Class _H±L_ Book ?U Gopyiight^°_lM2 COPYRIGHT DEPOStT. TABULAR VIEWS OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY A SERIES OF CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES PRESENTING, IN PARALLEL COLUMNS, A RECORD OF THE MORE NOTEWORTHY EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD FROM THE EARLIST TIMES DOWN TO 1907 COMPILED BY GEORGE PALMER PUTNAM, A.M AND CONTINUED TO DATE BY LYNDS E. JONES and SIMEON STRUNSKY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK LONDON 27 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET 24 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND Zbe fsnfcfeerbocfeer press 1907 LIBRARY of CONGRESS Ont •)":■■ Received NO'* 22 '^ AW if*,'* 6 ! CLA3t4 AAt, No. COPY B. Xm \3o1 Copyright, 1890, by G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Copyright, 1Q07, by G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Ube IfcnfCRerbocIicr press, flew Jffotft PUBLISHERS' NOTE In 1832, the late George P. Putnam published, under the title of Th e World's P rogress, a cyclopaedia of facts and events that had been compiled by himself, and that had originated in notes taken as a guide for his own historical reading. The work was reprinted in successive editions during the ensuing forty years, and the entries were added to and expanded until the three hundred pages of the original issue had developed into a portly volume of twelve hundred pages. A demand continuing through more than a third of a century may be accepted as evidence that the plan of The World's Progress and the material presented in it had been found of service by students of history and by readers generally. The cyclopaedia portion of the compilation came, necessarily, to be superseded by works of reference of later origin, and The World's Progress was, therefore, allowed to go out of print. There continued, however, to be demand for the historical tables (the plan of which was, it is believed, original with Mr. Putnam), and since 1870 this division of the work has, with material corrections and additions, been issued in successive editions under the title of Tabular Views of Universal History. In the edition now presented, while the scheme and arrange- ment of the original editor have been left unchanged, the entries have been carefully revised and in part rewritten, and the record has been brought down to date. The changes iii iv publishers' note decided upon were in fact so considerable as to necessitate the resetting of the entire volume. Under the scheme devised by Mr. Putnam (a scheme which made his volume practically unique), the events occur- ring throughout the world at the same period of time are recorded in parallel columns. This arrangement calls in the powerful assistance of association in enabling the memory to grasp and to retain a hold of important dates by showing at a glance simultaneous occurrences in different countries. It also helps in teaching the lesson that the history of any one nation is only a part of the history of the world, and that the proper way to study history is to trace the relations with each other of the peoples scattered over the face of the globe. As the wiser instructors do not fail to emphasize, the precise date of an event is in itself a detail of minor impor- tance, which has value chiefly in serving to trace its relations to other events and in indicating the influence of one upon the other. The student, for instance, who reads that, in 1492, under the patronage of Isabella of Spain, Columbus accom- plished his historic voyage to the Western Hemisphere, may properly be interested in noting, by carrying his eye across the columns of two pages, what rulers were at that time in control of other European States, some one of whom might possibly have secured for his own realm the prestige of the great discovery. In like manner, it is essential for a right understanding of the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century, for the student to keep before him the personalities of the monarchs and other leaders of men who were contemporary with Pope Leo X. and with the Emperor Charles V. The Tabular Views may, therefore, be safely commended publishers' note V to teachers as valuable in the practical work of historical instruction. The tables will also be found of distinctive service for the general reader. The writer of these lines has for many years found an advantage in keeping the volume at his elbow for constant reference in connection either with reading or with writing. It has been the intention of the revisers, in the several instances in which events or dates have become a matter of controversy, to follow the authorities most generally accepted. It may easily, of course, be the case, however, that an oc- casional date or statement has been retained which some reader may find ground to question; such a critic can only be referred back to the latest investigators for the authoritative decision that seems to him to be important, and that can not be attempted in a condensed summary such as that in the present volume. The study of history is, as stated, a study of the relations of events to each other, made with the view of securing, as far as practicable, an understanding of the causation of these events and of the influence exercised upon them by historic characters. For such a study it is believed that The Tabular Views will continue to be found of service by instructors and students, and also by the more painstaking and thorough of the so-called general readers. New York, August, 1907. PART I ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY FROM THE EARLIEST RECORDS TO THE CHRISTIAN ERA TABULAR VIEWS 5000 B.C.- B.C. Progress of Society, etc Africa. 5000 (about). At this date flourishing city states appear in the Mesopo tamian region, indicat- ing an antiquity for Babylonian civilization that may be carried back approximately to the eighth or ninth millennium b. c. — In Egypt the latest re search has brought the sixth millennium b. c within the scope of his- tory. 3700 The Great Pyramid at Gi zeh, erected by Khufu (Cheops). 2300 The Code of Khammurabi, in Babylon, one of the most important bodies of ancient legislation. 5000 (about). The rule of pre-dynastic kings whose tombs at Abydos reveal an advanced state of civilization (De Morgan, Am^lineau, Flinders- Pe- trie). 4500 (about). Struggle among the kings of Kengi, Kish, Shirpurla, and Gishban, in Baby- lonia. 3800 (about). Sargon I. of Akkad extends his power over the Mediterranean coast and Elam. 4400 (about). Menes, the first king of united Egypt (Brugsch; Budge, 1902). 3733. Reign of Khufu (Cheops), pyramid builder. 3000 (about). The kings of Ur extend their sway over Akkad and Shu- 2450 (about). Beginning of Arabian and Elam- itic irruptions into Baby- lonia. 2400 (about). Babylon first appears as a city of prominence. 2300-2250 (about). Kham- murabi, ruler of Baby- lon, unites Babylonia under his sway and en- acts a code of laws. 3666. Reign of Khafra (Chephren) pyramid builder. 3633. Reign of Menkaura (Mycerinus), pyramid builder. 2500 Reign of Seankh- kara, who despatches an expedition to the land of Punt for spices. 2300. Amenemhat III. re- claims the province of Fayyum by diking off Lake Moeris, and builds the celebrated Laby- rinth. IIOO B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. B.C. Progress of Society, etc Africa. 4000 2000 1400 -2000. Babylonian lan- guage, commerce, and in- stitutions predominant in the Mediterranean re- gions of Asia. Industry _ flourishes in Babylonia under the Kassite kings ; manu- factures largely in the hands of Phoenicians. 1330 The Tell-el-Amarna Let- ters revaal the close con- nection between Egyp- tian and Babylonian civilization, and show the latter language to have been the common medium of commerce and diplomacy in the lands of the Mediter- The epic poem of Pentaur celebrates the exploits of Rameses II. in Asia. — Erection of the Ra messeum and the temple at Luxor (in part). 2000-1700 (about). Baby- lonia conquered by the Kassites ; Assyria ap- pears under its priest- kings. 2200-1700. Egypt ruled by the Hyksos, or "shepherd" kings. 1450-1300. Height of the Hittite power in Asia Minor and Syria. 1300 (about). Shalmaneser I. reigns in Assyria, with Calah as the capital. 1250. The Phoenicians ap- pear as a race of colo nizers. 1140 (about). The Kass- ites expelled from Baby Ionia. 1100 (about). Tiglathpil eser I. of Assyria wages war successfully against Babylonia, Elam, and in Syria._ Tyre rises to primacy among the Phoenician cities. 1700. Aahmes I. expels the Hyksos and begins series of conquests in Asia. 1600. Queen Hatshepset (Hatasu) despatches an expedition to Punt. — Thothmes III. conquers Palestine, Phoenicia, and part of Asia Minor. 1466. Amenhotep IV. (Amenophis) attempts to substitute the worship of the sun for the old re- ligion of the country; he fails. 1333. Rameses II. carries on war against the Hit- tites; greatest of royal monument builders. TABULAR VIEWS 1582 B.C.- b.c. Progress op Society, etc. The Jews. Western Asia. 1100 993 930 880 (about). The Mycenean art flourishes in Greece and the Aegean. (about) The temple of Solomon built with the aid of Phoenician work- (about) . The beginning of the Homeric poems. (about). The Lycurgan legislation in Sparta. 1270 (about). The Exodus (Budge). 1055 x (1080 '). Saul be- comes king. 1033 • (1047 '). Accession of David. 993 l (1017 s ). Accession of Solomon. 953 » (978 2 , 930 s ). Sepa- ration of Judah and Israel. 949 « (973 *). Shashank I of Egypt plunders Je- rusalem. 929 • (958 3 ). Asa be comes king in Judah. 899 • (931 3 ). Omri be- comes king in Israel. 950 (about). Tiglathpileser II., beginning of Assyr- ian greatness. 885. Accession of Asshur- nasirpal, who wages suc- cessful campaigns in the north and the east and advances to the Medi- terranean. 1 Duncker, History of Antiquity. 2 J. Oppert, " Chronology " in the Jewish Encyclo- pedia. 3 Karl Marti, " Chronology " in Cheyne's Encyclopedia Biblica. 88o B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. B.C. 1250 Africa. Egypt: reign of Meneph- thah the supposed Pha- raoh of the Exodus. — The country is invaded by pirates from the north whose names would indicate a possible Grecian origin. 966 Accession of Shashank I. (Sheshonk, Shishak), who invades Palestine in the time of Reho- boam. Greece and Rome. 1582. The earliest date in the Parian chronicle preserved in the Arun- delian marbles. 1100. Age of the Dorian migration into the Pelo- ponnesus, and the plant- ing of Dorian and ^Eolian colonies in Asia Minor. The World Elsewhere. 1 1 23. The beginning of the Chow dynasty in China, which retained the throne for nearly nine hundred years. 1100. Cadiz (Gadir) found- ed by the Phoenicians. 880. The age of Lycurgus. TABULAR VIEWS 873 B.C.- B.C. Progress of Society.etc. The Jews. Western Asia. 747 Beginning of the Babylon- ian Chronicle and the Canon of Ptolemy. 873 » (917 2 ). Jehoshaphat becomes king in Judah. 853 « (900 »). Death of Ahab of Israel. 843 » (887, ' 841 3 ). Jehu seizes power in Israel. 792 » (81 1, 2 789 s ). Uzziah begins rule in Judah. 790 * (825, 2 782 s ). Jero- boam II. succeeds Israel. 860. Accession of Shal- maneser II., who con- tinues the process of conquest. 700\(about). In Greece lyric poetry flourishes : Kal- linus, Archilochus, Si- monides of Samos. — Nineveh beautified and strengthened by Sen- nacherib; it becomes the most celebrated capital of Assyria. 728* (727. 2 720 s ). Heze- kiah succeeds in Judah. 722 > (721 *■ 3). Samaria taken by Sargon II. of Assyria; end of king- dom of Israel. 701 *. • (700 s ). Sennach- erib's failure in Pales- tine. 747. Nabonassar ruler in Babylon. 745. Accession of Tiglath- pileser III. of Assyria, who wages war against Chaldaea, Syria, and the kingdom of Israel. 727. Accession of Shal- maneser IV., who be- sieges Samaria (722). 722. Assyria attains its highest development under Sargon II. 705. Accession of Sen- nacherib, who makes his capital at Nineveh. 1 Duncker, History of Antiquity, ptedia. 3 Karl Marti, " Chronology ' J. Oppert, "Chronology" in the Jewish Encyclo- in Cheyne's Encyclopaedia Biblica. 700 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. B.C. Africa. Greece and Rome. The World Elsewhere. 850 (about). Foundation of Carthage by the Phoeni- cians. 776. The First Olympiad accepted starting point for the period of au thentic history. 770. Sinope on the Black Sea founded. 753 (754). Foundation of Rome (legendary). 743-724. First Messenian War; Sparta triumph ant. 734. Foundation of Syra- cuse. 8 TABULAR VIEWS 693 B.C.- B.C. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Western Asia. G10 600 Alcaeus, Sappho, Stesicho rus, Greek poets. — Necho II. of Egypt attempts to connect the Nile and the Red Sea by a canal; his sailors circumnavigate Africa. Thales, first of Ionian philosophers. 681. Accession of Essar- haddon; who conquers Egypt in 670. 668. Assyrian Empire di- vided between sons of Essarhaddon ; Asshur - banipal rules in Assyria; Shamashshumukin, in Babylonia. 622. « Reformation of Jo- siah in Judah. 648. Assyrian Empire re- united. 645. Elam conquered by Assyria. 626. Babylon independ- ent under Nabopolassar. founder of the Chaldsan dynasty. 606 (607). Nineveh de- stroyed by Nabopol- assar and Cyaxares, king of the Medes. 605. Nebuchadrezzar II., king of Babylonia; he overthrows the Egyp- tians at Carchemish. 1 Duncker, History of Antiquity. 6oo B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. B.C. Africa. Greece and Rome. The World Elsewhere. 693 Taharka (Tirhaka) en gages in conflict with Assyria. 670 Essarhaddon of Assyria conquers Egypt. 663 (666). Psammetichus I. liberates Egypt from the Assyrians and unites the country under his sway. 650 Naucratis founded. 685. Outbreak of Second Messenian War. 660. Foundation of By- zantium. 655. Cypselus, tyrant of Corinth. 610 (612). Necho II.; invades Syria and defeats Josiah, king of Judah, at Me- giddo (609). 625. Periander, tyrant of Corinth. 620. (about). Traditional legislation of Draco in Athens. 660. Jimmu Tenno, first Mikado of Japan, leader of the invading forces that conquered the isl- ands. 600. Foundation of Mas salia (Marseilles) by the Phocaeans. 10 TABULAR VIEWS 597 B.C.- B.C. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Western Asia. 594 580 570 560 Solon noted as a writer of political elegies and gno- mic poetry. 597 1 (598 "). First taking of Jerusalem by Nebu- chadrezzar II. The philosophers Anaxi- mander, Anaximenes, and the sage Cleobulus {about). First comedy acted at Athens on a cart, by Susarion and Dolon (traditional). (.about). Birth of Gau- tama (Buddha), founder of Buddhism. 586 *■ 3 (587 3 ). Final de- struction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadrezzar II. and end of kingdom of Judah. 586. Nebuchadrezzar sup- presses the Palestinian uprising and destroys Jerusalem. 573. Tyre taken by Nebu- chadrezzar after a siege that is said to have lasted thirteen years. 561. Evil-Merodach, king of Babylon. 560. Croesus, king of Ly- dia. Solon at his court. 556. Neriglissar succeeded by Labashi Marduk at Babylon. Asia Minor subjected to Croesus. 555. Nabonidus overthrows Chaldsan dynasty in Babylon. 1 Duncker, History of Antiquity. 3 J. Oppert, "Chronology" in the Jewish Eticyclo- pmdia. 3 Karl Marti, "Chronology" in Cheyne's Encyclopaedia Biblica. 555 b.c. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. II B.C. Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 589 (591). Apries (Hophra) joins with the king of Judah against Nebuch- adrezzar, but he does not succeed in prevent- ing the destruction of Jerusalem. 594. Legislation of Solon in Athens. 585. Death of Periander, tyrant of Corinth. 584. Corinth overthrows tyranny of the Cypsel ida. 570 570 508 (572). Amasis II. over- throws Apries. -530 (about). Amasis es- tablishes close connec- tion between Greece and Egypt, and grants the Greeks living in Egypt extensive privileges. Egypt invaded by Nebu- chadrezzar. 578. Servius Tullius, king of Rome (legendary). To him is ascribed the introduction of the cen- sus and the division of the citizens into cen- turies. 560. Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens. 12 TABULAR VIEWS 550 B.C.- B.C. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Western Asia. 550 530 520 515 510 505 500 {about). Thespis performs the first tragedy at Athens, (.traditional) Pythagoras, his travels and emigration to Mag na Graecia. Learning encouraged at Athens by Pisi stratus, who makes a large col- lection of Greek authors. Simonides, poets. Anacreon, Confucius, the Chinese philosopher. (509). Abolition of the Regal Government, and establishment of Repub lie at Rome. Heraclitus of Ephesus and Parmenidesof Elea, phi- losophers. {about). The Carthagin ians make voyages of exploration and coloni zation down the western coast of Africa. 538. Edict of Cyrus for the Return of the Jews. Joshua, Zerubbabel 520 (519). Rebuilding of the temple begins. Zechariah, Haggai. 516 (515). Dedication o the second temple. 546. Sardis taken by Cy- rus. — Crcesus made pris- oner. — The Lydian Kingdom ended. 538. BABYLON TAKEN by Cyrus. PERSIAN EMPIRE founded. 529. Cambyses, king of Persia. 525 (527). Cambyses in- vades Egypt. 521. Darius Hystaspes, king of Persia. 508. (about) . Darius leads a vast expedition into Scythia and accom- plishes the subjection of Thrace in the following years. 500. The Ionians revolt from Persia and burn Sardis (499). 500 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 13 B.C. Africa. Greece. Rome and Italy. 525 500 Psammetichus III., last king of Egypt. — Inva- sion of Cambyses, who defeats the Egyptians at Pelusium, and takes Memphis. Egypt becomes aPersian Province. (about) . Voyage of Hanno the Carthaginian down the western coast of Africa, related in the " Peri pi us." 548. Temple of Apollo at Delphi burnt. 546. The Spartans over throw the Argives. — The Greeks in Asia Mi nor are subjected by the Persians. 534 (about). Polycrates, tyrant of Samos. 527. Pisistratus dies. 514. _ Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus, killed by Harmodius and Aris- togiton. 510. The Pisistratidee ex- pelled. — Democracy es- tablished at Athens. 500. The Athenians and Eretrians give aid to the Greeks of Asia Minor against Persia, and thereby arouse the hos- tility of that power. 534. Tarquinius Superbus, king of Rome (legend- ary). 510 (.509). The Tarquins- expelled from Rome. Brutus and Collatinus, first Consuls of Rome. 508. War against the Tar- quins and their ally Por- senna (legendary). H TABULAR VIEWS 500 B.C.- B.C. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Asia. 500 Beginning of historical writing in Greece in the persons of Hecatams and Dionysius of Miletus. 480 Phrynichus. ^Ischylus Pindar, and Bacchylides, dramatic and lyric poets. 478 History of Herodotus ends 468 Sophocles defeats ^Eschy- lus for the tragic prize. 492. Persian army de- spatched against Greece ; its failure. 490. Darius sends a second army against Greece. 486. Xerxes, king of Per- sia. 481. The expedition Xerxes into Greece. of 478. Death of Confucius. ; — China distracted by internal wars. 466. Persians defeated by sea and land at the Eurymedon. 465. Xerxes assassinated; Artaxerxes I. (Longima- nus) king of Persia. 460 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 15 B.C. Africa. Greece. 480 Rome and Italy. 494. Miletus reduced by the Persians. 490. Invasion of the Per- sians under Datis and Artaphernes. Battle of MARA- THON. 489. Miltfades disgraced. Hamilcar Barca invades Sicily at the head of a Carthaginian army; de- feated by Gelo in battle of Himera, and slain. 460 483. Aristides banished. - ■ 480. Battle of Thermopy- lae. Athens burnt by Xerxes. Battle of Salamis. ~4- 479. Mardonius a second time takes Athens. Defeat of the Persians at Platea and Mycale on the same day. 478-477. Athens rebuilt. — The Piraeus fortified. 496. Victory of Lake Re- gillus gained over the Latins with the aid of Castor and Pollux. 494 (493). The secession of the Plebs and the crea- tion of the tribunate. 491. Coriolanus banished (legendary). 486. Spurius Cassius arouses the hostility of the Patricians by his agrarian agitation, and on the expiration of his consulate is put to death . 485. Gelo becomes tyrant of Syracuse. 480. The Carthaginians de- feated by Gelo at Hi- mera in Sicily. Egypt, under Inarus, re- volts from Persia. 478. Hiero becomes rant of Syracuse. ty- 477-449. The campaigns 477 {about). The legendary of Cimon, son of*Milti->. ades. 471. Themistocles ban ished. 466. The Persians twice defeated at the Eury medon by Cimon. 464. 3d Messenian War. 461. Ostracism of Cimon — Pericles rises to power. war against Veii and the fall of the Fabii. 471. The Publilian Laws vest the election of the tribunes in the comitia of the tribes.' 465. Democracy in Syra- cuse. i6 TABULAR VIEWS 458 B.C. B.C. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Asia. 458> (398 2 ). Ezra goes to Jerusalem. 450 Callimachus, traditional inventor of Corinthian order of architecture. 449. Persians defeated at Salamis in Cyprus, and in the peace of Callias recognize the indepen- dence of the Asiatic Greeks. 447. Revolt of Megabyzus, satrap in Syria, forces Artaxerxes to conces- 445 Zeno, Anaxagoras Prota- goras, and Empedocles, philosophers: Phidias, the finest sculptor of an- tiquity; Euripides, tra- gic poet; Crates and Cratinus, comic poets; Herodotus, father of Greek history; Polygno- tus, painter. 445. Walls of Jerusalem built by Nenemiah Sect of Samaritans. sion. 435 432 Socrates, the greatest of ancient moralists. (433). Meton begins his lunar cycle. Thucydides, historian. 425. Xerxes II., king of Persia. 424. Darius II., king of Persia. 1 Graetz. 2 Oppert. 421 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 17 B.C. Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 454 Greeks in Egypt defeated by Megabyzus. 458. War between Athens and Corinth. 456. Cimon recalled. Completion of the Long Walls of Athens. 454. Achaia joins the Athenian alliance. 449. Renewal of war against Persians, who are, defeated at Salamis Cyprus. 458. Cincinnatus, Dictator. 451. The Decemvirs and the laws of the 12 tables. The legend of Vir- ginia. 449. Qiuestorship estab- lished. 447. Athenians defeated at Coroneia by the Boeotians. 440. Pericles takes Samos 437. Amphipolis in the Thracian Chersonesus founded by Athenians. 435. Corinth at war with Corcyra. 432. Revolt of Potidaea from the Athenian con^ federacy. 431. The Peloponnesian War. Invasion of Attica. 430. The Plague at Athens. 429. Pericles dies, after enjoying power for more than 30 years. 424. Exile of Thucydides. Brasidas invades Thrace with a Spartan force. 421. Peace of Nicias be- tween Athens and Sparta. 445. Lex Canuleia permits intermarriage between Patricians and Ple- beians. 444. Military Tribunes and office of Censor insti- tuted. 439. Spurius Maelius killed because suspected of royal ambitious. 431. The JEqviians and Volscians defeated at Mount ^Egidus. 426. Fidense revolts, taken and destroyed. i8 TABULAR VIEWS 420 B.C.- b.c. Progress of Society.etc. Asia. Hippocrates, of Cos, the father of medicine. Democritus, the laughing philosopher. 415 Aristophanes, prince of Ancient Comedy. 411 Thucydides' history ends and Xenophon's begins. 405 Plato, comic poet. 399 From Socrates proceed the great schools of Greek philosophy, the Megaric school founded by Eu- clid, the Cynic by Antis- thenes, the Cyrenaic (Hedonistic or Epicu rean) by Aristippus and the Academic by Plato. 390 Plato flourishes. The historians Xenophon, Ktesias of Knidus, and Philistus of Syracuse. 408. Medes make an un- successful attempt to throw off Persian yoke. 405 Persians driven out of Africa for a time. 404. Artaxerxes II. (Mne- mon), king of Persia. 401. Cyrus the younger defeated at Cunaxa; re- treat of the 10,000 under Xenophon. 399. Outbreak of war between Persia and oparta. 396. Agesilaus invades Asia Minor and repeat- edly defeats the Persians. 39Q b.c. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 19 B.C. Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 414 410 393 Amyrtaeus, king of Egypt, shakes off the yoke of Persia. The Carthaginians invade Sicily. 420. Alcibiades effects a treaty between the Athenians and Argives 415. _ Athenians invade Sicily and besiege Syra- 413. The army in Sicily destroyed. Archelaus, king of Macedon. 411. Athens governed by the 400. _ Alcibiades at the court of Tissaphernes. 410. Alcibiades defeats the Spartans at Cyzicus. 408. Capture of Byzan- tium by Athenians. 405. Lysander defeats the Athenians at ^Egospota- mi; 404, takes Athens, and establishes the 30 tyrants. End of the Pelopon nesian War. 403. Thrasybulus expels the 30 tyrants. 399. Death of Socrates. Accession of Akhoris, who engages in war against Persia as an ally of Agesilaus of Sparta; he also aids Evagoras of Cyprus. 420. The Campanians make themselves mas- ters of the Greek city of Cumae. 409. Plebeians first hold the quaestorship. 406. Beginning of a ten years' war against Veii; pay for the first time given to soldiers. 396. Agesilaus invades Asia. 395. War between Sparta and Thebes. 394. Battle of Coronea. 396. CXmillus takes Veii, after a siege of ten years. 390. The Roman army overwhelmed on the Al- lia and Rome taken and burnt by the Gauls,'* under Brennus. 20 TABULAR VIEWS 387 B.C. b.c, Progress of Society, etc, Asia. 370 Diogenes, the cynic; Iso- crates and Isseus.orators Antiphanes and Alexis representatives of the Middle Comedy; Scopas and Praxiteles, sculp tors. 387. The Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia by the peace of Antal- cidas. 383. BITHYNIA becomes a kingdom. Mithridates I., king of PONTUS. 379. Evagoras of Cyprus recognized by Persia as sovereign in return for the payment of tribute. 376. Persia makes an un- successful attempt to reconquer Egypt. 362. Ariobarzanes, king of Pontus. — Revolt of the Persian governor in Asia Minor. 360. CAPPADOCIA be- comes a kingdom under Ariarathes I. 359. Accession of Arta- xerxes III. in Persia. 356. Artabazus, satrap in Asia Minor, rises in re- bellion, and being de- feated seeks refuge with Philip of Macedon. 356 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 21 Africa. 378 Greece. Rome and Italy. Nectanebus I. repels a Persian army command- ed by Pharnabazus which invaded Egypt and took Pelusium. 382. Thebes taken by the Spartans under Phoebi- das. 379. Thebes delivered by Pelopidas and Epami- nondas. 376. Spartan fleet de feated at Naxos by the Athenians. 384. M. Manlius Capito- linus accused of royal ambitions and thrown from the Tarpeian rock. 371. Battle of Leuctra- Spartans defeated by% Thebans under Epami- nondas. Predominance of Thebes. 376. Beginning of the ten years' struggle over the Li c i n i a n Rotations; Plebs prevent election of curule magistrates. 371. Curule magistrates appointed. 361 Tachos, king of Egypt. Agesilaus, the Spartan, aids the Egyptians in their revolt against Per- 364. Pelopidas killed in battle. 362. Battle of Mantinea. death of Epaminondas. 367. The Licinian Roga- tions passed, providing for agrarian relief and assigning one consul to the Plebeians. 361. Renewed invasion of the Gauls. 357. Philip II. of Mace- don takes Amphipolis. 356. Philip conquers Thrace and Illyria. The Temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt. ALEXANDER "thei Great" born. 356. Dionysius the young- er expelled from Syra- cuse. First Plebeian dic- tator at Rome. 22 TABULAR VIEWS 355 B.C. B.C. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Asia. 352 343 340 Philippics of Demosthenes Mencius, Chinese sage. Aristotle appointed tutor of Alexander the Great. ^schines, Demosthenes, orators; Theopompus and Ephorus, historians; Speusippus, academic philosopher. 335 330 340 (346). Artaxerxes in person achieves the re- conquest of Egypt. Pyrgoteles practises the art of stone-engraving and die-sinking. Apelles, the painter; Cal- listhenes, philosopher. Alexander attempts the fusion of Asia and Europe through inter- marriage, perfected com- munications, etc. 338. Assassination of Ar- taxerxes and accession of Arses. 336. Assassination of Arses and accession of Darius Codomannus. 332. Jerusalem submits to Alexander the Great. 334. Battle of the Gran- icus. 333. Battle of Issus.— Alexander the Great overthrows the Persian army. 332. Tyre subdued after seven months' siege. 331. Battle of Arbela. — The Persian army to- tally defeated. 330-328. CONQUEST of the PERSIAN EM- PIRE. 327. Alexander invades India. 327 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 23 B.C. Africa. Rome, etc. 340 The Carthaginians de- feated by Timoleon on the Crimesus in Sicily. Artaxerxes III. invades Egypt with an immense army, overruns the country and plunders the temples; Egypt is once more a province of Persia. 332 Egypt conquered by Alex ander. 355. The 2d Sacred War. 352. Philip II. takes the Athenian port of Me- thone in Macedonia. The Phocians defeated by Philip at Pagasas in Thessaly. 348. Philip takes Olyn- thus. 346. Philip admitted to the Amphictyonic Coun- cil. 341. Philip makes wai upon Athens. 340. — lays siege to Byzan- tium. 338. Philip defeats the Greeks at Chacronea. 336. Philip is murdered by Pausanias. ALEXANDER III., sumamed the Great. — He pacifies Greece, de- stroys Thebes, sparing the house of Pindar. 335. — is chosen generalis simo of Greece against Persia. 334. — invades Persia, and after several great bat ties (see "Asia") sub- dues the Persian empire and Egypt, and marches into India. 353. Dion put to death, and Syracuse ruled by tyrants. 351. First Plebeian censor. 343 7 341. The nite War. first Sam- 340. The Latins defeated at Mount Vesuvius and reduced to virtual sub- jection by Rome. 337. First Plebeian praetor. 332. Treaty between Rome and Alexander of Epirus. 330. Spartans under Agis defeated by Antipater of Macedon. 2 4 TABULAR VIEWS 326 B.C. B.C. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Asia. 325 315 312 307 The voyage of Nearchus from the Indus to the Euphrates. 320. Ptolemy carries away a large number of pris- oners into Egypt. Onias I. Menander, founder of New Comedy. Appius Claudius Caecus Censor, completes con- struction of the Appian aqueduct and begins Appian Way. Museum and Library at Alexandria begun under Ptolemy Soter. 311. Judea subject to An tigonus. 323. Alexander dies a,t Babylon; his empire partitioned among his generals. 321. War among the suc- cessors of Alexander. 320. Eumenes defeated by Antigonus. 317 (about). The empire of Magadha in northern India founded by Chan- dragupta(Sandrocottus) . 316. Eumenes put to death by Antigonus. 315. Formation of a league against Antigonus by Ptolemy, Cassander, Se- leucus, and Lysimachus. 312. SYRIA ruled by Se- leucus Nicator; he takes Babylon. Era of the Seleucidse. 305. Seleucus Nicator in- vades India and wages war against Chandra- gupta. 304 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 25 B.C. Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 323 320 Ptolemy I. (Soter, son of Lagus) ; becomes ruler of Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great and the partition of his empire ; assumes regal title in 305. Ptolemy makes himself master of Cyprus and Syria. 308 307 306 Ptolemy _ establishes his power in Cyrene. Agathocles is defeated by the Carthaginians at Tunes in Africa. -305. Antigonus invades Egypt, but meets with no success. ban- 324. Demosthenes ished. 323. Death of Alexander. — )v The Grecian cities revolt from Macedon. — Demos- thenes recalled. 322. The Greeks defeated by Antipater at Crannon in Thessaly. Death of Demosthenes. 321. Antipater, regent of the empire. 319. Polysperchon suc- ceeds Antipater, and proclaims liberty to the Grecian cities. 317. Phocion put to death by the Athenians. Demetrius Phalereus governs Athens. 315. Cassander rebuilds Thebes. 307. Demetrius Phalereus expelled from Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes. 305-304. Demetrius Poli orcetes besieges Rhodes in vain. 303. Demetrius Poliorcetes, general of the Grecian states. 326. Outbreak of second Samnite War. 321. The Samnites defeat the Romans at the Cau- dine Forks and send them under the yoke. 320. The Samnites de- feated at Luceria. 317. Syracuse seized by Agathocles. 314. Insurrection of the Campanians suppressed. 309. Fabius Maximus de- feats the Etrurians at the Vadimonian lake. 307. The Carthaginians Hefeat Agathocles, and besiege Syracuse. 304. End of the Samnite War. second 26 TABULAR VIEWS 301 B.C.- B.C. Progress of Society.etc. The Jews. Asia. 300 293 286 285 284 283 Euclid, of Alexandria, the celebrated mathemati cian. — Zeno, founder of the Stoics; Pyrrho, of the Skeptics: Epicurus of the Epicureans. The first sun-dial erected at Rome by Papirius Cursor, and the time first divided into hours 280 At Rome full equality between the Plebeian and Patricianj finally established Theocritus, the father of pastoral poetry; Bion, bucolic poet. The Septuagint translation of the Old Testament, begun at Alexandria, by order of Ptolemy Phila- delphus. The Pharos built at Alex- andria, the most famous of lighthouses. {about). Philetsrus, of Pergamus, patron of the arts. Alexandria, the resort of the learned, and centre of trade. The Colossus of Rhodes, the work of Chares of Lindus, erected. Manetho, Egyptian priest and chronologist. 301. Judea again under the dominion of the Ptolemies. 301 Battleoflpsus. — An- tigonus killed. ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE DIVIDED in four parts. — Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander.Ly- simachus. 299. Seleucus begins the building of Antioch. 287. Seleucus defeats De- metrius Poliorcetes and keeps him prisoner. 281. Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus in the battle of Korupedion. — The kingdom of PER- GAMUS founded by Philetaerus. 280. Antiochus I. succeeds Seleucus. 279 B - c - OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 27 B.C. Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 285 283 Ptolemy Soter practically abdicates, and is sue ceeded by his son, Ptolemy II. Philadel phus. Death of Ptolemy Soter. 297. Death of Cassander. 295. Siege of Athens, by Demetrius. 294. Demetrius seizes the throne of Macedon. 287. Athens revolts from Demetrius. 300. Plebeians admitted to the priestly colleges. 298. Outbreak of third Samnite War; Samnites defeated at Bovianum. 295. Samnites and Etrus- cans defeated at Sen- tinum. 290. End of third Samnite War. 286. Law of Hortensius, by which the decrees of the Plebs are made abso- lute in the state. The end of the long struggle between Patricians and Plebeians. 281. The Achaean League created. Lysimachus defeated and slain by Seleucus in the battle of Korupedion. 280. Irruption of the Gauls into Macedonia; Ptol emy Ceraunus slain. 282j Outbreak of hostili- ties between Rome and Tarentum ; the latter seeks the aid of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. 281. Pyrrhus lands in It- aly. 280. Pyrrhus defeats the Romans at Pandosia (Heraclea) and at 279 — Asculum. 28 TABULAR VIEWS 279 B.C. B C Progress of Society.etc Asia. 269 Silver money first coined at Rume. 264 The Parian Chronicle com- posed. Gladiators first exhibited at Rome. 260 (.about). Berosus, the his' torian of Babylon. 275. Antiochus I. defeats the Gauls, gaining the surname of Soter (Sa- vior). 270 (about). Asoka, de- scendant of Chandra- gupta, reigns in Magad- ha; he is a friend of Buddhism. 266. AriobarzanesIL.king of Pontus. 262. Antiochus Soter de- feated at Sardis by Eu- menes. 261. Antiochus defeated and slain by the Gauls in a battle near Ephesus; he is succeeded by An- tiochus II. Theos. 255. Kingdom of PAR- THIA founded by Arsa- ces. The Tsin dynasty in China commences, under whom the construction of the Chinese Wall is begun. 255 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 2 9 Greece. Rome, etc. 273 Ptolemy sends an embassy to Rome and enters into friendly relations with the Senate ; grain trade between Egypt and Rome developed; _ re- fuses the Carthaginians aid against the Romans. 279. Irruption of the Gauls under Brennus into Greece. 278. — they are defeated near Delphi. 277. Antigonus Gonatus, king of Macedon. 274. Pyrrhus invades Ma- cedon, defeats Antigo- nus, and is proclaimed king. 272. Pyrrhus besieges Sparta and Argos — is slain, and Antigonus is restored. 264 256 Outbreak of the first war between Carthage and Rome. Regulus invades Africa, and is defeated by Xanthippus, a Spartan general. 268. Athens taken by An tigonus Gonatus. Second incursion of the Gauls into Macedon 278. Pyrrhus invades Sic- ily. 275. Pyrrhus defeated at Beneventum, and leaves Italy. 272. Fall of Tarentum. 271. Fall of Rhegium. 255. Antigonus liberates Athens. Athens joins the Achaean League. 266. With the conquest of the Sallentines the Roman subjugation of Italy is completed. 264. The first PUNIC WAR. — Appius Claud- ius defeats Hiero of Syracuse at Messana. 260. Duilius gains a vic- tory over the Carthagin- ian fleet at Mylas. 256. Regulus gains a vic- tory over the Carthagin- ian fleet at Ecnomus. 255. The Lacedemonians assist Carthage. — Xan- thippus defeats Regulus, and takes him prisoner. 3Q TABULAR VIEWS 254 B.C.- 253 245 240 235 225 The Alexandrian schol- ars and poets, Aratus, Kallimachus, Lyco- phron, and Apollonius. (about). Eratosthenes, celebrated geometer and geographer, head of the Alexandrian Library, makes first measurement of circumference of the earth. Chrysippus, Stoic philosopher. Comedies of Livius An- dronicus, first acted at Rome. — Archimedes, the mathematician. Naevius, Roman poet, flourishes. Fabius Pictor, the Roman historian. first 253. Arsaces II. (Tiridates I.) succeeds to the throne in Parthia. 246. Antiochus II. Theos killed by his wife; suc- ceeded by his son Seleu- cus II. Callinicus. 245. War breaks out be- tween Seleucus II. and Ptolemy Euergetes, in which the latter for a time is master of almost the entire Seleucian kingdom. 241. Attalus I., king of Pergamus. 237. Seleucus defeated by the Parthians. 226. Seleucus II. (Cerau- nus), king of Syria. 223. Antiochus III. the Great, king of Syria. 222 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 31 B.C. Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 251 247 245 241 238 228 222 Metellus defeats Hasdru bal at Panormus in Sicily. Hamilcar Barca takes command of Carthagin- ian forces in Sicily.- — Accession of Ptolemy III. Euergetes in Egypt. PtolemyEuergetes subdues Syria. 251. Prosperity of Achaean League under Aratus, who liberates Sicyon and joins it to the League. -238. War with the Mer- cenaries in Carthage. 243. Corinth taken by Aratus and united to Achaean League. 241. Agis IV., king of Sparta, put to death for attempting to establish agrarian reform and re- introduce the Lycurgan constitution. Hamilcar begins establish- ment of Carthaginian power in Spain. Carthagena in Spain, founded by Hasdrubal. 228. Roman ambassadors first appear at Athens and Corinth. 226. Cleomenes, king of Sparta, defeats the Achaeans. 225. Cleomenes re-estab- lishes the constitution of Lycurgus at Sparta. 224. Cleomenes conquers Argos and is joined by Corinth. Ptolemy IV. Philopater, king of Egypt. 254. Panormus (Palermo) taken by the Romans. 249. Romans defeated in naval battle of Drepana. 247. Hamilcar holds Herc- te against the Romans. 241. The Roman fleet under Catulus defeats the Carthaginians off the jEgatian Islands. — End of the first Punic War; resulting in the acquisition of Sicily, the first Roman province. 238. Sardinia seized by Rome. 225. The Gauls defeated near Telamon in Etru- na. 224. The Romans cross the Po. first 223. The Insubres de- feated. 32 TABULAR VIEWS 221 B.C.- B.C. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Asia. 220 210 204 200 Plautus, Roman comic poet. The Alexandrian gram- marians and editors, Zenodotus and Aristo- phanes. {about). The Great Chinese Wall begun. Ennius, Roman comes to Rome. poet, Moschus, bucolic poet. 203. Judea submits Antiochus the Great. to 198. The Jews assist Anti ochus in expelling Sco pas and the Egyptian troops from Jerusalem final establishment of the Syrian power Palestine. 217. Antiochus III de- feated by Ptolemy Phil- opater in the battle of Raphia. 216. Arsaces III., king of Parthia. 213. Antiochus defeats the Parthians and takes their capita], Hecatom- pylos. 206. The dynasty of Han in China founded; it lasts until 221 a.o., and forms one of the most brilliant periods in the history of China. 198 Antiochus defeats the Egyptians under Scopas in a great battle in Pal- estine, which now defi- nitely comes under the Syrian rule. 197 Eumenes II., king of Pergamus. 196. Arsaces IV., king of Parthia. 195. Hannibal flees to Antiochus II L 195 B.C. OF UxNIVERSAL HISTORY. 33 B.C. Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 221 213? 209 205 203 202 198 Beginning of conquests of Hannibal in Spain. War between Egypt and Syria resulting in the loss of Palestine by the Ptolemies. Rebellion of the Egyptian peasantry against the Macedonian oppression. Ptolemy V. associated in the crown. Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, king of Egypt. Scipio Africanus besieges Utica and burns the camps of Hasdrubal and Syphax. Hannibal recalled from Italy. Hannibal defeated at Za- ma. — End of the 2d Punic War. Egypt loses her Syrian pos- sessions. 221. Cleomenes of Sparta defeated by Antigonus Doson at Sellasia. 220. The Social War be- tween Aohseans and Italians.— Philip V. of Macedonia assists the Achasans. 215. Alliance of Philip V with Hannibal. 211. The .<32tolians secure the alliance of Rome against the Achasans and the Macedonians. 207. Battle of Mantinea: Philopcemen, the gen- eral of the Achaean League, defeats the Spartans. 200. Siege of Abydos by Philip V. of Macedonia; outbreak of war between Macedonia and Rome. 198. The Achasans and Spartans join the Ro- mans against Macedonia. 197. Philip V. defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Romans under Flamin- inus. 196 Macedonian Greece declared free by the Romans. 219. Hannibal takes Sa- guntum and crosses the Alps 218. The 2 d Punic War.— The Romans defeated by Hannibal at the Ticino and the Trebbia. 217. Flaminius over- whelmed at Trasi- mene. 216. Romans at Cannae totally defeated by Han- nibal. Fabius Maximus, Dic- tator. 212. Syracuse taken by Marcellus. Archimedes killed. 211. Capua taken by the Romans. 209. Publius Scipio takes New Carthage. 207. Nero and Livy defeat Hasdrubal at the Met- aurus— Hasdrubal killed. 206. The Carthaginians de- feated in the battle of Ilipa and driven out of Spain. 204. Scipio carries the war into Africa. 202. Final victory over Carthage at Zama. 200. Outbreak of war with Macedonia. 197. Flamininus victorious in Macedonia. 195. Cato in Spain 34 TABULAR VIEWS 194 B.C.- B.C. Progress of Society, etc The Jews. Asia. 194 Apollonius of Rhodes head of the Alexandrian li- brary. 180 1 Statius poet. 2d J cen- > tury ) 170 Caecilius, comic Paper made in China. Polybius, historian Greece and Rome. of 167 166 161 Greek learning comes to Rome as a result of con quest of Macedonia. Terence, comic poet. Philosophers and rhetor- icians banished from Rome. 174. Jason obtains the high priesthood by cor- ruption. 171. Jason supplanted by Menelaus. 170. The temple plundered by Antiochus Epi- phanes. 168. Jerusalem again plun- dered by Antiochus; the temple desecrated, the Law suppressed. 167. Mattathias the Has- monean, leads an insur- rection against the Syr- ians. 192. Syria at war with Rome. 190. Scipio Asiaticus de- feats Antiochus III, at Magnesia and compels him to cede all of Asia Minor excepting Cilicia; the conquered territory is allotted by Rome to Pergamus. 189. Armenia revolts from the Seleucid rule and establishes its indepen- dence. 187. Antiochus III. killed; succeeded by Seleucus IV. Philopator. 183. Pharnaces I., king of Pontus, conquers Sin- ope. 181. Phraates I., king of Parthia. 176. Antiochus IV. Epi- phanes, king of Syria. 174. Mithradates I., king of Parthia, founds the greatness of that power. He conquers Bactria, Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia. 171. Antiochus IV. de- clares war against Ptol- emy Philometor. 165. Judas Maccabeus ex- 164. Antiochus V. Eu pator, king of Syria. pels the Syrians and purifies the temple. 161. Judas defeats the Syrians under Nicanor at Adasa. First treaty with the Romans. 162. Demetrius Soter seizes throne of Syria. Ariarathes Philopator, king of Cappadooa. 161 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 35 B.C. Africa. 193 Masinissa, king of Numidia, harasses the Carthagin- ians, and injures their commerce. 189 Formidable insurrection in upper Egypt owing to oppressive taxation. 182 170 163 Ptolemy VI., Philometor, king of Egypt. -163. Joint reign of Phi lometor and Physcon in Egypt. Greece. Rome, etc. 189. The ^Etolian League crushed by the Romans. 188. Philopcemen abro- gates the laws of Lycur- gus in Sparta. 183. Philopcemen defeated and killed by the Mes- senians 179. Perseus, king of Macedonia. Ptolemy VI. is driven out by his brother but is restored by the Roman senate, Physcon being given Cyrene. 171. War between Mace donia and Rome. 168. Perseus defeated at Pydna, by Emilius Paulus. 167. Achaean hostages transported to Italy in large numbers. 191. Antiochus III. de- feated at Thermopylae. 190. Antiochus III. is to- tally defeated by L. C. Scipio at Magnesia. 185. Disgrace and volun- tary exile of Scipio Afri- canus. 184. Cato, the elder, cen- sor. 183. Death of Scipio Afri- canus. 181. Pseudo writings of Numa found in a stone coffin at Rome. 179. Celtiberians in Spain subjugated by Tiberius Gracchus. 176. Sardinians subdued by Gracchus. 171. War against Mace- donia. 36 TABULAR VIEWS 1 60 B.C.- B.C. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Asia. 160 159 1.55 150 146 145 (.about). Hipparchus of Nicaea makes important astronomical discoveries and lays the foundation of Trigonometry. The clepsydra or water clock introduced by Scipio Nasica Pacuvius, Latin tragic poet, flourishes Aristarchus, of Alexandria, grammarian, greatest of rreek scholars, editor of Homer and the drama- tists. The fall of Corinth and the transplantation of its art treasures to Rome marks an important epoch in the conquest of the Roman world by Greek thought. Hipparchus, mathemati- cian and astronomer, flourishes. 160. Death of Judas Mac- cabeus 158. Jonathan compels the Syrians under Bacchides to withdraw. 143 Jonathan is slain by Trypho. 142. Simon, high priest. Demetrius II. of Svria acknowledges Jewish in- dependence. 135. John Hyrcanus, high priest. 133. Jerusalem taken by Antiochus VII. 160. Mithradates IV. (V.), king of Pontus. 151 . Alexander Balas over- throws Demetrius Soter, and takes the throne. 149. Prusias II. of Bithy- nia, killed by his son, Nicomedes. 146. Demetrius II. ator, king of Syria. Nic- 140. Demetrius II. is de- feated by Mithradates I. of Parthia and re- tained in captivity for a number of years. 137. Antiochus VII. (Si- detes), king of Syria. 133. Antiochus takes Jer- usalem. 133 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 37 B C. Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 157 Cato's embassy to Car- thage. 155. Athenian embassy of Diogenes, Carneades. and Critolaus to Rome. 155. War with the Lusi- tanians and 153. with the Celtiberians. 152 Masinissa defeats the Car- thaginians. 152. Andriscus attempts to raise Macedonia against Rome. 151. Defeat of Galba in Spain by the Celtiber- ians. 150. The Lusitanians crushed. 147 Ptolemy VI. joins with Demetrius Nicator against Alexander Balas of Syria and is crowned kina; at Antioch. 148. He is defeated by Metellus and 149. Third Punic War begins. The Lex Calpurnia seeks to restrain the mal- practice of provincial governors. 146 Carthage taken and de- stroyed. Ptolemy VII., Physcon, becomes sole king of Egypt. 146. Macedonia becomes a Roman province. War between the Achaean League and Sparta and Rome; Corinth taken and destroyed by Mummius. 146. Conquest of Carthage and of Corinth. Roman Empire. In the East. In Europe. 143. Numantine War begins. 140. Romans cause assas- sination of Viriathus, leader of the Lusitanians in Spain. 139. Servile insurrection in Sicily. 133. Pergamus bequeath- ed to the Romans by Attalus III. 133. Numantia destroyed by Scipio. Acts and death of Tiberius Gracchus. 38 TABULAR VIEWS 132 B.C.- b.c. Progress of Society.etc. The Jews. Asia. 130 Lucius Accius, tragic poet. 125 Lucilius the first Roman satirist. 129. John Hyrcanus be gins task of delivering Judea from the Syrian yoke; reduces Samaria and Idumea. 100 Lucius Afranius, comic writer. 109. Hyrcanus destroys Samaria. 105. Hyrcanus succeeded by his son Aristobulus, who first assumes the title of king. 104. Alexander Jannaeus succeeds to the throne; in a war against Ptolemy VIII.. Lathyrus, the exiled ruler of Egypt, he is assisted by Cleopatra, the reigning queen, and expels Ptolemy from Palestine. 129. Antiochus VII. de- feated and killed in a war with Parthia. Demetrius II. regains Syria. 126. Demetrius is over- thrown and there follow the parallel reigns of Alexander II. (till 122) and Antiochus VIII. Grypus (till 114). 120. Mithradates V. (VI.) the Great, king of Pontus. 112. Mithradates begins career of conquest in the kingdom of Bosporus (Crimea), Lesser Ar- menia, Colchis, and part of Scythia to the Dnies- ter. IOO B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 39 B.C. Africa. Roman Empire. 130 127 123 118 116 112 107 106 Ptolemy Physcon driven from his throne for his cruelty. Physcon restored. Carthage rebuilt. Death of Micipsa, king of Numidia, and the assas- sination of Hiempsal by Jugurtha. Ptolemy VIII., Lathyrus, king of Egypt. Jugurthine War begins. Ptolemy VIII. exiled and Alexander I. king of Egypt. Jugurtha is defeated by Marius. In the East. 131. War with Aristonicus, pretender to the crown of Pergamus. 130. Aristonicus defeated. 129. Pergamus organized as the province of Asia. In Europe. 132. Servile War ended. 111. Outbreak of war with Jugurtha who had us- urped the royal power in Numidia. 106. Jugurtha defeated and taken; he perishes in prison at Rome. 123. Tribunate of Caius Gracchus; he brings for- ward the Leges Senrpro- nial involving far-reach- ing reforms. 121. Caius Gracchus slain. 113. War begun against the Cimbri and the Teu- tones. 104. The Teutones defeat the Romans onthebanks of the Rhone, inflicting a loss of 80,000 men. 102. Marius victorious over the Teutones and Ambrones at Aquae Sex- tise. 101. Marius and Catulus defeat the Cimbri at Vercellae. 100. Marius attains sixth consulate. his Banishment of Metel- lus Numidicus. Birth of Julius Ca:sar. 40 TABULAR VIEWS 99 B.C. B.C Progress of Society.etc. The Jews Asia. 90 86 80 89. The Roman franchise granted to the Italians. Libraries of Athens sent to Rome by Sulla. Posidonius, stoic philoso- pher, at Rome. Quintus Hortensius, orator . 86. Alexander Jannaeus re- turning from exile, where he has been driven by the Pharisees, wreaks cruel vengeance on that party. 78. Alexandra, widow of Jannaeus, governs Judea. 69. Hyrcanus II. in con- flict with his brother Aristobulus. 96. Seleucus V. succeeds Antiochus VIII but is assassinated in the fol- lowing year. 94. Cappadocia declared free from the rule of Mithradates of Pontus by Rome. 93. Ariobarzanes elected king. Tigranes, king of Armenia, expels Ariobarzanes, who is restored in the following year. 88. Pontus at war with Rome; Italians in Asia massacred. 87. Mithradates sends army into Greece. 86. Pontic forces defeated by Sulla at Chajronea. 84. Peace concluded be- tween Pontus and Rome. 83. Second Mithradatic war begins. 81. — war terminated. 74. Beginning of Mithradatic war. third 71. Mithradates at Cabira. defeated 69. Tigranes of Armenia defeated bv Lucullus at Tigranocerta. 66 Mithradates defeated by Pompey at Nicopolis. 65. The race of the Seleu- cidae deposed. 64. Syria becomes a Roman province. 6\ B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 41 B.C. Africa. Roman Empire. 96 By the death of Apion, Cyrene Roman. Ptolemy becomes 88 Second reign of Ptolemy Lathyruo. Ptolemy IX. 84? 81 Thebes destroyed by Lath- yrus. Alexander II. (Ptolemy X). king of Egypt. Ptolemy XI. Auletes, king of Egypt. 65 Crassus, as censor, pro- poses that Egypt be made a Roman province ; he is opposed by his colleague Catulus. In Asia and Africa. 96. Annexation of Cyrene, bequeathed to the Ro- mans by its king, Ptol- emy. 92. A Parthian embassy visits Sulla in Asia, the first act of intercourse between the two em- pires. 88. Mithradatic War; Sulla commands the Roman army. The Athenians seek assistance from Mithra- dates against Rome. 86. Athens, famine, is Sulla. reduced taken by by 74. Nicomedes III. of Bi- thynia bequeaths his kingdom to the Ro- In Europe. 99. End of Second Servile War in Sicily, begun in 102. 91. The tribune M.Livius proposes the bestowal of the Roman franchise on the Italian allies: he is slain. 90. Social War in Italy. 88. Sulla puts an end to the Social War. Civil War between Marius and Sulla. 66. Metellus subdues Crete. 64. Syria a Roman pro- vince- 82. Sulla defeats Marius, and is created perpetual dictator. 79. Sertorius revolts in Spain and defeats Me- tellus and Pompey. 73. War of Spartacus, the gladiator. 72. Sertorius assassinated. 71. Spartacus defeated by Crassus. 70. Pompey and Crassus consuls. 42 TABULAR VIEWS 63 B.C. B.C. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Asia. 60 Cicero, statesman and ora- tor; Sallust, historian; Lucretius and Catullus, poets; Andronicus, of Rhodes, peripatetic philosopher. 46 Caesar reforms the Calen- dar. Cornelius Nepos and Dio- dorus Siculus, histor- ians; Vitruvius, writer on architecture; M. Terentius Varro, writer on agriculture. » 63. Pompey makes an end of Jewish independence, confirming Hyrcanus in possession of the High Priesthood. 47. Antipater, the Idu- mean, is made procura- tor of Judea by Casar. 63. Pharnaces king of part of Pontus. 60. (about). By the absorp- tion of Syria, Rome comes into touch with the Parthian power. 57. (about). India; war of the natives under Vikra- maditya against Scyth- ian invaders. 55. Outbreak of war be- tween Rome and Par- thia. 53. The Romans defeated. — Crassus slain at Car- rhae. 52. Parthians overrun Sy- ria and threaten An- tioch. 47. Battle of Zela. — Phar- naces II. of Pontus con- quered by Caesar. a6 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 43 B.C. Africa. Roman Empire. 58 55 In Asia and Africa Ptolemy XI., Auletes, flees to Rome, Berenice reigns in his absence. Ptolemy XI. restored by a Roman army under Gabinius and Marcus Antonius. 63. Pompey takes Jer- usalem. East. In Europe. 63. M. T. Cicero, consul, detects and suppresses Catiline's Conspiracy. 60. First Triumvirate: — • Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar. ; 58. Clodius procures the banishment of Cicero. — :' The Helvetii defeated by I Julius Cassar. 57. Cicero recalled. 55. Caesar passes the Rhine, defeats the Ger- mans, and invades Brit- ain. 53. Crassus defeated killed in Parthia. and 51 48 Death of Ptolemy XI.; by will he appoints Cleo- patra and her brother, Ptolemy XII., to reign jointly. Pompey, defeated, arrives in Egypt and is slain. 47 46 Ptolemy XII. drowned. The African War. — Caesar gains battle of Thapsus. — Cato kills himself at Utica. Cassar contemplates re- building of Carthage. 48. Caesar defeated by Pompey at Dyrrhach- ium. — Thessaly becomes the seat of war. — The Athenians declare for Cassar against Pompey Battle of Pharsalia: — Pompey, defeated by Caesar, flees into Egypt, and is slain there. 47. Cassar takes Alexandria and conquers Egypt. Cassar victorious at Zela in Asia over Pharnaces II. of Pontus. 46. The Pompeians in Af- rica under Sextus Pom- peius, Cato of Utica, and Juba are defeated at Thapsus by Caesar. 54. Caesar's second sion of Britain. mva- 52. Pompey sole consul. 51. Cassar completes the conquest of Gaul. 50. Sallust expelled from the Senate. 49. Caesar passes the Ru- bicon, and in sixty days makes himself master of Italy — marches into Spain and forces Pom- pey 's troops to surrender. 46. Cassar crushes the Pompeians at Thapsus. 44 TABULAR VIEWS 45 B.C.- b.c. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Asia. 30 29 27 25 22 43. Antipater poisoned. 40. Herod the Great, son of Antipater, defeats his rival, Antigonus, and Parcorus, the Parthian — and is made king by the Romans. 37. Herod with Roman aid takes Jerusalem which upholds the rause of the Hasroonean family. Direct trade of Rome with India. — Silk and linen manufactories in the empire. Temple of Janus at Rome closed — there being now a general peace. The Pantheon built. Golden age of Roman lit- erature Horace, Virgil, Tibullus, Propertius, poets; Livy, historian; Maecenas, minister of Augustus, patron of lit- erature; Strabo, geogra- pher; ^milius Macer, of Verona, poet; Dionys- ius, of Halicarnassus, historian; Agrippa, warrior, and patron of the arts. Pantomimic dances intro- duced on the Roman Stage. 30. Augustus increase of Herod. bestows an territory on 29. Herod kills Mariamne. his wife. 5. (about). Herod begins extensive building oper- ations in Judea. founds Csesarea, ' rebuilds Sa- maria, reconstructs the temple at Jerusalem (20-19) 40. Parthians under Par- corus invade Syria, take Antioch and Sidon, plun- der Jerusalem, and ad- vance as far as the Mediterranean. 39-38. Parthians defeated by Ventidius. 36. Marcus Antonius in- vades Parthia but iscom- pelled to retreat with loss. 34. Antony subdues Ar- menia. 23. Parthian Rome. embassy at 20. Parthians restore the standards captured from Crassus. 20 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 45 B.C. Africa. Roman Empire. 45 41 36 34 31 30 Cleopatra poisons her bro- ther and reigns alone. Marcus Antonius, capti- vated by Cleopatra, takes up his residence in Alexandria, whence he administers Eastern affairs. Cleopatra obtains from Antony a grant of Phoenicia, Ccele-Syria, and Cyprus. Marcus Antonius divides Asia among his sons by Cleopatra. Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra defeated by Octavius, at Actium. Antonius and Cleopatra destroy themselves. — Egypt becomes a Roman province under the per- sonal rule of Augustus. 45. Caesar perpetual dicta- tor — the remnants of the Pompeians crushed at Munda in Spain. 44. Caesar assassinated, 43. Second Triumvirate:— Octavius Ca?sar, Marcus Antonius, and Lepidus. — Cicero proscribed and murdered. 42.The battle of Philippi: - — Antony and Octav- ius defeat Brutus and Cassius. 36. Sextus Pompeius de- feated in Sicily. 33. Antony quarrels with Octavius. 31. By the battle of Ac- tium Octavius acquires sole rule in the Roman world. 29. Octavius's 3 days tri- umph at Rome. Temple of Janus shut. 27. The titles of Augustus and Emperor conferred on Octavius for 10 years ; the end of the Republic. 23. Augustus receives tri- bunician power for life. 22. Conspiracy of Murena. 21. Augustus visits Greece and Asia. 4 6 TABULAR VIEWS 19 B.C.- B.C. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. 8. The Calendar corrected by Augustus. 4 ' ( 7-6 2 ). Jesus Christ born. The birth of Jesus Christ was made a start- ing point in chronology by the monk Dionysius Exiguus who lived in the sixth century; it was adopted by the Church in Rome soon after, was popularized by Bede in the eighth century, and came into common use in the tenth. Dionysius identified the birth of Christ (incarnation) with the year 754 of the Ro- man era, but modern research has shown that the great event must be placed from four to seven years before the date assumed by Dio- nysius. Archelaus succeeds Herod with the title of Ethnarch. Asia. 19. Armenia; on the death of Artaxias II. the Ro- mans place on the throne Tigranes II.; Armenia becomes a pawn between Rome and Parthia. 16. Agrippa is in Asia where he regulates the affairs of Palestine. 14. Polemon of Pontus conquers Bosporus. 1 Cheyne, Encyclopedia Biblica. 2 Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible. 4 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 47 B.C. Roman Empire. 19. The Cantabri in Spain subjugated; conquest of Spain complete. 16. Lollius defeated by the Germans. 15. Rhaetians and Vindeli- cians subdued by Ti- berias and Drusus. 12. Augustus assumes the title of Pontifex Maxi- mus. Pannonia conquered by Tiberias. 11. Victories of Drusus in Germany. 4 8 TABULAR VIEWS 2 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Sacred. 10 Ovid publishes his Ars Amatoria. Celsus, the physician; Phaedrus, the fabulist; Velleius Paterculus, Roman historian. 40 Philo, Alexandrian Jew, discipleof Plato ; Seneca, moral philosopher; Apion of Alexandria, grammarian, called the " Trumpet of the World." 50 Columella, writer on husbandry. 26. Pontius Pilate becomes procurator of Judea. 28-29' (26-27 2 ). Baptism of Jesus Christ and beginning of His public work. 30" (292). Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. 35-362 (3i or 35i). St. to Christianity. Paul converted 47. 2 First missionary journey of Paul. 49. 2 Council of the Apostles at Jeru- s 3.1cm 50. 2 Paul at Corinth. 52. 2 Third missionary journey of Paul. 55. Paul at Ephesus. 'Cheyne, Encyclopedia Biblica. ^Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible. 55 A.D. OF UiNIVERSAL HISTORY. 49 Roman Empire. 17 19 24 42 46 East. Caius Caesar makes peace with the Par- thians. The subjugation of the Dalmatians completed. Germanicus takes command in the East. Germanicus poisoned at Antioch. Uprising of Tacfarinas in Numidia suppressed. Mauretania conquered and divided into two provinces, Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis. Thrace made a Roman province. West. 4. Death of Caius Caesar, son of Agrippa; Tiberius renews his cam- paigns in Germany. 9. Roman legions under Varus de- stroyed by the Germans under Arminius in the Teutoburg Forest. Ovid is banished to Tomi on the Black Sea. 14. Augustus dies and Tiberius be- comes emperor. The Pannonian and German legions revolt. 19. The Jews banished from Italy. 23. Sejanus poisons Drusus, son of Tiberius. 2G. Tiberius retires to Capreae (Capri). 31. Sejanus disgraced and put to death 37. Tiberius dies. Caligula (.Caius Caesar) becomes emperor. 41. Caligula assassinated. Claudius becomes emperor. 43. — invades Britain with his general, Plautius. 51. Caractacus, the chief of the Trino- bantes in Britain, defeated and brought to Rome. 54. Nero becomes emperor. 55. — poisons Britannicus, son of Claudius. 50 TABULAR VIEWS 56 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Sacred and Ecclesiastical. 60 01 70 80 Persius, satirist. Nero's golden house built. The build- ings in Rome more regular after the fire. Pliny, the elder, author of comprehen- sive natural history; Josephus, the Jewish historian. The destruction of Jerusalem marks the end of the Jews as a nation; from that time they enter on their historic role of wanderers. Colosseum completed. Quintilian, orator; Valerius Flac- cus, poet; Martial, epigrammatist; Apollonius of Tyana, Pythagorean philosopher; Epictetus, stoic; Dio Chrysostom, Greek rhetorician and philosopher. 56. ' Paul arrested in Jerusalem. 59. l Paul arrives in Rome. 61. * Acts closed. 64. First traditional persecution of Christians, by Nero. 64-65. 1 Martyrdom of Peter and Paul. 66. Outbreak of Jewish war. 67. Pope Linus. 2 Vespasian despatched against the Jews. 70. The destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. 72. Conquest of Judea completed. 79. Pope Anacletus. 90. Pope Clemens. 95. Second traditional persecution of the Christians, by Domitian. 1 Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible. 2 The word Pope is used in accordance with the Roman Catholic usage, though the name was not adopted by the Pon- tiffs till several centuries after. 95 a.d. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 51 Roman Empire. 60 63 66 69 70 East. Corbulo subdues Armenia. Tiridates placed on the throne of Ar- menia by Nero. Tiridates visits Rome. Vespasian declared emperor at Alex- andria. Jerusalem destroyed by Titus. West. 59. Nero's mother, Agrippina, put to death by his order. 61. Revolt of the Britons under queen Boadicea; they burn London. The queen, defeated by Suetonius, poisons herself. 64. Burning of Rome and Christians accused of the crime. 65. Seneca and Lucan put to death. 68. Galba proclaimed emperor by the soldiers in Spain ; he reigns 8 months, and is put to death by the Praetorians. 69. Otho becomes emperor; acknowl- edged by the Senate; (3 months) defeated by Vitellius, who becomes emperor (8 months) ; he is overthrown by the army of 70. Vespasian, commander in the East, who becomes emperor. 78. Agricola assumes command in Britain. 79. Titus becomes emperor. Herculaneum and Pompeii de- stroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius. 86 War with the Dacians under Decebalus. 90 Roman reverses against the Quadi and the Marcomanni; peace with the Dacians bought. 81. Domitian becomes emperor. 86. Romans defeated by the Dacians on the Danube. 88. The secular games celebrated. 52 TABULAR VIEWS 96 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 96 100 130 132 160 Tacitus, historian; Juvenal, satirist; Statius, poet; Plutarch, moralist and biographer; the younger Pliny. Jurisprudence flourishes ; Rome adorned with the Trajan Forum; Pillar of Trajan, and baths; stone bridge built over the Danube. The great buildings of Palmyra. — Tem- ple of the Sun at Baalbec. Jurisprudence improved by the pro- mulgation of Hadrian's perpetual code. Ptolemy, the celebrated Egyptian astronomer and geographer; Arrian and Appian, Greek historians; Paus- anius, traveller. Lucian, satirist; Hermogenes, rhetor- ician. 99. Pope Evaristus. 100. Christian assemblies prohibited by Trajan. 100 (about) Composition of the "Shep- herd" of Hermas. 107. Pope Alexander I. 108. St. Ignatius put to death. 112-113 (100?). Third traditional per- secution, by Trajan. 116. Pope Xystus (Sixtus I). 125. Pope Telesphorus. 136. Pope Hyginus. 140. Pope Pius I. Heresy of Valentine. 14.5 (about). Rise of the Marcionites. 154. Pope Anicetus. Canon of Scripture fixed about this time. 154 (about). Justin Martyr publishes his apology for the Christians. 155 (about). Martyrdom of Polycarp; appearance of Montanus. 163 (about). Martyrdom of Papias. 165. Pope Soter. Death of Justin Martyr. 175 A - D - OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 53 Roman Empire. 103- 104 114 116 117 112- 127 130 131 East. Pliny, propraetor in Bithynia, sends Trajan his account of the Christians. Traj an begins war against the Parthians. Capture of Ctesiphon. Revolt of the Jews in Cyrene and Egypt. Trajan dies at Selinus in Cilicia. Hadrian in the East for five years. Hadrian rebuilds Jerusalem, under the name of .i^Elia Capitolina, and erects there a temple to Jupiter. Revolt of the Jews under Bar Cochba. 136 Jewish war ended. 162 West. 96. Domitian assassinated. Nerva becomes emperor. 98. Trajan becomes emperor; a great sovereign and a warrior, under whom the Roman Empire attained its greatest extent. 101. Trajan begins his Dacian cam- paigns. 107. Dacia made a province. 117. Hadrian becomes emperor; under- takes extensive travels throughout the provinces of the empire. 121. Erection of Hadrian's wall in Britain. 132. The Edictum Perpetuum, compris- ing the edicts of the Roman praetors, collected and published. 138. Antoninus Pius becomes emperor; (eminent for his virtues and love of peace). War with the Parthians, lasts 4 years and ends in the confirmation of Ro- man authority in Armenia. 161. Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus) be- comes emperor. 167-175. War with the Marcomanni and the Quadi. 54 TABULAR VIEWS 170 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 170 180 206 210 215 220 230 Galen, Greek physician; Diogenes Laertius, Greek historian. The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius em- body some of the loftiest thoughts of antiquity. Baths of Caracalla begun. Papinian, jurist. Caracalla grants the right of Roman citizenship to all the provinces, that they may become liable to additional taxes. Dio Cassius, historian. 174. Pope Eleutherus. 177. Fourth traditional persecution, by Marcus Aurelius — Irenaeus becomes bishop of Lyons. 180. Age of Theophilus and Tatian. Hegesippus writes against the Gnostics. 189. Pope Victor I. 198. Pope Zephyrinus; strife between Zephyrinus and Hippolytus as to the restoration of those who had fallen away from the Church under perse- cution. 202. Fifth persecution of the Christians, under Severus. — Tertullian, an able defender of Christianity.— Clement of Alexandria, and Minucius Felix. 217. Pope Calixtus I. 220 (about). Death of Clement of Alexandria. 221. Julius Africanus, first of Christian chronologists. Ammonius Saccas, founder of the Neo-Platonic school of philosophy at Alexandria. Herodian, Greek historian. Censorinus, critic and grammarian. 222. Pope Urban I. 230. Pope Pontianus.— Death of Ter- tullian. 232 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 55 A.D. Roman Empire. East. 197 Severus invades the Parthian empire, captures Seleucia and Babylon, and acquires Adiabene (northern Assyria). 226 Fall of the Parthian empire and estab- lishment of the new Persian kingdom under the dynasty of the Sassanids. West. 178. Renewal of war with the Marco- manni. 180. The emperor dies at Sirmium: Commodus becomes emperor, makes peace with the Germans. 191. Rome nearly destroyed by fire. 192. Commodus assassinated. 193. Pertinax proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian guards; murdered after a reign of 3 months. The empire bought by Didius Julianus, who reigns for 2 months and is put to death. Septimius Severus proclaimed emperor by the Pannonian legions. 194. — defeats his competitor, Pescen- nius Niger, at Issus; besieges Byzantium. 197. — defeats rival emperor Albinus in Gaul. 202. — persecutes the Christians. 208. — invades Britain and makes war on the Caledonian tribes. The wall of Severus between the Forth and the Clyde built. 211. Severus dies at "York, in Britain. Caracalla and Geta become em- perors. 212. Caracalla slays his brother Geta; general proscription; among others. Pacinian put to death. 214. Wars against the Alemanni. 217. Caracalla is assassinated. Macrinus becomes emperor. 218. Macrinus defeated by the Parth- ians and slain by his soldiers. Heliogabalus becomes emperor. 222. Heliogabalus slain. Alexander Severus becomes em- peror. 232. The victory of Severus over the Persians in Mesopotamia. 56 TABULAR VIEWS 235 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. 250 260 271 Plotinus, Neo-Platonic philosopher. Longinus, philosopher, statesman. critic, and Aurelian begins wall around Rome. Sacred and Ecclesiastical. 235. Pope Anterus. Origen. Sixth persecution of the Christians, under Maximinus. 236. Pope Fabianus. 240. Gregory Thaumaturgus becomes bishop of Neo-Ccesarea. 247. Dionysius Alexandria. becomes bishop of 248. Cyprian becomes bishop of Car- thage. — Monastic life originates about this time. Dispute between the churches of Rome and Africa about baptism. Novatian, opponent of Roman bishop. 249. Pope Cornelius. 251. Seventh persecution of the Chris- tians, under Decius. 257. Eighth persecution, under Valerian. 259. Pope Dionysius. 260. Paul, of Samosata. bishop of Antioch, denies the divinity of Jesus Christ. 269. Pope Felix I. 270 (about). Manes advocates his doc- trines in Persia. 273 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 57 A.D. Roman Empire. 242 East. Gordian defeats the Persians under Sapor. 258 War between Rome and Persia. 260 261- 262 267 269 273 Valerian taken prisoner by Sapor, of Persia. Sapor takes Antioch, Tarsus, Ca?sarea. king and Odenatus, ruler of Palmyra, dies — he is succeeded by his wife, Zenobia, who reigns with the titles of ' 'Augusta"and "Queenofthe East." Zenobia attempts to conquer Egypt. Zenobia defeated at Emesa by Aurelian, who destroys her magnificent capital, and carries her to Rome. West. 235. Severus murdered in a mutiny of the army. Maximinus _ becomes emperor; is victorious against the Germans. 238. Maximinus assassinated by his troops near Aquileia; Gordian I. and II. proclaimed emperors in Africa and slain; Senate nominates Pupienus and Balbinus emperors; Pupienus and Balbinus slain by the Praetorians. Gordian III. becomes emperor. 244. Gordian put to death by Philip (the Arabian), who becomes emperor; makes peace with Sapor. 248. The secular games celebrated in commemoration of the thousandth anniversary of the founding of the city. 249. Decius becomes emperor; perse- cutes the Christians. 251. — slain by the Goths, who invade the empire by crossing the Danube. Gallus becomes emperor; purchases a peace with the Goths. 252. A great pestilence prevails in the empire. 253. ^Emilianus proclaimed by troops in Moesia; Valerianus proclaimed em- peror in Rhaetia. Gallus and ./Emilianus slain. 254. Valerian becomes emperor; is successful against the Germans and Goths. 256. Franks invade Spain. 256-69. Great piratical expeditions of the Goths into Asia Minor and Greece. 260. Gallienus becomes emperor. Period of the 30 tyrants. 264. Alliance with Odenatus. 268. Gallienus killed at Milan. Claudius II. becomes emperor; defeats the Alemanni. 269. — defeats Goths at Nissa.in Moesia. 270. Aurelian becomes emperor. 271. — defeats the Marcomanni and Alemanni. 273. — reduces Palmyra after an heroic resistance, and takes queen Zenobia I prisoner, 58 TABULAR VIEWS 274 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 275 284 290 300 320 330 335 Porphyry, Neo-Platonic philosopher. Diocletian's Oriental form of govern- ment — the monarchy considered hereditary — nomination of Caesars as co-rulers. Diocletian's baths, containing 3000 benches of white marble. The Gregorian code of civil law. Spartianus, Vopiscus, and Trebellius Pollio, historians. Iamblichus, Neo-Platonic philosopher. Constantinople becomes the capital of the Roman Empire and the seat of art and literature. Hermogenianus, jurist. 274. Ninth persecution, under Aurelian. 275. Pope Eutychianus. 2S3. PopeCaius. 296. Pope Marcellinus. 303. Tenth persecution of the Christ- ians, by Diocletian. 304. Arnobius of Africa converted. 305. Persecution of the Christians stopped by Constantius Chlorus. 310. Pope Eusebius. 311. Pope Miltiades._ Constantine issues Edict of Tolera- tion. 314. Pope Sylvester I. 320. Strife of the Donatists in Africa. 325. The Council of Nice, consisting of 318 bishops, who condemn Arianism. — Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, ecclesiastical historian. — Lactantius, Athanasius, Arius, flourish in the reign of Constantine. 337. Pope Julius I. 337 A -D- OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 59 A.D. Roman Empire. 276 283 297 298 314 323 325 330 333 334 337 East. Florianus, brother of Tacitus, pro- claimed emperor; is slain at Tarsus. Cams invades Persia but dies near Ctesiphon. Egypt subdued. Galerius defeats Narses of Persia. Constantine defeats Licinius at Adri- anople. Constantine defeats Licinius a second time at Adrianople and again at Chalcedon. The first general council at Nice. Constantinople solemnly dedicated. Great famine and pestilence in Syria. Sarmatians receive settlements in the empire. Death of Constantine, and the accession of his three sons. West. 274. Gaul, Spain, and Britain reduced to obedience. Dacia given up to the barbarians. 275. Aurelian killed. An interregnum of 6 months. Tacitus (a descendant of the his- torian) becomes emperor; reigns 6 months and is slain. 276. Probus becomes emperor; ob- tains several victories over the bar- barians and restores borders of the empire. 282. Probus slain by his soldiers. Cams becomes emperor. 283. Cams overruns Persia and dies. Carinus and Numerianus become emperors. 284. Numerianus slain; Diocletian pro- claimed emperor. Diocletian makes Maximianus his colleague. 285. Diocletian and Carinus at war; Carinus slain. 287. Britain usurped by Carausius, who reigns 7 years. The empire attacked by the northern barbarians, and several provinces usurped by tyrants. Diocletian divides the administra- tion of the Roman Empire among the two Augusti and the two Caesars. 296. Britain regained by Constantius. 305. Diocletian and Maximian resign the empire to Constantius and Galerius. 306. Constantine the Great becomes emperor; Licinius, Maximian, Maxen- tius, Galerius, Maximinus, his col- leagues. Constantine defeats the Franks. 310. Death of Maximian. 311. Death of Galerius. 312. Maxentius defeated and killed. 313. Defeat and death of Maximinus. 314. Civil war with Licinius. 323. Constantine defeats becomes sole emperor. Licinius, and 6o TABULAR VIEWS 34O A.D. A.D. Ecclesiastical. 360 Eutropius, Ammianus Marcellinus, and Aurelius Victor, historians, ^Elius Donatus, grammarian. 380 Eunapius, historian. Symmachus, orator and pagan advocate. 390 395 Ausonius and Prudentius, Latin poets; Pappus and Theon, of Alexandria, mathematicians. Claudian, Latin poet. 340. Christianity propagated in Ethopia by Frumentius. — Gothic version of Bible by Wulfila (Ulfilas). 352. Pope Liberius. Hilary of Poitiers. — Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem. 366. Pope Damasus. 370. Basil, bishop of Caesarea; Ephraim Syrus. 375. Ambrose of Milan; Tours. Martin of 381. The second general council of Constantinople.— Gregory of Nazian- zus made patriarch of Constantino- ple. 384. Symmachus pleads in the Roman Senate for Paganism against St. Ambrose. Pope Syricius. 400. Chrysostom, patriarch of Con- stantinople; Jerome; St. Augustine. 400 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 61 A D Roman Empire. 340 350 354 361 363 364 374 378 379 384 388 394 395 East. West, Constantius, Constans, and Constantine become emperors. 150 Greek and Asiatic cities destroyed by an earthquake. Hermanric, king of the Ostrogoths, founds an extensive empire in South Russia. The Caesar Gallus put to death by Con- stantius. Constantius dies at Tarsus. A disadvantageous peace with Persians concluded by Jovian. the EASTERN EMPIRE extending from the lower Danube to the confines of Persia. Valens becomes emperor. The Huns advance into central Europe ; the Visigoths, expelled by the Huns, are allowed by Valens to settle in Thrace. Valens defeated and slain by the Goths near Adrianople. Theodosius the Great becomes em- peror; named Augustus by Gratian; a zealous supporter of Christianity. Armenia partitioned by Rome and Persia. Theo osius defeats Maximus, the usurper of the Western Empire. Theodosius defeats Eugenius, the usurper of the West, and Arbogastes, the Gaul. Final division of the em- pire between the sons of Theodosius. Arcadius becomes emperor. 340. Constantine, the younger, defeated and killed by Constans at Aquileia. 350. Constans killed by emissaries of Magnentius who maintains himself in Gaul till 353. 356-360. Campaigns of Julian in Gaul and Germany. 361. Julian, the Apostate, becomes emperor. 363. — attempts in vain to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. — Is slain in a war with the Persians. Jovian becomes emperor. 364. Death of Jovian, and the accession of Valentinian and Valens, under whom the EMPIRE is DIVIDED. WESTERN EMPIRE extending from the Caledonian ramparts to the foot of Mount Atlas. 364. Valentinian I. becomes emperor. 367. The Picts and Scots invade Britain but are defeated by Theodosius. Gratian made Augustus. 375. Gratian becomes emperor; asso- ciates with himself Valentinian II.; gains a victory over the Germans. 383. Maximus is proclaimed emperor in Britain; Gratian is slain; the West shared between Maximus and Valen- tinian II. 388. Overthrow of Maximus and sole rule of Valentinian II. 392. Valentinian II. slain and succeeded by Eugenius. 395. Honorius becomes emperor. 400. Italy invaded by Alaric. 62 TABULAR VIEWS 401 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 402. Pope Innocent I. 410 Macrobius, grammarian. 412. Cyril, bishop of Alexandria; Socra- tes, ecclesiastical historian; Orosius, a Spanish disciple of St. Augustine; 415 Death of Hypatia of Alexandria. and Pelagius, a British monk, who denied original sin, &c. 416. The Pelagian heresy condemned by the African bishops. 417. Pope Zosimus. 418. Pope Boniface I. 422. Pope Celestine I. 425 Zosimus and Olympiodorus, Greek his- torians. 428. Nestorius, bishop of Constantino- ple, acknowledges two persons in Jesus Christ. 431. Third general council at Ephesus condemns Nestor. 432. Pope Xystus (Sixtus) III. St. Patrick preaches the Gospel in Ireland. 435. Nestor banished. 438 The Theodosian code published. 440. Pope Leo I. (the Great) greatly extends the power of the bishop of Rome. Sozomen and Theodoret, ecclesias- tical historians. 449. Flavian, patriarch of Constanti- nople , and Eusebius, bishop of Dorylasum, deposed by the "Robber Synod" at Ephesus, which justifies the teachings of Eutyches regarding the existence of one nature in 450 Proclus, Neoplatonist philosopher. Sidonius Apollinaris, poet, statesman, Christ. and ecclesiastic. 451 . The fourth general council _ at Legislation of the Visigoths in Spain Chalcedon, at which Eutychianism under Euric. and Nestorianism are solemnly con- demned. 455 a.d. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 63 A.D. Eastern Empire. Western Empire. 408 414 421 425 450 152 Theodosius II., a child, becomes em- peror; Anthemius, minister. The emperor's sister, Pulcheria, pro- claimed co-empress. ' Persian war. Pannonia, Dalmatia, and Noricum gained from the Western Empire. Marcian becomes emperor. Victory over the Arabs near Damascus. 402. Alaric defeated by Stilicho at Pollentia. Radagaisus invades Italy and is defeated by Stilicho. 406. The Vandals invade Gaul. 407. Britain evacuated by the Romans. 409. The Vandals enter Spain. 410. Rome sacked by the Goths under Alaric. 412. The Visigoths enter Gaul. 415-418. The Visigoths begin the con- quest of Spain. 418. The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths. 425. Valentinian III. becomes emperor. 428(429). The Vandals enter Africa. 433. Attila, "The scourge of God," becomes ruler of an immense empire from China to the Atlantic. 439. The Vandals, under Genseric, take Carthage. 443. Burgundians establish themselves in Sapaudia (Savoy). 446. The famous embassy from Britain soliciting aid against the Picts and Scots, "the groans of the Britons." 449 (450). The arrival of the Jutes in Britain, under Hengist and Horsa. 451. Attila invades Gaul and is de- feated by ^Jtius and Theodoric at M6ry-sur-Seine (near Chalons). 1 452. The origin of Venice; founded by refugees from the Hunnist invasion. 455. Valentinian is assassinated by Petronius Maximus who becomes emperor and is also assassinated some months later. — Genseric, the Vandal king, sacks Rome. Avitus becomes emperor through in- fluence of the Goths. 64 TABULAR VIEWS 456 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 476 480 486 490 493 511 The accession of Odoacer is taken generally as marking the end of ancient history and the beginning of the medieval period, though in reality it brought no sharp change in the con- dition of Italy and the West. The conquest of Rome by the Germanic tribes and the subsequent interblend- ing of the Latin and Teutonic spirit gives rise to the characteristic Euro- pean spirit of later days. The Salic law developed among the Franks before Clovis. The victory of Clovis marks the triumph of the Germanic over the Roman civilization in Gaul. {about'). Burgundian laws collected by Gundoband. Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, seeks to en- graft the Roman civilization on the Goths. Clovis' s acceptance of Catholic Chris- tianity prepares the way for the historic connection between the Frankish empire and the papacy. 461. Pope Hilarus. 468. Pope Simplicius. Strife for supremacy among the bishops of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jeru- salem, resulting in the steady growth of the power of Rome as the champion of Catholicity. 477. Hunneric, King of the Vandals, in Africa, persecutes the Catholics. 482. The emperor Zeno publishes the Henoticon. 483. Pope Felix III. — excommunicated by Acacius, bishop of Constantinople. 492. Pope_ Gelasius I.; he advances bold claims to authority. 496. Christianity introduced among the Franks, whose king, Clovis, accepts baptism. — Pope Anastasius II. 498. Pope Symmachus, opposed by the Emperor Anastasius, against whom he upholds a lofty conception of the priestly dignity. ' 512 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 65 A.D. Eastern Empire. Western Empire. 456 457 461 466 474 477 483 488 491 492 Successful campaign against Persians Leo I. (the Thracian), becomes em peror. Theodoric, the Goth, a hostage at the Byzantine court. Huns defeated at Sardica. Leo II. succeeds Leo I., and dies in the same year. Zeno becomes emperor. Theodoric becomes chief of the Ostro- goths. Zeno overthrows the rival emperor Basiliscus. 503 512 Peace between Theodoric and Zeno. Zeno induces Theodoric to undertake the conquest of Italy. Anastasius I. becomes emperor. Appearance of the Green and Blue factions. Outbreak of rebellion in Isauria. War with Kobad of Persia; concluded in s°S. Long walls built to protect Constanti- nople from the Bulgarians. 457. Majorian becomes emperor. 458. Franks :-Childeric I., father of Clovis, becomes king of the Franks. 461. Severus becomes emperor. 465. Death of Severus. 466. Euric becomes king of the Visi- goths; he completes the conquest of Spain. 467. Anthemius becomes emperor. 472. Olybrius becomes emperor. 473. Glycerius becomes emperor. 474. Julius Nepos becomes emperor. 475. Romulus Augustulus becomes em- peror. 476. Romulus Augustulus deposed by Odoacer. leader of the Mercenaries. END of the WESTERN EMPIRE. 477. Foundation of the kingdom of Sussex by JElla.. Western Europe. 481. Clovis I., founder of the Frankish power, succeeds his father Childeric as king. 4S6. Battle of Soissons — the Roman power in Gaul overthrown by Clovis. 490. Britain: — Capture of Anderida by .Ella. 491 . Franks : — Clovis subdues the Ripu- arian Franks. 493. Italy: — Conquered by Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths. — Odoacer put to death. 496. Conversion of Clovis.- the Alamanni. -He defeats 500. Franks : — Btirgundians subjected. 507. — Clovis defeats Alaric near Poic- tiers, and wrests Aquitaine from the Visigoths. 510. —Clovis makes Paris his capital. 511. — Clovis dies. — His kingdom par- titioned among his four sons. 66 TABULAR VIEWS 514 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 525 529 Boethius, the Roman statesman and philosopher. The schools of Athens closed by Jus- tinian. 533 537 Completion of Justinian's Code, dects, and Institutes. Pan- 550 560 563 568 570 The church of St. Sophia dedicated at Constantinople. (about). The Christian era introduced by Dionysius Exiguus. The fables of Pilpay translated into Persian. Cassiodorus, Italian historian. Procopius, a Byzantine historian; Gil- das, British historian. (565) Christianity introduced in Scot- land by Columba. The old Roman municipal system in Italy overthrown by the invasion of the Lombards. Evagrius, church historian. 514. Pope Hormisdas. 518. The accession of Justin marks the downfall of the Monophysites ; the Henoticon withdrawn. 523. Pope John I. 526. Pope Felix IV. 527. Separation of the Armenian from the Greek Church. 529. The Order of Benedictine monks instituted at Monte Cassino, near Naples. 530. Pope Boniface II, 533. Pope John II. 535. Pope Agapetus. 536. Pope Silverius. 537. Pope Vigilius. 544. In the Edict of the Three Chapters. Justinian largely repudiates the work of the Council of Chalcedon (451). 550. Vigilius excommunicated by a council at Carthage. 553. The fifth general council at Con- stantinople. 555. Pope Pelagius I. 560. Pope John III. The Tritheists maintain the sepa- rate existence of the persons of the Trinity. The pope vindicates his authority against the Frankish clergy by order- ing the restoration of bishops deposed by a council at Lyons. 57i A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 6 7 A.D. Eastern Empire. Western Europe. 514 518 518- 565 527 530 532 533- 534 535 536 537- 540 540 542 543 546 553 558 562 563 565 568 Rebellion of Vitalian. Justin I., of Illyria becomes emperor. Brilliant period of the B yzantine empire , Justinian I . becomes emperor ; cele- brated for his code of laws and the victories of his generals, Belisarius and Narses. Belisarius defeats the Persians at Daras. — Suppresses the Nika riot in the Hippo- drome of Constantinople. — Overthrows the Vandals in Africa. — -subdues Sicily. — takes Naples and Rome. — overruns Italy. Witiges surrenders Ravenna to the Byzantines. — Antioch sacked by the Persians. Plague in the empire — during three months from 5,000 to 10,000 die daily at Constantinople. Totila, king of the Ostrogoths, begins the reconquest of Italy. Totila takes Rome. Narses defeats and kills Totila and overthrows Gothic kingdom in Italy. The Cotrigur Huns overrun Thrace and threaten Constantinople but are de- feated by Belisarius. Belisarius disgraced by Justinian. Belisarius restored: — he quells a con- spiracy. Death of Belisarius and Justinian. Justin II. becomes emperor. The exarchate of Ravenna established. 519. Britain: — The Britons defeated at Charford by Cerdic and Cynric who begin the third Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 520. — West Saxons defeated at Mount Badon. 530. — Isle of Wight conquered by Jutes. 531. Spain: — Theudis succeeds Amal- aric as king of the Visigoths. 536. Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths, surrenders his possessions in Gaul to the Franks. 537. Witiges besieges Belisarius in Rome. 540- Byzantine power established in Italy. 554. Franks invade Italy but are de- stroyed by Narses. Italy is utterly desolated. 558 . The Frankish power reunited under Clotaire I., who becomes king. 560. Britain: — The kingdom of Deira established. 561. Franks: — Death of Clotaire and partition of his dominions among his four sons. 567. Beginning of the strife between Austrasia and Neustria. 568. Italy conquered by the Lombards, under Alboin. He later fixes his capital at Pavia. 571. Britain:— Battle of Bedford. — East Anglia formed into a kingdom. 68 TABULAR VIEWS 574A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 580 587 590 600 610 618 622 632 The Latin language ceases to be spoken in Italy, while it supersedes the Gothic in Spain. The Roman Catholic faith established in Visgothic Spain and the Germanic influence in that country greatly strengthened thereby. Gregory of Tours, the father of French history. The Saxons having conquered England it relapsed, in a great measure, into the state of barbarism, from which it had been partially raised by the Romans. Ethelbert draws up the first code of laws in England. Rites and superstitions increase in all Europe. — Relics sought for and worshipped. — Litanies addressed to the Virgin. — The burning of candles by day. — Exorcisms, etc. Isidorus, of Seville, Spanish historian. Mohammed begins the promulgation of his teachings. Beginning of the Tang dynastyin China the Golden Age of literature. The year of the Hegira, the starting- point of the Mohammedan calendar. Islamism and the power of the caliphs established in the East. In the caliphs were united the highest spiritual and regal authority. 575. Pope Benedict I. 579. Pope Pelagius II.; he denies the right of the patriarch of Constanti- nople to assume the title of ecumen- ical bishop. 590. Pope Gregory I., called The Great; he adoots the title Servus Servorum Dei. He advances greatly the claims of the bishops of Rome and is prac- tically ruler of that city. 597. St. Augustine introduces Chris- tianity into Britain. 604. Pope Sabinian. 607. Pope Boniface III. made supreme head of the church by Phocas. Pope Boniface IV. The Pantheon at Rome dedicated to God, the Virgin, and the Saints. 615. Pope Deusdedit. 618. Pope Boniface V. 625. Boniface V. makes Canterbury the metropolitan see of Britain. Pope Honorius I. Monasteries increase. 633. Rise of the Monothelite heresy. Africa and Asia, with the churches of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch, lost to the Christian world by the progress of Mohammedanism. 634 A - D - OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 69 Eastern Empire. Western Europe. 574 578 582 585- 600 602 610 613 614 616 617 618 622 622- 627 626 632 634 Tiberius associated with Justin in the government. Tiberius II. becomes emperor. The Slavs appear in Thrace. Maurice, the Cappadocian, succeeds. The Avars and Slavs invade the East : ern empire. Phocas, a centurion, made emperor by the armv. The empire invaded by the Persians. Heraclius overthrows Phocas, and makes himself emperor. The Persians overrun Syria and take Damascus. Jerusalem taken by the Persians. The Persians conquer Egypt. The Persians overrun Asia Minor. Constantinople threatened by the Avars. The HEGIRA or Mohammed's flight from Mecca to Medina. Heraclius defeats the Persians repeat- edly, and wins the final battle at Nineveh. Constantinople besieged by the Per- sians and Avars. Death of Mohammed. Abubeker succeeds him as caliph. Omar, caliph. The battle of Yermu gives Syria to the Arabs. 576. Spain: — The Visigothic kingLeovi- gild breaks the Roman power in the peninsula and upholds the royal power against the nobles. 583. Italy: — the Lombards, under Authari, successful against the Greeks and Franks. 584. Britain : — the kingdom of Mercia founded. 586. Spain: — Recared king of the Visi- goths. 587. Recared embraces Catholicism and enter:; upon the persecutionof Arians and Jews. 588. Britain : — Bernicia and Deira unite to form the kingdom of Northumbria. 597. — Christianity introduced by St. Augustine. 604. Ethelbert of Kent begins the conversion of the East Saxons and founds the church of St. Paul in London as a bishop's seat. 613. Britain : — E t h e 1 f r i t h, king of Northumbria, defeats the Britons, and conquers Cheshire and Lan- cashire. 614. Clotaire II. reunites the Frankish dominions. 617. Beginning of Northumbrian su- premacy in England. 627. Edwin of Northumbria converted to Christianity. 628. Franks :— Dagobert I. becomes king. 633. Northumbria overthrown by Penda of Mercia. 7o TABULAR VIEWS 636 A.D.- A.D. Progress op Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 636 680 695 700 711 (about). Nestorian Christianity intro- duced into China. In England, improvement in ecclesiasti- cal architecture ; circular arches intro- duced; churches built at Canterbury, Glastonbury, St. Albans, Winchester, etc. In civil architecture, forts and castles — Conisborough Castle in Yorkshire; Castletown in Derbyshire, etc. Some of the monasteries of Europe con- tinue to be the repositories of learning and the arts. In Japan during the seventh century comes the rise of the feudal nobility and the division of the population into agriculturists and warriors or samurai. The abbey of Whitby and the monas- tery of Gilling founded. The Anglo-Saxons advance in civiliza- tion and power, by the introduction of Christianity. In the Frankish empire the differentia- tion between the French and German language appears. Aldhelm, the first Anglo-Saxon writer in prose and verse. Cffidmon. Anglo-Saxon poet. In Persia, the Magian religion gives way to the Mohammedan. 640. Pope Severinus. Pope John IV. 642. Pope Theodorus. 649. Pope Martin I. 654. Pope Eugenius I. 657. Pope Vitalian. 664. Roman Christianity triumphs in England at the Council of Whitby. 672. Pope Adeodatus. 676. Pope Donus. 678. Pope Agatho. 680-681. The sixth general council at Constantinople condemns the Mono- thelites. 682. Pope Leo II. 684. Pope Benedict II. 685. Pope John V. 686. Pope Conon. 687. Pope Sergius I. Severe persecution of the Jews in Spain. The Venerable Bede, ecclesiastical historian. Christianity almost exterminated in Africa, by the progress of Mohamme- danism. The conquest of Spain by the Arabs destined to exercise a powerful effect on the progress of civilization in Europe. 692. The Quinisext Council at Constan- tinople convened to supplement the work of the ecumenical councils of 555 and 680; not recognized by Pope Sergius nor by the Roman Church. 701. Pope John VI. 705. Pope John VII. 708. Pope Sisinnius. Pope Constantine I. 710. Emperor Justinian II. confirms the Roman see in its privileges; he is the first to kiss the pontiff's foot. 7H A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 71 A.D. Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. Western Europe. 636 637 641 642 668 673 679 680 683 684 685 693 694 695 697 698 705 709 711 The battle of Cadesia gives Persia to the Arabs; their power established after the battle of Nehavend (642). Jerusalem taken by the Arabs. Egypt conquered by the Arabs. Heraclius Constantinus and cleonas rule. Hera- Constans II. becomes emperor. Moawiyah, caliph, makes Damascus his capital. Constantine IV. becomes emperor. Siege of Constantinople by the Saracens whose fleet is destroyed by the Greek fire of Cailinicus. The caliph com- pelled to purchase a peace of thirty years, bv paying a yearly tribute. Yezid I., Caliph. The kingdom of Bulgaria founded. Moawiyah II., caliph. Abdelmelik, caliph. Justinian II. becomes emperor. Justinian defeated by the Arabs at Sebastopolis in Cilicia. Arabs overrun Armenia. Justinian II. deposed by Leontius who is also deposed by Tiberius. Carthage taken by the Arabs. Justinian II. restored. Walid I., caliph. No»-th Africa completely subdued by the Saracens. Justinian put to death by Philip Bar- danes, who reigns under the name of Philippicus. 638. Franks — The death of Dagobert is followed by the disappearance of the royal power, the kings being under the control of the mayors of the palace. 642. Britain: — Oswald of Northumbria defeated by Penda. 655. Penda, of Mercia, overthrown 656. Franks: — Clotaire III. rules as sole king. 662. Grimoald, duke of Benevento, usurps Lombard crown. 670. France : — Childeric II. becomes king. 673. The death of Childeric II. leads to civil war and anarchy. 678. Theuderic III. 680. Wamba, king of the Visigoths, turns monk. 687. Pepin the Younger's victory at Testry unites the Frankish realms under himself as mayor of the palace. 688. Northumbria loses the hegemony to Wessex under King Ine. 691 . Franks : — Clovis III. becomes king. 694. Britain 695. Franks king. 697. Venice: — Paulucio Doge. — Ine conquers Kent. — Childebert II. becomes Anafesto, first 710. Britain: — Ine's wars with the Britons of Cornwall. Spain: — Roderic, last of the Visi- gothic kings. 711. Franks : — Dagobert III. becomes king. The Visigothic kingdom in Spain overthrown at the battle of the Guadalete by the Arabs under Tarik. 72 TABULAR VIEWS 712 A.D.- A.D. Progress op Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 712 715 (about). The art of making paper brought from Samarcand by the Arabs. (.about). Boniface (Winfrith) begins his missionary work among the Germans. 720 735 745 750 Glastonbury Abbey rebuilt by Ine. Increasing Dark power. period spiritual of and European temporal, literature. of the popes. The Venerable Bede dies — a grammar- ian, historian, and theologian. John of Damascus, (Damascenus) a founder of the scholastic philosophy. The Abbasside caliphs encourage learning. 1 he schools of Bagdad, Cufa, Alexandria, Fez, and Cordova promoted by them. Ignorance, profligacy, and misery characterize the age preceding Char- lemagne. In the Byzantine empire the succession is generally determined by violence, and the character of the rulers most often presents examples of cruelty, treachery, and fanaticism. 712. Constantine opposes the emperor Philippicus Bardanes in the question of the Monothelite heresy. 715. Pope Gregory II.; he engages in conflict with the emperor Leo the Isaurian over image-worship. 722 (723). Boniface consecrated bishop for Germany. 726. Image-worship, being forbidden by the emperor Leo the Isaurian, causes great disturbance. 726 (about). Peter's pence first col- lected in England. 730. Gregory excommunicates the em- peror. 731. Pope Gregory III. 741. Pope Zachary. 751. The pope gives his consent to the dethronement of Childeric, king of the Franks, and the election of Pepin. 753. Pope Stephen II. threatened by the Lombards, seeks aid of Pepin. 754. — journeys to Pepin to implore his protection. — Following the de- cision of the council of Constanti- nople, the emperor Constantine Copronymus begins the dissolution of the monasteries. 756. Commencement of the pope's temporal power under the auspices of Pepin, who bestows on Stephen the exarchate of Ravenna. 757. Pope Paul I. 768. Pope Stephen III. 772. Pope Hadrian I., whom Charle- magne confirms in possession of Pepin's donatior* Imposition of Tithes enforced by Charlemagne, for the support of the clergy, churches, schools, and the poor. 775 a.d. UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 73 Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. Western Europe. 713 715 717 717- 718 740 745- 751 750 754 755 762 775 Anastasius II. becomes emperor. Theodosius III. becomes emperor. Leo III. (the Isaurian) rises against Theodosius and seizes the throne. The Arabs invest Constantinople by land and by sea. The city is saved by the Greek fire — the Arab fleet being almost entirely destroyed. The Greek possessions in Italy are lost in consequence of the edict forbidding image worship. 715. Franks: — Charles Martel, Mayor of the Palace. Constantine V. (Copronymus) succeeds. The Arabs defeated by Constantine. The Ommiade caliphs the Abbassides. overthrown by Al Mansur, caliph. War between the empire and the Bul- garians. Al Mansur makes Bagdad his capital. Great victory over the Bulgarians at Lithosoria. 716. Franks: king. -Chilperic II. becomes 718. Spain: — Pelagius founds the king- dom of Asturias. 720. Franks: — Theuderic IV. becomes king. 725. Franks: — Charles Martel crosses the Rhine, and subdues the Bavar- ians; the Arabs ravage southern France. 726. (about). Britain: — Ine, king of Wessex, begins the tax called Peter's pence, to support a college at Rome. 732. Franks: — Charles Martel gains a great victory over the Saracens near Poitiers. 737. Franks :— Childeric king. III. becomes 751. Childeric III. deposed and Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel, chosen king. — End of the Merovin- gian line. 754. Pepin aids the pope with a large army against the Lombards. 756. Spain: — Separated from the Cali- phate. Abderrhman, of the house of the Ommiade line, rules. 768. Franks: — Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, reigns with his brother, Carloman, until 771. 774. Charlemagne invades Italy; de- feats Desiderius, king of Lombardy, and annexes northern Italy to his empire. End of the Lombard kingdom. 775. Charlemagne's first expedition against the Saxons. 74 TABULAR VIEWS 775 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 790 Golden period of learning in Arabia, under the caliph Haroun al Raschid. Paulus Diaconus, historian of the Lombards. 785. Forcible conversion of the Saxons by Charlemagne. 787. The seventh general council at Nice, in which the doctrine of the Iconoclasts was condemned. 795. Pope Leo III. Image-worship condemned Synod of Frankfort. by 797 a.d. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 75 A.D. Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. Western Europe. 775 Leo IV. becomes emperor. 780 783 791 792 797 Constantine VI. Irene (queen-mother) restores image- worship. The empire is invaded by Haroun al Raschid. Constantine imprisons his mother Irene for her cruelty. Irene regains power. Irene overthrows her son, blinds him, and assumes sole power. — proposes to marry Charlemagne. 778. A part of Charlemagne's army defeated at Roncesvalles in the Pyrenees by the Basques; the subject of the Song of Roland. ^85. The Saxons compelled to adopt Christianity. 787. Britain: — First recorded invasion of the Danes. 795 Charlemagne forms the Spanish March. 7 6 TABULAR VIEWS 800 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society. Ecclesiastical. New Western Empire. 800 813 814 830 The coronation of Charle magne and the revival of the Roman Empire marks the beginning of a political system which was to dominate Euro- pean thought for cen- turies^ Foundation of monastic and cathedral schools by Charlemagne; Alcuin; agriculture and horti culture encouraged ; a canal planned to join the Rhine and the Dan ube. Haroun-al-Raschid sends an embassy to the court of Charlemagne with gifts. Transient revival of learn ing under Charlemagne Eginhard, historian, sec- retary to Charlemagne. The reign of al Mamun (caliph) is regarded as the Augustan age of Arabian literature. The death of Charlemagne is followed by retro- gression in the political and social life of the Western Empire. Saint Mark's Church at Venice founded 800. The pope separates from the Eastern Em pire, and becomes su- preme bishop of the Western. Charlemagne reforms the Church. Many bishoprics founded — Great increase of monastic institutions, 809. Synod at Aix-la-Cha pelle under direction of Charlemagne adopts the Filioque, but Pope Leo dissents. 814. Insurrection at Rome against the pope. 816. Pope Stephen V. 817. Pope Paschal I. 824. Pope Eugenius II. 826. Christianity in Den mark. 827. Pope Valentine. Pope Gregory IV. 830 (about). Ansgarius preaches Christianity in Sweden. 840 (about). Paschasius Radbertus, abbot, of Corbey, father of the doctrine of transubstan tiation. Ratramnus and Scot- us Erigena, theologians. 842. Image-worship re- established. 800. NEW EMPIRE of the WEST founded by Charlemagne, who is crowned at Rome, by the pope, Emperor of the Romans. 802. Charlemagne re- ceives an embassy from Nicephorus and from Haroun-al-Raschid. 804. Saxon conquest com- pleted. 805. The Avars defeated and converted. 808. First descent of the Northmen on Germany. 814. Charlemagne dies. Louis I., the Pious or the Debonair, suc- ceeds. 817. Louis arranges the succession to the crown. Lothair made co-ruler. 829,833. Insurrection of the emperor's sons. 840. Lothair becomes em- peror. 841. — defeated by his brothers, Louis and Charles, in the battle of Fontanet. The Normans plun- der Rouen, and ad- vance to Paris. 843. Treaty of Verdun and division of the empire. France: — Charles I. (the Bald). Ger.: — Louis I., sur- named the German. Italy and Lorraine : — Lothair king With imperial dignity. 843 A - D - OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 77 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, Scotland, etc. The World, elsewhere. 802 Irene is dethroned by 802. Egbert, king of Wes- Nicephorus. sex. 803 Byzantine empire recog- nizes independence oi Venice. 807 War with the Franks. 809. Death of Haroun-al- 811 Michael I, (Rhangabe), at Raschid; succeeded by war with the Bulgarians. Al Amin, caliph at Bag- dad. 813 Leo V. (the Armenian) 813. Al Mamun, caliph at becomes emperor. Bagdad. 814 Bulgarians defeated. 815-823. Egbert, king of Wcssex, defeats the Brit- ons of Cornwall. 820 Michael II. becomes em- 820. First dismemberment peror. of the Abbasside cali- (Balbus or the Stammerer) phate. The dynasty of the Taherites founded 825 The Saracens obtain pos- 825. Egbert triumphs over at Khorassan. session of Crete. the Mercians. 826. Ansgarius introduces 827 Saracens invade Sicily. Christianity into Den- mark. 829 Theophilus becomes em- 829. The seven kingdoms peror. of the Heptarchy united 830 (about). Ansgarius in by Egbert, king of Sweden. 832 Persecution of image- wor- Wessex. shippers. 833. Al Motassim, caliph. 837. War between Wessex He builds Samarra , 838 Theophilus defeated by and the Danes begins. which he makes the seat the Saracens at Dasy- of government. mon. 839. Ethelwolf becomes king. 841. Norway:— Halfdan begins the subjection of the territorial nobles and the founding of a mon- archy. Wathek, caliph. 842 Michael III.(theDrunkard) becomes emperor under the regency of Theodora. The triumph of image- worship. 78 TABULAR VIEWS 844 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society. Ecclesiastical. France, Spain, Germany. 850 874 877 (about). Hincmar, French theologian and bishop. Rabanus Maurus, German theologian and scholar Iceland settled. The beginning of the feudal system. Hered itary nobility, which, with the clergy, was the dominant order in the state. The nobles independent of the king. 844. Pope Sergius II. Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople. 847. Pope Leo IV. 848. Gottschalk, a Bene dictine monk, advocates predestination. 855. Pope Benedict III. 858. Pope Nicholas I. — asserts the papal power against Lothair II. of Lorraine. 860. The False Decretals 866. Schism between East ern and WesternChurch es 867.' Pope Hadrian II- Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, deposed. 869-870. Eighth council at Constantinople. 872. Pope John VIII. 882. Pope Martin II. (Ma- rinus I.). 884. Pope Hadrian III. 885. Pope Stephen V. 845. Paris sacked by the Northmen. 853-854. War between Charles the Bald and Louis of Germany. 855. Lothair abdicates; succeeded by Louis II. who has Italy with the imperial dignity. 870. Lorraine partitioned between France and Germany. 877. France — Louis II. (the Stammerer ) becomes king. 879. Louis III. and Car- loman reign jointly. 884. Charles the Fat, king of France and em- peror , reunites Frank - ish dominions. 885. Paris besieged by the Northmen. Charles makes peace with them, 885 A - D - OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 79 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, Scotland, etc. The World, elsewhere. 844. Scotland: — Kenneth, king of the Scots, de- feats the Picts and be- comes sole monarch. 845. The Normans plunder Hamburg, and penetrate into Germany. 846. The Saracens destroy the Venetian fleet, and besiege Rome. 847. Al Mottawakkel, ca- liph. 849. Saracens defeated by 849. Alfred the Great born. the pope's allies. 851. Ethelwolf defeats the Danes at Ockley. 860. Ethelbert succeeds in 860. Gorm the Elder unites Wessex. Jutland and the Danish Isles, and becomes king of Denmark. 861. Iceland discovered by the Northmen. 862 {traditional). Russia: 866 Basil, the Macedonian, 866. Ethelred becomes — Rurik, first grand made co-emperor. king. prince. 867 Basil slays Michael III. and 867. The Danes begin a commences the Mace- series of assaults which 868. Egypt throws off its donian dynasty. result in the conquest dependence on the ca- Begins the compilation of of England, northeast liphs, under Ahmed. the Basilican Code. of the Thames. 871. Alfred the Great succeeds. 872. Norway : — Harold Haarfagr makes himself sole king by his great victory over the jarls at Hafurstford. The con- quered nobles leave the country, beginning a career of piracy. 874. Iceland settled by the Northmen. 878 Syracuse taken by the 878. Alfred defeats the Arabs. Danes at Ethandun; he concludes with them the treaty of Chippenham or Wedmore. 8o TABULAR VIEWS 886 A.D.- Progress of Society. Ecclesiastical. 890 900 Alfred the Great estab lishes a regular militia and navy and extends the power of the king's courts; institutes fairs and markets. England divided into counties or shires, hun dreds. and tithings. The county courts become the great safeguard of the civil rights of Eng lishmen. At the beginning of the tenth century, Constan tinople still the first city of Europe and a great commercial and manu- facturing centre. 925 The Anglo-Saxon mon- archy rises into Euro- pean importance. Rhazes, Arabian writer on medicine. 891. Pope Formosus. 896. Pope Boniface VI. Pope Stephen VI. 898. Pope John IX. Veneration for saints and a passion for relics prevail. 900. Pope Benedict IV. 903. Pope Leo V. 904. Pope Sergius III. 909. Cluny founded. 911. The Northmen in France embrace Chris- tianity. 914. Pope John X. 921 (about). The Bohe mians embrace Chris- tianity. France, Germany, etc. 927. Odo, abbot of Cluny, establishes celebrated code of discipline. 928. Pope Leo VI. 929. Pope Stephen VII. 887. Germany: — Arnulf dethrones Charles the Fat and becomes king of Germany; the final separation of Germany and France. 888. France :— Odo, Count of Paris. 895. Arnulf, German em- peror, takes Rjome. 898. France— Charles III. (the Simple) succeeds. 899. Ger.: — Louis III. (the Child) succeeds. Invasion of the Hun- garians. Contests among the nobles and bishops. 904. Italy:— The rise of Theodora followed by Marozia. 910. The emperor pays tribute to the Hun- garians. 911. France:— The North- men under Rollo, estab- lish themselves in Nor- mandy. Ger.: — Conrad I. of Franconia. The empire becomes elective. 315. Berengar of Italy crowned emperor. 319. Ger.: — Henry I. (the Fowler), first of the Saxon line. France: — Charles the Simple overthrown by Robert of Paris. 923. — Robert I. defeated and killed at Soissons. Rudolph, duke of Burgundy, succeeds as king. 926. Italy: — Hugo, count of Provence, becomes king of Italy. 929. France: — Charles the Simple dies a pris- oner at Peronne; sole rule of Rudolph. 929 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 81 a.d. Eastern E.mpi England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 886 Leo VI. (the philosopher) becomes emperor. -90 894 897 Beneventum subject to the Greek empire. 893. Invasion of the Danes under Hastings and re- Byzantines driven Beneventum War with the Bulgarians and Saracens. 904 Russian expedition under Oleg. against Constan- tinople. 912 Constantine VII. (Porphy- rogenitus) becomes em- peror. We V stL° f "'^ with ! 89 5 (^«0. Hungary .- 007 Tut n j r Magyars under Arpad 89/. The Danes defeated enter the kingdom at London. 900. Scotland:— Constan- tine II. 901. Edward (the- elder), the first who takes the title of "king of the Anglo-Saxons." 909. The rise of the Fati- mite dynasty in Kair- wan, North Africa. 910. (about). Spain: — The name of Leon given to the kingdom of Asturias. 910. War renewed with Danes. 912. The valley of the Thames annexed to Wes- sex. T?„™„„ 918-922. East Anglia and Romanus, general of the| Mercia incorporated by \\ ess ex. fleet, becomes co-em peror, with his three A period of quiet in the empire and comparative prosperity. 912. Spain: — Abderrah- man III. of Cordova, the greatest Arab prince of Spain. 925. Athelstan becomes king of Wessex. 926. — becomes king of Northumbria. 82 TABULAR VIEWS 930 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, etc. 930 950 960 (about). Printing by- movable blocks among the Chinese. Cordova, in Spain, be comes the seat of Arab learning, science, in- dustry, and commerce Its celebrated schools together with its equally celebrated poets and philosophers, render it famous throughout the world. Luitprand, the Lombard historian. The mercantile character raised by a law of Athel- stan, that a merchant who made three voyages over the high seas with a ship and cargo of his own, should enjoy the rank and privileges of a thane. Manufactories of linens and woollens in Flanders, which becomes the seat of Western industry. (about). The nun Hros- witha of Gandersheim in Brunswick writes Latin comedies. Suidas, grammarian and lexicographer. In England, Edgar organ- izes an efficient navy which patrols the coast for defence against the Norse pirates. 931. Pope John XI. Mere children ele- vated to the highest offices in the church. 936. Pope Leo VII. 939. Pope Stephen VIII. 942. Pope Martin III. (Marinus II.) 946. Pope Agapetus II. 933. Victory of Henry the Fowler over the Hun- garians at Merseburg. 936. Ger.:— Otho I. (the Great) becomes em- peror. France:— Louis IV. becomes king. 955. Pope John XII. Quarrel with the em- perors respecting in vestiture. 957. (about). Baptism of Olga, regent of Russia. 959. St. Dunstan becomes archbishop of Canterbury and attempts to reform the church — enforcing clerical celibacy. The influence of the monks greatly increased. 963. Pope Leo VIII. 964. Pope Benedict V. 965. John XIII. 966. Poland receives Chris- tianity under Miecislas. 945. France: — Louis IV. taken prisoner by Hugh the Great, duke of France. 950. Germany: — Bohemia becomes tributary to Otho. 954. France: — Lothair succeeds 955. Germany: — Otho crushes the Hungarians on the Lechfeld, near Augsburg. Otho defeats the Slavs. 962. Otho crowned Ro- man emperor, marking the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation and the union of Italy with Germany. 97i A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 83 A.D. Eastern Empire. 941 945 959 961 963 965 968 969 971 Romanus gains a naval victory over the Rus- sians, led by Igor. Romanus overthrown and Constantine VII. reigns alone. Romanus II. emperor. becomes Conquest of Crete by the Byzantines. Basil II. and Constantine VIII. rule under the re- gency of their mother Theophano. Nicephorus Phocas co-emperor. Nicephorus recovers Cy prus, — takes Antioch. — is murdered by John Zimisces, who rules as co-emperor till 976. Zimisces defeats the Rus sians at Presthlava and Dorystolum. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 937. By the victory of Brunanburh, Athelstan establishes his power firmly. 940. Edmund I., brother of Athelstan, becomes king. 941. The Danes in Eng- land make war on Ed- mund. 944. The Dane law re- duced. 946. Edred succeeds Ed- mund ; governed by Dunstan, abbot of Glas- tonbury. 952. Scotland: — Malcolm I., king. 953. Scotland:— Indulf, king. 955. Edwy succeeds Edred. 956. Dunstan banished. 959. Edgar succeeds Edwy. Dunstan made arch- bishop of Canterbury. 961. Scotland :— Duff , king. Violent disputes be- tween the monks and the clergy. 964. Revival of monas- ticism in England after the Danish wars. 931. Spain: — Ramiro II. king of Leon. 934. Norway: — Eric Blod- oxe, king — his cruelty leads the people to revolt. 935. Denmark: — Harold Blue-Tooth, first Chris- tian king. 939. Spain: — Ramiro II., king of Leon, defeats the Moors, under Abderrah- man, in the battle of Simancas. 945. Russia: — Igor is suc- ceeded by Sviatoslaf. 950. Spain :— Ordono III. king of Leon. 956. Spain: — Sancho I., king of Leon. 960. China:— Tai Tsoo founder of later Sung dynasty; wages war suc- cessfully against the Tatars. 966. Poland :— MiecislaS establishes Christianity. Spain: — Ramiro III. king of Leon. 969. The Fatimites be- come masters of Egypt, with Cairo as the capital. 8 4 TABULAR VIEWS 972 A.D.- a.d. Progress of Society. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, etc. 975 983 1005 Abbon of Fleury, French monk and ecclesiastical historian. The present arithmetical notation brought into Europe by the Saracens. Greenland discovered by the Northmen. Venice and Genoa carry on a flourishing trade between Asia and Western Europe. Spain the seat of Arabian and Jewish learning. Firdausi, epic poet of Persia. JEliric Grammatiius, Anglo-Saxon writer and theologian. The arts faintly revive in Italy — paintings in fresco and mosaic. 973. Pope Benedict VI 974. Pope Benedict VII. 981. Benedict VII. issues proclamation against si- mony. 9S3. Pope John XIV. 985. Pope John XV. 989. (about). Byzantine Christianity propagated in Russia by Vladimir the Great. 993. First canonization of saints. 996. Pope Gregory V. 997. Pope John XVI. 999. Pope Sylvester II. 1000. St. Stephen of Hun gary, receives the roya dignity from the pope with the title of Apos- tolic Majesty. 1003. Pope John XVII. 973. Ger.:— Otho II. em- peror. 978. Otho at war with Lothair of France. 983. Otho III. emperor. 986. France :— Louis V., ( the Slothful ) king ; last of the Carlovingian race. 987. France: — Hugh Capet king; founder of Capetian line of French kings. 1003. Pope John XVIII. 1009. Pope Sergius IV. 1012. Pope Benedict VIII 996. France:— Robert II. (the Wise) succeeds his father Hugh. 998. — is compelled by the pope to separate from his wife Bertha who was his cousin. 1000. Millennial expecta- tions. 1002. Ger.: — Henry II. emperor (duke of Bava- ria). Italy: — Ardoin, mar- grave of Ivrea, elected king. 1003-1018. War between the empire and Poland. 1004. Italy: — Henry in- vited by the German party. — Ardoin loses most of Italy and resigns. Henry crowned king. 1005. Henry proclaims a general peace. 1012 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 8' A.D. 976 Eastern Empire. Personal rule of Basil II and Constantine VIII 981 Beginning of the great Bulgarian war. 996 1002 The Bulgarians plunder the Peloponnesus but their army is destroyed Basil II. defeats the Bul- garians at Vidin. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 975. Edward (the Martyr) becomes king. 978. Ethelred II. ("the Unready ' ' ) becomes king 988. Beginning of Danish invasion. The king purchases their retreat. 991. Battle of Maldon. 992. Ethelred makes treat- ies with the Norsemen and with Normandv. 994. Olaf Trygrasson' of Norway and Sweyn of Denmark invade Eng- land. 1002. Massacre of the Danes in England on St. Brice's Day. 1003. Sweyn lands a large armament in England. 1005. Scotland: — Malcolm II., an able, renowned prince. 972. Hungary: — Geiza.the first Christian ruler. 976. Spain : — Hisham, caliph of Cordova. Al_ Mansur, regent, obtains many victories over the Christians. 988. Sweyn I., or Sweno, king of Denmark, in- vades England. 989 (.about). Russia:— Vla- dimir the Great marries Anna, sister of the em- peror Basil II., and adopts Christianity. 992. Boleslav I. king ot Poland. 993. Olaf, first Christian king of Sweden. 995. Norway:— Olaf I., attempts to introduce Christianity. 997. Mahmud sultan of Ghazni. 1000. Sancho III. (the Great,) king of Navarre. Pope Sylvester II. bestows on Stephen of Hungary the royal title. 1001. Mahmud of Ghazni makes the first of seven- teen expeditions into India. 1002. Death of Al Man- sur and beginning of the fall of the caliphate of Cordova. 86 TABULAR VIEWS IOI3 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, etc. 1041 Literature, the arts and sciences, and commerce flourish at Ghazni. Musical scale improved by Guido Aretino. Avicenna, a famous Arab ian physician and phil osopher. The anarchy of feudalism finds a partial check in the promulgation of the "Truce of God." George Cedrenus, Bryzan- tine chronicler. Franco Magister, writer on music. 1021. Emperor Henry II comes to the aid of the pope against the Byzan- tines. 1022. The pope and the emperor unite to reform the church in the spirit of the Cluniac discipline. 1024. Pope John XIX. He gained his election by bribery. He was not of the clergy, but consul and senator of Rome. 1033. Pope Benedict IX. (ten years old). 1038. The pope, for his scandalous conduct, driven from Rome, but re-established by the emperor Conrad. 1041. "Truce of God" published by the French bishops. 1014. Henry crowned emperor at Rome. 1024. Ger.: — Conrad II. (the Salic) becomes em- peror, first of the Fran- conian line. 1026-27. Conrad crowned king of Italy and Roman emperor. 1028. Robert the Devil becomes duke of Nor- mandy. 1031. Favorable treaty with Poland. France: — Henry I. be- comes king. 1033. Kingdom of Bur- gundy annexed to the empire. 1039. Ger.:— Henry III. be- comes emperor. 1041. —defeats the Bo- hemians and Hungarians — claims the right of nominating to the papal chair. IO42 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 87 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1014 Basil II. overwhelms the Bulgarian army at the pass of Demirhissar. 1018 The Bulgarian kingdom overthrown and reduced to submission. 1025 1028 Sole rule of Constantine VIII. Romanus III. emperor. becomes 1034 Michael IV. (the Paphia- gonian) becomes em- peror. 1038 1041 1042 1013. The Danes, under Sweyn, become masters of England. Ethelred flees to Nor- mandy. 1014. The Northmen in Ireland defeated at Clontarf by Brian Boru. 1016. Edmund II. (Iron- sides,) fights six battles with Canute, king of Denmark, with whom he finally divides the kingdom. 1017. The death of Ed- mund leaves Canute sole ruler. He patron- izes literature and the Church. 1031. Canute penetrates into Scotland — subdues Malcolm. 1034. Scotland:— Duncan king. 1035. Harold I. (Hare foot) becomes king- ruled by Earl Godwin. The Normans gain a foot hold in Apulia. Michael V. becomes em- peror. Zoe and Theodora rule jointly. Constantine IX. (Monoma chus) becomes emperor. Rise of the Seljuk Turks 1040. Hardicanute. Scotland: — Macbeth murders Duncan, and usurps the throne. The Saxon line re- stored under 1042.— Edward (the Con- fessor). The country prospers under his mild sway. The Norman in- fluence predominant at the English court. 1015. Norway:— Olaf II. the Saint establishes Christianity. 1016. Denmark: — Canute II. (the Great). 1019. Russia: — Yaroslaff the Great. 1024. Mahmud of Ghazni 6torms Somnath, in Gujarat, India. 1025. Poland : Miecislas II. 1028. Sancho of Navarre takes Castile. 1033. Castile a separate kingdom. 1035. Spain: — Aragon a kingdom under Ramiro I. Denmark: — Hardi- canute III. Norway: — Magnus I. (the Good). 1037. Ferdinand I., of Castile, in right of his wife, succeeds to Leon; successful against the Mohammedans . 1042. Denmark: — Magnus (the Good) of Norway, king. 88 TABULAR VIEWS IO43 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, etc. L055 Michael Psellus, a cele- brated Greek philosopher and historian. First age of scholastic philosophy. Feudal system introduced in England by the Normans. 1045. Benedict again driven from the throne, and suc- ceeded by Sylvester III. Benedict is restored by the Counts of Tuscu- lum. But finding the people will not tolerate his crimes, he sells the papal chair to Gregory. Benedict deposed for simony by a council called by Henry III. 1046. Pope Clement II. 1048. 1049. Damasus II. Leo IX. 1053. —is defeated by the Normans at Civitate. 1054. The papal chair vacant one year. Excommunication of the patriarch of Con- stantinople^ final schism between Eastern and Western Churches. 1055. Pope Victor II. Hildebrand, the real head of the church from the time of Leo IX. The church improving in piety and discipline. 1057. Pope Stephen IX. 1058. Nicholas II. 1059. The election of pope transferred to a con- clave of cardinals. 1061. Pope Alexander II. 1082. Berengar of Tours opposes the doctrine of transubstantiation. 1066. Alexander deposes Harold and gives Eng- land to William duke of Normandy. The Papacy at the height of its power, claiming supreme domin- ion, temporal and spir- itual, over all the states of Christendom. 1047. William of Nor- mandy defeats his rebellious nobles at Val-es-dunes. 1053. Germany: — Henry III. causes his son Henry to be elected and crowned Roman em- peroi . 1054. Henry I. of France invades Normandy and is defeated at Mortemer. 1056. Ger.:— Henry IV. (the Great), aged six years, becomes emperor under the tutelage of his mother Agnes. 1059. Robert, duke of Apulia, becomes a vassal of the pope. 1060. France: — Philip I. becomes king. 1066. William, duke of Normandy, claims the crown of England, and makes war upon Harold to obtain it. 1066 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 8 9 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1043 The Russians attack Con- stantinople and are de- feated. 1047. Denmark: — Svend Estridsen, king. 1051. Rebellion of Earl Norway: — Harold Godwin and his sons Hardrada, king. Godwin and Harold banished. William , duke of Nor- mandy, visits Edward. 1052. Godwin restored to 1052. The Pisans take favor. Sardinia from the Sara- 1053. The Danegeld abol- cens. ished. Earl Godwin dies. The Welsh several times invade England, 1054 Theodora becomes em- but are repressed by press, the last of Mace- Harold, son of Godwin. donian dynasty. The Greek Church sepa- rates from the Roman. 1055. The Seljuk Turks 1056 Michael VI. (Stratioticus) become virtual masters becomes emperor. of Bagdad though the caliphs retain the show of authority. 1057 Isaac I., (Comnenus) be- 1057. Scotland:— Macbeth comes emperor. defeated and killed at Langfanan by Tostig, 1059 Constantine X. (Ducas) earl of Northumberland, becomes emperor. and Malcolm. Malcolm III. (Canmore) becomes king. 1065. Spain: — Alfonso VI. king of Leon and of 1066. Harold II. elected Castile (1072). king; killed at the battle of Hastings. William I. duke of Normandy, styled "the Conqueror." End of the Anglo- Saxon dynasty. Edgar Atheling flies to Scotland. William I. "the Conquer- or," becomes king; first of the Norman line. 90 TABULAR VIEWS IO67 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society. 1070 Lanfranc, archbishop Canterbury. 1080 1086 1090 of London Bridge and West- minster Hall built. Norman French taught in all the schools in England and made use of in all legal proceedings. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. Medical school at Salerno of great prominence. William of Spires, mathe- matician. Doomsday Book compiled by order of William the Conqueror. Literature patronized in the East by the Seljuk Sultan, Malek Shah. Roscellinus, scholastic, founder of Nominalism 1071. Philip of France en gages in a war with Robert, count of Hoi land. 1073. Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand), who at tempts to free the clergy from the civil jurisdic- tion. He quarrels with the emperor. 1075. The pope assails si mony, clerical marriages, and lay investiture. 1076. A council of German bishops at Worms deposes pope; Gregory excommunicates the emperor; Henrv's enemies declare him deposed. 1077. The emperor humbles himself before Gregory VII. at Canossa and makes his peace; Rudolph of Suabia chosen as rival king. 1080. Rudolph dies; Henry IV. deposes Gregory for his intrigues against him, and causes Clement III. to be chosen as antipope. The struggle continues until 1085, when Henry triumphs over Gregory, who flees to Salerno, and dies in exile. 1084. Rome sacked by the Normans. 1086. The order of the Carthusians instituted by Bruno. 1087. Pope Victor III. 1088. Pope Urban II. 1085. Spain: —Toledo taken from the Moors by Al- fonso VI. (I.) of Leon and Castile. 1086. Spain: — The Al- moravides invade Spain and crush the Castilians in the battle of Zallaca. 1087. France: — War with England; Robert, duke of Normandy, opposes William Rufus. 1092. Urban II. supports 1092. Conrad, son of the Conrad of Germany against his father. emperor, rebels and is crowned king of Italy. IO92 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 91 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1067 1071 1074 -75 1078 1081 1084 Michael VIT., emperor Romanus IV. (Diogenes), co-emperor. He vali antly but vainly opposes the Turks — is defeated and taken prisoner by Alp Arslan, at Manzikert (1071). Ban, the last Byzantine possession in Italy, taken by the Normans. Syria and Palestine sub dued by Malek Shah, the Seljuk leader. Jerusalem taken. Nicephorus III. Alexius I. (Comnenus) be- comes emperor. The em- pire invaded by Robert Guiscard, the Norman who defeats Alexius at Durazzo. Alexius repels the Normans from Larissa. After the capture of Jeru salem, by the Turks, the Christian pilgrims are in suited, robbed, and op pressed. This, together with the appeal of the Byzantines for aid, gives rise to the Cru- sades. — Great struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism. 1068-1069. National rising in the north and west relentlessly crushed by William. 1070. The feudal system in- troduced by the king. All the offices of the govern- ment placed in the hands of Normans. The Nor- man language intro- duced. Malcolm III. of Scot- land ravages Durham. Rising of English at Ely under Hereward the Wake. 1072. Peace between the Normans and the Scots 1067. Boleslav II., of land, takes Kieff. Po- 1077. Robert, the king's son, raises a rebellion in Normandy. 1079. Robert is defeated and submits. 1086. The Doomsday Book compiled for all Eng- land, save the northern counties. 1087. William invades France and dies at l^antes William II. (Rufus) be- comes king. 1088. Revolt of the Nor- man nobles under Odo of Bayeux. 1076. Denmark:— Harold Whetstone. 1077. Hungary: — Ladislas I., the Saint. 1079. Poland:— Stanislas, bishop of Cracow, mur- dered. Boleslav II. excommunicated and dethroned. Vladislav I. 1084. Italy: — Rome taken and sacked by the Nor- mans. Bohemia erected into a kingdom by the emperor Henry IV. 1090. Sicily completely conquered by Roger the Norman, after a war of thirty years with its masters, the Saracens. 1092. The Seljuk empire falls apart into a number of smaller states, Ico- nium or Roum, Damas- cus, Aleppo, Kerman, and Iran. 9 2 TABULAR VIEWS iog 3 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc 1093 Anselm, archbishop of Can- terbury. Ecclesiastical. i France, Germany, Spain. The popes continue the struggle against the empire. 1094. Valencia taken by the Ci'l. 1095 Beginning of the Crusades. Peter the Hermit preaches against the Turks in all the countries of Christendom. 1095. Portugal made a county by Alfonso VI. of Leon and Castile. The Council of Clermont. 1096. The First CRUSADE: — Peter the Hermit, and Walter the Pennyless, set out with a vast rabble, most of whom perish before the warriors are ready to start. The chieftains of the First Crusade were: 1. Godfrey of Bouillon or Boulogne. 2. Hugh of Vermandois. 3. Robert of Normandy. 4. Robert of Flanders. 5. Stephen of Blois, 6. Raymond of Toulouse. 7. Bohemond, son of Rob- ert Guiscard. 8. Tancred, nephew of Robert Guiscard. St. John of 1099. Pope Paschal II. 1099. Spain:— Death of the instituted. Cid and recovery of Valencia by the Moors. Nathan Ben Jehiel, Jewish scholar (a. 1035-1106) 1099 Knights of Jerusalem 1100 William of Poitiers, chroni cler of William the Con- queror. The dialect of the He de France becomes the pre- vailing idiom in France. — The appearance of Gothic architecture. 1104. Spain:— Alfonso I., el Batallador, king. 1105. Henry IV. of Ger- many compelled to abdi- cate by his son. 1106. Ger.: — Henry V. becomes emperor — maintains the right of investiture. II07 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 93 a.d. Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1095 1097 1099 The Byzantine emperor calls upon western Europe for aid against the Turks. Appearance of the cru- saders; great numbers pass through Constan- tinople. Baldwin founds the prin- cipality of Edessa. Battle of Doryteum, which secures the march of the crusaders through Asia Minor. Jerusalem taken by the crusaders, under God- frey, who becomes ruler. Battle of Ascalon and de- feat of the Egyptian Saracens. 1093. Scotland .'—Malcolm III. invades England and is slain near Alnwick Castle. Anselm made archbishop of Canterbury. 1094. Scot.: — Donald Bane, king. — Duncan usurps the crown. William quarrels with Anselm. 1098. Scotland:— Edgar, son of Malcolm, puts out Donald's eyes and de- thrones him. 1104 Acre taken by the crusa- ders. 1100. William II. acci- dentally shot by Sir Walter Tyrel. Henry I. (Beauclerc) be- comes king, marries Ma- tilda, daughter of Mal- colm, a descendant of Edward the Confessor, thus uniting the Norman and Saxon interests. 1101. Henry grants the Charter of Liberties. Robert, duke of Nor- mandy, invadesEngland. 1106. Henry invades Nor- mandy; takes Robert prisoner at the battle of Tinchebrai. Scotland : — Alexan- der I. 1107. Henry's quarrel with Anselm concluded. 1095. Hungary: — Coloman, king. 1098. Egypt:— The Fati- mites take Jerusalem. 1101. China; — Emperor Hwuy-Tsung calls in the aid of the Neu-che Tatars who expel the Khitan Tatars from Liao- Tung and make them- selves masters of the region. 1102. Poland:— Boleslav III. 1103. Denmark:— Niels, king. 1105. Italy:— Venice, Ge- noa, and Pisa greatly en- riched by the Crusades. 94 TABULAR VIEWS II08 A.D.- A.D. Progress op Society. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1118 1120 1140 1142 The Knights founded. Templars Hariri, Arabian poet. Anna Comnena, daughter of Alexius I., Eastern emperor, historian. Scholastic philosophy at- tains full development in the writings of Peter Abelard. Peter, the Lombard (Mas- ter of Sentences), scho lastic Geoffrey of Monmouth, historian. Aristotle's logic comes into repute through the Arab- ians. The revival of the study of the Civil Law under Irnerius at Bologna. Hugo of St. Victor, mystic, The establishment of the Canon Law by the De- cretum of Gratian. William of Malmesbury, English historian. Otho, bishop of Freising, chronicler. Benjamin of Tudela, a Jew. travels from Spain to India, byConstantinople, and returns through Egypt. Henry of Huntingdon English chronicler. 1111. Emperor Henry V. compels Paschal II. to renounce the right of investiture. 1116. Invasion by the emperor causes the pope to flee from Rome, 1118. Pope Gelasius II. 1119. Pope Calixtus II. 1123. First Lateran Council 1124. Pope Honorius II. 1128. Honorius struggles against Roger, king of Sicily. 1130. Innocent II. and An- acletus II., rival popes 1108. France: — Louis VI., (Le Gros) becomes king, Abbe Suger, counsellor. 1109. Alfonso I. of Aragon rules over Leon and Castile in right of his wife. 1110. Ger. : — Henry V. enters Italy, and compels the pope to crown him, 1114. Henry V. marries Matilda, of England. 1118. Spain: — Alfonso I. of Aragon captures Sar- agossa. 1125. Germany: — Lothair II., emperor. — opposed by Frederick and Conrad of Suabia. 1126. Spain: -Alfonso VII., king, Leon and Castile. 1134. Spain:— Garcia IV., king of Navarre. Ramiro II., king of Aragon. 1136. Lothair invades Italy and overruns the south- ern partof the peninsula. 1137. A pretended Messiah 1137. France: — Louis VII. in France. (le Jeune). 1138. — another in Persia. 1138. Germany: — House of Suabia. Conrad I., first of the Hohenstaufen em- perors . Dissensions of the Guelfs and Ghibelines. 1139. Portugal becomes a kingdom after the battle of Ourique, under Al- fonso I., of the House of Burgundy. 1139. Second Lateran Council. 1143. Pope Celestine II. 1144. Pope Lucius II. 1145. Pope Eugenius III. 1146. The Almohades in- vade Spain. 1147. The Second Crusade preached by St. Bernard and joined by the emperor Conrad and Louis VII. of France. 1 148 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 95 a.d. Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1109 Tripoli taken by crusaders and erected into a county for Raymond of Toulouse. 1118 1123 1124 1126 1137 1143 1144 1146 1147 1148 John II. (Comnenus). The Patzinaks defeated at Berrhcea in Thrace. Tyre taken by the cru- saders. John II. wages successful war against the Turks. John II. defeats the Arme- nians of Cilicia. Manuel Comnenus be- comes emperor, Edessa retaken by the Turks, gives rise to the Second Crusade. Thebes and Corinth plun- dered by the Sicilians. Failure of the Second Crusade after enormous losses. 1114. Matilda, daughter of Henry I., marries the emperor Henry V. 1120. Shipwreck and death of Prince William. 1124. Scotland:— David I. promotes civilization. 1127. Matilda, daughter of Henry I., marries Geof- frey Plantagenet. 1135. Stephen of Blois. 1136. Matilda asserts her right to the throne; David, king of Scot- land, assists her. 1138. — is defeated in the "battle of the Standard' at Northallerton. 1139. Civil war: Stephen and Matilda. 1141. Stephen made pris oner at the battle of Lincoln. 1117. Persia: — San jar sub- dues Khorasan and Samarkand. 1121. Norway: Sigurd the Jerusalemite, king. 1 127. Roger of Sicily brings about the union of Sicily and Naples. China: Kaou-Tsung, em- peror; during his reign the Neu-che or Kin Tartars conquer the country to the Yang-tse- Kiang. 1135. (1130?). Sweden:— Sverker I. 1147 (about). Russia: — Moscow rises to rank of a city. 9 6 TABULAR VIEWS 1 1 50 A.D.- A.D. 1150 Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1158 116; 1175 1176 (about). Paris. Aben Ezra, of Jewish scholar. University of Toledo 1153. Pope Anastasius IV. 1154. Pope Hadrian IV (an Englishman, Nicho las Breakspeare). 1155. Arnold, of Brescia condemned and burnt 1156. Order of the Car melites instituted. Bank of Venice established. {about). Oxford schools made a university. Collegesof theology, philos- ophy, and law at Paris. English commerce confined to the exportation of wool. Eustathius, bishop of Thessalonica, commen- tator on Homer. Confirmation of the mili- tary order of Santiago. Circuit judges appointed in England. 1159. Pope Alexander III Victor IV., antipope. 1164. Paschal III., anti- pope. 1152. France: — Louis di- vorces his queen, Elea- nor, who marries Henry of Anjou. afterwards king of England; thus Guienne and Poitou are lost to France. Germany and Italy: — Fre lerick I. (Barbar- ossa), emperor. 1156. The electoral college appears. 1157. Spain: — Castile and Leon divided under Fer- dinand II. and Sancho III. ] 158. Germany: — The em- peror Frederick crosses into Italy and in the diet of Roncaglia defines the rights of the Lombard cities. 1162. Frederick destroys Milan. Spain: — Alfonso II., king of Aragon, in- cluding Barcelona. 1167. Rome taken by Frederick Barbarossa. 1168. Calixtus III., anti- pope. 1170. The Waldenses and Albigenses begin to ap- pear. 1170. France: — The rise of the Waldenses. They derived their name from Peter Waldo, a merchant of Lyons. 1174. Frederick Barbaros- sa's last expedition into Italy. 1176. Frederick defeated in the battle of Legnano by the Lombard cities. Henry the Lion re- bels. 1 1 77 a.d. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 97 a.d. Eastern Empire. England etc. The World, elsewhere. 1152. Henry Plantagenet marries Eleanor of Aqui- taine (.Gaienne) and invades England. 1153. Treaty of Walling- ford gives succession to Henrv. 1154. — Henry II., (Planta- genet). 1155. Thomas a Becket 1155. Sweden: — Eric IX. becomes chancellor. the Saint. 1156. Japan: — Beginning of war between the clans of the Taira and the Minamoto; the latter defeated, found an in- dependent power with Kamakura as the capi- tal. 1157. Denmark: — Valde- mar I. 1158. Venice a great maritime power. 1160. Sweden:— Karl Sver- kersson. 1162. Becket made arch- bishop of Canterbury. 1163. — opposes the king. 1163. Sweden: — Arch- 1164. — resists the consti- bishopric of Upsala tutions of Clarendon- founded. flees to France. 1165. Scotland: — William. 1106. Assize of Clarendon regulating the admin- 1167 The Byzantines overwhelm istration of justice. 1167. Italy: — League of a Hungarian army near the Italian cities to pre- Zeugmin. 1170. Becket returns to England, and is mur- dered. serve their liberties against the emperor. 1171 Outbreak of war with 1171-1172. Henry con- 1171. Egypt:— Saladin. Venice. quers Ireland. sultan. He extends his do- minions in Egypt, Syria, and Mesopotamia. 1173 The Venetian fleet disor- 1173. Poland: — Miecislas ganized by pestilence. III. 1174 The Venetians confirmed 1174. Treaty of Falaise, in in their commercial which William the Lion rights. agrees to do homage for Scotland. Henry makes a pil- grimage to the shrine of Becket. 1176 The Byzantines over- 1176. The Assize of North- whelmed by the Seljuks ampton requires an oath at Myriokephalon in of fealty from all 1177. Poland: — Casimir Phrygia. Englishmen. (the Just). 9 8 TABULAR VIEWS 1 1 79 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1180 1189 1190 Robert Wace, Anglo-Nor- man poet. Translation of his Brut by Layamon one of the first English compositions. John Tzetzes, Greek gram- marian. (Moses ben Jewish theo- Maimonides Maimon), logian. Roger, of Hoveden, chron icier. Treatise on English law ascribed to Ranulph de Glanville. Massacre of the Jews at the coronation of Rich ard I. Teutonic order instituted Abu Bekr ibn Tophail, philosophical writer. Averroes, Arabic philoso pher, introduced Aris totelianism into Europe. 1179. Innocent (III.) anti- pope. The Waldenses spread over the valley of Pied mont. They circulated the sacred Scriptures. They were the forerun- ners of Protestantism Condemned by the Eleventh General Coun- cil, and severely perse- cuted. Third Lateran, or Eleventh General Coun cil. 1181. Pope Lucius III. 1185. Pope Urban III. 1187. Pope Gregory VIII. Pope Clement III. 1180. France:— Philip II., (Augustus,) Henry the Lion de- prived of Bavaria and Saxony. 1183. The Peace of Con- stance re-establishes the rights of the Lombard cities. 1188. Spain :— Alfonso IX. king of Leon. 1189 Third Crusade led by Philip Augustus, of France, Richard, of England, and Frederick Bar- barossa. 1190. Ger.: — Henry VI., 1191. Pope Celestine III. 1198. Pope Innocent III, emperor. 1192. Richard Coeur de Lion in captivity in Germany. 1194. The two Sicilies united to the empire. 1198. Philip, of Suabia, and Otho, of Brunswick, dispute the German crown; the former sup- ported by the Ghibelines and the latter by the Guelfs, 1199 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 99 A.D. Eastern Empire. England etc. 1180 Alexius II. peror. becomes em 1183| Andronicusl. becomes em peror. 1185 Isaac II. (Angelus) be- comes emperor. 1186 Bulgarians revolt and establish new kingdom. 1190Iconium taken by Fred- erick Barbarossa, but afterwards restored. 1195 Alexius III. becomes em- peror. The World, elsewhere. 1181. The Assize of Arms regulates the national 1182. Denmark: — Canute defence and subjects personal property to taxation 1185. John, in Ireland. VI. 1183. Saladin takes Aleppo. 1185. Portugal: — Sane ho I. Japan: — The Taira clan is defeated in the battle of Dannoura and exterminated. TheMina- moto in supreme control under Yoritomo. 1186. The last of the Ghaz- nevides, ruling at La- hore, overthrown by Mahmud of Ghor. 1187. Saladin gains the victory of Tiberias, and takes Jerusalem, which leads to 1189. The Third Crusade. 1188. Collection of the Saladin tithe, first tax on movables. 1189. Richard I. (Coeurde Lion) becomes king, be engages in the Third Crusade. 1191. Kingdom of Cyprus founded under Guy of Lusignan. Acre taken by the crusaders. 1192. Richard makes a truce with Saladin; end of the Third Crusade. Richard, returning home in disguise, through Germany, is imprisoned. Is ransomed by his sub- jects for 10,000 marks (1194). 1193. John plots to seize the crown in the absence of Richard. 1199. Richard dies. John (Lackland) comes king. be- 1192. Japan: — Yoritomo rules at Kamakura as first shogun. 1193. Saladin dies. Poland: — Lesco (the white). L0FC IOO TABULAR VIEWS I200 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1200 Under Innocent III. the papal power attains its climax; its supremacy over the secular power fully established. The University of Bologna said to be attended by 10,000 students. — The University of Paris rises into prominence. Villehardouin, Saxo Gram- maticus, chroniclers. Amalric of Bena and David of Dinant, mystics. 1200. The pope places France under an interdict. 1202. The Fourth Crusade under Boniface of Mont- ferrat. 1209 1208. Crusade against the Albigenses. The order of Franciscan friars instituted. Cambridge founded University (about). Period of the Troubadours and Trouveres in France ; and the Minnesinger in Germany. 1204. Normandy united to France. 1213. Albigenses defeated at Muret. 1215. Fourth Lateran, and twelfth General Council against the Albigenses and all heretics. The doctrines of transub stantiationand auricular confession established The inquisition estab- lished in southern France 1216. Pope Honorius III 1217. The Fifth Crusade under Andrew II., king of Hungary. 1208. Germany : — Philip, rival emperor, dies and Otho is crowned as Otho IV. Assault on the count of Toulouse, protector of the Albigenses. 1210. Germany: — Otho ex- communicated by the pope. 1212. Spain:— The Chris- tians gain the battle of Navas de Tolosa, de- cisive in the control of the country. 1214. Germany :— Otho and the English defeated by the French in the battle of Bouvines. 1215. Frederick II., em- peror. 1217. Spain: — Saint Ferdi- nand, king of Castile. 1217 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY IOI Easetrn Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 202 The crusaders and the Venetians take and plun- der the city of Zara. 1203 Isaac II. and Alexius IV. rule. 1204 The crusaders overthrow the Greek empire and choose Baldwin of Flan- ders emperor of Con- stantinople after parti- tioning the landsof the empire among them- selves and Venice. Theodore Lascaris es tablishes the empire of Niccea in Asia Minor. 5 Henry, second Latin em peror of Constantinople 1204. England loses Nor- mandy, Maine, and Anjou. 1216 Peter of Courtenay be- comes emperor. 1206. Innocent III. orders election of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. 120S. The kingdom laid under an interdict. 1209. John excommuni- cated. 1213. The pope declares John a usurper and orders Philip of France to invade England ; John submits to hold his crown as a vassal of the pope. 1214. Scotland:— Alexan- der II. 1215. Magna Charta signed at Runnymede 1200. Japan:— The death of Yoritomo is followed by the fall of Minamoto who are succeeded by the Hojo clan. 1202. Denmark: — Valde- mar II. Livonia: — Institution of the order of Knights Sword bearers to con- quer the pagan Prus- sians. 1206. Genghis Khan be- comes emperor of the Mongols. The death of Mahmud of Ghor is followed by the dismemberment of his empire. The sultanate of Delhi arises. 1216. Henry III. becomes king. Earl Of Pembroke, protector. 1217. Defeat of the French under Prince Louis at Lincoln. Magna Charta con- firmed. 1215. Genghis Khan takes Pekin and conquers northern China. 1217. Norway:— Haco IV. 102 TABULAR VIEWS 1219 A.D. Progress op Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1222 1230 1240 1243 1248 1250 1253 University founded. of Padua Alexander of scholastic. Hales St. Edmund bury dies. of Canter- The University of Sala manca founded. {about). Foundation of the Alhambra near Granada. Rubruquis travels among the Mongols. Matthew Paris, chronicler {about). Foundation of the Sorbonne. 1227. Pope Gregory IX. 1229. The Inquisition at Toulouse. The Scriptures for bidden to all laymen. 1241. Pope Celestine IV. The Flagellants. 1243. Pope Innocent IV. Continual struggles with the emperor Frederick. 1245. General Council of Lyons proclaims depo sition of Frederick II. 1254. Pope Alexander IV. The order of Celestines founded. 1219. New crusade against the Albigen6es. 1223. France:— Louis VIII becomes king. 1226. France:— Louis IX. king, under the regency of Blanche of Castile. 1228. Germany: — Crusade of the emperor after be- ing excommunicated. 1230. Spain:— Castile and Leon united by Ferdi- nand III., who takes Cordova, Seville, and Cadiz from the Moors. 1239. Germany: — Fred- erick II. again excom- municated. 1241. The Mongols defeat the Teutonic Knights and the Silesians at Wahlstatt. — The begin- ning of the Hanseatic League. 1246. Henry of Thuringia set up for emperor by the pope, and 1247. William, of Holland. 1248. France:— Louis IX. sets out on his first crusade. 1249. He is defeated at Damietta in Egypt and forced to abandon the country. 1250. Insurrection of the Pastorels in southern France. Germany: — Conrad IV. and William of Holland reign as rival emperors. 1252. Spain:— Alfonso X. king of Castile and Leon. 1254. Louis IX. returns to France from Palestine. 1256. Beginning of the Great Interregnum in Germany. 1258 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 103 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1221 Robert becomes emperor. 1222 John Ducas, emperor of Nicaea. 1228 1237 1242 1244 Baldwin II. and John of Brienne, co-emperors. Baldwin II., sole ruler. The Mongols in Asia Minor. The Khorasmians take Jerusalem. 1255 Victorious campaign of the Byzantines against Bul- garia. 1224. Poitou occupied by the king of France. 1230. First expedition of Henry III into France for the recovery of his estates. 1240. Richard, earl of Cornwall, heads an un successful crusade. 1242. Henry III. makes second expedition into France — unsuccessful . 1249. Scotland: — Alexan der III. — Repulses Haco, king of Norway — obtains the Scottish Isles. 1258. The Provisions of Oxford. 1219. Japan: — The sho- gunate seized by the Fujiwara. 1221. The Khorasmian empire overthrown by Genghis Khan. 1222. Hungary: — Charter of Andrew II., the Golden Bull, founda- tion of the national liberty. 1224. First Mongolian in- vasion of Russia. 1236. Italy:— War of the Lombard cities with Frederick II. of Ger- many. 1240. Second invasion of Europe by the Mongols, under Batu Khan. Russia subdued. 1241. Denmark:— Eric VI. 1242. Alexander Nevski, Prince of Novgorod, de- feats the Livonian Knights of the Sword on Lake Peipus. 1250. Egypt:— The Mame- lukes rule — take Da- mascus and Aleppo. 1258. Hulaku Khan enters Persia, takes Bagdad, and puts an end to the caliphate. Beginning of the great wars between Venice and Genoa. 104 TABULAR VIEWS 1259 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1261 Private war and judicial combats suppressed in France by the laws of St. Louis. 1265 1270 1280 Parliament in England. The monastic orders by their wealth, rigid dis- cipline, and popular in- fluence become power- ful aids to pontifical ambition. Peter of Albano, astrologer physician, and naturalist Bonaventura, mystic. Thomas Aquinas, greatest of scholastics. Albertus Magnus, philoso- pher. Literature and science flourish in Spain, under Alfonso X., the Learned, of Castile. Complete separation of the three great courts of law in England, Exchequer, King's Bench, and Common Pleas. Marco Polo travels in the East as far as Pekin. Roger Bacon, of Oxford, pioneer of science. Robert, of Gloucester, author of a metrical chronicle of England. 1261. Pope Urban IV. He offers the crown of Sicily to Charles of Anjou. 1265. Pope Clement IV. 1266. The pope succeeds in his long struggle for the dominion of southern Italy, and places Charles of Anjou on the throne of Naples. 1268. No pope for about three years. 1271. Pope Gregory X. 1273. Gregory receives the county of Venaissin. 1274. General council at 1269. Pragmatic Sanction — foundation of the liberties of the Gallican Church. 1270. France: — Louis IX. sets out on his second crusade, and dies before Tunis — succeeded by —Philip III. (The Bold). 1271. Toulouse falls to the French crown. 1273. Ger.:— Rudolph, em- peror, founds the house of Hapsburg. Lyons; temporary re -union of the Eastern and Western Churches. 1276. Pope Innocent V. " Hadrian V. " John XXI. 1277. Pope Nicholas III. enriching his family at the expense of the Church — he introduces Nepotism. 1276. France at war with Castile. 1278. Ottokar II. of Bo- hemia overthrown by Rudolph and the Bo- hemian empire dissolved . I28o A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 105 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, etc. 1259 1261 Michael Palaeologus em peror of Niccea, — recovers Constantinople and overthrows the Latin empire. 1268 Bibars of Egypt takes Antioch and Jaffa. 1263 (.about). Alexander III. of Scotland defeats Norwegians at Largs. 1264. Simon de Montfort defeats the king's forces at Lewes. 1265. First regular parlia- ment. — Prince Edward gains the battle of Evesham. The World, elsewhere. 1274 Temporary union with the Latin Church. 1270. Prince Edward joins the crusade of Louis IX 1272. Edward I., king. 1275. Statute of West- minster is passed, effect- ing extensive improve- ments in the laws of the realm 1277. War between Eng- land and Wales. 1278. All Jews in England arrested on the charge of clipping the coin. 1260. Bibars becomes sul- tan of Egypt. 1262 (.about). Norway: — Iceland subjected. Greenland tributary to Norway. 1263. Magnus II. king. 1264. China:— Kublai Khan builds Pekin, and makes it his capital. 1265. Abaka Khan of Persia. 1266. Magnus, of Norway, cedes to Scotland the Hebrides and the Isle of Man. 1268. Death of Conrad in. the last of the Hohen- staufen. 1270. Hungary:— Stephen V. becomes king. 1272. Hungary: Ladislas IV., king. 1279. The " Statute Mortmain passed. of 1279. Sweden: — Magnus I. king. Russia: — Hanseatic settlement at Novo- gorod. China visited by Marco Polo. Poland: — Lesco II, becomes king. Portugal: — Diniz the Great. 1280. Norway:— Eric II. becomes king. Kublai Khan, emperor of all China, founder of the Mongol dynasty. io6 TABULAR VIEWS I28l A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1290 1300 1302 1303 1281. Pope Martin IV.; he is the instrument of Charles of Anjou in the latter's contest with the Byzantine emperor, Michael Polaeologus and Peter III. of Aragon. 1285. Pope Honorius IV. 1288. Pope Nicholas IV. Nicholas IV. patronizes civil and religious literature and improves and embellishes Rome. {about). University of Coimbra (Lisbon) found- ed. Raymond Lully, philoso- pher, scholar, and scientist. Thomas the Rhymer, Scot- tish poet. Cimabue, the first of modern painters at Florence. Arnolfo di Lapo or de Cam- bio, the father of modern Italian architecture. The influence of the Crusades was great — expanding the mind ol Europe — refining the general manners — ex- citing a spirit of geogra phical research and ad venture — and promoting improvement in the arts and sciences — thus un- dermining instead of strengthening the power of medievalism by ad- vancing liberal ideas and freedom of thought. Rapid advances in civil- ization. — Revival of an cient learning. — Im provements in the arts and sciences — and pro gress of liberty. Ormin, author of the Ormulum the old English dialect 1292. The papal chair vacant two years. 1294. Celestine V. Pope Boniface VIII. The papacy renews its pretensions to supre- macy. 1296. Struggles with France. The Bull Clericis Laicos. 1297. Canonization of Louis IX. a book of homilies in The Mariner's Compass said to have been in vented at Naples, by Gioia, native of Amalfi University at Avignon re cognized by papal Bull Dante, the father of modern Italian poetry flourishes. 1302. The Bull Unam Sanctam asserts the su premacy of the Church 1303. Pope Boniface VIII. dies. Pope Benedict XI. — The papal power declines. 1282. Germany: — Rudolph invests his sons with the duchies of Austria, Styria, and Carniola. 1285. France :— Philip IV. (the Fair.) Spain: — Alfonso III., king of Aragon. 1291. Spain: — James II., king of Aragon. 1292. Germany: — Adolph I., of Nassau, emperor. 1294. Gascony occupied by the French. 1295. Spain: — Ferdinand IV., king of Castile and Leon. War declared between England and France. 1297. Adolph confirms the canton of Schwyz in its rights. 1298. Germany: — Adolph killed in battle at Goll- heim. Albert I., son of Ru- dolph, of Hapsburg, emperor. 1302. First convocation of the States-General in France having repre- sentatives from the towns. The French defeated by the Flemings at Courtrai. 1303 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 107 Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1282 Andronicus II. 1288 Othman begins to lay the foundations of the Turk ish power in Asia Minor. 1291 Capture of Acre by the Mamelukes — end of the European states Asia Minor. The Genoese obtain the trade of the Black Sea and rise to great power. 1299 Othman assumes the title of Emir. 1303 The Catalan Grand Com pany under Roger de Flor enters the service of the Byzantines. 1282. Llewellyn of Wales defeated and slain. 1284. Wales subjugated. 1285. The second Statute of Westminster effects important reforms in legislation and legal pro cedure. 1290. Jews expelled from England. The Statute of Quia Emptores passed. Scotland: — Death of Mar- garet, the maid of Nor- way, and beginning of contest between Baliol and Bruce. 1291. Edward decides the Scottish dispute in favor of Baliol. 1294.5 War declared against France. 1296. Edward subdues Scotland; Baliol sub- mits to Edward . 1297. Edward issues the ConfirmaHo Cartarum. Scotland: — Sir William Wallace. — Sir William Douglas, Robert Bruce, and other chiefs head a rebellion against the English, who are de- feated at Stirling. 1298. The Scots defeated at Falkirk by King Edward I. 1303. Edward Scotland . invades 1282. Sicilian Vespers : Massacre of the French in Sicily. Peter of Aragon invited to rule Sicily. 1284. Genoese destroy the Pisan power at Meloria. 1285. Separation of Sicily from Naples. 1286. Denmark:— Eric VI. becomes king. 1290. III. Hungary: — Andrew , the Venetian. 1291. The League of the Forest Cantons in Swit- zerland organized. 1295. Poland:— Vladislav the Dwarf, founder of Polish greatness. Matteo Visconti be- comes master of Milan. 1297. Closing of the great Council in Venice. 1298. Genoa defeats Venice at Curzola . 1299. Venice concludes a treaty with the Turks. 1301, Hungary: — Death of Andrew the Venetian. Extinction of the house of Arpad. — Wenceslas III. of Bo- hemia disputes crown with Charles Robert of Anjou. 1302. End of the war be- tween the Angevin rulers of Naples and the Aragonese of Sicily. io8 TABULAR VIEWS I304 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1305 1308 1309 1310 Amid the struggles of the Guelfs and GhibellinesJ 1305. Pope Clement V. Italy becomes the cradle of modern literature and improving civilization. University at Orleans re- cognized by Papal Bull (founded about 1220). University at Perugia re- cognized by Papal Bull. University at Coimbra (re- moved from Lisbon.) Duns Scotus, celebrated scholastic (d. about 1308.) Knights of St. John establish themselves at Rhodes. The barons in England ex tort from Edward IT a reformation of abuses Parliaments are to be held every year, and to appoint to all important offices. 1304. France is victorious over Flanders. Germany: — The Swiss towns rise into impor- tance — oppressed by the House of Hapsburg. 1306. Persecution of the Jews in France; they are banished from the country. 1307. Persecution of the Knights Templars in France. 1308. Germany: — Henry of Luxemburg, emperor. 1309. Seat of the popes transferred to Avignon. 1321 Dante dies. Marsilius of Padua up- holds individual freedom of faith and the secular authority against the Papacy. Romance poetry of the Middle Ages flourishes. 1349 Thomas of Bradwardin, Archbishop of Canter- bury, and celebrated scholastic, d. The Papacy entirely under the control of the French king, in whose interests its powers are utilized. 1311. General Council at Vienne. Orderof Knights Templars abolished. 1314. Another vacancy in the papal chair of more than two years. 1316. Pope John XXII. 1324. Beginning of the contest of the popes with Louis of Bavaria. 1327. Louis proclaimed emperor at Milan. 1309. Snain: — Ferdinand IV. takes Gibraltar. 1310. The House of Lux- emburg established in Bohemia. 1312. Lyons united to France. Spain: — Alfonso XI. of Castile and Leon. 1314. Germany: — Louis of Bavaria, and Frederick of Austria, contend for the crown. 1314. France: — Louis X., (Hutin) becomes king. 1315. Battle of Morgarten — the Austrians defeated by the Swiss. 1316. France:— Philip V. the (Long), King. The Salic law now first estab- lished (1317) excluding women from the throne. 1322. France: — Charles IV. becomes king. Germany: — Frederick of Austria defeated and taken prisoner. 1324. Germany: — Louis excommunicated by John XXII. — appeals to a general council. 1327 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. IO9 A.D. Eastern Empire. England etc. The World, elsewhere. 130G 1307 1308 1310 1311 1321 1326 1327 Roger de Flor assassinated. Aladdin III., last Seljuk ruler of Iconium dies. — Othman makes himself independent. The Catalans defeat the imperial forces at Apros and enter Greece. The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem established at Rhodes. The Catalans conquer At tica after winning the battle of the Cephisus (1310). Civil war between Andron icus II. and his grand son, later Andronicus III. Death of Othman. — Ork han, son of Othman makes Prusa his capital Nicomedia taken by Ork- han. 1305. Wallace betrayed and beheaded. — Scot- land submits. Edward recovers Gui- enne. 1306. Scotland: — Uprising under Robert Bruce, who is crowned king. 1307. Eng.: Edward II becomes king. Scotland. : — Bruce strengthens himself by repeated advantages. 1310. Eng.:— The nobles rise against the favorite, Gaveston, and 21 Lords Ordainers are appointed. 1312. Death of Gaveston. 1.314. Edward II. invades Scotland, and is de- feated at the battle of Bannockburn. 1315. The power is in the hands of the Lords Ordainers under Thomas of Lancaster. 1322. Lancaster defeated and executed. 1323. Truce between Eng- land and Scotland. 1327. Edward III. becomes king. 1309. Hungary: — Charles Robert of Anjou, king. Naples: — Robert, the wise. He aspires to the dominion of Italy. 1310. Italy:— The Council of Ten established at Venice. 1311. Italy- — Matteo Vis- conti, lord of Milan, restored by the emperor. 1318. Genoa assisted by Robert of Naples against the Ghibellines. Swede n: — Magnus Smek, becomes king. Denmark: — Christo- pher II. king. 1320. Italy: — Castruccio, lord of Lucca and Pisa. 1327. Italy: — Invaded by Louis IV., emperor of Germany. no TABULAR VIEWS I328 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain 1334 1335 1346 1347 1350 1356 Giotto, Italian architect, sculptor, and painter, pupil of Cimabue, made chief architect of the Florentine Cathedral. Greek literature revives. — Barlaam teaches Pe- trarch. — Leontius lec- tures on Homer at Florence. Giottino, Florentine paint- er. 1328. Crusade preached 1328. France:— Philip VI. against Louis,_ who de-j of Valois becomes king. poses John XXII., and sets up Nicholas V. as antipope. 1334. Pope Benedict XII. 1338. The pope loses the right of confirming the election of a German emperor. Struggles in Rome be- tween the Colonna and the Orsini. Gunpowder in use at the battle of Crecy, though known to Roger Bacon as early as 1270. Democracy at Rome, under Tribunes. William of Occam, greatest of nominalist scholastics Manufactures improve in England : — Commerce increases. Bartolus, celebrated jurist, teaches at Pisa and Peru- gia. 1342. Pope Clement VI. Rienzi, the last of the Sir John Mandeville's Tra- vels- 1352. Pope Innocent VI. 1354. Rienzi killed. — Al bornoz, cardinal legate restores the papal do minion. -he defeats the Flemings at Cassel. 1338. Alliance between Edward III. and the Flemings under Arte- velde — the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. Germany: — Declara- tionof the Dietof Frank- fort, that the pope had no temporal power in the empire and that an em- peror chosen by the electors needed no papal confirmation. Louis sides with the English against France. 1346. France: — Normandy overrun by Edward, with his son, the Black Prince. — French defeat- ed at Crecy. Germany : — Charles IV., emperor and king of Bohemia. 1350. France: — John (the Good) becomes king. 1356. Germany: — Promul- gation of the Golden Bull establishing the mode of imperial elec- tion and regulating the affairs of the empire. France: — King John de- feated and taken prisoner at Poitiers. —Charles the dauphin, regent. 1356 a.d. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. Ill A.D. 1328 1329 1330 Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. Andronicus emperor. III. becomes Andronicus III. defeated by the Turks in the battle of Pelekanon. Nicaea taken. 1341 1346 1328. Peace between Scot- land and England. — The independence of Scot- land acknowledged. 1329. Scotland:— David II. 1332. David II. expelled and Baliol crowned, but soon expelled. 1333. Battle of Halidon Hill. — Baliol restored — does homage to Edward. 1328. Moscow under the Grand -duke Ivan Kalita becomes paramount in Russia. John V. peror. (Paleologus), em John VI. (Cantacuzenus), co-emperor 1354. 1338. Beginning of the Hundred Years War. 1340. The victory of Hel- voet Sluys — gives spirit to the English navy. 1341. David II. restored. 1346. Battle of Crecy. Scotch defeated at Neville's Cross. 1347. Siege and capture of abdicates|i 1348-49. The Black Death in England. 1333. Poland: — Casimir the Great becomes king. China:— Shun-te last of the Mongol emperors succeeds. Japan:— Fall of the Ho jo family. 1335(about). Birth of Ti- mur. 1336. Japan: — The war of the Chrysanthemums — strife between rival mi- kados. Feudalism per- fcctcd 1339. Italy:— Simon Bo- canegra, first doge of Genoa. 1340. Denmark:— Walde- mar III. 1342. Hungary: — Louis the Great. 1352 1354 Genoese defeat the Vene- tians, allies of the em- pire, in the Bosporus. Turks seize Gallipoli in Europe. 1351. Statute of Provisors 1347. Italy:— Rienzi, the last of the Tribunes, rules at Rome. 1350. Italy:— Naval between Venice Genoa. war and 1356. Edward, the Black- Prince, gains the battle of Poitiers. John of France made prisoner Two years' truce. 1354. Italy:— Rienzi killed — papal power restored. — The Venetians crushed by the Genoese at Sapienza. 1356. War between Hun- gary and Venice. 112 TABULAR VIEWS I356 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1364 1365 1369 1380 1386 Petrarch and Boccaccio, marking the vanguard of the Renaissance. The Jagellonian University at Cracow founded. Foundation of the Uni- versity of Vienna. Geoffrey Chaucer, father of English poetry (a. 1340- 1400). JohnGower (a. 1325-1408). 1362. Pope Urban V. at Avignon — beautifies the city of Rome. (about). Foundation the Bastile at Paris. of Mysteries played in France WickliiTe's translation of the New Testament. 1370. Pope Gregory XI. 1377. Gregory XI returns from Avignon to Rome — end of the Babylonian captivity. 1378."Schismof the West": Pope Urban VI. ac- knowledged in the Em- pire and England. Clement VII. acknow- ledged in France, Spain, and Scotland. University of Heidelberg founded. Froissart's Chronicles. Birth of Jan Van Eyck who is reputed to have invented oil painting. 1386. Urban VI. bestows Naples upon Louis of Anjou, who is opposed by Ladislas. 1356. The people of Paris attain power under Eti- enne Marcel. 1358. The rising of the Jacquerie; death of Marcel. 1360. France: — John re- gains his liberty — cedes territory to England by the peace of Bretigny. 1364. France :— Charles V. (the Wise) becomes king. 1365. Du Guesclin invades Spain and drives out Peter the Cruel of Cas- tile. 1367. The French defeated by the Black Prince at Najera [Navarrete]. 1369. A q u i t a i n e rises against the English. 1375. English lose their French possessions, re- taining only Calais, Bordeaux, and Bayonne. 1378. Germany: — Wences- las (king of Bohemia), emperor. 1380. France :— Charles VI. (the Mad). 1382. Battle of Rosbecq— the Flemings defeated by the French — Arte- velde killed. 1386. France : — Fruitless attempt to invade Eng- land. Leopold III. of Aus- tria defeated by the Swiss at Sempach. Jagello (Vladislav II.) founds Jagellonian dy- nasty in Poland. 1388. Leopold IV. de- feated at Naefels. 1388 a.d. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. II A.D. 1359 1361 Eastern Empire. England, etc. Amurath I. Turks. sultan of the The World, elsewhere. The Turks take possession of Adrianople. 1369 1373 1378 1381 John V. seeks a reconcilia- tion with the pope in the hope of securing aid against the Turks. Treaty of peace with the Ottomans; the emperor becomes a vassal of the Turks. John V. dethroned and imprisoned by his son Manuel ; he escapes after two years. The empire pays tribute to the Turks. 1359. Edward again in vades France. 1360. Peace of Bretigny. 1366. The Black Prince aids Peter the Cruel, of Castile, to recover his throne. The Statute of Kil- kenny relacing to Ire- land. 1369. Renewed war with France; unsuccessful: loss of English territories in France. 1371. Scotland :— Robert 11. — the House of Stuart . 1376. Death of the Black Prince. 1377. Richard II. becomes king. First speaker of the House of Commons. 1363. Timur begins his ca- reer of conquest. 1368. Copenhagen taken by the Hanseatic fleet. China: — Hung Woo establishes the native Ming dynasty. 1369. Timur becomes king of Transoxiana and makes Samarcand the capitalof his new empire. 1370. Poland: — Extinction of the royal race of Piasts with Casimir III. 1381. Peasants' Revolt (in- surrection of Wat Tyler). 1384. The Scots, assisted by France, invade Eng- land. 1385. The English burn Edinburgh. 1388. Battle of Otter- bourne (Chevy Chase). 1378. Italy:— The rising of the Ciompi in Florence. 1379. Genoese defeat Ve- netians at Pola and take possession of Chioggia ; Genoese captured next year. 1380. Russia: — Dimitri, grand duke of Moscow, victorious over the Tar- tars at Kulikovo, near the Don. 1382. The Tartars sack Moscow. 1385. War between Austria and Switzerland. 1386. — Battle of Sempach : the Austrians defeated. 1386-87. Timur conquers Persia. 1387. Denmark and Nor- way: — Margaret, the Semiramis of the North, becomes queen. ii4 TABULAR VIEWS I389 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1392 1400 1409 1411 1415 University of Erfurt founded. Revival of Greek literature in Italy. Chaucer dies. University founded. of Leipsic University of St. Andrews founded. John Huss and Jerome of Prague, Bohemian re formers. Peter d'Ailly and John Gerson, theologians. 1389. Pope Boniface IX. 1393. The power of the pope over the English Church limited by the Statute of Praemunire 1394. Pope Benedict XIII. 1392. France: — Charles seized with madness. 1394. Germany: — The em- peror imprisoned by the people of Prague. 1400. Ger. : — Rupert em- peror. 1404. Pope Innocent VII. 1406. Pope Gregory XII. 1409. The Council of Pisa deposes Gregory and Benedict, and elects Alexander V.; — neither will yield, so that there are three popes at once. 1410. Pope John XXIII. 1412. The pope excommu nicates John Huss. 1414. Council of Constance. 1415. John Huss and Je- rome of Prague (1416) burnt by the Council of Constance. 1406. Spain:— John II., of Castile. 1407 France: — Murder of Louis, Duke of Orleans, by a Burgundian parti- san. 1408. Yussuf III., king of Granada. 1410. France: — Civil war between the parties of Orleans and Burgundy. Germany: — Death of Rupert. 1411. Sigismund, king of Hungary, emperor. 1412. Spain: — Ferdinand I. king of Aragon. 1415. France: — The French defeated by Henry V.,of England , at Agincourt. 1416. Spain: — Alfonso V., king of Aragon. 1416 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 115 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1389 1391 1396 1402 1403 The Servians defeated in the battle of Kossovo by the Turks. — Bajazet I. , sultan of the Turks. Manuel II. emperor. Battle of Nicopolis. — Sigismund, of Hungary aided by French crusa- ders, defeated by Baja- zet I. 1413 Bajazet defeated and made prisoner by Timur at the battle of Angora. Empire of the Turks di- vided after death of Bajazet, among Solyman I., Musa, and Moham- med I. 1390. Scotland:— Robert III. Persecution of the Wicklifites. 1393. The Statute of Pr«e. munire. Mohammed I. sole of the Turks. ruler 1398. Henry of Lancaster banished. House of Lancaster: — 1399. Henry IV. becomes king, Richard II. de- posed. 1401. Rebellion of Owen Glendower. 1402. Scotch defeated at Homildon Hill. 1403. Rebellion of the Percys, who are defeated at the battle of Shrews bury. 1406. Scotland: — James I 1408. Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland de- feated and killed at Bramham Moor. 1389. Turks defeat Ser- vians at Kossovo. 1392 Timur subjugates Persia. 1397. Union of Calmar forming Denmark, Swe- den, and Norway into a single monarchy. 1398. Invasion of India by Timur; he takes Delhi. Italy: — Pisa falls un- der the yoke of the Visconti. 1413. Henry V. becomes king. 1414. — claims the French crown. 1415. — gains the battle of Agincourt. 1405-06. Italy:— Pisa con- quered by Florence. — Subjugation of Padua and Verona by Venice. 1408. Ladislas of Naples seizes Rome. 1410. The Teutonic Knights defeated by the Poles at Tannenberg. 1412. Denmark, Norway, etc.: Eric VII., of Pom- erania, becomes king. 1413. Sack of Rome by Ladislas. 1415. Conquest of Ceuta by the Portuguese. u6 TABULAR VIEWS I417 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1417. Pope Martin V.| elected by Council of ; 1419. Sigismund claims the 1420 1425 1426 1430 Portuguese exploration of Africa promoted by Henry the Navigator. 1431 Alain de Chartier, French poet. University of Louvain founded. The arts promoted in Italy by Cosmo de' Medici. England increases her trade with the Medi- terranean. Fra Filippo Lippi, painter. George of Peurbach, as- tronomer at Vienna. Thomas a Kempis, mystic. Orderof the Golden Fleece founded. (?)The Azores discovered. 1437 Ulugh Beg, ruler of Samar- cand and astronomer compiles his Star Tables, 1438 (about) . Printing from movable type, Guten- berg, Coster, Fust, Sch offer, etc. Constance; unity of the Church restored. Bohemian crown . 1420. Treaty of Troyes pro- viding for the succession of the king of England to the French throne. 1422. France: — Death of Charles VI.— Henry VI. proclaimed at Paris king of France and England. Charles VII. pro- claimed king at Poitiers. 1428. Orleans besieged by the English. 1429. — saved by Joan of Arc. Charles crowned at Rheims; makes a vain attempt to gain Paris. 1430. Joan of Arc taken prisoner, by the English and burnt as a witch in the following year. 1431. Germany : — Sigis- mund visits Italy, and is crowned emperor by Pope Eugenius IV. 1435. Peace of Arras, be- tween France and Bur- gundy. 1436. France: — Recovery of Paris by Charles VII. 1438. Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges establishes the liberties of the French Church. 1438. Germany: — House of Austria (Hapsburg). Albert II. (king of Bohemia and Hungary), emperor. 1439. Eugenius IV de- posed by the Council of Basle, which elects Felix V., who receives, how- ever, little recognition. 1440. 1431. Pope Eugenius IV, Council of Basle. 1434. The pope expelled by the Romans and in exile till 1443. Germany : — Fred- erick III. emperor. France: — The dau- phin (Louis XL), rebels, but is pardoned . — the so-called Praguerie, 1440 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 117 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1419. Bohemia: — Hussite war breaks out. 1420. Treaty of Troyes. — Discovery of Madeira 1421 Amurath II. , sultan. Henry marries Catharine, daughter of Charles VI., and is declared heir to the French crown. by the Portuguese. 1422 Amurath II. makes an un- 1422. Death of Henry V. successful assault on Henry VI. becomes Constantinople. king. 1424. The duke of Bedford 1424. Bohemia: — Death of 1425 John VII. emperor. defeats the French at John Ziska, the Hussite Verneuil. leader. 1426. Italy:— War of the 1428. — besieges Orleans. duke of Milan against Florence and Venice. 1429. The siege raised by 1429. Florence: — ■ Cosmo the Maid of Orleans. de' Medici becomes gonfalonier. 1430 The Turks take Thessa- 1430. — she is taken pris- lonica. oner and burnt (1431). 1431. Henry VI. crowned at Paris. 1432. Venice: — Execution of Carmagnola, the con- dottiere. 1434. Poland:— Vladislav 1435. Death of the duke of III. Bedford, followed by the loss of all the English possessions in France, except Calais (Bordeaux, the last, taken in 1453). 1437. Scotland: — JamesII. 1437. Hungary:— End of the House of Luxemburg with the death of Sigis- mund. 1438 The emperor visits Italy 1438. Truce with Scotland. 1438. Portugal: — Alfonso -39 to obtain help against the Turks — submits to the pope. V. king. 1440. Hungary: — Vladis- lav III., of Poland, chosen king. u8 TABULAR VIEWS I442 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1446 1447 1450 1453 Birth of Perugino, founder of the Roman school of painting, teacher of Raphael. Library of the Vatican founded. Regiomontanus, German astronomer. Flourishing period of Flemish trade. — All Eu- ropean nations have warehouses at Bruges and Ghent. — Book trade at Mayence. Pletho and Bessarion Italians, further the re vival of Platonism. The fall of Constantinople brings Greek scholarship to Italy and accelerates the progress of the Renaissance. 1444. France : — establish- ment of the companies of Archers, the first na- tional standing army. 1447. Felix V. resigns in favor of pope Nicholas V. 1448. Concordat of Sienna or Aschaffenburg, by which the relations of the German church to the papacy are es- tablished. 1448. Maine and Anjou regained by the French. 1449. The greater part of Normandy overrun by the French. 1451. Germany: — Expedi- tion of Frederick III. to Rome. 1453. Austria made an archduchy by Frederick. End of the French and English wars. 1453 a.d. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY II 9 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1442 1443 1444 1448 1451 1453 John Hunyady defeats the Turks at Hermannstadt and at Nissa. Insurrection of Scander- beg — victory over the Turks near Nissa. Battle of Varna — Vladis- lav, king of Poland, defeated and killed by the Turks; Servia and Bosnia reduced to sub- mission. Constantine XIII. (Palaeo- logus) the last of the Greek emperors. Hunyady defeated at Kossovo. 1442. Alfonso V., of Ara- gon, unites the crown of the Two Sicilies. Mohammed II. the Turks. sultan of Siege and capture of Con- stantinople by the Turks. END OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE. 1444. Truce with France. 1445. Marriage of Henry VI. to Margaret of Anjou. 1447. Gloucester arrested for treason — dies sud denly. 1450. Insurrection of Jack Cade — calling himself Mortimer. 1447. Poland :— CasimirlV. king. The Visconti become extinct in Milan. 1448. Denmark: — Christian I., of Oldenburg, be- comes king.. Sweden: — C h a r 1 e s VIII. 1450. Italy: — Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan. 120 TABULAR VIEWS 1454 A.D.- a.d. Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. France. Spain and Portugal. 1400 (about). Laurentius Valla, humanist philosopher. 1460 Wood engraving invented Nicholas of Cusa, philoso phical writer, marks the transition from medieval to Renaissance thought. Philip de Comines, French historian. 1473 Hungary: — Matthias pat- ronizes literature and the arts. 1454. Richard, duke of York, becomes pro- tector. 1455. Outbreak of the Wars of the Roses first battle at St Albans. Scotland: — Struggles between the king and aristocracy for power. 1460. Battle of North ampton. Battle of Wakefield. James III. of Scotland. 1461. Second battle of St. Albans. Edward Earl of March pro- claimed king as Ed- ward IV. Gains the battle of Towton. 1464. Battles of Hedg ley Moor and Hexham. 1454. Spain : Henry IV. of Castile, 1456. The Dauphin Louis seeks refuge at the court of Burgun- dy. 1469. Warwick banished 1470. Edward IV. to Flanders. flees 1471. Battle of Barnet: — Warwick slain. Bat- tle of Tewkesbury Henry VI. dies in the Tower. 1461. Louis XI. becomes king. 1465. The League of the Pub- lic Weal opposes Louis; the peace of Con flans. 1471. War with Char- les of Bur- gundy. 1474. War be- tween the Swiss and Charles of Burgundy. 1469. M a r - riage of Ferdinand of Aragon, with Isa- bella of Castile. 1475 A - D - OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 121 A.D. Germany. Italy. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1456 1458 1462 1468 1471 1472 Hunyady defends Belgrade against the Turks. Matthias Corvinus chosen king of Hungary, and George Podiebrad, of Bohemia. Insurrection in Vienna. The emperor besieged in his court — delivered by Podiebrad, of Bohe- mia. War between Bohemia and Hungary. Vladislav, son of Casimir IV. of Poland, becomes king of Bohemia. University of Ingoldstadt founded. 1454. Peace of Lodi be- tween Milan and Venice. 1455. Com plete as- cendency of Cosmo de Medici in Florence. 1458. T h e French rule in Ge- noa. Pope Pius II. (^neasSil vius.) 1463. War of Venice with the Turks, 1464.Pierode' Medici at Florence. Pope Paul II. 1466. Gale azzo Maria S f o r z a duke ot Milan. 1469. Lorenzo de' Medici sue ceeds Piero. 1456. Turks repulsed at Belgrade which is de fended by Hunvady and Capis trano. 1463. War with Ven- ice. 1471. Sixtus IV. pope Power of the Medici increases. Learning flourishes. 1454. Poland:— Confirm- ation of the national liberties in the statute of Nieszawa. 1454. Poland:— War with the Teutonic Order. 1458. H u n g a r y: — Matthias Corvinus — makes his country formidable to her neighbors. 1462. Russia: — Ivan III. the Great succeeds. 1466. Peace of Thorn.— East Prussia a fief of Poland. — West Prus- sia ceded to Poland. 1468. Uzun Hasan, mas- ter of all Persia. 1470. — forms an alliance with the Venetians and the duke of Burgundy against the Turks — conquers Bagdad. 1472. Russia: — Ivan marries Sophia, niece of the Greek emperor. 1475. The Crimea sub- jugated by the Turks. 122 TABULAR VIEWS I476 A.D.- A.D. Progress op Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. France. Spain and Portugal. 1477 Caxton establishes his printing press at West- minster. 1486 1488 1490 Lady Juliana Berners, one of the earliest woman writers of England, pub- lishes treatise on sports, "Boke of St. Albans." Leonardo da Vinci, painter, sculptor, architect, and scientist. Marsilio Ficino and John Pico Mirandola, Italian Platonists. Bartholomew Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope. Martin Behaim (Nurem- berg) constructs his terrestrial globe. 1480. War with Scotland 1483. Edward V., king Richard, Protector. — The king and his brother murdered in the Tower. Richard III., king. 1485. Henry, earl of Richmond, lands at Milford Haven. Battle of Bosworth Field ; — Richard de- feated and slain. House of Tudor. Henry VII., king. 1486-87. Lambert Sim- nel, pretender. The Star Chamber established. 1487. James IV. in Scotland. 1476. — who is defeated at Gran son and Morat, and 1477. —slain at Nancy. Artois and Burgundy united to the French crown. 1483. Charles VIII. be- comes king. 1476. Spain: I n s t i t u- tion of the Santa Her- mandad or Sacred Brother- hood for the preser- vation of i n t ernal order. 1479. Union of Castile and Ara- gon under Ferdinand II. and Isabella. 1481. The In- quisition in Seville. Portugal : John II. be- comes king. 1487-1494. The grand- mastership of the great chi valric orders of Spain is as- sumed by the crown. 1490 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 123 A.D. Germany. Italy. Ottoman Empire. Thb World, elsewhere. 1477 1479 1485 1490 Marriage of Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy War between the emperor and Hungary. Maximilian defeats the French at Guinegate. 1478. Conspi- racy of the Pazzi at Florence. Giulio, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, slain. 1484. Inno- cent VIII. pope. Vienna taken by the Hungarians. Vladislav of Bohemia chosen king of Hungary on the death of Matthias Corvinus. 1479. Peace with Ven- ice: Turks o b t a i n Lemnos and Albania. 1480. — cap- ture and d e s t roy Otranto. 1481. Baja- zet II. the first un war- like sultan. 1485. War with Egypt. 1477. Hungary: — War with Frederick III. 1478. Russia:— Ivan III. captures Novgorod. 1480. The Mongol yoke thrown off. 1481. Denmark: — John partially acknow- ledged in Sweden. 1485. Hungary:— Mat- thias Corvinus takes Vienna. 124 TABULAR VIEWS I49I A.D.- A.D. Progress op Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. France. 1492 1493 1497 -98 1498 1499 1502 DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. The second voyage Columbus. — A Spanish colony at Hispaniola of 1493. Perkin Warbeck pretends to be Rich ard, duke of York. 1494. Poynings' Law makes Irish parlia ment dependent on English government The discoveries of John and Sebastian Cabot. Vasco da Gama reaches India. Third voyagnof Columbus. He discovers Trinidad and sights the American Continent. Lisbon the great seat of trade — Venice declines. Maritime enterprises great- ly extended. Niccolo Machiavelli statesman and historian. Amerigo Vespucius's voy- age. Fourth voyage of Colum- bus. Raphael, Michael Angelo Titian, Correggio, paint- ers. 1497. Cabot makes dis coveries in America Warbeck captured 1499. Earl of Warwick- last of the Plantage- nets, executed. 1503. James IV. of Scotland marri er- Margaret of England 1491. Brit- tany unit- ed to the crown by the king's m arriage with Anne. 1494. vasion Italy. In- of 1495. Battle of Fornovo, French victory. 1498. Louis XII. be- comes king. 1499. —in- vades Italy — conquers the Milan- ese Duchy. 1500. Treaty with Fer- dinand, of Aragon, for the con- quest and partition of Naples. Spain and Portugal. 1492. Con- quest of Granada by Gonsal- vo de Cor- dova. D isappear- ance of Moorish power. Discovery of America by Colum- bus.— The Jews ex- pelled from Spain. 1497-98. Vas- co de Gama doubles the Cape of Good Hope and reaches India. 1502. Moors in Spain offered al- ternative of baptism or exile. 1505. Alme- ida, Portu- guese gov- ernor in the Indies. 1505 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 125 Germany. Italy. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1493 1495 Maximilian I. Public peace established, private wars forbidden, the imperial chamber instituted as a supreme court. 1492.PieroII. succeeds his father Lorenzo in Florence. Pope Al- exander VI. (Bor- gia). 1494. Expe- dition of Charles VIII. into Italy. 1492. with gary, War Hun- 1501 1502 Creation of the Aulic Coun- cil. University of Wittenberg founded. 1501. Par- t it ion of Naples between France and Spain. 1503. Pope Pius III. Pope Julius II. The French de- feated at Cerignola and Gari- gliano. 1504. Naples annexed to Aragon. 1492. Poland:— John Albert. America discovered by Columbus. 1493. Spanish colony at Hispaniola. — Alexan- der VI. publishes the Bull of Demarcation. 1499. Naval victory over the Venetians at Sapien- 7SL. 1503. Peace with Hun - gary. 1497-1503. Voyages of Amerigo Vespucius. — South American coast explored. 1500. Cabral reaches coast of Brazil. 1501. Poland : — Alex- ander succeeds. 1502. Ismail Shah Sufi makes himself sole sovereign of Persia. — Destruction of the Golden Horde and end of Mongol power in Russia. 126 TABULAR VIEWS 1506 A.D.- 1506 1516 1517 St. Peter's begun. Sir Thomas More's Utopia published. Luther, Erasmus, Melanch thon, and other reform ers. Hans Sachs, German meis tersinger. 1509. Henry VIII. 1511. — joins the Holy League against France 1513. Invasion of the Scots. — Battle of Flod den — the Scottish king killed. James V. 1515. Wolsey, chancellor and cardinal. 1506. Colum- bus dies at Valladolid. 1507. Genoa 1507. Xime- united to nes made France. cardinal. 1509-10. Oran, Al- giers, and Tripoli subdued by Spain. 1510. The Council of Tours, to support the king against the pope. 1511. Holy League formed against France by Pope Ju- lius II., Spain, the empire, and Eng- land. 1512. French victory at Ravenna. 1515. Francis I. invades Italy — vic- t o r y of Marignano Genoa and Milan sub- mit. 1516. Con- cordat with' 1516. Charles the pope,! I- king of instead of Pragmatic Sanction. all Spain, and the N e t h e r- lands. I 5 18 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 127 A.D, Germany. Italy. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1508 Maximilian enters Italy to be crowned by the pope. — joins the League of Cambray. 1512 1516 1517 1518 1508. League of Cambray against Venice formed by France, Spain, the emperor, and the pope. 1509. Vene- tians de feated at Agnadello 1511. Holy League to expel the F r e n c h. Council of Pisa. — divides the empire into ten circles. — Joins the Holy League. Louis II., of Bohemia and Hungary. Commencement of the Reformation. Luther summoned to Rome; he appeals to a general council. 1506. Poland: — Sigismund I. (the Great). 1513. Pope Leo X. (Giovanni de'MediciV patron of literature and arts. 1512.SelimI. dethrones and puts to death his father. 1514. The P ersi ans defeated at Chaldiran — Georgia and Kur distan add- ed to the empire. 1516. Syria conquered 1517. Egypt conquered 1510. America: — Settle- ment at Darien. Goa in India taken by the Portuguese. 1511. America: — Cuba conquered. 1513. America: — Florida discovered. South Sea first reached by Balboa. 1515. De Soto reaches the La Plata River. 1518. Khair-ed-din 6uc : ceeds his brother Arouj (Barbarossa) in Algiers. 128 TABULAR VIEWS I 5 19 A.D.- 1519 -22 1526 1528 Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc France. Spain and Portugal. First circumnavigation of the globe, by Magellan. Tyndale's translation of the New Testament brought into England. Ariosto, Italian poet. Hans Holbein, German painter. Death of Albrecht Durer. 1520. The Emperor Charles V. visits Eng- land. — M e e t i n g of Henry and Francis I. of France at the " Field of the Cloth of Gold." 1521. The doctrines of Luther opposed by Henry, in his book on the Seven Sacraments — he receives the title of "Defender of the Faith." 1527. The a.uestion of Henry VIII. 's divorce submitted to the pope. 1528. Patrick Hamilton burned, first Protest- ant martyr. 1521. First war with Charles V. 1523. The constable of Bourbon joins the emperor against Francis I. The im- perial and English troops in- vade France. 1525. Francis defeated and taken prisoner at Pavia. 1527. Third war with Charles V. 1519-21. Conquest of Mexico by Cortes. 1520-1521. Rising of the Com- muneros in Spain. 1528 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 129 A.D. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1519 Charles V. , emperor (Charles I. of Spain). 1521 1524 1525 1526 The archduke Ferdinand marries Anne, sister of Louis of Bohemia and Hungary, whence the ac- cession of Bohemia and Hungary to the House of Hapsburg. Diet of Worms. The Peasant Revoltand the Anabaptist movement. The peasants underThomas Mtinzer defeated. Charles marries Isabella of Portugal. Death of Frederick of Saxony. 1522. Pope Adrian VI. 1523.Clement VII., pope 1525. Spain acq uires the ascen- dency by the victory of Pavia. 1527. The Medici ex pelled from Florence. Rome s torme d by the im- perialists under the constable of Bourbon 1528. French ex pelled from Genoa by Doria. 1520. Soli- man, (the Magnifi- cent) be comes em- peror. 1521. B e 1 grade taken by storm. 1522. Rhodes capitulates 1526. Inva si o n of Hun ga ry and victory at Mohacs where Louis II., of Hun gary per- ishes. 1519-1521. Mexico con- quered by the Spaniards under Cortes. 1520. Christian II. of Denmark invades Swe- den, overthrows Sten Sture and perpetrates a massacre at Stockholm. 1523 Sweden: — Revolt un- der Gustavus Vasa. — The Danes expelled. — Union of Calmar dis- solved. Denmark and Nor- way : — Frederick I. 1525. Albert, grand -master of Teutonic Order makes East Prussia a secular possession and holds it of the king of Poland. 1526. Baber founds the Mogul dynasty at Delhi. 130 TABULAR VIEWS 1529 A.D.- A.D. Progress op Society, etc.] England, Scotland, etc. France. Spain and Portugal. 1529. Fall of Wolsey .— Sir 1529. Treaty Thomas More, Lord of Cam- Chancellor. — Rise of bray.- — Thomas Cromwell. France abandons 1530 Spinning wheel invented in Germany. all claims in Ita y. r Rabelais, French satirist. 1533. The king marries Anne Boleyn. Cranmer made arch- bishop of Canterbury. 1532. Calvin preaches. 1534 Ignatius Loyola founds the Order of the Jesuits. John Knox, Scottish re- former. 1534. England breaks away from the Roman church. 1542 Xavier plants Christianity in India. 1535. Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas More be- headed. Henry makes himself head of the church. 1536. — marries Jane Sey- mour. — Suppression of the smaller monasteries. 1539. Henry marries Anne of Cleves. 1536. Fourth war with Charles V. 1538. Truce of Nice — for ten years. 1535. Acqui- sition of Milan by S p a i n. — Tunis taken by Charles V. 1540. Fall of Cromwell. Attempt to recover power in Italy; hence the 1540. Portu- gal: — Lis- bon, the market of the world. 1542. Mary, queen of 1542. Fifth 1542. Com- Scots — Earl of Arran, French mercial regent. -war. treaty be- tween Por- 1543 Copernicus publishes his De Revolutionibus Or- 1543. Henry marries tugal and Catherine Parr. Japan. bium Cwlestium. • 1544. Henry invades France 1544. Peace ■ Vesalius's work on Anat- — takes Boulougne. of Crespy. omy. 1545. The Roger Ascham, tutor of Vaudois in Queen Elizabeth. F r a nee massacred. 1546 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 131 A.D. Germany. Italy. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1529 The Turks besiege Vienna. 1529. Inva- 1529. Lutheranism es- — Diet of Spires. — Luth- sion of Ger- tablished in Sweden erans first called Protes- many. — by action of national tants. Siege of Vienna. council. 1530 The Diet of Augsburg 1530. Medici The Otto- 1530. Malta given to the witnesses the appearance restored. — man navy knights of Rhodes by of the Protestant con- Charles V. formidable Charles V. fession. crowned at under Russia: — I van IV. Bologna. Khair-ed- (the Terrible.) 1531 The Smalkaldic League organized. din Barba- rossa. 1533. Norway and Den- mark: — Christian III. 1533-1534. Conquest of Peru by Pizarro com- pleted. 1534 Anabaptists under John of 1534. Paul III 1534-1535. Cortes in lower Leyden establish them- pope. California. selves in Munster. 1537. Cosmo de' Medici, duke of 1535. — w h seizes Tu- nis.— T h e em per or, Charles V., restores the Moor- ish king. — Turks take Bagdad. 1535. Carrier in the St. Lawrence River. 1536. Portugese establish themselves in Macao, China. 1538 Congress of Nice between the emperor, the pope, and the king of France. Florence. 1540. Investi- ture of Mi- lan con- ferred by 1539. De Soto's expedition sets out. 1540-1542. Coronado's ex- pedition in the south- western United States. 1541 The Turks overrun Hun- Charles V. 1541. De- 1541. Orellana's voyage gary. on his son , Philip. struction of an arma- ment led by Charles V. against down the Amazon. De Soto discovers the Mississippi River. 1543 War against France. Algiers. — Soliman, the Magnif- icent, mas- ter of Hun- 1544 Diet of Spires. 1545. Council of Trent gary. 1545. South America : — Mines of Potosi dis- 1546 The Smalkaldic war. opened. covered. 132 TABULAR VIEWS 1547 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. • France. Spain and Portugal. 1547 The Earl of Surrey, poet, introduces the sonnet into English poetry. Palestrina, founder of Italian church music. Titian, painter. Scaliger, J. C, philologist. Montaigne, French essay- ist. 1547. Edward VI. Somerset invades Scot - land — defeats the Scots at Pinkie. 1549. The first Prayer Book issued and pre- scribed by act of Parlia- ment. 1547. Henry II. The famous Catherine de' Medici, queen. 1552. Sixth war with Charles V. 1553 (about). Ralph Roister Dois- ter, the first English comedy. Cardan, Italian phil- osopher. 1553. Northumberland in- trigues to settle the crown on Lady Jane Grey, his daughter-in- law. Death of Edward VI.; Mary becomes queen. Catholicism restored 1554. The queen marries Philip, of Spain. — Lord Dudley and Lady Jane Grey executed. 1555. Bloody persecution of Protestants. 1553. France obtains possession of M e t z, Toul, and Verdun. 1555. Philip of Spain rec e i v es the Nether- lands. 1556. Charles abdicates. — Philip II., king of S p a i n , Nether- lands, Mi- lan, the Si- cilies, and American possessions 1557. War with France to support Spain. 1557. The French de- feated at St. Quentin 1557. Portu- gal: — Se- bastian. 1558. Calais lost. Elizabeth becomes 1558. — at Gravelines. queen. Cecil, Lord Burleigh, secretary of state. 1558 a.d. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 133 k -iL Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1547 The Smalkaldic forces de- feated at Muhlberg. Maurice becomes elector of Saxony. 1552 Treaty of Passau secures religious liberty to the Protestants. Fruitless siege of Metz by Charles V. 1553 Death of Maurice, of Sax ony, at Sievershausen 1555 1556 The Peace of Augsburg reaffirms toleration of Protestants and con cedes them representa tion in the Imperial Chamber. Charles V. abdicates. Ferdinand I., emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia. Coronation by the pope relinquished. 1550. Julius III., pope. 1551. Second session of Council of Trent. 1548. The Turks in vade Per- sia. 1551. Tripoli taken from the Mal- tese knight 1552. In vasion o Hungary. 1553. War with Persia concluded 1548. Poland: — Sigismund II. (Augustus). 1549. The Jesuits enter Brazil. 1550. Antonio de Mendoza viceroy of Peru. Russia: — Ivan, the Terrible, overthrows the Khanate of Kazan. 1555. Mar cellus II. pope. Paul IV (Caraffa) , pope. 1557. The grand duchy of Tuscany established under Cos- mo de' Me- dici. 1556. India: — Jelal-ed-din Akbar becomes Mogul emperor, a patron of science and literature, aided by his ministers Abu Fazl and Sheikh Faizi. — raises the Mogul empire to its greatest splendor. 134 TABULAR VIEWS 1559 A.D.- A. D. Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. France. Spain and Portugal. 1559 Foundation of Geneva Academy (now the Uni- versity). Foundation of Jesuit Col- leges in opposition to Protestant Schools. The first at Coimbra, in Portugal. 1559. Protestantism es- tablished by Acts of Uniformity and Supre- macy. The Puritans begin to appear. 1559. Peace of Cateau- Cambresis and end of struggle between France and the empire Francis II., Duke of Guise in power. 1559. Mar- garet of Parma be- comes re- gent of the Nether- lands with Granvella as her counsellor. 1560 Ronsard and the other poets of the PISiade in France. 1560. Scotland:— Catholi- cism abolished by parlia - ment. 1560. Charles IX., Paolo Veronese, painter. Guarini, Italian poet. 1562. O'Neill's rebellion in Ireland. 1562. Relig- ious liberty granted to the Hugue- nots. First civil relig- ious war- Huguenots supported by E n g- 1 an d — de- f ea t ed at Dreux. 1564 Death of Michael Angelo and of Calvin, birth of Shakespeare. Camoens, Portuguese poet. 1563. Peace of A m - boise ends war. Justus Lipsius, scholar. Thomas Tallis, English musician. 1565. Scotland: — Mary marries Lord Darnley. Revolt of Protestants. 1565. Occu- pation of the Philip- pines by the Span- ish. 1567. Shane O'Neill de- feated and killed. Scotland : — Darnley mur- dered — the queen marries earl of Bothwell — is de- throned and imprisoned at Lochleven. 1567. The second war — Hugue- nots de- feated at St. Denis. 1567. Duke of Alva, gov- ernor of the Nether- lands; he establishes the Bloody Tribunal. James VI., king of Scotland. 1567 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 135 1562 1564 1566 1559. Pius IV (Medici) pope. Peace of C a t eau • C?mbresis terminates the French wars in Italy. Maximilian elected king of the Romans. Maximilian II., emperor. Szigeth in Hungary taken by the Turks. 1562. Counci of Trent reassem bled. 1566. Pius V., pope. 1560. Fleet of the Italian states de- feated at the island of Djerbe. 1565. Unsuc- cessful siege of Malta which is defended by the knights under La Valette. 1566. Death of Soliman at the siege of Szigeth. Selimll., sultan. 1559. Denmark and Nor- way: — Frederick II. Decrease of the in- fluence of the Hanse towns. 1560. Sweden:— Eric XIV. becomes king. 1562. Ribault's colony at Port Royal. 1564. Coligny sends a second colony of Hugue- nots to Florida— de- stroyed by the Span- iards. (1565).— St. Au- gustine founded, 1565. 136 TABULAR VIEWS 1568 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. France. Spain and Portugal. 1568. Mary, queen of Scots, 1568. Treaty takes refuge in England of Long- and is imprisoned. jumeau ends war. 1569. Third civil war. Huguenots routed at Jamac. — Conde de- feated at Montcon - tour. 1570. Elizabeth excom- 1570. War municated by the pope. with the Turks. Scotland: — Lennox re- gent. 1571. Naval victory at Le pan to won by John of 1572 Camoens publishes his Lusiads. 1572. Mass- acre of St. Bartholo- mew. Fourth civil war. 1573. Peace of Rochelle. 1574. Henry III. be- comes king. Fifth war Austria. 1575 University of Leyden 1575. The sovereignty of with the founded. Holland offered to Eliza- beth and declined. Huguenots 1576. The Catholic League. 1576Antwerp sacked by the Span- ish soldiers. The Paci- fication of Ghent con- cluded by John of Austria. 1577 Sir Francis Drake begins 1577. Sixth 1577. The his voyage round the rel igio us Perpetual world. war. Edict pub- lished. Tasso, Italian poet. 1577 a.d. UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 137 A.D. 1568 Germany. Italy. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. The duchy of Prussia made hereditary in the House of Hohenzollem. 157o 1576 1569. Fior en ce be comes the grand duchy of Tuscany. Cosmo de' Medici decla red grand duke of Tuscany by Pius V. 1570. War of Venice with the Porte. 1571. Cyprus reduced by 1568. Sweden: — John III. becomes king. 1569. Poland and Lithua- nia united by the Diet of Lublin. the Turks. Battle of Lepanto. Maximilian II. seeks the Polish throne. Rudolph II., emperor, king of Bohemia and Hungary. The Catholic reaction makes rapid progress in the Austrian dominions. 1572. Gregory XIII., pope. 1573. Cyprus yielded to the Porte by Venice. 1574. Flor ence: Fran cesco Maria succ eeds Cosmo. 1573. Peace with Ven- 1574. Amu rath III. 1570. Peaceof Stettin, be- tween Denmark and Sweden. 1571. Russia raided by the khan of Crimea. Moscow burnt. 1572. Extinction of the Ja- gellonian dynasty in Poland with Sigismund Augustus. The crown becomes elective. 1573. Japan:— Fall of the Ashikaga shoguns; No- bunaga supreme. 1574. Poland: — Henry of Valois chosen king; he escapes to France. 1575. Poland: — Stephen Bathori chosen king; he strengthens the Jesuits. 138 TABULAR VIEWS 1578 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. France. 1 Spain and Portugal. 1578. Sebas- tian i n - vades Mor- occo and perishes in the battle of Alcazar- quivir. Port.:— Henry I. 1579. Union 1579. Marriage negotiations of Utrecht , between Elizabeth and beginning the Duke of Anjou. 1580. The of Dutch i n depen - dence. 1580. Portu- gal falls un- 1581. Levant Company seventh der Spanish 1582 Gregorian reformation of the calendar. Tycho Brahe, astronomer. chartered. 1585. Raleigh's colony in Virginia. War with Spain. war. 1584. The Catholic League re- organized. 1585. Eighth war. the war of the three Henries. dominion. 1586 Tobacco brought to Eng- land. 1586. Earl of Leicester lands in Holland with an English army. Sir Philip Sidney killed at Zutphen. 1587. Execution of Mary Stuart. 1588. The Spanish Armada 1588. Revolt 1588. Defeat destroyed. of Paris against Henry III. and for the Guises. 1589. Assass- ination of Henry III ; H u s e of Bourbon Henry IV. He wins the battle of Arques. of the Spanish armada. 1589. English volunteers under Drake and Norris, re- pulsed from Lis- bon. 1590 Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia. 1590. Battle Spenser. of Ivry. The Carracci, celebrated painters of Bologna. Kepler, astronomer. 159O A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 139 Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1579 Duke William, of Bavaria, friend of the Jesuits. The imperial authority disregarded by the princes of the empire, who wage war among themselves. 1586 Struggle in Saxony be tween Lutherans and Calvinists. 1580. Charles Emmanuel duke of Sa- voy. 1585. Sixtus V., pope, active and energetic corrects abuses in the church erects building for Vatican library. 1579. English c omm e r cial repre- sentatives in Constan- tinople. 1581. First trade with England . 1583. English ambassador sent to Con- stantinople. 1579. Commencement of the Dutch Republic by the Union of Utrecht: William, prince of Orange, stadtholder. 1590. Urban VII., pope. Gregory XIV., pope. 1584. William of Orange assassinated. 1585. North America: — First English colony founded in Virginia, by Sir W. Raleigh. Persia acquires power under Abbas the Great. 1586. Battle of Zutphen: death of Sir Philip Sidney. 1587. Poland: III., king. -Sigismund 1588. Denmark: — Christian IV. 140 TABULAR VIEWS I 591 A.D.- a.d. Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. France. Spain and Portugal. 1591. Troops sent to France to aid Henry IV. 1593. Act for religious con- formity. 1596. Cadiz attacked and the Spanish fleet burnt by the earl of Essex. 1598. Revolt of O'Neill, earl of Tyrone. 1593. Henry abjures Protestan- tism. 1594. Paris submits to Henry. Jesuits banished. 1595. War with Spain 1598. Peace of Vervins. Edict of Nantes — granting toleration to Protes- tants. Ministry of Sully. 1598. Philip III., king of Spain. 1598 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 141 A.D. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1593 1596 War with Turkey. Imperialists defeated by the Turks in the battle of Keresztes. 1591. Inno cent IX. pope. 1592.Clement VIII., pope. 1593. War with the empire in Hungary 1594. The grand vi zier takes Raab. 1595. Moham- med III. Turkish power in Hungary dec 1 ines ; defeated at Gran — revolt of Wallachia. 1596. Mo- ll a m m e d leads his troops, and defeats the Germans at Keresz- tes. 1592. Japanese under Hideyoshi invade Corea. Sweden: — Sigismund III., of Poland, succeeds to the Swedish crown. 1595. The regent Charles assumes independent authority. 1598. Russia:— The house of Rurik becomes ex- tinct in the person of Feodor I. Boris Godunov suc- ceeds. Sigismund lands in Sweden, to re-establish his power — but is de- feated and returns to Poland. 142 TABULAR VIEWS l6oO A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society. America. England, Scotland, etc. France. 1600 1604 Shakespeare, Fletcher, Ben Jonson. — Napier inven- tor of logarithms. Lord Bacon, philosopher. celebrated Lope de Vega, Spanish dramatist. English East India Com- pany chartered. William Gilbert publishes his work on magnetism Conference at Hampton Court. New translation of the Bible begun (published 1611). 1605 Cervantes's Don Quixote (first part) appears. 1610 (1608?) Telescope invented in Holland. 1604. Port Royal Acadia, colo- nized by the French (De Monts and Poutrincourt). 1607. English settlement at Ja m es t own (first perma- nent one in North Amer- ica). 1608. Quebec founded. 1609. Hudson in New York Bay 1612. The tobac- co plant intro duced into Vir ginia. 1600. The Cowrie con- spiracy in Scotland. 1601. Earl of Essex beheaded. 1603. James I. — Union of the English and Scotch crowns. 1605. The Gunpowder Plot. 1609. The charter of the East India Com pany renewed. 1611. Colonization of Ulster in Ireland by English and Scotch. 1600. Henry IV. mar- ries Marie de' Medici. 1603. The Jesuits re -en t e r France. 1610. Henry IV., with England and Hol- land, plans the down- fall of the Hapsburg power. Assassi- nation of Henry IV. by Ravail- lac. Louis XIII., king, Marie de' Medici, regent, 1613 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 143 AD Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1605 Leo XI., pope. Paul V., pope. 1609 Tuscany : — Cosmo 1 1 . Expulsion of the Moors. Leghorn, the empo- rium of the Levant trade. 1606. Peace be- tween the em- pire and the Turks. 1608. Protestant Union, under Frederick, the elector pala- tine. 1609. The Catho- lic League, un- der the Duke of Bavaria. Bohemia re- ceives a royal charter. 1612. Matthias emperor. 1601. Shah Abbas of Persia be- gins the re- conquest of lost pro- vinces. 1605. Shah Abbas wins the battle of Basso- rah. 1613. Sinope on the Black Seaplunder- ed by the Cossacks. 1603. Japan: — Tokugawa Iyeyasu makes himself shogun ; his descendants retain power till 1868. 1604. Sweden: Charles IX. 1605. India: — Jehangir, Mogul emperor. Russia:Death of Boris Godunoff; appearance of the false Demetrius; anarchy. 1609. India:— Arrival of Hawkins, first English envoy from the East In- dia Company. 1611. Sweden: — Gustavus Adolphus, king. — War with Denmark. — Axel Oxenstiern, minister. 1612. Russia: — A national uprising under Minin and Pozharski leads to the expulsion of the Poles. 1613. Russia: — Michael Romanoff, czar, founder of the present ruling line. 144 TABULAR VIEWS 1614 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. England, Scotland. etc. 'rance. 1616 1019 1620 1622 1627 Death of Shakespeare and Cervantes. Negro slavery introduced into Virginia. Bacon's Novum Organum. Thermometers invented by Drebbel. Inigo Jones, celebrated architect. Martin Opitz, German poet. First newspaper (weekly) in England. Peter Paul Rubens, painter. Massinger, the dramatist. The Parian marbles brought to England by the earl of Arundel. Harvey publishes his work on the circulation of the blood. Edward Coke, the great jurist. 1614. Manhattan Island settled by the Dutch- 1619. Negro slaves first im ported to Vir ginia. 1620. Emigration of Pilgrims to New England and founding of Plymouth. 1621. John Car ver, 1st Gover- nor of Ply- mouth. 1623. New Harap shire settled. 1625. Maine set tied. 1614. King resorts to Benevolences. 1618. Francis Bacon, lord chancellor. Sir Walter Ra- leigh executed. 1621. Bacon peached. 1625. Charles I. 1614. Last as- sembly of the States- General be- foretheRe- volution. 1615. The king mar- ries Anne, of Austria. Civil War: Conde heads the H u g u e- nots. 1617. Ascen- dency of Luynes be- gins. 1620. Rising of the Hu- guenots. 1624. Minis- try of Car- dinal Rich- elieu. 1627. War with France in support of the Huguenots. 1627 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 145 Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1618 1621 1623 1625 Conspiracy of Bed mar, the Spanish envoy, to reduce Venice under sub- jection to Spain. 1618. The Thirty Years' War be gins. Spain supports the emperor in Ger- many. Philip IV. Italy:— Gregory XV. pope. Tuscany: — F erdi- nand II. Italy: — The famous library of the °ala- tine at Heidelberg sent to Rome. Urban VIII., pope Spain: — Naval war with England. 1619 II. Ferdinand emperor. Fer dinan d deposed by the Bohemians, who chose as king the elector palatine. 1620. Victory of the White Mountain near Prague gained by the imper- ial forces over the palatine king of Bo- hemia. 1626. Victory of Wallens t ei n over Mansfeld at Dessau, and victory of Til- ly over Chris tian IV., of Denmark, at Lutter. 1617. Musta pha I. 1618. Oth II. 1616. India:— Sir Thomas Roe, ambassador from James I., of England. Manchus invade China. 1617. Sweden predomi- nates in the north. 1618. Netherlands:— T h e Synod of Dort. Armin- ianism condemned. 1620. War with Po- land, and victory at Jassy. 1623. Amu- rath (Mu rad) IV.; restores tranquilli ty. 1621. Dutch West India Company incorporated. 1622. Persia:— Ormuz gained from the Portu- guese by the help of the English. 1625. Netherlands: — Breda taken by Spinola. 146 TABULAR VIEWS 1628 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. England, Scotland, etc. France. 1633 1635 Galileo before the Inquisi- tion. French Academy founded. Death of Lope de Vega, Spanish dramatist. Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish dramat ist. 1628. John Endi- cott at Salem. 1629. Quebec taken by Eng- lish under Kirke. 1630. Boston founded by Winthrop. 1629. Parliament dis- solved and no Parlia ment for eleven years. Peace with France 1630. and with Spain. 1632. Maryland settled by a colony sent out by Lord Balti- more. 1635.Connecticut settled from Massachusetts ; Guada loupe and Martini- que, by the French. 1633.Wentworth made lord -deputy of Ire land and Laud, arch bishopof Canterbury The king visits Scotland . — Is crowned at Edin- burgh. 1634. Writs for ship money issued. 162S. La Ro- chelle re- duced by the royal troops; end of Hugue- not am- bitions. 1631. Treaty with Swe- den against the em- peror. 1634. Bern- h a r d of Saxe-Wei- mar in the French ser- vice. 1635. Alli- ance with Holland against Spain, for the parti- tion of the Spanish Nether- lands. Alliance with Swe- den against Austria. 1 63 5 a.d. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 147 A.D. Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 162S Italy: — General Italian war on the death of the duke of Mantua. 1630 Spain : — Peace with England. 1631 Italy: — Peace of Cherasc o, — The influence of France increases. 1628. Wallenstein recovers all the shores" of the Baltic, except Stralsund. 1629. The Edict of Restitution published. 1630. Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany. — Diet of Ratis bon. — Wallen stein dismissed, succeeded by Tilly. 1631. Sack of Magdeburg, by Tilly.— Gusta vus Adolphus wins the battle of Breitenfeld (Leipzig). 1632. Defeat and death of Tilly, at the Lech. — Gustavus takes Munich. — Wal lenstein again in command. — Battle of Liit- zen. — Victory and death of Gustavus Adol phus. 1634. Wall en- stein assassi- nated.- — Bern- hard of Wei- mar defeated at Nordlingen. 1635. Peace of Prague be tween the em- peror and Saxony. 1632. Revolt of Spahis and Janis saries sup pressed. 1628. Persia:— Death of Shah Abbas and succes- sion of Shah Soofi I. 1629. Peace of Liibeck between the empire and Christian IV., of Den- mark. 1632. Sweden: — Christina queen. — Oxenstiern, re- gent. P o 1 a n d: — Vladislav IV., king. Russia: — War with Poland; siege of Smol- ensk. 1633. Union of Heilbronn, between Sweden and the German Protestants. 1634. Peace of Wiasma, disadvantageous to Russia. 148 TABULAR VIEWS 1635 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. England, Scotland, etc. France. 1636 Comeille's Cid, the be- ginning of the French classical drama. Van Dyke, Rembrandt, painters. 1639 1636. Rhode Is land settled. 1640 First printing-press in the United States at Cam bridge. The Connecticut Constitu- tion. The Jansenists, followers of Jansenius, bishop of Ypres. Claude Lorraine, French painter. Death of Rubens. Thomas Hobbes, philoso- ohical writer. 1636. Harvard College found- ed. 1638. Delaware settled. 1639. First print ing office in America, at Cambridge, by Stephen Daye. Saybrook. Conn. .founded. 1637. Hampden op- 1637. Tl poses ship-money. French 16 35. Inva- sionof Gas- cony by the Spaniards, and of P i car dy, by the im- perialists, who threat- en Paris. The 1641. Montreal founded. Troubles in Scot land caused by Charles's plan to overthrow the Scotch Presbyterian church and to en force episcopacy. 1639. Episcopacy abol ished in Scotland First Bishops' war 1640. Parliament as sembled — dissolved without effecting anything. The Scotch invade England, take pos session of Newcastle. The Long Parlia ment, Nov. 3. Impeachment of Strafford and Laud 1641. Strafford be headed. — Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission abolished. The Grand Remon ■ strance. 1642. Civil War and Revolution. — Battle of Edgehill, inde cisive. occupy Artois. 1640. Turin taken by the French; Alsace occupied. 1641-42. Al- liance with P or tugal against Spai n. — Catalonia and Rous- sillonrevolt and submit to France. 1642. Cinq Mars and de Thou beheaded. Death of Richelieu. 1642 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 149 A.D. Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1640 Portugal regains her independence under John IV., of Braganza. 1636. Swedes vic- torious at Witt- stock over the Saxons. 1637. Ferdinand III., emperor. Gallas suc- cessful against the Swedes. 1638. Bernhard, of Saxe-Wei- mar, defeats the imperial- ists at Rhein- feld — takes Breisach. 1639. Battle of Chemnitz gain- ed by the Swe- dish general Baner. 1640. Branden burg: — Fred derick William, the Great Elec tor. 1635. Amu- rath takes Erivan. 1642. The Swedes under Torsten- son defeat the Austrians at Leipzig. 1638. Bagdad taken by the Turks 1640. Ibra- him, sultan, 1639. Holland :—G r e a t naval victory by Van Tromp, over the Spanish fleet in the Downs. India: --Madras found- ed by the English. i5o TABULAR VIEWS 1643 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc America. (England, Scotland, etc. France. 1643 Torricelli invents the ro meter. 1644 1645 1647 1648 ba Milton's Areopagitica. Death of Grotius. 1646. The Jesuit missionary Jo- gues killed by the Mohawks John Eliot be- gins his work among the In dians. George Fox begins public 1647. Peter Stuy work. vesant, gover nor of New Amsterdam. 1643 Confedera- tion of the col- onies ot New England, mutual fence. for de- 1643. Royalists vie torious at Chalgrove and other places ; battle of Newbury Solemn League and covenant between the Scotch and Eng- lish parliaments. 1644. Union of 1644. Battle of Marston Providenceand Moor — royalists de Rhode Island. feated. Pascal's experiments in air pressure. 1648. Cambridge platform adop ted in Massa- chusetts. 1649. Act of Tol eration passed in Maryland 1645. Battle of Naseby . 1646. The king seeks refuge in the Scot tish camp. 1647. — is delivered up to parliament. 1648. Cromwell routs the Scotch. — The Presbyterians ex pelled from parlia ment, which receives the name of " tne Rump." 1649. Trial and execu tion of the king. The Commonwealth. Cromwell subdues Ireland. Sack of Drogheda. 1643. Louis XIV. (the • Great ), Anne, of A ust ria , regent. Victory of Rocroi over the Spaniards, bytheduke of Enghien. Ministry of Cardinal Mazarin. 1645. The French win the battle of Nord- lingen. 1648. Fac- tion of the F r ond e ; dissensions f o mented byCardinal de Retz. — The Peace of Westphalia gives to F r a nee, Metz.Toul, Verdun , Alsace, and Brei- sach. 1649. Court removes to St. Ger- main. 1649 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 151 Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1644 1647 Innocent X., pope. Revolt of Naples : under Masaniello, 1643. Negotia tions begun at Munster lead ing to the Peace of Westphalia. 1644-45. Upris- ing in Hungary under Rakoczy — the emperor forced to yield to the demands of the Protes tants. 1648. Peace of West p hal a signed at Mun- ster. — Theprin- ciple of a bal- ance of power in Europe first recognized. — Switzerland and the Dutch Netherlands declared inde- pendent. Prague taken by the Swedes. 1645. War with Ven- ice. Crete the theatre of war. 1648. Moham- med IV. The khan of Crimea raids Rus- sia and P o 1 and carrying off 40,000 prisoners. The Turks begin a twenty years' siege of Candia, 1649. Naval defeat by the Vene tians in the Archi- pelago. 1644. China:— Establish- ment of the Manchu dy- nasty. Naval victory of the Swedes over the Danish fleet. 1645. Sweden: — Peace of Bromsebro with Den- mark. Russia: — Alexis, czar. 1647. Netherlands:— Wil- liam II. 1648. Poland:— The Ukraine Cossacks revolt under Bogdan Chmiel- nicki and defeat the Poles. John Casimir, king. 152 TABULAR VIEWS 1650 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. America. England, Scotland etc. France. 1650| Milton's controversy with Salmasius. — Death of Descartes. 1651 1653 1654 Hobbes's Leviathan. 1651. Navigation Jeremy Taylor, Algernon Act passed Sidney, English writers. Lebrun, French painter. Walton's Compleat Angler appears. Air pump invented by von Guericke. 1652. Maine towns as far east as Casco joined to Mas- sachusetts. 1663. Settlement of North Caro lina under royal patent. I 1650. Cromwell defeats the Scots at Dunbar. The Scots proclaim Charles II. He en- 1651. ters England — is defeated at Wor- cester, and escapes to France. The Navigation Act passed. 1652. Naval war with Holland. — Blake defeated by Tromp. 1655. Stuyvesant conquers New Sweden (Dela ware). 1653. Long Parliament dissolved by Crom- well. — "Barebone's Parliament" sum moned. Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector. Milton private secretary to Crom well. 1654. Peace of West minster. — Alliance with Holland. 1655. War with Spain. — Jamaica conquered by Penn. 1657. Cromwell refuses the crown. 1650. Peace concluded betwe en the Court and Parlia- m e n t . — C o n d 6 , Conti, and Longue- ville im- prisoned. — Tuienne flees to the Spaniards. 1652. Maza- rin retires to Sedan. Conde flies to Spain. War be- tween Tur- enne and Conde; the latter de- feated at Bleneau and at Paris. 1653. Maza- rin enters Paris in triumph. 1654. By the treaty of Basle, France se- cures Al- sace. 1656. Strife between Jansenists and Jesuits. 1657 A.D OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 153 A.D. Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1654 1655 1655 -56 Brazil recovered by Portugal from the Dutch. Italy : — Alexander VII., pope. War between Eng land and Spain. 1651. Formation of Catholic and Protestant Leagues. 1656. The elector of Brandenburg allies himself with Sweden against Poland. 1657. By the treaty of Weh- lau, Poland cedes Prussia to the elector. 1656. Mo- hamm e d Kio pril i, grand vi- zier. 1657.Lemnos and Tene- dos taken from the Venetians. 1653. Holland: — John de Witt, grand pensio.iary ; De Ruyter, admiral. 1653. Defeat and death of Tromp off Portland in the English Channel. Swede n: — Christina resigns. Charles X. first of the House of Zweibrucken. Poland : — War with Russia ; Smolensk taken by the Russians. The Cossacks place thems elves under Russian suzerainty. 1655. Charles X. of Sweden invades Poland. 1658. Denmark: — War against the Swedes, who overrun Denmark, and menace Copenhagen. 154 TABULAR VIEWS 1658 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc, America. England, Scotland, etc. France. 1660 1662 1665 1666 1667 About this time flourish Corneille, La Fontaine La Rochefoucauld, Ma dame de Sevigne, Moliere Racine, Boileau, and Pascal in France. Royal Society at London founded. Velasquez and Murillo Spanish painters. Bernini, Italian sculptor. Canal of Languedoc, from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, begun. Gobelin tapestry manu- factory in Paris, found ed by Louis XIV. Salvator Rosa, landscape painter. Huygens, Dutch astrono- mer. Persecution of Jansenists in France. Foundation of the Aca demy of Sciences, at Paris. Paradise Lost published Cassini, Italian astrono mer and mathematician. D'Herbelot, Bourdaloue, LaBruyere . M alebranc he , French writers. 1668 Reflecting telescope made by Sir Isaac Newton. 1659. Laval- Montmorency made bishop of New France 1662. Charter ob tained from Charles II. for Connec ticut and New Ha ven. 1663. Carolina granted to Lord Claren don and others Mason and Dixon's line begun. Eliot's In dian B i b 1 < printed. 1664. New Am sterdam occu pied by the English. 1665. Union of Conne c ticut and New Ha- ven. 1667. A c a d i ceded to France by the peace of Breda. 1658. Death of Crom w e 1 1. — R i c h a r d Cromwell, Protector 1659. Richard Crom well resigns. — Rump parliament called but soon expelled. General Monk sup ports pa rliament against the army. 1660. Charles II. Hyde earl of Clarendon chancellor. Military tenures abolished. 1661. New parliament. 1 Episcopacy re- established in Scot- land. 1662. Marriage of Charles II. to Cathe rine of Portugal. Act of Uniformity Dunkirk sold to France. 1664. War with land. Hoi 1665. Naval victory by the duke of York at Solebay. Great Plague London 1666. Great Fire 1 London. 1667. Peace of Breda New Netherlands ceded to England. Fall and banish ment of the earl of Clarendon. 1668. Triple alliance — England, Sweden, and Holland, against France. 1659. Peace of the Pyr- enees. 1660. Mar- riage of Louis XIV. to Maria Theresa, of Spain. 1661. Death of Mazarin. Colbert, intendant of finance. Lyonne, Le Tellier. 1662. Dis- putes with the pope. —6000 troops sent against the Turks in Hungary. 1664. French East India and West India Com- panies 1665. Colbert becomes controller- general of finance. 1667. War with Spain. Louis claims Fl a n d e r s for his w i f e — i n- vades the Spanish Nether' lands. 1668. Peace of Aix-Ia- Chapelle with Spain. 1 668 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 155 Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1663 1665 1667 1C68 1658. Leopold I. 1660. In the peace of Oiiva , Poland recog- nizes the inde- pendence of East Prussia under the elector of Brandenburg Victory of the Por tuguese over the Spaniards at Estremoz. Spain: — CharlesII. The victory of Villa Viciosa es- tablishes Portu- guese indepen dence. Clement IX., pope Portugal: — Re volution at Lis- bon. King de posed. Pedro II Peace of Lisbon with Spain. 1663. The diet permanent at Ratisbon. 1664. Montecu- culi victorious over the Turks atSt.Gotthard 1663. Inva sion of Hungary under A c h m e t Kioprili ; Germany threatened ; Turks de- feated at St. Gott- hard (1664) sign treaty of Vasvar giving the sultan su- zerainty over Tran- sylvania. Crete tak- e n from Venice by Kioprili. 1658. Denmark: — Naval victory over the Swedes. Peace of Roskilde. India: — Aurungzeb makes himself emperor. 1660. Denmark: — Peace of Copenhagen. Revolution in Den- mark; absolute mon- archy established. Sweden: — tharles XI. Peace of Oliva gives Livonia and Esthonia to Sweden . Prussia acknowledged independent. 1664. Rise of the Mahratta power in India: Sivaji takes and sacks Surat. 1667. Poland: — Great victory of Marshal John Sobieski over the Tar- tars. Holland: — Peace of Breda: loss of New Netherlands. Peace of Andrussovo between Poland and Russia. 1 5 6 TABULAR VIEWS I669 A.D.- England, Scotland A.D. Progress op Society, etc. America. etc. France. 1669 Phosphorus discovered. 1670. Conclusion of the "Ameri- can treaty" (Madrid) be- tween England and Spain. 1670. The Cabal min- istry. — Secret treaty with France against Holland. — C h a r 1 e s the pensionary of Louis XIV. 1672. War with Hol- 1672. War Charleston land in conjunction with Hol- founded. with France. 1673. Test Act passed. Ministry of Danby. 1674. Peace with Hol- land. land. 1673. French amb ass a- dor at Is- pahan. 1674. The Imperialists defeated at the battle of Sins- heim. — Turenne ravages the Pala- t i n a t e . — ■ Battle of Seneffe be- t w e e n Conde and William of Orange. 1675 Christopher Wren, archi- 1675-76. King 1675. Death tect, commences bt. Philip's War in of Turenne Paul's. New England. at S a 1 z - Ruysdael, celebrated Bacon's Re- bach. Dutch painter. bellion in Vir- William Temple, historian. ginia. Butler, Waller, and Dry- 1677. Maine pur- den, English poets; Henry chased by 1677. Victory More, Leighton, Baxter, Massachusetts . over the Boyle. Prince of Mansart, architect. Orange at Mont-Cas- sel. 1678 John Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress. 1678. The "Popish Plot" excitement. Rise of the names of Whigs and Tories. 1678. Peace of Nime- guen with Holland and Spain — restores tranquil - lity to Eu- rope.— France wins Fran- che-Comte. France the most form- i d a b 1 e power i n Europe. 1678 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 157 Italy, Spain, and Ottoman A.D. Portugal. Germany. Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1669 Nithard, the Jesuit, driven from . Spain. 1670 Cosmo III., grand duke of Tuscany. Clement X., pope. 1670. Denmark:— Chris- tian V. 1671 Spain Alliance with Holland. 1672. The em- 1672. The 1672. Sea fight between peror and sultan in- the Dutch fleet, under elector of vades Po- De Witt and De Ruyter, Brandenburg land. and the English and ally themselves French fleets — Dutch de- with Holland feated. against France. Holland: William III., 1673. War of the 1673. —de- stadtholder. empire and feated by France. Sobieski at 1673. Treaty of Choczim. 1674 Revolt of Messina The Hague 1674. Poland:— John So in favor of against France bieski. France. 1675. Turenne 1675. The Swedes invade 1676 Messina blockaded and Monte- 1676. Peace Brandenburg and are by the Dutch cuculi opposed of Zurawno defeated at Fehrbellin. and Spanish on the Rhine. with Po- fleets. The elector of land. Death of De Brandenburg Ruyter. defeats the Innocent XI., Swedes at 1677. Battle of the Lund, pope. Fehrbellin and gains Pomer- ania. 1678. Hungarian revolt under Tokolyi. 1678. First war with Russia be- gins. between the Swedes and Danes; the latter de- feated. i 5 8 TABULAR VIEWS I68O A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc America. Gkeat Britain. France. 1680 1681 1684 (about) Tramways with wooden rails near New- castle. Penny post established in London. Lully, from Florence founder of French opera. John Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel. Increase Mather, American theologian. Molinos, founder of Quiet- ism. (about) Telegraphs invent ed. 1682. Founding of Philadel phia by Wil Ham Penn. 1687 Newton's Principia pub lished. 1684. Massachu setts deprived of its charter. 1686. Sir Ed- mund Andros governor of New England 1688. General suppression of charter govern ments. 1681 F The rench 1683. "Ryehouse Plot." Execution of Lord: Russell and Algernon Sidney. Mutiny at Bom bay. 1689. Beginning of King Wil liam's War Leisler i 1 New York. 1685. James II. Rebellion of Mon mouth, in England. and Argyle, in Scot- land; both defeated and executed. Judge Jeffreys. 1686. The king favors the Catholics; re establishes the Court of High Com- mission. 1687. Declaration of Indulgence pub lished. 1688. "Revolution of 1688."— The Whigs apply to the prince of Orange, who lands in England with an army — the king flees to France. 1689. William III. and Mary II. The Bill of Rights, Toleration Act, and Mutiny Bill passed. War with France James II. lands in Ireland — besieges Londonderry. seize Strassburg. 1683. Inva- sion of the Spanish Nether- lands. 1684. Truce of Ratis- bon for twenty years with Spain. 1685. Revo- cation of the Edict of Nantes. 1688. War of Spain, the League of Augs- burg, the empire, Holland, Savoy, and England agai ns t France. 1689. Grand alii ance agai n s t France headed by William III. 1689 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 159 Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany, Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1680 Duke of Medina Coeli first minis- ter in Spain, 1684 1686 16S9 Genoa bombarded by the French. The duke of Savoy persecutes the Vaudois. Revolt of Cata- lonia in favor of France. Alexander VIII., pope. 1680. Great part of Alsace seiz- ed by France. 1683. Turkish war; siege of Vienna by the Turk s — v i c - toryot the Ger- mans and Poles under Charles of Lorraine and John So- bieski. 1686. League of Augsburg or- fanized against Vance. Buda taken after being held by the Turks 145 years. 1687. D'ecisive victory of Mo- hacz: Croatia and Transyl- vania subdued. Joseph I . crowned king of Hungary. 1689. Grand al- liance ratified at Vienna. The Palati- nate desolated by the French. 1682. War with the empire. 1683. Total rout be- fore V i enna. The vizier Kara Mus- tapha put to death. 1684. Alliance of Venice with Po- land and the em- pire against the Porte. 1686. Russia dec lares war. Venice conquers the Morea; Buda taken by the Imperia- lists. 16S7. Revolu- t i o n in Constan- tinople; Moham- med de- throned Solyman II. 1687. Athens bombarded by the Ve- netians. 1680. Sweden:— Diet of Stockholm. The king becomes absolute. 1682. Russia: — Ivan and Peter rule, their sister Sophia, regent. 1683. Denmark: — The Code of King Christian published. 1686. India:— The Dekkan conquered by Aurung- zeb. 1688. III. Prussia: — Frederick 1689. Russia:— Peter the Great begins personal rule after overthrowing his sister Sophia and repressing the Streltsi. First trade with China. India: — Height of the Mogul power under Au- rungzeb. China: — Great in- fluence of Jesuits. i6o TABULAR VIEWS 1690 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. Great Britain. France. 1690 Leibnitz, German philoso- 1690. The Eng- 1600. Wil'iam in Ire- 1600. Naval pher. lish settle- land. — Battle of the victory Bossuet, French pulpit ments of Boyne. James de- over the orator; La Bruyere, Schenectady, feated, returns to Dutch and critic. Casco , Me., France . English at Purcell, English musician., and Salmon Falls, N. H., destroyed by the French. Port Royal, Nova Scotia , reduced by Sir William Phipps. Expedition against Quebec unsuccessful. 1691. Schuyler defeat s the French at La Prairie. Leisler execut- ed. 1691. Limerick taken, and William acknow- ledged. B e a c h y Head. Victory of Lux em - bourg, at Fleurus. 1692. Maryland a 1692. Invasion of Eng- 1692. The royal province. land undertaken by French fleet 1 the French in favor defeated at 1692 Witchcraft superstition in New England. of James. — N aval La Hogue. John Locke and Sir Isaac victorybythe Dutch Marshal Newton in England. and English.— The Luxem- Boileau, F^nelon, and Glencoe massacre. bourg de Bayle, in France. feat3 Wil Ham at Ste 1693 National debt of England 1693. N. York:— enkirk, and begins. Ep i sco pac y 1693. — at 1694 Bank of England founded. introduced. 1694. Bank of England Neerwin- William and incorporated. Death den. Publication of the diction- Mary's College of Queen Mary. ary of the French Acad- founded. emy. 1697. Acadia re- 1697. General peace of R y s wick — stored to the b e t we e n French by the 1698. First partition France and Treaty of treaty, between the allies. Ryswick. Louis XIV. and William III., to dispose of the crown and posses- sions of Spain. 1699. French 1698. Visit of Peter colony in the Great. Louisiana at Biloxi. 1699 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. I6l A.D. Italy, Spain, and Portugal. 1691 Incursion of the French into Ara gon. Innocent XII., pope. Germany. Ottoman Empire. 1690. Joseph I. elected king of the Romans by the Diet of Augsburg. — Victories of the Turks at Nissa, Belgrade Widdin, and other places. 1690. Musta- pha Kio- prili drives the Austri- ans across the Danube — recovers Belgrade The World, elsewhere. 1693 1697 Battle of Marsag lia — the allies in Italy defeated by the Marshal Catinat. 1691. Ahmed I I .— D e - feat and death of K i o p r i 1 i at Szelan- kemen. Peace of Ryswick Spain: — Intrigues for the success ion. 1697. Victory over the Sultan Mu<=tapha at Zenta, by the Prince Eugene. 1694. Chios taken by the Vene- tians. 1695. Musta- pha II. 1696. —leads his own ar- my. 1697. Defeat- ed at Zenta. 1699. Peace of Carlo - witz. The Ot- toman power broken. 1693. Sweden:— The king formally declared abso- lute. 1695. Holland:— Bombard- ment of Brussels by the French, under Villeroi. 1696. Poland:— Death of Sobieski — succeeded by 1697. Frederick Augustus I. Sweden: — Charles XII. (15 years old) becomes king. Russia: — I n trod uc- tion of various manufac- tures — equipment of a fleet, etc. 1699. Denmark: — F r e d - ericklV. becomes king. Alliance of Denmark, Russia, and Poland against Charles XII. of Sweden. 1 62 TABULAR VIEWS I700 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. Great Britain. France. 1700 Academy of Sciences at Berlin founded. Massillon, pulpit orator, in France. Godfrey Kneller, English 1700. A British fleet sent to assist Charles XII., of Sweden. painter. 1701. Yale Col- 1701. War of the Spanish succession. Cotton Mather's Magnolia: lege founded . Clarendon's History of the Grand Rebellion. 1702 Incorporation of the 1702. Beginning 1702. The French invade Holland United British East ofQueenAnne's under Boufflers — repulsed by India Company. War. Marlborough . Anne becomes queen 1703 St. Petersburg founded. 1703.Appalachian 1703. Methuen treaty 1703. Revolt Swift's Tale of a Tub pub- Indians sub- of commerce with of the lished. dued in the Portugal. Camisards Flourishing period of Carolinas. suppressed French literature. — Maine ravag- by Mar- Great splendor in the ed by French shal Villars, French court. and Indians. 1704. DeerfieM 1704. Marlborough enters Germany, attacked by gains the battle of Blenheim. the French. Gibraltar taken by Boston News- Rooke. Letter, fi r s t 1705 Death of Spener, founder Am erican of Pietism. periodical. 1706. Carolina 1706. Battle of Ramillies, Villeroi threatened by defeated by Marlborough. the French and Spanish. 1707 Isaac "Watt's Hymns. 1707. Unsuccess- ful expedition 1707. Treaty of union with Scotland. against Port Victory of Almanza over the Royal. English and Portuguese by the French under Berwick. The first united parliament of Great Britain meets. 1708. The Say- 1708. Battle of Oudena irde, — French brook platform defeated. formed. Sardinia and Minorca captured by the English. Unsuccessful at- tempt of the Preten- der to land in Scot- land. 1708 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 163 A.D. Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1700 1701 1702 1704 1705 1706 1707 Clement XL, pope. Death of Char- les II., of Spain, who names the duke of Anjou as his successor. Spain:- -Philip V. Victory of Luzzara gained by the French over the imperialists. The archduke Charles enters Spain and is pro- claimed king. Barcelona taken by the allies. French driven from Italy by Prince Eugene after the battle of Turin. Portugal : — John V. English and Portuguese enter Madrid. All the Spanish possessions in Italy abandoned to the allies. Spain: — Battle of Almanza is fol- lowed by the downfall of the archduke. 1701. Prussia is erected into a kingdom under Frederick I. Grand alli- ance of The Hague, be- tween England, Holland, and the empire, to prevent the union of France and Spain. 1703. The Hun- garians rise under Ragot- 6kyand threat- en Vienna. 1703. Ahmed III. 1705. Joseph I. 1708. Hungarians under Ragot- sky defeated by the im- perial forces. 1700. Russia: — Peter the Great invades Ingria — - defeated by Charles XII., at Narva. War of the Northern Powers. 1701. Charles XII. invades Poland — is victorious at Riga. 1702. — enters Warsaw — takes Cracow. Victory of Pultusk. 1703. Charles wins the battle of Clissow. 1704. Poland: — The throne declared vacant and Stanislas Leszczynski elected king. 1706. The Swedes victor- ious over the Saxons and Russians at Frauen- staat. 1707. Charles XII. con- cludes peace of Altran- stadt in which Augustus abandons his claims to the Polish crown. 1708. Russia. — Revolt of the Cossack Mazeppa. 1708. Charles invades Russia, crosses the Dnieper, and is 164 TABULAR VIEWS 1709 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. Great Britain. France. 1710 1713 Berkely's Human Principles Knowledge. of The famous bull Unigeni tus against the French Jansenists. 1709. First paper money in New York. 1710. First post office at New York. Fruitless ex pedition against Canada. 1713. Queen Anne's War closed * by the treaty of Utrecht which gives Acadia to the English. 1717 The monastery of Mafra "the wonder of Portu gal," built. Prior, Steele, De Foe, Addison, Pope, flourish in England. Le Sage publishes his Gil Bias. 1709. The French un- der Villars defeated at Malplaquet. 1710. Victory of Vendome at Villa- viciosa. Dr. Sacheverell's' trial. — Collision of Whig and Tory prin- ciples. 1713. Peace of Utrecht. Perpetual separation of the crowns of France and Spain. England acquires Newfoundland, Acadia, and Hudson's Bay, also Minorca and Gibraltar. Spanish Netherlands ceded to Aus- tria; Dutch to hold Barrier forts against France; England ob- tains assiento from Spain; begin- ning of English naval and colonial supremacy. 1714. Factions at court — disgrace of Harley, chancellor of the ex- chequer. Death of the queen. House of Han- over: — George I. Townshend, pre- mier. 1715. Indian war in South Carolina. 1715. Insurrection of Jacobites. — Battles] of Sheriffmuir and Preston. War against Swe den. 1714. Peace of Ra- 6tadt: the em peror ack now - ledges Philip V- king of Spain on the cession of Lombar- dy, Naples, and Sar- dinia. 1715. Louis XV. Duke of Orleans re- gent. — Du- bois, minis- ter. lyiy a.d. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. I6 5 A.D. Italy, Sp^in, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1711 1714 Charles leaves Spain on be- coming emperor. Barcelona taken by Berwick. Alber- oni prime minis- ter of Spain. 1710. Treaty of The Hague between Eng- land, Holland, and the empire 1711. Charles VI. Ministry of Count Zin- zendorf. 1713. Pragmatic Sanction, vest- ing the sue - cession to Austria in the daughters of Charles. 1714. Peace of Rastadt and Baden with France. 1709. Charles XII. takes refuge at Bender — hence war with Rus- 1714. War of Venice with the Porte. 1715. Corinth taken by the Turks — the em - peror joins V e n i c e — 6iege of Corfu rais- ed on the news of their 1716.defeatat the battle of Peter- wardein. 1717. Prince Eugene takes Bel- grade. 1709. defeated at Pultowa. Sweden at war with Denmark. Poland: — Frederick Augustus reascends the throne. 1713. Prussia: — Frederick William I. 1714. Russia: — Naval vic- tory over the Swedes. Aland and Finland con- quered. 1715. Netherlands: — Bar- rier treaty with Austria. Sweden: — Return of Charles — Prussia and England join the alliance against him. i66 TABULAR VIEWS I718 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. Great Britain. France. 1718 1719 The "Appellants" in France, headed by the Cardinal de Noailles appeal from the bull Unigenitus to a gen eral council ; but without effect. Robinson Crusoe. 1718. New Or leans settled by the French. 1719. First Phil adelphia news paper. 1718. Quadruple alliance: the em- peror, England, Holland, and France against the designs of Spain. 1719. Unsuccessful attempt to invade Scotland by tht Spaniards. "The South Sea Scheme." 1719 A - D - OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 167 A.D. Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World elsewhere. 1718. Quadruple aLiance against Spain. 1719. Italy:- Sicily invaded by the Spanish. Spain : — Alb er - oni falls from power. 1718. Peace of Passaro- witz, tween Porte, nice, the empire. Hungary lost to the Turks. be the Ve- and 1718. Charles XII. invades Norway; is killed at the siege of Fredericshall. 1719. Sweden: — Ulrica E 1 e o n o r a becomes queen. 168 TABULAR VIEWS 1720 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. England. 1721 1722 1725 1728 1731 1732 1735 1739 Inoculation introduced by Lady Montague. The same year introduced into Boston by Dr. Boylston. The Moravian establish ment at Herrnhut under the protection of Count Zinzendorf. Giovanni Battista Scienza Nuova. Vico's Behring'sStrait discovered In England: Pope, Swift, Young, Thompson, Watts, Lord Bolingbroke Doddridg e, Chesterfield. In France: J. B. Rous 6eau, Le Sage, Rollin Montes- quieu. 1723. Increase died. Mather the 1724. War against Abenaki Indians in Maine; Father Rale killed. Fort Dummer in Vermont built. 1725. First New York newspaper. 1727. Great earthquake in New England. 1728. Cotton Mather died. Discovery of diamond mines in Brazil. 1729. The Carolinas sepa- rated. Halley, astronomer. First lodge of Freemasons in America, at Philadelphia. Birth of Washington. Linnaeus publishes his Systema Nature. Hume's Treatise on Human Nature. 1720. Bursting of the "South Sea bubble." 1721. Sir Robert Wal pole's ministry begins. 1732. Birth of Washington. 1733. Savannah founded. 1734. Beginning of the Great Awakening in New England. — Arrest of the printer Zenger in New York. 1724. Swift's Letters. Drapier's 1725. League of Hanover or Herrenhausen by England, France, and Prussia against Spain and Austria. 1727. George I. dies at Osnaburg. George II. king. 1728. Peace of Pardo with Spain. 1729. Treaty of Seville, be- tween France, Spain, England, and Holland. 1731. Treaty of Vienna with Spain and the empire. 1738 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 169 A.D. France. Spain and Portugal. 1720| John Law, controller general of the ti nances. 172; 1724 -25 1726 1728 -29 1733 1734 1735 Louis XV. assumes the government and the Regency comes to an end Duke de Bourbon minister. Congress of Cambray to consider claims of Spain and Aus tria. Ministry of Cardinal Fleury. Congress of Soissons, including all the great powers ex- cepting Russia meets, and is dis- solved, without effecting anything War of the Polish succession: France Spain, and Sardinia against Austria. ConquestofLorraine. 1734. Conquest Preliminaries ot peace at Vienna not concluded till 1738. 1724. Spain:- Philip V. ab dicates but resumes pow- er after some months. Germany. The World, elsewhere. 1720. Austria ob tains Sicily in exchange for Sardinia which is ceded to Savoy. 1722. Charles VI establishes the Ostend Com pany. 1725. Treaty of Vienna, alliance between ooain and Austria. of Maples and Sicily by Don Carlos. 1731. Charles VI abandons the Ostend Com pany. 1733. War of the Polish succes sion. 1735. Prelimina ries of Vienna final peace not concluded till 1738. 1720. Sweden :-The queen abdicates in favor of her husband, Frederick I. 1721. Italy: — Innocent XIII., pope. Peace of Nystadt between Sweden and Russia. Russia: — Peter as- sumes the title "Empe- ror of all the Russias The Danes re-enter Greenland. 1723. Italy:— John Gaston (de' Medici), grand duke of Tuscany. Turkey:— The Turks and Russians attempt to dismember Persia. 1724. Italy:— Benedict XIII., pope. 1725. Russia: — Catherine I., widow of Peter. Turkey: — Invasion of 1726. Russia:— Alliance with Austria. Peter II. 1727. Turkey: — Peace of Bagdad with Persia. 1730. Denmark: — Chris- tian VI. Italy: — Clement XII. pope. Russia: — Anne. 1733. Poland:— Frederick Augustus II. The diet elects Stanislaus, but is compelled by the Rus- sian army to elect Frederick. 1734. Stanislaus besieged in Dantzic, escapes to Konigsberg. Turkey: — Turks dri- ven from Persia by Nadr Shah. 1736. — war with Russia and Austria. 1737. Italy: — Francis of Lorraine, grand duke of Tuscany. 170 TABULAR VIEWS 1739 A.D. Progress of Society, etc America. Great Britain. 1747 L. Holberg, Danish dra- matist. Frederick the Great makes great improvements in military tactics. Durante, Handel, and Seb. Bach, musical compos ers. Indigo first produced in Carolina. Swedenborg, philosopher and theologian. Mosheim, ecclesiastical his- torian. 1742. Invasion of Florida by Indians and Span iards — repulsed. 1745. Louisburg and Cape Breton taken from France by the English. 1746. College of New Jer- sey at Princeton found- ed. 1748. Peace of Aix-la- Chapelle restores Louis- burg to France; Ohio Company founded. 1749. English settlement in Nova Scotia. Halifax founded. 1739. War with Spain (War of Tenkin's Ear). Porto Bello taken by Admiral Vernon. 1740. Anson's voyage round the world, and capture of the Manila galleon. 1744.Englisn fleet defeated near Toulon. 1745. Scotch rebellion — Charles Edward lands in Scotland. 1746. He is defeated at Culloden. 1747. Victories over the French off Belle-Isle and Cape Finisterre. 1748. Peace of Aix-la- restitution of conquests. 175 T A - D - OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 171 A.D. France. Spain and Portugal. Germany. The World, elsewhere. 1740 1743 1744 1745 War of the Austrian succession. French defeated by the allies at Det- tingen. War declared against England and Aus- tria. Battle of Fontenoy, allies defeated. 746 The French under Marshal Saxe over- run the Austrian Netherlands; Mad- ras taken from the English. 1747 Marshal Saxe defeats the duke of Cum- berland at Law- feld. French fleet defeated by Hawke off Belle-Isle. Chapelle. — m u t u a 1 1739. War with Eng- land, for in fractions of the assiento treaty. 1746. Ferdi nand VI., in Spain. 1740. War of the Austrian suc- cession.— Maria Theresa suc- ceeds to the hereditary States. Frederick II. invades Silesia. 1741. The French and Bavarians overrun Aus- tria, take Pra- gue, and 1742. crown Char- les VI I emperor Treaty of Berlin between Prussia and Austria gives greater part of Silesia to for- mer. The French driven across the Rhine. 1745. Charles VII. dies. House of Lorraine: Francis I., husband of Maria Theresa, becomes em- peror; Prussian vict ories at Hohenfried- berg, Henners- d o r f , and Kes s elsdorf. End of second Silesian war. 1748. Peace of Aix-la -Chapelle; Spain and Prussia the only gainers by the war. 1739. India: — Invaded by Nadir Shah who takes and plunders Delhi. Turkey. — Turks vic- torious at Krotzka and conclude advantageous peace of Belgrade. 1740. Italy: — Benedict XIV., pope. Russia: — Ivan VI. under regency of Biron. 1741. Sweden: — War with Russia. Swedes driven out of Finland. Russia : — Elizabeth. 1743. — Peace of Abo with Sweden gives to Russia southern Finland. Turkey: — War with Persia. Defeat near Erivan. 1744. India: — Hostilities between French and English. 1 1 a 1 y: — N o r t h e r n Italy occupied by French and Spaniards, who take 1745. — Parma, Milan, and Piacenza. Genoa bom- barded by the English. 1746. — French and Span- iards driven from Lom- bardy. Denmark: — Fred- erick V. 1747. Netherlands:— Wil- liam IV., stadtholder. Persia: — Nadir Shah assassinated. 1751. Netherlands:— Wil. Ham V., stadtholder. Denmark : — Ministry of Count Bernstorff. Sweden: — House of Holstein-Gottorp: Adol- phus Frederick. 172 TABULAR VIEWS 1752 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. Great Britain. 1752 Franklin's discoveries electricity. England introduces the "New Style" Calendar. British Museum founded. 1753 British: Alan Ram say, Shenstone, Gray, Collins, Akenside, Churchill. French: Helvetius, J. J. Rous- seau. Germany: Gellert, Winck- elmann. 1761 1765 Hogarth, Wilson, and Joshua Reynolds, paint- ers. 1752. Hostilities between England and France over 1752. The new style intro- duced; the year hereafter commences Jan. 1. 1753. Washington's mis- sion to the French at Fort Le Bceuf. 1754. Washington builds Fort Necessity. — King's College (Columbia) founded. 1755. Defeat of Braddock. 1756. Oswego taken by the French. 1756. "Seven Years' Subsidiary alliance with Prussia. Ministry of William Pitt, the elder. 1757. Fort Wm. Henry 1757. Victory of Plassey, captured by the French. in India, won by Clive. Niebuhr's travels in Ara- bia. Wesley and Whitefield preachers. Philadephia Medical School, first in America. Appearance of Black- stone's Commentaries. 1758. Repulse of Aber- crombie at Ticonderoga Fort Du Quesne taken by the English; Louisburg captured by Gen. Amherst. 1759. Invasion of Canada —death of Wolfe- Quebec taken. Capture of Niagara Crown Point, and Ticon deroga. 1763. End of French War. the Old 1759. Naval victories over Lagos , and in Quiberon Surat, in India, taken. 1760. George III. 1761. Earl of Bute, mier. pre- 1762. War with Spain. Conquest of Havana, Trinidad, and Manila. 1763. Peace of Paris, be- and England; Canada Britain. 1765. Stamp Act resisted * 7 65. Bengal ceded to the in Massachusetts and East India Company by Virginia. the treaty of Allahabad. Stamp Act Congress at New York. I765 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 173 A.D. France Spain and Portugal. Germany. The World, elsewhere. the Ohio country. 1754 The loss of Dupleix's conquests in India. W £ 1757 17581 Invasion of Hanover by the French victorious at Hastenbeck, de feated at Ross bach. Defeat at Crefeldt on the Rhine. the French Bay. off Cape 1760 Loss of all Canada. 1761 The Bourbon Fam ily Compact. Capture of Belle-Isle by the English. tween France, Spain, ceded to Great 1764 Expulsion of the Jesuits. 1755. Earth- quake at Lisbon. 1759. Ill Charles in Spain 1756. Seven Years' War be tween Austria and Prussia. Invasion and conquest of Saxony, by Frederick II. Battle of Lo- bositz won. Alliance with France. 1757. Prussians victorious at Prague, Ross bach, and Leuthen; de- feated at Kol lin and Gross jagerndorf. 1758. French de feated at Cre feldt. 1759. and at Min den. Russians and Austrians de feat Frederick at Kunersdorf Dresden retak en. 1760. Frederick defeated at Landshut, vic- torious at Lieg- nitz and Tor- gau. 1762. Prussians victorious at Burkersdorf. 1763. Peace of; Hubertsburg. 1765. Joseph II. emperor. 1754. III. Turkey: — Othman 1755. Italy: — TheCorsi- cans under Paoli, revolt against Genoa. 1756. India: — Calcutta taken by Surajah Dow- lah of Bengal; the Black Hole. 1757. Turkey: — Mustapha III. '58. Italy : — Clement XIII., pope. 1761. India: — Siege and capture of Pondicherry, by the English. 1762. Kingdom of Mysore founded by Hyder Ali. Russia: — Peter III. Catherine II. 1764. Poland: — Stanislaus Poniatowski elected king. 1765. India:— Treaty of Allahabad. Establishment of a British Empire. Italy : — Peter Leopold, grand duke of Tuscany. *74 TABULAR VIEWS 1766 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. Great Britain. 1766 Wallis and Carteret's voy age of discovery in the South Seas. 1767 Spinning -jenny invented by Hargreaves in Eng- land. 1768, Cook's first voyage of dis covery. Bruce begins exploration of the Nile. Royal Academy of Arts in England; Joshua Reynolds first president. 1769 Letters of Junius. — Ark Wright's spinning frame; Watt's steam engine. 770 Whitefield dies at New bury port. 1771 First edition of the Ency clopaadia Britannica. 1774 Priestley discovers oxygen . 1766. Stamp Act repealed The Declaratory Act 1768. British troops Boston. 1766. Stamp Act repealed. New ministry under the earl of Chatham. 1767. First war with Hyder Ali in Mysore begins. 11,1768. The Wilkes agita- tion. 1769. Daniel Boone ex plores Kentucky. 1770. Boston Massacre. 1772. Hancock, S. Adams and Patrick Henry pro mote the Revolution. 1773. Tea destroyed at Boston. 1774. Boston Port Bill. Continental Congress at Philadelphia. 1775. American Revolutionary War. April 19, skirmish at 1775. Lord North's 1769. Hyder Ali plunders the Carnatic. 1770. Lord North, prime minister. 1772. Warren Hastings head of government in Bengal. The Boston Port Bill passed. Warren Hastings gov- ernor-general of India. ciliatory measures" re- jected by the colonies. Lexington, Second Continental Congress. June 17, battle of Bunker Hill. Washington, com mander-in -chief. Montgomery takes St. John's and Montreal, and falls at Quebec 1775 A - D - OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 175 A.D. France. 1766| Lorraine annexed to France on the death of Stanislaus Leszczynski 1768| Genoa cedes Corsica to France. Germany. The World, elsewhere. 1769 1770 1773 Paoli defeated and Corsica subdued. Marriage of the dauphin with Marie Antoinette Fall of Choiseul ; attack on the parlement; Ma dame DuBarry rules the king. 1774 1775 Avignon ceded to the pope after the suppression of the Jesuits. 1772. Joseph II. takes part in the first partition of Poland, the territory acquired being made in to the kingdom of Gali cia. Louis XVI. becomes king; Marie Antoinette queen. — Maurepas, prime minister; Turgot minister of finance. Malesherbes, minister of the interior. 1774. Austrians Bukovina. occupy 1766. Denmark: — Chris- tian VII. 1767. Spain: — Jesuits ex- pelled. India: — Hyder AH re- sists the English. 1768. War between Russia and the Ottoman Em- pire. Ali Bey, ruler of Egypt,- rebels against Turkey. 1769. Pope Clement XIV. The Russian army oc- cupies Wallachia and Moldavia. 1771. Sweden: — Gustavus III. succeeds. The Russians overrun the Crimea. 1772. First partition of Poland, among Russia, Prussia, and Austria. 1773. Ottoman Empire: — The Russians are re- §ulsed at Varna and ilistria. Pope Clement abol- ishes the order of Jesuits. Russia: — Revolt of the Cossack Pugatcheff, calling himself Czar Peter. Ottoman Empire: — Abdul Hamid succeeds. 1774. India: — Warren Hastings, first British governor-general . Peace of Kutchuk- Kainarji between Russia and Turkey. 1775. Pope Pius VI. Bassora taken by the Persians. 1776. India: — Lord Pigot, governor of Madras, im- prisoned by his own council. 176 TABULAR VIEWS I776 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1776 Appearance of Adam Smith's Wealth of Na- tions and the first vol- ume of Gibbon's Rome. In England: Goldsmith, Warburton, Johnson, Lowth, Garrick, Hume, Robertson, Blackstone, Adam Smith, Home Tooke Priestley, Horsley, Burke, Pitt, Fox, Cooper, Sheridan, McPherson, Burns, Kames Reid. 1778 1780 1781 France: Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Condillac, Jussieu, Lavoisier, La Harpe, Barthelemy, Buffon. Germany: Mosheim, Zimmermann Kant, Klopstock, Lessing, Wieland, Herder, Goethe, Sw: Linnaeus, It:Metastasio Russia: Kheraskov, Derzhavin, Bogdanovich Ivhemnitzer. Death of Voltaire and Rousseau. — Discovery of the Sandwich Islands by Captain Cook. Sunday Schools established in England, by Robert Raikes. Herschel's discovery of Uranus. Appearance of Kant's Kritik der reinen Ver- nunft. 1783 Air balloon of Montgolfier. 1784 1776. The British troops evacuate Boston. 1776. The city of London remonstrates against the American war. Moultrie defeats the English at Sullivan's Island. The British army takes possession of New York. Hessians hired for service in America. Declaration of Inde pendence, July 4. Americans under Put- nam and Sullivan de- feated on Long Island, Aug. 27. Battle of White Plains Oct. 28. Battle of Trenton, Dec. 26. 1777. Arrival of Lafayette. Capture of Ticonderoga by the British. Battles of Princeton, January 3; Bennington, Aug. 16; Brandywine, September 11, and Still- water, September 19. Philadelphia taken by the English. — Battle of Germantown, Oct. 4; Battle of Saratoga, Oct. 7; Gates receives Burgoyne's surrender, Oct. 17. Articles of confedera- tion, adopted Nov. 15. First American daily newspaper in Philadel- phia. 1778. Capture of Pondi- cherry in India. 1778 . Alliance with France. Battle of Monmouth, June 28. Arrival of the French fleet under D'Estaing. Massacre of Wyoming. Savannah taken by the English. 1779. Wayne recovers Stony Point. Paul Jones's victory off Flamborough Head, England. 1780. British take Charles- ton; battle of Camden; De Kalb killed. Treason of Arnold. Battle of King's Moun- tain. 1781. Battle of Cowpens gained by Morgan; bat ties of Guilford Court House, Hobkirk's Hill, and Eutaw Springs. Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Oct. 19. 1782. Rodney destroys De Grasse's fleet at Domini- ca. 1783. Peace of Versailles: Independence of the United States acknowledged by Great Britain. 1783. Pitt, the younger. 1780. War with Hyder Ali, who conquers the Car- natic. War with Holland. Gordon "No-Popery" riots in London. 1781. Naval victory off the Doggerbank. 1784. First ordinance for government of North- west Territory. premier. 1784. Peace with Tippoo Sahib. 1784 AD - OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 1/7 France. Germany. The World, elsewhere. 776 Necker, director of finance Silas Deane in Paris ob- tains help for the Ameri- can cause. 1777 Franklin in France. Lafayette sails for America, 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 Alliance with America. St. Vincent and Grenada taken by D'Estaing. Rochambeau sent to America. Necker resigns. Defeat of De Grasse in the West Indies, by Rodney. Peace of Versailles. 1778. "Wars of the Bava- varian succession " re- sulting from Joseph II. 's attempt to acquire ter- ritory in Bavaria. 1779. Congress and Peace of Teschen settles the differences arising from the Bavarian question. 1781. Joseph II. proclaims freedom of religion in his territories. 1782. Reforms of Joseph II. Punishment of death abolished. Monasteries suppressed. The pope visits the emperor, to dissuade him from hostilities against the church. 1784. Joseph II. attempts to open the Scheldt to navigation. 1777. Portugal : — Maria, queen. Spain:— Florida Blanca, foreign minister. 1778. India: — War between the English and the Mahrattas. 1779. Spain : — Alliance with the American colo- nists. 1780. Declaration of the armed neutrality by Russia, Denmark, and Sweden to protect neu- tral flags from the right of search claimed by Britain. Hyder Ali overruns the Carnatic. 1782. Gibraltar held against Spanish and French. India : — Rise of chief of Mahrattas. Tippoo sultan ofMysore. 1783. — alliance with the French. Crimea united to Russia . 1784. Pitt's India Bill: In- dian affairs placed under the Board of Control. i 7 8 TABULAR VIEWS I785 A.D.- a.d. 1 Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1785 La PeYouse begins voyage 1785. John Adams, first of exploration in the minister from the United South Pacific. States of America to Great Britain; Jefferson minister to France. 1786 Burns's Poems published. 1786. Shays's Rebellion in 1786. Warren Hastings Massachusetts. succeeded by Comwallis. 1787. General Convention 1787. Warren Hastings at Philadelphia. impeached. Federal Constitution of the United States, adopted. 1788 Appearance of the London 1788. Marietta in Ohio set- 1788. The king insane. Times. tled. Death of Charles Edward the last pretender. 1789 Herschel's telescope. 1789. George Washington Trial of Warren Hast- Talma, the celebrated president: ings. tragedian. Jefferson, Hamilton, Knox, Randolph, and Tom Paine, Jay form the cabinet. Fisher Ames. Hannah More, Gainsborough, Morland. Boguslawski, Krasicki, Polish authors. Alfieri, Italian poet. Gluck, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. 1791. First United States Bank. 1792. Kentucky admitted to the Union. United States Mint established. 179 2 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 179 France. Germany. The World, elsewhere. 1785 17S7 1788 The affair of the Diamond Necklace increases the unpopularity of Marie Antoinette. Financial difficulties. — New taxation; Calonne, Brienne, and Necker, ministers successively. Second meeting of the Notables. 1789 French Revolution. July 14, the Bastile stormed ; August 4, the Constitu- ent Assembly resolveson the abolition of feudal privileges; Oct. 5-6, the Paris mob marches on Versailles and brings the king to the Tuileries Nov. 2, the property of the church confiscated. 1790] July 14, the Feast of Fed- eration, the king accepts the newly drafted con stitution; Aug. 31, military uprising at Nancy suppressed by Bouille\ 1791 April 2, death of Mirabeau , the radical element gain control of the revolu tion; June 20, the royal family flee to Varennes they are brought back. Sept. 14, the king swears to the perfected con stitution; Oct. 1, the Legislative Assembly convenes. 792 April 20, war declared against Prussia and Austria; June 20, the mob invades the Tuil- eries; Aug. 10, the Tuileries stormed and the royal family lodged in the Temple; Sept 2 the Paris mob massacres the royalists in the prisons; Sept. 20, the cannonade of Valmy, a Republican success; Sept. 21, France de clared a Republic by the Convention; Nov. 6. Dumouriez defeats the Austrians at Jemappes 1785. Joseph's plan to ac- quire Bavaria frustrated by Frederick II., who form= Lhe " Fiirsten- bund." 1786. Prussia:— Death of Frederick the Great. — Frederick William II. 1788. War against Turkey. The Austrian Nether- lands revolt. 1790. Leopold II., empe peror. 1791. Conference of Pilnitz between Leopold II. and Frederick William II. of Prussia who issue a warning to the revolu tionary party in France. 1792. Francis II., emperor French take Spires, Mainz, and Longwy. — Lafayette imprisoned at Olmutz. 1787. Russia:— War with the Porte. 1788. Spain:— Charles IV. War between Sweden and Russia. 1789. Ottoman Empire: — Selim III. 1790. Tuscany; — Ferdi- nand III. 1792. IV. Sweden : — Gustavus i8o TABULAR VIEWS 1793 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1793 1794 1795 1796 Whitney's cotton gin. Ecole Polytechnique Paris founded. at Pestalozzi, educator. Mungo Park, African traveller. Institute of Francef ounded. Jenner begins vaccina- tion. 1799 Voltaic pile invented. 1793. Washington re-elec- ted. Neutrality in regard to France. 1793. First coalition against France, directed by Eng- land — Austria, the em- pire, Prussia, Sardinia, Spain, and Holland. 1794. Jay's treaty with England. Commencement of the navy — 6 frigates built. — French Whiskey Insurrection in Corsica. Pennsylvania. 1795. Wayne's treaty with the Western Indies. 1796. Washington declines a re-election. 1797. John Adams, second president. The X Y Z papers. 1798. War with France. Washington commander in-chief. The Alien and Sedition Laws; the Vir- ginia and Kentucky Resolutions. 1799. Death of Washington. 1800. Seat of government transferred to Washing- ton, D. C. driven from 1795. War with Holland. Cape of Good Hope taken. Warren Hastings ac- quitted. 1796. Outbreak of Irish rebellion. 1798. Irish rebellion. — Nelson's victory at the battle of the Nile. 1799. Second coalition against France.- — Serin- gapatam taken by the English and Tippoo Sahib killed. 1800. Union of England and Ireland effected. — Malta taken. l800 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 181 A.D. France. Germany. The World, elsewhere. 17931 Jan. 21, execution of Louis XVI.; March 18, Dumouriez defeated at Neerwinden; April, Committee of Public Safety under Dauton wields supreme power; July 13, assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday; Oct. 16, Jour- dan victorious at Watti gnies;Nov. 10, the wor- ship of Reason at Notre- Dame. 1794. March 24, execution of Hebert and his followers; April 5, execution of the Dantonists; June 8, Fes- tival of the Supreme Being; June 26, Jourdan victorious at Fleurus, Belgium conquered ; July 27-28, fall and death of Robespierre, end of the Reign of Terror. 1795|Oct. 5, popular insurrec- tion suppressed by Bar- ras and Napoleon Bona- parte; Oct. 26, Conven tion succeeded by Di- rectory. 1796 War in Italy. I Battles of Lodi, Castigli one, and Arcole. 1797 Hoche and Moreau's cele- brated passage of the Rhine. Revolution of lSthFructi- dor. Peace of Campo Formio 1798 1799 1800 1793. First coalition against France. 1795. Prussia concludes Peace of Basel with France, recognizing French conquests on the left bank of the Rhine in which Austria cedes Belgium and Lombardy receiving Venetia. Bonaparte's expedition to 1799. Second coalition Egypt. French fleet defeated by Nelson at Aboukir, Aug. 1-2. against France. The French enter Switzer land under Massena and Jourdan. Return of Bonaparte. Revolu tion of the 18th Bru- maire. Bonaparte, firsl consul. Battle of Marengo, Bonaparte defeats the Austrians under Melas. — Moreau's victory of Hohenlinden over the Austrians under the Archduke John. 1793. Second partition of Poland by Russia and Prussia. In Hayti freedom for negroes proclaimed by French Convention. 1794. Poland :— Revolt under Kosciuszko who is defeated at Maciejowice. — P r a g a (Warsaw) stormed by Suvoroff. 1795. Final partition of Poland — extinction of the kingdom. Holland conquered and the Batavian Re- public proclaimed. 1796. Russia:— Paul I. 1797. Venetian Republic extinguished by the peace of Campo Formio. 1798. Switzerland: — General revolution — The French erect the Helvetian Republic. Prussi a: — Frederick William III. India: — Marquis Wellesley, governor- general. 1799. Russians, under Suvoroft.win the battles of Cassano and Novi, but (under Korsakoff) are defeated at Zurich by Massena. 1800. Armed neutrality of the north. Pope Pius VII. 182 TABULAR VIEWS l80I A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1 1801 Piazzi discovers the aster - 1801. Thomas Jefferson, 1801 Battle of Alexandria. oid Ceres. third president. French defeated by Abercromby. Pitt re- signs, succeeded by Ad- dington. 1802. Ohio enters the 1802. Peace of Amiens. Union. 1803. Purchase of Louisi- 1803. Emmett's insurrec- ana. tion in Ireland. U. States frigate Philadelphia taken by the Tripolitans. 1804 First locomotive steam 1804. Decatur destroys 1804. Pitt again premier. engine used on the the Philadelphia. Merthyr Tydvil road in Preble bombards Wales. Tripoli. The Code Napolion pro- Burr kills Hamilton. mulgated in France. The Lewis and Clark 1804 Lewis and Clark's expedi- expedition sets out. -06 tion to the Rocky Moun- 1805. Jefferson re-elected 1805. Third coalition . tains. president. Nelson defeats the French and Spanish fleets off Trafalgar. 1806 General University (Uni- 1806. British Orders in 1806. Fourth coalition -11 versity of France) es- Council and Napoleon's against France. tablished by Napoleon, decrees seriously impair to superintend national American commerce. education. 1807 Fulton's first successful 1807. Embargo on all the 1807. Bill for the abolition trial of steamboats. ports of the United States. Trial of Aaron Burr for treason. The attack on the Chesapeake by the Leopard. of the slave trade, passed. 1808. I mportation of 1808. The English, under slaves abolished. Wellesley, enter Portu- gal as allies and win the battle of Vimeiro. 1809 University of Berlin found- 1809. James Madison, 1809. Fifth coalition. ed. fourth president. Embargo repealed ; Walcheren expedition. Battles of Corunna the non-intercourse act and Talavera in the passed. Peninsula. 1809 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 183 A.D. France. Germany. The World, elsewhere. 1801 Peace of Luneville; Germany west of the Rhine in the possession of France. 1802 Bonaparte elected presi dent of the Italian Re public. Peace of Amiens. Legion of Honor instituted 1803 Bank of France. War with England. 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 Duke D'Enghien shot. Bonaparte crowned as Na poleon I., emperor of the French. 1804. The German em- peror assumes the title of emperor of Austria. End of the Holy Roman Empire. Austrian campaign, battle of Austerlitz. Peace of Presburg. Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine. Victories of Auerstadt and Jena over the Prussians. Berlin decree against Brit- ish commerce. Victories of Eylau over the Prussians and Rus- sians and of Friedland over the latter are fol- lowed by the peacj of Tilsit in which Prussia loses her Polish terri- tories and her possessions west of the Elbe. — The duchy of Warsaw created for the king of Saxony and the king- dom of Westphalia for Jerome Bonaparte. Invasion of Portugal Conference at Erfurt be tween Napoleon, Alex ander I., and the Ger man princes. Battles of Eckmuhl, Aspern, and Wagram — Peace of Vienna. — Austria cedes territory to Russia Bavaria, and France; the Adriatic territories erected into the Illyrian Provinces. 1801. Russia: — Alexander I. The kingdom of Etruria erected. Danish fleet at Copenhagen de- feated by Nelson. 1802. Italian Republic: — Bonaparte president. 1803. India:— Great Mah- ratta war. French driven from Hayti. 1804. Russia:— War with Persia breaks out. India: — War between the English and Holkar. 1806. Holland:— Louis Bo- naparte, king. 1807. Ottoman Empire: Mustapha IV. 1808. Spain:— Ferdinand VII. and Charles IV. compelled to renounce their claims; Joseph Bo- naparte made king. Naples: — Murat king. Denmark : — Frederick VI. Ottoman Empire: — Mahmud II. 1809. Sweden: — C h a r 1 e s XIII.; Bernadotte be- comes prince royal. 1 84 TABULAR VIEWS l8lO A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc United States. Great Britain. 1811 1812 1810. George III. insane; battles of Ciudad Rod- rigo and Busaco. Appearance of Niebuhr's 1811. Engagement between 1811. George, prince of History of Rome American Board of Com missioners for Foreign Missions, founded. 1813 1814 1815 Shelley's Queen Mab. The Jesuits re-established by Pius VII. Words- worth's Excursion; Scott's Waverley. The North American Re- view established. Safety lamp invented by Sir Humphrey Davy. In England: Keats, Reg. Heber, Shelley, Crabbe.Sir WalterScott, Byron, Coleridge. Lamb, Montgomery, Hogg. In France: Mad. de Stael, Mad. de Genlis, Chateaubriand, Cuvier. Melendez Valdez, Spanish poet, Bilderdyk, Dutch. In Germany: W. Schlegel, F. Schlegel, Richter, Kotzebue; Weber and Spohr. the President and the Little Belt. Indians on the Wa- bash, defeated by Gov. Harrison at Tippecanoe. Wales, prince Regent, (the king being insane). Battles of Fuentes de Onoro and Albuera in the peninsula. 1812. War with Great Britain Invasion of Canada under Gen. Hull. Gen. Hull surrenders Detroit to the British. The Constitution captures the Guerriere. 1 1812. Lord Liverpool pre- mier. Wool victorious at Queenstown. Oct. 13. Captain Jones, in the Wasp captures the Frolic, Oct. 18. The United States, Captain Decatur, captures the British frigate Macedonian. The Constitution, Captain Bainbridge, captures the British frigate Java. Louisiana admitted into the Union. 1813. Perry's victory on Lake Erie. Battle of the Thames. Tecumseh killed. 1814. American victories atChippewa and Lundy's Lane; McDonough's vic- tory on Lake Champlain ; British repulsed from Baltimore; Hartford Convention. City of Washington burnt by the British. Peace of Ghent signed, Dec. 3 Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz stormed by Wellington. Battle of Salamanca. 1813. Battle of Vittoria and English invasion of France. Sixth coalit ion against France — Prussia Russia, Sweden, Great Britain, and Austria. 1814. Treaty of Chaumont between Austria, Prus- sia. Russia, and Great Britain. 1815. Battle of New Or- leans; British defeated by General Jackson, Jan 8. War against Algiers Fight between the Penguin and the Hornet 1815. Wellington victorious at Waterloo, June 18. Oppressive Corn Law enacted. 1815 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. I8 5 France. Germany. The World, elsewhere. 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 Napoleon marries Maria Louisa . — Continental peace except with Spain. Birth of the emperor's son; created king of Rome. Soult victorious in Spain — takes Badajoz: is de feated by the English at Albuera. Russian campaign. Battles of Smolensk and Borodino. Moscow entered by Na- poleon's army — and burned by the Russians. 1812. Austria in alliance with France against Russia. Victories of Liitzen, Baut- 1813. War of German inde zen, and Dresden, over pendence the allies. Austria joins the c alition. Battle of Leipsic — Bonaparte driven to the Rhine The allies enter Paris. Napoleon abdicates, and retires to Elba. House of Bourbon re 6tored: Louis XVIII. Bonaparte returns from Elba. The Hundred Days. Napoleon vie torious at Ligny. Bat tie of Waterloo. The allies enter Paris. Bona- parte banished to St Helena. 1815. Congress of Vienna effects the political re- construction of Europe Germanic Confedera- tion organized. 1810. South America:— Revolt of the Spanish colonies; uprisings in Venezuela, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Buenos Ayres, and Mexico. 1811. Revolution in Peru. 1812. Invasion of Russia by Napoleon. — Burning of Moscow. Kutusoff pursues the retreating French. Peace of Bucharest closes six years' war with Turkey and results in acquisition of part of Bessarabia and Mol- davia by Russia. 1813. South America: — Bol- ivar drives the Spaniards from Caracas. — Mexico declares its indepen- dence. 1814. Union of Holland and Belgium. — Peace of Kiel, between Denmark, Sweden, and England. Union of Sweden and Norway as two king- doms underone monarch. 1815. Netherlands: —Wil- liam I. The "Holy Alliance" — Russia, Prussia, and Austria, later joined by France. 1 86 TABULAR VIEWS 18 1 5 A.D.- A.D. United States. Great Britain. 1815. Abolition of the slave trade by the Congress of Vienna. IS 16 Second United States Bank chartered for 20 years, capital $35,000,000. 1817 1818 Invention of the kaleido- scope. Invention of the stetho- scope. — Appearance of Hallam's Europe During the Middle Ages. — Uni- versity of Bonn founded. 1819 Scott's Ivanhoe Oersted discovers electro- magnetism. 1822 1823 1825 1816. United States Bank incorporated. Indiana admitted. 1817. James Monroe, 5th president. Mississippi admitted. First Seminole War begins. 1818. Illinois admitted. Jackson seizes Pensa- cola. First passage of the Atlantic by steam, by the Savan- Hieroglyphics deciphered by Champollion. Huskisson's free trade sys- tem in England. Inland navigation of the United States: the Erie Canal opened. Publication of P e p ys ' s Diary. nah — New York to Liverpool. 1819. Cession of Florida by Spain. 1820. Missouri Compro- mise. Maine admitted. 1821. Monroe re-elected. Missouri admitted. 1823. The enunciation of the Monroe Doctrine. 1824-25. Lafayette's visit. 1825. Erie Canal opened. J. Q. Adams, 6th president. 1816. Bombardment of Algiers. — Rise of popu- lar agitation. — The Spa- Fields riots. 1817. Continued rioting and suspension of Habeas Corpus Act. 1819. The Peterloo mas- sacre and the Six Acts. 1820. George IV. Trial of Queen Caro- line. 1822. Canning, foreign minister. 1823. Canning opposes the Holy Alliance and fur- thers the independence of the South American colonies of Spain. 1824. Burmese war. 1825. Commercial treaty with Colombia and Mexico. 1825 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY I8 7 A.D. France. Austria, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1816 The Chambre Introuvable enters on a course of royalist reaction. 1818 1821 1822 1823 Congress of Aix-la-Chap- elle decides on the evac- uation of France by the foreign troops. — France joins the "Holy Al- liance." Death of Napoleon at St. Helena. Laws against the freedom of the press. French army enters Spain and restores Fer- dinand VII. 1824 Charles X. 1825 An indemnity of 1,000,000- 000 francs granted to the 6migr6s. 1816. The diet of the Ger- man Confederation as- sembles at Frankfort. 1817. Riseof the Burschen- schaft in Germany and liberal celebration at the Wartburg in con- nection with the ter- centennary of Luther's birth. 1819. Assassination of Kotzebue leads to the repressive Karlsbad De- crees against the liberal movement. 1820. Congress of Troppau decides to intervene in Naples. 1821. Congress of mon- archs at Laybach. — Greek insurrection in Moldavia under the leadership of Alexander Ypsilanti who is speedily overthrown. 1822. Congress of Verona declares itself against the Greek and Spanish uprisings. 1815. The Servians pse against Turkey under Milosh Obrenovitch. 1816. Portugal:— John VI. in Brazil. Union of Naples and Sicily under Ferdinand I. (IV.). 1817. Republic of the Ionian Islands. 1818. Sweden :— Charles XIV. (Bernadotte). India: — The Mahratta power completely over- thrown. South America: — Chilean independence established by battle of Maypu. 1819. Republic of Colom- bia, Bolivar, president. 1821. Greek revolt in the Morea. South America: — Peru and Guatemala independent. 1822. Brazil declared an independent empire. Mexico: — Iturbide, emperor. Greek declaration of independence. Massacre of Scio and capture of Acropolis of Athens by patriots. 1823. Italy:— Leo XII. pope. 1824. Death of Lord Byron at Missolonghi. The Spaniards over- whelmed by General Sucre at Ayacucho in Peru. 1825. Russia:— Nicholas I. i88 TABULAR VIEWS 1826 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1826 Foundation of London 1826. Death of Jefferson 1826. England annexes University. and John Adams, July Assam at the conclusion Alexander Volta dies, dis- 4 The Panama Con- of the Burmese war. coverer of the Voltaic gress. battery. In England: France: Jeremy Ben- Talma, tra- tham, gedian, Thomas Segur, Chalmers, La Place, W. Kirby, Beranger, Hallam, Lamartine. Lingard, Wordsworth, Southey, Germany: Campbell, Meyerbeer, Moore, Gall, Leigh Hunt, Spurzheim. Mrs. Hemans, Bulwer, "Barry Corn- Sweden: wall." Tegner, Dahlgren. Russia: Karamsin, Pushkin, Italy: Lermontoff, Rossini, Krilov. Paganini. U. S. A.: N. Webster, Wheaton, Irving, Kent, Cooper, Story, Garrison, Gallatin, Wirt, Livingston, Marshall, Channing. 1827. Completion of first 1827. Canning as prime railway in America at minister furthers the Quincy, Mass. cause of Greece. Treaty of London, between England, Rus- sia, and France, pre- pares way for Greek in- dependence. 1828. Enactment of a high 1828. Wellington ministry. protective tariff — the Disturbances in Ireland. Tariff of Abominations. 1829. General Jackson, 7th president of the United 1829. Catholic emancipa- tion. States. England, Russia, and Beginning of the Spain decide upon Greek Spoils System. independence. 1830 Liverpool and Manchester 1830. The Webster-Hayne 1830. William IV.— Earl Railroad opened. debate in Congress con- Grey, minister. The two Landers succeed cerning States Rights. in tracing the Niger from Lake Tchad to the ocean. 183O A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 189 France. The World, elsewhere. 1827 1828 1829 1830 1826. Russia: — War with Persia. Portugal: — Maria da Gloria, queen. Greece: — Missolonghi and Athens (1827) taken by the Turks. Disbanding of the National Guard — creation of a new chamber of Peers. 1827. Treaty of London concluded by Russia, France and Great Britain in relation to Greece. Greece: — Battle of Navarino. The Russians take Erivan and Tabriz. The Turkish fleet is destroyed at Navarino by the allies; Greek independence practically accomplish- ed. Villele ministry succeeded 1828. by one under Marti- gnac. Polignac ministry. The French enter Algeria; Algiers taken. Three Days' Revolution, July 27, 28, and 29. Lafayette, commander of the National Guard. Charles X. abdicates. Louis Philippe I. (House of Orleans). Portugal: — Dom Miguel usurps the throne. Russia: — War declared against Turkey. By the peace of Turkmantchai Persian Armenia is acquired. 1829. Italy:— Pius VIII., pope. The Russians cross the Balkans and enter Adrianople. Turkey recognizes independence of Greece and protectorate of Russia over Moldavia and Wallachia. Venezuela separates from Colombia under the leadership of General Paez. 1830. Greek independence declared by the Great Powers. Belgium revolts from Holland, and is declared independent by the Great Powers. Polish struggle for nationality begins, November. 190 TABULAR VIEWS 183 1 A.D.- A.D. United States. Great Britain. 1831 1832 183S 1834 1835 1836 1837 The Factory Bill in Eng- land, limiting the hours of labor for children. 1831. The king of the Netherlands makes his award on the northeastern boundary between the United States and the British provinces. The publication of the 1831. Lord John Russell's Reform Bill in England — Extension of suffrage. Trade unions in England, France, Germany, Swit- zerland, etc. Slavery abolished in the British colonies. jirard College, at Phila- delphia, commenced. Inquisition abolished in Spain. De Tocqueville's History of Democracy in A merica. James Smithson's bequest of £100 000 tothe United States for the establish- ment of an institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men," becomes operative. The Luxor obelisk erected at Paris. S. F. B. Morse takes out a patent for his electro- magnetic telegraph (in- vented 1832). Appearance of Carlyle's French Revolution and Dickens's Pickwick Pa- pers. Reform Bill introduced. Cholera first appears in England. London Conference settles affairs of Belgium and Holland. 1832. Reform Bill passed. 1833. Captain Ross returns from his voyage of dis- covery in search of a Northwest Passage. 1834. Sir Robert Peel, premier. Liberator begun by Gar- rison. 1832. Nullification in South Carolina.— General Jack- son's celebrated procla- mation. — Organization of the New England Anti -Slavery Society — General Jackson enters upon second term in the Presidency. 1833. Clay's Compromise Tariff. Removal of the de- posits of the United States from the U. S. Bank. 1834. The president cen- sured by the Senate for removing the deposits. 1835. Great Fire in New York. _ Beginning of the sec- ond Seminole war. 1836. The national debt of 1836. England takes part the United States being in the suppression of paid, the surplus revenue the Carlists in Spain, is divided among the States. Massacre of the Ala- mo and the defeat of the Mexicans by the Texans at San Jacinto. The independence of Texas acknowledged. 1837. Martin Van Buren, 1837. Victoria queen. 8th president. Financial crisis. Insurrection in Canada headed by Papineau. 1838. Congress refuses to receive anti-slavery pe- titions. 1838 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. IQI A.D. France. The World, elsewhere. 1832 1833 1834 1836 1837 1838 Republican uprising in Paris during funeral of General Lamarque. Ministry of Marshal Soult. French enter Belgium to enforce decision of Lon- don Conference; they take Antwerp. Guizot organizes common school education. Death of Lafayette. Insurrection attempted by Louis Napoleon at Stras- burg. Constantine in Algeria taken. Talleyrand dies. Difficulty with Mexico: capture of San Juan d'Ulloa. 1831. Brazil: — Revolution; Dom Pedro II., emperor. Belgium: — Leopold I., king. The Poles defeated at Ostrolenka; Warsaw capitulates. Italy: — Gregory XVI., pope. 1832. The kingdom of Greece founded; Otho I., Poland: — The insurrection crushed and Poland incorporated with Russia; thousands of families sent to Siberia. 1833. Spain: — Isabella II., queen; Don Carlos claims the throne. Portugal: — Dom Pedro overthrown and a con- stitutional monarchy restored. Egypt: — Mehemet Ali receives Syria from the Sultan. Mexico: — Santa Anna, president. 1834. Quadruple alliance — England, France, Spain, and Portugal, against Dom Miguel and Don Carlos. 1835. Austria: — Ferdinand I., emperor. 1836. Spain: — The queen regent adopts the consti- tution of 1812. 1838. Mexico: — The castle of San Juan d'Ulloa taken by the French. 192 TABULAR VIEWS 1839 A.D.- a.d. Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1839 1840 1841 The daguerreotype vented in Paris. Penny postage system in England. Wheatstone's improve- ment of the electric telegraph in England. Appearance of Emerson's Essays. 1842 The old Croton Aqueduct in New York completed. Bain's electro - magnetic telegraph patented in London. Gutta percha in use. 1844 1845 1846 A great defection from the Roman Catholic Church under Ronge, in Ger- many, who founds the German Catholic Church. Lord Rosse's telescope. Discovery of the planet Neptune, predicted by Leverrier and Adams. 1839. Disturbances in the "disputed territory," between Maine and New Brunswick. — The Liber- ty Party formed. Begininning of Anti- Rentism in New York. 1840. Establishment of In- dependent Treasury. 1839. The British take possession of Ghuzni and Cabul in Afghanistan. — Outbreak of opium war with China. The rise of the Chart- ist agitation. 1840. The uniform penny postage system estab- lished. Marriage of Queen Victoria to Prince Al- bert of Saxe-Coburg. War in Syria: Great Britain taking part with Austria and Turkey against Mehemet Ali of Egypt. Lord Palmer- ston's foreign policy excites the ill-will of France, Chartist riots. 1841. W. H. Harrison, 9th president. He dies April 4. John Tyler succeeds him, as 10th president. Failure of the attempt to restore the United States Bank owing to the opposition of the president. 1842. The Dorr Insur- 1842. The war with China rection in Rhode Island. ended: Hong-Kong ceded to Great Britain; Chinese ports opened to trade. British disasters in Afghanistan. Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the U. S. and England, settling the northeastern boundary. End of the Seminole 1843. Great "Repeal" agitation in Ireland. The giant meeting on Tara Hill and the arrest of O'Connell. The British gain pos- session of Scinde. to 1844. Daniel O Connell's trial and imprisonment — the sentence reversed by the House of Lords. 1845. Texas annexed the United States. Anti-rent riots in New York. James K. Polk, 11th president. 1846. War with Mexico. Hostilities commence ontheRioGrande, April 24. Battle of Palo Alto, May 8. Battle of Resaca de la Palma, May 9. 1845. Sir John Franklin sails in search of the Northwest Passage. The outbreak of the Sikh war. 1846. Famine in Ireland; the repeal of the Corn Laws. 1846 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 193 A.D. France. The World, elsewhere. 1840 1842 1844 1846 Prince Louis Napoleon at- tempts a hostile descent on the coast of France, near Boulogne — is taken prisoner, and imprisoned at Ham. Thiers retires : Guizot minister for foreign affairs. The remains of Napoleon removed from St. Hele- na, and deposited with great honours at the Invalides, in Paris. The duke of Orleans, heir to the throne, killed by a fall from his carriage. Successful Morocco. with Louis Napoleon escapes from Ham, May 25. 1839. Peace between France and Mexico. China: — The opium trade forbidden. Turkey at war with Egypt. The Turks crushed by Ibrahim Pasha at Nisib. Mahmud II. suc- ceeded by Abdul Medjid who formulates reforms in the Hatji-sherif of Gulhane. India: — Ghuzni taken by the British. Denmark: — Christian VIII. succeeds. 1840. China: — Canton blockaded by the English, to compel the renewal of the opium trade. Holland: — William I. abdicates. William II. succeeds. Syria: — Acre taken by the English, Austrian6, and Turks. Spain:— Carlist insurrection suppressed. 1841. China: — Canton taken by the British. Mexico: — Santa Anna enters the capital and places himself at the head of the government. Spain: — Espartero made regent. Turkey: — Mehemet Ali recognized as hereditary ruler of Egypt. 1842. India: — British withdraw from Afghanistan. Natal taken by the British. China: — Peace with Great Britain; Hong-Kong ceded. 1843. Spain: — The Regent Espartero overthrown by Narvaez. Personal rule of Isabella II. Greece: — King Otho compelled to accept constitution, Sept. 15. India: — Scinde annexed to the British Empire. 1846. Poland: — An unsuccessful insurrection at Cracow. The city deprived of its independence and annexed to Austria. Rome: — Pius IX., pope; he inaugurates a liberal era. 194 TABULAR VIEWS 1846 A.D.- A.D. Progress of'Society, etc United States. Great Britain. 1846 1848 The planet Neptune dis- covered. — Use of ethei by Morton in Boston. Grote's History oj Greece begun. Appearance of Thackeray's Vanity Fair, Lowell's Biglow Papers,a.nd Mill's Political Economy. Gold discovered in California. 1846. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain, settling the Northwestern Boundary, signed at London, June 18. Commodore Sloat takes possession of Cali fornia, July 6. New tariff bill passed establishing ad valorem duties. Capture of Monterey, September 24. Tampico occupied No- vember 14. 1847. Battle of Buena Vista, February 23 Vera Cruz surrenders, March 29 Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18. Battle of Contreras August 20. Battle of Molino6 del Rey, September 8. Battle of Chapultepec, September 13 Mexico surrenders, September 14. 1848. Treaty of Peace with 1848. Disorders in Ireland. Mexico signed at Guada- Chartist meeting in loupe Hildalgo, Feb. 2. London, April 10. John Mitchell tried and condemned to trans- portation, May. Postal convention between the United States and 1847. Severe famine con- tinues in Ireland. Large supplies of food sent from the United States; ex- tensive emigration. Death of O'Connell. Extensive emigration from this year, particularly form Great Britain. Formation of the Free| Soil Party Europe to America during Ireland Corpus Act in Ireland , Habeas suspended July. Smith O'Brien arrest- ed and Condemned, Aug. 5. 1848 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 195 A.D. France. Austria, Prussia, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1847 Reform banquets in Stras burg, Chartres, etc. Michelet's lectures inter- rupted by the ministers, Dec. Abd-el-Kader surrenders, Dec. 22. 1848 Debate on the Reform Bill, Feb. 8. Proposed banquet at Pa- ris, abandoned, Feb. 21. Revolution commenced, Feb. 22. Barricades erected, Feb. 23. Guizot dismissed. Louis Philippe abdicates and flies, Feb. 24. Provisional government established. Lamartine, provisional president, Feb. 24. French Republic pro- claimed, Feb. 27. Meeting of the National Assembly, May 4. Socialist insurrection, May 15. Bloody insurrection Paris, June 23-26. Cavaignac, military dicta- tor, June 24. Paris in a state of siege. New Constitution adopted, Nov. 4. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected president, Dec 10. 1846. Austria takes possession of Cra- cow. 1847.Prussia:— Fred erick William as- sembles the United Diet. 1848. Revolution in Vienna and fall of Metternich, March 13; revolution in Buda-Pesth, Mar. 15-17; insurrection in Berlin, Mar. 18- 19; German Vor parlament meets at Frankfort Mar. 31 Prussia at war with Denmark April; Emperor flees from Vienna May 17; insurrec tion at Prague ; meeting of Hun- garian N a t i o n a 1 assembly, July 5 Hungarians pre- pare for war against Austria, Sept . : They defeat the Croatian Ban Jellachich, Sept. 29. Insurrection at Vienna, Oct. 6. The emperor leaves the city . The Hungarian army advances within 6 miles of Vienna, Oct. 11. Windischgratz ap- pointed comman- der of the imperial army. 1847. Hayti: — Soulouque, presi- dent, March 2. Sardinia: — Charles Albert initiates reforms. Algiers: — Abd-el-Kader made a prisoner, Dec. 22. 1848. Italy:— Sicily in revolu- tion — Constitutions granted in Sardinia, Tuscany, and Rome; Northern Italy rises against Austria — Charles Albert of Sardinia declares war against Austria in March; the Sar- dinians defeated at Custozza in July and Austrians occupy Milan. Insurrection in Rome against the pope, and assassination of his chief minister, Rossi, Nov. Bavaria: — Disturbances on account of Lola Montez — the king abdicates in favor of his son, Maximilian II, March 20. Denmark: — Frederick VII., king; revolt of Schleswig- Holstein, March. Poland : — Unsuccessful re- volt at Cracow, April. Sicily declares itself inde- pendent, April. Holland receives a constitu- tion, April. Sicily: — The duke of Genoa elected king, July 10. Armistice signed between Denmark, Prussia, and Swe- den, Aug. 26. Sicily: — Messina bombarded and taken, by the royal forces Sept. 7. 196 TABULAR VIEWS 1848 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1849 Emigration from Europe to America during this year at the rate of 1000 a day. 1849. Zachary Taylor, 12th president. 1850 Great agitation on the Slavery Question in the United States Congress. University founded at Sydney, New South Wales . in 1850: EUROPE. Wordsworth, Deaths u. s. A. A. Judson, S. M. Fuller, John C. Calhoun, Zachary Taylor. Jeffrey, Neander, Louis Philippe, Balzac, Rob't Peel, Woman's Rights Conven tion, held at Worcester Mass., Oct. 23. 1850. Death of President Taylor. Millard Fillmore, 13th president. California admitted. Texas boundary settled by the payment of 10,000,000 dollars to Texas. New Mexico and Utah organized as Territories Bill for the arrest of fugitive slaves passed by Congress. Slave trade in the District of Columbia abolished. 1849. Moultan, in India, taken Jan. 2; battle of Gujerat ends Sikh war; the Punjab is annexed. 1850. A British fleet block- ades the ports of Greece, to enforce the alleged claims of British sub- jects. Haynau, ' ' the Aus- trian butcher, " chastised by the draymen in Lon- don, Sept. 1850 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. I97 A.D. France. Austria, Prussia, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1850 Louis Philippe dies in Eng- land. French ambassador re- called from London, in consequence of a diffi- culty connected with an English claim on Greece, May 16. New electoral law, re- stricting the right of suffrage, passed, May 31 Arrangement with Eng land on the Greek dis- pute, June 21. Dotation Bill, giving the president 2 , 16 0,000 francs (8405,000) per annum, passed, June 24 1848. The emperor issues a proclama- tion against Vien- na. Hungarians driven from Vien- na, October 30. The Imperialists under Windisch gratz storm Vienna Oct. 31. Ferdinand abdi- cates, Dec. 2. Francis Joseph becomes emperor. The Prussian king promulgates a constitution. 1849. The Frankfort Parliament offers the imperial crown of Germany to the Prussian king who declines. Insur- rections in Dresden and Baden sup- pressed; National Assembly ends June 18; armistice between Denmark and Prussia, July 10. Russia brings aid to Austria against the Hunga- rians, Feb.; Hun- garians defeated at Kapolna, Feb. 26- 27 ; Hungary de- clares its indepen dence, April 14; Haynau crushes the Hungarians at Temesvar; Gorgey capitulates to the Russians at Vila- gos, Aug. 13; the Hungarian revo- lution is crushed. 1850. Prussia:— The king takes the oath required by the Constitution, Feb. 6. Attempt to assassinate him, May 22. Treaty signed at Munich between Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, and Wiir- temberg, to main- tain the German Union, Feb. 27. 1849. Italy:— Republic pro- claimed at Rome under Maz- zini and others, Feb. 8. The grand duke of Tuscany flies. Provisional govern- ment proclaimed, Feb. 9. Charles Albert of Sardinia defeated by Radetsky, March 21 — again totally defeated at Novara, March 23, he abdi- cates the throne in favor of his son, Victor Emanuel I. Insurrection in Genoa. April 1. Rome: — The French army, despatched to the aid of the pope, arrives under the walls of Rome, April 29. Rome surrenders to the French, July 2. Garibaldi leaves the city, July 3. The government placed in the hands of the pope's com- missioners, Aug. 3. Venice capitulates to Rad- etsky, Aug. 22. Austrian power in Northern Italy re-established. 1850. Rome: — The pope returns, April, and revokes liberal constitution. Greece disputes the claims of Great Britain for losses of British subjects: is forced to submit. China: — Outbreak of the Taiping rebellion. 198 TABULAR VIEWS 1850 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1850 Northwest Passage dis- covered by Capt. Mc- Clure in the Investigator Oct. 26. Imprisoned in the ice and does not reach England till 1854. The British consul at Charleston calls the at- tention of the governor of South Carolina to a law of that State, under which British seamen (colored) are imprisoned when they enter her ports for trade or in dis- tress, Dec. Appearance of Tennyson's In Memoriam; Dickens's David Copperfield; Wag- ner's Lohengrin. 1851 Jas. Richardson, the Afri- can traveller, dies at the village of Ungouratona, six days distant from Kuka, the capital of Bornou, March 4. According to the evi- dence of Mr. Baines be- fore a Committee of the House of Commons there were in Great Britain 13,193 places of worship dissenting from the tenets of the Es- tablished Church, to which may be added Roman Catholic chap- els, 597, minor sects and Jews, 550; total non-con- formist churches, 14,340. Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations, inaugurated by Queen Victoria, May 1, at the Crystal Palace. 1850. The Clayton-Bulwer treaty with England in regard to an inter- oceanic canal. Disunion Meetings held at Natchez (many present opposed to dis- union); at Yazoo City (resolutions proposed voted down), Oct. 7; at Nashville (this conven- tion passed resolutions recommending a con- gress of slaveholding States), Nov. 19. The Advance and Rescue, American ves- sels in search of Sir J. Franklin, completely fastened in the ice, Sept. 13. In their northerly drift reach lat. 75° 23', Oct. 1. Conventions held to amend the Constitutions of the States of Indiana (Oct. 7), Virginia (Oct. 14), Maryland (Nov. 4), New Hampshire (Nov. 6). Narcisso Lopez and others tried at New Or- leans for engaging in an expedition against Cuba, Dec. 17. Webster replies to Hulsemann on the rights of neutral nations, Dec. 21. 1851. Lopez lands in Cuba at the head of a filibus- tering expedition; is captured and executed. General Quitman of Mississippi arrested for alleged violation of the neutrality law of 1818, by setting on foot a military expedition against Cuba. He resigns his office of governor, Feb. 3. Initial point of the boundary between the United States and Mexi- co established on the right bank of the Rio Grande del Norte, in 32° 22' north latitude, and 219.4 meters from the centre of the bed of the river, April 24. 1850. Searches for Sir J. Franklin — the North Star returns to Spithead unsuccessful, Sept. 28. The Prince Albert ar- rives at Aberdeen with the intelligence that traces of his party had been found at Cape Reilly and Beechy Isl- and, at the entrance to Wellington Channel, Oct. 1. Appointment by the pope of several Roman Catholic bishops and archbishops in England causes great excitement, and an indignant letter from Lord Russell, the premier, Nov. 1851. A strong force of Kaffirs attacks Fort White, Cape of Good Hope, and are repulsed. The Kaffir chief, Her- manus, attacks Fort Beaufort, but is re- pulsed, he and his son killed, his band com- pletely routed. 3000 Kaffirs attack the colo- nists and their allies near Fort Hare; driven back with the loss of 100 killed, Jan. Col. Somerset captures and burns Fort Armstrong, Feb. 23. Tne Hottentots of the Theopolis Mission Sta- tionin Lower Albany join in the insurrection, May 31. They are defeated in actions with the Eng- lish troops on the 3d and 5th of June. 1 85 1 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. I99 A.D. France. Austria, Prussia, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1851 Presidential Dotation Bill, proposing an additional grant of 1,800, 000 francs, rejected in the Assembly, Feb. 18. The Sub -Committee of the Assembly, appointed by the Committee of Re- vision of the Constitu- tion to authenticate petitions, reports that up to July 1 the petitions had been signed by 1,123,165 persons thus classfied: For revision, 741,01 1 ; for revision and p'o'ongation of powers, 370,511; for prolonga- tion of powers, 12,103- — July 5. 1850.Wurtembergdenoun- 1850. Turkey: — Insurrec- ces the ambition of the tion in Bosnia, king of Prussia, and announces a league be- tween Wurtemberg, Ba- varia, and Saxony, un- der the sanction of Austria, March 15. The Union Parliament meets at Erfurt in M rch and April. Treaty of peace between Prussia and Denmark, July 2. Denmark: — Bloody bat- tle of Idstedt, be- tween the Danes and Schleswig-Holsteiners, July 25. Prussia refuses to join the restricted Diet of Frankfort, Aug. 25. Difficulties occurring in Hesse-Cassel, between the elector and his peo pie, in regard to the mode of taxation, Aus tria and Prussia re spectively send armies to the Electorate to take opposite parts in the struggle, Sept.-Nov Austrian ultimatum delivered at Berlin, di recting that Prussia evacuate Hesse in eight days, dissolve the Er furt League, and recog nize the Diet, etc., re- plied to by the Prussian king's signing the order calling out the whole military force of the monarchy, Nov. 6 Prussian prestige overthrown by Austria at the conference of Olmutz, Nov. 29, 1851. Denmark: — Schles- wig-Holstein yields to the Commissioners of the Germanic Con- federation, Jan. 10. 1851. The Austriangovernment and the Ottoman Porte come to the following settlement respecting the Hungarian refugees: Full and entire amnesty con- ditioned on their not attempting to enter Hungary. Eight excepted, among them Kos6uth and Bat- thyany, Feb. 17. Charles L. Brace, an American, arrested and imprisoned in Hungary on a charge of fomenting revolution, May 23. Unveiling of Rauch's colossal statue of Fred- erick the Great, at Ber lin, May 31. Australia : — Discovery of large gold fields near Bathurst, Feb. East Indies: — Fort of the celebrated pirate sultan of Sulu destroyed by the Spanish govern- ment of Manilla, Feb. 28. 200 TABULAR VIEWS 185 I A.D.- Progress of Society, etc United States. Great Britain 1851 Wyld's monster globe erected in London; em ployed 300 men nearly 30 days in fitting up the interior. The lord mayor of London, with several of the alder- men and common coun- cilmen, the royal com- missioners of the Expo- sition of Industry, etc., and the executive com- mittee of the royal com- missioners, leave Eng- land for France, by invitation of the prefect of the Seine. — Aug. 1. The inauguration of the rail - way between St. Peters- burg and Moscow, in Russia, takes place Sept. 1. The town of Lagos, on the coast of Africa, destroy- ed by an English force, because the native chief refused to sign a treaty for the effectual sup- pression of the slave trade in his domimions. The chief is deposed, and another substituted in his place, Dec. 26-27. Deaths in 1851. U. S. J. J. Audu- bon, S. Olin, J. F. Cooper, T. H. Gal- laudet, S. G. Morton Europe. Lord Bexley Joanna Baillie, Codrington, Sheil, Lingard, Daguerre, Soult, Oersted, Jacobi, Turner. Ruskin begins publication of Stores of Venice; Helmholtz invents the ophthalmoscope. 1851. Presidentissuesapro- clamation, warning all persons within the juris- diction of the United States not to aid or en- gage in any expedition against the Island of Cuba, April 25. Convention of dele- gates from the Southern Rights Associations of South Carolina meets at Charleston, May 5; and adjourns after resolving that, "with or without co-operation, they are for a dissolution of the Union," May 8. Erie Railroad opened from New York City to Dunkirk, 439 miles, by President Fillmore, Daniel Webster, etc., May 15. Serious conflagrations in California. San Fran- cisco alone suffers by them in May and June to the amount of $12,000,000. "Vigilance commit- tee" at San Francisco, enforces order by sum- mary execution. Nicaragua route, be- tween New York and San Francisco, opened, Aug. 12. Great riot in New Orleans, growing out of the Cuban expedition Houses of Spanish resi- dents attaciced. The Spanish consul is obliged to ask protection, and is placed in the city prison for safety, Aug. 21. Riot, with loss of life at Christiana, Pa., upon an attempt to arrest a fugitive slave, Sept. 11. U. S. brig Dolphin sails on an expedition to run a line of soundings for telegraphic purposes across the Atlantic, Oct. U. S. steam frigate Mississippi sent to Tur- key for Kossut h , receives him on board in the Dardanelles. The French government re- fuses to allow Kossuth to pass through France. 1851. The Russell Ministry resign, Feb. 22 ; but after- wards resume office, the Earl of Derby not hav- ing succeeded in forming a Cabinet. Hostilities with the Burmese. 1851. "The great aggregate meeting" of Roman Catholics, from all parts of the United Kingdom, for the inauguration of the Catholic defence as- sociation, is held at Dublin, Aug. 19. The American yacht "America," at the re- gatta at Cowes, wins "The cup of all nations," Aug. 22. Kossuth arrives by English steamer from Gibraltar, at Southamp- ton, Eng. Ovations are offered him in various parts of the country. He leaves for the United States, Nov. The submarine tele- graph between Dover and Calais completed Oct. 17. Opened for public use, Nov. 13. 185 1 a.d. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 201 France. Austria, Prussia, etc. The World, elsewhere. Revolution: Louis Napo- leon by a coup d'etat 6eizes the reins of gov- ernment; dissolves the National Assembly; de- clares a state of siege; arrests the leaders of the opposition; consti- tutes an entire new ministry. The president orders the restoration of universal suffrage; an immediate election by people and army of a president to hold office for ten years, to be sup- ported by a Council of State and two houses of Legislature. The vote of the army shows a large majority for Napoleon. Resistance to the usur- pation is shown in various parts of France, but the overwhelming power of the army and a "state of siege" in 33 departments crushes all opposition. The election, under various controll- ing influences, results in the confirmation of Na- poleon as president for ten years, by a vote of about seven out of eight millions. — Dec. 2-21. 1851. The Germanic Diet in answer to Lord Palmerston's protest against annexing the non-Germanic provin- ces of Austria to the Germanic Federation, says, "That no foreign interference should be allowed in a purely German question." — July 17. Marshal Radetzky, by proclamation from Monza.'declares the Lom- bardo-Venetian king- dom to be in a state of siege, July 19. The emperor of Austria urges the minis- ter president to tai elected president. Mar. 6. China. Kiau-Chau with surrounding zone leased to Germany for 99 years. Mar. 24. China: Port Ar- thur and Ta-lien-wan leased to Russia for 25 years. Apr. 5. China Kwang- chau-wan, in the south, ceded to France. June 15. France: Resigna- tion of the Meline, cabi- net; 28, Brisson forms a radical ministry. July 18. Smile Zola tried a second time and con- demned to a year's imprisonment: he es- capes to England. May Italy: The suspen sion of the duty on corn does not alleviate public disorder; sanguinary encounters between the citizens and the police in Milan. June 19. Italy: Fall of the Rudini cabinet; 29, A new ministry under General Pellonx. May. China: Wei-hai-wei occupied by the British. June 28. Japan: Okuma succeeds Ito as premier on the basis of party control. July Philippine Islands: The native insurgents under Aguinaldo occupy the province of Cavite and threaten Manila. Wei-hai-wei leased by China to Great Britain. 280 TABULAR VIEWS I898 A.D.- H.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. British Empire. 1898 1899 Aug. 28. The czar address- es to the powers an in- vitation to take part in a a conference looking to- wards the reduction of national armaments and the establishment of the principles of universal peace. Sept. Remains of Colum- bus at Havana exhumed for removal to Spain. During 1898 M. and Mme. Curie, French chemists discover the presence of two radio-active sub- stances in pitchblende, which they name po- lonium and radium. Deaths in 1898: T. F. Bay- ard, E. Bellamy, Bis- mark, W. Black, D. C. Buell, E. Burne-Jones, C. L. Dodgson, G. M. Ebers, Gladstone, G. P. Lathrop, H. G. Liddell, W. Pepper, P. Puvis de Chavannes, W. S. Rose- crans, F. Tennyson, D. A. Wells. Jan. 5. The corner-stone of the Gordon memorial college at Khartum laid by Lord Cromer. Feb. 12. Corner-stone laid for a great dam at Assouan in Egypt for the purpose of improv- ing the irrigation of the Nile valley. Mar. 27. Communication by the Marconi system of wireless telegraphy established between England and France. 1898 Aug. 12. Peace protocol with Spain signed; 13, Manila taken by U. S. land and naval forces; annexation of Hawaii carried into effect. Sept. 9. Appointment of commission to investi gate conduct of war de- partment during the war. Oct. 5. Indian outbreak in Leach Lake Reservation, Minnesota. Nov. 21. Sen. Quay of Pennsylvania indicted for misuse of state funds. Dec. 10. Definitive treaty of peace with Spain signed; Cuban indepen- dence acknowledged; Porto Rico, the Philip- pines, and Guam ceded to the United States. 1899 Jan. 17. The president ap- points a commission to visit the Philippines and to study conditions there. Feb 4. Outbreak of hos- tilitiesin the Philippines; Manila attacked by the insurgents; 6, the treaty of peace with Spain ratified by the Senate. Mar. Fierce fighting with the Filipino forces under Aguinaldo; the insur rection is in full swing. Apr. 21. Ex-Senator Quay of Pennsylvania ac- quitted on the charge of misappropriating state funds. 1808 Sept. 2. The Anglo-Egyp- tian forces under Kitch- ener utterly crush the Dervishes at Omdurman with tremendous loss to the enemy, and occupy Khartoum. Oct. Threatening corre- spondence with France on the Fashoda affair. 1899 Jan. 19. Great Britain en- ters into an agreement with Egypt for the government of the Su- dan. Feb. 6. Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman elected lead- er of the Liberal party. Mar. 21. Convention signed with France delineating the sphere of interest of the two countries in Central Africa. Apr. 30. Agreement signed with Russia providing against mutual interfer- ence with the railway policy of either power in China. 1899 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 28l France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. Aug. 31. Col. Henry of the French war office com- mits suicide after con fessing to the authorship of documents incrimi- nating Captain Dreyfus Sept. A French force under Major Marchand estab- lishes itself at Fashoda on the Nile and refuses to retire at Sir Kitchener's order; crisis precipitated between the two coun- tries. Oct. 25. France: Fall of the Brisson ministry. 29, the Court of Cassa- tion orders a supple- mentary investigation in the Dreyfus case; 31, C. Dupuy forms a new ministry. Nov. 5. The French gov- ernment decides to withdraw from Fashoda. Feb. 16. France: President Faure dies of apoplexy; 18. Emile Loubet elected to succeed him. Mar. Cecil Rhodes ne- gotiates with the German emperor concerning the construction of the Cape to Cairo railway through German territory. Apr. 28. Germany: The Reichstag passes a biil for the establishment of an imperial bank. 1898 Aug. 30. Austria-Hungary. The premiers of the two members of the mon- archy agree upon com- mon action looking towards the renewal of the Ausgleich of 1867. Sept. 10. Empress Eliza- beth of Austria assassi- nated by an anarchist at Geneva. Oct. 5. The powers demand the withdrawal of Turk- ish troops from Crete. Nov. 6. Crete evacuated by the Turks; 27, Prince George of Greece ap- pointed High Commis- sioner by the powers. 1899 Jan. 1. Austria-Hungary. The A usgleich prolonged for a year by imperial decree owing to parlia- mentary obstruction. Feb. Russia: The Finnish diet is deprived of the exclusive right of legis- lation and a thorough policy of Russification begun. Mar. 1. Spain: TheSagasta ministry resigns and is succeeded (4th) by a cabinet under Silvela. 1898 Aug. 6. Philippine Islands: Aguinaldo, having or- ganized a provisional government appeals to the powers for the recog- nition of Philippine independence. Sept. 21. China: By a coup d'6tat the dowager empress assumes the regency to the virtual exclusion of the Emperor Kwang-Hsu. Oct. China. The foreign legations at Pekin threatened by mobs and troops summoned to the capitol from the coast. Nov. 30. The union of the Central American states for foreign relations dissolved. Dec. Transvaal: Uitland- ers in Johannesburg appeal to the British government against the Transvaal authorities. 1899 Jan. 1. Cuba. End of Spanish sovereignty, military rule of the United States. Mar. 11. The Cuban as- sembly deposes Gen. Gomez from his com- mand because of dis- satisfaction with his negotiations with the United States concern- ing the payment of Cuban troops: he is later re-elected. Apr. 1. Samoa: In the civil strife prevailing in the islands, an Anglo- American column is ambushed with loss. Apr. 4. Cuba: The insur- gent army disbanded. 282 TABULAR VIEWS 1899 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1899 May 18. Opening of the Intnational Peace Con- ference at the Hague consisting of delegates from twenty-six states. June 15. The Court of Arbitration in the boundary dispute be- tween Venezuela and Great Britain begins its sessions at Paris. July 22. In an internation- al athletic meet at Lon- don, Yale and Harvard are defeated by Oxford and Cambridge. July 29. The Peace Con- ference at the Hague closes after establishing a permanent court of arbitration and modi- fying certain rules of warfare. Oct. 3. The Paris Tribunal in the Venezuelan arbi- tration case announces its decision, which is in nature a compromise. 1899 May 8. The Mazet com- mittee of the legislature begins the investigation of municipal corruption in New York City. July 17. Press representa- tives in the Philippine Islands protest against the military censorship; 19, Secretary of War, Alger, resigns as a re- sult of the scandals connected with the con- duct of the department during the Spanish- American war. Aug. Thomas B. Reed, ex -speaker of the House of Representatives, re- tires from public life. Sept. 26. Admiral Dewey arrives at New York on his return from the Philippines; great popu- lar enthusiasm. Oct. 1. Fruitless con- ference between Gen. Otis and Filipino com- missioners at Manila. Nov. 27. The U. S. govern- ment signifies its agree- ment with the action taken by Great Britain and Germany in respect to the Samoan Islands. 1899 May 31. Opening of an un- successful conference at Bloemfontein between Lord Milner and Presi- dent Kriiger of the Trans- vaal relative to the grievances of the Uit- landers. June 20. New South Wales accepts by popular vote the Federal Bill thus assuring the success of Australian federation. July 3. The crown takes possession of the terri- tories of the Niger Com- pany. Aug. — The British govern- ment refuses to abandon its claims to suzerainty over the Transvaal. Sept. 8. A cabinet council decides on increasing the British war strength in Natal. Oct. 9. The Transvaal gov- ernment presents an ultimatum requiring ac- ceptance within two days; 12, Boer forces in- vadeNatal ; 20, indecisive battle at Glencoe and 21, at Elandslaagte; 30, British defeated at Nicholson's Neck. By the end of the month Ladysmith, Kimberley, and Mafeking are closely invested. Nov. 23. British under Lord Methuen drive Boers from Belmont; and, 25, from Enslin or Grospan; 28, British fight with great loss at the Modder River. 1899 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 283 A.D. France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1899 May 30. France: Major Marchand, is received with tremendous en- thusiasm on his arri- val at Toulon. June 3. The French Court of Cassation annuls the sentence of Captain Dreyfus and orders his retrial by a court martial; 12, fall of the Dupuy ministry; 22, a new cabinet formed by Waldeck-Rousseau July. The new war minis ter, General de Galliffet punishes insubordination on the part of officers opposed to Captain Dreyfus. Aug. 7. Beginning of the second courtmartial of Capt. Dreyfus at Rennes Sept. 9. Captain Dreyfus found guilty by court martial and condemned to ten years' imprison- ment; 19, he is par doned by the president 1899 May 2. Italy: Fall of the Pelloux ministry; 14, reorganization of the Cabinet effected. June 2. Spain sells the Caroline, Pelew, and La- drone islands to Ger- many. June 28. Violent demon- strations in Belgium against proposed elec- toral law. Sept. 23. Austria: Fall of the Thun ministry; suc- ceeded by a cabinet under Clary (Oct. 2). Nov. 8. Germany enters in- to a treaty of partition with Great Britain in regard to the Samoan Islands. 1899 July 18. The Transvaal Volksraad offers the Uitlanders the franchise after seven years' resi- dence. July 26. President Heur- eaux of Santo Domingo assassinated. Aug. — The Transvaal gov- ernment offers a five years' franchise but demands abandonment of British claims of suzerainty. — Re vol u tion in Venezuela headed by Gen. Castro. Sept. 2. The Transvaal government withdraws its offer of a five years' franchise. Oct. 16. Cuba: The work of taking a census begins under direction of Amer- ican officials; Revolu- tion in Venezuela suc- cessful and Castro chos- en president. Nov. Egypt: The Khalifah overtaken and crushing- ly defeated at Om De- brikat in the Sudan, the Khalifah himself being slain. 284 TABULAR VIEWS 1899 A -D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. British Empire. 1899 1900 Deaths in 1899: G. Allen, R. P. Bland, Rosa Bon- heur, D. G. Brinton, E. Castelar, J. S. Clarke, C. F. Coghlan, J. A. Daly E. Erckmann, S. J. Field, R. G. Ingersoll, O. C. Marsh, D. L. Moody, Nubar Pasha, E. D. E. N. Southworth, E. Thayer. Jan. 10. Railroad connec- tion established between Cairo and Khartum in the Sudan. 1899 Dec. 19. Death of Major Gen. H. W. Lawton killed in action in the Philippines. March 29. A tribunal of arbitration declares against Portugal and in favor of the U. S. and Great Britain in the matter of the Delagoa Railway. Apr. 14. Opening of the International Exposition at Paris. June 15. Gen. MacArthur in command of the U. S. forces in the Philippines issues a proclamation of amnesty to the insur- gents. 1900 Jan. 30. Senator Goebel, Democratic candidate for governor in Kentucky assassinated by politi cal opponents; he is declared governor by a party in the legislature and dies after taking the oath. Feb. 5. The Hay-Paunce- forte treaty amending the Clayton-Bulwer treaty dealing with the construction of an Isth- mian Canal, signed at Washington. Mar. 14. The bill establish- ing the gold standard becomes law. Apr. 24. Matthew Quay, appointed senator from Pennsylvania, unseated by the senate. May. — Boer delegates visit the United States and are received by the president. June 21. The Republican National Convention at Philadelphia nominates William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt for president and vice-presi- dent; 30, burning of the docks of the Nord- deiitsche Lloyd in Hobo - ken with the loss of more than 200 lives. 1899 Dec. 10. British under Gen. Gatacre defeated at Stormberg; 11, British under Lord Methuen de- feated at Magersfontein ; 15, British under Gen. Buller disastrously de- feated at Colenso; 16, Field Marshal Roberts entrusted with the com- mand in Africa with Lord Kitchener as his chief of staff. 1900 Jan. 6. Desperate Boer assault on Ladvsmith repulsed, 23-24, British disaster at Spion Kop north of the Tugela River. Feb. 11. Lord Roberts be- gins his advance on Kim- berley; 15, Kimberley is relieved; 27, the Boer army under General Cronje compelled to sur- render at Paardeberg; 28, Ladysmith isrelieved. Mar. 13. The British under Lord Roberts occupy Bloemfontein, capital of Orange Free State; 27, Death of Piet Joubert, Boer commander-in- chief. Apr. 3. A large British force captured at Red- dersburg in the Orange Free State. The Boers conduct an extensive irregular warfare. May 17. Mafeking relieved; 28, Lord Roberts issues a proclamation annexing the Orange Free State as the Orange River Colony ; 31, British occupy Jo- hannesburg in the Trans- vaal. June 5. The British enter Pretoria, capitol of the South African Republic; The British at Kumassi Ashantiland besieged by natives (relieved in July). ICOO A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 285 A.D. France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1899 1900 Dec. 11. The German chancellor announces the initiation of a naval - programme looking towards the doubling of the naval strength of the country. 1899 Dec. 21. Austria: Resigna- tion of the Clary minis- try owing to failure to effect reconciliation be- tween the Czech and the German nationalties. Jan. Germany: Ill-feeling against Great Britain aroused by the seizure of German steamers in African waters. Feb. A bill introduced in the French Chamber providing for the pun ishment of ministers of religion who should criti- cise the public authori- ties. Mar. 8. France: The The- atre Francais destroyed by fire. 1900 Jan. — Spain: The Chambers of Commerce form a National Union for the purpose of encouraging parliamentary and ad- ministrative reform — A new Austrian ministry under Koerber. Feb. 20. Italy: The Court of Cassation declares the Public Safety Bill issued by decree null and par- liamentary obstruction revives. May 29. France: General de Galliffet, minister of war, resigns and is succeeded by General Andre. June. — France: The senate passes a bill putting an end to all criminal prose- cutions arising from the Dreyfus affair. Apr. 4. Belgium: Attempt on the life of the Prince of Wales (Edward VII.) by an anarchist at Brus- sels. June 21. Russia: Death of Muravieft, minister of foreign affairs ; succeeded by Count Lamsdorff. Italy: Resignation of the Pelloux ministry (18); succeeded by a Saracco cabinet. 1900 , . . Jan.— China: An imperial edict announces the virtual abdication of the emperor Kwang Hsu and names a son ot Prince Tuan as suc- cessor. Feb.— Samoa: The United States government ap- points a governor for the island of Tutuila and the harbor of Pango Pango. Mar.— China: The powers give pledges to the United States that no interference with com- merce on the ground of nationality shall be permitted — the so-called "open door." Apr.— China: Anti-foreign feeling approaches cul- mination; the "Boxers massacre native Chris- tians in the north of the empire. May 31. Continued Boxer outrages lead to the as- sembling of foreign war- ships at Taku; guards are summoned for the protection of the lega- tions at Pekin. June 10. China: An inter- national force leaves Tien Tsin for the relief of the Pekin legations; the Chinese govern- ment supports the Boxers; 17, the Taku forts fire upon the European fleet and are demolished and taken; 20, the German embassa- dor at Pekin murdered; 26, The allied column returns unsuccessfully to Tien -Tsin; the foreign- ers in Pekin are besieged in the legations. 286 TABULAR VIEWS I9OO A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States British Empire. 1900 1901 July 4. A statue of Lafay- ette, presented by American school child- ren, unveiled in Paris. July 7. A statue of W. E. Gladstone is unveiled at Athens. Sept. 6. The Arctic expe- dition under the Duke of the Abruzzi returns to Tromsoe, Norway, after attaining 86° 33', or 14' beyond Nansen's farth- est north. Oct. — Successful, tests of a dirigible balloon con- structed by Count Zep- pelin of Germany. Deaths in 1900: G. D. C, Duke of Argyll, V. D Benedetti, R. D. Black- more,, Prince de Join- ville, W. Liebknecht. J. Martineau.D. L. Moody, F. Max Miiller, M. Mun- kacsy, F. W. Nietzsche, Osman Pasha, Ruskin, John Sherman, H. Sidg- wick, W. Steinitz, Sir Arthur Sullivan, C. D. Warner. 1900 July 5. The Democratic National Convention at Kansas City nominates W. J. Bryan and A. E. Stevenson for president and vice-president. Aug. 18. Caleb Powers fo rmerly Secretary of State in Kentucky found guilty of com plicity in the assassina tion of William Goebel 1900 July 9. The bill constitut- ing the Commonwealth of Australia receives the royal assent; Guerilla warfare in Orange Free State; Surrender of Boer general Prinsloo. Aug. 2. Western Australia by referendum decides to join the Australian Commonwealth; 10. Plot at Pretoria to kidnap Lord Roberts, discover- ed. * Feb. — Mrs. Carrie Nation.of Kansas, begins a crusade against the liquor traffic by invading and de- molishing liquor shops. Sept. 8. Galveston, Tex., overwhelmed by a hurricane and tidal wave; over 6000 lives lost and the city utterly devastated. Oct. 30. The census bu- reau announces the population of the United States proper at more than 76,300,000. Nov. 6. William McKinley re-elected president by a great majority. Dec. 13. Senate adopts amendment to Hay Pauncefote treaty re serving to the U. S. the defense of the proposed interoceanic canal. 1901 Feb. 2. The army Reor- ganization Bill becomes law; the strength of the forces is raised to a maximum of 100,000 men; the army canteen is abolished. Sept. 1. Lord Roberts is- sues a proclamation an- nexing the South African Republic. Oct. 25. The Transvaal formally proclaimed a part of the British Empire as the Vaal River Colony. Nov. 16. Conspiracy against the life of Lord Roberts discovered at Johannesburg. Dec. 13. A British force under Gen. Clements de- feated by the Boers un- der Delarey at Nooitge- dacht in the Transvaal. 1901 Jan. 1. Inauguration of the Australian Common- wealth; 22. Death of Queen Victoria after a reign of 64 years; she is succeeded by her son, Edward VII. Feb. — A Boer force under Christian De Wet in- vades Cape Colony and raises fear of an insur- rection there. I9OI A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 287 France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. Aug. 2. France: Attempt on the life of the Shah in Paris. 8. Germany: Count von Waldersee appointed to the com- mand of the allied forces in China. Sept. 22. France: President Loubet entertains 22,- 000 republican mayors of provincial towns at a banquet in the Tuiler- ies gardens. Oct. 17. Prince Hohenlohe resigns the chancelor ship of the German empire; he is succeded by von Biilow. Nov. 12. The Paris Ex position closes after be- ing visited by 50,000,000 sight -seers. Dec. — President Kruger of the Transvaal passes through Germany but is refused an interview by the emperor. France: An amnesty bill passed for all acts con nected with the Drevfus affair. Jan. 12. A bill introduced into the Prussian diet providing for the con- struction of canals at an expenditure of $100,- 000,000. 1900 July 29. Italy: King Humbert assassinated at Monza by an anarchist, Bresci, who had come to perform the deed from Paterson, N. J .• he is succeeded by his son Victor Emmauuel III Aug. 11. Italy: Victor Emmanuel III. swears to the constitution amidst great popular enthusiasm. Oct. 21. Fall of the Silvela ministry in Spain; a cabinet under Azcarraga succeeds. 1901 Jan. 8. A delegation of English Catholics under the Duke of Norfolk visit Rome and express their wishes for the restoration of the tern poral power of the pope. Feb. 7. Marriage of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands to Duke Henry of Mecklenburg- Schwerin. Italy: Tho Saracco ministry resigns (7th) ; succeeded by a Zanardelli cabinet. 1900 July 13-14. China: The allied forces take Tien- Tsin by storm; the Chi- nese forces in Manchuria bombard Blagovest- chensk, capital of the Russian territory of the Amur. Aug. 4. China: An allied force of 20,000 men sets out from Tien-Tsin tor the relief of the Pekin legations; the Russians occupy Niu-Chwang in Manchuria; 14. The allies take Pekin and rescue the prisoners of the le- gations; the Chinese Court flees to the West ; 28. Allied troops march through the Forbidden City. Sept.— China: The mas- sacre of Christian mis- sionaries continues ; pun- itive expeditions sent out by the allied powers. Oct. 16. China: Great Britain and Germany enter into an agreement to maintain the rivers and ports of China open to trade and to take common action against any government hos- tile to such a purpose. Nov. 5. Cuban constitu- tional convention begins its sessions at Havana. Dec. 24. The allied powers present a joint note to the Chinese government, the terms of which are embodied in a subse- quent peace protocol. 1901 Jan. — China signs peace protocol with the powers promising the punish- ment of officials connect- ed with the Boxer up- rising and paying an indemnity. Feb. — Revelation of Rus- sian diplomacy in China aiming at the establish- ment of a virtual protec- torate over Manchuria. Feb. 21. The Cuban con- vention adopts a con- stitution. 288 TABULAR VIEWS 1901 A.D. a.d. Progress of Society, etc. United States. British Empire. 1901 Mar. — Andrew Carnegie of Homestead, Pa., gives $5,200,000 to the city of New York for free libraries. Apr. 14. The permanent Arbitration tribunal at The Hague organized. May 1. Openingofthe Pan- American Exposition at Buffalo. 30. Opening of the hall of Fame at New York University. July 5. J. S. Rogers of Paterson, N. J. be- queaths $5,000,000 to the Metropolitan Mu- seum of Art in New York. 22. International Tuberculosis congress opens in London. Aug. 8. M. Santos-Dumont in a dirigible balloon sails around the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Nov. 1. Opening of the South Carolina and West Indian Exposition at Charleston, S. C. 1901 Mar. 4. Inauguration of President McKinley. Mar. 11. The Senate amend- ments to Hay-Paunce fote treaty not accepted by Great Britain. Mar. 23. Gen. Funston captures the Filipino leader, Aguinaldo. Apr. — A Commission of the Cuban convention visits Washington to protest against the in corporation of the "Piatt amendment" in the Cuban constitution May 27. The U. S. Supreme Court hands down an important decision re- garding the constitu- tional status of colonies and possessions. July 24. A court of inquiry is ordered to examine into the conduct of Rear-Admiral Schley during the Spanish American War. Aug. 10. A general strike of the employes of the United States Steel Cor- poration is begun. Sept. 6. President McKin- ley is shot twice by Leon Czolgosz, while holding a public reception at the Pan-American Exposi- tion in Buffalo; he dies on the 14th and Vice- President Roosevelt takes the oath of office. Nov. 18. A new canal treaty signed by Secre- tary of State and the British ambassador Pauncefote at Washing- ton. 1901 Mar. 16. The Duke of Corn- wall and York sets out on a voyage to the dif- ferent parts of the empire. Apr. 17. Disorderly scenes during the installation of the Bishop of London, caused by the anti- ritualists. May 9. The first parlia- ment of the Australian Commonwealth opened at Melbourne by the Duke of Cornwall and York. July 18. Earl Russell found guilty of bigamy in the House of Lords and sentenced to a term of imprisonment in jail. Sept. 17. Boers under Gen. Botha inflict a heavy loss on the British near Utrecht, Transvaal; 26. The Boers are repulsed at Forts Itala and Prospect. Dec. — Andrew Carnegie gives $10,000,000 for the foun- dation of an institution of research at Washington. Deaths in 1901: — E. Audran, W. Besant, A. Boecklin, R.W.Buchanan, W. E- Channing, M. Creighton, W. M. Evarts, John Fiske, J. V. Gurko, E. Gray, Benjamin Harrison, J. Le Conte, Milan, of Servia, J. G. Nicolay, A. E. Nordenskjold, W. Stubbs, G. Verdi, C. von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst, C. M. Yonge. I90 1 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 289 a.d. France and Germany. 1901 Mar. 29. The French Chamber passes an im- portant Bill of Associa- tions regulating the af- fairs of religious orders. (It becomes law in June). Apr. — An Italian fleet visits Toulon and the occasion is marked by the pro- testation of friendship between the two coun- tries. May 3. The Prussian diet is closed after the Em- peror's canal policy had been rendered hopeless by the opposition of the Agrarians. 1901 Mar. 9. Russia: Count Leo Tolstoy is ex-communi- cated by the orthodox church for his subver- sive teachings. 1901 March. — China appeals to the powers against Rus- sian exactions and is supported by the U. S., Great Britain and Japan. Apr. — China: Russia pro- tests its disinterested- ness and abandons its pressure on the Chinese government. May 25. The Norwegian parliament confers the franchise in municipal and communal elections on women tax -payers. July. — Turkey pays to the United States the claims advanced in behalf of the missionaries in Asia Minor for losses incurred during the Armenian disturbances of 1895-96 Aug. 26. The French government severs dip- lomatic relations with Turkey owing to a dis- pute over an indemnity due a French company. Sept. The czar visits France and witnesses naval and army reviews. Germany: Opposition to a new scheme of increased custom duties proposed by the government. Nov. — A French fleet seizes the ports of the island of Mitylene and forces the Porte to settle the claims of that govern- ment. Sept. — Turkey: Miss Stone an American mission- ary, captured by Bul- garian brigands and held for ransom. Oct. 4. Italy: Death of Francesco Crispi. July. — Argentina: A plan for the unification of the public debt brought for- ward by the government is abandoned because of public opposition. Aug. — Liberal revolution in Colombia; insur- gents aided by Venezue- lan government; U. S. intervenes to prevent war between the two countries. Sept. — Conflicts between the government troops of Venezuela and Colom- bia in which the former meet with defeat. China: Peace Protocol signed with the powers the government agreeing to punish officials con- nected with the Boxer uprising and to pay an indemnity of 450,- 000,000 taels. Nov. 19. Colombia: The liberal forces capture Colon but after a short occupation are driven out.— China: death of Li Hung Chang. 290 TABULAR VIEWS 1902 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. British Empire. 1902 Feb. — Mr. J. P. Morgan banker of New York, effects the consolidation of five trans-Atlantic steamship lines under the name of the Inter national Mercantile Marine Company. Apr. — By the will of Cecil Rhodes (d. March 26) the bulk of his fortune is left for the establishment of scholarships at Oxford to be held by Americans. Colonials, and Germans. May 24. A statue of Rochambeau unveiled at Washington in the pres- ence of descendants of that General. June 26. The King of Eng land institutes the Order of Merit for distinguish ed service in various walks of life. Sept. — Stanley Spencer sails in an airship for 30 miles over London; re turn to Christiania of the Arctic expedition under Sverdrup. Oct. 14. The Hague tri- bunal renders decision in the first case submitted for arbitration — the "Pious Fund" dispute between the United State and Mexico, in favor of the United States. Nov. — The ashes of Christo - pher Columbus are de- posited in the Cathedral of Seville. 1902 Jan. 24. Treaty for the purchase of the Danish West Indies signed at Washington. (It fails of ratification by the Danish Legislature.) Feb. 23. Arrival of Prince Henry of Prussia in New York; his visit is taken as an indication of good will between the U. S. and Germany and is marked by great enthusiasm. Apr. 18. The House of Representatives passes the Cuban Reciprocity Bill allowing a reduction in tariff duties on im portations from that island. May 1. Beginning of a great strike of anthra cite coal miners in Pennsylvania, involving about 150,000 men. July 1. An act passed for the establishment of civil government in the Philippines and pro viding for the summon ing of a legislative assembly in two years if general peace prevails. Sept. 17. Secretary of State Hay addresses a note to the signatory powers of the Treaty of Berlin advocating re lief for the Jews of Rou mania. Oct. 16. President Roose- velt appoints a com- mission to investigate the great coal strike in Pennsylvania and to decide upon terms of peace; 21. The miners call the strike off. Nov. 8. Reciprocity treaty with Newfoundland signed. 1902 Jan. — A campaign of grad- ual exhaustion carried on against the Boers; they are taken in small numbers. Feb. 14. Lord Rosebery declares himself abso- lutely opposed to Irish Home Rule. Apr. 12. The Boer leaders assemble at Pretoria to negotiate terms of peace. May 31. The Boer leaders sign terms of surrender at Pretoria. June 24. Preparations for the coronation of Edward VII. interrupted by the king's sudden illness. July 11. The Marquis of Salisbury resigns the premiership; he is suc- ceeded by A. J. Balfour, his nephew. Aug. 9. Coronation of Edward VII. in West- minster Abbey. Oct. 6. British forces in Somaliland suffer a severe reverse at the hands of the "Mad Mullah." Nov. 3. Conferences be- tween the colonial pre- miers and the Colonial Secretary result in the formulation of resolu- tions for a closer union of the empire, among others that of preferential trade with the colonies. 1902 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 291 France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1902 1902 Jan. 8. The government announces to the Prus- sian diet a policy of active Germanification to be carried out in Prussian Poland. Feb. 26. The centenary of the birth of Victor Hugo is celebrated with great state in France. May. — Expose at Paris of a remarkable swindle (the Humbert Case) carried on during 20 years and involving nearly 100,- 000,000 francs. June 3. France. The Wal- deck-Rousseau ministry resigns; 6. A new cabinet formed by M. Combes. July. France: The forcible closing of religious schools not conforming with the Law of Associa tion arouses great ex citement. Sept. — Indiscreet expres sions of opinion by the French minister of marine aimed against England and Germany disavowed by the Premier. Oct. 9. France concludes a treaty of territorial delimitation with Siam. Nov. — Germany: The vio- lent opposition of the Socialists to the new Tariff Bill leads to the adoption of a new pro- cedure limiting debate; popular indignation. 1902 Feb. 23. Turkey: Miss Stone the kidnapped missionary is released . after the payment of a heavy' ransom. Anr. 15. Russia: Sipiaguine reactionary minister of the interior assassinated by a Kieff student. May 20. Russia: President Loubet of France ar- rives at. Cronstadt on a visit to the Czar. June 28. The Triple Al- HancebetweenGermany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy is renewed. July 14. Italy: Collapse of the celebrated Campa- nile of St. Mark's at Venice. Oct. 22. The Danish Senate rejects the treaty of sale of the Danish West Indies to the United States. 1902 Jan. 30. Treaty signed be- tween Great Britain and Japan providing for be- nevolent neutrality in case of attack on either party by a single power, and active assistance in case of attack by more than one power. Apr. 8. Russia concludes a convention with China agreeing to complete the evacuation of Manchu- ria in 18 months. May 8. An eruption of Mount Pelee in Marti- nique destroys the city of St. Pierre with 30,000 inhabitants; only 2 es- cape. May 20. T. E. Palma in- augurated first president of Cuba. July. — China: Treaty ne- gotiated with Great Britain providing for the abolition of "likin" duties on British Goods. Hayti: Civil war; the gun- boat Creie-a-Picrrot sunk by the German gunboat Panther for violence against a German mer- chantman. Oct. 28. Colombia: Gen. Uribe-Uribe leader of the insurrection capitulates marking the practical end of the insurrection. Nov. 4. Venezuela: the insurrection crushed by a government victory near La Victoria. 292 TABULAR VIEWS I902 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. British Empire. 1902 1903 1902 Dec. 21. William Marconi sends a wireless message from Cape Breton across the Atlantic to Cornwall. 1902 Dec. 2. The President's message deals with the growing problem of the trusts. 1902 Dec. Enactment of an Education Law re- organizing elementary Education; death of the Archbishop of Canter- bury. Deaths in 1902: Lord Acton; C.K.Adams; Albert, King of Saxony; W. A. Butler; E. Eggleston: T. D. English; S. R. Gardiner; F. B. Harte; J. W. Powell; G. Rawlinson; C.J. Rhodes; T. DeWitt Talmage; J. Tissot; R. Virchow, E. Zola. 1903 Jan. Mr. John D. Rocke feller gives $7,000,000 to be used in research for a cure for tuberculosis. Mar. MM. Curie and La borde, French chemists announce the results of their investigations on the thermoradioactive properties of radium. Apr. 30. Louisiana Pur chase Exposition at St Louis dedicated. May. The Presbyterian General Assembly adopts amendments to the creed tending toward a more liberal confession. 1903 Jan. 22. Panama Canal Treaty with Colombia signed at Washington; the canal zone neutraliz- ed and Colombian sover- eignty guaranteed- 24, Treaty with Great Brit- ain establishing mixed commission for deter mining Alaskan bound- ary. Feb. 14. Bill creating the Department of Commerce and Labor becomes law March 3. Bill increasing the strength of the navy passed; 17. Senate rati ties Panama Canal Treaty; 29 Senate rati- fies Cuban Reciprocity Treaty. Apr. 9. The U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals de- clares illegal the merger of the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern railways under the form of Northern Securities Company. May 31. Floods at Topeka Kan., cause the loss of hundreds of lives. June. Widespread frauds in the Post-office de partment involving high officials, brought before the courts. July 4. Completion of the Pacific Cable from San Francisco to China by way of Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines. 1903 Jan. 17. Colonial Secretary Chamberlain, at Johan- nesburg announces that the Transvaal is to be charged with a war in- demnity of £30,000,000. Feb. 12. R. T. Davidson enthroned as successor to Archbishop Temple in the see of Canterbury. Mar. 15. British troops after defeating forces of the Sultan of Sokoto, occupy that capital. Apr. 17. A British force overwhelmed by the "Mad Mullah's" troops in Somaliland. May 15. Colonial Secretary Chamberlain urges aban- donment of free trade policy in favor of tariff retaliation and colonial reciprocity. July. Growing friendship between France and Great Britain mani- fested by visit to Eng- land of President Loubet (6-9) and a deputation of legislators (22). I903 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 293 A.D. France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1902 1903 1902 Dec. 14. The German Reichstag passes the Tariff Bill making a marked increase in duties on food. 1903 Jan. 24. French Senate ratifies Brussels Sugar Convention. Mar. France: Growing breach between govern- ment and the clergy owing to the participa- tion of latter in politics Apr. France: Rigorous en- forcement of the Law of Associations and grow - ing demand for separa- tion of Church and State. May 1-4. Visit of the King of England to France the occasion for the exchange of friendly wishes between the two nations. June. The elections for the German Reichstag show a remarkable in- crease in the strength of the Social Democrats. between France and Great visit to England of Presi- deputation of French legis- 1902 Dec. 3. Spain. The Sagasta ministry resigns; 6, Silvela forms a new cabinet. 1903 Feb. 21. Turkey: The pow- ers present a joint note to the Sultan outlining reforms for Macedonia. Mar. Russia: An imperial manifesto holds out the promise of religious and administrative reform and improvements in the condition of the peasantry. Apr. 7. Servia: King Alex- ander suspends the con- stitution and thus nulli- fies a series of liberal reforms. Apr. 19-20. Russia: A massacre of Jews in Kishineff by rioters. May. Russia: The corre- spondent of the London Times expelled from the country because of revelations implicating the government in the Kishineff massacre. June 10-11. Servia: A band of conspirators invade the royal palace and slay King Alexander and Queen Draga. 15. The national assembly chooses Peter Kara- georgevitch King. July. Spain: Silvela minis try followed by a cabi- net under Villaverde. July 20. Italy: Death of Pope Leo XIII. Russia: The Govern- ment takes control of the property of the Arme- nian church. 1902 Dec. 8. To enforce collec- tion of debts Great Britain and Germany present ultimatum to Venezuela. 9. They seize the Venezuelan fleet. 10. Establish a "peaceful blockade." 13. Bom- bard Puerto Cabello; Venezuela appeals to the U. S. ; 26. It is decid- ed to refer dispute to Hague Tribunal. 1903 Jan. 21. Venezuela: The fortress of San Carlos is bombarded by German warships. Feb. 13. Venezuela: Pro- tocols with Great Britian Germany, and Italy signed at Washington ; the blockade raised. Apr. 8. China: The date for the partial evacua- tion of Manchuria (Niu-Chwang) by Russia passes without any ac- tion on the part of the latter. May. Korea: Russian troops enter the country ostensibly to protect the interests of Russian tim- ber merchants in the valley of the Yalu. July. British successes in Nigeria; power of Soko- to broken. 294 TABULAR VIEWS I903 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. British America. 1903 Aug. 26. Conviction of the walking delegate of a New York labor union for extortion. Oct. 8. Commercial treaty with China signed. Oct. 20. The Alaska Boundary Commission decides in favor of the United States, giving to Canada access to the sea by Portland Channel only. Nov. 18. Treaty concluded with the Republic of Panama for the con struction of a canal ; the U. S. receives the per petual lease of a ten mile zone in return for $10,000,000 and i annual rental. Dec. 30. The Iroquois Theatre in Chicago is burned and nearly 600 lives are lost. 1904. Ian. 13. Ratification of the commercial tieaty with China. Feb. 7-8. A fire destroys the business section of Baltimore entailing a loss of $70,000,000; 23. Senate ratifies canal treaty with Panama. Mar. 14. The U. S. Su- preme Court sustains the judgment of the lower court in declaring the Northern Securities Company illegal. — President Roosevelt de- clares all civil war veterans over 62 en- titled to pensions. Apr. 22. The United States completes the purchase of the Panama Canal property from the French shareholders. May. An American citi- zen, Perdicaris, is kid- napped by Moroccan bandits. A squadron ordered to Tangier. 1903 1904 1903 Aug. 4. International wire- less telegraphy confer- ence at Berlin. Deaths in 1903: L. Arditi, A. Bain, H. De Blowitz, C. G. Duffy, F. W. Far- rar, J. Glaisher, W. E. Henley, A. S. Hewitt, F. W. Holls, W. E. H. Lecky, E. Legouve\ C. G. Leland, " Edna Lyall," Theodor Mommsen, G. Paris, P. M. Sagasta, Herbert Spencer, R. H. Stoddard, Cardinal H. Vaughan, J. A. McNeil Whistler, G. Zanardelli. 1904 Jan. 25. MS. of the first book of Paradise Lost offered for sale in Lon don. 1903 Aug. 14. The Irish Land Bill receives the royal assent, an important concession to Irish de- mands; 22. Death of Lord Salisbury. Oct. Mr. Chamberlain, having resigned from the cabinet, begins his campaign for "fiscal reform," i. e., a policy of partial protection. Mar. 11. One of the tunnels under the Hudson River connects g New York City and New Jersey, completed. Apr. 30. Opening of the Louisiana Purchase Ex position at St. Louis. Dec. Transvaal. Demand by financial interests for the importation of coolie labor. 1904. Jan. Important successes won by the British forces in operating Som- aliland. Feb. 10. The legislative council of the Transvaal passes an ordinance for the Importation of non-European (coolie) laborers. Mar. 31 . Battle between the Tibetan expeditionary force under Col. Young- husband and the natives who are defeated with great loss. Apr. 8. Conclusion of an agreement with France as to mutual relations of the two powers in Newfoundland, West Africa, Egypt, Morocco, Siam, and Madagascar. I904 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 295 A.D. France and Germany. 1903 1904 1903 Aug. 10. Disaster in the Paris underground rail- way; about 100 lives lost. Oct. 14. France: Agree- ment with Great Britain that interpretation of treaties be left, if pos sible to The Hague tri bunal. Dec. France: The Com- mission of Revision de- clares in favor of re- opening the Dreyfus case. 1904 Jan. Uprising among the Herreros in German Southwest Africa. Feb. 13. France: A treaty of territorial delimita- tion concluded with Siam to replace that of Oct. 1902. Mar. 28. France: The Chamber passes a bill suppressing instruction in religious institutions within five years. Apr. German forces en- counterre verses in Sout h - West Africa against the Herreros. May. France recalls its am- bassador from the Vati- can becauseof the Pope's protest against the visit of President Loubet at Rome. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1903 Aug. 4. Italy: Giuseppe Sarto, Cardinal-Patri- arch of Venice chosen Pope; he assumes the title Pius X. — Bulgaria protests against Turkish outrages in Macedonia. Oct. 21. Italy: Premier Zanardelli resigns and a new ministry formed by Giolitti. 1903 Aug. Colombia rejects the Panama Canal treaty concluded with the United States. Oct. 8. The date for the evacuation of Manchuria by Russia passes with that power still in pos- session ; a crisis with Japan develops. Nov. 3. Colombia: In- surrection in Panama and proclamation of independence; the U. S. enforces order and recog- nizes the de facto govern- ment. Dec. Warlike preparations in Japan owing to the un- satisfactory progress of negotiations with Russia concerning Manchuria and Korea. Dec. Spain: Resignation of premier Villa vorde ; Maura forms a new ministry. Russia. The courts show extreme leniency to the Kishineff rioters. 1904 Jan. 13. After prolonged negotiations the Japanese government presents its final proposals to Russia in regard to Manchuria and Korea; Russia delays its reply and active war preparations are carried on by both nations. Feb. 6. Japan severs diplomatic relations with Russia. 8, The Japanese fleet attacks the Russian fleet outside Port Arthur ard inflicts serious loss by the use of torpedoes; 9. The Japanese sink two warships in the harbor of Chemulpo; attacks on the Russian fleet continued throughout the month, together with attempts at blocking the harbor; Korea invaded. Mar. 6. Japanese bombard Vladivostock; repeated attempts at blocking Port Arthur fail. Apr. 7. The Japanese occupy Wiju on the Yalu River; 13, The Russian flagship Petropavlovsk destroyed by a Japanese mine, Admiral Makaroff being among the lost. May 1. The Japanese force the passage of the Yalu River and inflict a severe defeat on the Russians. 5. A Japanese army begins disembarcation on the Liao-Tung peninsula. 26-27. Russians defeated at Kinchow and Nanshan. 296 TABULAR VIEWS 1904 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. British Empire. 1904 1904 June. A conference at Westminster discusses cruelties practiced on natives of Congo Free State by officials. July 11. Corner stone of the Workingmen's Col- lege, laid in London. Sept. Return to England of the National Ant- arctic Expedition with a mass of valuable infor- mation. Oct. 25. The Arrow makes a ten-mile flight at the Louisiana Purchase Ex- position. 27. The New York Subway (under- ground railway) is thrown open to traffic. 1904 June 15. The excursion steamer, Gen. Siocum is burned in the East River with a loss of about 950 lives. June 23. Republican con vention at Chicago nominates Roosevelt and Fairbanks for president and vice- president. July 9-10. The Democratic convention nominates A. B. Parker and H. G. Davis for president and vice-president; 25, strike of textile workers in Fall River breaks out. Aug. Rise of disagreement with Venezuela over the seizure of the property of American asphalt interests. Sept. Military manoeuvres on the field of Bull Run in Virginia. Oct. President Roosevelt takes steps towards summoning a second Peace Conference at The Hague. Nov. 8. President Roose- velt re-elected by an overwhelming majority. 15. Treaty of arbitration with Germany signed. 1904 June. First arrival of Chinese laborers in the Transvaal gold fields. July. Re-organization of the Liberal Unionist Council for the pro- mulgation of Mr. Cham- berlain's Tariff views. Aug. 3. The expedition under Col. Younghus- band reaches Lhassa, the capital of Tibet; the Dalai Lama flees. Sept. 7. Treaty concluded with Tibet establishing markets for British trade and allowing no foreign power to inter- fere with public affairs. Oct. 28. Great Britain agrees to submit the North Sea outrage by the Russian fleet to arbitration. 1904 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 297 A.D. 1904 France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1904 June 28. The Danish steamer Norge sinks in the North Sea; over 600 lives lost. July 12. Germany: Treaty of arbitration signed with Great Britain. 30. France breaks off diplo- matic relations with the Vatican. Aug. France: The bishops of Dijon and Laval fol- low a summons to Rome in disobedience to the government; tension with the Vatican in- creases. 1904 June 16. Russia: Gen. Bobrikoff, governor- general of Finland, as- sassinated. Oct. The French premier urges a course of strong action towards the Vatican. Nov. 10. France: A bill for the separation of Church and State introduced by the premier. July 28. Russia: Von Plehve, the reactionary minister of the interior, assassinated. Aug. 12. Russia: Birth of an heir to the Czar. Sept. Italy: Strikes and disorder in northern part of peninsula; Socialists control affairs in Milan for a few days. Oct. 22. Russia: The Baltic fleet on its way to the far East fires upon a British fishing fleet in the North Sea, killing two men. Nov. Russia: A meeting of delegates of the Zems- tvos at St. Petersburg petitions the Czar for wide-spread reforms, in eluding the establish ment of political and religious equality and the creation of a national legislature. 1904 June 14-15. A Russian force disastrously de- feated at Telissu; 27. The Japanese under Ku- roki take the passes at Ta-ling and Mo-tien- ling on the way to Liao- Yang; continued naval operations with gradual attrition of Russian fleet ; advance against the for- tificationsof Port Arthur. July 9. Russians driven by Gen. Oku from Kai- ping. 17. Russians under Gen. Keller re- pulsed at Mo-tien-ling. 25. Gen. Oku occupies Ta-shih-chao. 27, Jap- anese enter Niu- enwang. Aug. 10. The Russian fleet makes a sortie from Port Arthur but is de- feated; some of the vessels seek refuge in neutral ports, the rest return to the harbor. 14. The Japanese defeat the Vladivostock squadron. Aug. 24. -Sept. 4. The Russians defeated and driven from Lao -Yang in one of the greatest battles of history. Sept. 7. The Russian army in its retreat reaches Mukden. — Around Port Arthur the Japanese con- tinue to draw their lines closer, displaying heroic courage. Oct. 5. The Russian army under Gen. ivuropatkin advances south from Mukden. 9-15. In a tre- mendous battle on the Sha-ho the Russians are checked with a loss estimated at 60,000; desultory fighting con- tinues till the ISth; the armies face each other in winter quarters. Nov. 30. The Japanese at Port Arthur capture 203 Metre Hill, over- looking the harbor and proceed to bombard the Russian fleet. 298 TABULAR VIEWS 1904 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. United States. British Empire. 1904 1905 1904 Deaths in 1904: Arnold, E., Bartholdi, F. A., Dvorak, A.. Finsen, N., George, King of Saxony, Gerome, J. L,., Gissing, G.,Hearn, L., Herzl, T., Hoar, G. F., Hutton, L., Isabella II., of Spain, Jokai, M., Kruger, S.J.P. , Longstreet, J., Murad V., ex -sultan of Turkey, Reclus.E., Stanley, H.M., Stephen, Leslie, Verest- chagin, v., Von Hoist, H. E., Waldeck-Rous- seau, P. M., Watts, G. F, Jan. 6. The Lick Observa- tory announces the dis- covery of a sixth satellite of Jupiter and of a num- ber of double stars. 1904 Dec. 1. The president's message deals at length with the relations of capital and labor and the regulation of corpo- rations. 1905 Jan. 21. A protocol is sign- ed with Santo Domingo which is designed to guarantee the integrity of Dominican territory, undertake the adjust- ment of foreign claims, administer the finances, and assist in maintaining order; 28, The House authorizes an investiga- tion of the iron and steel industry; 30, The Su- preme Court declares the beef trust illegal. Feb. 16. The House author- izes an investigation of themethodsof theStand- ard Oil Co., in Kansas; 26. The engineering com- mittee of the Panama Canal Commission unani- mously recommends a sea -level canal to be con- structed in twelve years, at a cost of $230,500,000. 1904 Dec. 22. International commission for the arbi- tration of the North Sea incident with Russia begins its sessions at Paris. 1905 Jan. 6. The archbishop of Canterbury refuses a re- quest of American churches that he use his influence to have the educational tax re- moved from British Non- conformists. Feb. 21. Bill introduced in the Canadian Parliament creating the provinces of Alberta and Saskatche- wan. 1905 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 299 A.D. France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere The World, elsewhere. 1904 1904 Dec. 2. A committee 01 the French Chamber adopts a substitute bill for the separation of Church and State. 1904 Dec. 27. Russia: An im- perial manifesto promises partial reforms but up- holds the ideal of autoc - racy; it arouses general disappointment. 1905 1905 1904 Dec. 31. Gen. Stoessel 111 command at Port Ar- thur asks for an armis- tice. 1905 Jan. 22. The striking work- men of St. Petersburg, led by Father Gapon, move toward the Winter Palace Square in order to present their petition to the czar in person. They are met by troops and are shot down by hundreds; 29. Warsaw is under mob rule. 1905 Jan. 2. Port Arthur sur- renders with more than 24,000 officers and men, after the fleet in the harbor had been blown up. Jan. 27. Gen. Kuropatkin announces the capture of Sandepas and other posi- tions; 29. Driven out of Sandepas. The whole Russian right is with- drawn across the Hun. Feb. 8. It is announced that no further loans will be grantedTurkeybyFrance owing to complications arising from a German contract to supply artil- lery to the Porte; 13. The North Sea case is closed before the inter- national commission, Paris. Admiral Rozhest- venski is held responsible for the firing on the Eng- lish trawlers near the Dogger Banks. Feb. 6. The procurator- general of Finland is assassinated. — The as- sembly of the nobles at St. Petersburg sends an address to the czar, urging that representa- tives of the people should have a share in the gov- ernment; 17. Grand Duke Sergius assassinated; 20. The miners' strike in Belgium spreads; 21. ' The powers accept the proposal for higher Turk- ish customs duties on condition that the ad- ditional revenue shall be devoted to reforms; 24. The piercing of the Sim- plon Tunnel is completed. Feb. 12. The Japanese cut the railroad between Mukden and Harbin; 25. They take Beresneff Hill after heavy fighting; 27. The Russian flanks are turned. The Japanese shell Mukden; 28. Severe fighting continues along the entire line. 300 TABULAR VIEWS I905 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. British Empire. 1905 1905 Mar. 26. Citizens of New York subscribe $600,000 towards an endowment of $1,000,000 for the American Academy of Fine Arts in Rome. 1905 Alar. 1. Assurance is given the Haitian minister that the United States has no intention of annexing Santo Domingo. Apr. 27. Andrew Carnegie gives $10,000,000 > for a college professors' pen- sion fund in the United States, Canada, and New- foundland ; 29. The czar of Russia grants religious freedom. May2. The teamsters 'strike in Chicago is accom- panied by rioting; 23. The Southern Industrial Parliament opens its ses- sions in Washington. 1905 Mar. 21. Viscount Goschen and the Earl of Selborne defend in the House of Lords the increase in naval expenditure; 23. The government of New- foundland takes measures to prevent American fish- ermen from obtaining bait there. Apr. 26. More than 1000 emigrants gathered by the Salvation Army leave Liverpool foi Canada. May 3. Lord Dunraven issues a pamphlet de- claring that Ireland can- not be Anglicized and urging measures of self- government. I905 A.D OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 30I A.D. France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1905 1905 Mar. 17. The French Cham- ber of Deputies votes to reduce the term of active service in the army to two years; 29. Count von Blilow, the imperial chan- cellor, announces that Germany will stand firm in the interests of the open-door principle in Morocco. Apr. 29. The German envoy at Tangier makes an unconciliatory statement on Germany's attitude toward Moro-xo. May 7. Ex-Premier Combes issues a statement of his policy for the separation of Church and State in France; 31. A bomb is thrown in Paris at a carriage occupied by King Alfonso and President Loubet. 1905 Mar. 2. The Russian Com- mittee of Ministers votes to grant religious freedom to the people; 21. Agita- tion for Hungarian as the language of military command is supported by the leaders of the Kossuth party in Aus- tria-Hungary; 22. The Russian Committee of Ministers recommends the abolition of the com pulsory use of the Rus sian language in Polish schools; 23. Authoriza tion for an international loan of $100,000,000 is signed in St. Petersburg; 29. The European powers determine to place the Macedonian finances un- der international con- trol. Apr. 3. Belgium, as the cheit creditor, protests against the American receiver- ship for Santo Domingo; 21. The Cretan Assembly proclaims the union of Crete with Greece; 22. Greece and the powers refuse to recognize the Cretan proclamation; 29. The czar decrees religious freedom. May 1. 100 persons are shot by troops at Warsaw, and a number are killed and wounded at Lodz; 16. The governor -general of Ufa assassinated. 1905 Mar. 3. St. Petersburg re- ports Kuropatkin to be in full retreat on Tieling; 5. Japanese within five miles of Mukden. Nogi with the Port Arthur vet- erans suddenly turns west- ward; S. Kuroki gains a victory on the east, and the Japanese appear on the north of Mukden. The Russians evacuate posi- tions on the south and southwest, firing great stores; 10. Mukden and Fushun are occupied by the Japanese. Remnant of Kuropatkin's army reaches Tie Pass. Russian losses in fighting aroundMukden are 27.700 dead, 110,000 wounded and 40,000 captured; Japanese :4 1,000 total. 17. Gen. Linevitch supersedes Kuropatkin; 23. Japan- ese loan to raise $150,- 000,000; 23-24. Japanese carrying out flanking movements, endangering Russian communications; 26. Russians driven out of all positions in the watershed of the Liao River . Apr. 7. The Japanese at- tack with heavy losses; 18. Japanese estimate the strength of Linevitch s army at 200,000; 23. The Russians attempt to advance and are de- feated; 24. The Baltic fleet is sighted off the coast of Annam. May 18. The condition of the roads interrupts light- ing in Manchuria; 27-8. The Baltic fleet under Rozhestvenski is defeated in the Korean Straits. 14,000 Russians go down with their ships, 3000 are taken prisoners, and 1000 escape. The Jap- anese loss is three torpedo boats and about 800 men. 302 TABULAR VIEWS I905 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. British Empire. 1905 1905 Aug. 23. Knabenshue makes a successful flight over New York City in his airship; 26, A new scien- tific process for manu- facturing diamonds is re- ported as discovered by Dr. C. V. Burton of Cam- bridge, England. Sept. 12. The bridge of the Cape to Cairo Railway across the Zambesi River is formally opened. 1905 June 1. The Lewis and Clark Exposition is open- ed at Portland, Oregon; 10. Ex-President Cleve- land, Judge Morgan J. O'Brien, and George Westinghouse accept ap- pointment as trustees of the majority of the capi- tal stock of the Equitable Life Insurance Society; 17, Serious rioting in Chicago by the striking teamsters; 29. The New York State Insurance Dept. begins an investigation of the Mutual Life Insurance Co. at the request of its own officers; 30. John D. Rockefeller gives $10,- 000,000 to the General Education Board. July 1. Five corporations and seventeen individ- uals engaged in the meat packing industry are in- dicted by the Federal Grand Jury in Chicago for alleged violation of the Sherman anti-trust law; 6. The remains of John Paul Jones are formally received by United States officials at Paris; 29. The boycott of American trade among Chinese in Shanghai is reported effective. Aug. 8. The peace envoys of Russia and Japan meet at Portsmouth, N. H. 1905 July 10. Lord Roberts, in the House of Lords, de- clares the army to be inadequate and totally unfit for war; 13. Balfour declares himself opposed to conscription; 17. A royal commission ap- pointed to investigate the problem of tramway and underground railway lines in London, proposes an expend ture of $120, 000,000. Aug. 20. Lord Curzon re- signs as viceroy of India. The earl of Minto is ap- pointed his successor; 25. London announces the signing of a new Anglo- Japanese treaty of alli- ance. Sept. 26. Great Britain and China agree to a confer- ence to conclude a new Tibetan treaty. I905 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 303 A.D. France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1905 1905 June 8. Germany proposes an international con- ference on the Moroccan question; 21. Premier Rouvier asks Germany for an explanation of her intentions regarding Morocco. July 3. The Fren h Cham- ber of Deputies passes by a vote of 341 to 233 the bill for the separation of Church and State; 8. Germany's terms in re- gard to Morocco are ac- cepted. 1905 June 4. The czar appoints Gen. Trepoff assistant minister of the interior with almost unlimited power to suppress popular demonstrations; 6. The Zemstvo Congress is held at Moscow despite the police orders; 7, Norway declares itself separated from Sweden; 23. Re- volt in Lodz, Poland; troops kill fifty and wound 200; 28. The Russian battleship Kniaz Potemkin, of the Black Sea squadron, is seized by her crew ; 29 The Kniaz Potemkin shells Odessa; 1000 people are killed in street fighting. Sailors mutiny at Libau and attack the government stores. July 11. Fighting continues at Warsaw between the strikers and the troops The prefect of the Mos cow police is assassinated Aug. 30. Cholera becomes Aug. 5. The Russian govern epidemic in Germany near the Russian border 1905 June 1. Reforms proposed for Morocco are rejected by the sultan; 16. A force of Russians is dis- lodged from Liao Yang Wo Peng and driven north with large losses; 20. The Japanese begin an enveloping movement in Manchuria. Vladivo- stock is threatened. Sept. 26. The Franco-Ger- man negotiations over Morocco are concluded. ment decides to issue another internal loan of $100,000,000; 24. The government of Warsaw is placed under martial law. July 8. Japanese seize the island of Saghalien, used by Russia as a penal settlement; 24. The Rus- sians are defeated north - westofNan-shan-chentse. Sept. 6. The entire Baku region is under the con- trol of rioters; 25. A political congress, con- sisting of 300 delegates fiom all parts of the Russian Empire, assem- bles at Moscow with the consent of the govern- ment. Aug. 4. Japanese closing in on Vladivostock ; 19. The weather causes a cessation of hostilities in Manchuria; 26. 1'he sultan of Morocco re- fuses to recognize control by France over Franco - Algerian citizens; 29. The peace plenipoten- ti aries reac h an agreement . Japan waives indemnity, the possession of interned warships, and the limita- tion of Russian naval power in the far East. Saghalien is to be divided. Sept. 5. The Russo-Japanese plenipotentaries sign the treaty of peace; 12. The bridge of the Cape to Cairo Railway across the Zambesi River is formally opened; 15. An armistice is signed in Manchuria. 304 TABULAR VIEWS I905 A.D.- a d. Progress of Society, etc United States. British Empire. 1905 1906 1905 Oct. 3. The International Tuberculosis Conference meets at Paris. 1905 Deaths in 1905: — Atkinson, Edward; Baldwin, W. H., Jr.; Butterworth, Heze- kiah; Dodge, Mary M.; Gomez, M. ; Harland Hen- ry; Hay John; de Heredia, J. ML; Irving, Sir H.; Ise- lin, Adrian; Jefferson, J.; Kinross, Lord; Lee, Fitz- hugh; Packard, A. S.; Reid, Sir Wemyss; Sharp, W.; Thomas, Theodore; Verne, Jules; Wallace, L.; Whitehead, R.; Wool- sey, Sarah C. ("Susan Coolidge"); Ziegler, W. 1906 Nov. 18. The Panama Canal board of consulting en- gineers decides in favor of a sea-level canal. 1905 1906 Jan. 1. New England woollen manufacturers voluntar- ily raise the wages of 30,000 employees; 23. Government opens the beef trust case in Chicago ; 30. Consular -reform bill passes the Senate. Feb. 14. Ship-subsidy bill passes Senate; 19. Re- port sent to Congress by the Panama Canal com- mission and board of consulting engineers re- commends a lock canal, which it is estimated can be built in 8 or 9 years at a cost of $147,000,000; 21. Pure-food bill passes Senate. 1906 Jan. 16. Formal control of the fortifications of Hali- fax taken over by the Canadian government. 1906 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 305 1905 1905 Dec. 6. The French Senate adopts by a vote of 181 to 102 the bill for the separation of Church and State. 1906 1906 Jan. 14. France severs diplomatic relations with Venezuela; 17. Fallieres elected president of France; 20. Great demon- strations of the German Social Lemocrats are held in Berlin and other Prussian towns. Feb. 22. Germany extends reciprocal tariff rates to the United States. 1905 Oct. 24. The Russian rail- road strike spreads throughout the empire; 30. The czar issues a manifesto assuring civil liberty, extension of the suffrage, and inability to enforce laws without the consent of the Duma. Nov. 3. The Russian cen- sorship over the press and private dispatches is abolished; 13. Prince Charles of Denmark is elected king of Norway; 15. The Social Revolu- tionists of St. Peters- burg begin a great strike with the object of over- throwing the monarchy. Dec. 9. Russian troops mutiny in Kronstad; 17. A general strike is de- clared and insurrection spreads in the Russian provinces; 22. 125,000 workers are out in St. Petersburg; 31. Nearly all of southern Russia is in rebellion, the in- surgents having control of several railway lines and cities. 1906 Jan. 16. Algeciras confer- ence on Morocco begun ; 24. The Belgian Chamber passes the port of Ant- werp bill; 30. The crown prince of Denmark is proclaimed King Fred- erick VIII. 1905 Oct. 14. The anese peace fied. Russo-Jap- treaty rati- 1906 Jan. 6. Two provinces in Equador are held by reb- els; 22. Chinese troops in- vade Tonquin but are driven back by the French with a loss of 600 killed or wounded. Feb. 9. The Hungarian Parliament is dissolved by a show of force. 306 TABULAR VIEWS I906 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. 1906 1906 Apr. 21. Peary reached 87° 6' N. lat., a new record. May 19. The Simplon Tun- nel through the Alps, 12} m. long, is formally opened. June 26. Cable completed from Guam to Japan. United States. British Empire. 1906 Mar. 9. Joint statehood bill to admit Oklahoma and Indian Territory passes the Senate. Apr. 18. San Francisco earthquake and fire; 20. Conflagration checked. May 18. The raliroad rate bill passes the Senate. June 2. Resolution requir- ing supplies for Panama Canal to be bought in the U. S. passes the Senate; 18. Lake Erie and Ohio River Ship Canal bill passes the Senate; 21. Bill for lock canal at Panama passes the Senate; The Fall River cotton manufactur- ers grant a 14 per cent, increase in wages; 22. Bill appropriating $25,- 000 for the president's travelling expenses passes the Senate. 1906 Mar. 9. The House of Com- mons adopts resolution to the effect that mem- bers ought to be paid £300 per year; 12. The Commons announces de- termination to resist any proposal to cieate a system of protection; 21. The compensation com- mission in S. Africa com- pletes its work — claims for losses in the Boer War amount to $310,000,000. Apr. 25. Woman suffrage advocates cause a com- motion at Westminster. May 4. Government de- mands withdrawal of Turkish troops from Ta- bah; 19. A deputation of 400 women, to the prem- ier, demands the right to vote. 1906 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 307 France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1906 Mar. 7. The Rouvier minis- try defeated in France as a result of the opposi- tion to taking the church inventories; 10. The most terrible mining disaster on record, at Courrieres, France. About 1 100 killed; 11. Strike of 30,- 000 miners; 21. The con- gress of miners in the north of France resolves on a great strike. Apr. 21. The German feder- al council approves the bill for the payment of members of the Reichstag 27. The homes of the leading Royalists, Bona- partists, labor leaders, and anarchists searched at Paris for evidence of a plot against the re- public May 2. Three-fourths of the strikers in Paris return to work. June 27. The International Cotton Congress at Bre- men decides that it is necessary to broaden the source of supply. 1906 Mar. 29. In the municipal elections in Russia the Constitutional Demo- crats have sweeping vic- tories. Apr. 5. Censorship of the press restored in St. Petersburg; Vesuvius in violent eruption; 7. The Moroccan convention signed; 10. Vesuvius still active; a market in Naples collapses from the weight of ashes; 17. Russian 5% loan of $440,000,000 to be issued at 88. May 2. Resignation of Count Witte as prime minister of Russia; 6. Sharp actions in Bulgaria be- tween Turkish and Bul- garian bands; 10. The Duma opened in St. Petersburg; 12. Turkey yields to England's de- mand for evacuation of points in the Sinai penin- sula; 20. Austrian crown and Council of Ministers refuse the Hungarian de- mand for a separate tariff; 27. Greece breaks off diplomatic relations with Roumania; 31. A bomb is thrown at the king and queen of Spain after their wedding, 24 persons are killed. June 14. Bialystok sacked and 200 Jews killed, fol- lowing bomb-throwing by a Jewish anarchist. 1906 Mar. 9. 600 Moros killed in the battle on Mount Da jo , island of Jolo, P. I.; 27. A bill for the purchase of the Japanese railroads by the government is passed by the House after amendment by the Peers. Apr. 27. Anglo-Tibetan treaty; China retains sov- ereignty of Tibet, giving protection to British in- terests. May 2. Plague spreads rap- idly in Northeastern Per- June 19. Peruvian troops invade the disputed sec- tion of eastern Ecuador; 30. The pope consents to arbitrate the territorial dispute between Colom- bia and Peru. 3o8 TABULAR VIEWS I906 A.D. a.d. Progress of Society, etc. United States. British Empire. 1906 1906 1906 Aug. 28. Esperanto Con- gress opens at Geneva. Aug. 15-16. Race war at Brownsville, Tex.; 22. All colored troops are ordered out of the State. Sept. 20. Sixteen balloons start from Paris in the first competition for the Gordon-Bennett cup, which is won by Lieut. Lahn, U. S. A., in the balloon United States, which lands in England; 26. The Institute of International Law regu- lates the use of wireless telegraphy in time of war, and limits the use of torpedoes. 1906 Sept. 2. President favors simplified spelling; 19,- 500,000 acres opened to settlement in Oklahoma; 22. Many negroes killed in Atlanta and the city is put under martial law. Sept. 3. Four hundred and ninety delegates, repre- senting a million and a half members of trade unions, meet at Liver- pool ; 5. The Trade Union Congress passes a resolu- tion in favor of an 8-hour day for all organized labor. Oct. 9. Newfoundland offi- cials decide to enforce the fishing laws strictly and revoke all concessions to Americans; 20. Anglo- French convention covers future administration of the New Hebrides, I906 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 309 A.D. France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1906 1906 July 3. The election of Count Boni de Castellane to the French Chamber of Deputies is annulled on the ground of bribery ; 12. Dreyfus completely vindicated, restored to the army and given the insignia of the Legion of Honor. Sept. 23. Socialist congress at Mannheim. Bebel opposes general strikes as a mode of political agitation. 1906 July 10. The Russian court- martial acquits Rozhest- venski on the ground that he was wounded. Four officers found guilty of surrendering to the enemy are sentenced to be shot, but are after- wards pardoned; 17. The Czar approves the famine relief measures of the Duma; 21. Dissolves the Duma; 31. Mutiny of Russian troops at Helsingfors is suppressed after great loss of life. Aug. 6. Russian revolution- ary societies issue a call to the people to rise and overthrow the czar's government; 7. The gen- eral strike in Russia is called off ; 8. The Russian cabinet appropriates $27,- 000,000 for famine relief, 9. The Spanish cabinet votes to ignore the papal protest in regard to civil marriages; 25. A bomb, intended for Premier Stolypin of Russia, kills 28 and wounds 24 persons. Sept. 9. Troops destroy the Jewish quarter of Siedlce, Russian Poland, and hundreds are killed and wounded; 17. Severe measures taken by the Spanish government to suppress a Carlist revolt in Catalonia; 20. Final steps taken for distribu- tion of land to the Russian peasantry. Oct. The police at Posen seize 10,000 copies of a violent proclamation call- ing upon the Poles to- meet and protest against the use of German in religious instruction in the schools. Oct. 12. Turkish troops de- feated with heavy losses in Yemen; 19. The Rus- sian government issues a ukase making all equal before the law, removing all restrictions in regard to state employment abolishing the communal system and the poll tax, and leaving peasants free to choose their place of residence. 1906 July 10. The dry-dock Dewey reaches the Phil- ippines after a voyage of 193 days; 23. The Pan- American Congress meets at Rio de Janeiro. Aug. 12. King Menelik of Abyssinia signs the Pran- co-Italian-British treaty; 16-17, Earthquakes and fire cause great destruc- tion of life and property in Valparaiso, Santiago, and other Chilean cities; 20. Uprising against the Cuban government. Sept. 1. Dalny, Manchuria opened as a free port; 2. The emperor of China issues an edict promising a constitutional govern- ment; 8. Pres. Palma of Cuba asks the U. S. to intervene; 14. All rail- roads and telegraph lines in Cuba are cut; 18. A typhoon at Hong KoAg causes the loss of thou- sands of lives and the wrecking of 36 vessels; 21. Emperor of China issues edict demanding that the opium habit in China be eradicated in ten years; 22. 400 Malays killed by Dutch forces on the island of Bali; 24. Armistice signed in Cuba. Oct. 25. Japan demands of the U. S. full rights of the treaty of 1894 for Japanese subjects in Cal- ifornia; 28. Over 800 Japanese coral fishers drowned off Bato Island in a hurricane. 3io TABULAR VIEWS I906 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. British Empire. 1906 1907 1906 Dec. 19. The U. S. Senate ratifies the Red Cross convention providing for the amelioration of the condition of the wound- ed on the field. Deaths in 1906: Anthony, Susan B.; Brunetiere, F.; Curie, Pierre; Craigie, Mrs. ("John Oliver Hobbes"); Christian IX., of Denmark; Dunbar, Paul L.; Field, Marshall; Gorman, A. T.; Harper, W.R.; Henderson, D.B.; H o 1 y o a k e , G. J.; von Hartmann, Karl; Huntington, Daniel; Ibsen, Henrik; Johnson, Eastman; Kodama, Baron; Ristori, Adelaide; Sage, Russell; Sutro, Emil; Schofield, Gen. J. M.;Shaler, N. S.;Schurz, Carl; Toole, J. L. ; Wheeler, Gen. J. 1906 Nov. 1. Three cent street cars operated for the first time in Cleveland; 7. The Pennsylvania R.R. raises wages 10 per cent. Dec. 22. Pres. Roosevelt orders a second investi- gation of the affair at Brownsville; 29. The Cleveland Electric Rail- way announces 3% cent fares on all its lines. 1907 Feb. 7. Rockefeller ministered by the 1907 Jan. 19. Floods on the Ohio River render homeless 15,000 people in and around Cincinnati; 23. The Senate adopts the amendment increasing the salaries of the vice- president, speaker, and members of the Cabinet and of Congress. gives $32,000,000 to be ad- General Education Board. 1 Feb. 26. Major Goethals appointed chief engineer of the Panama Canal. 1906 Dec. The Education bill, for the exclusion of the de- nominational control of the schools, passes third reading in the House of Lords; 12. The Commons rejects all amendments of the Lords; Constitution granted to the Transvaal ; 19. The House of Lords rejects the concessions offered by the Govern- ment in the matter of the Education bill; 20. The Education bill with- drawn; 26. The Indian National Congress opens at Calcutta; 30. Xing Edward approves the appointment of James Bryce to be ambassador to the U. S.; 31. An agreement of the British railways to abolish re- bates goes into force. 1907 Jan. 24. Delegates of the Labor Party meet at Belfast; 26. The Labor Party favors the exten- sion of the suffrage equally to all men and all women. Feb. 9. A great gathering of women in London de- mands attention for the Female Suffrage bill; 27. Motion in the Commons in favor of the disestab- lishment and disendow- ment of the established church in England and Wales. 1907 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 3H A.D. France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1906 1906 Dec. 28. The French Senate passes the amended Sepa- ration bill. 1907 1907 Jan. 3 . New French law amending the Church and State Separation law of 1905 is signed by the president. 1906 Nov. 7. By a new interpre- tation of the election law the Russian Senate disfranchises thousands of city and railroad em- ployees. Dec. 14. The Belgian Cham- ber votes in favor of an- nexing the Congo Free State; 29. Factories closed at Lodz, Russian Poland, 100,000 men out of work 1907 Jan. 3. Articles of the Po lish National League, embodying plans for ac- tion in case of war, pub- lished at Breslau; 26. Spanish Parliament sus- pended by the king. Feb. 20. Consuls in Odessa appeal to their embassies for protection for foreign- ers during the continued anti-Jewish disturbances. 1906 Nov. 22. The Chinese im- perial regulations for the suppression of the use of opium are published. Dec. 26. Severe earthquake shocks in the province of Tacna, Chile; 30. The shah and the crown prince sign the Pers ; an constitution. 1907 Jan. 14. The greater part of Kingston, Jamaica, destroyed by earthquake and fire; over 1000 dead" 19. Shah of Persia crowned at Teheran; 30. The Chilean Congress authorizes the construc- tion of a railroad from the Peruvian frontier to the Strait of Magellan. 312 TABULAR VIEWS I907 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc United States. British Empire. 1907 1907 |1907 |1907 Mar. 12. Mrs. Russell Sage gives $10,000,000 to create Mar. 2. The cause of muni- the Sage Foundation for philanthropic work |Mar. 4. 17,000,000 acres added to the forest re- serves; 14. Pres. Roose- velt issues orders for the exclusion of Japanese laborers and for the dismissal of suits against the San Francisco school board; violent decline on the N . Y. Stock Exchange ; Sec. of the Treasury offers to redeem $25,000,- 000 of 4 per cent, govern- ment bonds; 30. The chairman of the Inter- state Commerce Commis- sion and the Secretary of Labor begin mediation at Chicago which averts a strike on more than forty railroads. Apr. 5. Carnegie gives $6,000,000 to the Carnegie In- stitute at Pittsburg. Apr. 8- The Supreme Court decides that the Isle of Pines is not American territory; a convention and peace congressopen- ed in New York; James- town Ter -centenary Ex- position opened. May 9. Haywood trial begun. June 15. Second Peace Conference at The Hague opened. Deaths in 1907 to July: Aldrich, T. B.; von Berg- mann, E.; Berthelot, P E. M.; Carducci, G. Casimir-Perier, J. P. Garrison, W. P.; Grau, M.; Gunter, A. C; Heil- prin A.; Lamsdorf, Count; Mendelyef, D.; Mazaffar-ed-din, shah of Persia; Moissan, H.; Mor- gan, J. T.; Theurie, A.; Watson, Rev. J. ("Ian Maclaren"). cipal ownership receives a reverse in the defeat of the Progressives in the London elections; 9. Agreement with Russia as to intervention in Persia; 20. 70 advocates 01 woman suffrage arrested ; 22. The Commons rejects a bill for the introduction of the metric system. is concluded between the United States and England for a Canadian boundary commission. 14. National arbitration Apr. 15. The British Colo- nial Conference begins sessions in London. May 6. Owing to political agitation in the university June 3. Wages advanced 5 per cent, in cotton mills of northern New Eng- land; 24. Treaty with Santo Domingo signed; 26. Sec. Taft announces that American occupa- tion of Cuba will continue for 18 months; 29. Con- tracts awarded for two 2C.000 ton battleships. and schools of Bengal, the government threatens to withdraw educational aid. June 3. Irish Home Rule bill withdrawn; 26. The Commons passes a reso- lution to curtail the power of the House of Lords; 27. King Edward lays the foundation stone of a new extension to the British Museum; 28. Great combination form- ed of the iron and steel manufacturers. I9O7 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 313 A.D. France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1907 Mar. 4. The grand dukes of Mecklenburg -Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz announce their intention to grant constitutions to the duchies; 12. The French battleship Jena blown up at Toulon; 24. Treaty between France and Siam transfers three provinces to the former; 29. trench troops occupy Oudja, Morocco. May 1. France refuses to accept the certificate pro- vided under the Pure Food Law for American meat; 14, The Reichstag passes a German-Ameri- can commercial agree- ment to remain in force until July, 1908; 22. The French cabinet agrees on a bill to suppress adulter- ated wines; 31. French naval reserve strikes. June 1. Demonstration at Nimes of 200,000 persons connected with the French wine trade; 5. Strike of the French naval re- serve comes to an end ; 11-12. Mayors of muni- cipalities in the wine district of France re- sign as a protest against the condition of the vine-growers; 20. Se- rious disturbances in the wine provinces; 31. The French Senate adopts a bill for the suppression of the adulteration of wine. 1907 Apr. 7. 19 women elected to the Finnish Diet; first women representatives in any national legislature. June 8. The czar approves the project for a railroad from Tomsk to Bering Strait and for a tunnel under the Strait; 14. The Norwegian Parlia- ment votes to grant the suffrage to about 300,- 000 women based upon a property qualification; 15. The czar dissolves the Duma and in de- fiance of an essential guarantee of the Consti- tution promulgates a new electoral law; 29. The Russian government takes measures to prevent Armenian massacres. 1907 Mar. 22. Russian evacua- tion of Manchuria com- pleted ; 24. Dr. Mauchamp killed at Morocco City by Mohammedan fanatics. Apr. 15. Manchuria form- ally returns to Chinese rule; Chilpancingo and Chilapa, Mexico, destroy- ed by earthquake; 19. Iloilo, Philippines, de- stroyed by fire. May 3. The Dominican Con- gress ratifies the new treaty with the United States; 16. Chinese offi- cials state that famine relief sent by the United States has healed all breaches between the two countries; 21. All the native opium dens in Shanghai are closed by imperial edict. Proverbs and Phrases of All Ages CLASSIFIED BY SUBJECTS AND ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY By Robert Christy New Edition, Two vols, in one. 16°. Printed on Bible paper. Limp leather, full gilt . net, $3.50 " The book is extremely interesting and well printed, and it is easy to find what you want. It is impossible to dip into it anywhere without seeing some jewel worth the keeping, and it is not easy to put the book down. Take it all in all, it is the most satisfactory book of the kind we know." — Literature. "A handsome book of reference with a good index. . . . The collection will be found useful." — London Athenceum. G. P. Putnam's Sons New York London 5ooo Facts and Fancies A Cyclopaedia of Important, Curious, Quaint, and Unique Information in History, Literature, Science, Art, and Nature. Including Note- worthy Historical Events; Civil, Military, and Religious Institutions ; Scientific Facts and Theories ; Natural Curiosities; Famous Build- ings, Monuments, Statues, Paintings, and other Works of Art and Utility ; Celebrated Liter- ary Productions; Sobriquets and Nicknames; Literary Pseudonyms; Mythological and Imaginary Characters ; Political and Slang Terms ; Derivations of Peculiar Words and Phrases, etc By WILLIAM HENRY P. PHYFE Author of "10,000 Words Often Mispronounced," "How Should I Pronounce?" etc. Octavo ; (by mail, $3.40) net, $3. 00 It is true that we have cyclopaedias and other works of reference almost without number, but these (or rather the most of them) are not specially devoted to unusual or peculiar facts, and hence fail to furnish the information required. In the case of the books that do exist, they are frequently unknown to the general reader, and, in any case, would prove somewhat expensive, as several of them would be needed to cover the field. In view of the above facts, it has been thought advisable to prepare a work — moderate in size and price — that should contain the leading facts and fancies found in such miscellaneous volumes. An effort has been further made to render the book a readable one as well as a work of reference, thus making its perusal a pro6table exercise in moments of leisure. A glance at the sub-title will give a general idea of the class of imporcant subjects dealt with. New York Q - p - Putnam's Sons London NOV 22 1907