting manners. Toiler. One who is given to censure Roscommon. CENSO'RIAL*, sen-s6'-re-al. a. Full of censure ; severe. Warton. CENSO'RIAN, sen-s6'-re-an. a. Relating to the censor. Bacon. CENSOTtlOUS, sen-si'-re-Qs. a. Addicted to cen sure ; severe. Selden. CENSO'RIOUSLY, sen-so'-re-us-le. ad. In a severe, reflecting manner. Di: CENSO'RIOUSNESS, seVso'-re-us-n§s. n. position to reproach. Bp. Taylor. CENSORLIKE*, seV-sor-llke. a. Censorious ; au- stere. Cot^rave. CENSORSHIP, seV-sor-sh?p. 166. n. s. The office of a censor. Johnson. The time in which the office of censor is borne. Brown. CENSUAL*, seV-shii-al. a. Relating to the census or Roman register. Temph. CENSURABLE, sen'-shu-ra-bl. a. Worthy of cen- sure. Locke. CENSURABLENESS, sen'-shu-ra-bl-ne^s. n. s. Blamableness. Whitlock. CENSURABLY*, sen'-shu-ra-ble. ad. In a blame- worthy manner. CENSURES, sen'-shore. 452. n.s. [censura, Lat.] Blame. Pope. Judgement ; opinion. Shak. Ju- dicial sentence. Slialc. A spiritual punishment in- flicted by some ecclesiastical judge. Hammond. To CENSURE, sen'-shi'tre. v. a. To blame. Milton. To condemn. Shak. To estimate. Shakspeare. To CENSURE*, sen'-shure. v. n. To judge. Shak. CENSURER, sen'-shur-ur. «. s. He that blames. Shakspeare. CENSURING*, seV-shur-lng. n.s. Reproach. San- derson. CENSL T S*, seV-sfis. n s. A declaration among the Romans, made by the several subjects, of their names and places of abode, before the censoi-s. Bentley. CENT, s£nt. n. s. [centum, Lat.] A hundred ; as, five per cent, that is, five in the hundred. Pope. CENTAGE*, sent'-aje. n s. The payment of cents. CENTAURS, sen'-tawr. n. s. [centaurus, Lat.] A poetical being, compounded of a man and a horse. Shak. The archer in the zodiack. Thorn son. CENTAURLIKE* seV-tawr-like. a. Having the appearance of a centaur. Sidney. CENTAURY, sen'-taw-re. n. s. A plant. Dn/den. CENTENARY, sen'-te-na-rc. n. s. The number of a hundred. Hakewill. CENTENNIAL*, sen-ten'-ne-al. a. Consisting of a hundred years. Mason. CENTE SIMAL, s&i-tes'-e-mal. 88. n. s. The next step of progression after decimal in the arithmetick of fractions. Arbuthnot. CENTE'SIMAL*, sen-teV-e-mal. a. Hundredth. Sir T. Brown. CENTIFO'LIOUS, s&i-te-fo'-le-us. a. [centum and folium, Lat.] Having a hundred leaves. 179 CER CER \TT 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat;— me, mel;— pine, pin ;- CENTI'LOQUY* s&n-tll'-A-kwe. n. 5. A hundred- fold discourse. Burton.. CENTTNODY*, sen-dn'-A-de. «. s. Knotgrass. CENTIPEDE, sfee-ped. n. s. [centum and pes, Lat.] A poisonous insect. 05= B*>i?&.] That which is medicinal to the head. Arbuthnot. CERA'STES.sb-r&s'-tbz. n. s. [tcepaarris-] A ser- pent having horns. Milton. CE'RATE, se'-rat. 91. n.s. [carat, Fr.] A stiff un- gjent or liniment. CE'RATED, se'-ra-ted. a. Covered with wax. To CERE, sere. v. a. [cera, Lat.] To wax. Wise- man. CERE*, sere. n. s. The naked skin that covers the base of the bill in die hawk kind. White. CEREA'LIOUS*, se-re-a'-le-us. a. [cerealis, Lat.] Pertaining to corn. Sir T. Brown. CE'REBEL, seV-e-bel. 503. n.s. [cerebellum, La« ] Part of the brain. DerJiam. CE'REBRUM*, seV-e-brum. n. s. [Lat.] The brain. Prior. CE'RECLOTH, sere'-cldth. n.s. Cloth smeared over with glutinous matter. Bacon. CE'REMENT, sere'-ment. n.s. Cloths dipped in melted wax, with which dead bodies were infolHpd when embalmed. Shakspeare. CEREMONIAL, ser-e-m6'-ne-al. a. Relating to ceremony. Shakspeare. Formal. Sir E. Sandys CEREMONIAL, ser-e-mo'-ne-al. n. s. Outward form 5 external rite. Swift. The order for rites in the Romish church. CEREMONIALNESS, sgr-e-mc-'-ne-al-ngs. n. s. Ceremonial. CEREMONIOUS, sSr-e-m^-ne-fis. a. Consisting of outward rites. South. Full of ceremony. Shak. Attentive to outward rites. Shak. Civil ; formally respectful. Addison. Civil and formal to a fault, Sidney. CEREMONIOUSLY, ser-e-mi'-ne-us-le. ad. For mally ; respectfully. Sliakspeare. CEREMONIOUSNESS, ser-e-mo'-ne-fis-nSs. n. s Addictedness to ceremony. CEREMONY §, seV-e-m6-ne. 489. n.s. [ceremonia, Lat.] Outward rite 5 external form in religion. Spen ser. Forms of civility. Shak. Outward forms ol state. Shakspeare. CE'REOUS*, se'-re-fis. a. Waxen. Gayton. CERINTH1ANS*, se-rfn'-*/ie-anz. n.s. A sect that took their name from Cerinthus, who maintained many monstrous opinions. CE'ROTE, se'-rot. n. s. The same with cerate. CE'RRIAL*, seV-re-al. a. Relating to the tree call- ed cerrus. Chaucer. CE'RR US*, seV-r&s. n. s. [Lat.] The bitter oak. F. Thynne. CE'RTAINS, ser'-tln. 208. a. [certvs, Lat.] Sure indubitable. Tillotson. Resolved. Milton. Un- doubting. Dryden. Unfai'ing. Mead. Constant. Dryden. Regular. Exodus. Some ; as, a certain man told me this. Careiv. CE'RTAIN*, ser'-tln. n. s. Quantity ; part. Chancer. Ob. T. CE'RTAINLY, seV-tin-le. ad. Indubitably. Locke. Without fail. CE'RTAINNESS, seV-tin-nSs. n. s. Certainty. CE'RTAINTY, seV-*fn-te. n. s. Exemption from doubt. Locke. Exemption from failure. That which is real. Sluikspeare. Regularity. CE'RTES, ser'-tez. ad. Certainly. Spenser. [An old word.] CERTIFICATE, ser-tlF-e-ket. 91. n.s. A testimo- ny given in writing. Addison. To CERTIFICATE*, sMt'-e-ket. v. a. To give a certificate. CERTIFICATION*, sgr-te-fe-ka'-sh&n. n. s. An ascertaining of a thing. Cotgrave. CERTIFIER*, seV-te-fkV. 71.S. An assurer; an as- certainer. Cotgrave. ToCE'RTIFY, seV-te-fi. v. a. [certifier, Fr.] To give certain information of. Bacon. CERTIORARI, ser-she-6-ra'-rl. n.s. [Lat.] A writ issuing out of the chancery, to call up the rec- ords of a cause therein depending. Cowel. CE'RTITUDEjSeV-te-tude.n.s. Certainty. Dryden, CERULE*, se'-rule. a. [coeruteus, Lat.] Blue. Dyer. CERU'LEAN, se-nV-le-an. )a. [See EuropeanJ CERU'LEOUS, se-ru'-le-us. $ Blue. Sir T. Herbert. CERULFFICK, sSr-A-llf-ik. a. Having the power to produce a blue colour. CER U'MEN, se-nV-men. [See Bitumen.] n. s. [Lat.] The wax of the ear. CE'RUSES. se'-rase. n s. [cerussa, Lat.] White lead. Quihcy. A kind of white paint or wash. B. Jonson. #Cf* I prefer Dr. Kenrick's, Mr. Perry's, and, as far as I can guess by their accentuation, Dr. Asb's and Bailey's 180 CHA_ CHA — n6, move, n6r, not ;— tube, tub, bull ; — 6il ;— p3und ;— th\n, this. pronunciation of this word, who make the first syllable | Jong, to Mr. Sheridan's, Scott's, and Entick's, who make it short. See Principles, 529. W. CE'RUSED*, se'-ruste. a. Washed with the prepa- ration of white lead. Beaumont and Flelclier. CERVFCAL, ser'-ve-kal. a. [cervkalis, Lat.] Be- longing to the neck. Cheyne. CESA/REAN, se-za'-re-an. a. The Cesarean section is cutting 1 a child out of the womb, when it cannot otherwise be delivered. This, it is said, first gave the name of Ccrsar to the Roman family. CESPIT1TIOUS*, seVpe-tfsh'-fis. a. [cespes, Lat.] Made of turfs. Gough. CESS $, s3s. n. s. [from cense.'] A levy upon the in- habitants of a place, according to their property. Spenser. The act of laying rates, bounds, or limits. Shakspeare. To CESS, s^s. v. a. To rate. Spenser. To CESS, s$s. v. n. To omit a legal duty. CESSATION, ses-sa'-stnin. n.s. [cessatio, Lat.] A stop ; a rest. Hayward. Vacation. Woodward. End of action. Arbidhnot. A pause of hostility, without peace. King Charles. CESSA'VIT, ses-sa'-vit. n.s. [Lat.] A writ that lies upon this general ground, that the person, against whom it is brought, hath, for two years, omitted to perform such service, as he is obliged by his tenure. Cowel. CESSIBFLITY, ses-se-bll'-e-te. n. s. The quality of | giving way. Digby. CE'SSIBLE, seY-se-bl. 405. a. Easy to give way. Digby. CE'SSION, seW-shun. n. s. [cessic, Lat.] Retreat. Bacon. Resignation ; the act of yielding up. Tern pie. A manner of vacating an ecclesiastical benefice. CESSIONARY, seslf-she-6-na-re. a. A cessionary bankrupt is one who has delivered up all his effects. Martin. CE'SSMENT, ses'-ment. n. s. An assessment or tax. Diet. CE'SSOR, seV-sfir. 98, 166. n.s. He that ceaseth or neglecteth so long to perform a duty, as to in- cur the danger of law. Cowel. A taxer. Sherwood. " Spenser. CEST*, sest. n. s. [cestus, Lat.] The girdle of a lady. Collins. CE'STUS, seV-tfis n.s. The girdle of Venus. Bp. Taylor. CE'SURE*, se'-shure. n.s. See Cesura. The close of a verse. B. Jonson. CETA'CEOUS, se-uV-shfis. 357. a. [cete, Lat.] Of the whale kind. Brown. CE'TERACH*. n. s. [cetenxch, Fr.] A plant; the scale-fern. Cotgrave. C FA UT. A note in the scale of musick. Shak. CHACO'ON * tsha-koon'. n. s. [chacona, Span.] A dance, like a saraband. CHAD, shad. n. s. A sort offish. Carew. To CHAFES, tshafe. v. a. [eclwuffer, Fr.] To warm with rubbing. Sidney. To heat by rage or hurry. Shak. To perfume. Suckling. To make angry. Shaksmare. To CHAFE, tshafe. v. n. To rage. Spenser. To fret against any thing. Shakspeare. CHAFE, tshafe. n.s. A heat ; a rage. Camden. CHAFE- WAX, tshafe'-waks. n. s. An officer be- longing to the Lord Chancellor, who fits the wax for the sealing of writs. Harris. CHA'FER, tshafe'-fir. 98. n.s. [eeapop., Sax.] An insect; a sort of yellow beetle. T. Warton. CHA'FERY, tshafe'-e-re. n. s. A forge in an iron mill. CHAFFS, tshaf. n. s. [ceap, Sax.] The husks of corn. Shak. Any thing worthless. Beaum. and Fl. , To CHA'FFER §, tshafMur. v. n. [kauffen, Germ.] ! To treat about a bargain. Wicline. Dryden. I To CHA'FFER, tshaf -fur. n. a. To buy. To ex- change. Spenser. CHA'FFER*, tshaf -fur. n. s. Merchandise. Skelton. I CRA'FFERER, tshaf -fur-fir. n.s. A buyer. CHA'FFERN, tshaf -fern. «. s. A vessel for heating water. 14 CHA'FFERY, tshaf-fe-re. «. 5. CHA'FFINCH, tshaf-ffnsh. n. Traffick. Spenser. A bird, so ca!le« because it delights in chaff. Phillips. -HA'FFLESS, tshaf -les. a. Without cnau. o».«. CHA'FFWEED, tshaf -weed. n.s. An herb; th« cudweed. CHA'FFY, tshaf -fe. a. Like chaff. CHA'FINGDISH, tsha'-fir.g-dish. n. s. A portable grate for coals. Bacon. CHAGRIN, sha-green'. n. s. [cliagrin, Fr.] LI ha mour ; vexation. Pope. To CHAGRFN, sha-green'. v. a. To vex ; to put out of temper. CHAIN §, tshane. n. s. [chaine, FrJ A series of links fastened one within another. Gen. A bond; a manacle. Pope. A series linked together; as, of causes, or thoughts. Hammond. To CHAIN, tshane. v. a. To fasten with a chain, Sliak. To enslave. Prior. To keep by a chain, Knolles. To unite. Shakspeare. CHA'INPUMP, tshane'-pump. n. s. A pump used in large English vessels, which is double, so that one nses as the other falls. Raleigh. CHA'INSHOT, tshane'-sh6t. n. s. Two bullets or half bullets, fastened together by a chain. Wise- man. CHAINWORK, tshane'-wurk. n. s. Work with open spaces like the links of a chain. 1 Kings. CHAIR §, tshare. 52. n. s. [chair, Fr.] A movable seat. Pop". A seat of justice, or of authority. Sliak. A vehicle borne by men ; a sedan. Pope. A vehicle drawn by one horse. T. Warton. CHAIRMAN, tshare'-man. 88. n.s. The president of an assembly. Waits. One whose trade it is to carry a sedan chair. Dryden. CHAISE, shaze. n. s. [chaise. Fr.] A carriage drawa by one or more horses. Addison. S^= The vulgar, who are unacquainted with the spelling of this word, and ignorant of its French derivation, are apt to suppose it a plural, and call a single carriage a shay ; and the polite seem sometimes at a loss, whether they should not consider it as both singular and plural ; but the best usage seems to have determined it to be, its this respect, regular, and to make the plural chaises. W CHALCEDONY*, kal'-se-d6-ne. n. s. See Cal CEDONY. CHALCO'GRAPHER, kal-k^-gra-fur. 353. w. 5 [yaAvoypaffloj.l An engraver in brass. CHALCOGRAPHY, kal-kog'-gra-fe. n. s. En graving in brass. CHALDEE*, kal-de 7 . a. Relating to the language of Chaldea. Bp. Walton. CHA'LDER, tsha'-dfir. ) [tshaw'-drfin, CHA'LDRON, tsha'-drfin. 417. £ Sheridan; CHA'UDRON, tsha'-drfin. ) tshal'-drfin, Perry and Jones. 1 n.s. A dry English measure of coals, consisting of thirty-six bushels heaped up, according to the sealed bushel kept at Guildhall, London. The clmldron should weigh two thou- sand pounds. Cliambers. CHA'LICE, tshal'-?s. 142. n. s. [calir, Lat.l A cup a bowl. Shak. A cup used in acts of worship. Stilling fleet. CHA'LlCED, tshal'-lfst. 359. a. Having a cell or cup : as a flower. Shakspeare. CHALK $, tshawk. 402. n. s. [cealc, Sax.] A white fossil, reckoned a stone, but by some ranked among the boles. Chambers. Mortimer. CHALK for cheese. An inferiour thing for what is good. Gower. To CHAI K, tshawk. v. a. To rub with chalk. Hu- dibras. To manure with chalk. Moriimer. To mark out as with chalk. Shakspeare. CHALK-CUTTER, tshawk'-k&t-tfir. n. s. A man that digs chalk. Woodward. CHALK-PIT, tshawk'-plt. n.s. A pit in which chalk is dug. CHALK-STONE*, tshawk'-stone. n. s. A small piece of chalk. Isaiah. CHA'LKY, tshawk'-ke. a. Consisting of chalk. Shakspeare. Impregnated with chalk. Bacon. To CHALLENGE §. tshal'-lenje. v. a. [challenger 181 CHA CHA 0*559. — Fate, far, fall, fat;— me, met; — pine, pTn;- Fr.] To call another to answer for an offence by combat. Sliak. To call to a contest. Dryden. To accuse. [In law-] To object to the impartiality of any one. Hale. To claim as due. Hooker. To call to the performance of conditions. Peacliam. CHALLENGE, tslral'-lenje. n. s. A summons to combat. Sliak. A demand of something as due. Wicliffe. An exception taken against persons ; as, in assize, to the jurors, or any one of them, by the prisoner at the bar. Shalcspeare. CHALLENGEABLE*, tshal'-lenje-a-bl. a. That may be called to account. Sadler. CHA'LLENGER, tshdl'-len-jfir. n. s. One that de- fies another to combat. Sliak. One that claims su- periority. Shafc. A claimant. Hooker. CHALYBEAN* ka-lib'-e-an. a. Relating to steel well wrought or tempered. Milton. CHALYBEATE, ka-hV-be-et. 91. a. [chalybs, Lat.] Impregnated with iron or steel. Arbutlinot. CHAM*, kam. n. s. [Pers.] The sovereign prince of Tartary ; a lord of the Persian court. Shak. C/MAM'i) £, sha-made'. n.s. [Fr.] The beat of the drum which declares a surrender. Addison. CHA'MBER§, tshame'-bur. 542. n. s. [cfiambre, Fr.] An apartment in a house. Shak. Any retired room. Any cavity or hollow. Sharp. A court of justice. Ayliffe. The lower part of a gun where 'the charge iSSELAS,s\£s l -sUis.n.s.\Fr.-\k$oriof grape. CHASTE S, tshaste. a. [castas, Lat.] Pure from all commerce of sexes. Prior. Pure ; uncorrupt. Free from obscenity. Waits. True to the marriage bed. Titus. CHASTE-EYED*, tshaste'-lde. a. Having modest eyes. Collins. CHA'STELY, tshaste'-le. a//.Without incontinence ; purely. Shakspeare. Without violation of decent ceremony. Beaumont and Fletcher. To CHASTEN, tshase'-tn. 405. v. a. To correct; to punish. Proverbs. $5= This word is sometimes falsely pronounced with the a short, so as to rhyme with fasten ; but it is exactly under the same predicament as the verb to haste, which, when formed into what is called an inchoative verb, he- comes hasten, and with which chasten is a perfect rhyme. W. CHA'STENER*, tshase'-tn-ur. n. s. He who corrects. CHA'STENESS, tshaste'-nes. n.s. Chastity; purity. Daisies. Purity of writing. Burnet. To CHASTl'SES, tshas-tize'. v.a. [chaslier, Fr.] To punish. To reduce to order; to repress. CHASTFSEABLE*, tshas-tlze'-a-bl. a. Deserving chastisement. Sherwood. CHASTPSEMENT, tshas'-uVment. [See Adver- tise.] n. s. Correction; punishment. Shakspeare. CHASTPSER*, tshas-tl'-zfir. n. s. He who corrects by punishment. Sir E. Sandys. CHA'STITY, tshas'-te-te. 511. n.s. [castitas, Lat.] Purity of the body. Slmkspeare. Freedom from ob- scenity. Shakspeare. Freedom from bad mixture of any kind. Bp. Compton. §rjr* I have in this word departed from Mr. Sheridan, and several other speakers, in the sound of the a in the first syllable, as no analogy can be clearer than that which prevails in words of this termination, where the antepe- nultimate accent always shortens the vowel. Thus, though the a, e, and t. are long in humane, serene, and divine, they are s-hort in humanity, serenity, and divini- ty ; and unless custom clearly forbids, which I do not behove is the case, chastity ought certainly to have the a as I have marked it. W. To CHAT, tshat. v. n. [contracted from chatter] To prate ; to converse at ease. Spenser. Dryden. To CHAT, tshat. v. a. To talk of. Shakspeare. CHAT, tshat. n.s. Idle talk; prate. Shakspeare. CHAT, tshat. n.s. The keys of trees. CHA' TEA m t sha-uV. n. s. [Fr.] A castle. CHA'TELET*, tshat'-e-let. n. s. [diminut. of cha- teau, Fr.] A little castle. Chambers. CHA'TELLANY, tshat'-tel-len-e. n.s. The district under the dominion of a castle. Swift. CHA'TTEL, tshat'-tl. 405. n. s. [kaiila, Goth.] Any movable possession : a term used in forms of law Shakspeare. To CHAPTERS, tshat'-tfir. v. n. [caqueter, Fr.] To make a noise as a pie, or other unharmonious bird. Isaiah. To make a noise by collision of the teeth. Dryden. To talk idly or carelessly. Jordan. CHATTER, tshat'-tfir. n. s. Noise like that of a pie or monkey. Swift. Idle prate. CHA'TTERBOX*. tshat'-tfir-boks. n. s. A word of contempt, applied to such as are perpetually talk- ing idly. CHATTERER, tshat'-tfir-rfir. n. s. An idle talker. Slwnrood. CHAPTERING*. tshatMur-lng. n. s. Idle or un- profitable talk. Walls. CHA'TTY*, tshat'-te. a. Chattering ; conversing freely. Mountagu. 185 CHE CHE HT 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat ;— me, met ;— pine, pfn ;— CHA'TWOOD, tshat'-wud. n. s. Little sticks; fuel. CHA'UDRON*. See Chawdron. CHA V MO N TELLE, sh6-m6n-tel'. n. s. [Fr.] A sort of pear. CHAUN§*, tshawn. n.s. [£eonan, Sax.] A gap 5 a chasm. Colgrave. To CHA UN*, tshawn. v. n. To open. Sfierwood. CHAUNT*. See Chant. CHA' VENDER, tshav'-in-d&r. n. s. [chevesne, Fr.] The chub; a rish. Walton. To CHAW §, tshaw. v. a. [ceopan, Sax. The old past participle is cliawen; the modern, chawed.] To masticate ; to chew. Sprnser. CHAW, tshaw. n. s. The chap; the upper or under part of a beast's moulh. Ezekiel. CHA'WDRON, tshaw'-drun. n.s. Entrails. Sliak. CHAWN*. SeeCHAUN. CHEAP §, tshepe. a. [ceapan. Sax.] To be had at a low price. Locke. Of small value. Shakspeare. CHEAP, tshepe. n.s. Market; bargain. Sidney. To CHE'APEN, tshe'-pn. 103. v. a. To ask the price of any commodity. Shakspeare. To lessen value. Dryden. CHE'APENER*, tshe'-pn-ur. n. s. A bargainer. Sherwood. CHE'APLY, tshepe'-le. ad. At a small price. Sha/c. CHE'APNESS, tshepe'-nes. n. s. Lowness of price. Bacon. CHEAR. See Cheer. To CHEAT §, tshete. v.a. [ceafcfc, Sax.] To defraud ; to impose upon. Dryden. CHEAT, tshete. n. s. A fraud ; a trick. Temple. A person guilty of fraud. South. CHE'ATABLENESS*, tshete'-a-bl-nes. n. s. Lia- bleness to be deceived. Hammond. CHEAT-BREAD*, tshete'-br£d. n. s. Fine bread ; bought bread; in opposition to that of a coarser qual- ity, usually baked at home. Com. of Eastward Hoe. CHEA'TER, tshe'-tfir. 95. n.s. One that practises fraud. Shakspeare. To CHECK §, tshek. v. a. [ecliecs, Fr.] To repress : to curb. Shakspeare. To reprove ; to chide. Shak. To compare a bank note or other bill with the correspondent paper. To control by a counter reckoning. To CHECK, tshgk. r. n. To stop. Shakspeare. To clash ; to interfere. Bacon. To strike with repres- sion. Dryden. CHECK, tshek. n. s. Repressure ; stop ; sudden re- straint. Shakspeare. Restraint ; curb. Hayward. A reproof; a slight. Sliakspeare. A dislike ; a sud- den disgust Dryden. [In falconry.] When a hawk forsakes her proper game. Beaumont and Fletcher. The person checking. Clarendon. Any stop or interruption. Holder. The corresponding cipher of a bank bill. This word is often corruptly used for the draft itself of the person on his banker. A term used in the game of chess. Linen cloth fabricated in squares. — Clerk of tlie check has the check and controlment of the yeomen of the guard. To CHF/CKER, or CHE'QUER, tshek'-ur. v. a. To variegate or diversify. Shakspeare. CHE'CKER, tshek' -fir. ) n. s. Work CHE'CKER-WORK, tshek'-ur-wfirk. \ varied al- ternately as to its colours or materials. 1 Kings. CHE'CKER*, or CHE'UUER*, tsheV-ur. n. s. A chess-board, or draught-board. CHE'CKER*, tshek' -fir. n. s. A reprehender j a re- buker. S'-ierwood. CHE'CKLESS*, tshekMes. a. Uncontrollable; vio- lent. Marston. CHE'CKMATE, tshek'-mate. n. s. [echec el mat, Fr.] The movement on the chess-board, that kills the opposite men, or when the king is actually made prisoner, and the game finished. Svenser. To CHE'CKMATE*, tshek'-mate. V a. To finish, figuratively. Skelton. CHE'CKROLL, tshek'-role. n. s. A roll or book, containing the names of such as are attendants on great personages. Bacon. CHEEK §, tsheek. n. s. [ceac, Sax.] The side of the lace below the eye. Sliakspeare. Among me- chanicks, all those pieces of their machines that are double, and perfectly alike. Cliambers. CHE'EKBONE, tsheek / -b6ne. n. s. The bone of the cheek. Psabn, iii. CHEEK by Jowl*. Closeness ; proximity. Beaumont and Fletclier. CHEEKTOOTH, tsheek'-t&M. n.s. The hinder tooth or tusk. Joel. CHECKED*, tsheekt. a. Brought near the cheek Cotton. To CHEEP*, tsheep. v. n. To pule or chirp, like a young bird. Cotgrave. Ob. T. CHEER, tsheer. n. s. [chere, Fr.] Entertainment. Shakspeare. Livitation to gayety. Shale. Gayety; jollity. Shakspeare. Air of the countenance. Spen- ser. Acclamation ; shout of triumph or applause. To CHEER, tsheer. v a. To incite ; to encourage. Knolles. To comfort. Shak. To gladden. Lope To CHEER, tsheer. v. n. To grow gay. A. Philips CHEERER, tshee'-rfir. n. s. Gladdener ; giver ol gayety. Wotton. CHEERFUL, tsheerMul, or tsher'-ful. a. Gay; full of life. Having an appearance of gayety. Proverbs. Causing cheerfulness. Phillips. {£J= This word, like fearful, has contracted an irreguhr pronunciation, that seems more expressive of the turn of mind it indicates than the long open e, which lan- guishes on the ear, and is not akin to the smartness and vivacity of the idea. We regret these irregularis ies, but they are not to be entirely prevented ; and, as they sometimes arise from an effort of the mind to express the idea more forcibly, they should not be too studious- ly avoided ; especially when custom has given them con- siderable currency ; which I take to be the case with the short pronunciation of the present word. Mr. Sheridan and some other orthoepists seem to adopt the latter pronunciation; and W. Johnston, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Perry, the former ; and as this is agreeable to the or- thography, and, it may be added, to the etymology, (which indicates thai; state of mind which arises from being full of good cheer,) it ought, unless the other has- an evident preference in custom, to be looked upon as the most accurate. 246, 247. W. CHEERFULLY, tsheer'-ful-le. ad. Without dejec- tion ; with willingness ; with gayety. Shakspeare. CHEERFULNESS, tsheer'-ful-nes. n. s. Freedom from dejection ; alacrity. Freedom from gloomi- ness. Sidney. CHEERILY*, tsheer'-e-le. ad. Cheerfully. Beau- mont and Fletcher. CHEERISHNESS*, tsheer'-ish-nes. n. s. State of cheerfulness. Milton. CHEERLESS, tsheer'-les. a. Without gayety or gladness. Spenser. CHE'EPvLY, tsheer'-le. a. Gay ; cheerful. Ray. CHEERLY, tsheerMe. ad. Cheerfully. Shakspeare. CHEERY, tshee'-re. a. Gay; sprightly. Gay. CHEESES, tsheeze. n. s. [ceye, Sax.] A kind of food made by pressing the curd of coagulated milk, and suffering the mass to dry. CHEESECAKE, tsheeze'-kake. 247. n. s. A cake made of soft curds, sugar, and butter. CHEESEMONGER, tsheeze'-mfing-gur. n.s. One who deals in cheese. CHEESEPARING*, tsheeze'-pa-ring. n. s. The rind or paring of cheese. Beaumont and Fletcher. CHEESEPRESS, tsheeze'-pres. n. s. The press in which curds are pressed. Gay. CHEESEVAT, tsheeze'-vat. n. s. The wooden case in which the curds are confined in pressing. Glan- ville. CHEESY, tshe^-ze. a. Having the nature of cheese. Arbuthnot. CHEEY, ke'-le. 353. n. s. [chela, Lat.] The clav.- of a shell fish. Brown. CHEMISE*, she-meze'. n. s. [Fr.] A shift. [In for- tification.] A wall wherewith a bastion, or ditch, is lined. CHE'MISTRY. See Chymistry. CHE'QUER. See Checker. CHE'QUER*. n. s. An abbreviation of exchequer A treasury. CHE'QUER-ROLL* See Checkroll. CHE'QUER-WORK*. See Checker-work 186 CHE cm — 116, mOve, nor, not;— tube, tfib, bull;— 611;— pound;— f/iin, THis. CHEQUI'N*. See Cecchin. 7\>CHE'RJSH$, tsheV-rlsh. v. a. [chart*, Fr.] To encourage, help, and shelter Ephes. CHE'RISHER, tsher'-rlsh-ur. n. s. An encourager ; a supporter. Wotton. GHE'RISHING*, tsheV-r?sh-%. n.s. Support 5 en- couragement. Decay of Piety. CHE'RISHINGLY*, tsheV-rish-lng-le. ad. In an af- fectionate manner. CHE'RISHMENT, tsheV-rlsh-ment. n. s. Encour- agement. Spenser. Ob. J. CHERN*. See Churn. CHE'RRYfc, tsher'-re. ) n. s. [census, CHERRY-TREE, tsher'-re-tree. $ Lat.] A tree and fruit. Milter. CHE'RRY, tsher'-re. a. Resembling a cherry in col- our. Sliakspeare. CHE RRY-BAY, tsher'-re-ba. n.s. See Laurel. CHEERY-CHEEKED, tsheV-re-tsheekt. a. Having ruddy cheeks. Fanshawe. CHE'RRYPIT, tsher'-re-pft. n. s. A child's play, in which they throw cherry-stones into a small hole. Sliakspeare. CHE'RSONESE, ker'-so-nes. 353. n. s. [ X t 9 covri ' to melt, it is more justly derived from the Arabick kema t black. But Dr. Johnson, who very well understood every thing that could be urged in favour cf the new orthogra- phy, hao very judiciously continued the old ; and, indeed, till we see better reasons than have yet appeared, it seems rather to savour of an affectation of oriental learning than a liberal desire to rectify and improve our language. But let the word originate in the east or west, among the Greeks or Arabians, we certainly received it from our common linffiiaducts, (if the word will be pardoned me) the Latin and French, which still retain either the y, or its substitute i. Besides, the alteration produces a change in the pronun- ciation, which, from its being but slight, is the less like- ly to be attended to; and therefore the probability is, that, let us write the word as we will, we shall still I'oti tinue to pronounce the old way ; for in no English word throughout the language does the e sound like y, or 1 short, when the accent, is on it. This improvement, therefore, in our spelling, would, in all probability, add a new irregularity to our pronun- ciation, already encumbered with too many. Warhur- ton, in his edition of Pope's works, seems to have been the first writer of note who adopted this mode of spell- ing from Boerhaave and the German criticks ; and he seems to have been followed by all the inscriptions on the chyrnists' shops in the kingdom. But till the voice of the people has more decidedly declared itself, it is certainly the most eligible to follow Dr. Johnson and our estab- lished writers in the old orthography. — See Mr. Nares'a English Orthoepy, page 285, where the reader will see judiciously exposed the folly of altering settled modes of spelling for the sake of far-fetched and fanciful ety- mologies. W. CITYMFSTICAL*, ke-mls'-te-kal. a. Relating- to chvmistry. Burton. CHY'MISTRY, klm'-mls-tre. n. s. [^>o?, or ^ w , to melt ; or, according to some, from an oriental word, kema, black, or chemia.] An art whereby sensible bodies are so changed, by means of fire, that their several powers and virtues are thereby discovered. Boerhaave. CIBA'RIOUS, sl-ba'-re-us. 121. a. [cibari?is, Lat.] Relating to food. CI'BOL, slb'-ul. n.s. [ciboule,Fr.] A small sort of onion. Mortimer. CFCATRICE§, or CFCATRIX§, s?k'-a-tr?s. 142. n. s. [cicatrix, Lat.] The scar remaining after a wound. Shakspeare. A mark. Shakspeare. CICATRFSANT, sik-a-trl'-zant. n. s. An applica- tion that induces a cicatrice. C1CATRFSIVE, slk-a-trl'-siv. 158, 428. a. Proper to induce a cicatrice. CICATRIZATION, slk-a-tre-za'-shfin. n. s. The act of healing the wound. Hatrey. The state ot being healed, or skinned over. Sharp. To CFCATRIZE, sik'-a-trlze. v. a. To heal and in- duce the skin over a sore. Wiseman. CFCELY, sls'-le. n. s. A sort of herb. CICERO' NE*, sis-e-r6'-ne. n. s. [Ital.J plural cice- roni. A word of modern introduction into our speech, for a guide. Shenstone. CICERO'NIANISM*, sls-e-ro'-ne-an-fam. n. s. An imitation of the style of Cicero. Milton. CICHO'RACEOUS, s'fk-o-ra'-sbus. a. [cicluyrium, Lat.] Having the qualities of succory. Floyer. CICH-PEASE, tshlk'-peez. n. s. A plant. To CI'CURATE§, snV-u-rate. 91, 503. v. a. [cienro, I ,at/| To tame. Broitm. CICURA'TION, slk-u-ra'-shiin. n. s. The act of re- claiming from wildness. Ray 192 J CIP cm -116, move, ne-r, n6tj — tube, tub, bull; — 6ll ; — pound; — thin, this. CICU'TAt, se-ku'-ta. 91. n. s. A genus of plants;) water-hemlock. CID*, sld. n. s. [Span.] A chief; a commander. CI'DERJ. sl'-d&r. n. s. [cidre, Fr.] All kind of strong liquors, except wine. In this sense, Ob. J. Wicliffe. j Liquor made of the juice of fruits pressed. Ba- con. The juice of apples fermented. This is now the sense. Phillips. CFDERIST, sl'-dur-ist. 98. n. s. A maker of cider. Mortimer. CFDERKIN, sl'-dur-km. n. s. Liquor made of the gross matter of apples, after the cider is pressed out. Mortimer. CIELING. See Ceiling. C1ERGE, seerje. n.s. [Fr.] A candle carried in processions. CILIARY, sfl'-ya-re. 113. a. [cilum, Let] Belong- ing to the eye-fids. Ray. CILFCIOUS, se-llsh'-us. 314. a. [cilicium, Lat.] Made of hair. Brown. CIMAR. See Chimere, and Si mar. CPMBRICK*, sim'-brfk. n.s. [Cimbricus, Lat.] The language of the Cimbri, people of Jutland and Holstein. Wotton. CIMETIARCH, se-mel'-e-ark. n. s. [jcet^Xtop^s.] The chief keeper of things of value belonging to a church. Diet. CFMETER, sim'-e-tur. 98. n.s. [chimrtier, Turk.] A sort of sword used by the Turks. Sliak. It is some- times erroneously spelled scimitar and scymiter. CFMISS*, sW-ls. n. s. [cimex, Lat.l The bug. CIMMETIAN*, sim-me'-re-dn. a. [from Cimmcrii, people of Italy, living in a valley, which the sun never visited.] Extremely dark. 'Sidney. CFNCTURE, slngk'-tshure. 461. n. s. ' [cinctura, Lat.] Something worn round the body. Sliak. An enclosure. Bacon. A ring or list at the top and bottom of the shaft of a column. Cliambers. CFNDER§, sln'-dur. 98. n. s. [cineres, Lat.] A mass ignited and quenched, without being reduced to ashes. Shak. A hot coal that has ceased to flame. Swift. CFNDER- WENCH, s?n'-dar-wensh. In.s.A wo- CFNDER-WOMAN^n'-dfir-wum-un. $ man whose trade is to rake in heaps of ashes for cinders. Ar- buthnot. CLNERA'TION §, sin-e-ra'-shun. n. s. The reduc- tion of any thing to ashes. CINE'REOUS*, se-ne'-re-us. a. Of ash colour. Pen- nant. CINERFTIOUS, s?n-e-rlsh'-us. a. Having the form or state of ashes. Cheyne. CLNE'RULENT, se-neV-u-lent. 121. a. Full of ashes. Diet. CFNGLE, smg'-gl. 405. n. s. A girth for a horse. Did. CFNNABAR, sm'-na-bar. 166. n. s. [Kiwdpapi.] A species of the genus mercury. Woodward. CFNNABAR, sm'-na-bar. n. s. [In chymistry.] A sulphuret of mercury. CFNNAMONjsW-na-mun. 166. n. s. [Hnnamon, Heb.] The fragrant bark of a tree in the island of Ceylon. Chambers. CINQUE, smgk. 415. n.s. [Fr.] A five. Potter. CINQUE-FOIL, smgk'-fdfl. n. s. [cinque feuille, Fr.] A kind of five-leaved clover. CINQUE-PACE, smgk'-pase. n. s. [cinque pas, Fr.] A kind of grave dance. SJmkspeare. CINQUF -PORTS, smgk'-ports. n. s. The cinque ports are Dover, Sandwich, Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Winchelsea, Rye, and Seaford: the last three having been added since the first institution. Cowel. CINQUE-SPOTTED, smgk'-spot-tSd. a. Having five spots. Shakspeare. CFON, sl'-un. 166. n. s. [scion, Fr.] A sprout. SJutk. The shoot engrafted on a stock. Bacon. CITHER §. sf-fur. 98, n. s. [chifre, Fr.] An arith- metical character; a figure. An arithmetical mark, which, standing for nothing itself, in- creases the value of the other figures. Chambers. An interlexture of letters engraved usually on plate. Pope. A character in general. Raleigh. A secret or occult manner of writing, or the key to it. Hakewill. A species of juggling. Spenser. To CITHER, sl'-ffir. v. n. To practise arithmetic^ Arbuthnot. To CITHER, sV-ffir. u.a.To write in occult charac ters. Hay ward. To designate; to characterize Slmkspeare. CIRC*, serk. n. s. [circus, Lat.] An amphitheatrical circle for sports. Warton. CIRCF/NSIAL*, ser-sen'-shal. > a. Relating to the CIRCE IN SI AN*, ser-sen'-shan. \ exhibitions in the amphitheatres of Rome. Kennet. To CFRCINATES, seV-se-nate. v.a. [circino, Lat.] To make a circle. Bailey. CIRCINA'TION, ser-se-na'-shun. n. s. An orbicular motion. Bailey. CFRCLE §, ser'-kl. 108, 405. n. s. [circulus, Lat.] A line continued till it ends where it began, having all its parts equidistant from a common centre. Locke. The space included in a circular line. A round body ; an orb. Isaiah. Compass ; enclosure. Sliak. An assembly surrounding the principal person. Pope. A company. Addison. Any series ending as it begins, and perpetually repeated. Bacon. An inconclusive form of argument, i« which the foregoing proposition is proved by the following, and the following is inferred from the foregoing. Glanville. Circumlocution. Fletcher. Circles of the German empire. Such provinces a3 have a right to be present at diets. Treroux. To CFRCLE, ser'-kl. v. a. To move round any thing. Bacon. To enclose; to sunound. Slutk. To CFRCLE in. To confine. Digby. To CFRCLE, seV-kl. v. n. To move circularlv. Phillips. CFRCLED, ser'-kld. 359. a. Round. Shakspeare. CFROLER*, seV-kler. n. s. A mean poet • a circu- lar poet. B. Jonson. CFRCLET, seV-kBt. n. s. A little circle. Shakspeare. CFRCLING, ser'-ktfng. part. a. Circular; round. Milton. CFRCLY*, serkMe. a. In the form of a circle. Hw loet. CFRCUIT$, ser'-klt. 341, 108. n. s. [circuitus, Lat.] The act of moving round. Watts. The space en- closed in a circle. Milton. Space ; extent ; meas- ured by travelling round. Hooker. A ring; a dia- dem. Shak. The visitations of the judges for hold- ing assizes. Davies. The tract of country visited by the judges. Bp. of Chichester. Circumlocu- tion. Donne. CFRCUIT of Action. A longer course of proceeding, to recover the thing sued for, than is needful. Cowel. To CFRCUIT*, ser'-ldt. v. n. To move circular! v. Phillips. To CFRCUIT, ser'-kh. v. a. To move round. Warton. CIRCUITE'ER, ser-kft-teer 7 . n. s. [formerly written ciranter.] One that travels a circuit. Whitlock. CIRCUFTION, ser-ku-ish'-fin. n. s. The act of going round any thing. Pearson. Compass ; maze of ar- gument. Hooker. CIRCUITOUS*, ser-ku'-e-tus. a. Round about. Burke. CIRCUTTOUSLY*, ser-ku'-e-t&s-le. ad. In a circu itous manner. CFRCULABLE*, serMtu-la-bl. a. That which may be circulated. CFRCULAR, ser'-ku-lfir. 88, 418. a. Round, like a circle. Spenser. Successive in order. Sandys. Vulgar ; mean ; circumforaneous. Dennis. End- ing in itself, used of a paralogism, where the second proposition at once proves the first, and is proved by it. Baker. Perfect ; complete. Massinger.—Cir cular letter. A letter directed to several persons on some common affair. Circular lines. The lines of sines, tangents, and secants, on the plain scale and sector. Circular sailing, is that performed on the arch of a great circle. CIRCULA'RITY, ser-ku-lar'-e-te. n. s. A circular form. Brown. 193 cm cm [E? 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat;— me, met ;— pine, pin Cl'RCULARLY, seV-ku-l&r-le. arf. In form of a circle. Burnd. With a circular motion. Dryden. CI'RCULARY*, ser'-ku-la-re. a. Ending in itself. Hooker. To CIRCULATE, ser'-ku-late. 91. v. n. To move in a circle. Denham. To be dispersed. Addison. To CIRCULATE, ser'-ku-late. » a. To travel round. Bp. H. Croft. To put about. Swift. CIRCULATION, ser-ku-la'-shun. n.s. Motion in a circle. Burnet. A series in which the same order is always observed, and things always return to the same state. K. Charles. A reciprocal interchange of meaning. Hooker. Currency of a substitute lor money. Burke. CIRCULATO'RIOUS* ser-ku-la-t6'-re-&s.n. holy orders. Shakspeare. CLERICAL,"' kkV-e-kal. a. Relating to the clergy Bp. Hall. CLERICK*, kleV-fk. n. s. A clergyman. Bp. Hors- leit. CLERICK* kler'-lk. a. Relating to the character of a clergyman. CLERK § 7 klark. 100. n. s. [clericus, Lat.] A clergy- man. Aijliffe. A scholar. Sidney. A man em- ployed under another as a writer. Shaksjjeare. A Eetty writer in publick offices ; an officer of various inds. Glanville. Arbuthnot. The layman who reads the responses in the church, to direct the rest. Wheatley. CLERK-ALE*, klark'-ale. n. s. The feast of the farish clerk. Warton. ERKLIKE*, klark'-llke. a. Accomplished as a learned person. Sliakspeare. CLERKLY*, klark'-le. a. Clever ; scholar-like. Abp, Cranmer. CLERKLY*, klark'-le. ad. In an ingenious or learn- ed manner. Gascoigne. CLERKSHIP, kllrk'-shlp. n. s. Scholarship. Hales. The office of a clerk. Sir H. Wotton. CLEVE, ^ in composition, at the beginning or end CLIF, > of the proper name of a place, denotes CLIVE, } it to be situated on the side of a rock or hill ; as, Cleveland, Clifton, Slancliff. CLE'VER$, klevUr. 98. a. Dexterous; skilful. U Estrange. Just ; fit. Pope. Well -shaped. Ar- buthnot. A low word, applied to any thing a man likes, without a settled meaning. CLE'VERLY, klev'-ur-le. ad. Dexterously. Hudibr. CLEVERNESS, kleV-ur-nes. n. s.. Dexterity ; skill. CLEW §, klu. n. s. [clype, Sax.] Thread wound upon a bottom. Spenser. A guide; a direction. Holder. To CLEW, klu. v. a. To clew tlie sails, is to raise them, in order to be furled. Harris. To direct.. Beaumont, and Fletcher. To CLICKS, kllk. v. n. [cliken, Dutch.} To make a sharp, small, successive noise. Gay. To CLICK*, kllk. v. a. To catch or snatch hastily. CLICK*, kllk. n.s. The latch of a door. CLICKER, khV-fir. n. s. The servant of a sales- man, who stands at the door to invite customers^ CLPCKET, ktfk'-et. n. s. [cliquet, old Fr.] The ring, knocker, or hammer of a door. Cotgrave. For- merly, a kev. Cliaucer. CLIENTS, kll'-ent. n. s. [client, Fr.] One who ap- plies to an advocate for counsel. Bacon. A de- pendant. B. Jonson. CLIE'NTAL*, kll-en'-lal. a. Dependant. Burke. CLPENTED, kll'-en-ted. part. a. Supplied with cli- ents. Carew. CLIENTELE, kll-en-tele'. n. s. The condition or office of a client. Bp. Hall. CLPENTSHIP, kll'-eni-shfp. n. s. The condition of a client. CLIFFS, klif. n.s. [dims, Lat.] A steep rock. Ba* con. The name of a character in musick; proper* ly clef. Sir J. Hawkins. CLIFFY*, klif-fe. a. Broken ; craggy. Harmar. CLIFT, klfft. n. s. Sometimes used for cliff' or cleft. CLIFTED*, klfft'-eU a. Broken. Congreve. CLIFTY*, klif-te. a. The same as cliffy. Pennant CLIMA'CTER^kll-mak'-tur. 122. n.s. [kW™.1 198 CLO CLO -116, move, nor, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 6)1 ; — p6und : — lli'm, THi A certain space of time, or progression of years. Brown. CLIMACTE'RICK. klim-ak-teV-rfk. 530. ) n. s. A CLIMACTE'RICAL, klim-ak-ieV-re-kal. $ certain number of years, at the end of which some great change is supposed to befall the body. Brown. CLFMATE$, kll'-mate. 91. rus. [kAj/io.] A space upon the surface of the earth, measured from the equator to the pclar circles 5 in each of which spaces the longest day is half an hour longer than in that nearer to the equator. A region, or tract of land, differing from another by the temperature of the air. To CLI'MATE, kll'-mate. v. n. To inhabit. ShoJc. CLF3IATURE, kll'-ma-tshure. 463. n. s. Climate. Sliakspeare. Ob. J. CLFMAX, kll'-maks. n. s. [kX\n. n.s. [Fr.] A monk of the same order or convent. Selden. CO'MMON§, kom'-mun. 166. a. [communis, Lat.] Belonging- equally to more than one. Hale. Hav- ing- no possessor or owner. Locke. Vulgar ; mean ; oflittle value ; not scarce. Davies. Publick; gene- ral ; serving the use of all. Walton. Of no rank; mean. Shak. Frequent; usual; ordinary. Eccles. Prostitute. Spectator. — Such verbs as signify both action and passion are called common; and such nouns as are both masculine and feminine. CO'MMON, kom'-mun. n. s. An open ground equal- ly used by many persons. SJiakspeare. CO MM ON, konV-mun. ad. Commonly. Shakspeare. In CO'MMON. Equally to be participated by a certain number. Locke. Equally with another; indiscriminately. Arbuthnot. [In law.] A distinc- tion of tenancy. Blackstone. ToCO'MMON, kom'-mun. v.n. To have a joint right with others in some common ground. COMMON-COUNCIL-MAN*, kom-'mun-k&un'-sjl- man. n.s. One who communicates in council with others ; a member of the common-council of Lon- don. B. Jonson. COMMON-CRIER*, k&m'-mun-krl'-ur. n. s. The officer by whom notice is given of things lost. B. Jonson. COMMON-HALL*, kom'-mun-hawl.rc. s. The place in which the inhabitants of a city assemble. Bp. Patrick. COMMON LAW, kom'-mun-law/. Customs which have, by long prescription, obtained the force of laws. It is distinguished from the statute law, which owes its authority to acts of parliament. COMMON-LAWYER*, kom'-mun-law'-yur. n. s. He who is versed in the common law. Spelman. COMMON PLEAS, kom'-mim-pleez'. The king's court now held in Westminster Hall ; but anciently movable. All civil causes are, or were formerly, tried in this court, according to the strict laws of the realm. Coicel. COMMONABLE, kom'-mun-a-bl. a. What is held in common. Bacon. Allowable to be turned on the common. Blackstone. CO'MMONAGE, k&m'-mun-aje. 90. n.s. The right of feeding on a common. Fuller. COMMONALITY*. See Commonalty. CO'MMONALTY, kom'-mun-al-te. n. s. The com- mon people ; the people of the lower rank. Bacon. The bulk of mankind. Hooker. COMMONER, kom'-mun-ur. 98. n.s. One of the common people. Slmk. A man not noble. B. Jon- son. A member of the house of commons. Swift. One who has a joint right in common ground. Bacon. A student of the second rank at the uni- versity of Oxford. A prostitute. Shakspeare. A partaker. Fuller. COMMON I'TION, k&m-m6-nlsh / -un. n. s. [commo- nitio. Lat.] Advice; warning. COMMONiTPTE*, kom-m&n p -e-tiv. a. Advising ; warning. CO'MMONLY, kom'-mun-le. ad. Frequently; usu- ally. Shakspeare. Jointly ; in a sociable manner. Spenser. COMMONNESS, kom'-mun-nes. n. s. Equal parti- cipation among many. Government 0/ the Tongue. Frequency. Swift. COMMONPLACES*, kom'-mun-plase. n. s. A memorandum ; an ordinary or common topick. Milton. COMMONPLACE-BOOK, kom-mun-plase'-book. 71. 5. A book in which things to be remembered are ranged under general heads. Fuller. To CO'MMONPLACE, k6m-mfin-plase'. v. a. To reduce to general heads. Felton. CO'MMONS, kom'-mfinz. 166. n.s. The vulgar; the lower people. Chaucer. The lower house of parliament, by which the people are represented. Shak. Diet which is eaten in common. Dryden. To COMMONSTRATE* k6m-mon / -strate. v. a. [commovstro, Lat.] To teach. Cockeram. COMMONWE'AL, k6m-mun-weel'. 528. ) n. s. A COMMONWEALTH, kom-mun-weW. \ polity; an established form of civil life. Hooker. The general body of the people. Shak. A republick. B. Jonson. 95T These words have the accent either on the first or last syllable; but the former is accentea more frequent- ly on the last, and the latter on the first. See Commo- dore. TV. COMMONWE'ALTHSMAN*, kom-mfa-wek7is / - man. n. s. One who sides with a republican gov- ernment. Johnson. CO'MMORANCE, kom'-mi-ranse. ) n. s. Dwell- CO'MMORANCY, k6m'-m6-ran-se. ) ing ; habi- tation. Sir T. Herbert. CO'MMORANT$, k6m'-m6-rant. a. [commorans, Lat.] Resident ; dwelling. Ayliffe. COMMORA'TTON*, kom-md-ra'-shun. n. s. A stay- ing, or tarrying. Cockeram. COMMORIENT*, k6m-m6'-re-ent. a. [commorient, Lat.] Dying at the same time. Sir G. Buck. CO'MMOTHER*, kom'-muTH-fir. n. s. A god- mother. COMMO'TION, kom-m6 / -shun. n.s. Tumult; dis- turbance. Shak. Perturbation ; disorder of mind. Shakspeare. Restlessness. Woodward. COMMOTIONER, k6m-m6'-shun-ur. n. s. One that causes commotions. Bacon. To COMMO'VE, k&m-moove'. v. a. [commoveo } Lat.] To disturb; to agitate. Thomson. JbCO'MMUNES, k&m-mune'. v.n. [communico^ Lat.] To converse ; to talk together. Spenser. COMMTJNICABPLITY, k&m-mu-ne-ka-blF-e-te. n.s. The quality of being communicable. Pearson. COMMUNICABLE, k&m-imV-ne-ka-bl. a. That which may become the possession of more than one. Hooker. That which may be recounted. Milton. That which may be imparted. Milton. Communi- cative; not selfish. B. Jonson. COMMU / NICABLENESS*,kom-mu / -ne-ka-bl-nfe. n. s. Being communicable. Bp. Morton. COMMUNICANT, kom-imV-ne-kant. n.s. One who participates of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. Hooker. To COMMUNICATE §, k&m-mu'-ne-kate. [See To Command.] v. a. [communico, Lat.] To im- part to others what is in our own power to bestow. Bacon. To reveal. Wisdom. To participate. B. Jonson. To COMMUNICATE, kom-mu'-ne-kate. 91. v. n To partake of the blessed sacrament. Bp. Taylor To have something in common with another. Ar buthnot. COMMUNICATION, k&m-mu-ne-ka'-shun. n. s. The act of imparting. Holder. Common boundary or inlet. Addison. Interchange of knowledge. Swift. Conference; conversation. Locke. Parti eipation of the blessed sacrament. Pearson. COMMUNICATIVE, kom-mu'-ne-ka-tlv. a. Libe- ral of benefits or knowledge. Evelyn. COMMUNICATIVENESS, kom-mu'-ne-ka-tiv n£s. n. s. The quality of being communicative; or imparting benefits. Hammond. COMMUNICATORY* kom-mu'-ne-ka-tur-re. a Imparting knowledge. Barrow. COMMUNION, kom-imW-yun. 113. n.s. Inter course ; fellowship ; common possession ; inter- change of transactions. Hooker. The celebration of the Lord's supper. Clarendon. A common or publick act. Raleigh. Union in the common wor- ship of any church. South. 212 COM COM -nd, move, nSr, not ;— tube, tub, bull ; — oil ;— pound ;—th\n, THis. COMMUNITY, k&m-mu'-ne-te. n. s. [communitas , ' Lat.l The commonwealth; the body politick, j Sliak. Common possession. B. Jo>ison. Frequen- j cv; commonness. Shokspeare. CX>MMUTABI'LITY, kom-mu-ta-bil'-e-te. n. s. The j quality of being - capable of exchange. COMMU'TABLE, kom-miV-td-bl. a. That may be exchanged. COMMUTATION, kom-mu-ta'-shun. n. s. Change ; alteration. South. Exchange. South. Ransom ; j exchanging a corporal for a pecuniary punishment. I BroiC7i. COMMUTATIVE, kdm-mu'-ta-tlv. 157. a. Rela- j tive to exchange. Sir T. Elyot. COMMUTATIYELY*, kom-mu'-ti-tlv-le. ad. In! the ww of exchange. Brown. To COMMUTE $, k'om-mute'. [See To Collect.] v. a. [commuto, LaL] To exchange. Hammond. To buy off, or ransom one obligation by another. [ L' Estrange. To COMMUTE, kdm-mute'. v.n. To bargain for | exemption. South. \ COMMUTUAL, kdm-mi'-tshi-al. 461. a. M itual. Shokspeare. I COMPACT?. kcW-pakt. 492. n.s. [pactum, Lat.] , A contract 3 an agreement. Shokspeare. Structure]; compacture. Sir G. Buck. To COMPACT, kom-pakt'. v. a. To join together | with firmness. S!iak. To make out of something. ; Shak. To league with. Shak. To join together. Hooker. COMPACT, kom-pakt 7 . 494. a. [compactus, Xat.] Firm; solid. Newton. Composed; consisting. Shak. Joined; held together. Peacham. Brief, and well connected. Felton. COMPA'CTEDLY* kom-pak'-ted-le. ad. Closely. Lovelace. COMPA'CTEDXES3,k&in-pak'-ted-ncs. n.s. Firm- Bess ; density. Digby. COMPACTIBLE*; kom-pak'-te-bl. a. That may be joined. Cockeram. COMPACTLY, kdm-pakt'-le. ad. Closely; dense- Iv. With neat joining. COMPACTNESS, kom-pakt'-nSs. n.s. Firmness; closeness. Brown. COMPACTURE, kom-pak'-tshure. 461. n. s. Structure. Spenser. [Lat.] A system COMPAGES, kom-pa'-jez. n of man v parts united. Broicn. 7*0 COMPA'GLNATES*, kom-pad'-je-nate. v. a.\ To set together that which is broken. Cockeram. \ COMP AGINATION, kom-pad-je-na'-shun. n. s. \ Union ; su - ucture. Brown. CO MP ARABLE*, kom'-pa-na-bl. a. [compagnablc, \ old Fr.] Companionable. Chaucer. CO'MFANA3LENESS, konV-pa-na-bl-nes. n. s.\ Sociableness. Sidney. COMPANIABLE, kum'-pa-ne-a-bl. a. Social. Ba- con. COMPATIBLENESS*, kum'-pa-ne-a-bl-nes. n. s. Sociableness. Bp. Hall. COMPA'NION, kom-pan'-yun. 113. n.s. One with whom a man frequently converses, or with whom he shares his hours of relaxation. Sluik. A part- ner; an associate. Philippiajis. A familiar term of contempt ; a fellow. Sha/cspeare. COMPANIONABLE, k6m-pan / -yun-a-bl. a. So- cial; agreeable. Walton. COMPANIONABLY, kom-pan'-yun-a-ble. ad. In a companionable manner. COMPANIONSHIP, k&m-pan'-yun-shfp. n. s. Com- pany ; train. Sfuxk. Fellowship ; association. Shok- speare. CO'MPANYS, kum'-pa-ne. 165. n.s. [compago, abl. case compazine, Lat.] Persons assembled together. I Shak. An assembly of pleasure. Bacon. Persons'! considered as assembled for conversation. Temple, j Conversation; fellowship. Sidney. A number of perns united for the execution of anything; aj band. Dennis. Persons united in a joint trade or ! partnership. A body corporate ; a subordinate cor- 1 poratioQ. Arbuihnot. A subdivision of a regiment I 16 of foot. Knolles. — To bear company . To keep com- pany. To associate with. Shokspeare. To COMPANY, kfim'-pa-ne. v. a. To accompany Shokspeare. To COMPANY, kum'-pa-ne. v. n. To associate with. 1 Cor. To be a gay companion. Spenser. To have commerce with another sex. Bp. Hall. COMPARABLE, kom'-pa-ra-bl. [See Academy, Acceptable, Commendable, and Iscompara- bleJ a. Worth v to be compared. Hooker. CO MFARABLY, kdm'-pa-ra-blfc. ad. In a man- ner worth v to be compared. Wotton. COMPA'RATES, kom-par'-a-tez. n. s. [In logick.] The two things compared to one another. Dot varno. COMPARATION* kom-pa-ra'-shun. n. s. Provi sion. Cockeram. Ob. T. COMPARATIVE, kom-pari-a-tiv. a. Estimated by comparison. Shak. Having the power of compar- ing different things. Glanville. [In grammar.] The degree so called. Lowth. COMPA -RATI YE*, kom-pari-a-tlv. n.s. One that is fond of making- comparisons. Sliak. Ob. T. COMPARATIVELY, kom-pari-a-tlv-le. ad,. In a stale of comparison. Bacon. To COMPA'RE^, kom-pare'. [See To Collect.] r. a. [comparo, Lat.] To make one thing the meas- ure of another. Shak. To get; to procure. Spenser. To COMPA RE* kom-pare'. v.n. To vie. Spenser. COMPARE, kom-pare'. [See To Command.] n.s. The state of being compared ; comparison. Suck- ling: Simile; similitude. Shokspeare. COMPARER*. k6m-pare / -ur. n.s. He who makes a comparison. Bp. Lavingion. COMPAR'LNG*. kom-pare' -lug. n.s. Forming com- parison. Abp. Cranmer. COMPARISON, kom-par'-e-sun. n.s. The act of comparing. Grew. The state of being" compared. Locke. A comparative estimate. Tillotson. A simile in writing or speaking". Sliok. The forma- tion of an adjective through its various degrees of signification ; as, strong, stronger, strongest. {£/= I have inserted the vowel in the last syllable of this word, because, in solemn pronunciation, some speakers may think it proj>er to preserve it ; but in common and unpremeditated speaking, I am convinced, it falls into the general analogy, and is sunk as much as in reason, season, prison. &c. 103, 170. See To Collect. W. To COMPA'RT $, kom-part'. v. a. L con rnd partior t Lat.] To divide; to mark out a general design into its various parts and subdivisions. Wotton. COMPART*, kom'-part. n.s. Member. COMPA'RTDLENT, kom-part'-e-ment. n. s. A di vision of a picture or design. Pope. COMPARTITION. kom-par-tlsh'-on. n. s. The act of dividing. Wotton. The parts marked out or separated. Wotton. COMPARTMENT, kom-part'-ment. n.s. Division; separate part of a design. Peacham. COMPA'RTNER* kom-part'-nur. n. s. A sharer. Pearson. See Copartner. To COMPASS §, kiW-pus. 165. v. a. [compasser, Fr.] To encircle; to environ. Spenser. To walk round any thing. Sandys. To beleaguer; to be- siege. Judges. To grasp; to enclose m the arms. To obtain; to procure; to attain. Hooker. To take measures preparatory to any thing; as, to compass the death of the king. COMPASS, kum'-pus. 88, 165. n. s. Circle ; round. Shak. Extent ; reach ; grasp. ShcJc. Space ) room. Pope. Enclosure ; circumference. Milton. A departure from the right line ; an indirect ad- vance. Moderate space ;"due limits. Davies.^ The power of the voice in musick. Shak. The instru- ment with which circles are drawn, generally com- passes. Donne. The instrument composed of a needle and card, whereby mariners steer. Locke. COMPASS-SAW, kiW -pus-saw. n.s. A species of saw, whose office is to cut a round. Moxon. COMPA'SSION §, k6m-pash'-un. n. s. [con and pa* tior, Lat.] Pity; commiseration. Htbreics, 213 COM COM O 3 559.— Fate, f Fir, f all, fat ;— -me, m§t ;— pine, pin ;- To COMPASSION, kdm-pash/-un. v. a. To pity. COMPA'SSIONABLE*, kom-pash'-fin-a-bl. a. De- serving of compassion. Barrow. COMPASSIONARY*, kLr pash'-&n-a-re. a. Com- passionate. Cotgrave. COMPASSIONATE, kom-pash'-fin-ate. 91. a. In- clined to pity •, merciful. South. Exciting compas- sion. Shakspeare. To COMPASSIONATE, k&m-pash'-fin-ate. 91. v. a. To pity ; to commiserate. Raleigh. COMPASSIONATELY, kom-paslv'-un-ate-le. ad. Mercifully; tenderly. Clarendon. COMPASSION ATENESS*, k&m-pash'-un-ate- n§s. n.s. State or quality of being compassionate. COMPATE / RNITY,k6m-pa-ter / -ne-te.7i.s. [con and paternitas, Lat.] The relation of godfather. Dairies. COMPATIBILITY, kom-pat-e-bjl'-e-te. n. s. Con- sistency ; agreement with any thing. COMPATIBLE §, korn-pat'-e-bl. a. . [compatible, old Fr.] Suitable to; fit for. Hale. Consistent; agreeable. Broome. COMPATIBLENESS, kom-pat'-e-bl-nes. n.s. Con sistency. COMPATIBLY, k&m-pat'-e-ble. ad. Fitly; suit- ably. COMP ATIENT, k&m-pa'-shent. a. [con and patior, Lat.] Suffering together. Sir G. Buck. COMPATRIOT §, kom-pa'-tre-ut. 166. n. s. [con and patn.., Lat.] One of the same country. Bp. Hall. COMPATRIOT*, kom-pa'-tre-ut. a. Of the same- countr Akenside. COMPE" FR, kom-peer'. n. s. [compar, Lat.] Equal ; companion. Chaucer. To COMPE'ER, k&m-peer'. v. a. To be equal with ; to mate. Shakspeare. To COMPE L §, kom-peT. [See To Collect.] v. a. [compello, Lat.] To force to some act ; to oblige. Shak. To take by force or violence. SJiak. To gather together, and unite in a company. Dryden. To seize ; to overpower. Dryden. COMPELLABLE, k&m-pelMa-bl. a. That may be forced. Blackstone. COMPE'LLABLY*, k6m-pelMa-ble. ad. In a for- cible manner. ' COMPELLATION, kom-pel-la'-shun. n.s. The style of address ; the word of salutation. Burton. COMPE'LLER, kom-pel'-l&r. n.s. He that forces another. Sir T. Smith. CO'MPEND §, konV-pend. n. s. [compendium, Lat.] Abridgement ; summary. Watts. COMPENDIARIOUS, kom-pen-je-a'-re-fis. 294. a. Short; contracted. To COMPENDIATE*, koin-pen'-je-ate. v. a. To sum together ; to comprehend. COMPENDIOSITY, kom-pen-je-os'-e-te. 294. n.s. Shortness. COMPENDIOUS, kom-peV-je-us. a. Short ; sum- mary; abridged. Woodward. COMPENDIOUSLY, kom-pen'-je-us-le. 294. ad. Shortly ; in epitome. Hooker. COMPENDIOUSNESS. kom-pen'-je-us-nes. 294. n. s. Shortness ; brevity. Bentley. COMPE'NDIUM, kom-pen'-je-tim. n.s. [Lat.] Abridgement; summary. Watts. COMPENSABLE, kom-pen'-sa-bl. a. That which may be recompensed. Cotgrave. To COMPENSATE §, kom-pen'-sate. 91. v. a. [compenso, Lat.] To recompense ; to make amends for. Bacon, COMPENSATION, kom-pen-sa'-shun. n.s. Rec- ompense ; amends. Bacon. COMPENSATIVE, k&m-pen'-sa-tfv. a. That which compensates. COMPENSATORY*, k6m-pen'-sa-lur-re. a. That which makes amends. To COMPENSE.kom-pense 7 . v. a. To compensate ; to be equivalent to ; to recompense. Bacon. To COMPERENDIN ATE §, kom-pe-ren'-de-nate. v. a. [comperendino, Lat.J To delay. COMPERENDIN ATION,k6m-pe-ren-de-na'-shan. n. s. Delay ; diiatoriness. 'r. COMPETENCE, kom'-pe-tonse. )n. s. Such a CO MPETENCY, k6m'-pe-ten-se. $ quantity as k» sufficient, without superfluity. Government of the Tong7ie. A fortune equal to the conveniences of life. Shak. The power or capacity of a judge, or court, to take cognizance of an affair. COMPETENT §,k&m'-pe-tent. a. [competens, Lat.] Suitable; fit. Bacon. Adapted to any purpose. Davies. Reasonable ; moderate. Hooker. Qnali fied ; fit. Government of the Tongue. Consistent with ; incident to. Focke. COMPETENTLY, kom'-oe-tent-le. ad. Adequate- ly; properly. Bentley. Reasonably; moderately Wotton. COMPE'TIBLES, kom-pet'-e-bl. a. Suitable to; consistent with. More. See Compatible. COMPATIBLENESS, kom-pet'-e-bl-nes. n. s. Suit- ableness; fitness. COMPETITION §, kom-pe-tlsh'-un. n. s. [con and -tetitio, Lat.] Rivalry; contest. Bacon. Double claim. Bacon. COMPETITOR, kSm-pet'-e-tar. n. s. A rival. Shak. An associate. Shakspeare. COMPE'TITRESS*,kom-peY-e-tres. ) n.s. She who COMPE'TITRIX*, kom-pet'-e-trlks. $ is a rival. Hieragonisticon. Lord Herbert. COMPILATION, kom-pe-la'-shun. n.s. A collec- tion from various authors. Warton. An assem- blage. Woodward. COMPILATOR*, kom-pe-la'-tfir. n.s. A collector. Chaucer. To COMPPLE §, kom-plle'. v. a. [compilo, Lat.] To draw up from various authors. Blackstone. To write ; to compose. Temple. To contain ; to com- prise. Spenser. To make up ; »o compose. Chap- man. To put together; to build. Spenser. COMPFLEMENT, kom-pile'-ment. n. s. Coacerva- tion; piling together. Sir H. Wotton. COMPFLER, kom-plMfir.tt.s. One who frames a composition from various authors. Bacon. COMPLACENCE, kom-pla'-sense. ) n.s. Pleasure; COMPLACENCY, kom-pla'-sen-se. \ satisfaction. Milton. The cause of pleasure. Milton. Civility j complaisance. Clarendon. COMPLACENT §, kom-pla'-sent. a. [comphcens, Latj Civil ; affable. Burke. COMPLACENTLY*, kdm-pla'-sent-le. ad. In a soft or easy manner. To COMPLA'INS, kom-plane'. v.n. [complaindre, Fr.] To mention with sorrow or resentment; to murmur ; to lament. Shak. To inform against. Shak. To COMPLAIN, k6m-plane / . v. a. To lament ; to bewail. Fairfax. COMPLA1NABLE*, kom-pla'-na-bl. a. To be complained of. Feltham. COMPLAINANT, kom-pla'-nant. n.s. One who urges a suit. Collier. COMPLA'INER, k6m-pla'-nnr. n.s. One who com- plains ; a murmurer. Numbers. COMPLAINING*, kom-pla'-nlng. n. s. Expression of sorrow or injury. Psalm cxliv. COMPLA / INT,'kom-plant / . n. s. Representation of pains or injuries. Hooker. The cause of complaint. Swift. A malady; a disease. Arbuthnot. Re-» monstrance against ; information against. Shalt. COMPLAINFUL*, kom-plane'-ful. a. Full of com plaint. Huloet. Ob. T. COMPLAISANCE, kom-ple-zanse'. n. s. Civility , desire of pleasing. Dryden. COMPLAISANT §, kom-ple-zant'. a. [complaisant, Fr.] Civil ; desirous to please. W. Mmntagu. COMPLAISANTLY, korn-ple-zantMe. ad. Civilly. Pope. COMPLAISANTNESS, k&m-ple-zant'-nes. n.s. Civility; compliance. Diet. To COMPLANATE, kom-pla'-nate. 503. ) To COMPLANE, kom-plane'. $ [planus, Lat.] To level ; to reduce to a flat surface. Derham. COMPLE'AT. See Complete. COMPLEMENT, k&m'-ple-ment. n. s. [complement turn, Lat.] Perfection ; completion. Hooker Com- 214 COM COM — n6, move, nor, not; — tube, tub, bull 5 — 51 1 ; — pound; — lh\h, this. pleteset; the full quantity or number. Prior. Ad- scititious circumstances. Hooker. [In geometry.] What remains of a quadrant of a circle, or of nine- ty degrees, after any certain arch hath been re- trenched from it. [In astronomy.] The distance of a star from the zenith. — Complement of the cur- tain. [In fortification.] That part in the interiour side of it which makes the demigorge. Arithmeticel complement of a logarithm, is what the logarithm wants of 10,000,000. Chambers. COMPLEME'NTAL^kdm-ple-meV-ta!. a. Adsciti- tious ; expressive of compliment. Sir J. Haring- ton. COMPLEMENTARY*, kom-ple-men'-ta-re. n. s. One skilled in compliments. B. Jonson. COMPLETER kom-plete'. [See To Collect.] a. [completus, Lat.] Perfect ; full. Hooker. Finished; ended. Prior. To COMPLE'TE, kom-plete'. v. a. To perfect ; to finish. Walton. COMPLETELY, kom-pleteMe. ad. Fully; perfect- ly. Blacknwre. COMPLE'TEMENT, k6m-plete / -ment. n. s. The act of completing. More. COMPLETENESS, kom-plete'-ngs. n. s. Perfec- tion. K. diaries. COMPLETION, kom-ple'-shun. n. s. Accomplish- ment ; act of fulfilling. South. Utmost height ; perfect state. Pope. COMPLE'TIVE*, kSm-ple'-tlv. a. Making complete. Harris. COMPLE'TORY*, k6m-ple / -tur-e. a. Fulfilling. Barrow. COMPLETORY*, kom'-ple-tfir-e. n. s. [completo- rium, low Lat.] The evening service ; the compline of the Romish church. Hooper. COMPLEX ^kcW-ple'ks. )a. [complexus , Lat.] COMPLE'XED, koin-pleksf. \ composite ; of manv parts ; not simple. Broicn. COMPLEX, k6m'-pleks. n.s. Complication ; collec- tion. South. COMPLE'XEDNESS, k&m-pleV-sgd-n&i. 365. n.s. Complication ; involution of many particular parts in one integral. Locke. COMPLETION, kom-plek'-shun. n.s. The enclosure of one thing in another. Waits. The colour of the external parts of any body. Shak. The tempera- ture of the body. Dryden. COMPLETION AL,k&m-plek'-shfiu-al. a. Depend- ing on the complexion or temperament. Brown. COMPLE'XIONALLY, kom-plek'-shun-al-le. a. By complexion. Brown. COMPLE'XIONARY* k&m-ple^-shun-a-re. a. Re- lating to the care of the complexion. Bp. Tai/Ior. COMPLE'XIONED*, kom-plek'-shund. a. Hav- ing a body in good temperature. L. Addison. COMPLEXITY*, k&m-plgks'-e-te. n.s. State ofbe- ingcomplex. Burke. COMPLE'XLY, kom-pleks'-le. ad. In a complex manner. COMPLE'XNESS, kom-pleks'-ngs. n.s. The state of being complex. A. Smith. COMPLE'XURE, kom-plek'-shure. 452. n.s. The involution or complication of one thing with others. $ry* The s in the composition of x in this word, agreeably to analogy, goes into the sharp aspiration s/t, as it is preceded by the sharp consonant ft ; in the same man- ner as the s in pleasure goes into the flat aspiration zh, as it is preceded by a vowel. 479. W. COMPLFABLE*, kom-pll'-a-bl. a. That can bend or yield. Milton. COMPLPANCE, kom-pn'-anse. n.s. The act of yielding to any desire ; submission. King Cliarles. A disposition to yield to others; complaisance. Clarendon. COMPLI'ANT, kom-plV-lnt. a. Yielding ; bending. Milton. Civil; complaisant. COMPLI'ANTLY*, kom-pll'-ant-le. ad. In a yield- ing manner. To COMPLICATES, kom'-ple-kate. v. a. [compli- co, Lat.] To entangle one with another ; to join ; to involve mutually. Tillotson. To unite by invo- lution of parts. Boyle. To form by the union of several parts. Donne. COMPLICATE, konV-ple-kate.Ql.a. Compounded of a multiplicity of parts. Bacon. COMPLICATE LY*, kom'-ple-kate-lt;. ad. In a complicated manner. COMPLICATENESS, k6m'-ple-kate-nes. n s. In- tricacy; perplexity. Hale. COMPLICATION, k6m-ple-ka'-sh&n. n. s. Involv- ing one thing in another. Jordan. The state of being involved. Wil/ci/is. The integra. consisting of many things involved, perplexed, and united. Waits. COMPLICE, kdm'-plls. n. s. [complex, low Lat.] An accomplice. Shalcspeare. COMPLFER, kom-pll'-ur. n. s. A man of an easy temper. Swift. COMPLIMENTS, kom'-ple-ment. n. s. [compliment, Fr.] An act, or expression, of civility, usually un- derstood to mean less than it declares. Sidney. To COMPLIMENT, kom'-ple-ment. v. a. To soothe with expressions of respect; to flatter; to praise. Glanrille. To COMPLIMENT, kom'-ple-ment. v. n. To use adulatory language. Milton. COMPLIME'NTAL, kom-ple-men'-tal. a. Implying compliments. Shakspeare. COMPLIME'NTALLY, kom-ple-men'-tal-le. ad. In the nature of a compliment. Broome. COMPL1MENTER, kom'-ple-men-t&r. n.s. One given to compliments ; a flatterer. COMPLINE, kom'-plin. n. s. [compleiinum, low Lat.] The last act of worship at night, by which the ser- vice of the day is completed. Spenser. To COMPLISH*, k6m'-pl?sh. v. a. To accomplish. Spenser. To COMPLO'RE, kom-pl6un'-d&r. n. s. One who brings parties to terms of agreement. Shelton. One who mixes bodies. An academical term for one who, having any estate or income for life of a cer tain value, pays extraordinary fees for the degree which he takes; and, according to the value, is either a grand or a petty compounder. jfb COMPREHEND*, k6m-pre-hend'. v. a. [com prehendo, Lat.] To comprise ; to include. Rom To contain in the mind ; to understand ; to con ceive. St. John. COMPREHENSIBLE, k6m-pre-hen'-se-bl. a. In telligible. Locke. Possible to be comprised. Bacon COMPREHENSIVENESS*, kom-pVe-heV-se-bl nes. n. s. Capability of being understood. More. COMPREHENSIBLY, k6m-pre-hen'-se-ble. ad With great power of understanding ; significantly Tillotson. COMPREHENSION, k6m-pre-hen'-shun. n. s. Comprising or containing; inclusion. Hooker. Sum mary ; epitome. Rogers. Knowledge ; capacity.. Dryden. A trope or figure, by which the name of a whole is put for a part, or that of a part for the whole, or a definite number for an indefinite. Harris. COMPREHENSIVE, k6m-pre-hen'-siv. a. Having the power to comprehend or understand many things at once. Dryden. Compendious ; extensive. Sprat. COMPREHENSIVELY, kom-pre-hen'-siv-le. ad. In a comprehensive manner. COMPREHENSIVENESS, k&m-pre-hen'-slv-ngs. n. s. The quality of including much in a few words. Addison. The power of understanding all things. Shelford. COMPREHENSOR* k6m-pre-hen / -s&r. n.s. One who has attained knowledge. Bp. Hall. COMPRESBYTE'RIAL*, k6m-pres-be-te'-re-al. a. Relating to the Presbyterian form of ecclesiastical ministration. Milton. To COMPRESS §, k&m-pres'. v. a. [compressus Lat.] To force into a narrow compass. Adams. To embrace. Pope. COMPRE SS, kom'-pres. 492. n.s. Bolsters of linen, by which surgeons fix their bandages. Wiseman. COMPRESSIBILITY, kom-pres-se-bil'-le-te. n. s. The quality of being compressible. COMPRESSIBLE, kom-pres'-se-bl, a. Capable of being forced into a narrower compass. Cheyne. COMPRESSIBLENESS, kom-preV-se-bl-nes. n. s. Capability of being pressed close. COMPRESSION, kom-presh'-un. n. s. Bringing the parts of any body more near to each other by vio- lence. Bacon. COMPRESSIVE*, kom-pres'-slv. a. Having the power to compress. Smith. COMPRESSURE,k6m-presh / -shure.452. n.s. The force of one body pressing against another. Boijle. CO'MPRIEST*, k6m'-pr?est. n. s. A fellow-priest Milton. To COMPRINT, k6m-prfnt'. v. n. [comprimere. Lat.] To print together. [In law.] The deceitful printing of another's copy, to the prejudice of the proprietor. Phillips. COMPRISAL*, k6m-prl'-zal. n. s. The compre- hending of things. Barrow. To COMPRISE $, kom-prlze'. v. a. [compris, Fr.] To contain ; to include. Hooker. To CO'MPROBATE $*, k6m'-prd-bale. v. n. [com- probo, Lat.] To agree with ; to concur in testimony. Sir T.Eliot. 5 y COMPROBA'TION, kom-prd-ba'-shiV n.s. Proof: attestation. Brown. COMPROMISES, kom'-pro-mlze. n. s. [compromis- sum, Lat.] A mutual promise of parties at differ- ence, to refer their controversies to arbitrators. Cowel. A compact, in which concessions are made on each side. Shakspeare. To COMPROMISE, k&m'-pro-mlze. v. a. To com- pound ; to adjust a dispute by mutual concessions. Shenstone. To accord; to agree. Shakspeare. To COMPROMISE*, k6m'-pr6-mlze. v. n. To agree ; to accord. Fuller. 216 CON CON -no, move, nor, n&t; — tube, tub, bull; — 611; — p6und; — thin, THis. CO'MPROMISER*, kcW-pri-ml-zur. n. s. He who makes concession. COMPR03IISSO'RIAL, k6m-pr6-m?s-s6'-re-al. a. Relating to a compromise. To CO'MPROMIT*, kdm'-pri-mu. v. a. [compro- miito, Lat.] To pledge ; to promise. Sir T. Elyot. COMPROVINCIAL; k&m-prd-vfoi'-shal. n. s. Be- longing to the same province. Ayliffe. COMPT§, kount. 407. n.s. [compte, Fr.] Account; computation. SJia/cspeare. To COMPT, kdftnt. v. a. To compute. COMPT §*, kompt. a. [coi?iptus, Lat.] Neat ; spruce. Cotgrave. CO'MPTIBLE, koun'-te-bl. a. Accountable; ready to give account. Sliakspeare. CO'MPTLY*, kompt' -le. ad. Neatly ; sprucely. Sher- wood. CO'MPTNESS*, kompt'-nes. n. s. Neatness. Sher- tcood. To COMPTROL$, kon-troll'. 84, 406. v. a. [for control.'] To control ; to overrule. COMPTROLLER, kon-troMQr. n. s. Director; su- pervisor. Shakspeare. C6mPTROLLERSHIP, k6n-tr6'-lur-shlp. n.s. Su- perintendence. Carew. COMPULSATrVE*, kom-pul'-sa-tlv. a. Compel- ling ; forcing. COMPULSATIVELY, kom-pul'-sa-tiv-le. ad. With force ; by constraint. Clarissa. COMPULSATORY, kom-pul'-sa-tur-e. 512. [See Domkstick.] a. Having the force of compelling. Shakspeare. COMPULSION §, kom-pul'-sluin. n.s. [compulsio, Lat.] The act of compelling; force. Sliakspeare. Violence suffered. Locke. COMPULSIVE, k6m-pul'-s?v.a. Having the power to compel. Beaumont arA FletcJier. COMPULSIVELY, kcrn-pul'-sk-le. ad. By force ; by violence. Milton. COMPU LSIVENESS, k6m-pul'-siv-nes. n. s. Force; compulsion. COMPULSORILY, k6m-puF-s6-re-le. ad. In a forcible manner. Bacon. COMPULSORY, kom-pul'-sur-e. 512. [See Do- mestick.] a. Having the power of compelling. Bp. Bramhxll. COMPUNCTION §, kom-pungk'-shun. n.s. [com- ponction, Fr.] The power of pricking; stimulation. Brown. Repentance ; contrition. Clarendon. COMPU'NCTIOUS, kom-pungk'-shus. a. Repent- ant; sorrowful. Shakspeare. COMPU'NCTIVE, kom-pungk'-tlv. a. Causing re- morse. COMPUTIL*, kom-piY-pll. n. s. A fellow-pupil. Walton. COMPURGATION^, kom-pur-ga'-shun. n.s. [com- purgalio, Lat.] The practice of justifying any man's veracity by the testimonv of another. COMPURG ATOR, kdm-pfir-ga'-tfir. n. s. One who bears his testimony to the credibility of another. Fuller. COMPUTABLE, kom-pu'-ta-bl. a. Capable of be- ing numbered. Hale. To CO'xMPUTATE §*, kom'-pu-tate. v. a. To ac- count; to reckon. Cockeram. COMPUTATION, kom-pu-ta'-shun. n. s. The act of reckoning. Shakspeare. The sum settled by calculation. Addison. To COxMPUTE§, kom-pute'. v. a. [computo, Lat.] To reckon ; to calculate. Burnet. COMPLETE, kom-pute'. n. s. Computation. Broivn. COMPUTER, kom-piV-tur. n. s. Reckoner; calcu- lator. Brown. CO'MPUTXST, kom'-pu-dst. n.s. Calculator. Wotlon. COMRADE, kum'-rade. 165. n. s. [camerade, Fr.] One who dwells in the same house or chamber. Shakspeare. A companion. Milton. CO'MROGUE*, k6m'-r6g. n. s. A fellow-rogue. B. Jonson. CON§, k6n. A Latin inseparable preposition, which, at the beginning of words, signifies union or asso- ciation j as, concourse, a running together. CON, kon. [contra, Lat.] A cant word for the nega tive side of a question ; as, the pros and cons. James. To CON §, ken. v. a. [connan, Sax.] To know. Spen- ser. To study ; to commit to memory. Shakspeare To CON thanks. To thank. Shakspeare. To CONCA'31ERATE$, kon-kam'-e-rate. 91, 408. v. a. [concamero, Lat.] To arch over; to lay con- cave over. Grew. CONCAMERATION, kon-kam-e-ra'-shun. n. &. Arch ; vault. Sir T. Herbert. To CONCATENATE ^kon-kat'-e-nate. v.a. [cate- na, Lat.] To link together. Barrow. CONCATENATION , k6n-kat-e-n;'i/-shun. n. s. A se- ries of links; an uninterrupted succession. B. Jonson.. CONCA'USE*, kon-kawz'. n. s. Joint cause. Foth- erlnj. CONCAVATION, kong-ka-va'-shun. n.s. The aet of making concave. {£f* As the secondary accent is on the first syllable of this word, and the n conies before hard c, it has the ringing sound as much as if the principal accent were upon it. 408, 409, 432. W. CO'NCAVE §, kong'-kave. 408, 409, 432. a. [conca- vus, Lat.] Hollow without angles : opposed to con- vex. Burnet. Hollow. Shakspeare. CO'NCAVE* kong'-kave. n.s. A hollow ; a cavity MiltOJi. To CO'NCAVE*, kong'-kave. v. a. To make hollow. Seward. CONCAVENESS, kemg'-kave-nes. n. s. Hollow- ness. Diet. CONCA'VITY, kon-kav'-e-te. n. s. Internal surface of a hollow spherical or spheroidical bod v. Walton. CONCAVO-CONCAVE, kon-ka / -v6-k6ng / -kave. 408. a. Concave or hollow on both sides. CONCAVO-CONVEX, kon-ka'-vo-kon'-veks. a, Concave one wav. and convex the other. Neuion CO'NCAVOUS, k^n-ka'-viis. a. Concave; hollow without angles. Smith. CO'NCA VOUSLY, k6n-ka / -vus-le. ad. With hollow- ness. Brown. To CONCE'ALS, kon-sele . v. a. [concelo, Lat.] To hide ; to keep secret. Spenser. CONCE'ALABLE, kon-se'-la-bl. a. Capable of be- ing concealed. Brown. CONCE'ALEDNESS, k&n-seMed-nes. n. s. Pri- vacv; obscuritv. Diet. CONCE'ALER.'kon-se'-lur. n. s. He that conceals any thing. Bp. Hall. CONCEALING*, kon-seMino keeping close. Bp. Taylor. CONCEALMENT, kon-sele'-ment. n. s. The act of hiding. Shakspeare. Privacy. Addison. Hiding place; retreat. Rogers. To CONCE'DE^kon-sede'. v. a.[concedo, Lat.] To yield 5 to admit; to let pass undisputed. Broicn. To CONCE'DE*, kon-sede'. r. n. To admit; to grant. Bentley. CONCEIT §, k6n-sete / . n. s. [cmceplus, Lat.] Con ception; thought. Sidney. Understanding; readi ness of apprehension. Sidney. Fancy ; imagina tion; fantastical notion. Shale. Opinion in a neu- tral sense. Prov. Pleasant fancy; gayety of imagination. ShaJc. Sentiment; striking thought. Pope. Fondness; favourable opinion; opiniona tive pride. Batileu. Out of conceit with No longer fond of. Til/otson. To CONCEPT, kon-sete 7 . v. a. To conceive; to imagine ; to believe. Shakspeare. CONCERTED, kon-seMed. part. a. Endowed with fancy. Knolles. Proud; fond of himself. Felion. CONCETTEDLY, k&n-se'-ted-le. ad. Fancifully, whimsically. Donne. CONCELTEDNESS, kon-se'-ted-nes. n. s. Pride ; opinionativeness ; fondness of himself. More. CONCE'ITLESS, kon-sete'-les. a. Stupid; widiout thought. Shakspeare. CONCEIVABLE, k6n-se / -va-bl. a. That may be imagined or thought. Wilkins. That may be un derstood or believed. Glanville. CONCETVABLENESS, kon-se'-va-bl-iies. n. s. The quality of being conceivable. 217 71. s. A hidins or CON CON Q~r 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat;— me, met ;— pine, p?n;- CONCETVABLY, kon-se'-va-ble. ad. In a conceiva- ble or intelligible manner. Mountagv.. ToCONCE'lVES, kon-seve'. v. a. [concevoir, Fr.] To admit into the womb. Psalm li. To form in the mind ; to imagine. Jer. To comprehend ; to un- derstand. Sliakspeare. To think. Swift. To CONCE'IVE, kon-seve'. v.n. To think ; to have an idea of. Sliakspeare. To become pregnant. Genesis. CONCE'IVER, kon-se'-vdr. n. s. One that under- stands or apprehends. Broivn. CONCEIVING* kon-se'-v'ing. n. s. Apprehension ; understanding. Shaksjyeare. To CONCE'LEBRATE*, kdn-sel'-e-brate. v. a. To praise ; to celebrate together. Sherwood. CONCENT $, koh-senj/. n. s. [concentus, Lat.] Con- cert of voices; harmony. Bacon. Consistency. Dr. Maine. CONCENTFUL*, kon-sent'-ful. a. Harmonious. Fotherby. CONCERTED* kon-sent'-ed. part. a. Made to agree with. Spenser. To CONCENTRATES, kon-sen'-trate. 91. v. a. [con and centrum, Lat.] To drive into a narrow compass. Arbuthnot. CONCENTRATION, kon-sen-tra'-shun. n. s. Col- lection into a narrow space round the centre. Peacham. To CONCENTRE, kon-sen'-lur. 416. v. n. To tend to one common centre. Wotton. To CONCENTRE, k6n-sen'-tur. v. a. To direct, or contract towards one centre. Milton. CONCF/NTRICAL, kon-seV-tre-kal. > a. Having CONCENTRICK, k&n-sen'-trlk. $ one com- mon centre. Donne. CONCEPTUAL* kon-sen'-tshu-al. a. Harmon-ous. WaHon. CONCETTACLE, kon-sep'-ta-kl. 405. n.s. [con- ceptacidum, Lat.] That in which any thing is con- tained ; a vessel. Woodicard. CONCERTIBLE, k6n-seV-te-bl. «. That may be conceived ; intelligible. Hale. CONCERTION §, kon-sep'-shun. n. s. [concepiio, Lat.] Conceiving, or growing quick with preg- nancy. Gen. The state of being conceived. Shale. Notion; idea; image in the mind. Sentiments; purpose. Sliak. Apprehension; knowledge. Da- vies. Conceit ; sentiment ; pointed thought. ^Dryden. CONCETTIOUS, kon-sep^-shus. a. Fruitful ; preg- nant. Shaksjieare. CONCERTIVE, kon-sep'-tlv. a. Capable to con- ceive. Brown. To CONCERN §, kon-sern'. v. a. [concerno, low Lat.] To relate to ; to belong to. Hooker. To af- fect with some passion; to touch nearly. Shuk. To interest; to engage by interest. Boyle. To disturb ; to make uneasy. Derhavi. To concern himself. To intermeddle ; to be busy. Dryden. CONCERN, kon-sern'. n. s. Business ; affair. Den- }iam. Interest ; engagement. Dryden. Importance ; moment. Roscommon. Passion ; affection. Dryd. CONCERNEDLY, kon-seW-ed-le. ad. With af- fection. C'y.rendon. CONCERNING, k6n-seV-n?ng. prep. Relating to. Bacon. CONCERNING*, kon-seV-n?ng. n. s. Business. Shakspeai-e. CONCERNMENT, k6n-sern / -me , nt. n. s. Affair; business ; interest. Milton. Relation ; influence. Denham Intercourse ; business. Locke. Impor- tance ; moment. Boyle. Interposition; regard. Clarendon. Passion; emotion of mind, Dryden. To CONCERTS, kon-sert'. v. a. [converter, Fr.] To settle any thing in private by mutual communica- tion. Taller. To settle; to contrive; to adjust. Rowe. To CONCERT*, k6n-serf'. v. n. To consult with. CONCERT, kon'-sert. n. s. Communication of de- signs. Swift. An assembly of musicians perform- ing before an audience. Scott. CONCERTA'TION, kon-ser-ta'-shun. n. s. [concer- tatio } Lat.] Strife ; contention. Life of Firmin. CONCERT ATIVE, k&n-ser'-ta-tlv. a. Contentious 2uarrelsome. Diet. )NCE'RTO*, k6n-seV-t6. n. s. [Ital.] A piece of musick composed for a concert. Mason. CONCESSION §, kon-seV-shun. n.s. [ccmcessio, Lai.'] Granting or yielding. Hale. A grant; the thing yielded. K. Charles. CONCESSIONARY, kon-ses'-shun-ar-e. a. Given by indulgence or allowance. CONCESSIVE*, kon-ses'-sfv. a. Implying conces sion. Lowth. CONCESSIVELY, kon-seV-siv-le. ad. By way oJ concession. Brown. COISCE'TTO*, kon-set'-to. n. s. [Ita!.] False con ceit ; affected wit. Shenstone. CONCH S, kongk. 408. n. s. [concha, Lat.] A shell. Dryden. CONCHITE*, kon'-kit. n. s. A sort of petrified shell. Bp. Nicohon. CONCHOTD, kong'-kofd. n. s. [ccmchoide, Fr.] The name of a curve. CONCIE'RGE*, k&n-seerje'. [Fr.] n. s.The keeper of a palace ; a house-keeper. CONCPLIABLE^kon-su'-e-a-bl. n. s. [comiliabuk, old Fr.] A small assembly. Bacon. Ob. T. CONCFLIAR, kon-sll'-yar. a. Relating to a council. Baker. To CONCILIATE §, kon-sil'-yate. 91, 113. v. a. [concilio, Lat.] To gain ; to win ; to reconcile. Brown. CONCILIATION, k&n-sfl-e-a'-shun. ». s. The act of gaining or reconciling. Bale. CONCILIATOR, kon-su-e-a'-tttr. b. *. One that makes peace. CONCILIATORY, k6n-sil'-e-a-tur-e. [See Do- mestick.] a. Tending to reconciliation. Burke. 05= Mr. Sheridan place3 the accent upon the a in thia word, but all our other orthoe'pists place it, more proper- ly, upon the second syllable. 512. fV. To CONCI NNATE*, kon-sln'-nate. v. a. To make fit. Cockeram. Oh. T. CONCPNNITY, kon-shr-ne-te. n.s. Decency; fit- ness. Peacham. CONCPNNOUS §, kon-sln'-nfis. a, [conchmus, Lat.) Becoming; pleasant; agreeable. CONCIONATOR*, kon'-shSn-a-tfir. n. s. [Lat.] A preacher. Cockeram. CONCIONATOR Y, kon'-sb&n-a-tur-e. a. Used at preachings or publick assemblies. Howell. CONCISE §, kon-slse'. a. [concisvs, Lat.] Brief 5 short. B. Jonson. CONCISELY, kon-slse'-le. ad. Briefly; shortly. Goodman . CONCISENESS, kon-slse'-nes. n. s. Brevity. Dry- den. CONCISION, kon-sfzh'-zhun. n. s. [concisura, Lat.] Cutting off; excision. Philip-pirns. CONCITA'TION, kon-se-ta'-shun. n. s. [concitatio, Lat.] stirring up, or putting in motion. Brown. To CONCI'TE §*, kon-site'. v. a. [tonciio, Lat.] To excite ; to provoke. Cotgrare. Ob. T. CONCLAMA'TION, kong-kja-ma'-shfin. 408. n. s. [conclamatio, Lat.] An outcry or shout of many together. May. CONCLAVE, kong'-klave. 408. [See To Cot- lect.] n.s. [conclave, Lat.] A private apartment ; an inner parlour. Diet. The room in which the cardinals meet ; or the assembly of the cardinals, Shak. A close assemblv. P. Fletcher. To CONCLU'DE §, kon-klude'. v. a. [concludo, Lat.] To shut. Hooker. To include; to comprehend. Romans. To collect by ratiocination. Tillotson. To decide ; to determine. Dryden. To end ; to finish. Sliakspeare. To oblige, as by the final de- termination. Bacon. To CONCLUDE, k6n-klude\ v. n. To perform the last act of ratiocination ; to collect the consequence. Davies. To settle opinion. Atterbunj. Finally to determine. Shaksjteare. To end. Dryden. CONCLUTJENCY, k&n-khV-den-se. n. s. Conse- quence; logical deduction of reason. Hale. CONCLU'DENT^on-kkV-dent. a. Decisive. Bacon. 218 CON CON -n6, move, nor, n&t ; — tube, tub, bull 5 — 61] ; — j -th'm, THis. CONCLU'DER*, kon-khV-dur. n. s. One who de- termines or decides. Mountagu. CONCLUDINGLY, kon-khV-ding-le. ad. With uncontrovertible evidence. Digby. CONCLU'SIBLE, kon-khV-ze-bl. 439. a. Determi- nable. Hammond. CONCLUSION, kon-klu'-zhun. n.s. Determina- tion ; final decision. Hooker. The collection from propositions premised. Bacon. The close; the last result of deduction. Eccles. The event of experi- ments. Shak. The end. Howell. Silence; con- finement of the thoughts. Shakspeare. CONCLU'SIONAL*, kon-klu'-zhfin-al. a. Conclud- ing. Hooper. CONCLUSIVE, kon-klu'-slv. 158,428. a. Decisive. Kino- Charles. Regularly consequential. Locke. 1 CONCLUSIVELY, kon-kliV-siv-le. ad. Decisively. Bacon. CONCLUSIVENESS, kon-klu'-siv-nes. n. s. Pow- er of determining the opinion; regular consequence. Hale. To CONCOA'GULATE §, kong^-ag'-gu-late. 408. v. a. [con and coagulate.'] To curdle or con- geal one thing with another. Boyle. CONCOAGULA'TION, _ kong-ko-ag-gu-laAshun. n. s. A coagulation of different bodies in one mass. To CONCO'CT§, kdn-kokt'. r. ai [concoquo, Lat.] To digest by the stomach. Bacon. To purify or sublime bv heat. Thomson. To ripen. Bacon. CONCO'CTlON, kon-kok'-shun. n. s. Digestion in the stomach ; maturation by heat. Bacon. CONCO'CTIVE*, kon-kok'-tlv. at. Digesting by the stomach. 3Ii/ton. CONCO'LOUR, k&n-kfil'-l&r. a. [cancolor, Lat.] Of I one colour. Brown. CONCOMITANCE, kfo-kom'-e-tanse. ) n. s. Sub- 1 CONCO'MITANCY, kon-kiW-e-tan-se. ) sistence j together with another thing. Broicn. CONCOMITANT §, kon-kom'-e-tant. a. [concomi- tant, Lat.] Conjoined with 3 concurrent with. Bacon. CONCO'MITANT, kon-kom'-e-tant. n. s. Compan- ion; person or thing collaterally connected. Ba- con. CONCOMITANTLY, k6n-kom'-e-tant-Ie. ad. In company with others. Pearson. To CONCO'MITATE, kon-kom'-e-tate. v. a. To be collaterally connected with any thing. Harvey. ! CO'NCORD §, kong'-k5rd. 4-08. 'n. s. [concordia, ] Lat.] Agreement ; peace ; union. Shak. A com- 1 pact. Davies. Harmony. Shak. Principal gram- j matical relation of one word to another, distinct \ from regimen. Locke. To CONCORD*, kon-kSrd'. v.n. To agree. Lord : Clarendon. CONCORDANCE, kon-kor'-danse. 496. n. s. A- greement. A book which shows in how many i texts of scripture any word occurs. Soidh. A con- cord in grammar. Ascham. {£5= Johnson, Sheridan, .Ash, Scott, Nares. Perry, Bailoy, Entick, W, Johnston, Buchanan, and Kenrick, all con- j cur in placing the accent on the second syllable of this \ word in both its senses; and every plea of distinction j is trifling against all these authorities, and the dis- cordance of the accent on the first syllable. See To j Bowl. W. CONCORDANCE kon-k6r'-dan-se. n. s. Agree- ment. W. Mountain. CONCORDANT, kon-kSr'-dant. a. Agreeable;! agreeing - . Brown. CONCORDANT*, k6n-k8r'-dant. n. s. That which is correspondent, or agreeing with. Moiirifagu. CONCORD ANTLY* kon-kcV-dant-Ie. ad. In con- junction. W.JMountagn. CONCORD ATE, k6n-k5f'-date. 91. n.s. A com- pact ; a convention. Swift. CONCORPORAL, kon-k6r'-po-ral. a. Of the same bod v. Did. To CONCORPORATE §, k&n-kSr'-pi-rate. 91. v. a. [con and corpus.] To unite in one mass. Abp. Usher. To CONCO'RPORATE, kon-kSr'-pi-rute. v. n. To unite into one body. Bp. Hopkins. CONCORPORA'TION, k6n-k3r-p6-ra/-shun. n. s. Union in one mass. Diet. CO'NCOURSE, kong'-korse. 408. n. s. [concursits, Lat.] Confluence to one place. B. Jonson. Per- sons assembled. Dryden. The point of junction or intersection of two bodies. Concurrence ; agree- ment. Newton. To CONCREA'TE* kong-kre-ate'. v. a. [con and creo.~\ To create at the same time. Feltham. To CONCRE'DIT*, kon-kred'-it. v. a. To intrust. Barrow. CONCREMA'TION, kong-kre-ma'-shun. n. s. [con- cremo, Lat.] Burning manv things together. Did. CO'NCREMENT, kong'-kre-ment. 408. n.s. The mass formed bv concretion. Hale. CONCRE'SCENCE, kon-kres'-sense. n.s. Grow- ing by the union of separate particles. Raleigh. To CONCRETE §, kon-krete 7 . v. n. [concresco, Lat.] To coalesce into one mass. Woodward. To CONCRE'TE, kon-krete'. v. a. To form by con- cretion. Hale. CONCRETE, kon-krete'. [See Discrete.] 408. a. Formed by concretion. Burnet. [In logick.] Not abstract ; aoplied to a subject. Hooker. CONCRETE, kong'-krete. 408. n.s. A mass form- ed by concretion. Bentley. CONCRE'TELY, kon-kfete'-le. ad. In a manner including the subject with the predicate; not ab- stractedly. Norris. CONCRUTENESS, kon-kreie'-ngs. n. s. Coagula- tion. Did. CONCRE'TION, kon-kre'-shun. n. s. The act of concreting. Harris. The mass formed by a coali- tion of separate particles. Bacon. CO'NCRETIVE, kon-kre'-tlv. a. Coagulative. Broicn. CONCRE'TURE, k6n-kr£'-tshure. 461. n. s. A mass formed bv coagulation. To CONCRE'\V*, kon-kru''. v.n. To grow togeth- er. Spenser. Ob. T. CONCUBINAGE, k6n-ku / -be-naje. 91. n.s. The act of living with a woman not married. Broome. CONCU'BINATE* kon-kiV-be-nate. n. s. Whore- dom ; fornication. Bp. Taylor. CO'NCUBINE f, kong'-ku-bine. 408. n. s. [concuhina, Lat.] A woman kept in fornication ; a strumpet. Shak. jToCONCU'LCATE §, kon-kuY-kkte. v, a.: [concidco, Lat.] To tread under foot. Mounlagu. CONCULCA'TION, kong-kul-ka'-shfin. 408. n. s. Trampling with the feet. CONCUPISCENCE, kdn-ku'-pe-sense. 510. n.s. [concupiscentia, Lat.] Irregular desire; lust. Hooker. CONCUPISCENT $, k&n-ku'-pe-sent. a. Libidi- nous; lecherous. Shakspeare. CONCUITSCE'NTIAL, kon-ku-pe-seV-shal. a. Re- lating to concupiscence. CONCUPI'SCIBLE, k6n-ku'-pe-se-bl. a. Impress- ing desire; eager. Bnislcett. To CONCUR §, kon-ku?. 408. v. n. [concurro, Lat. J To meet in one point. Temple. To agree. Swift. To be united with. South. To contribute with joint power. Collier. CONCURRENCE, kon-kur'-rense. ? n. s. Union-; CONCURRENCY, kon-kur'-ren-se. ] association. Locke. Agreement. Hooker. Combination of manv agents. Crashaw. Assistance ; help. Rogers. Joint risjht; equal claim. AylifFe. CONCURRENT, kon-kfi?-rent. a. Acting in con- junction. Davies. Conjoined; associate. Bacon. CONCURRENT, kon-kur'-rent. n.s. A contribu tory cause. Decay of Pidij. Equal claim; joint riffht. Careiv. CONCURRENTLY*, kon-ktV-rent-le. ad. In aa agreeing manner. W. Monntagu. CONCUSSA'TION*, kon-kus-sa'-skun. n. s. A vio- lent agitation. Bp. Hall. CONCU'SSED*, kon-kust'. pad. a. Shaken. Cock- ram. CONCESSIONS kfin-kfislr'-un. n.s. [concussio, Lat.] The act of shaking; agitation. Bacon. The state of being shaken. Woodward. 219 r CON CON O* :>59.— Fate, far, fall, fat ;— me, met ;— pine, pin : CONCU'SSIVE, k&n-k&s'-siv. a. Having the power of shaking'. To CONDEMNS, k6n-dem'. v. a. [condemno, Lat.] To find guilty ; to doom to punishment. Shak. To censure ; to blame. Sliak. To fine. 2 Chron. To show guilt by contrast. Wisdom. CONDE'MNABLE, k&n-dem'-na-bl. a. Blamable; culpable. Broicn. CONDEMNATION, kon-dem-na'-sh&n. n. s. The sentence by which any one is doomed to punish- ment. Romans. CONDEMNATORY, k6n-dem'-na-tar-e. 512. [See Domestick.] a. Passing a sentence of condem- nation, or of censure. Bp. Hall. CONDE'MNER.k&n-dem'-nfir. 411. n. s. Ablamer ; a censurer. Bale. CONDENSABLE, k6n-den'-sa-bl. a. That which is capable of condensation. STo CONDENSATES, kon-den'-sate. 91. v.a. To condense ; to make thicker. Hammond. To CONDENSATE, kon-den'-sate. v. n. To grow thicker. CONDENSATE, k6n-den'-sate. 91. a. Made thick ; condensed. Peacham. CONDENSATION, kon-den-sa'-shun. n. s. The act of thickening any body. Raleigh. CONDENSATIVE*, kon-den'-sa-tiv. a. Having the power of condensating. To CONDENSER k6n-dense'. v. a. [condenso, Lat.] To make any body more thick ; close, and weighty. B. Jonson. To CONDENSE, kon-dense'. v.n. To grow close and weighty. Boyle. CONDENSE, k6n-dense'. a. Thick ; dense. CONDENSER, k6n-den'-sor. n. s. A strong metal- line vessel to crowd the air into a given space. Quincy. CONDENSITY, k6n-den'-se-te. n.s. Condensation ; clcnscnpss. CONDERS, k6n / -durz. n.s. [conduire, Fr.] Such as stand upon high places near the sea coast, at the time of herring-fishing, to make signs to the fishers which way the shoal passes. Cowel. CONDESCENCE*, k&n- de-sense', n.s. Descent from superiority. Puller. To CONDESCENDS, k&n-de-s&nd'. v.n. [conde- scendo, Lat.] To depart voluntarily from the priv- ileges of superiority 5 to sink willingly to equal terms with inferiours. Watts. To consent to do more than mere justice can require. Dryden. To stoop ; to bend. Milton. To agree to, or concur with. Bacon. CONDESCENDENCE, k&n-de-sen'-dense. n. s. Voluntary submission to equality with inferiours. W. Mountain. CONDESCENDING*, k6n-de-send'-lng. n.s. Vol- untary humiliation. Hammond. CONDESCENDINGLY, kon-de-send'-ing-le. ad. By wav of kind concession. More. CONDESCENSION, kon-de-seV-shun. [See To Collect.] n. s. Voluntary humiliation ; descent from superiority. Tillotson. CONDESCENSIVE,kon-de-seV-slv. a. Courteous ; not haughty. Barrow. CONDESCENT*, k6n-de-sent'. n. s. Accordance ; submission ; condescension. Bp. Hall. CONDIGN S, k6n-dlne'. 385. a. [condignus, Lat.] Worthy of a person ; suitable ; deserved ; merited. Sir T. Elyot. CONDI' GNITY*,k&n-d?g'-ne-te. n. s. Merit; desert. Mountain. CONDFGNLY, k&n-dlne'-le. ad. Deservedly; ac- cording to merit. Knight. CONDFGNNESS, k&n-dlne'-ncs. n. *. Suitableness to deserts. Did. CONDIMENT, k&n'-de-ment. n.s. [condimentum, Lat.] Seasoning; sauce. Bacon. CONDISCFPLE, kon-dis-sl'-pl. n. s. [condiscipu- hts, Lat.] A schoolfellow, or fellow disciple. Mar- tin. To CONDITE S, k&n-dlte'. v. a. [condio, Lat.] To pickle ; to preserve. Bp. Taylor. CONDITE*, kdn'-dlt. a. Preserved; conserved Burton. CONDITEMENT, k&n'-dlt-ment. n.s. A compost tion of conserves, in the form of an electuary. Diet. CONDITING*, k&n'-de-ting. n. 5. Preserving. Grew . CONDFTION S, kon-dlsh'-fin. n. s. [cunditio, Lat.] Quality ; that by which any thing is denominated good or bad. Shak. Attribute; accident; proper ty. Sliak. Natural quality of the mind ; temper Spenser. Moral quality ; virtue or vice. Raleigh . State ; external circumstances. Shak. Rank. Sh>tk Stipulation ; terms of compact. Clarendon. The writing of agreement ; compact; bond. Shak. To CONDFTION, kon-d?sh'-un. v.n. To make terms ; to stipulate. B. Jonson. To CONDFTION*, kon-dish'-un. v. a. To contract ; to stipulate. Raleigh. CONDITIONAL, kon-dlsh'-fin-al. a. By way of stipulation ; not absolute. Hooker. [In grammar and logick.] Expressing some condition or suppo- sition. Lowth. CONDFTION AL, k&n-dJsh'-fin-al. n.s. A limitation. Bacon. CONDITIONA'LITY, kon-d?sh-e-6-nal'-e-te. n. s. Limitation by certain terms. Decay of Piety. CONDITIONALLY, k6n-dlsh'-un-al-e. ad. With certain limitations. Shakspeare. CONDFTIONARY, kon-dlsh'-un-a-re. a. Stipu- lated. Norris. To CONDFTIONATE, k6n-dlsh'-un-ate. v. a. To qualify; to regxtlate. Brown. CONDFTIONATE, kon-dlsh'-im-ate. a. Establish ed on certain terms. Hammond. CONDITIONED, kon-dlsh'-und. a. Having quali- ties or properties good or bad. Shakspeare. CONDFTI6NLY*, kon-d?sh'-un-le. ad. On particu- lar terms. Sidney. To CONDO'LE $, kon-d6le'. v. n. [condoleo, Lat.] To lament with those that are in misfortune. Temple. To CONDO'LE, k6n-d6le ; . v. a. To bewail with another. Milton. CONDOLEMENT, k&n-dole'-ment. n.s. Grief; sorrow ; lamentation with others. Milton. CONDO'LENCE, kon-d6'-lense. n.s. Expression of grief for the sorrows of another. Arbvthnot. CONDO LER, k&n-do'-lor. n. s. One that condoles. CONDO'LING*, kdn-d6'-ling. n.s. Expression of condolence. Bp. Hall. CONDON A'TION, k6n-d6-na'-shun. n.s. [condona tio, Lat.] Pardoning ; forgiving. Mountagu. To CONDU'CE S, k&n-duse'. v. n. [conduce, Lat To promote an end ; to contribute. Bacon. To CONDU'CE, kon-duse'. v. a. To conduct ; to accompany in the way. Wotton. CONDU'CEMENT*, kon-duse'-ment. n. s. Tendcn cy. Gregory. CONDU'CENT*, k&n-du'-sent. a. That which may contribute. Ahp. Laud. CONDU'CIBLE, k6n-du'-se-bl. a. Having the power of conducing. Bacon. CONDU'CIBLENESS, kon-du'-se-bl-ngs. n. s. The quality of contributing to any end. More. CONDU'CIBLY*, kon-du'-se-ble. ad. In a manner promoting an end. CONDU'CIVE, kon-du'-sly. a. That which may forward or promote. Addison. CONDU'CIVENESS, kon-du'-slv-nes. n. s. The quality of conducing. Boyle. CONDUCT S, kon'-dukt. 492. n. s. [con and ductus, Lat.] Management ; economy. Bacon. The act of leading troops. Waller. Convoy ; escort. Shak. The act of convoying or guarding. Shak. Exacv behaviour ; regular life. Swift. Guide ; conductor. Shakspeare. To CONDU'CT, k6n-dukt'. v. a. To lead ; to direct. Milton. To usher, and attend in civility. Shak To manage ; as, to conduct an affair. Ld. Lyttelton, To head an army. Robertson. CONDUCTION*, kon-duk'-shun. n.s. The act oi training up. B. Jonson. Ob. T. 8 ' 220 CON CON -n6, move, nSr, not ; — tube, tfib, bull ; — 611 ; — pound ; — th'm, this. CONDUCTl'TIOUS, k6n-duk-tlslr'-us. a. [conduc- titius. Lat.] Hired ; employed for wages. Aylijfe. CONDUCTOR, kon-d&k'-tur. 418. n. s. A leader. Beaum. and Fl. A chief; a general. Shak. A manager; a director. Addison. An instrument to direct the knife in cutting for the stone. Qitincy. [In electricity.] Those substances which are capa- ble of receiving and transmitting the electrick vir- tue. Chambers. CONDUCTRESS, kon-duk'-tres. n. s. A woman that directs; directress. CONDUIT, kun'-dit. loo, 341. n. s. [conduit. FY.] A canal of pipes for the conveyance of waters; an aqueduct. Davks. The pipe or cock at which wa- ter is drawn. Shakspeare. To CONDU PLICATE §* kon-du'-ple-kate. v. a. [corubtplico, Lat.l To double. Cockeram. CONDUPLICATION, kon-di-ple-ka'-shun. n. s. A doubling; a duplicate. CONDYLE* kon'-dil. n. s. [xov&vKos.'] [In anato- my.] A small protuberance at the extremity of a bo'ne. CONE §, k6ne. n. s. [kuvo;.] A solid body, of which the base is a circle, and which ends in a point. Milton. The fruit of the fir-tree. Evelyn. A straw- berry so called. CONEY. See Cony. To CONFABULATES, k&n-fab'-u-late. v.n. [con- fabulo, Lat.l To talk easily or carelessly together ; to chat. Bullokar. CONFABULATION, kon-fab-u-la'-shun. n. s. Cheerful and careless talk. Burton. CONFA'BULATORY, kon-fab'-u-la-tur-e. 512. [See Domestick..] a. Belonging to talk or prat- tle, or in the way of dialogue. Weever. CONFAMI'LIAR* koiWa-mlh'-yar. a. [con and/a- milio.r.~\ Intimate ; closeiv connected. Glanville. CONFARREA'TION, kon-far-re-a'-shun. n.s. [con- farrealio, Lat.] The solemnization of marriage by eating bread or a cake together. Ayliffe. CONFATED*, kon-fa-ted. a. [con and fate.'] De- creed or determined at the same time. Search. To CO'NFECT $, kon-fekt'. v. a. [confectus, La\.\ To make up into sweetmeats. Broicne. To compose ; to form. Sir T. Herbert. CO'NFECT, kdn'-fekt. 492. n.s. A sweetmeat. CONFE CTION, kon-fek'-shun. n. s. A preparation of fruit, with sugar; a sweetmeat. Shakspeare. An assemblage of different ingredients. Bacon. CONFECTIONARY, kon-fek'-shun-a-re. n. s. One whose trade is to make sweetmeats. 1 Samuel. A preparation of sweetmeats. Warton. CONFECTIONER, kon-fek'-shfin-ur. n. s. One whose trade is to make confections or sweetmeats. CO NFECTORY'*, kon'-fek-tur-e. a. Relating to the art of making confects. Beaumont. CONFEDERACY, kon-fed'-er-a-se. n. s. [confede- ration, Fr. fcedus, Lat.] A league ; a contract by which several persons engage to support each other ; federal compact. Shakspeare. To CONFE DERATE §, kon-fed'-er-ate. 91. v. a. To join in a league. Knolks. To CONFE'DERATE, kon-fed'-er-ate. v. n. To league. ; to unite in a league. Shakspeare. CONFE'DERATE, kon-fed'-er-ate. 91. a. United in league. Psalm. Ixxxiii. CONFEDERATE*, kon-fed'-er-ate. n. s. One who engages to support another; an allv. Shakspeare. CONFE DERATING* kon-fed'-er-a-tlng. n.s. Al- liance. Atferburv. CONFEDERATION, kon-fed-er-a'-shun. n. s. League; alliance. Boson. ToCONFE'RS, kon-fer'. r. n. [confero, Lat.] To discourse with another upon a stated subject ; to converse solemnlv. Shakspeare. To CONFER kon-fer 7 . 7-. a. To compare. Raleigh. To give; to bestow. Waller. To contribute ) to conduce. Glanville. CONFERENCE, k&n'-fer-ense. 533. n. s. Formal discourse. Sidney. An appointed meeting for per- sonal debate. Comparison. Hooker. CONFE RRER, kdn-fer'-iir. n. s. He that converses He that bestows. CONFERRING*, kon-fer'-ing. n. s. Comparison ; examination. Bp. Hall. Bestowing. Clarendon. CONFETvVA*, k6n-fer / -va. n.s. [In botany.] Hair- weed. To CONFE'SS§. kon-fes'. v. a. [confiteor,confessum, Lat.l To acknowledge a crime ; to own a failure Shak. To disclose the state of the conscience to the priest. Wake. To hear the confession of a penitent, as a priest. To own ; to avow. St. Mail,. To grant ; not to dispute. Shak. To show ; to prove ■ to attest. Pope. To CONFE'SS, kon-fes'. v.n. To make confession ; to disclose ; to reveal . CO y NFESSARY* kon'-fes-sa-re. a. s. One who makes a confession. Bp. Hall. CONFESSEDLY, kon-fes -sed-le. 364. ad. Avow- edlv; indisputablv. South. CONFESSION, kon-fesh'-un. n.s. Ine acknowl- edgement of a crime. Temple. The act of dis- burdening the conscience to a priest. Wake. Pro- fession ; avowal. 1 Tim. A formulary in which the articles of faith are comprised. Pearson. CONFE'SSIONAL, kon-fesh'-un-al. n. 5. The seat or box in which the confessor sits to hear the dec- larations of his penitents. Addison. j CONFE'SSIONARY, kon-fesh'-un-a-re. n. s. The j same with confessional. Diet. | CONFE SSIONAR Y* kon-fesh'-un-a-re. a. Belong- ; ing to auricular confession. Cotgrave. I CONFESSIOMST*, kon-fesh'-un-ist. n. s. He who i makes profession of faith. Mountagu. CONFE SSOR, kon'-ies-sur. n. s. One who makes profession of his faith in the face of danger. Bacon. i He that hears confessions, and prescribes rules of i penitence. Shak. He who confesses his crimes. Did i 5J5r D r> Kenrick says, this word is sometimes, but im- properly, accented on the first syllable ; but it may ba I observed, that this impropriety is become so universal, that not one, who has the least pretension to politeness, I dares to pronounce it otherwise. It is, indeed, to be re- gretted, that we are so fond of Latin originals as entire- ly to neglect our own ; for this word can now have the accent on the second syllable, only when it means one who confesses his crimes ; a sense in which it is scarcely ever used. Mr. Sheridan and Entick have the accent on the first syllable of this word; Mr. Scutt on the first and second ; Dr. Johnson, Mr. Perry, Buchanan. W. John- ston, Ash, Bailey, and Smith, on the second : but. not- withstanding this weight of authority, the best usage is certainly on the other side. W. CONFE' ST, kon-fest'. a. [A poetical word for con- fessed.] Open ; known ; acknowledged. Roice. I £5= Dr. Kenrick tells us, that this is a poetical word for confessed .- and, indeed, we frequently find it so written by Pope, and others : 11 This clue, thus found, unravels all the rest; '• The prospect clears, and Clodio stands contest." But that this is a mere compliance with the prejudices of the eye, and that there is not the least necessity for departing from the common spelling, see Principles of English Pronunciation, No. 360. W. CONFE'STLY', kdn-fest'-le. 364.. ad. Undisputably Decay of Piely. £5= Properlv, confessedly. W. CONFI CIENT, kon-flsh'-ent. a. [confeims, Lat.] That causes or procures. Diet. CONFIDANT, kon-fe-dant'. n. s. A person trusted with private affairs. Arbuthnot. £5= This word, very unlike most others from the same source, has been made to alter its French jrthography, in order to approach a little nearer to the English pro- nunciation of it. Some affected speakers onthe stage pronounce the first syllable like cone, as it is marked in the first edition of Mr. Sheridan's dictionary ; a;:d this is perfectly of a piece with the affectation which has al- tered the spelling of the last. By Dryden and South. as quoted by Dr. Johnson, we find this word spelled like the adjective confident ; and it is more than probable that its French pronunciation is but of late date ; but, se universal is its use at present, that a greater mark of rusticity cannot be given than to place the accent on the first syllable, and to pronounce the last dent instead of dant. W. 221 CON CON O" 5-59.— Fate, far, fall, fat ;— me, met ;— pine, pin ;— To CONFrDE §, kon-flde'. v. re. {conjido, Lat.] To trust in. Congreve. To CONFFDE*, k6n-fle publick as forfeit. Shaks])eare. $jp Dr. Kenrick blames Dr. Johnson for accenting this word on the second syllable, when the example he brings from Shakspeare accents it on the rirst ; but it may be observed, that, as the verb ought to have the ac- cent on the second syllable, the adjective, which is de- rived from it, ought to have the accent on the same syl- lable likewise ; and the example from Shakspeare must be looked upon as a poetical license. TV. CONFISCATION, kon-fis-ka'-shun. n.s. Transfer- ring the forfeited goods of criminals to publick use. CONFISCATORY, kon'-f is-ki-tur. n.s. One who is concerned in confiscated property. Burke. CONFISCATORY* kon-fls'-ka-tur-e. a. Consign- ing" to forfeiture. Burke. CONFIT*, kon'-flt. n. s. [eonfetlo, Ital.] Any sweet- meat or confection. Beaumont and Fletcher. CONFITENT, kon'-fe-tent. 71. s. [cvmens, Lat.] One who confesses his faults. Decay of Piety. CONFITURE, kon'-tfvtshure. 461'. n. s. [Fr.] A sweetmeat ; a comfit. Bacon. To CONFI X§, kon-fiks'. v.a. [conjigo, confixum, Lat.] To fix down ; to fasten. Shakspeare. CONFIXURE*. kdn-flks'-ure. re. s. The act of fas- tening. TU. Mouniagu. CONFLA'GRANTS, k6n-fla'-grant. a. [confograns Lat.] Burning together; involved in a general fire. Milton. CONFLAGRATION, kon-fla-gra'-shun. n.s. A general fire. Broini. It is generally taken for the fare which shall consume this world at the consum- mation of things. CONFLATION, kon-fla'-shun. re. s. [conflatum, Lat.] The act of blowing many instruments together. Ba- con, Casting or melting of metal. CONFLEXURE, kon-Bek'-shure. 452. n.s. \con- Jlexura. Lat.] A bendinsj" or turning. 2 v o CONFLICTS, k&n-ffikt'. tire, [configo, Lat.] To strive ; to contest ; to fi^ht. Shakspeare. CONFLICT, kon'-falkt. 492. n. s. A violent collision of two substances. Boyle. A combat. Spenser. Contest; strife. Sluik. Struggle; agony; pang. Hooker. CONFLUENCE, kon'-flu-ense. re. s. The junction or union of several streams. Raleigh. The act of crowding to a place. Shak. A concourse. Temple Collection ; concurrence. Boyle. CONFLUENT $, kon'-fiu-ent. a. [confuem, Lat.] Running one into another ; meeting. Blackmore. CONFLUX, kon'-flfiks. 7?. 5. The union of several currents. Shakspeare. Crowd. Milton. CONFO'RM, kon-ffirm'. a. Assuming the same form. Bacon. To CONFO'RM $. kon-form'. v.a. [con/onno, Lat.] To reduce to the like appearance, shape, or man- ner. Sidney. To CONFORM, kon-fSrm'. v. n. To comply widi to yield. Dmdcn. CONFORMABLE. kon-f6r'-ma-bl. a. Having the same form. Hooker. Agreeable; suitable; con- sistent. Addison. Compliant ; ready to follow di- rections. Shakspeare. CONFORMABLY, k&n-for'-ma-ble. ad. With con- formity; agreeably; suitably. Locke. 222 CON CON -116, move, nor, not ; — tube, tuh, bull ; — 6(1 ; — pdflnd ;— th'm, th"is. CONFORMATION, kdn-ior-ma'-shun. n. s. The form of tilings as relating - to each other. Holder. Producing" suitableness, or conformity. Wafts. CONFORMER*, kon-fSna'-ur. n. s. One that con- forms to an established doctrine. Mountagu. CONFORMIST, kon-fdr'-mlst. n. s. One that com- plies with the worship of the church of England. Scott. One who submits or yields. CONFORMITY, k6n-f6r'-me-te. n. s. Similitude ; resemblance. Hooker. Consistency. Arbutlmot. CONFORTA'TION, kon-for-ta'-shun. n. s. [conform, low Lat.]Collation of strength; corroboration. Bacon. To CONFOUND $, kon-fdund'. v.a. [con/undo, Lat.] To mingle things so that their several forms can- not be discerned. Gen. To perplex ; to compare without due distinction. Boyle. To disturb the ap- prehension by indistinct words or notions. Locke. To throw into consternation ; to astonish ; to stupify. Milton. To destroy ; to overthrow. Shakspeare. CONFOUNDED, kdn-fdfin'-ded. part. a. Hateful 5 detestable 3 enormous : a cant word. Grew. CONFOUNDEDLY, kdn-fd&n'-ded-le. ad. Hate- fully; shamefully : a low word. Addison. CONFOUNDEDNESS*, kon-fMn'-ded-nes. ft. s. State of being confounded. Milton. CONFOUNDER, k6n-fo&n'-dur. n. s. He who dis- turbs, perplexes, terrifies, or destroys. B. Jonson. He who mentions things without due distinction. Dean Martin. CONFRATERNITY, k&n-fra-teV-he-te. n. s. [con and fraterniias, Lat.] A brotherhood ; a body of men united for some purpose. Slillinsrfeet. CONFRI'ER* kdn-fri'-ur. n. s. [confrere, Fr.] One of the same religious order. Weever. CONFRICA'TION, kon-fre-ka'-shim. n. s. [con and frico, Lat.] The act of rubbing against any thing. Bacon. To CONFRONT $, kon-front'. v. a. [confronter, Fr.] To stand against another in full view ; to face. Dry den. To stand face to face, in opposition. Hooker. To oppose one evidence to another in court. Sidney. To compare one thing with anoth- er. Addison. QCF' I" colloquial pronunciation this word has its last syllable sounded like the last of affront, but the second syllable of confrontation ought never to be so pronoun- ced. W. CONFRONT A'TION, k6n-fr6n-uV-shun. rc. 5. [Fr.] The act of bringing two evidences face to face. Swin. To CONFU'SE §, kon-fuze'. v.a. [confiisus, Lat.] To disorder ; to disperse irregularly. Milton. To mix, not separate. Milton. To perplex, not distinguish. Waits. To hurry the mind. Pope. CONFUSE*, kdn-fuse'. a. Mixed ; confounded. Bar- ret. CONFUSEDLY, kon-nV-z£d-le. 364. a. In a mixed mass. Raleigh. Indistinctly. Denham. Not clear- ly 5 not plainly. Clarendon. Tumultously j hasti- ly ; not deliberately. Dri/den. COx\FU'SEDNESS, kon-fu'-zld-nes. 365. n. s. Want of distinctness. Carew. CONFU'SELY*, kon-fuse'-le. ad. Obscurely. Barret. CONFUSION, kon-fu'-zhfin. n. s. Irregular mix- ture. Daries. Tumult; disorder. Hooker. Indis- tinct combination. Locke. Overthrow; destruction. Sliak. Astonishment; distraction of mind. Spectator. CONFUTABLE, k6n-fu'-ta-bl. a. Possible to be disproved. Brown. CONFUTANT*, kon'-fii-tant. n. s. One who un- dertakes to confute another. Milion. CONFUTATION, kon-fu-uV-shun. n. s. The act of confuting; disproof. Hudibras. To CONFUTE §, kon-fute'. v. a. [confute, Lat.] To convict of errour, or falsehood ; to disprove. Hudibr. CONFU'TEMENT*, k&n-fute'-ment. n.s. Disproof. Milton. CONFU'TER*, kon-fu'-tur. n. s. One who convicts a.iother of mistake. Bp. Morton. CO'NGE §, Lor CONGEEf,] k&n-jee'. n. s. [conge', Fr. Our word is often written cangie.] Act of rever- ence ; bow ; courtesy. Burton. X,eave ; farewell. Spenser. To CO'NGE, [or CONGEEf,] kon-jce' , v. n. To take leave. Shakspeare. CO'NGE DELIRE, kon-je-de-lecr'. [Fr.] The king's permission royal to a dean and chapter, to choose a bishop. Cowel. CO'NGE, kon'-je. n. s. A moulding in form of a quarter round, or a cavetto. Chambers. To CONGE'AL §, k&n-jetM'. v. a. [congelo, Lat.] To turn, by frost, from a fluid to a solid stale. Spenser. To bind or fix, as by cold. Sliakspeare. To CONGE'AL, kbn-jeel'. v. n. To concrete ; to gather into a mass by cold. Bacon. CONGE'ALMENT, kon-jeel'-ment. n. s. The clot formed by congelation. Shakspeare. CONGE'LABLE, [or CCNGEALABLEf,] kon- jeel'-a-bl. a. Susceptible of congelation. Bacon. CONGELATION, kon-je-la'-shan. n.s. Act of turn- ing - fluids to solids, by cold. Arbutlmot. State of being congealed. Brown. CONGEMINA'TION*, kon-jem-e-na'-shun.w.s. [old Fr.] A doubling, or often repeating. Cotgrave. CONGENER, kon'-je-mir. 98. n.s. [Lat.] Of the same kind or nature. Miller. CONGE'NERACY*, kon-jen'-er-ra-se. n.s. Similar- ity of origin. More. CONGE'NEROUS, k6n-jen'-er-rus. a. Of the same kind. Brown. CONGE'NEROUSNESS, kon^n'-er-rfis-nes. n. s. The quality of being from the same original. Did. C0NGE'N1AL§, kon-je'-ne-al. a. [con and genus Lat.] Partaking of the same genius ; kindred ; cog nate. Wotton. CONGENIALITY, kon-je-ne-al'-e-te. ??. s. Partici- pation of the same genius or nature. Walton. CONGE'NTALNESS, kon-je'-ne-al-nes. n. s. Cog- nation. CQNGE'NTOUS*, kon-je'-ne-fis. a. Of the same kind. Hales. Ob. T. CONGE'NITE, kon-jen'-nlt. 140, 154. a. Of the same birth ; born with another ; connate. Hale. CQ'NGER, kong'-gur. 409. n.s. [congrus, Lat.] The sea-eel. Walton. CONGE'RIES, kon-je'-re-ez. n. s. [Lat.] A mass of small bodies heaped up together. Peacham. To CONGE'ST §, kon-jest'. r. a. [congero, conges- turn, Lat.] To heap up ; to gather together. Ra- leigh. CONGE'STIBLE, kpii-jest'-e-bl. a. That may be heaped up. Diet. CONGE'STION, k&n-jesl'-yfin. 464. n. s. A collec- tion of matter, as in abscesses and tumours. Wise- man. A gathering together ; formation of a mass. Selden. CO'NGIARY, kon'-je-a-re. n.s. [congiarium, Lat.] A gift distributed to the Roman people or soldiery, originally in corn, afterward in money. Addison. To CONGLA'CIATE^, kdn-gla'-she-ate. 461. v. n. . [congluciatus, Lat.] To turn to ice. Brown. CQNGLACIATION, kdn-gla-she-a'-shfin. 408. n. s. The state of being changed into ice. Brown. TtfCO'NGLOBATE^kon-glo'-bate. v.a. [covglo- bat.us, Lat.] To gather into a hard, firm ball. Grew. CO'NGLOBATE\k6n-gl6'-bate. 91. a. Moulded into a firm ball. Dry den. CO'NGLOBATELY, k&n-glo'-bate-le. ad. In a spherical form. Did. CONGLOBA'TION, k&n-gtt-ba'-shun. 408. n.s. Collection into a round mass. Brown. To CONGLO BE, kon-gl6be'. v. a. To gather into a round mass. Milton. To CONGLO'BE, kon-gl6be'. v. n. To coalesce into a round mass. Milton. To CONGLO'BULATE* kon-glob'-u-late. v.n. To gather together into a little round mass. Johnson. To CONGLOMERATES, kon-glom'-er-ate. 91. v. a. [conglomero, Lat.] To gather into a ball, like a ball of thread; to inweave into a round mass. Grew. CONGLOMERATE, kon-glom'-er-ate. 91. a. Gath- ered into a round ball. Clieyne. Collected; twist- ed together. Bacon. CONGLOMERATION, k6n-gl6m-er-a'-shun. n.s 223 CON CON [p 3 559.— .Fate, far, fall, fat ;— me, mSt ;— pine, p?n ;- Collection into a loose ball. Intertexture ; mixture. Bacon. To CONG LUTIN ATE $, k6n-glu'-te-nate. v. a. [conglutirw, Lat.] To cement ; to reunite. Pearson. To CONGLUT1NATE, kdn-glu'-te-nate. v.n. To coalesce. CONGLU'TINATE*, kdn-ffli' te-nate. a. Joined tog-ether. Sir T. Elyot. CONGLUTINATION, kon-gli-tc-na'-shan. n. s. The act of uniting wounded bodies; reunion ; healing. Bacon. Simply, junction; union. Bacon. CONGLUT1NATIVE, kon-glu'-te-na-Uv. 91. a. Having the power of uniting wounds. CONGLUTINATOR, kon-ghV-te-na-lur. 520, 166. n. s. That which has the power of uniting wounds. Woodward. CONGRATULANT, k&n-gratsh'-u-lant. 461. a. Rejoicing in participation. Milton. To CONGRATULATE^, kon-gratsh'-u-late. 461. v. a. [graiv.hr, Lat.] To compliment upon any happy event. 1 CI iron. To CONGRATULATE, kon-gratsh'-u-late. 4G1. v. n. To rejoice in participation. Swift. CONGRATULATION, kon-grittsh-u-la'-shun. 462. n. s. Professing joy for the happiness or success of another. Bp. Hall. The form in which joy for the happiness of another is expressed. CONGRATULATORY, k6n-gratsh'-u-la-tur. n.s. He who offers congratulation. Milton. CONGRATULATORY, kon-gratsh'-u-la-tur-e. 512. a. Expressing joy for the good fortune of an- other. Howell. To CONGRE'E, k6n-gree'. v.n. [gre, Fr.] To agree; to accord. Shakspeare. Ob. J. To CONGRE'ET, kon-greet'. v.n. To salute re- ciprocally. Shakspeare. Ob. J. To CONGREGATED, kong'-gre-gate. 408. v. a. [congrego, Lat.] To collect together; to assemble. Hooker. To CONGREGATE, kong'-gre-gate. v. n. To as- semble; to meet. Shakspeare. CONGREGATE, kong'-gre-gate. 91. a. Collected; compact. Spenser. CONGREGATION, kong-gre-ga'-shfin. 408. n.s. The act of collecting. Bacon. A collection. Shak. An assembly met to worship God in publick, and hear doctrine. Hooker. A distinct academical as- sembly, by which particular business of the uni- versity is transacted. Le Neve. CONGREGATIONAL, k6ng-gre-ga'-shun-nul. 88. a. Pertaining to a congregation or assembly of such Christians as hold every congregation to be a separate and independent church. Abp. Sancroft. Publick; general; respecting the congregation. Warton. CONGRESS §, kong'-gres. 408. n. s. [congressus, LaL] A meeting; a shock; a conflict. Dry den. A meeting of ceremony; an introduction to others. Sir K. Digby. A meeting for settlement of affairs between different nations. A coming together, in a sexual meaning. Pennant. CONGRE'SSION*, kon-greW-un. n.s. Company; an assembly, or meeting together. Cotgrave. CONGRE'SSIVE, kdn-gres'-slv. a. Meeting; en- countering ; coining together. Brown. ToCONGRU'E^ kon-gru'. v.n. [congruo, Lat.] To agree ; to suit. Sliakspeare. Ob. J. CONGRUENCE, kdiig'-gru-e : nse. 408. n. s. Agree- ment ; consistency. Sir T. Elyot. CONGRUENCY*, k&ng'-gru-en-se. n.s. Agree- ment. More. CONGRUENT, k&ng/-gru-gnt. a. Agreeing; cor- respondent. Sir J. Varies. CONGRUMENT, kong'-gru-mgnt. n.s. Fitness; adaptation. Ob. J. CONGRUTTY, kon-gnV-e-te. 408. n. s. Suitable- ness; agreeableness. Glanville. Fitness; perti- nence. Sidney. Consequence of argument ; reason. Hooker. [In theology.] A merit of congruity is ascribed to such works as a man does by the mere strength of free-will. CONGRUOUS, k6ng'-gru-us. a. Agreeable to; consistent with. Monntagu. Suitable to. Smith. Rational; fit. Gregory. CONGRUOUSLY, k6ng'-gru-us-le. ad. Suitably; consistently. Bp. Barlow. CONICAL, k&n'-e-kal. ; 509. a. Having the form CO'NICK, kon'-Ik. \ of a cone. Prior. fC$* The o in the first syllable of this word is pronounced short, though it is long in its primitive, cone, if we may be allowed to call cone its primitive, and not the Latin conus and Greek kuvos ; in both which the o is long: but conus, or tcoviicds, whence the learned oblige us to derive our conick or conical, have the o as short as in the English words, and serve to corroborate the opinion of Bishop Hare with respect to the shortening powet of the Latin anteponultimate accent. 537. W. CONICALLY, kon'-e-kal-le. ad. In form of a cone. Boyle. CONICALNESS, k6n'-e-kal-nes. n.s. The state or quality of beirig conical. CONICK Sections, kon'-lk-se-k'-shbiiz. ) n. s. That CON1CXS, k6n'-lks. S part of ge ometry which considers the cone, and the curves arising from its sections. Bp. Berkeley. CONFFEROUS, ko-nif-e-rus. a. Such trees as bear a fruit of a figure approaching to a cone. Sir T. Broion. CONISOR. See Cognisor. To CONJECT$, k6n-jekt'. v.n. [conjectvm, Lat.] To guess; to conjecture. Sliakspeare. Ob. J. To CONJECT*, kon-jekt'. v. a. To cast together ; to throw. Mountagu. CONJECTOR, kon-jek'-tfir. 166. n.s. Aguesser; a conjecturer. Milton. CONJECTURABLE, k6n-j£k'-tshu-ra-bl. 461. a. Possible to be guessed. CONJECTURAL, kon-jgk'-tshu-ral. a. Depending on conjecture. Shokspeare. CONJECTURA'LITY, k6n-jek-tsbu-ral / -e-te. n. s. That which depends upon guess. Brown. CONJECTURALLY, kon-jek'-tshu-ral-le. ad. By guess. Hooker. CONJECTURE §, kon-jek'-tshure. 461. n.s. [con- jecturo.,Let.] Guess; imperfect knowledge ; opin- ion without proof. South. Idea ; notion. Shak. To CONJECTURE, kSn-jek'-tshure. v. a. To judge bv guess. South. CONJECTURER, kon-jeV-tshur-ur. n. s. A guess- er; one who forms opinion without proof. Brown. To CONJO'BBLE, kon-j&b'-bl. v. a. [can and job- bernol.] To concert; to settle. A cant word. V Estrange. To CONJOIN §, kftn-jdln'. v. a. [conjoindre, Fr.] To unite. Drayton. To unite in marriage. Sliak. To associate; to connect. Brown. To CONJO'IN, kon-join'. v. n. To league; to unite. Shakspeare. CONJOINT, kon-jSInt'. a United. CONJOINTLY, kon-joi-atMe. ad. In union; togeth- er. Broion. CONJUGAL §, koiV-ju-gal. a. Matrimonial. Dryden. CONJUGALLY, kon'-ju-gal-le. ad. Matrimonially. Bp. Hall. To CONJUGATE, k6n'-ju-gate. 91. v. a. [conjwro, Lat.] To join ; to join in marriage. Wotton. To decline verbs through their various terminations. While. CONJUGATE, kon'-ju-gate. n. s. Agreeing in de- rivation with another word, and therefore general- ly resembling in signification. Bp. Bramhall. CONJUGATE Diameter or Axis. A right line, bi- secting the transverse diameter. Chambers. CONJUGATION, kon-ju-ga'-shfin. n.s. A couple; a pair. Brown. The act of uniting things togeth- er. Bacon. The form of inflecting verbs. Locke. Union; assemblage. Bp. Toijlor. CONJUNCT §, kon-j&nkt'.a. [conjunct™, hat] Con- joined ; concurrent; united. Shakspeare. CONJUNCTION, kon-junk'-shiin. n.s. Union. Shale. The congress of two planets in the same degree of the zodiack. Raleigh. A word made use of to connect the clauses of a period together, and to signify their relation to one another. Clarke. 5 } 224 CON CON — no, move, nor, n6t ; — tube, tub, bull ; — oil ; — pound ; — thin, THis. CONJUNCTIVE, k6n-jfink'-llv. a. Closely united. Thomson. [In grammar.] The mood of a verb, used subsequently to a conjunction. Connecting together, as a conjunction. Han-is. United 5 not apart. Johnson. CONJUNCTIVELY, k6n-junk / -U ! v-le. ad. In union. Brown. CONJUNCTIVENESS, k6n-junk'-tlv-nes. n. s. The | quality of joining. CONJUNCTLY, k6n-j&nkl'-le. ad. Jointly. CONJUNCTURE, k6n-jimk / -tshure. n.s. Combina- tion of many circumstances, or causes. K. Charles. Occasion ; critical time. Clarendon. Mode of union. Holder. Consistency. K. Charles. CONJURATION, kon-ju-ra'-sh&n. n. s. Summoning another in some sacred name. Shak. A magical form of words ; an incantation. Sidney. A plot ; a conspiracy. Sir W. Ashton. Earnest entreaty. Ha.jv.100d. To CONJU'REy, kon-jiW. v. a. [conjuro, Lat.] To summon in a sacred name ; to enjoin with the highest solemnity. Sliak. To bind many by an oath to some common design. Milton. To influence by magick ; to charm. SJuxksjjeare. To CONJURE, kun'-jiir. 495. v. re. To enchant. Sliakspeare. To enter into conspiracy. Spenser. CONJURER, kun'-jur-ur. 165. n.s. An enchanter. Slialc. An impostor who pretends to secret arts. Prior. By way of irony : a man of shrewd con- jecture. Addison. CONJU'REMENT, kftn-jure'-mfmt. n.s. Serious injunction. Milton. CONNA'SCENCEy, k6n-naV-s§nse. n.s. [con and nascor, Lat.] Common birth. Being produced to- gether with another being. Brown. Uniting or growing together. Wiseman. CONNATE, kon-nate'. 91. a. [con and naius, Lat.] Born with another} of the same birth. South. CONNA'TURAL y , kon-natsh'-u-ral. 461. a. United with the being; connected by nature. Davies. Participant of the same nature. Milton. CONNATURA'LITY, kon-natsh-u-raK-e-te. 462. n.s. Participation of the same nature. Hale. To CONNA'TURALIZE^k&n-natsh'-A-ral-lze.r. a. To connect by nature; to make natural. Scott. CONNATURAL LY, kon-natsh'-u-ral-le. ad. In co- existence with nature; originally. Hale. CONNATURALNESS, kon-natsh'-u-ral -nes. n. s. Participation of the same nature. Pearson. To CONNE'CTy, kdn-nSkt'.r.a. [connecto, Lat.] To join ; to link. Boyle. To unite as a cement. Locke. To join in a just series of thought : as, the author connects his reasons well. To CONNE'CT. kon-nekt'. v. n. To cohere. CONNECTIVE* kon-nek'-UV.a. Having the power of connecting. Harris. CONNECTIVE*, k6n-nek'-t!v. n. s. A conjunction. Harris. CONNE'CTIVELY, k&n-nSk'-tiv-le. ad. In con- junction. Swift. To CONNE'X"§, k6n-neks'. v. a. [connexum, Lat.] To join or link together. Hale. CONNEXION, kon-nek'-shun. n. s. Union ; junc- tion. Milton. Just relation to some thing prece- dent or subsequent. Hale. CONNE'XIVE, k&n-nSks'-Iv. a. Conjunctive. Watts. CONNICTATION, k&n-nlk-uV-shun. n. s. [connic- lo, Lat.] A winking. Diet. CONNPVANCE, kon-nl'-vanse. n. s. The act of winking. Voluntary blindness ; pretended igno- rance; forbearance. Bacon. To CONNrVE§,kdn-nlve'. v. n. [conniveo, Lat.] To wink. Spectator. To pretend blindness or igno- rance : to forbear ; to pass uncensured. Beaumont and Fletcher. CONNFVENCY*, k&n-nl'-ven-se. n.s. Pretended ignorance; forbearance. Bacon. CONNFVENT*, kdn-nl'-vent. a. Dormant ; not at- tentive. Milton. CONNI'VER*, kon-nl'-v&r. n. s. One who pretends blindness; who passes wickedness uncensured. Junius. -shim, re, s. Inference ; CONNOISSE* UR. k6-nes-sare'. [kon-nts-srW Perry and Jones : kon-nls-soor', Sheridan.'] n. s. [Fr.] A judge; a critick. Swift. #y- This word is perfectly French, and, though in very general use, is not naturalized. The pronunciation of it given hero is but a very awkward one - , but, perhaps, as good a one as we have letters in out language to ex- press it ; for the French eu is not to be found anion] any of our English vowel or diphthongal sounds. W. CONNOISSE'URSHIP*, k6-nes-sW-ship. n. s. The skill of a connoisseur. To CONNOTATE y, k&n'-no-tite. v. a. [cm and nota, Lat.] To designate something besides itself; to implv. Hammond. CONNOTATION, k6n-n6-ta'- illation. Hale. To CONNOTE, k&n-note'. v. a. To imply; to be- token. South. CONNU'BIAL, k3n-mV-be-a}. a. Matrimonial. Pope, CONNUMERATION*, kon-nu-mer-a'-shun. n: s. A reckoning together, Porson. CONNY*, koV-ne. a. Brave ; fine. Grose. CONOID y, ki'-noid, n.s. VkwiobiSijs-} Approach- ing to the form of a cone. Holder. CONOI'DICAL, k6-n6J / -de-kal. a. Approaching tp a conick form. To CONQUASSATE y, kfin-kwas'-sate. v. a. [con quasso, Lat.] To shake; to agitate. Harvey. Oh. J. CONQUASSATION, kong-kwas-sa'-shun. 408, n. s. Agitation ; concussion. To CONQUER y, kongk'-i.r, or k6ng 7 -kwur. 415. v. a. [conquirere, Lat.] To gain by conquest. 1 Mace. To overcome ; to subdue. Sliakspeare. 35= Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Nares, and W. Johnston, have adopted the first pronunciation of this word ; but, as it ia a wanton departure from our own analogy to that of the French, and is a much harsher sound than the second, it were to be wished it could be reclaimed ; but, as it is in full possession of the stage, there is but little hope of a change. W. To CONQUER, kongk'-ur. v. n. To overcome. Sliakspeare. CONQUERABLE, k&ngk'-fir-a-bl. a. Possible to be overcome. CONQUERABLENESS* kongk'-ur-a-bl-nes. n.s. Possibility of being overcome. CONQUERESS*, k6ngk'-ur-es. n.s. She who con- quers. Faii/ax. CONQUEROR, kongk'-ur-ur. 415. n.s. A man that has obtained a victory. Shak. One that subdues and ruins countries. Milton. CONQUEST, k&ng'-kwest. 408, 415. n. s. [con- cpej-t, Sax.] The act of conquering. Davies. Ac- quisition by victory. Milton. Victory; success in arms. Shak. [In feodal law.] Purchase. Blaclcstone. CONSANGUINEOUS y, k&n-sang-gwm'-ne-fis. a. [consangidneus. Lat.] Near of kin; of the same blood. Shakspeare. CONSANGUINITY, kon-sang-gwfn'-e-te. n.s. Re- lation bv blood. Sliakspeare. CONSARCINA'TION, k5n-sar-se-na'-shun. n.s. [consarcino, Lat.] The act of patching together. Dictionarij. CONSCIENCE y, kor/-shense.357. n. s. [conscientia, Lat.] The faculty by which we judge of the good- ness or wickedness of ourselves. Justice; the es- timate of conscience. 1 Pet. ii. Consciousness; knowledge of our own thoughts or actions. Bacon Real sentiment; veracilv. Shalcspeare. Scruple, principle of action. Bp. Taijlor. Reason ; reason- ableness. Shakspeare. Knowledge of the actions of others. B. Jonson. CONSCIENCED*, k6n'-shenst. a. Having con- science. South. CONSCIENT* kon'-shent. a. Conscious. Bacon. CONSCIENTIOUS, kon-she-en'-shfis. a. Scrupu- lous ; regulated by conscience. L 1 Estrange. Con- scious. Whitloclc. {p5= From an ignorance of the principles of pronunciation, we not unfrequently hear the second syllable of thia word sounded sc, without the aspiration ; but this is the same incorrectness we sometimes hear in the word ■pronunciation, whieh see. W. 225 CON CON 1G 3 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat;— me, met;— pine, pin ;— CONSCIENTIOUSLY, kon-she-eV-shfis-le. ad According to the direction of conscience. South. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, kon-she-en'-sh&s-nes. i n. s. Tenderness of conscience. Locke. CONSCIONABLE, k&n'-shfin-a-bl. a. Reasonable; according to conscience. Shakspeare. CONSCI6NABLENESS, kdn'-shun-a-bl-nes. n.s. Equity; reasonableness. Dictionanj. CONSCIONABLY, kon'-shun-a-ble. ad. Reasona- bly; justly. Bp. Taylor. CONSCIOUS, k6n'-shus. 357. a. [conscius, Lat.] Endowed with the power of knowing' one's own thoughts and actions. Bentley. Knowing from memory. Dnjden. Admitted to the knowledge of any thing. Dnjden. Bearing witness by the dic- tate of conscience. Clarendon. CONSCIOUSLY, kon'-shus-le.acZ. With knowledge of one's own actions. Locke. CONSCIOUSNESS, kon'-shus-nes. n. s. The per- ception of what passes in a man's own mind. Locke. Internal sense of guilt or innocence. Locke. CONSCRIPT §, k&n'-skript. a. [conscribo, Lat.] A term used in speaking of the Roman senators, who were called patres conscripti, from their names be- ing written in the register of the senate. B. Jonson. CONSCRIPT*, kon'-skrlpt. n. s. One enrolled to serve in the army; more particularly applied to the recruits of the'French armies. CONSCRIPTION, kon-skrip'-shun. n. s. An enrol- ling or registering. To CONSECRATE $, kon'-se-krate. v. a. [ccnsecro, Lat.] To make sacred ; to appropriate to sacred uses. Hebrews. To dedicate to some particular purpose. Numbers. To canonize. CONSECRATE, kon'-se-krate. 91. a. Consecrated; sacred; devoted. Shakspeare. CONSECRATION, kon-se-kra'-shun. n. s. A rite of dedicating things or persons to the service of God. Aylijfe. Declaring one holy by canoniza- tion. Hale. CONSECRATOR, or CONSECRATER, kon'-se- kra-tur. n. s. One that performs the rites of conse- cration. CONSECRATORY*, kon'-se-kra-tur-re. a. Making sacred. Bp. Morton. CONSECTARY§, kon'-sek-ta-re. a. [consectarius , Lat.] Consequent; following by consequence. Brown. CONSECTARY, k&n'-sek-ta-re. 512. n. s. Deduc- tion from premises. Hales. CONSECUTION, kon-se-kiV-shun. n. s. [consecu- lio, Lat.] Train of consequences; chain of deduc- tions. Hale. Succession. [In astronomy.] The month of consecution is the space between one con- junction of the moon with the sun unto another. Brown. CONSECUTIVE §, k&n-sek'-ku-tiv. a. [consecutif, Fr.] Following in train. Arbuthnot. Consequen- tial ; regularly succeeding. Locke. CONSECUTIVELY, kon-sek'-u-tlv-le. ad. A term used in the school philosophy, in opposition to an- tecedently, and sometimes to effectively or caus- ally. Diet. To CONSE'MLNATE, kon-sem'-e-nate. v. a. [con- semino. Lat.] To sow different seeds together. Diet. CONSENSION, k&n-sen'-shun. n. s. Agreement. Bentley. _ 30NSE NT §, kon-sent'. n s. [consensus, Lat.] The act of yielding or consenting. Dryden. Concord ; agreement. Cowley. Coherence with. Milton. Joint operation. Pope. [In physick.] The perception one part has of another, by means of some fibres and nerves common to them both. Quincy. To CONSENT, kon-sent 7 . v. n. To be of "the same mind. Milton. To co-operate to the same end. To yield ; to give consent. Shakspeare. CONSENTANEOUS, kon-sen-uV-ne^s. a. Agree- able to; consistent with. Brown. CONSENTANEOUSLY, kon-sen-taZ-ne-us-le. ad. Agreeably; consistently. Boyle. CONSENTA / NEOUSNESS,k6n-sen-ta / -iie-us-ngs. n. s. Agreement ; consistence. Diet. CONSENTER*, kon-sent'-tir n. s. He that con • senteth. Hale. CONSENTIENT, k&n-seV-she-ent. a. Agreeing. Pearson. CONSEQUENCES, kon'-se-kwense. n.s. [conse- quentia, Lat.] That which follows from any cause. Event ; effect of a cause. Shakspeare. Deduction ; conclusion. Decay of Piety. The last proposition of a syllogism. Prior. Concatenation of causes and effects. Souih. Influence; tendency. Ham- mond. Importance ; moment. Sluikspeare. CONSEQUENT, kon'-se-kwent. a. Following by rational deduction. Following as the effect of i cause. Locke. CONSEQUENT, k&n'-se-kwent.T?..?. Consequence. Hooker. Effect. Davies. CONSEQUENTIAL, kon-se-kwen'-shal. a. Pro- duced by the necessary concatenation of effects to causes. Prior. Conclusive. Great, conceited, n. s. Accord of CONSQNANCY, kon'-so-nan-se. \ sound. Thom- son. Consistency; congruence. Hale. Agree- ment ; concord. Shakspeare. CONSONANTS kon'^-nant. 503. a. [consonans, Lat.] Agreeable ; according ; consistent. Hooker. Agreeing. Howell. CONSONANT, k6n'-s6-nant. n, s. A letter which cannot be sounded, or but imperfectly, by itself. Holder. CONSONANTLY, kon'-so-nant-le. ad. Consistent- ly ; agreeablv. Hooker. CONSONANTNESS, kdn^-so-nant-nes. n. s. Agree- ableness; consistency. Diet. CONSONOUS, kon'-^-nus. 503. a. [consonus, Lat.] Agreeing in sound ; symphonious. To CONSOTIATE*, kon-si'-pe-ate. v. a. To lull asleep. Cockeram. CONSOPIA'TION, kon-so-pe-a'-shun. n. s. The act of laying to sleep. Pope. To CONSOP1TE §*, kon'-si-nhe. 155. v. a. [con- sopio, LatJ To compose ; to lull asleep. More. CONSOPITE*, kon'-si-plte. a. Calmed; quieted. More. CONSORTS, kon'-sort. 492. n.s. [consors, Lat.] Companion; partner; generally a partner of the bed; a wife or husband. Milton. An assembly, 227 CON CON \TT 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat;— me. m^t;— pine, pin Bright- Spenser. A number of instruments playing to- gether. Eccius. xxx : i. Concurrence ; union. Atter- bury. To CONSORT, k6n-s6rt'. v. n. To associate with. Sliakspeare. To CONSORT, k6n-s6rt'. v. a. To join ; to mix ; to marry. Milton. To accompany. Sha/cspeare. CONSORTABLE, k6n-s6r'-ta-bl. a. To be com- pared with ; suitable. Wotton. CONSORTION, kdn-sdr'-shfin. n. s. Fellowship ; society. Brovm. CONSORTSHIP*, k&n'-sort-ship. n. s. Fellowship; partnership. Bp. Hall. CONSPE'CTABLE, kon-spek'-ta-bl. a [conspectus, Lat.] Easy to be seen. Diet. CONSPE'CTION*, kon-speV-shfin n.s. A seeing; a beholding. Cotgrave. CONSPECTU TTY kon-spgk-tu'-e-te. n. s. Sight ; view. Sliakspeare. Ob. J. CONSPE'RSION, kon-sper'-sh&n. n. s. [cohspersw, Lat.] A sprinkling about. CONSPICUTTY, kdn-spe-ku'-e-te. n. s, ness. Glanville.' CONSPFCUOUS$, kSn-spik'-u-us. a. [conspicms, Lat.] Obvious to the sight. Milton. Eminent; famous ; distinguished. Dryden. CONSPICUOUSLY, kon-splk'-u-us-le. ad. Obvi- ously to the view. Watts. Eminently ; remarkably. CONSPPCUOUSNESS, kon-spik'-A-fls-ne's. n. s. Exposure to the view. Boyle. Eminence ; celeb- rity. Boyle. CONSPIRACY, k6n-sp!r / -a-se. 109. n. s. A private agreement among several persons to commit some crime. Shale. An agreement of men to do any thing ; always taken in the evil part. Cowel. A general tendency of many causes to one event. Sidney. CONSPFRANT, kon-spl'-rant. a. Conspiring; plot- ting. Sliakspeare. CONSPIRATION, k6n-spe-ra/-sh5n. n. s. An agreement of many to one end. Decay of Piety. CONSPIRATOR, kon-spir'-a-tfir. 110. n.s. A man engaged in a plot. 2 Sam. To CONSPFRES, k&n-spW. v. n. [conspiro, Lat.] To concert a crime ; to plot ; to hatch secret trea- son. Sliak. To agree together : as, All things con- spire to make him happy. Heigh. CONSPFRER, kon-spl'-rur. n. s. A conspirator. Sliakspeare. CONSPPRING Powers. [In mechanicks.] All such as act in direction not opposite to one another. Harris. CONSPFRINGLY*, k&n-spl'-rfng-le. ad. In a man- ner criminally concerted. Milton. CONSP1SSATION*, k&n-spfs-sa'-sh&n. n. s. [con- spissatus, Lat.] Thickness ; the act of thickening. More. To CONSPURCATE $*, k6n'-sp?ir-kate. v. n. [con- spurco, Lat.] To defile. CONSPURCATION, k6n-spar-ka'-shun. n. s. De- filement ; pollution. Bp. Hall. CONSTABLE §, k&n'-sta-bl. 165. n. s. [cynin£, Sax. and stable or staple.'] Lord high constable is an ancient officer of the crown, who had the care of the common peace of the land in deeds of arms, and in matters of war. The office continued he- reditary till the thirteenth of Henry VIII., when it was laid aside. From these magistrates are de- rived the inferiour constables of hundreds and fran- chises ; now called high constables, because increase of people and offences have occasioned others, in every town, of inferiour authority, called petty constables. Cowel. CONSTABLESHIP, k&n'-sta-bl-shlp. n. s. The of- fice of a constable. Carew. CONST ABLEWICK*, kfin'-sta-bl-wik. n. s. The district over which the authority of a constable ex- tends. Hale. CONSTANCY, k6n'-slan-s£. n. s. Immutability; perpetuity. Hooker. Consistency. Ray. Resolu- tion ; firmness. Prior. Lasting affection. South. Certainty; veracity; reality. Shakspeare. CONSTANTS, k&n'-stant. a. [constans, Lat.] Firm; fixed. Boyle. Unvaried ; unchanged. Cowley. Re- solute; determined. Shak. Consistent; steady ; grave. Shak. Free from change of affection. Certain ; firmly adherent. Dryden. CONSTANTLY, k6n'-stant-le. ad. Invariably; perpetually. Tillotson. Patiently; firmly. Mas singer. To CONSTELLATE §, k&n-stgl'-late. v. n. [con stellatus, Lat.] Tojoin lustre. Boyle. To CONSTE'LLATE, kon-st^F-late. v. a. To unite several shining bodies in one splendour. Brown. CONSTELLATION, k6n-stel-la/-shun. n. s. Adas ter of fixed stars. Isaiah. An assemblage of splen- dours, or excellencies. Hammond. CONSTERNATION, kon-ster-na'-sh&n. n. s. [con- sterno, Lat.] Astonishment ; amazement ; surprise South. To CONSTIPATE §, kon'-ste-pate. v. a. [constipo, Lat.l To ihicken ; to condense. Bacon. To stop by filling up the passages. Arbuthnot. To make costive. Brovm. CONSTIPATION, k&n-ste-pa'-shun. n. s. Con- densation. Bacon. Stoppage. Arbuthnot. The state of having the body bound. CONSTITUENT, kon-stftsh'-u-ent. 461. a. That which makes any thing what it is ; necessary to existence ; that of which any thing consists. Dry- den. CONSTITUENT, k6n-stitsh'-u-ent. «. s. The pur- son or thing which constitutes any thing in its pe- culiar state. Hale. That which is necessary <<■> the subsistence of any thing. Arbuthnot. He tnat deputes another to any office, or to parliament. Burke. To CONSTITUTE §, kon'-ste-tute. v. a. [constituo, Lat.] To give formal existence ; to produce. De- cay of Piety. To erect; to establish. Bp. Taylor. To depute ; to appoint another to an office. CONSTITUTE*, kon'-ste-tute. n. s. An establish- ed law. CONSTITUTER, kon'-ste-tu-tur. n. s. He that constitutes or appoints. Sir T. Elyot. CONSTITUTION, kon-ste-tu'-shuh. n.s. The act of constituting; enacting; deputing. State of be- ing. Bentley. Corporeal frame. Arbuthnot. Tem- per of body, as to health or disease. Temple. Tem- per of mind. Sidney. Established form of govern- ment ; system of laws and customs. Daniel. Par- ticular law ; established usage. Hooker. CONSTITUTIONAL, kon-ste-tiV-shfin-al. a. Bred in the constitution; radical. Sharp. Consistent with the civil constitution. Blackstone. CONSTITUTIONALIST*, kon-ste-tu'-shun-al-ist. n. s. An adherent to a constitution; Burke. CONSTITUTIONALLY*, kon-ste-aV-shun-al-le. ad. Legally. Lord Chesterfield. CONST1TUTIONIST* Ron-ste-dV-shun-?st. n. s. One zealous for the established constitution of the country. Bolingbroke. CONSTITUTIVE, kon'-ste-tu-tlv. a. Elemental j essential. Brown, Having the power to enact or establish. To CONSTRATN $, k6n-strane'. v. a. [constrain- dre, Fr.] To compel. Shak. To hinder by force Dryden. To necessitate. Shak. To violate; to ravish. Titus Andronicus. To confine ; to press, Dryden. To constringe. Dryden. To tie ; to bind. Dryden. To imprison. Dryden. To produce ia opposition to nature. Waller. To restrain; to with hold. Raleigh. CONSTRATNABLE, kdn-stra'-na-bl. a. Liable to constraint. Hooker. CONSTRAINEDLY, k&n-stra^-n&d-le. ad. By coa- straint. Hooker. CONSTRATNER, ken-stra'-nur. n. s. He that con- strains. CONSTRAINT, k&n-str&nt'. n. s. Compulsion Shakspeare. Confinement. Spenser. CONSTRATNTIVE*, k&n-strane'-tlv. a. Having the power of compelling. Carew. TeCONSTRFCTS, k&n-strfkt'. v. a. [constringo, m CON CON -n6, move, n6r, n6t;— tube, tab, bull; — 611 ;— pS&nd ;— thin, THis. constriclum, Lat.] To bind ; to cramp. To con- tract, Arbuthnot. CONSTRICTION, k6n-strlk'-shon. n.s. Contrac- tion; compression. Ray. CONSTRICTOR, kdn-strlk'-tfir. 166. n. s. That which compresses or contracts. Arbuthnot. To CONSTRINGE §, k6n-strlnje / . v. a.[constringo, Lat.] To compress; to contract. Shakspeare. CONSTRINGENT, k&n-strln'-j&it. a. Binding or compressing. Bacon, To CONSTRUCT §,k6n-strakt'. v. a. [constructus, Lat.] To build ; to lorm ; to compile 5 to consti- tute. Boyle. CONSTRUCTER*, k6n-struk'-tur. n. s. He who forms or makes. Johnson. CONSTRUCTION, k6n-strfik'-shnn. n.s. Building; fabrication. The form of building. Shak. The putting of words, duly chosen, together in such a manner as is proper to convey a complete sense. Locke. The act of arranging terms in the proper order, by disentangling transpositions. Shak. The sense ; the meaning. Hooker. Judgement ; mental representation. Brown. The manner of describing a figure or problem in geometry.— Construction of equations, is the method of reducing a known equation into lines and figures, in order to a geo- metrical demonstration. CONSTRUCTIONAL*, kon-strfik'-shun-al. a. Re- specting the meaning or interpretation. Water- land. CONSTRUCTIVE*, kon-struk'-tiv. a. By con- struction. Burnet CONSTRUCTIVELY*, k6n-struk'-t?v-le. ad. By construction. CONSTRUCTURE, kfoi-strftk'-tshure. 461. n.s. Pile ; edifice. Black-more. To CONSTRUE §, k&n'-stroo, or kon'-st&r. v. a. [construo, Lat.] To range words in their natural order. Spenser. To interpret; to explain. Hooker. 55" It is a scandal to seminaries of learning, that the latter pronunciation of this word should prevail there. Those who ought to be the guardians of propriety are eften the perverters of it. Hence accidence for acci- dents, prepostor for prepositor, and constur for con- } strue ; for it must be carefully noted, that this last word | is under a different predicament from those which end with r and mute e .- here the vowel u must have its long sound, as in the word true : this letter cannot be sunk or transposed like e in centre, sceptre, &.c. W. To CONSTUPRATE §, kon'-sta-prate. «. a. [con- stupro, Lat.] To violate ; to debauch. Bale. CONSTUPRA'TION, kon-stu-pra'-shun. n. s. Vio- lation; defilement. Bp. Hall. To CONSUBSPST*, kdu-sfib-sist'. v. n. To exist together. Search. CONSUBSTANTIAL §, kon-sfib-stan'-shal. a. [con- substaniialis, Lat.] Having the same essence or subsistence. Hooker. Being of the same kind or nature. Hooker. CONSUBSTANTIALIST* k6n-sub-stan'-shal-?st. n. s. He who believes in consubstantiation. Barrow. CONSUBSTANTLVLITY, kdn-sub-stan-she-al'-e- te. n.s. Existence of more than one, in the same substance. Hammond. Participation of the same nature. To CON SUBSTANTIATE, k6n-sfib-suV-she-ate. v. a. To unite in one common substance or nature. Hammond. To CONSUBSTANTIATE*, kon-sfib-stan'-she- ate. v. n. To profess consubstantiation. Dry den. CONSUBSTA'NTIATE*, kon-sub-stan'-she-ate. a. United. Feltham. CONSUBST ANTIA'TION, k6n-sub-stan -she-a/- shun. n.s. The union of the body of our blessed Saviour with the sacramental element, according to the Lutherans. Milton. CONSUL $, k6n'-sul. n.s. [consul, Lat.] The chief magistrate in the Roman republick. Shak. An officer commissioned in foreign parts to judge be- tween the merchants of his nation, and protect their commerce. WNSULAR, k6n'-shi-l!r. 452. o. Relating lo the 17 consul. Spectator.— Consular man. One who had been consul. B. Jonson. CONSULATE, k&n'-shu-late. 91. n. s. The office of consul. Addison. CONSULSHIP, kdn'-sul-sh?p. n.s. The office of consul. B. Jonson. To CONSULTS, ken-suit', v.n. [consulto, Lat.] To take counsel together. Slvakspeare. To CONSU'LT, kon-sult'. v. a. To ask advice of. Pope. To regard ; to act with respect to. Addison. To plan ; to contrive. Hahakkuk. CONSULT, kor.'-sult, or kon-sult'. n. s. The act of consulting. Dryden. The effect of consulting. Dry den. A council. Bacon. tyCr" I am much mistaken if this word docs not incline to the general analogy of accent in dissyllable noung and verbs, like insult. Poets have used it both ways ; but the accent on the first syllable seems the most usual, as well as the most legitimate pronunciation 492. W. CONSULTATION, kon-sul-ta'-shvm. n. s. The act of consulting; secret deliberation. A council. Wiseman. A writ whereby a cause, formerly re- moved by prohibition from the ecclesiastical court to the king's court, is returned thither again. Cowle. CONSU'LT ATIVE*, k&n-sfil'-ta-tfv. a. Having the privilege of consulting. Bp. Bramhall. CONSU'LTER, kon-sul'-tur. 98. n. s. One that con- sults or asks counsel. Deut. CONSUMABLE, kon-su'-ma-bl. a. Susceptible of destruction. Wilkins. To CONSUME §, kon-sume'. 434. v. a. [consumo, Lat.] To waste ; to spend ; to destroy. Shak. 05" The reason why t lie s in this word is pure, and in consular it takes the aspiration, is, that in one tha accent is on the syllable beginning with this letter ; and, in the other, on the preceding syllable. 450. W. To CONSU'ME, kon-sume'. v. n. To waste away, Shakspeare. CONSUMER, kon-su'-mur. n. s. One that wastes, or destroys. Shelton. To CONSUMMATES, kon-sum'-mate. 91. v.a. [consvmmare, Lat.] To complete ; to perfect. Sliak. CONSUMMATE, kon-sum'-mate. a. Complete J finished. Shakspeare. §CT The propensity of our language to an antepenulti- mate accentuation of simple words of three syllables makes us sometimes hear the accent on the first sylla- ble of this word; but by no correct speakers. IV. CONSUMMATELY*, kon-sum'-mate-le. ad. Per- fectty ; completely. Warton. CONSUMMATION, kon-sum-ma'-shun. n.s. Com- pletion ; perfection. Addison, The end of the present system of things. Hooker. Death; end of life. Shakspeare. CONSUMPTION, kon-siW-shfin. 412. n. s. The act of consuming; waste. Locke. The state of wasting or perishing. Woodivard. A waste of muscular flesh. A disease divided by physicians into several kinds. Quincy. CONSUMPTrVE, kon-sfinV-tiv. a. Destructive; wasting. Bp. Taylor. Diseased with a consump- tion. Harvey. CONSU'MPTPVELY*, kon-sum'-tlv-le. ad. In a wav tending to consumption. Beddoes. CONSUMPTTVENESS, kdn-sum'-tlv-nSs. n. s. A tendency to a consumption. CONSU'TTLE, k6n-su'-t?l. 140. a. [consutilis, Lat.] That is sewed or stitched together. Diet. To CONTA'BULATE §, kon-tab'-u-late. v. a. [con- tabulo, Lat.] To floor with boards. Gayton. CONTABULA'TION, k&n-tab-u-la'-shun. n. s. Boarding a floor. CONTACTS, k6n'-takt. 71.5. [contactus, Lat.] Touch ; close union. Bacon. CONT ACTION, k&n-tak'-shun. n. s. The act of touching. Brown. CONTA'GION $, kon-ta'-je-ftn. 542. n. s. [contagio, Lat.] The emission from body to body, by which diseases are communicated. Sliak. Infection; prop- agation of mischief, or disease. Mitton. Pesti- lence. Shakspeare. CON CON ID 3 559,— Fate, far, fill, fat ;— me, met ;— pine, pin ;- CONTA'GIOUS, k6n-ta'-je-us. 542. a. Infectious. Shalcspeare. CONTAGIOUSNESS, k6n-ta'-je-ns-ne's. n. s. The quality of being contagious. W. Mountain. To CONTAIN?, k6n-tane'. v. a. [contineo. Lat.] To hold as a vessel. St. John. To comprehend. Milton. To comprise ; as a writing'. 1 Pet. To restrain ; to withhold. Spenser. To CONTA'IN, kon-tane'. v. n. To live in conti- nence. 1 Cor. CONTAINABLE, kon-ta'-na-bl. a. Possible to be contained. Boyk. To CONTAMINATES, kSn-tam'-e-nate. v. a. [contamino, Lat.] To defile ; to pollute ; to corrupt by ba^e mixture. Sliakspeare. CONTAMINATE* kon-tam'-e-nate. 91. a. Cor- rupt ; polluted. Shakspeare. CONTAMINATION, k&n-tam-e-na'-shun. n. s. Pol- lution ; defilement. Bp. Hall. CONTECK*, k&n'-tgk. n. s. [for contest.-] Quarrel; contention. Spenser. Ob. T. CONTENTION*, kon-tek'-shfin. n. s. \contego,con- tectum, Lat.l A covering. Sir T. Brown. CONTE MERATED, k6n-tem / -e-ra-u!d. a eratus, Lat.l Violated ; polluted. Diet. To CONTEMN §, k&n-tem'. 411. v. a. [contemno, Lat] To despise ; to slight. Shakspeare. CONTEMNER, kon-uW-nur. 411. n. s. One that contemns ; a scorner. Woolton. To CONTEMPER §, kon-tem'-pfir. v. a. [contempe- ro, LatJ To moderate ; to reduce to a lower de- gree. Kay. CONTEMPERAMENT, kon-tem'-pur-a-ment. n. s. The degree of any quality. Derham. To CONTEMPERATE, kSn-tem'-pur-ate. v. a. To moderate ; to temper. Brovon. CONTEMPERA'TION, kon-tem-pur-a'-shfin. n. s. The act of diminishing any quality by admixture of the contrary. Brown. Proportionate mixture 3 proportion. Hale. To CONTEMPLATE §, kcm-tem'-plate. v. a. [con- templor, Lat.] To consider with continued atten- tion ; to study. Watts. J^f There is a very prevailing propensity to pronounce this word with the accent on the first syllable ; a pro- pensity which ought to he checked by every lover of the harmony of language. That very singular analogy in our tongue, of placing the accent on the last syllable of the verb, and the first of the noun, 492, seems to have taken place chiefly for the convenience of forming par- ticiples, adverbs, and verbal nouns ; which would be in- harmonious and difficult to pronounce, if the verb had the accent on the first syllable. This analogy should teach us to avoid placing the accent on the first syllable of this and similar verbs, however Ave may pronounce nouns and adjectives ; for, though to contemplate, with the accent on the first syllable, is not of very difficult pronunciation, yet contemplating and contemplatinghj are almost unpronounceable. W. To CONTEMPLATE, k&n-tem'-plate. v. n. To muse. Shakspeare. CONTEMPLATION, k&n-tem-pla'-shfin. n. s. Meditation ; studious thought on any subject. Sliak. Holy meditation. Shak. The faculty of study, op- Sosed to the power of action. South. NTEMPLATIVE, k&n-tem'-pla-flv. a. Given to thought or study. Denliam. Employed in study. Baton. Having the power of meditation. Ray. CONTEMPLATIVELY, kon-tem'-pla-uV-le. ad. Thoughtfully; attentively. Huloet. CONTEMPLATOR, k6n-tem / -pla-tur. 521. n. s. One employed in study. Raleigh. CONTEMPORARINESSV*6n-tem / -p6-ra-re-ne>. n. s. Existence at the same point of time. Howell. CONTEMPORARY^ k6n-tem'-p6-ra-re. a. [con- temporain, Fr.j Living in the same age. Dryden. Born at the same time. Coivley. Existing at the same point of time. Locke. CONTEMPORARY, k&n-tem'-po-ra-re. 512. n. s. One who lives at the same time with another. Dryden. To CONTEMPORISE, kon-tSm'-pd-rlze. 153. v. a. To place in the sajne age. Brown. CONTEMPT y, k&n-temt'. 412. n. s. \contempt?is r Lat.] The act of despising others ; slight regard ; scorn, Esther. The state of being despised ; vileness. 2 Mace. Offence in law of various kinds. Blackstone. CONTEMPTIBLE, kon-tem'-te-bl. a. Worthy of contempt. Taylor. Despised; scorned. Locke, Scornful; contemptuous. Shakspeare. CONTEMPTIBLENESS, k6n-tem'-te-bl-nes. n. s. Meanness: vileness ; baseness. Hammond. CONTEMPTIBLY, kon-tem'-te-ble. ad. Meanly, deserving contempt. Burton. CONTEMPTUOUS, kan-tem'-tsmVus. 461. a, Scornful; apt to despise; insolent. Raleigh. CONTEMPTUOUSLY, k&n-tem'-tshu-us-le. ad. With scorn ; with despite. Sliakspeare. CONTEMPTUOUSNESS, kon-tem'-tshu-fis-ngs, n. s. Disposition to contempt. To CONTEND §, k6n-tend'. v. n. [coniendo,*La.lJ To strive; to struggle. Sliak. To vie; to act m emulation. Dryden. To CONTEND, kon-tend'. v. a. To dispute any thing ; to contest. Dryden. CONTENDENT, kon-ten'-dent, n. s Antagonist ; opponent. L'Estrange. CONTENDER, kon-ten'-d&r. n. s. Combatant ; champion. Locke. CONTENT §, kon-teW. a. [contentus, Lat.] Satis- fied so as not to repine. Dryden. Satisfied so as not to oppose. Shakspeare. To CONTENT, kon-tent'. v. a. To satisfy so as to stop complaint ; to appease without complete grati- fication. Sidney. To please; to gratify, Slutk. CONTENT, kon-tent'. n. s. Moderate happiness- Shak. Satisfaction in a thing unexamined. Pope, That which is contained, or included. Shak. Ex- tent ; capacity. Bacon. A parliamentary expression for those who are in favour of the subject proposed. Burke. That which is comprised in a writing; as, the contents of a book. Shakspeare. [%Cr & this sense it is used only in the plural, and then it is sometimes accented on the first syllable. 493. W\ CONTENT A'TION, k6n-ten-ta/-shun. n. s. Satis- faction ; content. Sidney. Ob. J. CONTENTED, kon-tent'-eU part. a. Satisfied; no* demanding more. Knolles. CONTENTEDLY* kon-tent'-ed-le. ad. In a quiet, easy, or satisfied manner. Shelton. CONTENTEDNESS, k6n-tent'-ed-nes. n. s. State of satisfaction in any lot. Bp. Hall. CONTENTFUL*, kon-teiu'-ful. a. Perfectly con- tent. Barrow. CONTENTION §, kon-teii'-shun. n. s. [contentio r Lat.l Strife; debate; contest. Shak. Emulation. Shak. Eagerness; zeal; ardour. Holder. CONTENTIOUS, kon-ten'-shus. a. Quarrelsome;, given to debate. Shakspeare. CONTENTIOUS Jurisdiction. A court which has a power to judge and determine differences be- tween contending parties. Chambers. CONTENTIOUSLY, kon-ten'-shus-le. ad. Per- versely; quarrelsomely. Brown. CONTENTIOUSNESS, kon-ten'-shus-nlls. n. s. Proneness to contest; perverseness ; quarrelsome- ness. Herbert. CONTENTLESS, kon-t§ntMes. a. Discontented. Shakspeare. CONTENTLY*, kon-tent'-le. ad. In a contented way. Beaumont and Fletcher. CONTENTMENT, kon-tenf-ment. n. s. Acquies- cence without plenary satisfaction. Hooker. Grati- fication. Woiton. CONTERMINABLE §*, kon-ter'-min-a-bl. a. [con- termino, Lat.] Capable of the same bounds. Sir H. Wotton. CONTE'RMINATE*, kon-ter'-mfn-ate. a. That which hath the same bounds. B. Jonson. CONTE'RMINOUS, kon-ter'-me-nus. a. [contsrmi- mis, Lat.] Bordering upon. Hale. CONTERRANEAN*, kon-ter-ra'-ne-an. ) a [con CONTERRANEOUS,kon-ter-ra/-ne-us. S terram- vs, Lat.] Of the same earth or country. Howell. CONTESSERA'TION*, kon-tes-ser-a'-shun. n. t 230 CON CON — n6, move, n6r, n&t ; — tube, t&b, bull ; — 6ll ; — pound ; — thin, THis. [con and tesseratus, Lat.] Assemblage ; collection. b. Oku. To CONTE'ST §, k6n-test'. 492. v. a. [contester, Fr.] To dispute ; to litigate. Dry den. To COINTE'ST, kon-test'. v. n. To strive ; to con- tend. Donne. To vie ; to emulate. Sliakspeare. CONTEST, k6n'-test. 492. n. s. Dispute ; difference. Denham. CONTESTABLE, kSn-teV-ta-bl. a. Disputable 5 controvertible. CONTE'ST ABLENESS, k6n-teV-ta-bl-nes. ». *. Possibility of contest. Diet. CONTESTATION, kon-les-ta'-shun. n. s. The act of contesting'; debate. Bacon.. CONTESTATION*, k&n-tes-uV-sh&n. n. s. Testi- mony; proof by witnesses. Barroiv. CONTES'TINGLY*, kon-test'-mg-le. ad. In a con- tending- manner. W. Mountagu. CONTE^STLESS*, k&n-tgst'-lSs. a. Not to be dis puted. A. Hill. To CONTEXT, kdn-teks'. v. a. [contexo, Lat.] To weave together; to unite by interposition of parts. Boyle Ob. J. CONTEXT, kon'-tgkst. 494. n. s. The general series of a discourse ; the parts of the discourse that precede and follow the sentence quoted. Hammond. CONTE'XT, k&n-tSkst'. a. Knit together; firm. Derham. To CONTE'XT* kon-tekst'. v. a. To knit together. Junius. CONTE'XTURAL*, k&n-teks'-tshft-ral. a. Relating to the human frame. Smith. CONTE'XTURE, k&n-teks'-tshure. 461. n.s. The dis- position of parts one amongst others 5 the system. Walton. CONTIGNA'TION, kon-tlg-na'-shun. n. s. [contig- natio, Lat.] A frame of beams joined together ; a story. Wottoa. Framing a fabrick of wood. Burke. CONTIGUTTY, kon-te-gu'-e-te. n. s. Actual con- tact. Brown. CONTIGUOUS §, kon-tV-u-us. a. [contiguus, Lat.] Meeting so as to touch; bordering upon each other. Bacon. CONTIGUOUSLY, k&n-tfg'-u-fis-le. ad. Without any intervening spaces. Dryden. CONTFGUOUSNESS, k&n-tJg'-u-us-nes. n. s. Close connexion. Fuller. CONTINENCE, kon'-te-nense. ) n. s. Restraint ; CO'NTINENCY, k&n'-te-nen-se. \ command of one's self. Dryden. Forbearance of lawful pleasure. Grew. Chastity in general. Sliak. Moderation in lawful pleasures. Bp. Taylor. Continuity} un- interrupted course. Ayliffe. CONTINENTS k&n'-te-nent. a. [continens, Lat.] Chaste; abstemious in lawful pleasures. Shak. Restrained; moderate. Shak. Continuous; con- nected. Brerewood. Opposing. Slmkspeare. CONTINENT, kon'-te-nent. n. s. Land not disjoint- ed by the sea from other lands. Wader. That which contains any thing. Sliakspeare. CONTINENTAL*, kdn-te-nent'-al. a. Respecting a continent ; particularly the continent of Europe. Burke. CONTINENTLY*, k6n'-te-nent-le. ad. Chastely. Martin. To CONTINGE §, k6n-t!nje'. v. n. [contingo, Lat.] To touch ; to happen. CONTINGENCE, k&n-tln'-jense. )n. s. The qual- CONTINGENCY, k6n-uV-jen-se. $ ity of being fortuitous; accidental possibility. Brown. The act of reaching to, or touching. Gregory. CONTINGENT, k&n-tm'-jent. a. Falling out by chance. South. Dependent upon an uncertainty. Blarkstone. CONTINGENT, kon-uV-jent. n. s. A thing in the hands of chance. Greio. A proportion that falls to any person upon a division. CONTINGENTLY, kon-uV-jent-le. ad. Accident- ally; without any settled rule. CONTINUAL, kon-tm'-u-al.a. Incessant. Proverbs. [In law.] A continual claim is made from time to time, within every year and day. Coicel. CONTINUALLY, kon-tin'-ii-al-le. ad. Without pause ; without interruption. Bacon. Without ceasing. Bent ley. CONTlNUALNESS*,kdn-tln'-u-al-nes. n.s. Per- manence. Hales. CONTINUANCE, kon-tfn'-u-anse. n.s. Succession uninterrupted. Addison. Permanence in one state. Sidney. Abode in a place. Duration. Sliak. Per- severance. Rom. Progression of time. Psalm. Continuity. Bacon. To CQNTINUATEF, kon-tln'-u-ate. v. a. To join closely together. Potter. CONTINUATE, k&n-tm'-u-ate. 91. a. Immediately united. Hooker. Uninterrupted. Sliakspeare. CONTINU ATELY, k&n-tin'-A-ate-le. ad. With con tinuity. Wilkins. CONTINUATION, kon-tfn-u-a'-shun. n. s. Pro- traction, or succession uninterrupted. Ray. CONTINUATIVE, k&n-tln'-u-a-t'iv. n. s. Perma- nence or duration. Watts. A grammatical con- junction. Harris. CONTINUATOR, k&n-tln-u-a'-t&r. 521. n.s. He that continues the series or succession. Brcnvn. To CONTINUE §, kon-uV-u. v. n. [continue, Lat.] To remain in the same state or place. St. Matt. To last; to be durable. 1 Sam. To persevere. St. John. To CONTINUE, kon-uV-u. v. a. To protract. Psalm. To unite without a chasm or intervening substance. Brown. CONTINUEDLY, kon-tin'-u-ed-le. ad. Without interruption. Norris. CONTINUER, k&n-tln'-u-fir. n. s. Having the power cf perseverance. Shak. One who continues in the same state. Hammond. CONTINUITY, k&n-te-mV-e-te. n. s. [continuatus, Lat.] Connexion uninterrupted ; cohesion. Bacon. That texture or cohesion 01 the parts of an animal body, the destruction of which is a solution of con- tinuity. Quincy. CONTINUOUS, k6n-uV-u-us. a. [continuus, Lat.] Joined together widiout the intervention of any space. Neioton. CONTO'RSION*. See Contortion. ToCONTO'RTS, kdn-tort'. v. a. [contortus, Lat.] To twist ; to writhe. Milton. CONTORTION, kon-tdr'-sh&n. n.s. Twist} wry motion. Ray. CONTOUR, k6n-t66r'. n. s. [FrJ The outline} the line by which any figure is defined or termi- nated. Drummond. CONTRA. A Latin preposition, used in compo- sition, which signifies against. CONTRABANDS kon'-tra-band. 524. a. [contra- bando, Ital.] Prohibited ; illegal. Dryden. CONTRABAND*, kon'-tra-band. n. s. Illegal traf- fick. Burke. To CONTRABAND, k&n'-tra-band. v. a. To im- port goods prohibited. CONTRABANDIST* kSn'-tra-ban-dlst. n. s. He who trafficks illegally. To CONTRACT §, kon-trakt'. v. a. [contractus, Lat. J To draw into less compass. Donne. To lessen* Gov. of the Tongue. To draw the parts of any thing together. Milton. To make a bargain* Dryden. To betroth ; to affiance. Shak. To pro cure ; to bring ; to incur. K. Cluxrks. To epito- mise ; to abridge. To CONTRA' CT. kon-trakt'. v. n. To shrink up. Arbuthnot. To bargain. To bind by promise of marriage. Bp. Taylor. CONTRACT, kon-trakt'. part. a. Affianced ; con- tracted. Sliakspeare. CONTRACT, k6n'-trakt. 492. n. s. A bargain 5 a compact. Temple. An act of betrothment. A writ- ing in which the terms of a bargain are included. 1 Mace. £5= Mr. Nares, in his English Orthoepy, page 338, has very properly criticised Dr. Johnson's observation on this word, where he says, " Dr. Johnson has accented " this word on the last syllable, and has subjoined this " remark — ' anciently accented on the first.' It is evi- " dent that the whole article should he reversed: the 231 CON CON ID* 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat >— me, met j— pine, pin ;— " word should sUt* with the accent on the first, and the "remark should l«~' anciently accented on the last. 1 " Tho justness of th.*va sbservations will appear from the quotations : " This is the hav4 *-hich, with a vow'd contra'ct, " Was fast belock'd in thine." Shakspearc. " I did ; and his ce^ra'ct with lady Lucy, " And his contra'ct J»j deputy in France." Shak. But that the accent sho, ;ld now be placed on the first syl- lable needs no proof bui. the general ear, and the general analogy of dissyllable no »ns and verbs of the same form. 492. TV. CONTRACTEDLY*, l^n-trak'-ted-le. ad. In a con- tracted manner. Bp. J\'twton. CONTRACTEDNESS, kon-trak'-tgd-nes. n.s. Con- traction. Diet. CONTRACTIBFLITY, k&n-trak-te-bil'-e-te. n. s. Possibility of being contracted. CONTRACTIBLE, k6n-',r*k'-i£-bl. a. Capable of contraction. Arbuthrwt. CONTRACTIBLENESS, k6n-trak / -te-bl-nes. n. s. The quality of suffering a ntraction. Diet. CONTRACTILE, k6n-trak '-til. 145, 140. a. Having the power of contraction. Arhdhnot. CONTRACTION, k&n-trak -shun, n. s. The act of contracting or shortening. Pope. Shrinking or shrivelling. Arbidhnot. The state of being contract- ed, or drawn into a narrow cimpass. Bacon. The reduction of two vowels or syllables to one. Abbre- viation 5 as, The writing is foT of contractions. CONTRACTOR, k&n-trak'-l Sir. n. s. One of the parties to ,a contract or barga; n. Bp. Taylor. To CONTRADICT §, k&n-tra dikt'. v. a. [contra- dico, Lat.] To assert the contrary to what has been asserted. Dryden. To bo contrary to ; to op- pose. Hooker. CONTRADICTER, kon-tra-dll.'-tur. n.s. One that contradicts ; an opposer. Ayliffe. CONTRADICTION, kon-trandlk'-shun. n. s. Verbal opposition. Milton. Opposition. Heb. Inconsis- tency with itself; incongruity in words or thoughts. Milton. Contrariety in thought or effect. Sid- neij. CONTRADFCTIONAL*, kon-tra-dik'-shun-al. a. Inconsistent. Miltim. CONTRADICTIOUS, k&n-tra-dik'-shus. a. Filled with contradictions. More. Inclined to contradict, Bp. of Killala. Opposite to. Collier. CONTRADICTIOUSNESS,kon-tra-d?k'-shas-nes n. s. Inconsistency ; contrariety to itself. Norris. CONTRADICTORILY, kon-tra-dlk'-tur-e-le. ad Inconsistently with himself. Broxon. CONTRADFCTORINESS, kon-tra-dik'-tur-e-nes. n. s. Opposition in the highest degree. Baxter. CONTRADICTORY, kon-tra-dik'-tur-e. a. Op- posite to ; inconsistent with. South. CONTRADICTORY, kon-tra-dlk'-tur-e. n. s. A proposition which opposes another in all its terms. Bacon. CONTRADISTINCT*, kon-tra-dis-tingkt'. a. Dis- tinguished bv opposite qualities. Smith. CONTRADISTINCTION, kSn-tra-dJs-tJng'-shun. 408. n. s. Distinction by opposite qualities. Glan- mlle. CONTRADISTFNCTFVE*, k&n-tra-dls-tlngk'-rfv. a. That which marks contradistinction. Harris. To CONTRADISTINGUISH $, k6n-tra-dls-tmg'- gwish. v. a. {contra and distinguish] To distinguish not simply by differential, but by opposite qualities. Pearson. CONTRAFFSSURE, kSn-tra-flsh'-shure. 450, 452. n. s. A crack of the skull, in the same part where the blow was inflicted, is called fissure ; but, if in the contrary part, contrajissure. Wiseman. CONTRAFNDICANT*, k&n-tra-ln'-de-kant. n. s. [contra and indicans, Lat.] A symptom forbidding the usual treatment of the disorder, Burke. To CONTRAFNDICATE Uon-tra-m'-de-kate.v.a. [contra and indico, Lat.-] To point out some pecu- liar symptom or method of cure, contrary to the general tenour of the malady. Harvey. CONTRAINDICATION, k6n-tru-?n-de-ka'-shun. u. s. An indication or symptom, which forbids that to be done which the main scope of a disease point3 out at first. Arbnthnot. CONTRAMURE, kon-tra-mure'. n.s. [contremur Fr.] An out wall built about the main wall of a city. Chambers. CONTRANATURAL*, k&n-tra-nat'-tsha-ral. cu Opposite to nature •■, unnatural. Bp. Rust. CONTRANFTENCY, k&n-tra-nl'-ten-se. n. s. [con- . tra and nitens, Lat.] Reaction j a resistency against pressure. Diet. CONTRAPOSITION, k&n-tra-po-zish'-fin. n. s. A placing over against. Potter. CONTRAPUNTIST*, k^n-tra-pfln'-dst. n. s. [con- trappunto, Ital.] One who is skilled in counter- point. Mason. C6NTRAREGULA / RITY, k&n-tra-reg-u-lar'-e-te. n. s. Contrariety to rule. Norris. CONTRA'RIANT, k&n-tra'-re-ant. a. [contrariant, Fr.] Inconsistent ; opposite \ repugnant. Pearson. CONTRARIES, kon'-tra-riz. 99. n. s. [In logick.] Propositions which destroy each other. Watts. CONTRARFETY, kon-tra-rl'-e-te. n. s. Repug- nance ; opposition. Hooker. Inconsistency. Shak. CONTRA'RILY, k&n'-tra-re-le. ad. In a manner- contrary. In different directions. Locke. fcj" This and the following word are, by Dr. Johnson, ac- cented on the second syllable ; no doubt from the harsh- ness that must necessarily arise from placing the accent on the first, when so many unaccented syllables are tar succeed. But if harmony were to take place, we should never suffer the stress on the first syllable of contrary, from which these words are formed ; but that once ad- mitted, as it invariably is by the best speakers, we should cross the most uniform analogy of our language, if we accented the adverb differently from the substan- tive and the adjective ; and therefore, however harsh they may sound, these words must necessarily have the accent on the first syllable. — See Contrary. TV. CONTRA'RFNESS, kon'-tra-re-nes. n.s. Contra- riety. Diet. CONTRA'RIOUS, kon-tra'-re-us. a. Repugnant the one to the other. Sir T. Elyot. CONTRARIOUSLY, kon-tra'-re-us-le. ad. Con- trarilv. Slmkspeare. CONTRARIWISE, kon'-tra-re-wke. ad. Converse- ly. Bacon. Oppositely. Hooker. CONTRARY §, kon'-tra-re. a. [contrarius, Lat.} Opposite ; contradictory. Davies. LiconsislenU Tulotson. Adverse ; in an opposite direction. St Matt. $£/= The accent is invariably placed on the first syllable of this word by all correctspeakers, and as constantly removed to the second by the illiterate and vulgar. When common ears refuse a sound, it is a strong pre- sumption that that sound is not agreeable to the general harmony of the language. The learned often vitiate the natural taste for their own language by an affected veneration for others ; while the illiterate, by a kind of vernacular instinct, fall into the most analogical pro- nunciation, and such as is most suitable to the general turn of the language. Anciently this word, as appears by the poets, was most commonly pronounced by the learned, as it is now by the vulgar, with the accent on the second syllable ; but nothing can be now more firm- ly established than the accent on the first syllable, and the other pronunciation must be scrupulously avoided. — See Contrarily. TV. CONTRARY, kon'-tra-re. n. s. A thing of opposite qualities. Shak. A proposition contrary to some other. Locke. — On the contrary. In opposition; on the other side. Shak. To tlie contrary. To a contrary purpose. Stilling fleet. To CONTRARY, kon'-tra-re. v. a. [contrarier, Fr.] To oppose ; to contradict. Latimer. CONTRARY-MINDED*, k6n-tra-re-mmd / -e , d. a. Of a different opinion. Bp. Hall. CONTRAST §, kon'-trast. n. s. [contraste, Fr.] Op- position and dissimilitude of figures, by which one contributes to the visibility or effect of another. Hay. To CONTRAST, k&n-trast 7 . v. a. To place in op- position, so that one figure shows another to ad- vantage. To show another figure to advantage bv its calour or situation. Dryden. CONTRATENOR*, k&n-tra-ten'-fir. n. s. [In m* 232 CON CON — n6, mOve, n5r, n6t ; —tube, tub, bull ; -611; — pdund ; — thm, THis. A spe- '• sick. Written also countertenor.] The middle part; higher than the tenor, and below the treble. Mason. CONTRA VALLA'TION. k&n-tra-val-la'-shun. n. s. [contra and vallo, Lat.] The fortification thrown up round a city, to hinder the sallies of the garrison. Walts. ToCONTRAVE'NE§,k6n-trt-v£ne / . v. a. [contra and venio, Lat.] To oppose ; to baffle. Johnson. CONTRAVE'NER, k6n-tra-ve'-nur. n. s. He who opposes another. CONTRAVENTION, kdiMra-ven'-shfin. n. s. Op- position. Ld. Herbert. CONTRAVEBSION*, k6n-tra-veV-shun. n. s. A turning to the opposite side. Congrem. CONTRAYEBVA, kon-tra-yeT^va. n. cies of birthwort. Miller. CONTRECTATION, kon-trek-ta'-shfin. n. s. [con- trectatio, Lat.T A touching or handling. Ferrand. CONTRI BUTARY, k6n-tr!b / -u-ta-re. a. Paying tribute to the same sovereign. Glanville. To CONTRIBUTED, kon-trlb'-ute. v. a. [contribuo, Lat.] To give to some common stock. Milton. To CONTRIBUTE, k6n-trlb / -ute. v. n. To bear a part. Pope. CONTRIBUTION, kon-ire-bu'-shun. n.s. The act of promoting some design in conjunction. That which is given by several hands for some common purpose. Rom. That which is paid for the support of an armv lving in a country. Shakspeare. CONTRI'BUTIVE, kSn-trib'-u-uV. a. That which promotes any purpose in concurrence with other motives. Bp. Taylor. CONTRIBUTOR, kon-trirAu-tfir. 166. n. s. One that bears part in some common design. Shak. CONTRIBUTORY, k&n-trlb'-i-tfir-e. 512. a. Pro- moting the same end. Chapman. To CONTRAST ATE $, kon-trfs'-tate. v. a. [contris- to, Lat.] To make sorrowful. Bacon. Ob. J. CONTRIST A'TION, kon-trTs-uV-shun. n. s. The act of making sad; heaviness of heart. Bacon. Ob. J. CO'NTRlTE§, k&n'-trlte. 140. a. [contritus, Lat.] Bruised ; much worn. Worn with sorrow ; harass- ed with the sense of guilt ; penitent. Shakspeare. J£5~ This word ought to have the accent on the last syl- lable, both as it is an adjective, from which is formed the abstract snbstantive contriteness, and as the accent on the first syllable has a tendency to shorten the i in the last. 140. Accordingly, Dr. Johnson, Mr. Scott, and Bailey, place the accent on the last syllable ; but Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Elphinston, Dr. Ash, W. Johnston, Perry, Buchanan, and Entick, place it on the first, with unquestionably the beat usage on their side. TV. CONTRITELY!, k&n'-trlte-le. ad. Penitently. $5" As the adjective contrite, though contrary to' analo- gy, seems to prefer the accent on the first syllable ; contritely and contriteness must necessarily have the accent on the same syllable. — See Contraiuly. TV. CONTRl'TENESS, k&n'-trhe-nes. n. s. Contrition. Diet. CONTRITION, k&n-tr?sh'-un. n. s. The act of grind- ing. Newton. Penitence ; sorrow for sin : in the strict sense, the sorrow which arises from the de- sire to please God, distinguished fir>m attrition, or imperfect repentance produced by dread of hell. Hammond. CONTRI' VABLE, kon-trl'-va-bl. a. Possible to be planned. Wilkins. CONTRIVANCE, k&n-trl'-vanse. n. s. Contriving ; the thing contrived. Wilkins. Scheme ; plan. Glanville A conceit ; a plot ; an artifice. Drij- den. To CONTRIVER k&n-trlve'. v. a. [contrmiver, Fr.] To plan out; to excogitate. Shak. To wear away. Ob. [comer o, contrivi. Lat.] Spenser. To CONTRIVE . kon-trW. v. n. To form or de- sign. Prior. CONTRIVEMENT, kon-trlve'-ment. n.s. Inven- tion. Sir G. Buck. CONTRIVER, kon-trl'-vur. 98. n. s. An inventor; a schemer. Shakspeare. €ONTROB§, kon-tr6ll / . 406. n.s. [contre, role, Fr.] A register or account kept by another officer, that each may be examined by the other. Check ; re straint. Walkr. Power; superintendence. Shak. To CONTROB, kon-troll'. 406. v.a. [contre roller, old Fr.] To keep under check by a counter reckoning. To govern ; to restrain. Hooker. To overpower ; to confute. Bacon. CONTROBLABLE, kon-trill'-a-bl. a. Subject to control. South. CONTROBLER, k6n-tr6ll'-ur. n. 5. A superinten dent. Shakspeare. CONTROBLERSHIP, k6n-tr6ll'-ur-sh?p. n. s. The office of a controller. CONTROBMENT, kon-tr6lK-ment. n.s. Superin- tending or restraining. Sir 31. Sandys. Restraint. Davies. Opposition; confutation. Hooker. Re- konMri-veVs-ur. sistance; hostilitv. Shakspeare. CONTROVEBSARY*, k&n-tro-veV-sa-re. a. Dis putatious. Bp. Hall. CO'NTROVERSE§*, kon'-tri-vcrse. n.s. [contro- verse, old Fr.] Debate ; controversy. Spenser. To CO'NTROVERSE*, kon'-tro-veVse. v. a. To dis- pute ; to debate. Hooker. See To Contro- vert. CONTROVEBSIAL, k&n-tro-veV-shal. a. Dispu- tatious. Locke. CONTROVE R£l ALIST*, kon-tro-vey-shal-lst. n. s. One who is engaged in literary war; a dis- putant. Abp. Neiccome. — This is a modern word ; and it is curious to observe, that heretofore it was controrerser ,controversor , and controverter, and even controversy -icriler ; none of which have hitherto been noticed. CO'NTROVERSER* CO'NTROVERSOR*, A disputant ; a controvertist. Mountagu. CONTROVERSY, kon'-tro-ver-se. n. s. Dispute ; debate : commonly in writing. Hooker. A suit in law. Dad. A quarrel. Jer. Opposition ; enmity. Shakspeare. CONTROVERSY-WRITER*, konMro -ver-se-rl'- tur. n. s. A controversialist, or controvei tist. Bp. Barlow. Tb CONTROVERTS, kon'-tr6-vert. v.a, [contro- verio, Lat.] To debate ; to dispute any thing in writing. Chpvne. CO'NTROVERTER* k6n'-tr6-vert-ur. n ?. A dis- putant. B. Jon son. CONTROVE RTIBLE, k6n-tr6-vert'-e-bl. a. Dis- putable. Brown. CO'NTROVERTIST, k5n / -tr6-ver-tlst. ri.s. Dispu tant ; a man engaged in literary wars. Tillotson. CONTUMACIOUS, kon-tuW-shus. a. Obstinate : perverse ; inflexible. Avliffe. CONTUMACIOUSLY, kon-tu-ma'-shus-le ad. Ob- stinatelv; inflexibly. CONTUM.VCIOUSNESS, kon-tu-ma'-shus-nSs. t?. 5. Obstinacv ; perverseness. Wiseman. CONTUMACY^ kon'-tu-ma-se. n.s. [contumacia, Lat.] Obstinacy; perverseness. Milton. Wilful disobedience to any lawful summons or judicial or- der. Auliffe. CONTUME LlOUS^Sn-tu-me'-le-us. a. Reproach- ful ; rude. Shakspeare. Inclined to utter reproach, or practise insults. Gov. of the Tongue. Produc tive of reproach ; ignominious. Decay of Piety. CONTUMEBIOUSLY, kon-tu-meMe-us-.e. ad Reproachfullv; rudeiv. Hooker. CONTUMEB'IOUSNESS, k6n-tu-me -le-us-neY n.s. Rudeness; reproach. CONTUMELY^, k6n'-tu-me-]e. n.s. [contumelia, Lat.] Rudeness ; contemptuousness ; bitterness of language ; reproach. Hooker. To CONTU'ND*, k&n-t&nd'. v.a. [contundo, Lat.] To bruise ; to beat together. Gaytcm. The word is now contuse. To CONTU'SE§, kon-tuze'. 437. v.a. [emitutus, Lat.] To beat together; to bruise. Bacon. To bruise the flesh without a breach of the continuity. Wiseman. CONTUSION, k6n-tiV-zh5n. n.s. The act of beat- ing or bruising. The state of being beaten ot l bruised. Boyle. A bruise. Sliakspeare. 233 CON CON (ET 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat j—me, m?t ;— pine, p?n ; 510. CONUNDRUM, ko-nun'-drum. n. s. A low jest ; a quibble. Phillips. CON USABLE*, kSn'-u-sa-bl. a. Liable to be tried or judged. Bp. Barlow. CONUSANCE §, k&n'-u-sanse. [See Cognizance.] n. s. [connoisartce, Fr.] Cognizance 5 notice 5 knowl- edge. A law term. \fCf' Perhaps it may be pleaded by the gentlemen of the law, that this is the word they use instead of cogni- zance, and, consequently, that the charge against them of mutilating that word falls to the ground. But it may be answered, that the second syllables of these words are so different as to leave us in no doubt which they make use of; and that the words cognizable, cog- nizor, and cognizee. being pronounced by them without the g, are sufficient proofs of th« justness of the ac- cusation. W. CONUSANT* kon'-u-sant. a. Knowing. Hats CONVALESCENCE, kon-va-leV-sense. " CONVALE'SCENCY, kon-va-les'-sen-se. 11. s. Renewal of health. Donne. CONVALESCENT §, k&n-va-les'-sent. a. [conva- lescens, Lat.] Recovering ; reluming to a state of health. CONVENABLE, kon-ve'-na-bl. a. [Fr.] Consistent with j agreeable to. Spenser. That may be con- vened. To CONVENES, kon-vene'. v.n. [convenio. Lat.] To come together; to associate. Boyle. To as- semble for anv publick purpose. Locke. To CONVENE, kan-vene'. v. a. To call together; to assemble. Clarendon. To summon judicially. Avliife. t CONVENER*, kon-ve'-nur. n. s. One who assem- bles with others for business. Mounta turn, Lat.] To prove guilty; to detect in guilt. John. To confute. Brown. To show by proof or evidence. Hooker. To destroy ; to overpower ; to surmount. Shakspeare. j CONVICT, kon-vlkt'. a. Convicted. SJmkspeare. ! CO'NVICT, kon'-vlkt. 492. n.s. One found guilty. Ayliffe. CONVICTION, kon-vik'-shun. n.s. Detection of guilt. Milton. The act of convincing; confutation. Hooker. State of being convinced. Swift. CONvTCTIVE, kon-vik'-uv. 157. a. Having the power of convincing. Bp. Hall. CONVI'CTIVELY*, k6n-vik'-tlv-le. ad. In a con- vincing manner. More. To CONVINCE §, kon-vinse'. [See To Collect.] v. a. [convinco, Lat.] To force any one to acknowl- edge a contested position. Tilhison. To prove guilty of. Jude. To evince ; to prove. SJmkspeare. To overpower ; to surmount. Shakspeare. CON VFNCEMENT, kon-vmse'-ment. n. s. Convic- tion. Milton. CONVFNCER*, kon-vln'-sur. n.s. That which makes manifest. More. CONVI NCIBLE. kon-vln'-se-bl. a. Capable of con- viction. Capable of being disproved. Brown. CONYFNCFNGLY^on-vifr-smg-le. ad. hi such a manner as to leave no room for doubt. Bp. Hall. CONVINCINGNESS, kon-vm'-slng-nes. n.s. The power of convincing. CONYFTIOUS*, kon-v?sh'-6s. a. [cemvitior, Lat.] Reproachful. Queen Elizabeth's Injunctions. To CONVFVE§, kon-vlve'. v.n. [convivo, Lat.] To entertain ; to feast. Shakspeare. CONVFVAL, kon-vr'-val.^ ; 113. a. Relating to an CONVFVIAL, kSn-vlv'-yal. 5 entertainment; fes- tal ; social. Sir T. Brbicn. To CO'NVOCATE §, k&n'-v6-kate. v. a. [conveco, Lat.] To call together. May. CONVOCATION, kon-v6-ka'-shun. n. s. Calling to an assembly. Sidney. An assembly. Lev. An as- sembly of the clergy for consultation upon matters ecclesiastical, in time of parliament. Cowel. A dis- tinct academical assembly, in which the general business of the university is transacted. Abp. Laud. To CONVO'KE^kon^ke'.r.a. [convoco, Lat.] To call together. Locke. To CONVOLVE 6, kftn-vdlv'. v. a. [conrolvo, Lat.] To roll together. Milton. CONVOLUTED, kon-vo-lrV-ted. part. Twisted; rolled upon itself. Woodward. CONVOLUTION, kon-vo-lu'-shun. n.s. Rolling any thing upon itself. Grew. Rolling together Thomson. To CONVO'Y§, kon-voe'. v. a. [convoyer, Fr.] To accompany by land or sea for the sake of defence. Milton. CO'NVOY, kon'-voe. 492. n.s. Force attending on the road by way of defence. South. The act of attending as a defence. Shakspeare. Conveyance. Shakspea.re. CONVOL VUL US*, kon-vol'-vu-l&s. n. s. [Lat.] A genus of plants ; bind-weed. ToCONVURSE^, kon-vulse'. v.a. [convulsus, Lat.] To give an irregular and involuntary motion to the parts of any body. Hallywell. CONVULSION, kon-vul'-shun. n.s. An involunta rv contraction of the fibres and muscles, whereby the body and limbs are preternaturally distorted Locke. '. Tumult ; disturbance. Temple. CONVULSIVE, kon-vul'-siv. 158, *28. a. [convuL sif, Fr.] That which produces involuntary motion Hde. 235 coo COP O* 559.- -Fate, fir, fall, fat ;- —me, m£t; —pine pin;— CONVULSIVELY*, k6n-vul'-s?v-le. ad. In an agi- tated or tumultuous manner. CO'NY S, kiV-ne. n. s. [cuniculus, Lat.] A rabbit. B. Jonson. A simpleton. CONY-BURROW, kun'-ne-bftr-o. ». s. A place where rabbits make their holes in the ground. Verstegan. STo CO'NYCATCH, kfin'-ne-katsh. t>. n. To cheat ; to bite ; to trick. Slmkspeare. CO'NYCATCHER, kun'-ne-katsh-fir. n. s. A thief; a cheat. To COO S, k6o. 10. v.n. To cry as a dove or pigeon. Thomson. COOING*, k66'-iug. n.s. Invitation, as the note of the dove. Young. COOK$, ko6k. 306. n. s. [coquus, Lat.] One whose profession is to dress and prepare victuals. Shak. COOK-MAID, kook'-made. n.s. A maid that dresses provisions COOK-ROOM, kSok'-room. n. s. The kitchen of a ship. Raleigh. To COOK, ko6k. v. a. To prepare victuals. Decay of Piety. To prepare for any Durpose. Sliak. To COOK*, or COUK*, ko6k. v. n. To make the noise of the cuckoo. The Silkewormes. To COOK*. k66k. v. a. To throw. Grose. COORERY, k6ok^-ur-e. 555. n.s. The art of dress- ing victuals. Davies. COOLS, kool. 306. a. [col, Sax.] Approaching to cold. Temple. Not zealous ; not ardent. Prov. COOL, kool. n. s. Freedom from heat. Addison. To COOL, k66l. v. a. [col^ji, Sax.] To make, 1 cool ; to allay heat. S'. Like. To quiet passion, j Shakspeare. To COOL, ko6l. v. n. To grow less hot. B. Jonson. To grow less warm. Shakspeare. COOL-CUP*, kSSF-kup. n. s. A beverage so called. usually composed of wine, water, lemon-peel, su- gar, and borage ; and introduced at tables in warm ] weather. COOL-HEADED*, k65l'-hed-ed. a. Without pas- sion. Burke. CO'OLER*, k6ol'-ur. n. s. That which has the pow- j er of cooling the body. Quincy. A vessel in which any things is made cool. Mortimer. CO'OLISH*, kSol'-lsh. a. Approaching to cold.' Goldsmith. CO'OLLY, koolMe. ad. Without heat, or sharp cold. Thomson. Without passion. Atterbury. CO'OLNESS, kSSl'-ngs. n. s. [eoelner, Sax.] Gen- tie cold. Bacon. Want of affection ; disinclination. I Clarendon. Freedom from passion. Spenser. COOM, ko6m. 306. n. s. [ecume, Fr.] Soot that gath- ! ers over an oven's mouth. Phillips. That matter! that works out of the wheels of carriages. COOMB, or COMB, kodra. n. s. [cumulus, Lat.] A j measure of corn containing four bushels. COOPS, k66 p . n . s. [kappa, Icel.] A barrel for the j preservation of liquids. A cage ; a pen for ani- mals. Brown. To COOP, ko5p. v.a. To shut up in a narrow com- pass ; to confine ; to cage. Shakspeare. COOPER, koo-pee'. n.s. [coupe, Fr.] A motion in dancing. CO'OPER, k66'-pur. 98. n. s. One that makes coops or barrels. Child. CO'OPERAGE, kdo'-pur-idje. 90. n.s. The price paid for cooper's work. To COORERATE §, ko-op'-eV-ate. v. n. [con and opera, Lat.] To labour jointly with another to the same end. Bacon. To concur in the same effect. Broum. COOPERATION, k6-6p-eV-a / -shun. n.s. The act of contributing to the same end. Bacon. COOTERATD7E, k6-6p'-gr-a-t?v. a. Promoting the same end. Davies. COORERATOR, ko.&p'-eV-a-tur. 521. n.s. He that promotes the same end with others. To COO'PTATES* k6-&p'-tate. v. a. [coopto, Lat.] To choose. Cockeram. COOPTA'TION, ki-op-ta'-shun n.s Adoption; assumption. Hoieell. COORDINATE S, kc-oV-de-nate. 91. a. [am ana ordinalus, Lat.) Holding the same rank ; not being subordinate. H. Wharton. COORDINATELY, k6-cV-de-nate-le. ad. In the same rank. COORDINATENESS,k6-or'-de-nate-nes.7i.*.Tke state of being coordinate. COORDINATION, ko-dr-de-mV-shan. n.s. The state of holding the same rank. Howell. COOT, koot. 306. n.s. [cotee, Fr.] A small black water-fowl, in fens and marshes. Beaumont. COPS, kop. w. *. [cop, Sax.] The head; the top of any thing. Chaucer. CORAL, loV-pal, or kop'-al. n s. The Mexican terra for a gum. COPARCENARY, k6-par'-se-na-re. n. *. Joint succession to any inheritance. Hale. COPARCENER S, kc-par'-se-nor. n. s. [con and particeps, Lat.] Such as have equal portion in the inheritance of their ancestor. Cowel. COPARCENY, kc-par'-se-ne. n.s. An equal share of coparceners. Phillips. COPARTMENT*, kc-part'-ment. n. s. Compart- ment. Wation. COPARTNER §, ko-part'-nur. 98. n. s. One that has a share in some common stock or affair; one equally concerned. Shakspeare. COPARTNERSHIP, k6-part / -nur-ship. n.s. The state of bearing an equal part, or possessing an equal share. Hale. CORATAIN. kop'-a-tln. 208. a. High raised ; point- ed. Shakspeare. COPAYVA, k6-pa'-va. 98. n.s. A gum which dis- tils from a tree m Brazil. COPE §, k6pe. n. s. [ceeppe, Sax.] Any thing witk which the head is covered. A sacerdotal vestment worn in sacred ministration. WheaJ.ly. Any thing spread over the head, as the concave of the skies; any arch work over a door. To COPE, k6pe. v. a. To cover, as with a cope. Addison. To contend with ; to oppose. Shak. To reward ; to give in return. Shakspeare. To COPE, kope. v. n. To contend ; to struggle. SJmkspeare. To encounter. Shakspeare. To COPE, k6pe. v. a. To embrace. Shak. Ob. J. COTE3IAN*, kipe'-man. n.s. [cooprnan, Dutch.] A chapman. Verstegan. COPERNICAN*, k6-peV-ne-kan. a. Relating to the system of Copernicus. A. Smith. COPESMATE, kopes'-mate. n. s. Companion; friend. Spenser. CORD2R, kop'-pe-ur. n. s. One that copies; a transcriber. Addison. One that imitates; a pla- giary. Dry den. CORING, k „ CORPUSCULA'RIAN, W-pus-ku-la'-re-an. \ Relating to bodies ; comprising bodies. Boyle. CORPUSCULA/RIAN*, kSr-pus-ku-la'-re-an. n.s. A corpuscularian philosopher. Bentley. CO'RRACLE. See Coracle. To CORRA'DE, kor-rade'. 168. v. a. [corrado, Lat.] To rub off; to scrape together. Cockeram. CORRADIA'TION, k&r-ra-de-a'-shun. n.s. [cdn and radius, Lat.] A conjunction of rays in one point. Bacon. To CORRE'CT §. k&r-rekt'. v. a. [coirigo, eotrectum, 239 COR COR O 3 559. — Fate, far, fall, fat; — me, met; — pine, pfn;- Lat.] To punish ; to chastise. Bp. Taylor. To amend; to take away faults. Burnet. To obviate the qualities of one ingredient by another. Arbuth- not. To remark faults. CORRECT, kor-rekt'. a. Free from faults. Dryden. CORRECTION, k6r-rcV-shun. n.s. Punishment; discipline. S'hak. Alteration to a better state; amendment. That which is substituted in the place of any thing- wrong - . Watts. Reprehension ; animadversion. Brown. Abatement of noxious qualities, by the addition of something- contrary. Donne. CORRECTIONER, k&r-rek'-shfin-fir. n. s. One that has been in the house of correction. Shak. CORRECTIVE, kdr-rek'-dv. 157. a. Having the power to obviate any bad qualities. Brerewood. Having the power to limit. Dr. Holdsworth. CORRECTIVE, kor-rek'-uV. n.s. That which has the power of altering or obviating any thing amiss. Ray, Limitation; restriction. Hale. CORRECTLY, kor-rekt'-le. ad. Accurately; with- out faults. Locke. CORRECTNESS, k&r-rekt'-nes. n.s. Accuracy. Dryden. CORRECTOR, k6r-rek'-tur. 98. n. s. He that amends. He that revises any thing to free it from faults. [In medicine.] Such an ingredient as guards against or abates the force of another. Quincy. CORRE'GIDOR*, kor-red'-je-dire. n. s. [Span.] A Spanish magistrate. Smollett. To CORRELATE §, k&r-re-late'. [See Counter- balance.] v. n. [con and relalus, Lat.] To have a reciprocal relation ; as, father and son. CORRELATE, Mr'-e-late. n. s. One that stands in the opposite relation. South. CORRELATIVE, kor-rel'-a-tlv. a. Having a re- ciprocal relation. South. CORRELATIVE*, kor-reP-a-tlv. n. s. That which has a reciprocal relation. Blackstone. CORREBATIVENESS, kor-reP-a-rfv-nes. n. s. The state of being correlative. CORRECTION, kor-rep'-shfin. n. s. Objurgation ; chiding ; reproof. Hammond. To CORRESPONDS, kdr-re-spSnd'. v. n. [con and respondeo, Lat.] To suit ; to answer. Holder. To keep up commerce by alternate letters. CORRESPONDENCE, k6r-re-spon'-dense. ) CORRESPONDENCY^&r-re-spon'-den-se. \ n ' s - Relation; reciprocal adaptation of one thing to another. Hooker. Intercourse ; reciprocal intelli- gence. Denham. Friendship. Bacon. CORRESPONDENT, kor-re-sp&n'-dent. [See To Collect.] a. Suitable ; adapted. Hooker. CORRESPONDENT, kdr-re-sp&n'-dent. n. s. One with whom commerce is kept up by letters. Den- ham. CORRESPONDENT Y*, k&r-re-spon'-dent-le. ad. In an according manner. Bp. Morton. CORRESPONS1VE, kor-re-spon'-slv. a. Answera- ble. Shakspeare. CO'RRIDOR, k&r-re-d6re'. n. s. [Fr.] The covert way lying round the whole compass of the fortifica- tions of a place. A gallery or long aisle round about a building. Harms. COBRIGIBLE, kor'-re-je-bl. 405. [See To Col- lect.] a. [corrigo, Lat.] Capable of being amend- ed. Deserving of punishment. Howell. Correc- tive. Shakspeare. CORRFVAL, k6r-rl'val. n.s. Rival; competitor. Spenser. CORRFVAL*, k6r-rl'-val. a. Contending. Bp. Fleet- wood. To CORRFVAL*, kor-rl'-val. v.n. To vie with. Fitzgeffry. CORRIVAB1TY*, k&r -re-val'-e-te. ) rc.s.Competi- CORRFVALRY, k6r-rl'-val-re. ( tion. More. CORRFVALSHIP*, kor-rl' -val-shlp. n.s. Opposi- tion; rivalry. Sir T.Herbert. To CORRFVATE $*, k&r-rl'-vate. v. a. [corrivo, Lat.] To draw water out of several streams into oae. Burton. CORRIVA'TION*, k&r-re-va'-shun. n. s. The run- ning of waters together into one stream. Burton. CORROBORANT, k6r-roiy-6-rant. a. Strengthen ing. Bacon. To CORROBORATE $, kor-r&b'-o-rite. v. a. [cor- roboro, Lat.] To confirm ; to establish. Bacon. To strengthen. Bacon. CORROBORATE*, k&r-r&b'-o-rate. a. Strengthen ed ; confirmed. Bacon. CORROBORATION , k6r-r6b-6-ra'-shun. n. s. The act of strengthening or confirming. Sir T. Elyoi. CORROBORATIVE, k&r-r6b'-6-ra-tlv. n. s. That which increases strength. Burton, CORROBORATIVE*, k6r-r&b'-6-ra-tlv. a. Having the power of confirming or establishing. Warbur- ton. To CORROBE§, kor-rode'. v.a. [corrodo, Lat.] To eat away by degrees; to prey upon; to consume. Donne. CORROBENT, k6r-r6'-dent. a. Having the power of wasting any thing away. CORROBENT*, k6r-r6'-dent. n. s. That which eats away. Bp. King. To CORROBIATE*, kor-r6'-de-ate. v. a. To eat away by degrees. Sandys. CORRODIBFLITY, kor-ro-de-bll'-e-te. n. s. The quality of being corrodible. CORROB1BLE, k6r-r6'-de-bl. 405. a. What may be consumed. Brown. CO RRODY, kor'-r6-de. n. s. A defalcation from an allowance or salary for some other than the original purpose. Carew. CORROSIBFLITY, k&r-r6-se-b?l'-e-te. n. s. Possi- bility to be consumed by a menstruum. CORRO'SIBLE. kor-r6'-se-bl. 405. a. See Corro- dible. CORRO'SIBLENESS, kor-r6'-se-bl-nes. n.s. Sus- ceptibility of corrosion. Diet. CORRO'SION, kor-ro'-zhiin. 451. n.s. The power of eating or wearing awav by degrees. Bacon. CORRO'SIVE, k6r-r6?-slv. 428. a. Having the pow- er of consuming or wearing away. Mi/ion. Hav- ing the quality to fret or vex. CORRO'SIVE, kor-rd'-sh. 140. n.s. That which has the quality of wasting any thing away. Spen- ser. That which has the power of fretting, or of giving pain. Hooker. To COBROSIVE*, kor-nV-slv. v. a. To eat away, like a corrosive. Bp. Hall. CORROSIVELY, k6r-r6'-sfv-le. ad. Like a corro sive. Boyle. With the power of corrosion. CORRO'SIVENESS, k6r-r6'-s?v-n§s. n.s. The quality of corroding ; acrimony. Donne.. COBRUGANT, kor'-ru-gant. 503. a. Having the power of contracting into wrinkles. To COBRUGATE g kor'-nVgate.91. v.a. [corrugo, Lat.] To wrinkle or purse up. Quincy. COBRUGATE*, kor'-ru-gate. a. Contracted. Young. CORRUGA'TION, k&r-ru-ga'-shfin. n.s. Contrac- tion into wrinkles. Floyer. CORRU'GENT Muscfe*, kor-ru'-jent-miV-sl. A muscle of the eye, called also corrvgator supercilii Chambers. To CORRUBT§, kSr-r&pt'. v. a. [corrumpo,corrup tus, Lat.] To turn from a sound to a putrescent state. To deprave; to destroy integrity; to bribe. 2 Cor. Locke. To spoil ; to do mischief. To CORRUBT, k&r-rfipt'. [See To Collect.] v. n. To become putrid ; to lose purity. Bacon. CORRUBT,k6r-rupt'.a. Spoiled ; tainted. Knolles. Unsound; putrid. Spenser. Vicious; without in- tegrity. Shakspeare. CORRUBTER, k6r-rup'-tur. n.s. He that taints or vitiates. Shakspeare. CORRUBTFUL*, k&r-rupt'-ful. a. Corrupting. Spenser. CORRUPTIBILITY, k&r-rflp-ie-bfl'-e-te. n.s. Pos- sibility to be corrupted. Burke. CORRUPTIBLE, kor-rfip'-te-bl. 405. a. Suscepti- ble of destruct : on by natural decay. Hooker. Sus ceptible of external depravation. 240 COS COS — n6, move n6r, not; —tube tub, bull ; -811; — pound ; — thm, THis. O^Some affected speakers have done all in their power to remove the accent of this word from the second to the first syllable. Thanks to the difficulty of pronoun- cing it in this manner ; t.hey have not yet effected their purpose. Those who have the least regard for the sound of their language, ought to resist this novelty with all their might ; for if it once gain ground, it is sure to triumph. The difficulty of pronouncing it, and tho ill sound it produces, will recommend it to the fashionable world, who are as proud to distinguish themselves by an oddity in language as in dress. — See Incomparable. TV. CORRU'PTIBLENESS, k&r-rfip'-te-bl-nes. n. s. Susceptibility of corruption. CORRUPTIBLY, k6r-r&p'-te-ble. ad. In such a manner as to be corrupted. Shakspeare. CORRUPTING*, kor-rup'-ting. «• »• The act of vitiating-. Bp. Taylor. CORRUPTION, k&r-rup'-shun. n. s. The principle by which bodies tend to the separation of their parts. Wickedness ; perversion of principles. Ad- dison. Putrescence. Blackmore. Matter or pus in a sore. The tendency to a worse state. Shak. Cause, or means, of depravation. Raleigh. [In law.] An infection growing to a man attainted of felony, or treason, and to his issue. Cowel. CORRUPTIVE, kor-rup'-tiv. a. Having the quali- ty of tainting. Brown. CORRU'PTLESS, kor-r&pt'-les. a. Insusceptible of corruption. Dry den. CORRUTTLY, k6r-r5pt / -le. ad. With corruption. SJiakspeare. Vitiously; improperly. Camden. CORRU'PTNESS, kor-rupt'-dk n. s. Putres- cence ; vice. CORRUPTRESS*, k6r-rupt'-rgs. n.s. She that misleads or corrupts others. Cotgrave. Beaumont and Fletcher. CO'RSAIR, k6r / -sare. 168. n. s. [corsjre, Itai.J A pirate. Ricaut. The vessel of a corsair. CORSE, korse. n.s. [cors, corse, Fr.] A body. Spen- ser. A dead body ; a carcass. Spenser. CORSE-PRESENT*-, kors'-pr^z-ent. n. ■ A fu- neral present ; a mortuary. Bhickstone. CO'RSELET, k6rs'-let. n. s. {corselet, Fr.] A light armour for the forepart of the body. Fairfax. To CO'RSELET* or CORSLET*, kors'-lel. v. a. To encircle, as with a corselet. Beaum. and Fl. CORSE 1 T*, kor'-set. n. s. [Fr.] A pair of bodice for a woman. Cotgrave. CORTEGE*, k6r-tazhe'. n.s. [Fr.] A train of at- tendants. Wiquefort. CO'RTES*, kSr'-lez. n. s. [Span.] The states as- sembled in Madrid. Geddes. CO'RTEX*, kor'-teks. n. s. [Lat.] Bark ; cover. Bentley. CO'RTICAL §, kSr'-te-kal. a. [cortex, Eat.] Barky; belonging to the rind. Cheyne. CORTICATED, kdr'-te-ka-tgd. a. Resembling the bark of a tree. Brown. CO'RTICOSE, k6r-te-k6se'. a. Full of bark. Diet. CORU'SCANT§, ko-rfis'-kant. a. [coi-usco, Lat.] Glittering by flashes ; flashing. Howell. To CORUSCATE*, ko-rfis'-kate. v. n. To glitter. Greenhill. CORUSCA'TION, k6r-us-ka'-shun. n. s. Flash ; quick vibration of light. Bacon. CORVE'TTO, kor-vgt'-to. n.s. The curvet. Peacham. CORYBA'NTICK*, kor-e-ban'-tlk. a. [from Cory- bantes, the frantick priests of Cybele.] Madly agi- tated or inflamed. Cudworth. CORY'MBIATED, ko-rW-be-a-teU a. Garnished with branches of berries. Diet. CORYMBFFEROUS, k6r-?m-b?f-er-us. a. Bearing fruit or berries in bunches. Quincy. COR Y'MB US, ko-rlm'-bfis. n. s. [Lat.] Among the ancient botanists, a bunch or cluster of berries : amongsi modern, a compounded discous flower, such as the daisy, and common marigold. Quincy. CORYPHEUS*, kor-e-fe'-fis. n.s. [koov^.] The principal of those who compose the chorus in the ancient tragedy ; now a general name for a chief or principal of any company. South. COSCI'NOMANCY, k6-sln'-6-man-se. n.s. [Kacrivov and fiavTua.'] The art of divination by means of 3 sieve. Chambers. COSE CANT, kc-se'-kant. n. s. The secant of an arch, which is the complement of another to ninety degrees. Han~is. To CO'SEN*. See To Cozen. CO'SIER, ko'-zhe-ur. n.s. [cousu, old Fr.] A botch- er ; a tailor. Shakspeare. COSIGNI / FICATIVE*,k6-sfg-n?f / -fe-ka-t?v.a. Hav- ing the same signification. Cockeram. CO'SINE, ko'-slne. n. s. The right sine of an arcV which is the complement of another to ninety de- grees. Harris. COSME TICKS* k6z-meY-lk. n.s. [ko^vtikos.] A preparation for improving beauty. Kay. COSME'TICK, koz-met'-lk. a. Beautifying. Pope. CO'SMICAL^koz'-me-kaha. [ko^os.] Relating to the world. Rising or setting with the sun; not aeronychal. Brown. CO'SMICALLY, k6z'-me-kal-le. ad. With the sun • not acronvchaJlv. Brown. COSMO'GONIST*, koz-mog'-go-nist. n. s. He who. describes the creation of the world. Coventry. COSMO'GONY§, koz-mog'-go-ne. 518. n. s. [Kdcfio? and yovrj.'] The rise or birth of the world; the crea*- tion. Goldsmith. COSMO'GRAPHER, k&z-mog'-gra-fur. 518. n. s. One who writes a description of the world. Brown. COSMOGRATHICAL, koz-mo-graf -e-kal. 509. a. Relating to the general description of the world. Selden. COSMOG RA'PHIC ALLY, koz-mi-graf -e-kal-e, ad. In a manner relating to cosmography. Broion. COSMOGRAPHY §, koz-mog'-gra-fe. 518. n.s. [k6ghos and ypd generally from the Saxon coc, a cottage. COT, ) Gibson. COT §, k&t. n. s. [cot, Sax.] A small house ; a cot- tage. Sliakspeare, cof* kot. n. s. [koitt]^ A small bed ; a cra- dle ; a hammock. Sir T. Herbert. n. s. [cota, low Lat.] A little boat. Spenser. [An abridgement of cotqumn] A COTT* COT*, ' > lU COTT*, \ kot - COT, kot. n.s cade-lamb. Grose To COTA'BULATE*. See To Contabulate. COTANGENT, k6-uV-jent. n. s. The tangent of an arch which is the complement of another to ninety degrees. Harris. COTE*, kite. n. s. [Sax.] A cottage. Warner. A sheepfold. 2 Chronicles. To COTE, k6te. v. a. To leave behind, to overpass. Chapman. To COTE*. See To Quote, which was formerly written cote. COTE MPORARY. See Contemporary. COTERLE*, k6-tb-r&>. n.s. [Fr.] A friendly or fashionable association. COTI LLON* ko-tfF-yun. n.s. [cotillon, Fr.] A brisk lively dance, in which eight persons are usually employed. Gray. CO'TLAND, kot'-land. n. s. Land appendant to a cottage. CO'TQUEAN, kot'-kwene. n. s. A man who busies himself with women's affairs. Shakspeare. CO'TSWOLD*, kots'-wild. n. s. [cote and pold, Sax.] Sheepcots in an open country ; whence the large tract of downs called Cotswold Hills, in Glou- cestershire. CO'TTAGE, k&t'-taje. 90. n. s. A hut ; a cot. Zeph. CO'TTAGED*, kot'-taj'd. a. Having cottages. Col- lins. CO'TTAGELY* kot'-taje-le. a. Rustick; suitable to a cottage. Bp. Taylor. COTTAGER, kot'-ta-jur. n. s. One who lives in a cottage. Swift. [In law.] One that lives on the common, without paying rent, and without any land of his own. Bacon. COTTER*, k6t'-tur. ) n. s. One who inhabits a COTTIER, k6t'-yer. 113. \ cot. Bp. Hall. COTTONS, kof-tn. 170. n.s. [cotton, Fr.J The down of the cotton-tree. Wiseman. Cloth made of cotton. COTTON, k&t'-tn. n. s. A plant. Miller. To COTTON, kot'-tn. v. n. To rk*e with a nap. To cement ; to unite with. Swift. COTTONOUS* kot'-tn-fis. ) a. Full of cotton ; soft COTTONY*, k6tMn-e. $ as cotton. Evelyn. COTYLE*, ) ( cavity of a bone, which receives the end of another in articulation. A liquid measure in use among the ancients. To COUCH §, k6utsh. 313. v.n. [coucher, Fr.] To lie down on a place of repose. Sliak. To lie down on the knees, as a beast to rest. Dryden. To lie down in secret, or in ambush. Slmk. To lie in a bed, or stratum. Deuteronomy. To stoop, or bend down. Genesis. To COUCH, koutsh. v. a. To lie on a place of re- pose. Sliak. To lay down any thing in a bed, or stratum. Mortimer. To bed; to hide in another body. Bacon. To involve ; to include. Dryden. To hide. South. To lay close to another. Spenser. To fix the spear in the rest ; in the posture of at- tack. Spenser. To depress the condensed crystal- line humour or film that overspreads the pupil of the eye. Sharp. COUCH, koutsh. n.s. A seat of repose. Milton. A bed. Bale. A layer, or stratum. Moitimer. CO'UCHANT, kdutsh'-ant. a. Lying down ; squat* ting. Brown. CO'UCHEE,\M'-shhh. n.s. [Fr.] Bedtime ; the time of visiting late at night. Dryden. CO UCHER, kdutsh'-ur. n. s. He that couches cata racts. A bedfellow. Cotgrave. CO'UCHER*, koutsh'-ur. n. s. [cachereau, Fr.] A register book in monasteries. Queen Elizabeth's Injunctions. CO'UCHFELLOW, k6utsh'-fel-l6. n.s. Bedfellow. Shakspeare. COTJCHGRASS, kfifitsh'-gras. n. s. A weed. Mor timer. COACHING*, k6utsh'-?ng. n. s. The act of bend ing or bowing. Shakspeare. COUGH$, kof. 321. n. s. [kuef Goth.] A convulsion of the lungs, vellicated by some sharp serosity. Ba- con. To COUGH, k6f. v. n. To make a noise in endeav- ouring to evacuate the peccant matter from the lungs. To COUGH, k&f. 391. v. a. To eject by a cough; to expectorate. Wiseman. COUGHER, kof -fur. 98. n. s. One that coughs. CO'UHAGE*, kdu'-'klje. n. s. A kind of kidney- COULD, kfid. 320. [See the word Been.] The im- perfect preterit of can. COULD*, kud. pret. of can, to know. CO ULTER, kile'-tur. 318. n. s. [cultop, Sax.] The sharp iron of the plough which cuts the earth. Hammond. CO'UNCIL §, k&W-sll. 313. n. s. [concilium, Lat.] An assembly of persons met together in consulta- tion. Matthew. Act of publick deliberation. Milton. An assembly of divines to deliberate upon religion- Watts. Persons called together to be consulted on any occasion, or to give advice. Bacon. The body of privy counsellors. Shakspeare. COIPNCIL-BOARD, kd&n'-sll-bird. n. s. Council- table, where matters of state are deliberated. Clar- endon. CO'UNCIL-TABLE*, k6un -sft-ta-bl. n. s. Council- board. Milton. COUNDERSTA'NDING*, k6-un-dur-stand'-Lig. n.s. Mutual understanding. Howell. To COUNI'TE§*, ko-yu-nhe'. v. a. To unite. More. COUNPTE*, kd-yu-nlte'. a. United. More. CO'UNSEL$, k6un'-s§l. 99. n.s. [consilium, Lat.] Advice ; direction. Bacon. Consultation ; inter- change of opinions. Shak. Deliberation ; exami- nation of consequences. Hooker. Prudence ; art, Ecclus. Secrecy. Shakspeare. Scheme; purpose. Psalm,. Those that plead a cause. Shakspeare. $£?* The difference of council and counsel is, in cursory speaking, almost undistinguishable. W. CO / UNSEL-KEEPER*,k6un / -s^l-k^ep-ur. n.s. One who can keep a secret. Shakspeare. CO / UNSEL-KEEPING*,k6un / -sel-keep-?ng.a.That which preserves secrecy. Titus Andronicus. To COTJNSEL, k6un'-sel. 99. v. a. To give advice Shakspeare. To advise any thing. Dryden. CO UNSELLABLE, k66.n'-sel-a-bl. a. Willing to follow the advice of others. Clarendon. Advisa- ble. Lord Clarendon. COUNSELLOR, kSun'-sel-lur. n. s. One that gives advice. Wisdom. Confidant; bosom friend. rVal ler. One whose province is to deliberate upon publick affairs. Shakspeare. A lawyer. Dryden. CO'UNSELLORSHIP, k6un'-sel-lur-sh?p . n. s. The office of a privy counsellor. Bacon. To COUNT §, k6fint. v. a. [compter, old Fr.] To num- ber ; to tell. Shak. To preserve a reckoning. Locke. To reckon ; to place to an account. Gen. To esteem ; to account. Hooker. To .impute to ; to charge. Rowe. To COUNT, kount. 313. v.n. To found an account or scheme. Swift. COUNT, k6unt. n. s. Number. Spenser. Reckon- ing ; number summed. Exodus. Estimation ; ac- count. Spenser. [In law.] A charge in an indict- ment, or a declaration in pleading. 242 cou cou -n6, m5ve, n6r, n6t ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 611 ; — pound ; — thin, THis. COUNT, k6unt. n. s. [comte, Fr.] A title of foreign nobility 5 supposed equivalent to an earl. Blackstone. COUNT ABLE, koun'-ta-bl. a. That which may be numbered. Spenser. COTJNTENANCE $, koim'-te-nanse. re. s. [conte- nance, Fr.] The form of the face ; the system of the features. Air ; look. Sidney. Calmness of look. Dryden. Confidence of mien ; aspect of assurance. Sidney. Kindness or ill-will, as it appears upon the face. Spenser. Patronage ; support. Hooker. Superficial appearance ; show. Ascham. To COUNTENANCE, kdun'-te-nanse. v. a. To support. Exodus. To make a show of. Spenser. ' To keep up any appearance. Shakspeare. To en- courage. Wotton. CO'UNTENANCER, kSun'-te-nan-sur. re. s. One that countenances another. Beaumont and Fletcher. CO'UNTER, koun'-tfir. 98. n. s. A false piece of mo- ney used as a means of reckoning. Shak. Money, in contempt. Shak. The table on which goods are viewed in a shop. Drijden. A box for cash. Coles. A reckoner. Sherwood. Encounter ; trial of skill. Spenser. An auditor. Robert of Gloucester. That part of a horse's forehead that lies between the shoulder and under the neck. Farrier's Diet. CO'UNTER*, kSun'-tur. n. s. A name of some pris- ons in London. Shakspeare. COUNTER, kdun'-tur. ad. [contra, Lat.] Contrary to. South. Contrarily to the right course. Shak. Contrary ways. Locke. The face, in opposition to the back. Sandys. This word is often found in composition, and may be placed before either nouns or verbs used in a sense of opposition. To COUNTERACTS, kdfin-tfir-akt'. v. a. To hin- der any thing bv contrary agency. South. COUNTERACTION* Bim-tur-ak'-shun. re.*. Op- position. Johnson. COUNTERATTRACTION*, koun-tur-at-trak'- shun. n. s. Opposite attraction. To COUNTERBALANCE^, koun-tur-balManse. v. a. To weigh against. Boyle. tfj" We may observe, in words compounded of counter, an evident tendency to that distinction that obtains be- tween the noun and the verb in dissyllables. Thus the verb to counterbalance has the accent on the third syl- lable, and the noun of the same form on the first, and so ©f the rest. 492. W COUNTERBALANCE, kSim'-tur-bal-lanse. re. s. Opposite weight ; equivalent power. Dryden. COUNTERBO'ND*, koun'-r&r-b&nd. n. s. A ter-surety. Shenvood. To COUNTERBUFF§, kSun-tur-buf. v. a. To im- pel in a direction opposite to the former impulse. Dryden. CO'UNTERBUFF, kSun'-tur-buf. n. s. A blow m a contrary direction. Sidney. CO'UNTERCASTS*, k6un / -tur-kast. n.s. A trick j delusive contrivance. Spenser. CO'UNTERCASTER,k6un'-tur-kas-tur. n.s. An arithmetician ; a book-keeper. Shakspeare. COUNTERCHANGES, kSun'-tftr-tshanje. n. s. \contrechans:e, Fr.] Exchange ; reciprocation. Shak. To COTJNTERCHANGE, k6un-tur-tshanje'. v. a. To exchange. /. Hall. CO'UNTERCHARMl, kStW-tur-tsharm. n.s. That bv which a charm is dissolved. Scott. ToCOTJNTERCHARM, kofW-tur-tsharm. v. a. To destroy the efiect of an enchantment. Lord Falk- land. To COTJNTERCHECKS, kS&n-tur-tshek'. v.a. To coun- oppose. Drayton. COUNTERCHECK, ko&n'-tftr-tshek. n. Stop; rebuke. Shakspeare. COUNTERDISTFNCTION*, kSun-tur-dls-tlngk'- shun. n. s. Contradistinction. More. To COUNTERDRAW, kSun-tur-draw'. v. a. To copy a design by means of an oiled paper, whereon the strokes appearing through are traced with a pencil. Chambers. COUNTERE'VIDENCE,k6un-t&r-eV-e-dense.re.s. Testimony by which the deposition of some former witness is opposed. GlanuUe. COUNTERFA'ISANCE*. See Counterfesance To COUNTERFEITS, kofW-tur-flt. v. a. [centre /aire, Fr.] To forge. Shak. To imitate ; to copy Sliaksjieare. To COUNTERFEIT*, k5un'-tur-fit. v.n. To feign Shakspeare. COUNTERFEIT, kdun'-tur-f 5t. a. Forged ; ficti- tious. Milton. Deceitful ; hypocritical. Roscommon, COUNTERFEIT, kSiW-tur-ilt. n. s. One who per- sonates another; an impostor. Spenser. A forgery. Shak. A resemblance ; a likeness; a copy. Shak. COUNTERFEITER, kSun'-tfir-ffr-ur. n . s. A for- ger. Camden. An impostor. Sherwood. COTJNTERFEITLY, koun'-lur-flt-le. ad. Falsely j fictitiously. Shakspeare. COUNTERFE'RMENT, koun-tur-feV-ment. n. s. Ferment opposed to ferment. Addison. COUNTERFE SANCE, kb&n-tur-fe'-zanse. n. s. [contrefaisance, Fr.] The act of counterfeiting ; for- gery. SpeiTser. Ob. J. COUNTERFORT, kofin'-tur-fort. n. s. Pillars serv- ing to support walls or terraces. Chambers. COUNTERGA'GE, kdtW-tur-gaje. n. s. A method to measure die joints by transferring the breadth of a mortise to the place where the tenon is to be. Chambers. COUNTERGUA'RD, kSun'-t&r-gard. 92. n. s. A small rampart with a parapet and ditch. Military Diet. To COUNTERFNFLUENCE*, kounMur-in'-fiu- §nse. v. a. To hinder any thing by contrary influ ence. Scott. COUNTERLIBRA'TION*. See Lieration. COUNTERLFGHT, kfiun'-tur-lhe. n.s. A light op- posite to any thing, which makes it appear to a dis- advantage. Chambers. To COUNTERxMA'NDS, koun-tur-mand'. 79. v. a. [contremander , Fr.] To order the contrary to whai was ordered before. South. To oppose the orders of another. Hooker. To prohibit. Harvey. COUNTERMAND, koun'-tur-mand. n.s. Repeal of a former order. Shakspeare. To COUNTERMARCH §, koun-tur-martsh'. [See Counterbalance.] r. n. To march backward. CO'UNTERMARCH, koun'-tur-martsh. re. s. Retro- cession; march backward. Collier. Change of measures. Burnet. COUNTERMARKS, kSun'-tur-mark. n, s. A sec- ond or third mark put on a bale of goods. The mark of the goldsmiths' company. An artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses. A mark added to a medal a long time after it is struck. Chambers, To COUNTERMARK, kSun-tur-mark 7 . v.a. A horse is said to be countemutrked when his corner teeth are artificially made hollow. Farrier's Diet. COUNTERMFNES, kaun'-tur-mlne. n.s. A well or hole sunk into the ground, from which a gallery or branch runs out under ground, to seek out the ene- my's mine. Military Diet. Means of opposition. Sidney. A stratagem by which any contrivance is defeated. H Estrange. To COUNTERMFNE, k6un-tur-mW. v.a. To delve a passage into an enemy's mine. To coun- terwork. Donne. COUNTERMO TION, kSun-tur-mi'-shun. n. s. Con trary motion. Dizby. COUNTERMO' VElMENT*, kSun-tuT-mOov'-ment. n. s. A manner of moving in opposition to another movement. COTJNTERMURES,kounMur-mure. n.s. [contre- mur, Fr.] A wall built up behind another wall, to supply its place. Knolles. To CO'UNTERMURE*, kfiun-tur-mure'. v. a. To fortify with a countermure. Kyd. COUNTERNA'TURAL, kfiun-tur-natsh'-u-ral. a Contrary to nature. Harvey. COUNTERNOISE, kdun'-tur-nSeze. n. s. A sound by which any noise is overpowered. Calamy. COUNTERO'PENLNG, k6un-tur-6/-pn-mg. n.s. An aperture or vent on the contrary side. Sharp. I measure to any scheme iW-tur-pa 3. Swift. 43 cou COU O" 559.- -Fate fir, fall, fat;- — me, m£t;- -plne pin;— CO'UNTERPANE, k6un'-tfir-pane. n. s. [contre- point, Fr.] A coverlet for a bed. One part of a pair of deeds. B. Jonson. COUNTERPART, kdfin'-tfir-part. n. s. The cor- respondentpart. Hale. COUNTERPETITION §#, kSun-tfir-pe-tlsh'-fin. n. s. A petition against another petition. Clarendon. To COUNTERPETITION*, kdfin'-tSr-pe-tish'-un. v. n. To petition against another petition. CO'UNTERPLEA, kSiV-t&r-ple. n. s. [In law.] A replication. Cowel. To COUNTERPLOT $, koun-t&r-ptft'. v. a. To op- pose one machination by another. More. COUNTERPLOT, k66n'-tur-pl&t. n. s. An artifice opposed to an artifice. L' Estrange. COUNTERPLOTTING*, koun-tur-pl6t'-tmg. n. s. The act of opposing. South. COUNTERPOINTS, kfiun'-tur-pSint. n. s. [can- trappunto, Ital.] The art of composing harmony. See Contrapuntist. Mason. COUNTERPOINT, kdfin'-tfir-pdlnt. n. s. A cover- let woven in squares, commonly spoken counter- pane. Shakspeare. COUNTERPOINT*, k6un''-tur-p6mt. n. s. An op- posite point or course. Sir E. Sandys. To COUNTERPOISE §, k6un-tur-pdeze'. v. a. To counterbalance ; to act against with equal weight. Shak. To produce a contrary action by an equal weight. Willcim. COUNTERPOISE, k6fin / -tfir- P 6eze. n.s. Equipon- derance ; equivalence of weight. Sliak. The state of being placed in the opposite scale of the balance. Milton. Equivalence of power. Bacon. COUNTERPO'ISON, kMn-tur-poe'-zn. n. s. Anti- dote to poison. Arbuthnot. COUNTERPRA'CTICE*, koun'-tur-prak'-tfs. n. s. Practice in opposition. Proceedings against Garnet. COUNTERPRE'SSURE, kdftn-tur-presh'-ure. n. s. Opposite force. Blackmore. COUNTERPRO'JECT, kdun-tur-prcd'-jekt. n. s. Correspondent part of a scheme. Swift. To COUNTERPRO'VE, kofin-tfir-prfidve'. v. a. To take off a design in black lead, or red chalk, through the rolling press, with another piece of pa- per, both being moistened with a sponge. Cham- bers. COUNTER-REVOLUTION*, k3un-tur-rev-6-lo/- shun. n. s. A revolution succeeding another, and opposite to it. To COUNTERRO'L $. See Control. COUNTERRO'LMENT, kSun-tur-role'-ment. n. s. A counter account , controlment. Bacon. CO'UNTERSCARF*, koun'-t&r-skarf. ) n. s. [In CO'UNTERSCARP, kSiW-tur-skarp. $ fortifica- tion.] That side of the ditch which is next the camp. Harris. COUNTERSCU'FFLE*, k6un-tur-skuf-fl. n. s. Conflict ; contest. Hewyt. To CO'UNTERSEAL*, kSun'-tur-sele. v. a. To seal together with others. Shakspeare. To COUNTERSECU'RE*, kdun-tur-se-kure'. v. a. To render more secure by corresponding means. Burke. CO'UNTERSENSE*, koun'-tur-sense. n. s. Oppo- site meaning. Howell. To COUNTERSIGN $, k6un-tur-slne'. v. a. To sign nn order or patent of a superiour, in quality of secre- liiry, to render it more authentick. Chambers. CO'UNTERSIGN*, koun'-tfir-slne. n. s. A military expression, denoting the watch-word- of the day. COTJNTERSIGNAL*, k6un'-tur-sig-nal. n. s. A corresponding signal : a naval term. CO'UNTERSNARL*, ko&n'-tur-snarl. n. s. Snarl in defence, or opposition. Burton. COUNTERS! 1 ATUTE*, kS&n-t&r-stat'-tshute. n. s. A contradictory ordinance. Milton. CO'UNTERSTROKE*, kSun'-tur-str6ke. n.s. A stroke returned. Spenser. COUNTERSU'RETY*, k6fin-tur-shure / -te. n. s. A counter-bond to a surety. Sim-wood. CO'UNTERSWAY*, koun'-tur-swa. n.s. Opposite influence, or direction. Milton. CO'UNTERTALLY*, koun'-lur-tal'-le. n. s. One ol the two tallies on which anything is scored. COUNTERTA'STE*, koun-tut-uW. n.s. False taste. Shenstone. COUNTERTENOR, ko&n-tfir-ten'-nur. n. s. One of the mean or middle parts of musick; so called, as it were, opposite to the tenor. Harris. CO'UNTERTIDE, kdun'-tur-tide. n.s. Contrary tide ; fluctuations of the water. Dry den. CO'UNTERTIME, k6un'-lur-tlme. n. s. [contretemps, Fr.] The defence or resistance of a horse, that in- tercepts his cadence, and the measure of his man age. Farrier's Diet. Defence ; opposition. Dry den. COUNTERTU'RN, k6un'-tur-turn. n.s. The height and full growth of the play, which destroys expec- tation. Dryden. To COUNTERVAIL $, k6fin-tur-vale'. v. a. [contra and valeo, Lat.] To be equivalent to ; to have equal force or value. Hooker. COUNTERVAIL, k6un'-tur-vale. n. s. Equal weight. Equal value with something else. South. CO'UNTERVIEW, koun'-tur-vu. n.s. Opposition; a posture in which two persons front each other. Milton. Contrast ; a position in which two dissimi- lar things illustrate each other. Swiff. To COUNTERVOTE*, k6un-tur-v6te'. v. a. To oppose ; to outvote. Scott. To COUNTERWEIGH*, koun-tur-wa'. v. n. To weigh against. Ascham. To COUNTER WHEEL*, kdun-t&r-hweel'. v. a. To make to wheel, or move backwards and forwards : a military phrase. Lovelace. CO'UNTERWIND^koun'-tur-wmd. n.s. Contrary wind. To COUNTERWORK, ko&n-tur-wurk'. v.a. To counteract. B. Jonson. CO'UNTESS, Uun'-th. n.s. [comtesse, Fr.] The ladv of an earl or count. Shakspeare. COTJNTING-HOUSE, k6un'-tlng-hduse. n. s. The room appropriated to books and accounts. Locke. COTJNTLESS, k6untM£s. a. Innumerable. Shak. COUNTRIFIED*, k&n'-tre-f Ide. a. Rustick ; rude, Grose. COUNTRY §,kiW-tre. n.s. [contre'e, Fr.] A tract of land; a region. The parts of a region distant from cities or courts. Cowley. The place which any man inhabits. Sliak. The place of one's birth; the native soil. Sprat. The inhabitants of an)' reg'on. Shakspeare. CO'UNTRY, kiW-tre. a. Rustick; rural. Locke. Of an interest opposite to that of courts ; as, the country party. Peculiar to a region or people. 2 Mace. Rude; ignorant. Dryden. COUNTRY-DANCE*, kfin'-tre-danse. n.s. A well- known kind of dance. CO'UNTRYMAN, kun'-tre-man. 88. n.s. One born in the same country. Locke. A rustick. Graunt. A farmer ; a husbandman. V Estrange. CO'UNTY $, koun'-te. n. s. [comtc, Fr.] A shire; a circuit or portion of the realm. Cowel. , An earl dom. Spenser. A count ; a lord. Shakspeare. COUNTY-COURT*, kStW-te-kdrte. n.s. A court incident to the jurisdiction of the sheriff. Blackstone. COUP DE MAIN, kc-6-de-mane'. n. s. [Fr.] A military expression, denoting an instantaneous, un- expected, generally desperate attack. COUP D'OEIL, kod-dale'. n.s. [Fr.] The first view of any thing ; a slight view of it. COUPE'E, koo-pee'. n. s. [Fr.] A motion in danc- ing. Chambers. COUPING-GLASS*. See Cupping-glass. CO'UPLABLE, kV-P^-bl. a. Fit to be coupled with. Cotgrave. COUPLE §, kflp'-pk 314. [See To Codle.} n.s. [couple, Fr.] A chain or tie that holds dogs togeth- er. Shak. Two ; a brace. Sidney. A male and his female. Shakspeare. To CO'UPLE, kup'-pl. 405. v. a. To chain together. Shak. To join one to another. Sidney. To mar- ry ; to join in wedlock. Sidney. To CO'UPLE, kup'-pl. v.n. To join in embrace* Bacon. 244 cou cou -n6, move, n6r, not ; — ti'ibe, tub, bull ; — ofl ; — p65nd ; — thin, THis. n. s. {courage, Fr.] spirit of enterprise. v. a. To encourage. s. a. Brave ; daring-. COUPLE-BEGGAR, kup'-pl-beg-ur. n. s. One that makes it his business to marry beggars to each other. Swift. COMPLEMENT* kfip'-pl-ment. n.s. Union. Spen- ser. CO'UPLET, kfipMet. n.s. [Fr.] Two verses 5 a pair of rhymes. Sid?iey. A pair, as of doves. SJiakspeare. COUPLING*, kup'-llng. n. s. A junction. 2 Chron. Junction in embrace. Hale. COURAGE §, kur'-rldje. 90 Bravery 5 active fortitude} Shakspeare. To CO'URAGE*, kur'-rldje. Mutest. COURA'GEOUS, kur-ra'-je-i Amos. Ludicrouslv for outrageous* Shakspeare. COURAGEOUSLY, kur-ra'-je-us-le. ad. Bravely. 2 Chron. COURA'GEOUSNESS^fir-ra'-je-us-nes. n.s. Bra- very ; boldness. 2 Mace. COURA'xMT, kur-rant'. \n. s. [Fr.] A nimble COURA'NTO, kur-ran'-t6. V dance. Shak. Any thing 1 that spreads quick, as a paper of news. B. Jonson. See Corant. To COURB, koorb. w. n. [cow-ber, Fr.] To bend. Sliakspeore. COURB*. koorb. a. Crooked. Goiver. See Corb. COURIER, kdo'-reer. 275. n. s. A messenger sent in haste ; an express. Sliakspeare. 2^?= This word is perfectly French, and often makes a plain Englishman the object of laughter to the polite world by pronouncing it like currier, a dresser of leather. W. COURSE §*k6rse. 318. n.s. [cursus, Lat.] Race; career. Cowley. Passage from place to place 3 progress. Acts. Tilt 5 act of running in the lists. Sidney. Ground on which a race is run. Track or line in which a ship sails, or any motion is per- formed. Sail ; means by which the course is per- formed. Raleigh. Progress from one gradation to gMOther. Watts. Order of succession ; as, Every one in his course. 1 Chron. Stated and orderly method. Shak. Series of successive and methodical procedure. Wiseman. The elements of an art ex- hibited in a methodical series. Chambers. Con- duct; manner of proceeding. Knolks. Method of life 3 train of actions. Sidney. Natural bent. Temple. Catamenia. Harvey. Orderly structure. James. [In architecture.] A continued range of stones, level or of the same height, throughout the whole length of a building. Series of consequen- ces. Number of dishes set on at once upon the table. Shak. Regularity; settled rule. Empty form. L 1 Estrange. The running of dogs upon bears. SJiak. — Of course. By consequence. Locke. Of course. By settled rule. Garth. To COURSE, korse. v. a. To hunt 3 to pursue. Shak. To pursue with dogs that hunt in view. Congreve. To put to speed. Stay. To COURSE, k6rse. v.n. To run; to rove about. Shakspeare. CO'URSER, kor'-sfir. n. s. A swift horse ; a war- horse. Spenser. One who pursues the sport of coursing hares. Beaumont and Fletcher. A dispu- tant. A. Wood. COURSEY*, kor'-se. n.s. Part of the hatches in a galley. Slierwood. COURSING*, kor'-sfng. n. s. The sport of hunting with greyhounds. Bacon. COURT §;k6rte. 318. n. s. [cujifc, Sax.] The place where the prince resides ; the palace. Spenser. The hall or chamber where justice is administered. Shak. Open space before a house. Bacon. A small opening enclosed with houses, and paved with broad stones, distinguished from a street. Persons who compose the retinue of a prince. Temple. Persons assembled for the administration of justice. Taller. Any jurisdiction, military, civil, or eccle- siastical. Shakspeare. The art of pleasing. Spen- ser. COURT of Guard*. The guard-room of soldiers. 18 Sliakspeare. They who compose the guard. Par thencia Sacra. To COURT, korte. v. a. Tt woo ; to solicit a wo man to marriage. B. Jonson. To solicit ; to seek Locke. To flatter ; to endeavour to please. COURT-BARON*, korte-bdr'-run. n. s. A court in- cident to every manor in the kingdom, and holden by the steward. Blackstone. COURT-BREEDING*, korte-breed'-lng. n. s. Edu- cation at court. Milton. COURT-BUBBLE*, korte-bub'-bl. n.s. The trifle of a court. Beaumont and Fletcher. COURT-CARD*, kirte'-kard. See Coat-card. COURT-CHAPLAIN, korte-tshap'-fln. n. s. One who attends the king to celebrate the holv offices. Swift. COURT-CUPBOARD*, korte-kub'-'bfird. n.s. The side-board of ancient days. Shakspeare. COURT-DAY, korte-da'. n.s. Day on which jus- tice is administered. Arbuthnot. COURT-DRESS*, kdrte-dres'. n. s. The dress in which a person appears at court. COURT-DRESSER, korte-dreV-sur. n.s. A flatter- er. Locke. COURT-FASHION*, k6rte-fash/-un. n. s. What is observed at court. Fuller. COURT-FAVOUR, korte-fa'-vur. n. s. Favours be- stowed bv princes. U Estrange. COURT-HAND, k6rte'-hand. n. s. The hand or man ner of writing used in records and judicial proceed ings. Shakspeare. COURT-LADY, kirte-la'-de. n. s. A lady conver- sant or emploved in court. Locke. COU&T-LEET* korteMeet. n. s. [court and leobe, or leub, Sax.] A court of record, held once in the year, within a particular hundred, lordship, or manor, before the steward of the leet. Blackstone. COURT-MARTIAL*, kirte-mar'-shai. n.s. A court appointed to investigate military offences. COURTEOUS, kur'-tshe-us. 314. a. [courtois, Fr.] Elegant of manneis ; polite. Shakspeare. COURTEOUSLY, kur'-tshe-us-le. ad. Respectful- lv ; civilly. Wotton. COURTEOUSNESS, kiV-tshe-us-nes. n. s. Civili- ty ; complaisance. CO/URTER*, kbrte'-fir. n. s. He who wooes or so- licits women. Shenvood. CO'URTESAN, or COURTEZAN, kur-te-zan . 523. n. s. [courtisane, Fr.] A woman of the town. Shakspeare. CO'URTESY^, krV-te-se. n. s. [courtoisie, Fr.] Ele- gance of manners ; civility. Spenser. An act of civility or respect. Shak. A tenure, not of right, but by the favour of others. COURTESY, kfirt'-se. n. s. The reverence made by women. Dry den. fcj*° This word, when it signifies an act of reverence, is not only deprived of one of its syllables by all speakers, but, by the vulgar, has its last syllable changed into chc or tshe, as if written curt-she .- this impropriety, bow- ever, seems daily to lose ground, even among the lower orders of the people, who begin to restore the s to its pure sound. TV. To CO'URTESY, kurt'-se. v.n. To perform an act of reverence. Shak. To make a reverence in the manner of ladies. Prior. To COTJRTESY*, kurt'-se. v. a. To treat with courtesy. Sir R. Williams. COURTIER, k6rte'-yur. 113. n. s. One that fre- quents the courts of princes. Shakspeare. One that courts the favour of another. Shakspeare. COURTIERY*, korte'-yur-e. n. s. The manners of a courtier. B. Jonson. COURTINE. See Curtain. COURTLIKE, k6rte ; -llke. a. Elegant; polite. Camden. COURTLINESS, korte'-le-nes. n.s. Elegance of manners. Ld. Digby. COURTLING, k6rte / -lmg. n. 5. A retainer to a court. B. Jonson. COOJRTLY, korteMe. a. Relating to the court; ele- gant ; soft. Spenser. COURTLY, korteMe. ad. Elegantly. Dryden. 24* cov cow 0= 559.— File, far, fall, fat ;— me, met ;— pine, pin ;— CO'URTSHIP, k6rte'-shlp. n. s. The act of solicit- ing favour. More. The solicitation of a woman to marriage. Shak. Civility} elegance of manners. Donne. CO'USIN §, kfiz'-zn. 314, 159. n.s. [cousin, Fr.] Any one collaterally related more remotely than a brother or sister ; a kinsman. Shak. A title given by the king to a nobleman, particularly to those of the council. Sha/cspeare. CO'USIN*, kuz'-zn. a. Allied; kindred. Chaucer. COUTH*. See Uncouth. CO'UTEAU*, kS6-t z, and soft c, when the accent is before them, easily slide into the same sound before similar vowels, but never before any other : for we might, with as much ' propriety, pronounce calamitous and necessitous, ca- lamitshus and neccssitshus, as covetous, covetshus 459. W. CO'VETOUSLY, kfiv'-ve-tfi«-le. ad. Avariciously eagerly. Shakspeare. CO'VETOUSNESS, kfiv'-ve-tus-nSs. n.s. Avarice. Bp. Taylor. Eagerness ; desire. Shakspeare. CO'VEY, kfiv'-ve. 165. n. s. [couvee, Fr.] A hatch ; an old bird with her young ones. A number of birds together. Addison. CO'VIN, ) , 7 / ■> {n.s. A deceitful agreement CCVINE, S ? between two or more, le the hurt of another. Cowel. CO'VING, ko'-vlng. n. s. A term in building, used of houses that project over the ground-plot. Harris. COW§, kfifi. 323. n. s. [In the plural, anciently, kine or keen, now commonly emes ; cu,Sax.] The female of the bull. Bacon. COW*, kSu. n. s. The moving top of the chimney of a hop-oast, or kiln. Pegge. To COW, kSu. v. a. [kufwa, Su.] To depress with fear. Shakspeare. COW-HERD, kofi'-herd. n. s. [cu-hejide, Sax.] One whose occupation is to tend cows. COW-HOUSE, kou'-hofise. n. s. The house in which kine are kept. Mortimer. COW-ITCH*. See Couhage. COW-LEECH, kSu'-letsh. n. s. One who professes to cure distempered cows. To COW-LEECH, kofi'-letsh. v. n. To profess to cure cows. Mortimer. COW-POCK f, k6u'-pok. n. s. An eruption from the teats of a cow ; said to be an infallible preservative from the small pox. COW- WEED, kfifi'-wede. n. s. A species of chervil COW- WHEAT, kSu'-hwete. n. s. A plant. CO'WARD §, kou'-fird. 88, 323. n. s. [couard, Fr.] A poltron, whose predominant passion is fear. Sidney. It is sometimes used in the manner of an adjective. Shakspeare. CO'WARD*, kou'-fird. a. Dastardly. Spenser. To CO'WARD*, kfiu'-fird. v. a. To make timorous or cowardly. Shakspeare. CO'WARDICE, kSfi'-fir-dls. 142. n.s. Fear; habit- ual timidity. Spenser. To CO'AVARDIZE*, kou'-fir-dfee. v. a. To render cowardly. Scott. CO'WARDLIKE*, kSu'-fird-llke. a. Resembling a coward. Beaumont and Fletcher. CO'WARDLINESS, kofi'-fird-le-nSs. n. s. Timidi ty ; cowardice. Bp. Hall. m CRA CRA -n6, move, nor, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 5il ; — pound ; — thin, THis. CO'WARDLY, kSu'-fird-le. a. Fearful; timorous. Bacon. Mean. Shakspeare. COWARDLY, k6&'-fird-Ie. aa\ Meanly; vilely. Knolles. CO'WARDOUS*. kou'-urd-fis. a. Cowardly. Bar- ret. Ob. T. CO' WARDSHIP, kSiV-urd-shty. n. s. The qualities of a coward. Shakspeare. Ob. J. To CO'WERS, k6u'-ur. 223. v.n. [cwrrw.n, Welsh.] To sink by bending; the knees ; to stoop. Bacon. To COWER* kofr-ui \couvre, old Fr.] To cherish by care. Spenser CO'WISH, k6u'-fsh. a. [from To cow.-] Timorous ; fearful. Shakspeare. CO'WKEEPER, kou'-ke-pfir. n.s. One whose busi- ness is to keep cows. Broome. COWL§,k6fil. 323. n.s. [cu$le, Sax.] A monk's hood. Camden. A vessel in which water is carried on a pole between two. Wood. COWL-STAFF, k5iil'-staf. n.s. The staff on which a vessel is supported between two men. Suck- ling. CO'WLED*, kSuld. a. Wearing a cowl. Shenstme. CO'WLIKE*, k6u'-llke. a. Resembling a cow. Pope. COWORKER, ko-wfirk'-ur. n. s. One engaged in the same work ; fellow-labourer. Gregory. CO'WSLIP, kSu'-sllp. n.s. [cuylippe/ Sax.] A spe- cies of primrose. Miller. COWS-LUNGWORT, kSuz-lung'-wurt. n.s. A spe- cies of mullein. CO'XCOMB$, k6ks / -k6me, n.s. The top of the head. Sliak. The comb resembling that of a cock, which licensed fools wore fonnerly in their caps. Shak. A fop; a superficial pretender to knowledge or accomplishments. Shak. A kind of red flower. CO'XCOMBLY* koks'-k6me-le. a. Like a cox- comb. Beaumont and Fletcher. CO'XCOMBRYf, koks'-kome-re. n,s. Foppishness. Lady Mary W. Montague. COXCO'MICAL, k6ks-kom'-?k-al. a. Foppish ; con- ceited. Dennis. COY§, k8e. a. [coy, old Fr.] Modest; decent, j Chaucer. Reserved; not accessible. Spenser. To COY, koe. 329. v.n. To behave with reserve. Dryden. To make difficulty; not to condescend willingly. SJiakspeare. To COY, kSe. v. a. [for decoy.] To allure ; to flatter. Shakspeare. CO'YISH*, kSe'-lsh. a. Modest ; reserved. CO'YL Y kSe'-le. ad. With reserve. Chapman. CO'YNESS, k6e'-ne : s. n, s. Reserve. Walton. CO'YSTREL. See Coistrel. COZ, kfiz. n. s. A cant word for cousin. ShaJcspeare. To CO'ZEN§, kuz'-zn. v. a. To cheat; to trick. Spenser. CO'ZENAGE, kuz'-zn-aje. 90. n.s. Fraud; deceit. Shakspeare. COZENER, kuz'-zn-ur. 98. n.s. A cheater; a de- frauder. Slutkspeare. CO'ZIER*^ See Cosier. CRAB §, krab. n. s. [cyiabba, Sax.] A crustaceous fish. Bacon. A wild apple. Shak. A peevish, morose person. A wooden engine with three claws for launching of ships. Phillips. The sign in the zodiack. Creech. CRAB, krab. a. Any sour or degenerate fruit. Bp. Hall. To CRAB*, krab. v. a. To sour ; to render peevish. Glanville. CRA'BBED, krab'-beU 366. a. Peevish ; morose. Spenser. Harsh; unpleasing. Shakspeare. Diffi- cult ; perplexing. Hudibras. CRA'BBEDLY, krab'-beM-ie. a. Peevishly. Barret. CRA'BBEDNESS, krab'-bgd-ngs. n. s. Sourness of taste. Sourness of countenance; asperity of man- ners. Beaumont and Fletcher. Difficulty ; perplex- ity. Hoivell. CRA'BBY*, krab'-be. a. Difficult; perplexing. Marston. CRA'BER,kra'-bur. n.s. The water-rat. Walton. GRABS-EYES, krabz'-lze. n.s. Whitish bodies, produced by the common crawfish, and used in medicine. Hill. CRACK §, krak. n.s. [crac, Fr.] A sudden disrup tion, by which the parts are separated but a little way from each other. A narrow breach. Wise- man. The sound of any body bursting. Sliak. Any sudden and quick sound. Shak. Change of the voice in puberty. Shak. Breach of chastity Shale. Craziness of intellect. A man crazed. Ad dison. A whore : in low language. A boast. Burton. An instant : a low phrase. A lad. Shak. To CRACK, krak. v. a. To break' into chinks. Morti- mer. To break ; to split. Shak. To do any thing with quickness' or smartness. B. Jonson. To break or destroy any thing. Shak. To craze. Bacon. To CRACK, krak. v.n. To burst; to open in chinks. Boyle. To fall to ruin. Dryden. To utter a loud and sudden sound. Shak. To boast. Shale. CRACK-BRAINED, krak-brand'. 359. a. Crazy. Howell. CRACK-HEMP, krak'-hemp. n. s. A wretch fated to the galiows. Shakspeai e. CRACK-ROPE, krak'-r6pe. n.s. A fellow that de- serves hanging. CRA'CKER, krak'-ur. n. s. A noisy, boasting fellow. Shak. A quantity of gunpowder confined so as to burst with great noise. Beavmcnt and Fletcher. That which cracks or breaks a thing. B. Jonson. ToCRA CKLE, krak'-kl. 405. v.n. To make slight cracks ; to make small and frequent noises. Donne. CRA'CKLIING*, krak'-ling. n. s. A small but fre- quent noise. Eccles. CRA'CKNEL, krak'-nel.n.s. [craquelin, Fr.] A hard, brittle cake. Spenser. CRA'DLE §, kra'-dl. 405. n.s. [cpadel, Sax.] A movable bed, on which children are agitated with a smooth and equal motion, to make them sleep. SJiak. Infancy, or the first part of life. Spenser [With surgeons.] A case for a broken bone. [With shipwrights.] A frame of timber raised along the outside of a ship to help to launch her. Harris. An instrument used in scraping mezzotintoes. Chambers. A part added to a sithe, to gather the corn into swaths. Cliambers. To CRA'DLE, kra'-dl. v. a. To lay or rock in a cradle. Glanville. To CRA'DLE*, kra'-dl. v.n. To lodge a=» in a cradle. Shakspeare. CRADLE-CLOTHES, kra'-dl-kl6ze. n.s. Bed- clothes belonging to a cradle. SJiakspeare. CRAFT §, kraft. 79. n.s. [cpsepte, Sax.] Manual art ; trade. Wotton. Art ; dexterity. B. Jonson. Fraud ; cunning. Shakspeare. Small sailing vessels. To CRAFT, kraft. t\ n. To play tricks. Shakspeare. Ob. J. CRA'FTILY, kraf-te-le. ad. Cunningly; artfully. Knolles. Skilfully. Chaucer. CRA'FTINESS, kraf -te-nes. n. s. Cunning ; steata- gem. Job. CRA'FTSMAN, krafts'-man. n. s. An artificer : a mechanick. Spenser. CRA'FTSMASTER, krafls'-ma-stur. n.s. A man skilled in his trade. Shakspeare. CRA'FTY, kraf-te. a. Cunning; artful. Shak- speare. CRAG§, krag. n. s. A rough, steep rock. Gibson. The rugged protuberances of rocks. Fairfax The neck. Spenser. CRA'GGED, krag'-ged. 366. a. Full of inequalities and prominences. Crashaw. CRA'GGEDNESS, krag'-ggd-ne*s. n. s. Fulness of crags or prominent rocks. Brerewood. CRA'GGINESS, krag'-ge-nes. n. s. The state of b&- ing craggy. Hoicell. CRA'GGY, krag'-ge. 383. a. Rugged ; full of prom- inences. Spenser. CRAKE §*, krake. n.s. A boast. Spenser. To CRAKE*, krake. v. n. To brag ; to boast. Spen- ser. To CRAKE*, krake. v. a. To utter boastingly. 247 CRA CRA \TT 559.— Fite, far, fill, (at ;- ■me, met ;— pine, pin ; — Angular promi- Health: vigour. CRA'KER*, kri'-kftr. n. s. A boaster. Huloet. To CRAMS, kram. v. a. [cpamman, Sax.] To stuff with more than can conveniently be held. SJiak. To fill with food beyond satiety. King. To thrust in by force. Shakspeare. To CRAM, kram. v. n. To eat beyond satiety. Pope. CRA'MBO, kram'-bi. n.s. [a cant word.] A play at which one gives a word, to which another finds a rhyme : a rhyme. Swift. CRAMP§, kramp. n.s. [krampe, Dut.] A spasm or contraction of the limbs. Shak. A restriction ; a confinement. L' Estrange. A piece of iron bent at each end, by which two bodies are held together. Wilkins. CRAMP, kramp. a. Difficult ; knotty. Goodman. To CRAMP, kramp. v. a. To pain with cramps or twitches. Dryden. To restrain; to confine. Ba- con. To bind with crampirons. Burke. CRAMP-FISH, kramp'-fish. n. s. The torpedo, which benumbs the hands of those that touch it. Sir T. Herbert. CRA'MPIRON, kramp'-l-urn. n. s. See Cramp. CRA'NAGE, kra'-n?dje. 90. n.s. [eranagium, low Lat.] A liberty to use a crane, or the money paid and taken for the same. Coicel. CRANBERRY*, kran'-bSr-re. n. s. The whortle- berry, or bilberry. To CRANCH* See To Craunch. CRANES, krane. n. s. [cpan, Sax.] A bird with a Jong - beak. Isaiah. An instrument made with ropes, pulleys, and hooks, by which great weights are raised. Mortimer. A siphon for drawing liquors out of a cask. CRANES-BILL, kranz'-bfl. n. s. An herb. A p; of pincers terminating in a point, used by sur- geons. CRANIUM, kra'-ne-um. 507. n. s. [Lat.] The skull. Wiseman. CRANKS, krangk. 408. n.s. [epancpteep, Sax.] The end of an iron axis turned square down, and again turned square to the first turning down. Moxon. Any bending or winding passage. Shak. Any conceit formed by changing the form or mean- ing of a word. Milton. An impostor. Burton. CRANK, krangk. a. [imkranck, Dutch.] Healthy ; sprightly. Spenser. Among sailors, a ship is said to be crank, when loaded too much above, and lia- ble to be overset. Howell. To CRANK*, krangk. v. n. To turn ; to run in and out. Shakspeare. To CRACKLE, krang'-kl. 405. v. n. To run in and out. Drayton. To CRA'NKLE, krang'-kl. v. a. To break into une- qual surfaces, or angles. Phillips. CRA'NKLES, krangV-klz. nences. CRA'NKNESS, krangk'-nSs. Disposition to overset. CRANNIED, kran'-ne-ed. a. Full of chinks. SJiak. CRA'NNY §. kran'-ne. n. s. [crena, Lat.] A chink; a fissure. Baron. GRANTS*, ki-antz. n. s. [krantz, Germ.] The gar- lands carried before the bier of a maiden, and hung over her grave. Shakspeare. CRAPE, krape. n. s. [crepe, Fr.] A thin stuff, loosely woven, of which the dress of the clergy is some- times made. Sirift. CRATLE*. n. s. [krappeln, Germ.] A claw. Spen- ser. CRA'PULA*, krap'-u-la. n.s, [Lat.] A surfeit, or sickness by intemperance. Cotton. CRA'PULENCE, krap'-u-lense. n.s. Drunkenness; sickness by intemperance. Diet. CRA'PTJLOUS, krap'-ft-lus. a. Drunken. Diet. To CRASE* kraze. See To Craze. To CRASH S, krash. v. n. To make a loud, compli- cated noise, as of many things falling or breaking at once. Smith. To CRASH,. krash. v. a. To break or bruise. CRASH, krash. n. s. A loud, sudden, mixed sound, as of many things broken at the same lime. Shak. j ailing; out of order. n. s. A violent, compli [koclch.] Temperature n. s. Grossness j CRASHING*, krdsh'-lng. cated noise. Zeph. CRA' SIS, kra'-sls. n. s. constitution. Glanville. CRASS S, kras. a. [crassus, Lat.] Gross; coarse Broivn. CRA'SSIMENT* kras'-se-ment. n.s. Thickness. Smith. CRA'SSITUDE, kras'-se-tude. ! coarseness; thickness. Bacon. j CRA'SSNESS*, kras'-nes. n. s. Grossness. .Glan- j ville. CRASTINA'TION, kras-te-na'-shSn. n. s [eras, JLatJ Delay. Diet. CRATCH, kratsh. n.s. [creicche, Fr.] The palisaded frame in which hay is put for cattle. Hake-will. To CRATCH*, kratsh. v. a. See lo Scratch. To tear; as, to cratch out one's eyes. Huloet. CRA'TER*, kra'-tur. n. s. [Lat.] A vent, or aper ture. Berkeley. CRATE*, krate. n. s. [kraet, Germ.] A pannier, or wicker vessel. To CRAUNCH, krantsh. 214. v. a. [schrantsen, Dutch.] To crush in the mouth. Swift. CRAV A'T, kra-vat'. n. s. [cravat e, Fr.] A neckcloth; any thing worn about the neck. Hudibras. §5= Dr. Johnson tells us this word is of uncertain ety- mology. It is certain, however, that it comes from the French ; and Menage tells us it arose among them from the Croats, who, being in alliance with France against the emperour, came to Paris, and were remarked for the linen they wore about their necks. This soon became a fashion, and was called after the original wearers, croat, which, by a small alteration, became cravat. This word is sometimes, but improperly, pronounced with the accent on the first syllable. This pronuncia.- tion is adopted only by Dr. Ash and Buchanan, while Dr. Johnson. Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Xares, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Kenrick, Entick, and Bailey, are uniformly for the accent on the last syllable. TV. To CRAVE S, krave. v. a. [cpapian, SaxJ To ask with earnestness ; to entreat. Holder. To ask in- satiably. Denham. To long ; to wish unreasona- bly. To call for importunately. Shakspeare. CRA/VEN, kra/-vn. 103. n. s. [from crave, as one that craves his life.] A cock conquered and dis- pirited. SJiak. A coward; a recreant. Shakspeare CRA'VEN, kra/-vn. a. Cowardly ; base. Spenser. To CRA'VEN, kra'-vn. v. a. To make recreant or cowardly. Shakspeare. CRA'VER, kra'-vftr. n. s. An insatiable asker. Shenvood. CRAWING*, kra'-v?ng. n. s. Unreasonable desire. South. CRAW, kraw. n. s.\kroe, Danish.] The crop or first stomach of birds. Ray. The human stomach, ia contempt. Anderson. CRA/WF1SH, kraw'-ffsti. n. s. [ecrevisse, Fr.] A small crustaceous fish found in brooks. Bacon. To CRAWLS, krawl. v.n. [Icrielen, Dutch.] T» creep; to move as a worm. Milton. To move weakly and slowly. Sluxk. To advance slowly and shly. Shak. To move about hated and do spised. South. CRAWL*, krawl. n.s. [corral, Span.] The well in a boat. CRA'WLER. kraw'-lur. n. s. A creeper. lovelace CRAY*, GRAYER*, or CRARE*. n. s. [craier, old Fr.] A small sea-vessel. Shakspeare. CRA'YFISH, kraw'-flsh. n. s. See Crawfish. CRA'YON, kra'-fin. n. s. [Fr.] A kind of pencil. Dryden. A drawing or design done with a pencil or crayon. To CRAZE S, kraze. v. a. [ecraser. Fr.] To break ; to crush ; to weaken. Hooker. To powder. Ca- rew. To impair the intellect. Shakspeare. CRA'ZEDNESS, kra'-zed-ngs. 365. n. s. Decrepi- tude ; brokenness. Hooker. CRA'ZINESS, kra'-ze-n^s. n. s. Imbecility ; weak- ness. Howell. Weakness of intellect. CRA'ZY, kra'-ze. a. Broken ; decrepit. Shak. Shat- tered in the intellect. Bp. Taylor. Weak; feeble* Beaumont and Fletcher. 248 CRE CRE -n6, move, nor, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — 6ll 5 — pofind 5 — th'm, this. CREAGHT, krale. n.s. [Irish.] Herds of cattle. Defines. To CREAGHT, krate. ». n. To graze upon lands. Davies. To CREAK, kreke. v.n. [criquer, old Fr.j To make a harsh, protracted noise. Dryden. CREA'KING*, kre'-king. n. s. A harsh noise. Shakspeare. CREAM §, kreme. n.s. [kreima, Goth.] The unc- tuous or oily part of milk. Shale. The best part of any thing - . Heunjt. To CREAM, kreme. v. n. To gather on the surface. Shakspeare. To CREAM, kreme. t\ a. To skim off the cream. Wodroephe's Fr. Gr. To take the flower and quintessence of any thing. Swift. CREAM-FACED, kreme -faste. a. Pale ; coward- looking. Sha/cspeare. CRE'AMY, kre'-me. a. Having the nature of cream. Beaumont and Fletcher. CRE'ANCE, kre'-anse. n.s. [Fr.] A fine, small line, fastened to a hawk's leash when she is first lured. CREASES, krese. 427. n.s. [kroesen, Teut.] A mark made by doubling any thing. Swift. To CREASE, krese. v. a. To mark any thing by doubling it. To CREATE f , kre-ate'. v. a. [creo, Lat.] To form out of nothing; to cause to exist. Genesis. To pro- duce; to cause. Sliak. To beget. To invest with any new character. Sliak. To give any new qual- ities. Davies. CREATE*, kre-ate'. a. Begotten. Sliak. Com- posed ; made up. Sliakspeare. CREATION, kre-a'-shun. n.s. The act of creating. Bp. Taylor. The act of investing with new qualities or character ; as, the creation of peers. The universe. Denham. Any thing produced, or caused. Shakspeare. CREATIVE, kre-a'-tlv. 157. a. Having the power to create. Thomson. Exerting the act of creation. South.. CREATOR §, kre-a'-tur. 166. n. s. [Lat.] The Be- ing that bestows existence. Milton. CREATRESS*, kre-a/-tres. n. s. She who makes any thing. Spenser. CRE'ATURE, kre'-tsbure. 461 , 462. n. s. A being not self-existent, but created by the Supreme Power. Stilling feet. Any thing created. Bacon. An animal, not human. Sliak. A general term for man. Spenser. A word of contempt lor a human being. Shak. A word of petty tenderness. Shak. A person who owes his rise or his fortune to another. Clarendon. CRE'ATURELY, kreMshure-ie. a. Having the qualities of a creature. Cheyne. CRE'ATURESHIP*, kre'-tshure-shlp. n.s. The state of a creature. Dr. Cave. CRE'BRITUDE, kreV-re-tude. n. s. [creber, Lat.] Frequentness. Diet. CRE'BROUS, kreV-rus. a. Frequent. Diet. CRE'DENCE §, kre'-dense. n. s. [credo, Lat.] Be- lief; credit. Spenser. That which gives a claim to credit or belief. Hayward. To CRE'DENCE*, kre'-dense. v. a. To believe. Skelton. Ob. T. CREDE'NDA, kre-deV-da. 92. n.s, [Lat.] Things to be believed ; articles of faiih. South. CRE'DENT, kre'-dent. a. Believing ; easy of be- lief. Shakspeare. Having credit. Shakspeare. CREDENTIAL*, kre-dgn'-shal. a. Giving a title to credit. CREDENTIAL, kre-deV-shal. n.s. That which gives a title to credit ; the warrant upon which be- lief is claimed. Addison. CREDIBILITY, kred-e-bil'-e-te. n.s. Claim to credit. Tiilotson. CREDIBLE §, kred'-e-bl. 405. a. [credibilis, Lat.] Worthy of credit. Gower. CRE'DIBLENESS. kred'-e-bl-nes. n. s. Credibility ; just claim to belief. Boyle. CREDIBLY, kred'-e-ble. ad. In a manner that claims belief. Bacon. CRE'DITS, kredMt. n.s. [credit, Fr.] Belief of 1 Mace. Honour; reputation. Pope. Esteem good opinion. Bacon. Faith; testimony. Hooker, Trust reposed ; with regard to property: correla- tive to debt. Locke. Promise given. Addison. In- fluence ; interest. Sidney. To CRE'DIT, kred'-lt. v. a. To believe. Shak. To procure credit to any thing. Waller. To trust ; to confide in. To admit as a debtor. CREDITABLE, kred'-M-bl. a. Reputable ; above contempt. Arbuthnot. Honourable ; estimable. Tii- lotson. CRE'DIT ABLENESS, kred'-?t-a-bl-nes. n.s. Rep- utation; estimation. Decay of Piety . CRE'DITABLY, krSd'-lt-a-ble. ad. Reputably. South. CREDITOR, kred'-?t-ur. 166. n.s. He to whom a debt is owed. Shak. One who credits ; one who believes. Shakspeare. CRE'DITRIX*, kred'-ft-r?ks. n. s. She to whom I monev is owed. Life of Cotton. I CREDU'LITY, kre-dii'-le-te. n. s. Easiness of be- lief. Sidney. CREDULOUS §, kred'-ju-ltis. 367,293. a. [credu- lus, Lat.] Apt to believe ; unsuspecting. Sliak. CRE'DULOUSLY* kred'-ju-his-le. ad. In an un- suspecting manner. Goodman. CRE'DULOUSNESS, kred'-ju-lus-n§s. n.s. Credu- lity. Sir E. Sandys. CREED §, kreed. n. s. [cpeba, Sax.] A form of words in which the articles of faith are compre- hended. Hammond. Any solemn profession of principles. Shakspeare. To CREEK, kreek. v. a. To make a harsh noise. Shakspeare. CREEKS, kreek. 246. n.s. [cpecca, Sax.] A prom inence or jut in a winding coast. Davies. A small port; a bay; a cove. Acts. Any turn, or alley. Shak. — Creek of day. The first appearance of the dawn. Turbervilh. CRE'EKY, kree'-ke. a. Full of creeks; winding, Spenser. To CREEP §, kreep. 246. v. n, [pret. crept : cjiypan, Sax.] To move as a worm. Milton. To grow along the ground, or on other supports. Dry den. To move forward as insects. To move slowly and feebly. Shak. To move secretly and clandestinely. Shak. To move timorously, without venturing into dangers. Dryden. To come unexpected. Sidney. To behave with servility; to fawn. Sliakspeare. CREEPER, kree'-pur. 98. n. s. A plant that sup • ports itself by means of some stronger body. Bacon. An iron used to slide along the grate in kitchens A kind of paiten or clog worn by women. An in sect. Burton. A small bird, called also the ox-eye [Li naval language.] A sort of grapnel, used for recovering things that may be cast overboard. CRE'EP-HOLE. kreep'-h6le. n. s. A hole into which any animal may creep. A subterfuge ; aa excuse. CRE'EPINGLY, kreep'-ing-le. ad. Slowly; after the manner of a reptile. Sidney. CRE'EPLE, kre'-pl. n. s. [cjiypel, Sax.] A lame person ; a cripple. Donne. CREMATION, kre-ma'-shun. n. s. [crematio, Lat.] A burning. CRE'MOR, kre'-mSr. ». s. [Lat.] A soft liquoi resembling cream. Ray. CRE'MOSIN*. See Crimosik. CRE'NATED, kren'-at-eU a. [craaa, Lat.] Notched; indented. Woodward. CRE'OLES*, kre'-6lz. n. s. Such as are descended from the Spaniards; natives of Spanish America. Guthrie. CRE'PANE, kre'-pan. n. s. An ulcer seated in the midst of the forepart of the foot of a horse. Far- rier's Diet. J roCRE'PITATE§, krep'-e-tate. 91. v.n. [crepito Lat.] To make a small, crackling noise; to break wind. Cockeram. ' CREPITATION, krep-e-uV-shun. n. s. A small, crackling noise. 249 CRI CRI (0= 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat ;— ine, met ;— pine, pk CREPT, krept. part, from c?-eep. CREPUSCULE§, kre-pus'-kule. n.s. [crepusculum. Lat.] Twilight. Did. CREPU'SCULINE*, kre-p&s'-ku-lk. a. Glimmer- ing : crepuseulous. Sprat. CREPU'SGULOUS, kre-pfis'-ku-lfls. a. Glimmer- ing-. Glamnlle. CRE'SCENT§, kres'-sSnt. a. [cresco, Lat.] Increas- ing ; growing-. Shakspeare. CRE'SCENT, kres'-sent. n. s. The moon in her state of increase. Shakspeare. To CRE'SCENT*, kres'-sent. v. a. To form into a crescent. Seward. CRE'SCIVE, kres'-sfv. 158. cu Increasing ; grow- ing. Shakspeare. ( 'RESS, krtk n. s. An herb. Miller. CRE'SSET, kres'-set. 99. n.s. [croisette, Fr.] A great light set upon a beacon, or watch-tower. Shak. Simply, a lamp, or torch. Holinshed. CREST §, krgst. n.s. [cpaeyfca, Sax.] The plume of feathers on the top of the ancient helmet 5 the helmet. Sliak. The comb of a cock. Milton. The ornament of the helmet in heraldry. Camden. Any tuft or ornament on the head. Dry den. Pride} spirit; fire. Shakspeare. To CREST*, kre'st. v. a. To mark with long streaks. To serve as a crest for. Shakspeare. CRE'STED, kres'-ted. a. Adorned with a plume or crest. Milton. Wearing a comb. Dnjden. CREST-FALLEN, kr&st'-faln. a. Dejected; sunk; dispirited. Shakspeare. CRE'STLESS, krSst'-les. a. Not dignified with coat- armour. Shakspeare. CRETA'CEOUS§ kre-ta'-shfis. a. [creta, Lat.] Having the qualities of chalk. Grew. Abounding with chalk. Phillips. CRETA'TED, kre'-ta-u!d. a. Rubbed with chalk. Diet. CRE'TICK*, kre'-tlk. n. s. Op?™^.] A foot used in Greek and Latin poetry, consisting of a short syllable between two long. Bentleij. CRE'VICE §, krev'-k 140. n. s. [cretns, old Fr.] A crack ; a cleft. Spectator. To CRE'VICE, krev'-k v. a. To crack; to flaw. Wotton. CRF'VISSE* i krSv'-is. n. s. Cray-fish. Smith. CREW §, krod. 339. n.s. [cpu®, Sax.] A company of people associated for any purpose. Spenser. The companv of a ship. Drvden. CREW, kr6o. The preterit of crow. CRE'WEL, krS6'-fl. 99. n. s. [kleweL Dutch.] Yarn twisted and wound on a knot or ball. Burton. CRIB§, krfb. n. s. [cpybb, Sax.] The rack or man- ger of a stable. Shak. The stall or cabin of an ox. Prov. A small habitation ; a cottage. Sliak. To CRIB, krlb. v. a. To confine ; to cage. Sliak. CRFBBAGE, krfb'-bfdje. 90. n. s. A game at cards. John Hall. CRFBBLE §, krfb'-bl. n. s. [crible, old Fr.] A corn sieve. Diet. Coarse meal, a degree better than bran. CRFBBLE Bread*. Bread made of coarse meal. Hidoet. To CRFBBLE*, krfb'-bl. v. a. To sift or cribble through a sieve. Lyttelton. CRIBRA'TION, krllbra'-sh&n. 123. n. s. [cribro, Lat.] The act of sifting or separating by a sieve. CRICK, krlk. n. s. [cricco, Ital.] The noise of a door. A painful stiffness in the neck. U Estrange. CRFCKET, krlk'-kit. 99. re. s. [krekeL Dutch.] An insect that squeaks or chirps about ovens and fire- places. Shak. A sport at which the contenders drive a ball with sticks. Pope. A low seat or stool. CRFCKETING Apple, n. s. A small species of apple. CRFER, kri'-ur. 98. n.s. [crieur, old Fr.] The of- ficer whose business is to cry or make proclama- tion. Ecclus. CRIME §, krhne. n. s. [crimen, Lat.] An act con- 1 trary to right ; an offence ; a great fault ; an act ! of wickedness. Spenser. Reproach : a Latinism. Milton, CRFMEFUL, krlme'-fal. a. Wicked v Faulty in a high degree. Shakspeare. CRIMELESS, krlme'-les. a. Innocent; without crime. Shakspeare. CRFMINAL, krfm'-e-nal. 88. a. Faulty; contrary to right ; contrary to law. Spenser. Guilty ; taint- ed with crime. Rogers. Not civil : as, a criminal prosecution. Blackstone. CRFMINAL, krfm'-e-nal. n. s. A man accused. Dry- den. A man guilty of a crime. Bacon. CRIMLNA'LITY*, krfm-e-nal'-e-te. n. s. A criminal action, case, or cause. Bp. Watson. CRI'MINALLY, krW-e-nal-le. ad. Wickedly ; guilt ily. Rogers. CRI'MINALNESS, krfm'-e-nal-nes. n. s. Guiltiness. To CRFMINATE*, krlm'-e-nate. v. a. To accuse : to charge with crime. Ld. North. CRIMINA'TION, krfm-e-na'-shun. n.s. Accusation; charge. Bp. Hall. CRFMlNATORY, krfm'-e-na-tfir-re. 512. a. Ac- cusing ; censorious. CRI'MINOUS, krfm'-e-ntk a. Wicked ; iniquitous ; enormously guilty. Bp. Hall. CRI'MINOUSLY, krim'-e-nus-le. ad. Enormously; very wickedly. Hammond. CRI'MINOUSNESS, krfm'-e-nus-nes. n. s. Wicked- ness; guilt; crime. King Charles. CRFMOSLN, krfm'-zn. a. [cremosino. Ital.] A spe- cies of red colour tinged with blue. Spenser. Com- monly written crimson. CRIMP §, krfmp. a. [acpvmman, Sax.] Friable; brittle; easily crumbled. Phillips. Not consistent ; not forcible. Arbuthnot. CRDIP*, krlmp. n. s. A game at cards formerly. B. Jonson. One who decoys others into military ser- vice : a low word. To CRIMP*, krlmp. v. a. foe-cpympfc, Sax.] To curl or crisp the hair. To CRI'MPLE, krfm'-pl. 405. v. a. [krimpen, Teut.] To contract ; to corrugate. Wiseman. CRFMSON §, krfm'-zn. 170. n.s. [cremosino, Ital.] Red, somewhat darkened with blue. Boyle. Red ia general. Shakspeare. CRFMSON*, krfm'-zn. a. Red, somewhat darkened with blue. Prior. Red, in general. Shakspeare. To CRFMSON, krfm'-zn. v. a. To dye with crimson. Shakspeare. CRFNCUM, krfngk'-um. n. s. A cramp ; a contrac tion; whimsy. Hudibras. CRINGE, krfnje. n.s. Bow; servile civility. HmcelL To CRINGE §, krfnje. v. a. [kriechen. German.] To draw together; to contract. Sliaksjieore. To CRINGE, krfnje. v. a. To bow; to fawn; to flatter. Bp. Hall. CRFNGER*, krfn'-jfir. n. s. One who is always bow- ing for some mean purpose ; a flatterer. CRINFGEROUS, krl-nid'-je-rus. 123. a. [criniger, Lat.] Hairy; overgrown with hair. Diet. CRI'NITE*, krl'-nhe. 140, 154. a. [crinitus, Lat.] Having the appearance of hair. Fairfax. To CRFNKLE §, krfng'-kl. v.n. [krinckelen, Dutch.] To go in and out; to run in flexures. King. To CRFNKLE, krfng'-kl. v. a. To mould into ine- qualities. Skelton. CRFNKLE, krfng'-kl. n.s. A wrinkle; a sinuosity Search. CRFNOSE §, kri-n6se'. a. [crinis, Lat.] Hairy. DicU CRINO'SITY. krl-nos'-e-te. n. s. Hairiness. Did. CRFPPLE §, 'krfp'-pl. 405. n. s. [cjiypel, Sax.] A lame man. Shakspeare. CRFPPLE*, krfp'-pl. a. Lame. Shakspeare. ToCRI'PPLE, krfp'-pl. v.a. To lame; to make lame. Shakspeare. CRITPLENESS, krfp'-pl-nes. n. s. Lameness. Diet. CRISIS, krl'-sk n. s. [jcptffis.] The point in which the disease kills, or changes to the better. Dry den. The point of time at which any affair comes to the height. Dryden. CRISP §, krfsp. a. [cpirp, Sax.] Curled. Bacon. Indented ; winding. Shak. Brittle ; friable. Ba- con. Short ; brisk. Beaumont and Fletcher. To CRISP, krfsp. v. a. To curl ; to contract into 250 CRO CRO — no, move, n6r, not; — tube, tub, bull; — 611; — pound; — thin, THis. knots or curls. Shak. To twist; to curl. Milton. To indent ; to make to wave. Milton. To CRISP*, krisp. v. n. To curl. Sir T. Herbert. CRISPA'TION, krls-pa'-shun. n. s. The act of curl- ing - . The state of being- curled. Bacon. CRFSPING-IRON*, kris'-ping-l'-Srn. n. s. A curl- ing iron. Beaumont and Fletcher. CRFSPFNG-PIN, krV-plng-pin. n.s. A curling iron. Isaiah. CRISPFSULCANT, krfs-pe-sfil'-kant. a. [crispisul- cans, LaL] Waved, or undulating ; as lightning is represented. Diet. CRFSPNESS, kr?sp'-nes. n. s. Curledness. CRFSPY, kris'-pe. a. Curled. Sluikspeare. CRISS-CROSS-ROW*, kr'is-kros-r6. n. s. Alpha- bet; beginning. Southente. CRITERION, krl-te'-re-un. 123. n. s. [k 9 itt,oiov : plural criteria.'] A mark by which any thing is judg- ed of with regard to its goodness or badness. Donne. CRI'TICK $, krit'-ik. n. s. j> pJ ™o f .] A man skilled in the art of judging of literature ; able to distinguish the faults and beauties of writing. Locke. An ex- aminer; a judge. Pope. A snarler ; a carper. Pope. A censurer; a man apt to find fault. Shak. CRFTICK, krlt'-lk. a. Critical ; relating to criticism. Pope. CRFTICK, n. s. See Critique. To CRI'TICK, krit'-ik. v. n. To play the critick ; to criticise. Brewer. CRFTICAL, krft'-e-kal. a. Exact; nicely judicious. Holder. Relating to criticism. Captious ; censo- rious. Shak. Comprising the time at which a great event is determined. Brown. Decisive; nice. Sprat. Producing a crisis or change of the disease ; as, a critical sweat. CRFTICALLY, krit'-e-kal-e. ad. In a critical man- ner; exactly. Dry den. At the exact point of time. CRI'TIC ALNESS, krlt'-e-kal-nes. n.s. Exactness; accuracy; nicety. To CRFTICISE, krit'-e-size. 153. v. n. To play the critick; to judge. Dryden. To animadvert upon as faulty. Locke. To CRFTICISE, krit'-e-size. v. a. To censure. Ad- dison. CRFTICISER*, krit'-e : sl-z&r. n. s. One wh« makes or writes remarks. Blackmail. CRFTICISM, krit'-e-sizm. n. s. A standard of judging well. Dryden. Remark; animadversion. Addison. CRITPQJJE, kre-teek'. n. s. [Fr.] A critical exami- nation ; critical remarks. Dryden. Science of criti- cism. Locke. — This word is now generally so writ- ten to distinguish it from critick, the person ; though, so lately asVhen Pope wrote, no distinction of the spelling or accent obtained. Todd. To CRO AK§, kr6ke. v. n. [cpacettan, Sax.] To make a hoarse, low noise, like a frog. May. To caw or cry as a raven or crow. Shak. To make any disagreeable or offensive murmur. Locke. CROAK, kr6ke. n. s. The cry of a frog or raven. Dryden. CRO'AKER*, kro'-kur. n. s. One who is perpetual- ly descanting on dangers and difficulties, and making unfair comparisons of the present with the past. CROATS*, kr6ts. n. s. Irregular troops, formed of natives of Croatia. Guthrie. CRO'CEOUS, kro'-she-us. 357. a. [croceus, Lat.] Consisting of* saffron ; like saffron. Diet. CROCITA'TION, kr6-se-uV-shun. n.s. [crocitatio, Lat.] The croaking of frogs or ravens. Diet. CROCK §, krok. n.s. [cpocca, Sax.] A cup; any vessel made of earth. Spenser. A little stool. Toi- ler. The black or soot of a pot or kettle. Ray. CROCKERY, krok'-fir-e. 555. n.s. Earthenware. CRO'CODILE§,krdk'-6-dil. 145. n.s. [kookos and deiXwv.] An amphibious, voracious animal, found in Egypt and *he Indies. Calmet. A little animal, otherwise called stinx. Trevonx. JO= Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, and Perry, make the i in the last syllable short, as I have done ; and Buehanan is the only one who makes it long. W. CRO'CUS, kr6'-kus. n. s. [crocus, Lat.] A flower. Thomson. CROFT, kroft. n. s. [cjiopfc, Sax.] A little close joining to a house, used for corn or pasture. Milton. CROISA'DEj-krtie-s&de'. )n.s. [croisade, Fr.] A CROISA'DO, kr6e-sa/-d6. ) holy war; a war car- ried on against infidels under the banner of the cross. Bacon. CROFSES, kroe ; -sez. n. s. Pilgrims who carry a cross. Soldiers who fight under the banner of the cross. Burke. CRO'MLECHE*. [carem-luacl^Heb.] Huge. broad, flat stones, raised upon other stones set up on end for that purpose, and supposed to be the remains of altars. Rowland. CRONE, krone, n. s. [cpone, Sax.] An old ewe. Tvsser. In contempt, an old woman. Slia.k. CRO'NET, kr6'-net. n. s. The hair which grows over the top of a horse's hoof. CRO'N YCAL* \ kr ° n/ -e-kal. See Acronycal. CRO'NY, kr6'-ue. n. s. An old aca^aintance ; a com- panion of long standing. Hudihras. CROOK 6, krdok. [kruk, Perry and Jones] n s. [crok, Celt.] Any crooked or bent instrument. A sheep- hook. Cowley. Any thing bent; a meander. Sidney. An artifice; a trick. Cranmer. A gibbet. Spenser To CROOK, kr66k. v. a. To bend ; to turn into a hook. Sliak. To bend, figuratively; to thwart. Bp. Fisher. To pervert from rectitude. Bacon. To CROOK, kroftk. v. n. To be bent. Camden. CRO'OKB ACK, krdok'-bak. n. s. A man that has jribbous shoulders. Shakspeare. CRO'OKBACKED, krSok'-bakt. 359. a. Having bent shoulders. Dryden. j CROOK-KNEED*, kroSk'-need. a. Having crooked knees. Shakspeare. CROOK-SHOULDERED*, kr6Sk-sh6!e'-durd. a Having bent shoulders. South. CROCKED, krook'-ed. 366. a. Bent; not straight. Newton. Winding ; oblique. Locke. Perverse untoward; without rectitude of mind. Dent. CROO'KEDLY, krodk'-ed-le. ad. Not in a straight line. Untowardlv ; not compliantlv. Bp. Taijtor CROO'KEDNESS, krook'-ed-nes. n.s. Deviation from straightness ; curvity. Hooker. Deformity of a gibbous body. Bp. Taylor. Lewdness; depravi tv ; perverseness. Barret. TVCROO'KEN*, krook'-kn. v. a. To make crooked. Homilies. CROP §, krop. n. s. [cpop, Sax.] The craw of a bird. Ray. CRO'PFUL, krop'-ful. a. Satiated ; with a full belly. 31? I ton. - CROP-SICK, krop'-s?k. a. Sick with repletion. Beaumont and Fletcher. CROP-SICKNESS*, krop'-sk-nes. n.s. Sickness arising from repletion. Whitloclc. CROP §, krop. n. s. [cpopp, Sax.] The highest part or end of any thing. Chaucer. The harvest; the corn gathered off a field. Spenser. Anything cut off". Dryden. To CROP, krop. v. a. To cut off the ends of any thing ; to mow ; to reap. Sliak. To gather before it falls. Milton. To CROP, kr6p. v. n.To yield harvest. Sluxkspeare. CROP-EAR*, krop'-eer. n. s. A horse having his ears cropped. Shakspeare. CROP-EARED*, krop'-eerd. a. Having the ears cropped. B. Jonson. CROTPER, krop'-pur. n. s. A kind of pigeon with a large crop. Walton. CRO'SIER, kro'-zhe-er. 451, 453. n. s. [croiser, Fr.] The pastoral staff of a bishop, which has a cross upon it. Bacon. CRO'SLET, kros'-let. 99. n. s. [croisseld. Fr.] A small cross. Spenser. A crucible. Chaucer. CROSS §,kros.7i.s.[croes, Welsh.] One straight body laid at right angles over another ; the instrument by which the Saviour of the world suffered death Bacon. The ensign of the Christian religion Spnser. A monument with a cross upon it to ex- 251 CRO CRO EEF 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat ;— me, met;— pine, p?n ;— cite devotion ; such as were anciently set in mar- ket-places. Sliak. A line drawn through another. Hudibras. Any thing- that thwarts ; hinderance ; vexation; opposition; trial of patience. Sidneij. Money so called, because marked with a cross. Howell. — Cross and Pile: a play with money. Hudibras. Church lands in Ireland. Sir J. Da- vies. CROSS, kr6s. a. Transverse. Newton. Oblique; lateral. Shale. Adverse ; opposite. Dryden. Per- verse ; untractable. South. Peevish; fretful. Tay- lor. Contrary ; contradictory. South. Contrary to wish ; unfortunate. South. ' Interchanged. Sid- ney. CROSS, kros. prep. Athwart; transversely. Knolles. Over ; from side to side. Shakspeare. To CROSS, kros. v. a. To lay one body, or draw one line, athwart another. Hudibras. To sign with the cross. Dryden. To cancel : as, to cross an article. To pass over. Temple. To move lat- erally, obliquely, or athwart. Spenser. To thwart ; to embarrass ; to obstruct ; to hinder. Hooker. To counteract; to be inconsistent with. Locke. To contravene; to hinder by authority; to counter- mand. Spemer. To contradict. Hooker. To de- bar; to preclude. Shakspeare. To CROSS, kr&s. v. n. To lie athwart another thing. To be inconsistent. Sidney. CROSS-BAR-SHOT, kros'-bar-shot. n. s. A round shot, with a bar of iron put through it. Harins. CROSS-BILL*, kros'-bll. n. s. A bill brought by a defendant against the plaintiff. To CROSS-EXAMINE, kr&V-egz-am'-m. v. a. To try the faith of evidence by captious questions of the contrary party. Decay of Piety. CROSS-EXAMINATION*, kros'-egz-am-ln-a'- shfin. n. s. The act of nicely examining, by ques- tions apparently captious, the faith of evidence in a court of justice. CROSS-STAFF, kros'-staf. n. s. An instrument used by seamen to take the meridian altitude of the sun or stars. CROSS-ARMED*, kros'-arm'd. a. Having the arms folded across; melancholy. Donne. CRO'SSARROW*, kros'-ar-ri. n. s. An arrow of a crossbow. Beaumont and Fletcher. CRO'SSBARRED*, kros'-bard. a. Secured by transverse bars. Milton,. CRO'SSBILL*, kros'-bfl. n. s. A small bird, so called from its beak, which has the points crossing one another. CRO SSBITE, kros'-bhe. n. s. A deception; a cheat. U Estrange. To CRO'SSBITE, kros'-blte. v. a. To contravene by deception. Collier. CRQ'SSBOW; kros'-bo. n. s. A missive weapon formed bv placing a bow athwart a stock. Carew. CRO'SSBOWER, kros'-bi-ur. n. s. A shooter with a cross-bow. Raleigh. OROSSBU'N*, kros-bun'. n.s. A cake marked with the form of the cross. To CROSSCU'T*, kros-kut'. v. a. To cut across. Robinson. To CROSSFLO'W*, kr&s-nW. v. n. To flow in a contrary direction. Milton. CRO'SSGRAINED, kros-grand'. 359. a. Having the fibres transverse or irregular. Moxon. Per- verse ; troublesome ; vexatious. Hudibras. CROSSLE'GGED*, kros-legd'. a. Having the legs crossed. Sir T. Herbert. CRO'SSING*, kriW-sing. n. s. The act of signing with the cross. Bp. Hall. Opposition. Sliakspeare. CRO'SSLET*. See Croslet. CRO'SSLY, kros'-le. ad. Athwart; so as to intersect something else. Oppositely; adversely. Sliak. Unfortunately. Beaumont and Fletchei'. CRO'SSNES^kros'-nes. n.s. Transverseness ; in- tersection. Perverseness ; peevishness. Bacon. CROSSPU'RPOSE*, knV-pV-pus. n, s. A conceit of conversation, proposing a difficulty to be solved; a kind of enigma or riddle. Wlvxlley. A contra- dictory system Shaftesbury. To CROSSQU'ESTION*, kros'-kweV-tshun. v. a To cross-examine. Killingbeck. CRO'SSROAD*, kr6s'-r6de. n.s. A road across the country; not the direct high-road. Guthrie. CRO'SSROW, kr6s-r6 / . n. s. Alphabet : so named because a cross is placed at the beginning to show that the end of learning is piety. Shakspeare. CRO'SS WAY, kros'-wa. n. s. A small obscure path intersecting the chief road; or the place, where one road intersects another. ObadiaJi. CRO'SSWIND, kr&V-wuid. [See Wind.] n. s Wind blowing from the right or left. Boyle. CRO'SSWORT, kros'-wurt. 166. n. s. A plant Miller. CROTCH, krotsh. n. s. [croc, Fr.] A hook or fork. Bacon. CRO'TCHET, kr&tsh'-et. 99. n. s. [crochet, Fr.] [In musick.] One of the notes or characters of time, equal to half a minim. Chambers. A piece of wood fitted into another to support a building. Dryden. [In printing.] Hooks in which words are included [thus], A perverse conceit ; an odd fancv. Burton. To CRO'TCHET*, kr&tsh'-et. v. n. To play in a measured time of musick. Donne. CRO'TCHETED* krotsh'-et-ed. part. a. Distin- guished by musical notation. Harmar. To CROUCH §, kroutsh. 313. v.n. [kriechen, Germ.] To stoop low ; to lie close to the ground. Beau- mont and Fletcher. To fawn; to bend servilely. 1 Samuel. To CROUCH*, krdutsh. v. a. [cpuce, SaxJ To sign with the cross ; to bless. Chaucer. Ob. T. CROUCH-BACK*. See Crook-back. CROUCHED Friars'*, n. s. An order of friars so called from the cross which they wore. Fuller. CROUD*. See Crowd. CROUP §, kr65p. 315. n. s. [croupe, Fr.] The rump of a fowl. The buttocks of a horse. Cliaucer. CROUP*, kroSp. n.s. A kind of asthma or catarrh, to which children are subject. CROUP A'DES, kroS-padz'. n. s. Higher leaps than those of curvets. Farrier's Diet. CROW§, kr6. 324. n. s. [cpap, Sax.] A large black bird that feeds upon the carcasses of beasts. Shak. To pluck a crow, is to be contentious about that which is of no value. L' Estrange. A bar of iron used as a lever to force open doors. Shak. The voice of a cock. To CROW, kr6. v. n. preterit, I crew, or crowed ; I lutve crowed. To make the noise which a cock makes in gayety, or defiance. Shak. To boast ; to bully ; to bluster. Bp. Flail. CROWD §, kr6ud. 323. n. s. [cjiuS, Sax.] A mul- titude confusedly pressed together. A promiscuous medley, without order or distinction. Pope. The vulgar; the populace. Dryden. [Cricth, Welsh.] A fiddle. Wicliffe. To CROWD, krS&d. v. a. To fill with confused mul- titudes. Watts. To press close together. Sliak. To encumber by multitudes. Granviue. — To crowd sail. To spread wide the sails upon the yard?. To CROWD, krdftd. v.n. To swarm; to be nume- rous. Dryden. To thrust among a multitude Cowley. To CROWD*, kroud. v. n. To fiddle. Mamnger. CRO'WDER, kr&tV-dur. n. s. A fiddler. Sidneif. CRO'WFLOWER*, kr6'-fl6u-ur. n.s. A kind of campion. Shakspeare. CRO'WFOOT, kro'-fut. n.s. A flower. Croxall. CRO'WFOOT, kro'-ffit. n. s. A caltrop. Military Diet. CRO'WKEEPER, kre-'-kee-pur. n. s. A scarecrow. Slmkspeare. CROWN §, krdfin. 323. n. s. [corona, Lat.J The or- nament of the head which denotes imperial and re- gal dignity. Siwik. A garland. Ecclus. Reward j honorary distinction. 1 Corinthians. Regal pow- er ; royalty. Locke. The top of the head. Shak. The top of any thing ; as, of a mountain. SJiafc. Part of the hat that covers the head. Sliarp. A piece of money anciently stamped with a crown CRU CRU -ik 1 ), m5ve, nor, not ; — tube, tub, bull ; — oil ; — pound ; — th'm, this. in value five shilling's. Bacon. Honour; ornament ; dignity. Ecclus. Completion ; accomplishment. CROWN-IMPERIAL, kroun-im-pe'-re-al. re. s. A plant. Shakspeare. To CROWN, kroun. v. a. To invest with the crown. Shak. To cover as with a crown. Dryden. To dignify ; to adorn; to make illustrious. Psalm. To reward; to recompense. Roscommon. To complete; to perfect. South. To terminate; to finish. Dryd. CRO' WiNER* kroun'-ur. re. s. A perfecter. Beau- mont and Fletcher. CRO'WNET, krdun'-et. The same with coronet, which see. Chief end; last purpose. CRO'WNGLASS, krdiW-glas. n. s. The finest sort of window-glass. CROWNING*, kr6iW-?ng. n. s. fin architecture.] That which finishes or crowns any decoration. CRO'WNPOST, kr6un'-post. n. s. A post which, in building, stands upright in the middle, between two principal rafters. CRO'WNSCAB. kroun'-skab. n.s. A stinking, filthy scab, round about the corners of a horse's hoof. Farrier's Diet. CROW T N-THISTLE, kroun'-^V-sl. n. s. A flower. CRO'WNWHEEL, kroun'-hwele. n. s. The upper wheel of a watch, next the balance. CRO'WNWORKS, krtfun'-wfirks. n. s. Bulwarks advanced towards the field to gain some hill or rising" ground. Harris. CROWS-FEET*, kroze'-feet. n. s. The wrinkles under the eyes, which are the effect of age. Clmucer. CRO'WTOE, kro'-to. n.s. A plant. Milton. CRO'YLSTONE, kroil'-stone. n.s. Crystallized cauk. Woodward. CRU'CHED, or CRU'TCHED Friars.* See Crouched. CRUCIAL, kro6'-she-al. 357. a. {crux, crucis, Lat.] Transverse ; intersecting one another. Sfiarp. To CRU'CiATE $, kroo'-she-ate. v. a. [crucw, Lat.] To torture ; to torment ; to excruciate. Bale. CRU'CIATE*, krOO'-she-ale. a. Tormented. Bale. CRUCIA'TION*, krOO-she-a'-shun. n.s. Torture. Bp. Hall. CRUCIBLE, kroo'-se-bl. n.s. [crucibulum, low Lat.] A chymist's melting pot, formerly marked with a cross. Peaclmm. CRUCIFEROUS, kr5o-sif-e-rus. a. Bearing the cross. Diet. CRU'CIFIER, krOeV-se-fl-ur. n. s. He that inflicts the punishment of crucifixion. Hammond. CRUCIFIX, krfio'-se-f'iks. n.s. [cnicifixus, Lat.] A representation in picture of our Lord's passion. Addison. The cross of Christ; figuratively, the religion of Christ. Bp. Taylor. CRUCIFIXION, kroo-se-fik'-shun. n. s. The pun- ishment of nailing to a cross. Addison. CRUCIFORM, kroo'-se-form. a. Having the form of a cross. Warton. To CRUCIFY §, kr6o'-se-fi. 183. v a. [a-ueijigo, Lat.] To put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross set upright. Hebrews. To torment; to vex. Burton. CRUCFGEROUS, kroo-sldje'-e-rus. a. [cruciger, Lat.] Bearing the cross. CRUD9. See Curd. CRUDES, krSSd. 339. a. [crudus, Lat.] Raw; not subdued by fire. Not changed by any process. Boyle. Harsh; unripe. Baxon. Not well digest- ed in the stomach. Bacon. Unfinished; immature. Milton. Having indigested notions. Milton. Indi- gested. B. Jmison. CRUDELY, krOod'-le. ad. Unripely; without due preparation. Dryden. CRU'DENESS, krSSd'-nes. n.s. Unripeness. Chil- lingworth. CRU'DITY, kroiY-de-te. n. s. [cruditas, Lat.] Indi- gestion; inconcoction. Brown. Unripeness. In- digested notion. Waterland. To CRU'DLE, krOo'-dl. v. a. To coagulate; to con- geal. Spenser. CKU'PY, krO.V-de. a. Concreted ; coagulated. Spen- ser Raw; chill. Siuxkspeare. CRU'EL $, krOO'-U. 339,99. a. [cruel, Fr.] Inhuman ; hardhearted; void of pity. Jer. Bloody; mis- ch.evous; destructive. Psalm. CRU'ELLY, krdS'-il-le. ad. In a cuel manner. South. Painfully; mischievously. Spenser. Ex- tremely. Goodman. CRUELNESS, kroo'-ll-nik n. s. Inhumanity} cru- elty. Spenser. Destructiveness. Ld. Surrey. CRU'ELTY, krod'-il-te. n. s. Inhumanity ; savage- ness; barbarity. Shak. Act of intentional afflic- tion. Temple. CRU'ENTATE, krOO'-en-tate. 91. a. [cruentatus, Lat J Smeared with blood. Glanrille. CRUET, krGo'-it. 99. n. s. [cruchette, Fr.] A viai for vinegar or oil, with a stopple. Swift. CRUISE, krSos. 339. n. s. [kruicke, Dutch.] A small cup. 1 Kings. CRUISE §, krOoz. n. s. [croise, Fr.] A voyage in search of plunder. To CRUISE, krdoz. 441. v. n. To rove over the sea in search of plunder, or without any certain course. CRUISER, krOO'-zur. n. s. One that roves upon the sea in search of plunder. Wiseman. A ship employed in sailing to and fro for the protection of merchant-ships. CRUM§, or CRUMB §, krum. n.s. [cpuma. Sax.] The soft part of bread ; not the crust. Bacon. A small particle or fragment of bread. Thomson. To CRUM*, krftm. v. a. To break into small pieces. Barret. To CRU'MBLE, krfim'-bl. 405. v. a. To break into small pieces. Herbei't. To CRU'MBLE, krfim'-bl. v. n. To fall into small pieces. Sliakspeare. CRU'MExNAL, krfim'-e-nal. n.s. [crumena, Lat.] A purse. Spenser. CRU'MMABLE*, kmm'-ma-bl. a. Capable of being broken into small pieces. ORU'MMY, krfim'-me. a. Soft. CRUMP §, krump. a. [cjiump, Sax.] Crooked. Bp. Taylor. CRUMP-SHOULDERED, krump-shole'-durd. a. Having 1 crooked shoulders. L' Estrange. CRU'MPET*,krum'-pet.re.s. [cjiompehfc, Sax.] A soft cake. To CRUMPLE, knW-pl. v. a. {mmple, Dutch.] To draw into wrinkles. Beaumont and Fletcher. To CRU'MPLE*, krum'-pl. v. re. To shrink up; to contract. Smith. CRU'MPLING, kmmp'-llng. n. s. A small, degen- erate apple. To CRUNK, krunk. )v.n. To cry like a To CRUNKLE, krfing'-kl. $ crane. Diet. CRU'OPt*, krOo'-fir. n. s. [Lat.] Gore ; coagulated blood. Greenhill. CRUP*, krup. re. 5. The buttocks. CRUP*, krfip. a. Short ; brittle. CRU'PPER., krfip'-pfir. 98. n. s. [croupe, Fr.] That part of the horseman's furniture that reaches from the saddle to the tail. Sidney. CRL T/ RAL, krOO'-rdl. a. [crural, Fr.] Belonging to the leg. Arbziihnoi. CRUSA'DE, kroo-sade'. )n. s. An expedition CRUSA'DO, kr65-sa'-d6. $ against the infidels. Shenstone. A coin stamped with a cross. Shak. CRUSA'DER*, kro6-sa'-dfir. re. s. One employed in a crusade. Robertson. CRUSE. See Cruise. CRUSET, kroS'-sit. 99. n. s. A goldsmith's melting- pot. Phillips. To CRUSH §, krush. v. a. [ecraser, Fr.] To press between two opposite bodies; to squeeze. Num. To press with violence. Shaft. To overwhelm; to beat down. Shak. To subdue ; to conquer be- yond resistance. Spenser. To CRUSH a Cup. To empty a cup ; to drink to- gether. Shakspeare. To CRUSH, krush. v. n. To be condensed. CRUSH, krush. n. s. A collision ; the act of rushing together. Addison. CRUSHEP.*, kmsh'-ur. re. s. A violent breaker. CRUST §, kr&st. n. s. [crusta, Lat.] Any shell or ex 253 CRY CUC Q~p 559.— Fate, far, fall, fat ;— me, m