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BY J. G. FORMAN, L. B. * 5 CINCINNATI: PRINTED BY WM. L. MKNDEXHALI. 1844. -< u n .F O > V i L..- 10 i 9 inrM CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORGANS. Domestic Propensities. fl. Amativeness. 2. Philoprogenitivencss. 3. Adhesiveness. 4. Inhabitiveness. 5. Concentrativcness. SELFisn Propensities. 6. Combativeness. 7. Destructiveness. 8. Alimentiveness. 9. Acquisitiveness. 30. Socretiveness. Semi Intellectual Faculties. 20. Constructiveness. 21. Ideality. B. Sublimity. 22. Imitation. 23. Mirthfulness. Intellectual Poweks. perceptive or knowing FACULTIES 24. Individuality. 25. Form. 26. Size. 27. Weight. Elevating Sentiments. 28. Color. 11. Cautiousness. 29. Order. 12. Approbativeness. 30. Number. 13. Self-esteem. 31. Locality. 14. Firmness. 32. Eventuality 33. Time. Moral Sent? mi a i 31. Tune. ir>. Conscientiousness. 35. Language. 16. Hope. 17. Marvellousness Reflective Fa< ulties 19. Veneration. 36, Causality. l'» Benevolence. 37. Comparison. ELEMENTS OF PHRENOLOGY Phrenology is a system of mental philosophy, founded upon the organization of the brain, and established by observation and induction. It explains the functions of thai delicate organ in the same maimer that Physiology discloses t<> us tlii- functions and uses of the various organs contained m the thorax and abdomen, and those- that are employed in locomotion. It may, therefore, be properly teemed, not only, a science of mind, but the true physiology of the brain. Its founders, Gall and Spurzheim, devoted their lives to its discovery ami perfection, and pursued a mode of investi- gation that is infallible. They w generally admitted; and as with this, phrenology either stands or falls.it may he well to consider, briefly, a few of the facts upon which it s for support. The same individuals often possess some faculties in a hiirli degree and arc deficient in others. ( I this kind are all men of partial genius. I me man excels as a mechanic, but fails as a peel <>r an orator; another ex- cels in music, hut never can learn to be skilful with tools. One is a deep thinker but has a poor memory; and another remembers one clai CtS well and i' v thing else. One man is naturally mild, amiable and is in his feeling ther is \ Ifisfa and depraved. — These facts ail prove that the different feelings and senti- ments depend ondifferenl | ling as one is developed more than anoth< the character various. Another class of facts that prov< :.<• principle, is familiar to every one. Partial insanity and partial idiocy. Men become insane on one subject and remain rational on every other. Insanity results from a diseased brain, and when the religions organs become deranged from religious excitement, the man is insane on that subject. If a man is disappointed in his affections, the portion of brain appropri- ated to those organs may become inflamed, and then wo have insanity upon that subject. £ en have been known to imagine themselves kings, and require the sub- mission of others to their authority; others have supposed themselves (rod, or Jesus Christ. This would result from diseased self-esteem and veneration. If the brain were a unit or single organ, as anti-phrenologists contend, the per- son should he cither wholly insane, or of a sound mind. \ rase was latch mentioned to me bv Mr. William TV Gallager, a merchant of Cincinnati, of a partial idiot that liw knew in Kensington. Philadelphia. His name was Thomas Teese. He was entirely wanting in the reflective organs, and had no intelligence whatever — could call one or two names indistinctly, but could not talk. He was entirely incapable of taking care of himself, and a complete idiot, except in one thing. He had the organ of music, and could sing any tune he heard — not in words, but merely the tune. Sometimes he became violent, and could be soothed im- mediately by music. On one occasion he heard a gentle man sing, and when the person went away, sang the turn; correctly. Several years afterw r ards that gentleman return- ed, and when he came in the door the idiot commenced singing the same tune, and sang it through correctly. The limits of this work will not admit of a further detail of the many facts that have been collected, of this description. The brain completely fills the cavity of the skull, and the external form of the head is a true index of its form and shape. This language may be met with in many works on physiology, so that by examining the form of the head we can ascertain the size of the different organs. It is not true, as stated by some anti-phrenologists, that it is impossi- ble to ascertain from the form of the head, the size and form of the brain. The thickness of the skull can be estimated from the other bones of the body, and the fineness of the temperament; and it, never varies so much as to present any difficulty. Its average thickness is about three-eighths of an inch; and sometimes one pcrsoivs head is two inches higher, or broader, or longer than another's. Wherever the skull varies much in thickness, it is the result of dis- ease; and the skulls collected together by Dr. Sewall and others, and offered as objections to phrenology, were of this description. We do not judge of the character from particular elevations and d< , called "bumps," as w generally supposed, so much as from the general shape and configuration of the head, as well as from the temperament and size of ihe vital and muscular sysl Neith ler is tlit- character estimated bv the separate 01 garif but IV on) \arious ibinat ions, IIK.H lifying giv a particular direction to the mind and feelings. Thus, de structiveness is the propensity to destroy, but combined with the moral organs, it gives a proper degree of severity to the character, and punishes the wrong-doer. Conscientiousness and intellect frame laws, and destmctiveness adds the pen ally. Death and destruction enter into the very con stitu tion of things, and this faculty brings us in harmony with that law of our being. Combined, however, with the other animal organs, and a deficiency of the moral region, it leads to cruelty, murder, and crime. Acquisitiveness is the dis- position to acquire; but one faculty must not outrage another, and therefore, if conscientiousness be lame, the person will acquire honestly, and both faculties will be gratified; but if conscientiousness he deficient, the person may then be tempted to steal, unless restrained by self-esteem and ap- probativeness, or some other governing organ. ( lombative ness is the propensity to attack or defend; and combined with the moral sentiments gives moral courage and fbro character. If unrestrained by the higher feelings, it leads to quarreling and strife. Veneration is the tendency to adore; and when enlightened by intellect, leads to the wor- ship of the one living and true God. If allowed to act blindly, it displays itself in superstition and fanaticism, and yields submission to the dignitaries of the Church and the authority of men in high places. These observations arc sufficient to show that we do nol estimate character by any one organ taken separately. The physical constitution, embracing the temperaments — the size and form of the brain, and the combination of its van ous organs, arc all important considerations in judging of character. No one, certainly, will dispute, that a well formed and healthy organization of brain is more favora- ble to the manifestation of high mental qualities than one diseased or imperfectly organized. The quality of the brain is quite as important an element in the mental consti- s lution as size, and this condition is ascertained by a know- ledge of the temperaments. If the textures and fibres of the body are finely organized, indicating a nervous temper- ament, the quality of the brain is of the same description; and with a smaller head, such an individual will evince more mind and more intelligence than another, with a larger brain of a coarser organization. If the fibres and muscles of the body arc soft and coarsely organized, the brain is of the same description, and however large, the manifesta- tions of mind will be dull and inactive. But, where size and a fine quality of brain are both united, then we have mental power as well as talent and sprightliness. Men of small but active brains, are generally smart men, as they are called, and often men of learning and talent — though gene- rally better adapted to business pursuits and a moderate sphere of life, in which they will often shine more brilli- antly than men of superior minds. Others, having large brains, are frequently dull, heavy men, because they are deficient in activity or some other necessary condition. It is only where these are all united that we find men of the highest order of minds. Webster, Clay, Calhoun, and many others, might be given as exam- ples of this class. To such it belongs to mould public opinion, and sway the destinies of the Republic. They are of • l The few, the immortal names. That were not born to die." A knowledge of phrenology, then, embraces more than a mere examination of the head. It requires an intimate ac- quaintance with those physiological conditions of the body, that modify the quality, health, and activity of the brain. These conditions are ascertained by an examination of cer- tain classes of the bodily organs, and this arrangement has given rise to the division of the temperaments. EXPLANATION. Here begins the application of this subject to the exami- nation of the head and temperament; and for the purpose of indicating the different degrees of development, the fol- lowing scale of figures will be used, and when placed oppo- site an organ, by the pen, will indicate its comparative size with the other organs in the same head : 1. Very SMALL, or almost entirely absent, I. Small, at inactive. .'■>. Moderate, hiif capable of cultivation. 4. Average, possessing but little strength, but frequent- ly ac 5. FuLLj B reasons *ee of strength and activity. 0. Large, exercising a controlling influence on the character. 7. Very large, having a marked and powerful influence, and great liability to ab These different degrees will be placed oppositesuch com- binations of organs and temperaments as arc found in the person's brad. When individuals compare charts together they should not be surprised to find many of the organs marked, by the phrenologist, of the same size, although they may be entirely different in their general characters. A slight difference in a few organs, or a difference of tem- perament, frequently changes all the combinations; and it is from these combinations that the character is formed, modi- fied too by different circumstances. .Moreover, the great mass of mankind, are much alike, having the same elements of character, yet frequently differing in some material point that gives an entirely different direction to the mind. Per- sons should not, therefore, simply compare the numbers on their charts, and because many are alike, infer that their phrenological characters are the same. To neglect consid' ering the combinations, and the effect a difference in a few Organs might have upon the character, shows a weakness 10 of mind thai they should be ashamed of, instead of makini it an objection to phrenology. THE TEMPEKAMENTS. Upon that division in physiology, which embraces the se- creting glands, the viscera, and the fleshy parts of the system, is based the Lymphatic Temperament : — The external indications of this temperament are easily recognized. The muscles are soft, and the person inclined to corpulency and an abun- dance of. flesh. The complexion is of a pale inanimate color, and the eyes of a sleepy expression. They are what Shakspeare calls ! " fat, Sleek headed men, and such as sleep o' nights."" It gives an ease-seeking disposition, and an aversion to bodily or mental effort. Indolence and a good natured, hap py disposition flow from this temperament. Such persons take the world at their ease, and pass down the current of life smoothly. When blended with the sanguine and ner- vous, the complexion is more florid, and the person more devoted to his pursuits; but has his intervals of indolence. and enjoys some situation well, that does not require hard labor. Landlords, Bankers, and Aldermen, frequently have this combination of temperaments. The Sanguine Temperament : — This temperament is based on that class of organs contained in the thorax, em- bracing the vital functions. It includes the arterial portions of the system, and gives a florid complexion, and rudd) glow of countenance. The shoulders are broad, and the chest large and expanded. This is the active busin temperament, and imparls a love of physical exercise and enjoyment. Blended with the nervous, u constitutes the perfection of 11 female beauty. The well defined form and rounded limbs— the swelling bust— the sparkling eye, and auburn hair, fall- ing in rich profusion upon the neck and temples, all belong to this temperament. Those in whom it predominates, arc of a restless, impa- tient disposition, and arc better adapted to the active pur- suits of life than the study of books. If the intellectual faculties ar<> large, they arc men of general informa- tion rather than l»<.ck learning; and learn much from obser- vation and experience. Where the intellectual powers are <»uly average, they Bhould pursue some of the common and useful duties of life, and qoI aspire to be statesmen nor philosophers. 'Pur. Bilious T ment: — The bones and muscles form the basis ^( this temperament! It constitutes the frame work of the system, and is to the human body what the timbers arc to the house, giving strength and endu- rance. Its predominance is easily recognized by the size of the hours and muscles, and a strongly marked out- line of person. The complexion is generally dark, and the hair coarse and black. The muscles arc hard, and the person capable of trance. The effecl which this temperament has on the mind and character, depends on its combination with the sanguine or nervous, ami will l)c explained in those combinations. The Nervocs Tbmfehament: — This constitutes the men- tal organization, and is hascd on the brain and nervous system. Its predominance is indicated by a light, pale, complexion, and a delicate constitution. The bones arc small, and the person of a thin, spare form — often tall and slender, with rather a large brain, and the organs all sharp and pointed. The features are sharp, and all the fibres of the body fine and delicate: the hair fine, and fre- quently auburn, with an intellectual expression of coun- tenance, and a clear blue, or hazel eye. This is the temperament of feeling and sentiment, and imparts fine sensibilities, and a groat SUSCeptibilit) to pain and pleasure. 12 Those in whom it predominates suffer and enjoy intensely, and are apt to have a rough voyage through life, and see many of its changes and vicissitudes. If the head be smooth, and evenly developed, the person will be of an even, uniform character and disposition, and will not be likely to experience these reverses of feeling and fortune; but this form of head is seldom found in one of a highly nervous temperament. It is generally accompanied by a large de- velopment of the organs in the upper and lateral portions of the head^ideality, the moral sentiments and intellect, and gives a flow of pure and virtuous feeling. This is the temperament of genius, and with the appropriate organs gives a talent for poetry, painting, polite literature, and the fine arts. It imparts a great amount of refinement and del- icacy of feeling, and a fondness for reading and intellectual enjoyment — sometimes of a light and trifling description, or the more substantial subjects of thought and reflection, according to the ascendancy of particular organs. This was the temperament of Henry Kirk White, the Misses Davidson, and of every other precocious genius. Sanguine Nervous: — This combination of temperaments is frequently met with in musicians, poets and orators. It gives a great flow of feeling and sympathy, with more passion than the nervous. Its manifestations are various, according to the organization of the brain. Sometimes it is met with in business men, with a large development of those organs that make them understand their own interests well. Others, with this combination, are fond of exciting pleasures, and have the appetites and passions in a high state of activity; some are sentimental and fond of love tales, novels and light reading; and again it is found in men of learning, wisdom and ability. Sanguine Bilious: — This combination of temperaments gives physical power. It is more frequently met with in la- boring men than elsewhere; and one having it predominant with but little of the nervous, had better follow the plough than attempt to tread the paths of literature and science Willi a large brain, the person will have strength of mind, but lack those fine sensibilities, and that refinement which is necessary 10 literary taste and talent. Men of this tem- perament make good soldiers, laborers, stage drivers, heat- men, mechanics, tanners, and constitute a large portion of our substantial citizens. It is the hard working tempera- ment, and is unfavorable to dose application and attention to books. If the animal organs greatly preponderate, the associations are low and vulgar, and the person apt to form habits of a vicious and degrading character. With a large development of the moral and intellectual organs, the indi- vidual will sustain a good character for morality, judgment) and industry; but will lack those fine feelings and senti- ments that llow from the nervous temperament Nervous Bilious: — This combination is found in men Of the highest order of minds. It imparts the highest de- gree of physical and mental energy, and with a large and well organized brain, gives its possessor a I'nvci- and mental power that drives every thing before him. Such men have " A Kan and hungry look." Their features arc prominent, and the brain and muscles densely organized. They can endure any amount of hardship, and the greater the occasion the higher their en- ergies. They do not belong to the genteel, exquisite class of fashionable men; but they take hold of their projects with energy, and drive forward in spite of obstacles. They seldom stand about trifles, but engage in great and arduous enterprises. Such an one, cast upon the world alone, with- out advantages or assistance, will rise above every obstacle and every difficulty, till success has crowned his efforts, and he has reached the highest attainments. This is the tem- perament of John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster, Lord Brougham, and many others remarkable for the qualities here described. It is not always indicated by a large stature, but more by the density and compactness of the brain and muscles. Aaron Burr, Alexander Hamilton, and John Quincy Adams, belong to this class. 14 I f the brain is of moderate dimensions, and not well bal- anced, as is frequently the case, these high qualities of mind and body are lost; and we have a person of less mental capacity, but with a strong, enduring constitution. Bilious Sanguine and Nervous: — When these are all combined it imparts a healthy, vigorous constitution, and renders one almost proof against disease. The person may be intellectual or otherwise, according to the direction given to his faculties by circumstances. If the brain is large and well balanced, he will possess the high mental endowments ascribed to the Nervous Bilious: if only average or mode- rate, he will be adapted to some moderate sphere of busi- ness, and should be careful how he embarks in too great an enterprise. This combination of temperaments gives manly beauty, and qualifies one for a large class of enjoyments. The form is well defined, the outline rounded and full; and the body moves with an ease and grace that captivates all observers. Size of the Brain : — The size of the brain, other con- ditions being equal, is a measure of power. Combination 1. With a fine temperament and a well balanced head, the person will possess a mind of the high- est order, and attain eminence in any pursuit to which his talents are directed. A large brain with these conditions will give him momentum and power, and adapt him to great and important enterprises. Such an individual will exercise a controlling influence in a community, and attain the highest offices in the gift of the people. Military and naval com- manders, statesmen and jurists, always have this combina- tion. Combination 2. A large brain with a sanguine tempera- ment, or a combination of organs adapted to business, will enable one to conduct a large enterprise, and become emi- nenl as a business man, ;i speculator, or an agriculturalist; but he will not excel in ilu.se qualities described under the first combination. .l<>im Jacob Astor and Stephen Girard, belong to this cla 15 Combination 3. A large brain, with small perceptive or- gans, and an inactive temperament, will render one slow, and dull of perception — incapable of shining in any sphere, ami bettor adapted to some of the common and every day duties of life, ll" the perceptive organs are large, the per- son may see more n adily what is passing and what should be done; but without an active, well organized temperament should not venture oul of a plain and industrious sphere of life. Combination 4. Ac a. . I brain, with a tine temperament and a well balanced head, will impart sprightliness and activity of mind, with line talents for bu- siness, and frequently a readiness in the acquisition of knowledge that surpasses those of superior minds. This combination is often met with in men of business talent, literary men, and others; and with a good intellect, self- esteem, and unmarked deficiency in other n . the) frequently make a great display, and for aw bile, acquire the reputation of great men; but they do not belong to that class of great minds who become the authors and founders of new systems in science and philosophy, and leave their marks upon the world. Combination 5. One of an average or moderate sized brain, and an inactive temperament will be but a slight remove above idiocy; and even with a front head fairly developed, will display weakness and imbecility of mind. CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORGANS. Domestic Propensities: — These arc located together in a group, in the posterior lobe of the brain, or back part of the head. They give rise to those social feelings, which make us delight in the society of friends, and bind mankind together in families, societies, and nations'. Combination 1. An individual with these organs large, 10 and u line temperament, with large ideality, moral selitf- incuts, and intellect, will form his social and domestic rela-< tions among the virtuous and intelligent. His affections will be refined and elevated; and if self-esteem and appro- bativeness are large, he will be too proud to mingle with the lower classes of society. Combination 2. One with these organs large, and less of the nervous temperament and ideality, will be less particu- lar in his associations; and with the passions and feelings strong, will be swayed by the society he keeps. If the moral sentiments and intellect are large, and self-esteem only full or average, he will be less aristocratic in his social feelings, and enjoy himself with the virtuous and good among all classes of men. He will appreciate and love the society of the intellectual, but will not despise the poor and ignorant. Combination 3. Where these organs are only average or full, there will be less warmth of feeling, and more in- difference to social enjoyment. If the selfish and business organs are large, the domestic relations will be subordi- nate to them, and business will claim more attention than family or friends. Combination 4. A moderate development of these feel- ings renders one cold, unsocial, and indifferent to the plea- sures of society or domestic life. 1. Amativexess: — The sentiment and feeling of love proceed from this organ. It is the basis of matrimonial life, and gives rise to the amorous desires and passions. Combination 1 . Intellect, moral sentiment, and ideality, give a direction to this organ that renders it one of the most sacred and holy feelings of our nature. Such a com- bination prompts to all those little attentions, and acts of kindness, that endear the sexes to each other. It gives to love all its romance and poetry, and throws around the dear one, a charm, that is ever before us. It is an important ele- ment in giving courage and manliness to the character, and stimulates to high and noble deeds. The feeling and Benti- 17 ment are beautifully portrayed in the following Hues, written by B. Halleck. u To love, and to be lov'd again: to feel That one heart heats responsive to our own: To cherish joys thai words can ne'er reveal, Gentle and lovely, as the dying tone Of far ofl* music. To no itrongly forth On life's rough journey, girt with woman's love, And woman's truth, jewels of priceless worth, That sorrows dim not, trials can hut prove; To stand with her beside the shrines were lie Our household gods; to feel her true hand press Our own in silence, while within h< I Glistens the t< u of tench r To listen to the voice, whose every tone, Tells us that we on earth are. not alom ." Combination 2. When this organ is large, and the (em perament sanguine, with not so great a predominance of the moral and intellectual powers, there is more of tin- nninial passion, and a greater tendency t<> indulge in abu and immoral gratifications of this feeling. The person will find it difficult to resist temptation, and be in danger of going astray from the path of virtue. With moderate con- scientiousness] and concentrativeness. and large self-esteem and approbativenesSj this combination leads to coquetry and inconstancy. Combination 3. If the base of the brain l>c large, with a coarse temperament, and a deficient moral region, it leads to obscene allusions, and indulgences that could not be de- scribed in a work of this description. Combination 4. When the organ is only average or lull. blended with ideality, moral sentiment and intellect, there will be more of the sentiment of love than the passion The person will express his attachment in a refined and delicate manner; and manifest a pure and virtuous feeling towards the other sex. If adhesiveness he large, his affec lion will be lasting and constant, and he will fulfil the mar riage relations with fidelity. This combination is m<>si frequently met with in (he female head. 3 18 Combination 5. A moderate, or small development of this organ, with ideality moderate, renders one indifferent to the charms and beauties of the other sex. 2. Philoprogenjtiveness : — The love of offspring is the natural function of this organ. It frequently gives a fond- ness for pets, animals, and every young and tender thing that receives our care and attention. Combination 1. When this organ is very large, and ad- hesiveness strong, with a mild and even temper, the person will have an excessive fondness for children, and pets, and be disposed to caress and fondle them — will bear much from them, and frequently indulge their wishes and caprices. Combination 2. If combativeness and ideality be large, with a large development of this organ, the person will be fond of children, and take much interest in those that are beautiful, sprightly, and well dressed — will make a fond parent; but will have no patience with those that are cross and ill-natured, and dislike spoiled and pampered children. Combination 3. An average or moderate development of this organ, with combativeness large, will lead to a general dislike of children. If a parent, the person may be fond of his own, from the relation of blood and kindred, but will have very little patience even with them, and take but little pleasure in their fondness and caresses. 3. Adhesiveness : — The ties of friendship, and the bonds of social life are formed by this organ. It gives ardor and depth of feeling, and renders one willing to sacrifice much on the altar of friendship. Its natural language is to cling to the objects of our affections, and meet them with fond ca- resses. The feeling is beautifully presented in the follow- ing lines from Moore: "The heart like n tendril, accustomed to cling, I,, t '>. grow whore it will, cannol flourish alone, Hut will lean t<> the nearest am! loveliest thing, It can twine with itself, and make closely its' own." Combination 1. With ideality, moral sentiment and m ■t. the person will 1m 1 choice in the selection oi' friends; 19 Mid with cautiousness and secretiveness, will make confi- dants of very few — will test them well first, but will lore them with deep and lasting affection. Combination 2. Where this organ is large, with small concentrativeness and no predominance of ideality and self- esteem, the person will be more general in his social at- tachments; and while in the society of his friends, exhibit the strongest marks of friendship; but when thrown into another sphere, though he may aol forget his old associations, will readily form others; ami with large approbativeness, beneTolence and mirthfulnesS, get along smoothly and plea- santly with all. Combination 3, A moderate development of this organ, with large selfish organs, renders one mid and indifferent to the ties of friendship; and if ho displays the apparent qualities of this feeling, it i^ from interested motives. Such persons are fond of using their friends, and so |ou<_r ;i< (heir interests are prompted by it, they seem to enjoy your soci- ety; but when you cease to benefit them, thej have no further need of your acquaintance. These are the false friends, who enjoy our friendship in prosperity, but forsake us in adversity. 4. Inhabitivbnbss: — The lose of home and country, is the natural function of this organ. It is always large in that class of men who live and die in the same town and neighborhood, upon the same farm; while it is generally not so large in cities, where people do not live long enough in one place to become attached to a particular residence. Combination 1. With adhesiveness large the person will grieve much on leaving home and friends, and while away, think often of returning. If all the domestic organs are large, and the perceptive faculties only full, will enjoy his meals better at home than elsewhere, and his sleep will seem more refreshing under his own roof. To him there will be no place like home. Combination 2. With this organ large, and weak con- centrativeness, the person may love home dearly, and r«- •20 member, with fondness, all its pleasant associations; but it' his disposition be enterprising, and his nature ambitious. flowing from hope and approbativeness, be may seek other places to attain the objects of that ambition. If he possess versatility of talent, and have no family ties to connect him with a particular region of country, he may even be- come a wanderer, and yet not forget the home of his child- hood, The author of this pamphlet is acquainted with a person of this description who has been a rambler from an early age, but recollects with peculiar fondness his early home. In all his wanderings he has indulged the hope of revisiting[his native land. The smooth and flowing river; the trees that adorn his childhood's home; the hills and verdant fields; and the running brook that murmured by, are all among the most pleasing objects of his remembrance. Combination 3. One with this organ average or mode- rate, will not be much influenced by this feeling — will be at home wherever his friends and business call him, and form no attachments to a place on its own account. If con- centrativeness be weak, and locality, hope, and approbative- ness strong, may become a traveller and adventurer — will stay but a short time in one place, and sacrifice every other consideration to see the world. 5. Concentrativeness : — This organ gives continuity of thought and feeling, and keeps the attention fixed upon one thing till it is completely finished. When large it leads to great prolixity and tediousness in giving details, and dwells upon one subject till it becomes exhausted. Combination 1. With large intellectual organs it gives application to study, and is favorable to the mathematician and logician. It never leaves a point unfinished, and the mind cannot give its attention to more than one thing at once. It renders the feelings and impressions lasting, and with conscientiousness, gives constancy to the affections. Combination 2. An average development, with the per- ceptive organs large, is more favorable to business pursuits \t gives one a love of change and variety, and renders him attentive to all his various duties and interests ;it the same time With an active temperament, it renders one impa- tient and restless in his disposition. Combination 3. When the organ is small, there is a STetS tendency to do too many things at the same time, and to change rapidly from one object to another. The person becomes tired of one thing and seeks novelty and change. With a strong intellect, he will l>e apt to become a kind of universal genius, and possess great versatility of talent. His mind condenses rapidly, and is impatient of a long and tedious account of any thing. With large causality, will reason with point and logic, hut fail to connect and carry out his ideas in detail — will prefer extemr* raneous Bpeak- ing to the labor of writing and committing to memory, ami generally l>e ready and oil-hand in all he says and does. This combination is frequently met with in lawyers and bu- siness men, hut is nut favorable to hard study. A sufficient number of studies at the same time, to afford a change and relieve the mind, is an advantage to those possessing this combination. Selfish Propensities: — These are located together in a group around the ears, and when large, give a rounded ful- - to the sides of the head. They adapt us to a world where selfishness abounds, and where every cue must pro- vide for his own wants and necessities. Our bodies are so organized as to need nourishment and protection, and these faculties arc necessary to our animal existence, and prompt us to seek our own enjoyment. Combination 1. With large moral organs and intellect the person may be attentive to his own interests and enjoy- ments, and yet disposed to share it with others, and make all around him happy. Combination 2. When these organs are large, and the elevating and moral sentiments moderate, the person will be strongly tempted to give way to his animal nature, and indulge in low and degrading vices. Combination 3. A moderate development of this class 83 of organs, with a line temperament, and the moral senti- ments large, renders" one too mild and inefficient for the active duties and business of life. Such have not selfish- ness enough to take care of their own interests, in a com- munity where each one is struggling for his own elevation, and should have some one to aid and assist them in such a state of society. 6. Combati VENESS : — This is the propensity to oppose, defend and attack; and from it flows courage and boldness in the defence of our rights and principles. It is an im- portant element in giving force and energy to the char- acter. Combination 1. With large moral sentiments and intel- lect, it imparts moral courage, and blended with firmness and destructivencss, gives force and energy of character. If cautiousness be large, and the physical powers weak, the person will possess more moral than animal courage, but will not shrink from opposition, and when aroused, will defend his rights boldly, and, perhaps, be fond of argu- ment and debate. With an excitable temperament, he will be easily vexed, and irritated by any thing that crosses his path, and sometimes exhibit too much anger. Combination 2. Where the moral organs are moderate, this propensity is sometimes restrained by cautiousness, but otherwise it gives a love of contention, and a quarrelsome disposition. The person will frequently provoke difficulties and be too ready to resent an injury. Combination 3. With this organ onlv average or full, and large cautiousness, approbativencss ami self-esteem, with the moral sentiments and intellect, the person will never seek a difficulty, but if necessary will defend himself boldly. If his character is assailed, he will display more anger than on ordinary occasions, and be considered re- fill. Destruetiveness added to the combination, might ren- der him revengeful, and if provoked to anger, or placed in a difficult situation, even desperate; but under ordinary cir- cumstances, he would he a mild and peaceable citizen. With 23 large thinking faculties, firmness, and self-esteem, he would be fond of argument, and would contend strongly for his (.pinions. Combination 4. "With this organ moderately developed, and large cautiousness, the person is generally too timid to brave danger, and shrinks from difficulty and opposition. 7. Destrui riVBNEss :— The propensity to destroy is the proper function of this organ. .Alan's progress through the world is often impeded by obstacles and difficulties. The forest must be cut down to prepare a way lor his habita- tion: and beasts of prey destroyed to secure his safety. Animal food must 1m- provided for his sustenance, and this requires the infliction of sudden death to prepare it for his nourishment. The organ of destructiveneSS, then, is im- planted in our nature for a useful purpose, and does not -arily lead to cruelty, murder and crime. Combination l. When blended with benevolence and conscientiousness, the person s/ill Ik- opposed t<> the inflic- tion of unnecessary pain; and if the temperament be ner- vous, will have too much sympathy to witness Buffering or death; \ et if necessary for the preservation of life, would net hesitate to inflict pain to attain that end. This combi- nation renders one very indignant at any violation of jus- tice or humanity, and gives rise to the feeling, that the guilty ought to be punished. When provoked, it gives deep- toned anger; and if firmness and intellect are added to the combination, the person will possess great force and energy of character. Combination '2. A large development of this organ with a strong temperament, and not a great ascendancy of the moral sentiments, renders one severe in punishing the offender; and if self-esteem and approbativeness are large, revenge- ful in redressing an injury. It gives the desire for satisfac- tion, and cannot rest contented without atonement. With large adhesiveness, the person will be a warm friend and bitter enemy; and if the preceptives are large, will be fond of hunting, gaming, and killing ;mimnls. This orgnn is ul ways found large in the heads of surgeons, butchers, and duellists; though real courage, the function of combat- iveness, is frequently as deficient in the latter class of per- sons as any other set of men. One with this combination will possess a destructive temper, that cannot be appeased without destroying or hurting something. Combination 3. An average or moderate development of this organ, with benevolence, and a nervous temperament, renders its possessor mild and humane in his disposition. Unless combativeness and firmness are large, he will be too harmless and inefficient for the ordinary pursuits of life; and with the affections large, will be too effeminate and woman-like in his character and disposition, to succeed well in any great enterprise. 8. Alimentiveness : — This organ is the seat of the ap- petite, and prompts the intellect to secure that kind of food that is most agreeable and nourishing to the body. Combination i. With firmness, conscientiousness and in- tellect, the person will have a good appetite, and relish his food well, but will not indulge in excesses or intemperate habits. Combination 2. A large development of this organ, with a sanguine temperament, and a predominance of the organs in the base of the brain, leads to habits of intemperance, and the indulgences of appetite. Combination 3. One with a moderate degree of this or- gan, and a nervous temperament, will be naturally tempe- rate in the use of food; and if the intellect be large- will frequently neglect his meals to finish what he is reading or doing. Intemperate men have been found with this organ moderately developed, but having the social organs large, and but little self-government, have yielded to the force of social habit and custom. Others have become intemperate Id drown their sorrows, or to procure excitement, and do nol form the habit from the force of appetite. 9. Acquisitiveness: — 'The propensity to acquire, is the proper function of ibis organ It does not, necessarilyy 4 JJ render one penurious or avaricious in his feelings; but seeks to acquire property, for the gratilication of the other feelings and faculties, or for its own enjoyment. Combination 1. With acquisitiveness large, and a well balanced head, the person will be economical, and place a high value upon property. In business, will be strict and close in his dealings, and always ready to make a good bar- gain. With good business talents, will be likely to acquire property and become wealthy ; but if benevolence and the moral sentiments arc large, will appropriate much to religi- ous and charitable purpo Combination 2. One witli this organ lar«jo. and benevo- lence, ideality, approbativeness, and the social organs large, will be disposed t<> make apidly, but cannot keep it. His social enjoyments; his love of the beautiful ; his gene- rositv; and his appear t<> advantage, will make such large drafts upon bis acquisitiveness, that it will be ex- ceedingly difficult for him to be economical. The same combination, with this organ moderately developed, would render him a perfect spendthrift. Combinatioji 3. A moderate development of this organ, renders one disposed to place a low estimate upon the value of money. It is to such of small consideration, compared with other things; and they require it only to supply their wants, and to secure the enjoyments of life. They may be either extravagant or economical in its use, according to other combinations, as these two qualities do not depend on this organ. One with a plain, practical mind, and large cautiousness, will be saving and frugal with moderate ac- quisitiveness, and often be charged with psnuriousness; while another with the organ large, and ideality, approba- tiveness, hope and benevolence predominant, will be much more extravagant in the use of money. 10. Sfxretiveness : — This is the propensity to conceal; and enables us to suppress the different feelings and emo- tions of thp mind till th^ judconpnt approves of living thf»m utterance. i Combination 1. Under the influence of the moral senti- ments, this organ renders one discreet and prudent in all he says and does. He keeps his plans and business to him- self, and makes very few confidants even among his friends. Combination 2. If large, with moderate conscientious- ness, it leads to evasion and deception. The person cannot be relied on, and too often disregards the truth, it makes one disposed to hide his feelings and conduct, and throw a mystery around every thing he says and does. Individuals that are sly, secretive, and cunning, have this combination . Combination 3. A moderate development of this organ, with large conscientiousness, renders one candid, open- hearted, and free in the expression of his feelings. He has but few secrets of his own, and cares but little to learn the secrets of others. If anything is told him in coniidence, and is thus addressed to his moral sense and intellect, he keeps it faithfully — not because he is fond of secret things, but that it would be a breach of good faith towards his friend. It is generally supposed that large secretiveness is necessary to keep a secret, but there is no greater mistake made in phrenology. One with this organ large, and small consci- entiousness, is the last person in the world to place confi- dence in. Elevating Sentiments: — These organs are located a little back and upon the crown of the head. They g elevation and importance to the character, and are essential to a high-minded, honorable man. Combination 1. One with these organs very large, blen- ded with moral sentiment and intellect, will take a high stand among his fellow men, and render himself conspicu- ous in church or state. He makes character a test of merit, and esteems his own above every other consideration. With the domestic organs large, will display sonic family pride, and have a high regard for his ancestors and family name. Combination 2. \{' these organs are large with a strong intellect and weak moral sentiments, the person will lake '2? more; interest in politics than religion, and will have high aspirations for fame and political distinction. Combination 5. A moderate development of this class of sentiments, renders one too unassuming, and too indifferent to his political rights and privileges. He does not possess character enough, and never attains any consideration among his fellow men. because he does not desire it. 11. Cau s: — The sentiment of fear, and the ap- prehension of danger, flow from this organ. bination 1. One with this organ large, and a well balanced head, will exhibit care and prudence m the man- agement of his business; and with large causality, will weigh consequences well, and estimate the final result of his undertakings. With large firmness, combativeness, and intellect, he will p< - it fortitude and presence of mind, and although sensible of danger, will the more suc- cessfully meet and brave it. or take the secures! means of protecting himself against it. Combination 2. When this organ is very large, and firmness, self-esteem, and combativeness weak, it produees indecision and instability of mind. The person hesitates, and wavers between different motives and opinions, and leans too much upon others for advice and assistance. It gives great anxiety about consequences, and disposes one to look on the dark side of things. With philoprogenitiveness or acquisitiveness, the person will be tilled with apprehen- sion if his children arc in danger, or his business unsuccess- ful, and will be likely to avail himself of every means of safety within his power. Combination 3. If the temperament is very excitable, and self-esteem, firmness and combativeness large, cautious- ness will not hold its sway over the mind; and though ever so large, the person will frequently be rash and impulsive, and involve himself in difficulty — will be sensible of per- sonal danger, but, unless causality is very large, will be imprudent and rash in many things, and see its folly after- wards. With a moderate development of this organ, the 28 person will lack caution, prudence and forethought, and frequently suffer from its deficiency. 12. Approbativeness : — The natural function of this organ is the love of praise; the desire to be esteemed, and the disposition to please; and is an important element in an amiable character. It prompts to affability and politeness in our attentions to others; and is the great motive to ambi- tion, fame, and distinction. Combination 1. One having this organ large, with a fine temperament, and large conscientiousness, will be extreme- ly sensitive to praise and censure ; will be exceedingly wounded at any reflection upon his character or honor, and regard his good name above every other consideration; will be affable and polite in his intercourse with others; and under new circumstances and responsibilities, feel a great amount of diffidence; but with a strong intellect and firmness, will overcome his bashfulness, and appear to be self-possessed. If self-esteem be deficient, and cautiousness and conscientiousness very large, will be retired, unassu- ming, and modest in his deportment, and shrink from re- sponsibility and public attention. Combination 2. With this organ large, blended with large combativeness and self-esteem, the person will be fond of praise, but not modest nor unassuming; will make but few efforts to obtain it, but enjoy it well when it comes to him indirectly. With secrctiveness large, will appear to care very little for approbation, but enjoy it well notwith- standing; will frequently speak of himself and relate his adventures — ask what others say about him, and what, they think of him, and yet apparently care nothing for their opinion. Such an individual will be too proud to seek praise directly, and yet will betray a great desire for the good opinion of others. Ideality, self-esteem and approbative- ness, all large, frequently display themselves in vanity, pride, egotism, and a love of display. Combination 3. A moderate development of this organ with large self-esteem, renders onn indifferent to prnise or 39 censure, and very independent in his feelings. 1 1 « 5 i* equally contented whether praised or not, and will move on in his own way. without regard to the frowns or smiles of any one. 13. Self-esteem : — Self-respect, independence, and self- confidence, flow from this organ. It gives weight, impor- tance, and dignity to the character, and imparts an upright walk and attitude to the man. It is an important element to the character of a great or public man. and makes him claim for himself that consideration which his character deserves. The 1<>\<- of power and authority . and the difi sition to rule, flow from the exercise of this orga 1. Combination l. With lame firmness and combative it renders one wilful and tenacious of his own opinions. Such individuals have strong prejudices and prepossessions, strong likes ami dislikes; and are apt to feel that they are right, and require the submission of others to their authority. This combination disposes one to be arroganl and overbear- ing in his ways and opinions, and inclined to dictate and assume the lead. It imparts confidence and self-importance to the character, and does not regard the feelings of others sufficiently. Combination 2. When the organ is full or large, with approbativeness, moral sentiment and intellect, the person will evince a becoming degree of self-respect and indepen- dence of character; will esteem his own opinions and rights highly, but express himself in such a manner as not to wound the pride of others; will be high minded, honorable and proud, and look upon meanness and littleness with great contempt. Combination 3. When this organ is moderately devel- oped, with large approbativeness, and the social organs, the person will be undignified, and with large mirthfulness, given to trifling and playfulness; will assume dignity and self-respect among equals, and superiors, or among stran- gers, but it will be unnatural; and the person will long to throw off restraint, and feel at his ease. 30 14. Firmness: — Decision, {stability, will, and firmness of purpose, are the natural manifestations of this organ. It imparts fortitude, resolution, and determination to the character, and is essential to the success of those who en- gage in great and arduous enterprises. Combination 1. Those in whom this organ predominates. with large self-esteem, and destructiveness. are remarkable for force and energy of character. They are generally wilful and unbending in their purposes; and if veneration be moderate, cannot submit to others, or be led. Such men must be their own masters; and find it exceedingly difficult to yield, or act a subordinate part. This combination leads to obstinacy, and great tenacity of will and purpose; but with large conscientiousness, they can always be relied on in any emergency, and generally fulfil their obligations. Combination 2. One with this organ full or large, and •conscientiousness large, will not make up his mind, and form his purposes so rapidly, but will take time to consider the matter well. Having formed his judgment, however, he will be firm and unyielding in his opinion and purposes. Combination 3. A moderate development of this or- gan, with small concentrativeness, renders one fickle and changeable in his purposes, and unfit for any situation or duty, requiring firmness, perseverance, and decision of character. Moral Sentiments : — These organs are located in the upper or coronal region of the brain, and render us moral and religious beings. They adapt us to the moral law--, and upon this adaptation rests our accountability. Combination 1. When these organs are large, with n good intellect, we have an upright, moral, and intellectual man. Under the influence of revealed religion, he will he :i consistent and upright christian, and command the esteem and respect of those who know him. If veneration be defi- '•iciit. he may pay loss attention to the forms and ceremo- nies of the church, and place religion in virlue and natural morality; but will sustain a good character, for honestj and integrity, among his fellow men. This combination., with small marvellousness. is found even among inlidels; and there are man\ moral, upright men, who do not ern- braee revealed religion, from their want of faith and von-j ration. Combination 2. Where thai is are on; or full, with strong propensities, there is a wavering some- times, between vice and virtue. With large cautiousness, such men become or from some other motive. They find it difficult to resist temptation, and with largo acquisitiveness, notwithstanding their religion, will take the advantage m business, and be guilty of man) little improprieties, not considered actually immoral. Combination .>. A moderate ffgens, with la 11 restrained by pride and app depraved and immoral chare 15. Conscish : — Our sense of justice and con- scientious f long to i. It gives the desire to do right, because i ; . is right, and not from the expectation of reward. It is the sense of right and wrong, and may be perverted or enlightened by intel- lect, according to our education. Combination 1. One with this organ large, and a well balanced head, will possess a high regard for truth, honesty and justice. If firmness be large, will be immoveable in all matters involving his .-ense of justice, and though it may be unpopular, will advocate his principles as long as he believes them to be true. With large benevolence, he will be a philanthropist, and advocate the rights of mau- kind. Combination 2. One having this organ large, with strong propensities, and weak veneration, will yield to tempta- tion at times, and be exceedingly penitent lor it afterwards; will have his besetting sins, but have more conscientious • ness, and more penitence, ihan people arc aware of. 33 Combination 3. A moderate development of this organ - , with large self-esteem, renders one disposed to justify him- self, and unwilling to acknowledge his errors. He seldom feels any compunctions of conscience, and with secretive- ness, will often evade or conceal the truth. 16. Hope: — Expectations of future happiness, and the anticipation of realizing our hopes and prospects, flow from this organ. It prompts us to look on the bright side of the picture, and draw an image of the future that is pleas- ing to the mind. Combination 1. One with this organ large, blended with approbativeness, ideality, and the affections, will have many day dreams of love and fancy,- will be fond of reverie, and enjoy the pleasures of hope in an eminent degree. He will almost live in the future; and form many plans and under- takings. With large reflective organs, will be visionary, and if his adhesiveness is very large, will confide to his friends many schemes and projects that he intends to carry into effect, but before the time arrives, is prevented by some other prospect. Thus he will be allured on from one object to another, till finally he rests upon something sub- stantial, and learns from experience to become more prac- tical. With large cautiousness and a fine temperament, he will frequently be very much elevated, and again depress- ed; will have his extremes of feeling, and with large firm- ness and self-esteem, will rise above every disappointment, and hope on still. This combination renders one ambitious, and encourages the highest aspirations for fame and dis- tinction. Combination 2. Large hope, with only full ideality, and the perceptive organs large, would render one reason- able in his expectations, and dispose him to base his hopes upon something practical and substantial. With large mirthfuliK'ss ami a sanguine temperament, would posses cheerful disposition, and look upon the world as it is, with out exaggeration. Combination 3. \ moderate development o$ the organ, with large cautiousness, renders one desponding and mel- ancholy. He looks too much on the dark side of every thing; magnifies evil, and is too easily discouraged. 17. MArvbllousness: — The love of the new and won- derful is the natural 1*1111. -tit. 11 of this organ; and Mr. Combe calls it the organ of Wonder. It gives us a love of fiction ; and leads to faith in the supernatural and extraordi- nary . Combination 1. One with this organ large, and a strong intellect, will take pleasure in investigating marvellous sub- jects, and will find his feelings inclining him to believe, and his intellect checking his faith for want of proof. Il secrctivenes--. and the perceptive organs are moderate, he will be credulous in receiving the statements of men, ami be often deceived. Combination 1. Tin- organ is generally -mall in the American head, and with the reasoning organs large, leads to skepticism and inercdulit \ . This combination will dis- pose one to reject ever) new and marvellous doctrine; and to believe no further than facts and argument.- can establish. 18. VENERATION: — The feeling of reverence and adora- tion flows from thi of this organ. It gives the ten- dency to reverence whatever is old or ancient, and treats with great respect established forms and customs. There are many objects in Nature that inspire the feeling) as well as works of art. \n old temple or cathedral, or the ruins of an ancient city — a grave yard, or an old battle ground, all bring op associations that awaken our reverence. It gives respect for old age, and attaches one t<> the forms and ceremonies of his religion. Its direction depends on the other faculties and an enlightened intellect. It may lead to ihe worship of idols, and heathen images, or of the true God; or it may how in reverence to men. and yield sub mission to their authority. This organ is nol large m the American head, and hence their republicanism and want of respect for great names. Combination 1. One with this organ large will | the feeling of reverence in a high degree. It dues not de- termine whether he is a christian or not, but gives him re- spect for the great and good. With large conscientiousness) marvellousncss, and hope, lie will be disposed to embrace some system of religion, and be a consistent member of the church. Combination 2. A person with this organ large, and a great deficiency of marvellousncss, will possess feelings of reverence, but be so deficient in faith as to render it diffi- cult for him to give it a religious direction, lie will be disposed to pay little attention to creeds and ceremonies; though he will not lack veneration for whatever is good and holy. If conscientiousness be moderate, he may be irreligious, and with large destructiveness, even profane. Combination 3. An average or moderate development of this organ, with large reasoning faculties, self-esteem and firmness, renders one republican in his feelings. He will be no respecter of persons, and receive no opinions upon the authority of great names; will claim the right to think for himself, in religion, as well as politics; and with large conscientiousness, though he may be a christian, he will disregard religious creeds, forms and ceremonies. If be- nevolence be added to the combination, he will think reli- gion to consist more in the practice of virtue and bene lence, than in attendance on the church and its ceremonies. If the organ be small with deficient conscientiousness and large destructiveness and combativeness. the person will be profane, wicked and irreligious. 19. Benevolence: — This organ is the seat of the kind and benevolent feelings. It prompts us to the exercise of charity and kindness towards our fellow beings; and gives us compassion for their frailties and afflictions. It is the source of generosity and good will, and gives the desire t<> make others happy. Combination 1. One with benevolence and the atii/clious large, will seek to make ihose he loves happy, and will dis- play the feeling in little attentions and acts pf kindness. If 85 acquisitiveness be large, he may not waste hi* money upon them, unless prompted by large approbativeness and ideali- ty.- but will do many things to oblige and render them happy. Combination 2. With this organ large, and a predomi- nance of approbativeness, adhesiveness, and ideality, the person will be generous to an extreme and sacrifice his OWTJ interests and feelings, to please and make others hap- py. He will be lavish and extravagant in his kindness, and will find it difficult to refuse a favor; will seldom deny Ins family any reasonable enjoyment, and will find this organ a great disadvantage to Ids interests and busin< Combination 3. One with this organ only full, average, OT moderate, and the selfish organs large, will display but 1 It tit- active benevolence; will confine his charity and kind- ness to a narrow sphere, and Seldom allow it to extend be- v ond his own family or friends ; will be penurious in nNurj things, and will only be saved by his pride, from doing many mean and little things. Skmi-Intellbctual Facitltibs: — These organs are loca- ted above the temples, and around the lateral and upper portions of the forehead. They border on the region of the intellectual faculties, and come in between them and the feelings and sentiments. Hence they partake partly of the nature of both classes of Organs, and are called the somi- intellectual faculties or sentiments. 'They seem to impart a high degree of excellence to the produetions of the other faculties and aim at improvement in the arts and manufactures. r l no combinations of these organs Mill fall under the analysis of each particular organ, and henre is •omitted in this place. '20. C0NSTRUCTIVENES8: — The power of const ruction. and the love of the mechanical arts, is the proper function of this organ. It requires other organ' in combination to make the practical mechanic Combination 1. With large perceptive organs and imi- tation, it imparts a great fondness for merhnnicnl pursuits, 36 and a talent tor inventing, building, and making improve ments in machinery. Combination 2. When large, but without imitation and perceptive intellect, the person will have a good idea of mechanical operations; will be able to suggest improve- ments, and show how he wants a thing made; but will fail in the mechanical execution himself, without great practice. Where this combination exists, the mind is frequently directed in some other channel, and the person will be un- conscious of possessing the faculty. It displays itself in u fair legible hand writing; and in the female head, with imi- tation, gives female ingenuity. Combination 3, An average or moderate development is sometimes found in practical mechanics; but it will be as- certained that they have large imitation, size and form, and work from imitation rather than constructive power. Very skilful men sometimes have this combination; but if imita- tion, size, and form arc moderate, the person will be awk- ward and unskilful in the use of tools; will be slow in learning to do any thing, and lack mechanical ingenuity. 21. Ideality: — From this organ proceeds our sense of the beautiful. Like all other faculties, it bears an intimate relation to the surrounding world, and is delighted with those objects that inspire its activity. The beauties of na- ture are all addressed to this faculty. The trees, the fields, the leaves ancl flowers; the murmuring streams with their s\yeet music, and the carol of birds, all give to this senti mer\t its highest inspiration. It dwells with rapture on the starry heavens, and the dewy night; the moonlight scene, or the shades of evening; and in its boundless rang- embraces rivers and lakes, mountains and valleys, and Links with them all, ideal images of the beautiful and perfect. Tins organ is the fruitful source of romance and poetry, and makes us delight in the pleasures of the imagination. It prompts many a day dream of love and fancy, and soar- above and beyond the regions of reality. The |oya of improvement proceeds from this farult) 87 It seems in barmen) with the sentiment, thai man is s pro gressive being; and as the arts and sciences advance t. wards perfection, the organ becomes more and more active. It is the source of refinement, and is found larger in tin- more elevated states of society, than among the nide and uncultivated nations of the earth. It has been found nrii- formly large in distinguished poets, painters and am An infidel writer has made an amusing remark on the defi eieocy of this faculty in the religion of the Friends, in their plainness of dress and manners, and their strict adheren. < to utility in every t i i i 1 1 1: . ( >f course he does DO< mean that there are no exceptions in the character of that people; hut he says: — u I have always admired tin religion of the quakers, tol- as simplicity : but have often smiled at the conceit, that if a quaker had been consulted at the creation, what a silent and drah colored creation it would have been. Nut a rose would ha\e blossomed, nor a bird have been peT mitted to sing." Combination 1. One with this organ large, and a fine temperament, will he refined in Ins manners and feelings; wall be displeased with anything low or grovelling, and aim at perfection ami improvement in every thing. If lan- guage and the perceptive organs are moderate, will not be able to write poetry, hut will enjoy it much, and be fond of eloquence, literature, and the fine arts. If individuality, eventuality, comparison, and language, are large, ami self- esteem, approbativeness, and hope. full, he will then aspire to excellence in speaking "mu\ writing, and with strong a!' feet ions, will be very likely to attempt poetry; and if his mind is well disciplined and educated, can make himself a poet or an orator. If the intellectual organs are only average or full, his large ideality will lead to sickly » mentalism: and with approhath love of dress and display. Combination %. Large ideality, with a coarse tempera- pjeat, will not display this refined and active manifestation 38 of the faculty. A fine quality of brain, which is imparted only by a fine temperament, is necessary to the highest e.\- ereiseof the organ; and hence those who are deficient in this quality, though ideality may be large, will not evince much fancy nor imagination. In their own sphere of life. however, they will pay much attention to good taste, and will have an internal sense of the beautiful and perfect. With large perceptive organs, will be men of plain, practi- cal understandings, and not fond of display. Comhinatioi; 3. An average or full development of this organ, with a fine temperament, and the elevating senti- ments large, will impart a high degree of refinement and delicacy of feeling. With large individuality, eventuality- ■comparison, and language, the person will manifest much taste for poetry and literature, but will fail in producing Jasting works of the imagination. The taste and fancy in such cases, is rather acquired than original. Combination 4. An average or moderate organ of ideal- ity, with a coarse temperament, will render one coarse and vulgar in his associations. His language will be common- place and unrefined; and his manners exceedingly rough and uncultivated. B. Sublimity: — This organ is located iiotween cautious n'ess and ideality, and seems to blend the functions of both these organs in one. producing the sentiment of sublimity. Those objects in nature, that mingle the awful with the beautiful, are addressed to this faculty; and this seems to lie the best definition of the sublime. The towering cliff and mountain scene, the roaring cataract, and the distant thunder, all inspire the activity of this organ. One with i! large, would dwell with rapture upon a storm at sea; and amidst all its fury; surrounded by the angry billows, and the surges of the mighty deep, Would feel the inspirations of lids sentiment. The combinations of this <>»-cyrm are the - .-line as those of ide ility. I The power i imitation is the proper function of this organ. \\ takes its direction from the other faculties 39 Combination I. With mirth fulness, individuality, eveut ualiiy, and Language, it gives a talenl fur mimicry and dra- tnatio representations. Combination 2. With ideality, form, siie, locality, color and constructiveness, it gives a talent for painting, drawing, and pencilling, and is aeeesaar} to the artist and limner. Combination ;>. It may be large* and yet from the deli cieacy of language, descriptive power, and the other com- binations, the person will have no talent for mimierx if painting. With constructiveness, such an individual would displaj it in the mechanicd arts. Combination 4, With a amoderate or Bmall developmenl of this organ, and those organs thai act in ition with nail, the pereon will ho incapable of any effort at imi- tation. MiKTin ii.m ->: — i of mirth proceeds from this organ. It gives a tine perception of the Ludicrous, and produces humor and wit. Its direction depends on thi other organ*. Combination 1. With imitation and Language, the p will make a great amounl of fun, and sec every thing in a Ludicrous light; will he fond of humor, and with ben lence and the social organs Large, bea good oatured, jovial man. ■ i not ma J. With !ar. and self in, ihe person will he sarcastic, and bitter in his inpts at w it. It* causality In- large, and individuality and eventuality m< be will not Laugh much, nor excite it in others, but will perceive the point of a witticism battel than many who Laugh at it nmre heartily, but do not know what they are Laughing at. When main of the faculties are agreeably affected, it produces Laughter, nn>\ hence it is no evidence of wit. Man) gan large, are serious and -'.kite. Combination .'>. h may !•< moderately developed, and \ei the person having Language, imitation, and the percep live faculties large, with an excitable temperament, will 10 laugh heartily and produce mirth, but will b(; deficient u» pure and genuine wit. If small, with large causality and the perceptive organs moderate, the person will be serious and sedate; will seldom sec the point of a witticism, and be given to mirth only in a moderate degree. Intellectual Faculties: — The organs of these faculties occupy the region of the forehead, and constitute us intelli- gent beings. They are divided into two classes, perceptive and reflective; and the character of the intellect depends upon the predominance of one or the other of these classes, and the temperament. Their size is not judged of so much by the expansion of the forehead, as by the depth and prominence of the particular intellectual organs. The forehead is often obscured by hair, and sometimes appears larger than it is, from baldness. These things should be considered in estimating the size of the front head. Combination 1. When these organs arc large, with a large brain and a nervous bilious temperament, or a san- guine nervous temperament, the person will display high intellectual qualities, and attain excellence in any branch of human knowledge. If these organs are very large, he will become pre-eminent as a scholar, and a man of intellectual power. Combination 2. The intellectual organs may be large, but if the temperament is sanguine or bilious, without much of the nervous; or if the mind is devoted to business instead of books, the person will be a sensible man, and learn much from observation and experience: but will not excel as a scholar, nor shine in the literary walks of life. Combination 3. When the intellectual organs are full, and the temperament very active, the person will display a high degree of intelligence and frequently be talented, hut will not possess depth and power of mind. Combination 4. With these organs full,anda sluggish temperament, the person will he slow in his mental opera tions, and make bul little progress in human knowledge. It ihey are onlj moderate oi small, he will he imbecile oi idiotic 1) Pbrcettive Faculties:— The organs of these faculties sure located about the eyes and lower parts of the forehead Oh them we depend for our knowledge of external objects. They determine the qualities and conditions of matter, as well U record the observation "f passing events. Hence they are necessar) to the scholar and man of general infor- mation: and a lull development, at least, is indispensable tor success in any intellectual pursuit. Tliey collect the materials from which we manufacture thought; and though a man ma\ have the reflective organs large, without thi he will have nothing to think about. Cotuf/iiui/ioii 1. With a tine temperament, they render one a close observe! of men and things; and a person with ihese organs large, will possess ■ great amount of general information. He will exhibit a clear and accurate know- ledge of things, and display a scientific mind. Large re- nectives added to the combination, would give him a high order of mind, and a philosophical understanding. Combination 2. With a !<•-<> intellectual temperament, .md small eoncentrativeness, the individual will manifest these organs more in business, and general observation, than in books; will possess much acquired information, but u will be more general than accurate and scientific. Il< will understand the value of property; and have a bettei memor\ of what be sees than what he reads With -mall ideality, w ill have a plain matter of fad mind, and make hut little display of his intellectual powers. bination I If th areonlj average oj lull, person will not excel in a knowledge of details and minutiae, and will be likely to have a poor memory of da names, and particular events. With large reflective land ms, however, the person will possess a philosophical mind, and reason correct)) from the tacts within his knowledge. By hard studj and close application, he will frequentlj i ol thow with 'the labor he has performed. 9u binatton is mon favor- iblc to writing than extemporaneous speaking; and unices u there ace intellectual organs. There is no special organ for memory, embracing ever> thing, but each laeulu remembers for itself. This organ, then, remembers events and passing occurrences; time remembers dates: and locali- ty remembers places. Tunc remembers music; language re- members words; and causality remembers ideas and prin- ciples. With eventuality small, the person will fail in telling an anecdote or story, and cannot give the particulars of any occurrence; will have a poor memory of details, and be obliged to depend on notes or memoranda for t\w« things. 33. Time: — This organ, as already mentioned, gives the memory of dates, and takes cognizance of the lapse of time. It is necessary to the musician in the execution of harmony and melody, and keeps the beat in music. 34. Tune: — The conception of harmony and mclod\ depends on this faculty; but alone it does not give the power of executing music. Combined with large ideality, imitation, perceptive powers, and a fine temperament, it produces the highest order of music; but there are main who play and sing well, without having the organ large. from the combination of organs necessary in perform- ing; and hence this organ will be frequently left unmark- ed; or, from the difficulty of ascertaining its size, will have a note of interrogation placed opposite. 35. Language: — The power of using verbal language. of expressing our ideas in words, or arbitrary signs, de pends on this organ. Combination 1. It may be large and the person disin clined to talk much, from diffidence, or a secretive rese. or from a want of social feeling. Others again, with small language, talk much, because they have the social feelings, and the disposition to talk. One's conversational p0W( therefore, depend on other organs OS well as language. A person with large self-esteem, loves to talk to be heard; another from the activity of his intellect, and social f 45 logs, is fond of conversation. Hut it is simply the powei of verbal communication that depends on thia organ. It renders the language used, copious and abundant in words. and it flows with ease and fluency. Moulin and compari BOM) added to the combination, render it beautiful and flow cry; and the person will express himself in a chaste and eloquent style. Combination 2. One with language large, and a coarse, hard working temperament, with moderate ideality and larirc perceptive organs, will use; plain and COmmon-ptao words, and express himself in a blunt, straight- forward manner. His language will not l>e refined, hut an abun dance of it, such as it is. Combination 3. When moderate <>r small, the person will hesitate for words, and be at a great less te express himself. With large intellectual organs, and ideality, will write well, and may become a good critical linguist, a line scholar, and a man of scientific acquirements; but will fail as an extemporaneous speaker, and cannot ezeel as an era tor without great lal^or. Rf.flfxtive Faculties: — These organs are Located in tin upper region of the forehead, and when very large render it prominent and projecting. The power of argument and logical induction depends on these faculties. They render the person thoughtful and rellective: fond oi % meditation, and of a philosophical turn of mind. Combination 1. With these organs large, full perceptive powers, and a well balanced head, the person will display good sense and judgment in every thing he says and docs; will reason well, and make high attainments as a scholar oi a business man. If these organs are very large, he will be profound in his thoughts, and reason with a fore'.- and clearness that will seem to unravel every mysterj IJi^ views will be original, and his mind adapted to explore tlu paths of science, law, government, or morals. Combination 2. One having large reflective organs, and small perceptive faculties, will reason well from general 46 principles, bul i'ail in carrying out and remembering details. Jf his temperament be inactive, or deficient in nervous structure, he will be slow and dull in his mental operations, and be reputed a man of less intelligence than he really is. Combination 3. One with moderate reflective organs, large perceptives and an active temperament, will be ready and quick in communicating his knowledge, and will seem to know more than he really does. With self-esteem large, will assume to know much, but will frequently exhibit a want of reflection and thought; will be moved by his im- pulses and passions more than his reason, and will talk more about what he has seen and heard than what he thinks. Such individuals are knowing men, and frequently pass for men of talent, but are really deficient in depth of thought and soundness of understanding. 36. Causality: — Upon this organ depends our ideas of rciuse and effect. It reasons by logical induction and neces- sary inference, and brings the mind to conclusions that it cannot resist. When a certain state of facts is presented to the mind, it intuitively and irres\stably forms certain conclusions. This process belongs to the exercise of cau- sality. It seeks the why and wherefore of every thing, and imparts a profound, cause discovering mind. Combination 1. One with it very large, reasons from first principles, and investigates every subject that comes before him. He will not be contented with a superficial view of any thing, and must have a complete and full un- derstanding of the matter before he can rest satisfied. It is the thinking faculty, and disposes a person to theorize and explain every thing that he meets with. With large moral organs, it gives a love of metaphysics, and moral and men- tal philosophy. It takes its direction sometimes in the study of government, and is large in all deep and profound reasoners. It is very large in the heads of Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, and others. Combination 2. When full or average, the person will often think rapidly, but will not embrace a wide field o\' 17 thought; and if the perceptive organs arc large will possess a ready business talent, and an intelligent mind; will be su- perficial in his knowledge of many things, hut pass for a man of talent. Combination 3. It' only lull, and the peroeptivea average, with a temperament cot very active, the person will displaj hut moderate talents, and should select some useful sphere in life for the exercise of his faculties. With causality only moderately developed, w ill possess a weak mind, and a narrow understanding. 37. Comparison: — The power of tracing analogies, and reasoning bj comparison, belongs to the exercise of this organ. It discovers differences and resemblances; gives a critical talent, and the [tower nf analysis, ami comparison. Combination 1. One with the organ large, and individu ality and eventuality full, with large ideality, will possessa literary mind, and excel in the Stud) of the languages, and history; will delight in beautiful comparisons, allegories, and figures of speech, and use many hyperbolical expivs- b; will convince by beautiful and striking illustrations, and if individuality he very large, Will relate many an ap propriate anecdote in point. Combination 2. Large comparison, with modi-rate indi- viduality and eventuality, will render one clear and eon vincing in his mode of argument, hut he will not bav< large a stock of materials in the Storehouse of his mind, as those with large individuality and eventuality; and hence will not be as ready in bringing up illustrations and c.i in point; hut will see when they are in point; and posst close discriminating mind. Combination 3. With comparison moderate or only full. and causality large, the person will think clearly himself, hut will he unable so to arrang< and classify his thoughts as to present them in a convincing light to others; will fire quently fail to perceive the force of an analogy, and seldom make use of many comparisons. 48 CONCLUSION. The various organs and their functions, as they have been analysed in this work, have been spoken of in the sin- gular number, for the sake of convenience; but they all ex ist in pairs in opposite hemispheres of the brain. Thos^ upon the middle line of the head touch each other, and pre- sent but one development on the external plate of the skull ; but they are divided in the brain by a fold of the membranes, lhat drops down along the mesial line of the head, and sep crates the hemispheres from each other. It sometimes hap- pens that one of the organs on one side of the head becomes impaired by injury or disease, and the one on the opposite side of the brain, which is not affected by the injury, con- tinues to manifest the faculty as before; in the same man- ner that one eye performs the office of vision when the other is destroyed. This simple fact refutes many objec tions that are made to phrenology, by such medical writers as Dr. Scwall, and others, respecting injuries of the brain. Phrenology has only to be understood, and it refutes all ob- jections itself. Will these anti-phrenologists explain their own facts upon their own hypothesis that the brain is a single organ; and that yet large portions of it have been lost without impairing the mind? No well established fact has yet been produced where both organs of a faculty have been destroyed without impairing the function; but phre- nologists have collected thousands, where injuries have affected the mind by deranging a double organ. The utility of phrenology would be a fruitful theme, if -.in- little work would admit of a discussion of that subject; but the Space allotted t<> the analysis of the organs has al ready been extended, and we must content ourselves with referring t<> £he works of Mr. Combe, ou physical ami men« ial education; ami to the Asylums in tin- East, where phre uology has been applied o successfully to the cure of the insane. Ii is proved thai insanitj is the result of a di ed braiu ry to produce b health} condi 49 lu_.ii of that organ before the mind can ho restored. It has too long been considered a disease of the mind; and reme- dies, that are only mental, relied on for its cure. If a musical instrument were out of tune, and its strings broken, we should think strange to see the musician altering the music, expecting the instrument to be repaired itself. But this is the way medical science has hitherto treated insani- ty. It will be found that when the organs of the mind are restored to a healthy condition, the person will be cured, and not till then. Those who make the objection that phrenology leads to fatalism, should consider, that men have the propensities and passions which this system ascril>es to them, whether it be true or not. Phrenology ought not, then-fore, to be made: responsible for what exists independent of it. That men ■will indulge in crime, in falsehood,;' ind pride, ap- peals too forcibly to our observation to be denied. Our state prisons and penitentiaries atlbrd many lamentable proofs of incorrigible criminals; and will the objector ex- plain these facts himself? He may say that they had the power to resist temptation; but will he not admit that in them the tendency to crime predominates, inasmuch as their conduct affords conclusive evidence of the fact? Phrenology only shows, then, that they have acted in conformity with their organization ; and if it showed any thing else, it would not be in harmony with our experience and observation; and would prove itself untrue. But while it shows this, it establishes still more clearly, that this organization can be modified and improved, by a proper system of education and mental culture. In the same manner that we can strengthen our muscles by exercise, or weaken them by neglect, so the organs of the brain, and the faculties of the mind, can be improved or neglected by the same process of exercise and cultivation. The fact then, that some men are vicious and depraved in their feelings, and others virtuous and upright, leads to fatalism as much as any thing taught in phrenology, and if our explanation is not satisfactory to 7 50 the objector, we ask him, then, to answer the objection himself. One of the objects of this little book, is to excite men to a more intimate study of themselves, that they may correct the defects of their organization in some measure, by re- straining their excesses and cultivating their deficiencies. There is no principle better established in phrenology, than that the organs are susceptible of growth and cultivation, by the habitual and proper exercise of the mind. The mor- al sentiments and intellect are given us for the regulation and government of our animal nature; and if we neglect the cultivation of our higher powers, we are sensible of the wrong we do ourselves, and accountable to the great laws of Nature, from whose penalties we cannot escape. Hoping these pages may prove useful in promoting men- tal science, and a knowledge of human nature, the author here closes his labors in this department of knowledge. ( dm^ t <*£l C C ^Z, C.^^C- C ' • C ^^T c ^c c *£ cc S^£'S ** c ^ CO c C f c C C c C c c c :c cc :c c c c * c c < c c <^ c c c c c c V, \\ ■C< c c . CC c c c C f CCf C c < c c CC'KCr c c c c c.- c c q c - c c c c cc c c £ 5 c c c c c cc =*£5 S c « c < c c * Cc c CC c c c c C C cc c < < - ^ c. «t cJ c • c cc 5>S V <^ 5S > CO ; c^c %*- > c «r HI <: c c c <* c c « : J? Slfe C < < cc c c f; CC < c < ( cc C % c < CCc c c < cccc cccc 6*? Ccc ccc <